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Keratectasia After Presbyopia Treatment With INTRACOR.

PURPOSE: To report a case of keratectasis of a patient underwent INTRACOR presbyopic treatment 5 years ago.METHODS: Case Report.RESULTS: Fifty-eight-year-old gentleman had presented with deteriorating vision in his left eye. He reported undergoing INTRACOR presbyopic treatment in that eye 5 years ago. At presentation, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40. Slit-lamp examination of the left eye showed an ectatic cornea with concentric corneal scars. Corneal topography revealed marked keratectasia, with significant anterior and posterior elevations. The area of maximal corneal thinning coincided with the site of maximal elevation. Patient was fitted with hybrid contact lenses as a temporary treatment option and his best-corrected visual acuity improved to 20/30.CONCLUSIONS: INTRACOR is one of the newer modalilities to correct presbyopia. One must be aware of the complication such as corneal ectasia after this presbyopic treatment.

['Corneal Diseases', 'Corneal Stroma', 'Corneal Topography', 'Humans', 'Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Postoperative Complications', 'Presbyopia', 'Refraction, Ocular', 'Visual Acuity']

[['C11.204'], ['A09.371.060.217.228'], ['E01.370.380.150'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.594.480.750', 'E04.014.520.480.750', 'E04.378.500.750', 'E04.540.825.437.374'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C23.550.767'], ['C11.744.786'], ['E01.370.380.850.700', 'G01.590.775', 'G14.760'], ['E01.370.380.850.950', 'F02.463.593.932.901', 'G14.940']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

A novel phosphoserine motif in the LCMV matrix protein Z regulates the release of infectious virus and defective interfering particles.

We report that the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) matrix protein, which drives viral budding, is phosphorylated at serine 41 (S41). A recombinant (r)LCMV bearing a phosphomimetic mutation (S41D) was impaired in infectious and defective interfering (DI) particle release, while a non-phosphorylatable mutant (S41A) was not. The S41D mutant was disproportionately impaired in its ability to release DI particles relative to infectious particles. Thus, DI particle production by LCMV may be dynamically regulated via phosphorylation of S41.

['Amino Acid Motifs', 'Amino Acid Substitution', 'Defective Viruses', 'Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus', 'Mutant Proteins', 'Phosphoserine', 'Viral Matrix Proteins', 'Virion']

[['G02.111.570.820.709.275.500', 'G02.111.570.820.709.600.500'], ['E05.393.420.601.035', 'G05.558.109'], ['B04.265'], ['B04.820.480.500.070.100.550'], ['D12.776.602'], ['D12.125.154.800.968', 'D12.125.740.700'], ['D12.776.964.970.880.940'], ['A21.249']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Representation of Ion-Protein Interactions Using the Drude Polarizable Force-Field.

Small metal ions play critical roles in numerous biological processes. Of particular interest is how metalloenzymes are allosterically regulated by the binding of specific ions. Understanding how ion binding affects these biological processes requires atomic models that accurately treat the microscopic interactions with the protein ligands. Theoretical approaches at different levels of sophistication can contribute to a deeper understanding of these systems, although computational models must strike a balance between accuracy and efficiency in order to enable long molecular dynamics simulations. In this study, we present a systematic effort to optimize the parameters of a polarizable force field based on classical Drude oscillators to accurately represent the interactions between ions (K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), and Cl(-)) and coordinating amino-acid residues for a set of 30 biologically important proteins. By combining ab initio calculations and experimental thermodynamic data, we derive a polarizable force field that is consistent with a wide range of properties, including the geometries and interaction energies of gas-phase ion/protein-like model compound clusters, and the experimental solvation free-energies of the cations in liquids. The resulting models display significant improvements relative to the fixed-atomic-charge additive CHARMM C36 force field, particularly in their ability to reproduce the many-body electrostatic nonadditivity effects estimated from ab initio calculations. The analysis clarifies the fundamental limitations of the pairwise additivity assumption inherent in classical fixed-charge force fields, and shows its dramatic failures in the case of Ca(2+) binding sites. These optimized polarizable models, amenable to computationally efficient large-scale MD simulations, set a firm foundation and offer a powerful avenue to study the roles of the ions in soluble and membrane transport proteins.

['Gases', 'Ions', 'Models, Chemical', 'Proteins', 'Solvents', 'Thermodynamics']

[['D01.362'], ['D01.248.497'], ['E05.599.495'], ['D12.776'], ['D27.720.844'], ['G01.906']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Habitat type-based bioaccumulation and risk assessment of metal and As contamination in earthworms, beetles and woodlice.

The present study investigated the contribution of environmental factors to the accumulation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in earthworms, beetles and woodlice, and framed within an exposure assessment of the European hedgehog. Soil and invertebrate samples were collected in three distinct habitat types. Results showed habitat-specific differences in soil and invertebrate metal concentrations and bioaccumulation factors when normalized to soil metal concentration. Further multiple regression analysis showed residual variability (habitat differences) in bioaccumulation that could not be fully explained by differences in soil metal contamination, pH or organic carbon (OC). Therefore, the study demonstrated that in bioaccumulation studies involving terrestrial invertebrates or in risk assessment of metals, it is not sufficient to differentiate habitat types on general soil characteristics such as pH and/or OC alone. Furthermore, simple generic soil risk assessments for Cd and Cu showed that risk characterization was more accurate when performed in a habitat-specific way.

['Animals', 'Arsenic', 'Coleoptera', 'Ecosystem', 'Environmental Monitoring', 'Isopoda', 'Metals, Heavy', 'Oligochaeta']

[['B01.050'], ['D01.268.513.249'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.375'], ['G16.500.275.157', 'N06.230.124'], ['N06.850.460.350.080', 'N06.850.780.375'], ['B01.050.500.131.365.400'], ['D01.268.556', 'D01.552.544'], ['B01.050.500.091.657']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Beta adrenergic receptor activation attenuates the generation of inositol phosphates in the pregnant rat myometrium. Correlation with inhibition of Ca++ influx, a cAMP-independent mechanism.

In the pregnant rat myometrium, an averaged 30% of inositol phosphate accumulation induced by carbachol and oxytocin was inhibited by oxodipine indicating that a part of receptor-mediated generation of inositol phosphates depended on Ca++ influx through voltage-gated Ca++ channels. In fura-2-loaded cells, carbachol and oxytocin caused a two-phase [Ca++]i response, made up of a transient [Ca++]i peak of about 700 nM followed by a sustained phase of about 120 nM. Oxodipine reduced the [Ca++]i peak by 40% and the plateau phase by 50%, pointing to a contribution of Ca++ influx in both the [Ca++]i peak and sustained phase. Isoproterenol reduced inositol phosphate response to carbachol and oxytocin to an amount equivalent to that elicited by oxodipine. No additional reduction could be obtained in a combination of isoproterenol and oxodipine. Isoproterenol decreased by 40% the [Ca++]i peak and by 70% the [Ca++]i plateau phase. Differently from isoproterenol, forskolin did not affect inositol phosphate accumulation induced by oxytocin and failed to attenuate the [Ca++]i peak. The inhibitory effect of isoproterenol on both inositol phosphate accumulation and [Ca++]i increase induced by oxytocin was abolished by pertussis toxin. These data suggest that beta adrenergic receptor activation is linked via a cAMP-independent, pertussis toxin-sensitive process to an activation of K+ channels, as revealed by use of selective K+ channel antagonists, with the consequent closure of voltage-gated Ca++ channels, resulting in the inhibition of the Ca(++)-associated generation of inositol phosphates.

['Acetylcholine', 'Adrenergic beta-Agonists', 'Animals', 'Calcium', 'Calcium Channel Blockers', 'Calcium Channels', 'Carbachol', 'Cyclic AMP', 'Dihydropyridines', 'Female', 'Inositol Phosphates', 'Ion Channel Gating', 'Isoproterenol', 'Myometrium', 'Oxytocin', 'Pertussis Toxin', 'Potassium Channels', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy, Animal', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Receptors, Adrenergic, beta', 'Type C Phospholipases', 'Virulence Factors, Bordetella']

[['D02.092.211.111'], ['D27.505.519.625.050.100.200', 'D27.505.696.577.050.100.200'], ['B01.050'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['D27.505.519.562.249', 'D27.505.696.260.500', 'D27.505.954.411.192'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.150', 'D12.776.543.550.450.150', 'D12.776.543.585.400.150'], ['D02.092.877.883.333.115', 'D02.675.276.232.115'], ['D03.633.100.759.646.138.395', 'D13.695.462.200', 'D13.695.667.138.395', 'D13.695.827.068.395'], ['D03.383.725.203'], ['D02.033.800.519.400', 'D09.853.519.400', 'D09.894.480'], ['G02.111.820.400', 'G04.835.400', 'G07.265.625'], ['D02.033.100.291.439', 'D02.092.063.291.439', 'D02.092.311.649', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.649'], ['A02.633.570.500', 'A05.360.319.679.690', 'A10.690.467.500'], ['D06.472.699.631.692.433', 'D12.644.548.691.692.433'], ['D08.811.913.400.725.115.680', 'D23.946.123.946.690', 'D23.946.896.980.690'], ['D12.776.157.530.400.600', 'D12.776.543.550.450.750', 'D12.776.543.585.400.750'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.784.769.498'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.300.300.340', 'D12.776.543.750.695.150.300.340', 'D12.776.543.750.720.330.300.340'], ['D08.811.277.352.640.700.700'], ['D23.946.123.946', 'D23.946.896.980']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Aberrations of NEGR1 on 1p31 and MYEOV on 11q13 in neuroblastoma.

MYEOV and NEGR1 are novel candidate gene targets in neuroblastoma that were identified by chromosomal gain in 11q13 and loss in 1p31, respectively, through single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. In the present study, to assess the involvement of MYEOV and NEGR1 in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma, we analyzed their mutation status and/or expression profiles in a panel of 55 neuroblastoma samples, including 25 cell lines, followed by additional functional studies. No tumor-specific mutations of MYEOV or NEGR1 were identified in our case series. Expression of MYEOV was upregulated in 11 of 25 cell lines (44%) and in seven of 20 fresh tumors (35%). The siRNA-mediated knockdown of MYEOV in NB-19 cells, which exhibit high expression of MYEOV, resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation (P = 0.0027). Conversely, expression studies of NEGR1 revealed significantly lower expression of this gene in neuroblastomas at an advanced stage of the disease. Exogenous NEGR1 expression in neuroblastoma cells induced significant inhibition of cell growth (P = 0.019). The results of these studies provide supporting evidence for MYEOV and NEGR1 as gene targets of 11q13 gains and 1p31 deletions in a neuroblastoma subset. In addition, the findings suggest a possible prognostic value for NEGR1 in neuroblastoma.

['Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal', 'Cell Line, Tumor', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Chromosome Aberrations', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1', 'Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11', 'GPI-Linked Proteins', 'Gene Knockdown Techniques', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Neuroblastoma', 'Proto-Oncogene Proteins']

[['D12.776.395.550.200.250', 'D12.776.543.550.200.250', 'D23.050.301.350.250'], ['A11.251.210.190', 'A11.251.860.180'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C23.550.210', 'G05.365.590.175'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.235.240', 'G05.360.162.520.300.235.240'], ['A11.284.187.520.300.325.355', 'G05.360.162.520.300.325.355'], ['D12.776.395.550.448', 'D12.776.543.484.500', 'D12.776.543.550.418'], ['E05.393.335.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['C04.557.465.625.600.590.650.550', 'C04.557.470.670.590.650.550', 'C04.557.580.625.600.590.650.550'], ['D12.776.624.664.700']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Accelerated long-term forgetting in presymptomatic autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Tests sensitive to presymptomatic changes in Alzheimer's disease could be valuable for clinical trials. Accelerated long-term forgetting-during which memory impairment becomes apparent over longer periods than usually assessed, despite normal performance on standard cognitive testing-has been identified in other temporal lobe disorders. We assessed whether accelerated long-term forgetting is a feature of presymptomatic autosomal dominant (familial) Alzheimer's disease, and whether there is an association between accelerated long-term forgetting and early subjective memory changes.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study at the Dementia Research Centre, University College London (London, UK). Participants were recruited from a cohort of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease families already involved in research at University College London, and had to have a parent known to be affected by an autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutation, and not report any current symptoms of cognitive decline. Accelerated long-term forgetting of three tasks (list, story, and figure recall) was assessed by comparing 7-day recall with initial learning and 30-min recall. 7-day recognition was also assessed. Subjective memory was assessed using the Everyday Memory Questionnaire. The primary outcome measure for each task was the proportion of material retained at 30 min that was recalled 7 days later (ie, 7-day recall divided by 30-min recall). We used linear regression to compare accelerated long-term forgetting scores between mutation carriers and non-carriers (adjusting for age, IQ, and test set) and, for mutation carriers, to assess whether there was an association between accelerated long-term forgetting and estimated years to symptom onset (EYO). Spearman's correlation was used to examine the association between accelerated long-term forgetting and subjective memory scores.FINDINGS: Between Feb 17, 2015 and March 30, 2016, we recruited 35 people. 21 participants were mutation carriers (mean EYO 7·2 years, SD 4·5). Across the three tasks, we detected no differences between carriers and non-carriers for initial learning or 30-min recall. The proportion of material recalled at 7 days was lower in carriers than non-carriers for list (estimated difference in mean for list recall -30·94 percentage points, 95% CI -45·16 to -16·73; p=0·0002), story (-20·10, -33·28 to -6·91; p=0·0048), and figure (-15·41, -26·88 to -3·93; p=0·012) recall. Accelerated long-term forgetting was greater in carriers nearer to their estimated age at onset (p?0·01 for all three tests). Mutation carriers' 7-day recognition memory was also lower across all tasks (list [mean difference -5·80, 95% CI -9·96 to -2·47; p<0·01], story [-6·84, -10·94 to -3·37; p<0·01], and figure [-17·61, -27·68 to -7·72; p<0·01] recognition). Subjective memory scores were poorer in asymptomatic carriers compared with non-carriers (adjusted difference in means 7·88, 95% CI 1·36 to 14·41; p=0·016), and we found a correlation between accelerated long-term forgetting and subjective memory in mutation carriers.INTERPRETATION: Accelerated long-term forgetting is an early presymptomatic feature of autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, which appears to pre-date other amnestic deficits and might underpin subjective memory complaints in Alzheimer's disease. Accelerated long-term forgetting testing might be useful in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease trials.FUNDING: MRC, NIHR, Alzheimer's Research UK, Dementias Platform UK, Dunhill Medical Trust, ERUK, Great Western Research, Health Foundation, Patrick Berthoud Trust.

['Adult', 'Age of Onset', 'Alzheimer Disease', 'Chromosome Aberrations', 'Cohort Studies', 'Correlation of Data', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Early Diagnosis', 'Female', 'Genes, Dominant', 'Genetic Carrier Screening', 'Genetic Testing', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Memory, Long-Term', 'Middle Aged', 'Neuropsychological Tests']

[['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075.100', 'N06.850.490.250.100'], ['C10.228.140.380.100', 'C10.574.945.249', 'F03.615.400.100'], ['C23.550.210', 'G05.365.590.175'], ['E05.318.372.500.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750'], ['H01.548.832.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['E01.390'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.240', 'G05.420.320'], ['E01.370.225.562.250', 'E05.200.562.250', 'E05.393.435.250', 'N02.421.308.200', 'N02.421.726.233.221.250'], ['E01.370.225.562', 'E05.200.562', 'E05.393.435', 'N02.421.308.430', 'N02.421.726.233.221'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F02.463.425.540.305'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F04.711.513']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Organisms [B]']

Pharmacokinetics of ivermectin after maternal or fetal intravenous administration in sheep.

In pregnant sheep at 120-130 days of gestational age, a study was undertaken in order to characterize the pharmacokinetics and transplacental exchange of Ivermectin after maternal or fetal intravenous administration. Eight pregnant Suffolk Down sheep of 73.2 +/- 3.7 kg body weight (bw) were surgically prepared in order to insert polyvinyl catheters in the fetal femoral artery and vein and amniotic sac. Following 48 h of recovery, the ewes were randomly assigned to two experimental groups. In group 1, (maternal injection) five ewes were treated with an intravenous bolus of 0.2 mg ivermectin/kg bw. In group 2, (fetal injection) three ewes were injected with an intravenous bolus of 1 mg of ivermectin to the fetus through a fetal femoral vein catheter. Maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid samples were taken before and after ivermectin administration for a period of 144 h post-treatment. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography (HPLC). A computerized non-compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed and the results were compared by means of the Student t-test. The main pharmacokinetic changes observed in the maternal compartment were increases in the volume of distribution and in the half-life of elimination (t((1/2)beta)). A limited maternal-fetal transfer of ivermectin was evidenced by a low fetal Cmax (1.72 +/- 0.6 ng/mL) and AUC (89.1 +/- 11.4 ng.h/mL). While the fetal administration of ivermectin resulted in higher values of clearance (554.1 +/- 177.9 mL/kg) and lower values of t((1/2)beta) (8.0 +/- 1.4 h) and mean residence time (8.0 +/- 2.9 h) indicating that fetal-placental unit is highly efficient in eliminating the drug as well as limiting the transfer of ivermectin from the maternal to fetal compartment.

['Animals', 'Antiparasitic Agents', 'Area Under Curve', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Female', 'Fetal Blood', 'Fetus', 'Half-Life', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Ivermectin', 'Maternal-Fetal Exchange', 'Metabolic Clearance Rate', 'Pregnancy', 'Pregnancy, Animal', 'Sheep']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.250'], ['E05.318.740.200', 'G03.787.101', 'G07.690.725.064', 'N06.850.520.830.200'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['A12.207.152.200', 'A15.145.300', 'A16.378.200'], ['A16.378'], ['G01.910.405'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['D02.540.576.500.997'], ['G08.686.784.769.455'], ['E01.370.225.843', 'E05.200.843', 'G03.490', 'G07.690.595', 'G07.690.725.513'], ['G08.686.784.769'], ['G08.686.784.769.498'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.500.380.791']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Naloxone inhibits sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia in man.

In order to evaluate the interaction between the opiate-like peptidergic pathways and the dopaminergic system in modulating prolactin (PRL) secretion, ten normal volunteers were studied according to a double-blind, cross-over, randomized experimental design. A group of five subjects was given a fixed dose of sulpiride (a selective antidopaminergic agent, 25 mg i.v.) plus either placebo or three different doses of naloxone (a selective opioid antagonist, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 mg i.v.) while a second group of five subjects received the same drugs in a 'reverse' protocol, i.e. a fixed dose of naloxone (0.4 mg i.v.) plus either placebo or increasing doses of sulpiride (25, 50, 100 mg i.v.). In both groups, the drugs were injected simultaneously and blood samples for PRL determination were taken at various intervals during the 15 min preceding drug injections and then over the following 4 h. Naloxone (0.4 mg i.v.) per se did not induce any modification of plasma PRL levels, but reduced to a significant extent sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia (P less than 0.02). However, a higher dose of naloxone (0.8 mg i.v.) did not cause significant changes in sulpiride-stimulated PRL levels. Increasing dosages of sulpiride (up to 100 mg i.v.) reversed the blunted response of PRL after sulpiride, 25 mg, in presence of naloxone. Our data show that naloxone, at a dose of 0.4 mg i.v. inactive per se on basal PRL levels, is able to blunt significantly sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinaemia. This suggests that, in man, opioid peptides are able to influence PRL release after antidopaminergic stimuli.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Naloxone', 'Prolactin', 'Receptors, Dopamine', 'Sulpiride']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D03.132.577.249.706', 'D03.605.497.750', 'D03.633.400.686.750', 'D04.615.723.795.706'], ['D06.472.699.322.576.773', 'D06.472.699.631.525.525', 'D12.644.548.691.525.525'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.300.400', 'D12.776.543.750.695.150.400', 'D12.776.543.750.720.330.400'], ['D02.065.277.866', 'D02.241.223.100.100.866', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.085.866']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Randomized open-label [corrected] non-inferiority trial of acetaminophen or loxoprofen for patients with acute low back pain.

BACKGROUND: Current worldwide clinical practice guidelines recommend acetaminophen as the first option for the treatment of acute low back pain. However, there is no concrete evidence regarding whether acetaminophen or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is more effective for treating acute low back pain (LBP) in Japan. The present study aimed to investigate whether acetaminophen treatment for acute musculoskeletal pain was comparable with loxoprofen (a traditional NSAID in Japan) treatment.METHODS: Of the 140 patients with acute LBP who visited out-patient hospitals, 127 were considered eligible and were randomly allocated to a group taking acetaminophen or one taking loxoprofen. As primary outcome measure, pain intensity was measured using a 0-10-numeric rating scale (NRS). Moreover, pain disability, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and quality of life, as well as adverse events, were assessed as secondary outcomes. The primary outcome was tested with a noninferiority margin (0.84 on changes in pain-NRS), and the secondary outcomes were compared using conventional statistical methods at week 2 and week 4.RESULTS: Seventy patients completed the study (acetaminophen: 35, loxoprofen: 35). The dropout rates showed no significant difference between the two medication-groups. We found that the mean differences of changes in pain-NRS from baseline to week 2 or 4 between the two medication groups were not statistically beyond the noninferiority margin (mean [95% confidence interval]: -0.51 [-1.70, 0.67], at week 2 and -0.80 [-2.08, 0.48] at week 4). There were no consistent differences between the two medication groups in terms of secondary outcomes.CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that acetaminophen has comparable analgesic effects on acute LBP, based on at least a noninferiority margin, compared with loxoprofen at 4 weeks. Acetaminophen seems to be a reasonable first-line option for patients with acute LBP in Japan.

['Acetaminophen', 'Acute Pain', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal', 'Equivalence Trials as Topic', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Japan', 'Low Back Pain', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Pain Measurement', 'Phenylpropionates', 'Young Adult']

[['D02.065.199.092.040', 'D02.092.146.113.092.040'], ['C23.888.592.612.081'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D27.505.696.663.850.014.040.500', 'D27.505.954.158.030', 'D27.505.954.329.030'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500.250', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500.250', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['C23.888.592.612.107.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.600.550.324'], ['D02.241.223.701'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Intention to relocate to the United States.

OBJECTIVES: To gain insight into family medicine residents' attitudes toward relocating to the United States and to examine factors influencing their decisions.DESIGN: Cross-sectional mailed survey.SETTING: University of Toronto family medicine program.PARTICIPANTS: First- and second-year residents in the academic year 1995 to 1996. A 74.6% response rate (144 of 193 residents) was achieved.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intention to relocate to the United States. Degree of importance of 11 motivational factors in residents' decisions to relocate.RESULTS: In this survey, 48% of residents reported they intended to relocate to the United States, but only 17% recalled expecting to relocate before Ontario's introduction of geographic billing restriction legislation. Geographic billing restriction was the motivational factor most residents (86.8%) considered very important in their decision-making process. The two factors potentially predicting US relocation were finance and climate.CONCLUSIONS: Many factors influence family medicine residents' intention to relocate to the United States. Geographic billing restriction was the most significant motivational factor, and its introduction has likely precipitated a marked shift in residents' attitudes favouring US relocation.

['Adult', 'Attitude of Health Personnel', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Decision Making', 'Emigration and Immigration', 'Female', 'Foreign Medical Graduates', 'Humans', 'Internship and Residency', 'Male', 'Motivation', 'Ontario', 'Physicians, Family', 'Surveys and Questionnaires', 'United States']

[['M01.060.116'], ['F01.100.050', 'N05.300.100'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['F02.463.785.373'], ['I01.240.600.525.500', 'N01.224.625.525.500', 'N06.850.505.400.700.525.500'], ['M01.526.407.435', 'M01.526.485.810.390', 'N02.360.810.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['I02.358.337.350.500', 'I02.358.399.350.750'], ['F01.658', 'F01.752.543.500.750'], ['Z01.107.567.176.639'], ['M01.526.485.810.770', 'N02.360.810.770'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Inorganic pyrophosphatase crystals from Thermococcus thioreducens for X-ray and neutron diffraction.

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (IPPase) from the archaeon Thermococcus thioreducens was cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in restricted geometry, resulting in large crystal volumes exceeding 5 mm3. IPPase is thermally stable and is able to resist denaturation at temperatures above 348 K. Owing to the high temperature tolerance of the enzyme, the protein was amenable to room-temperature manipulation at the level of protein preparation, crystallization and X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses. A complete synchrotron X-ray diffraction data set to 1.85 ? resolution was collected at room temperature from a single crystal of IPPase (monoclinic space group C2, unit-cell parameters a=106.11, b=95.46, c=113.68 ?, á=ã=90.0, â=98.12°). As large-volume crystals of IPPase can be obtained, preliminary neutron diffraction tests were undertaken. Consequently, Laue diffraction images were obtained, with reflections observed to 2.1 ? resolution with I/ó(I) greater than 2.5. The preliminary crystallographic results reported here set in place future structure-function and mechanism studies of IPPase.

['Archaeal Proteins', 'Crystallization', 'Crystallography, X-Ray', 'Inorganic Pyrophosphatase', 'Neutron Diffraction', 'Thermococcus', 'X-Ray Diffraction']

[['D12.776.090'], ['E05.196.300', 'G02.171'], ['E05.196.309.742.225'], ['D08.811.277.040.600.399', 'D12.776.157.530.450.250.875.487', 'D12.776.543.585.450.250.875.487'], ['E05.196.309.555', 'E05.196.822.650', 'G01.867.650', 'G02.551'], ['B02.200.825.800.800'], ['E05.196.309.742', 'E05.196.822.950', 'G01.867.950', 'G02.965']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Impact of a combined intravenous/intra-arterial approach in octogenarians.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous (IV) alteplase is not currently recommended in octogenarian patients, and the benefit/risk ratio of endovascular (intra-arterial, IA) therapy remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a combined IV-IA approach in octogenarians.METHODS: From a single-centre interventional study, we report age-specific outcomes of patients treated by a combined IV-IA thrombolytic approach. Patients ?80 years with documented arterial occlusion treated by conventional IV thrombolysis constituted the control group.RESULTS: Among 84 patients treated by the IV-IA approach, those ?80 years (n = 25) had a similar rate of early neurological improvement to that of patients <80 years, whereas the 90-day favourable outcome rate was lower in octogenarians (adjusted odds ratio, OR, 0.21; 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.06-0.75). No difference in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage was observed whereas a higher rate of 90-day mortality (adjusted OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 0.76-14.14) and asymptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (adjusted OR, 6.39; 95% CI, 1.54-26.63) were found in patients ?80 years old. Among octogenarians, and compared to IV-thrombolysis-treated patients (n = 24), patients treated by the IV-IA approach had a higher rate of recanalization (76 vs. 33%, p = 0.003) associated with increased early neurological improvement (32 vs. 8%, p = 0.07). Although there was a higher rate of asymptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (44 vs. 8%, p = 0.005) observed in the IV-IA group, no difference existed in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage rates and 90-day favourable outcome.CONCLUSION: The IV-IA approach in octogenarians was associated with lower efficacy at 3 months and higher mortality and asymptomatic haemorrhagic complications than in patients <80 years old. Definite recommendations cannot be given, but an endovascular approach may cause more harm than positive effects in patients over 80 years and should not be considered outside an approved protocol.

['Acute Disease', 'Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Brain Ischemia', 'Female', 'Fibrinolytic Agents', 'Humans', 'Injections, Intra-Arterial', 'Injections, Intravenous', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Registries', 'Risk Factors', 'Stroke', 'Thrombolytic Therapy', 'Tissue Plasminogen Activator', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['C23.550.291.125'], ['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C10.228.140.300.150', 'C14.907.253.092'], ['D27.505.519.421.750', 'D27.505.954.411.320', 'D27.505.954.502.427'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E02.319.267.530.370'], ['E02.319.267.082.750', 'E02.319.267.530.540'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.308.970', 'N04.452.859.819', 'N05.715.360.300.715.700', 'N06.850.520.308.970'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['C10.228.140.300.775', 'C14.907.253.855'], ['E02.319.913'], ['D08.811.277.656.300.760.875', 'D08.811.277.656.959.350.875', 'D12.776.124.125.662.768', 'D23.119.970'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Aerophagia due to noninvasive mechanical ventilation: a first manifestation of silent gastric carcinoma].

Noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) techniques have proven useful in treating patients with respiratory insufficiency of various etiologies. The problems most frequently associated with this ventilatory technique are the appearance of nasal and oropharyngeal dryness, pressure sores where the nasal mask touches the skin, ocular irritation due to air leakage and epistaxis. Aerophagia appears in up to half the patients with NIV and may lead to discontinuing treatment. Drugs that accelerate gastrointestinal transit, changes in the respirator settings or changing the ventilatory modality may help to ameliorate the problem. When the symptoms arising from abdominal distension due to NIV are intense and persistent, the coexistence of an underlying abdominal pathology must be ruled out. We report the cases of two patients with these characteristics in whom gastroscopy revealed gastric carcinoma. We think that patients with persistent symptoms of aerophagia that cannot be controlled by the usual measures should undergo endoscopic exploration to rule out silent gastric disease.

['Aerophagy', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Respiration, Artificial', 'Stomach Neoplasms']

[['C23.888.821.061'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E02.041.625', 'E02.365.647.729', 'E02.880.820'], ['C04.588.274.476.767', 'C06.301.371.767', 'C06.405.249.767', 'C06.405.748.789']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Hydrophobic moments of protein structures: spatially profiling the distribution.

It is generally accepted that globular proteins fold with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic exterior. Might the spatial distribution of amino acid hydrophobicity exhibit common features? The hydrophobic profile detailing this distribution from the protein interior to exterior has been examined for 30 relatively diverse structures obtained from the Protein Data Bank, for 3 proteins of the 30S ribosomal subunit, and for a simple set of 14 decoys. A second-order hydrophobic moment has provided a simple measure of the spatial variation. Shapes of the calculated spatial profiles of all native structures have been found to be comparable. Consequently, profile shapes as well as particular profile features should assist in validating predicted protein structures and in discriminating between different protein-folding pathways. The spatial profiles of the 14 decoys are clearly distinguished from the profiles of their native structures.

['Amino Acids', 'Computational Biology', 'Consensus Sequence', 'Databases as Topic', 'Models, Molecular', 'Protein Folding', 'Protein Structure, Tertiary', 'Protein Subunits', 'Proteins', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Ribosomes', 'Static Electricity', 'Surface Properties']

[['D12.125'], ['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['G02.111.570.580.175'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188', 'L01.470.750'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G01.154.651', 'G02.111.688'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.610'], ['D12.776.813'], ['D12.776'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['A11.284.430.214.190.875.811'], ['G01.358.500.249.820'], ['G02.860']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Energy efficiency drives the global seasonal distribution of birds.

The uneven distribution of biodiversity on Earth is one of the most general and puzzling patterns in ecology. Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, based on evolutionary processes or on constraints related to geography and energy. However, previous studies investigating these hypotheses have been largely descriptive due to the logistical difficulties of conducting controlled experiments on such large geographical scales. Here, we use bird migration-the seasonal redistribution of approximately 15% of bird species across the world-as a natural experiment for testing the species-energy relationship, the hypothesis that animal diversity is driven by energetic constraints. We develop a mechanistic model of bird distributions across the world, and across seasons, based on simple ecological and energetic principles. Using this model, we show that bird species distributions optimize the balance between energy acquisition and energy expenditure while taking into account competition with other species. These findings support, and provide a mechanistic explanation for, the species-energy relationship. The findings also provide a general explanation of migration as a mechanism that allows birds to optimize their energy budget in the face of seasonality and competition. Finally, our mechanistic model provides a tool for predicting how ecosystems will respond to global anthropogenic change.

['Animal Distribution', 'Animals', 'Birds', 'Energy Intake', 'Energy Metabolism', 'Models, Biological', 'Seasons']

[['F01.145.113.069', 'G16.049'], ['B01.050'], ['B01.050.150.900.248'], ['G07.203.650.240.340'], ['G03.295'], ['E05.599.395'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525']]

['Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Can chronic exposure to imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam mixtures exert greater than additive toxicity in Chironomus dilutus?

Widespread agricultural use of neonicotinoid insecticides has resulted in frequent detection of mixtures of these compounds in global surface waters. Recent evidence suggests that neonicotinoid mixtures can elicit synergistic toxicity in aquatic insects under acute exposure conditions, however this has not been validated for longer exposures more commonly encountered in the environment. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the chronic (28-day) toxicity of imidacloprid, clothianidin, and thiamethoxam mixtures under different doses and mixture ratios to determine if the assumption of synergistic toxicity would hold under more environmentally realistic exposure settings. The sensitive aquatic insect Chironomus dilutus was used as a representative test species, and successful emergence was used as a chronic endpoint. Applying the MIXTOX modeling approach, predictive parametric models were fitted using single-compound toxicity data and statistically compared to observed toxicity in subsequent mixture tests. Imidacloprid-clothianidin, clothianidin-thiamethoxam and imidacloprid-clothianidin-thiamethoxam mixtures did not significantly deviate from concentration-additive toxicity. However, the cumulative toxicity of the imidacloprid-thiamethoxam mixture deviated from the concentration-additive reference model, displaying dose-ratio dependent synergism and resulting in up to a 10% greater reduction in emergence from that predicted by concentration addition. Furthermore, exposure to select neonicotinoid mixtures above 1.0 toxic unit tended to shift sex-ratios toward more male-dominated populations. Results indicate that, similar to acute exposures, the general assumption of joint additivity cannot adequately describe chronic cumulative toxicity of all neonicotinoid mixtures. Indeed, our observations of weak synergism and sex-ratio shifts elicited by some mixture combinations should be considered in water quality guideline development and environmental risk assessment practices for neonicotinoid insecticides, and explored in further investigations of the effects of neonicotinoid mixtures on aquatic communities.

['Animals', 'Chironomidae', 'Female', 'Guanidines', 'Insecticides', 'Male', 'Neonicotinoids', 'Nitro Compounds', 'Oxazines', 'Thiamethoxam', 'Thiazoles', 'Toxicity Tests, Chronic', 'Water Quality']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.712.500.750'], ['D02.078.370'], ['D27.720.031.700.491', 'D27.888.723.491'], ['D03.383.464'], ['D02.640'], ['D03.383.533'], ['D02.640.910', 'D02.886.675.884', 'D03.383.129.708.884', 'D03.383.464.500', 'D03.383.533.820'], ['D02.886.675', 'D03.383.129.708'], ['E05.940.800'], ['N06.850.460.350.080.750', 'N06.850.460.790.730']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Antibiotic Use in Cold and Flu Season and Prescribing Quality: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Excessive antibiotic use in cold and flu season is costly and contributes to antibiotic resistance. The study objective was to develop an index of excessive antibiotic use in cold and flu season and determine its correlation with other indicators of prescribing quality.METHODS AND FINDINGS: We included Medicare beneficiaries in the 40% random sample denominator file continuously enrolled in fee-for-service benefits for 2010 or 2011 (7,961,201 person-years) and extracted data on prescription fills for oral antibiotics that treat respiratory pathogens. We collapsed the data to the state level so they could be merged with monthly flu activity data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Linear regression, adjusted for state-specific mean antibiotic use and demographic characteristics, was used to estimate how antibiotic prescribing responded to state-specific flu activity. Flu-activity associated antibiotic use varied substantially across states-lowest in Vermont and Connecticut, highest in Mississippi and Florida. There was a robust positive correlation between flu-activity associated prescribing and use of medications that often cause adverse events in the elderly (0.755; P<0.001), whereas there was a strong negative correlation with beta-blocker use after a myocardial infarction (-0.413; P=0.003).CONCLUSIONS: Adjusted flu-activity associated antibiotic use was positively correlated with prescribing high-risk medications to the elderly and negatively correlated with beta-blocker use after myocardial infarction. These findings suggest that excessive antibiotic use reflects low-quality prescribing. They imply that practice and policy solutions should go beyond narrow, antibiotic specific, approaches to encourage evidence-based prescribing for the elderly Medicare population.

['Adrenergic beta-Antagonists', 'Age Factors', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Drug Utilization', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Influenza, Human', 'Linear Models', 'Male', 'Medicare', 'Myocardial Infarction', "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", 'Retrospective Studies', 'Seasons', 'Sex Factors', 'Socioeconomic Factors', 'United States']

[['D27.505.519.625.050.200.200', 'D27.505.696.577.050.200.200'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['N04.452.706.477'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C01.748.310', 'C01.925.782.620.365', 'C08.730.310'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['N03.219.521.346.506.564.663', 'N03.219.521.576.343.840', 'N03.706.615.696'], ['C14.280.647.500', 'C14.907.585.500', 'C23.550.513.355.750', 'C23.550.717.489.750'], ['N04.590.374.577', 'N05.300.625'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['G01.910.645.661', 'G16.500.275.071.590', 'N06.230.300.100.250.525'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['I01.880.853.996', 'N01.824'], ['Z01.107.567.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Drosophila P transposons of the urochordata Ciona intestinalis.

P transposons belong to the eukaryotic DNA transposons, which are transposed by a cut and paste mechanism using a P-element-coded transposase. They have been detected in Drosophila, and reside as single copies and stable homologous sequences in many vertebrate species. We present the P elements Pcin1, Pcin2 and Pcin3 from Ciona intestinalis, a species of the most primitive chordates, and compare them with those from Ciona savignyi. They showed typical DNA transposon structures, namely terminal inverted repeats and target site duplications. The coding region of Pcin1 consisted of 13 small exons that could be translated into a P-transposon-homologous protein. C. intestinalis and C. savignyi displayed nearly the same phenotype. However, their P elements were highly divergent and the assumed P transposase from C. intestinalis was more closely related to the transposase from Drosophila melanogaster than to the transposase of C. savignyi. The present study showed that P elements with typical features of transposable DNA elements may be found already at the base of the chordate lineage.

['Amino Acid Sequence', 'Animals', 'Base Sequence', 'Ciona intestinalis', 'Computational Biology', 'DNA Transposable Elements', 'Drosophila', 'Gene Library', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Sequence Homology, Amino Acid', 'Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid']

[['G02.111.570.060', 'L01.453.245.667.060'], ['B01.050'], ['G02.111.570.080', 'G05.360.080', 'L01.453.245.667.080'], ['B01.050.150.200.727.150.500', 'B01.050.500.272.727.150.500'], ['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['D13.444.308.520', 'G02.111.570.080.708.330.200', 'G05.360.080.708.330.200', 'G05.360.340.024.425.200'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.310.250'], ['G05.360.325'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['G02.111.810.200', 'G05.810.200'], ['G02.111.810.550', 'G05.810.550']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Relationships among body composition, muscle strength, and sarcopenia in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

PURPOSE: Relationships among body composition indices assessed by various modalities remain to be addressed in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), in whom being underweight is more strikingly prevalent than in those with other malignancies. We investigated the relationships of body composition parameters with the sarcopenia prevalence of ESCC patients.METHODS: In this prospective study, we analyzed preoperative data obtained from 75 ESCC patients undergoing esophagectomy. Body composition data included body mass index (BMI), skeletal muscle index (SMI) assessed by computed tomography, and parameters calculated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (skeletal muscle mass (SMM), body fat mass). Muscle strength was evaluated by handgrip strength (HGS). Sarcopenia was defined as having both low SMI and low HGS.RESULTS: The median BMI value was 22.5 (range 15.2-28.7) in our ESCC cohort. BMI correlated significantly with fat mass (r = 0.84, P < 0.001), SMM (r = 0.57, P < 0.001) and SMI (r = 0.49, P < 0.001). Similarly, SMI showed a significant correlation with SMM (r = 0.45, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, HGS was highly correlated with SMM (r = 0.67, P < 0.001), while showing significant but weak associations with both BMI and SMI (r = 0.33, 0.34, respectively, P < 0.001). Notably, sarcopenia prevalence differed markedly according to BMI category; 28.6%, 12.2%, and 0% in the low (< 20), medium (20-25), and high (> 25) BMI groups, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: BMI reflects comprehensive information on body composition in ESCC patients, although its correlation with muscle mass and muscle strength was moderate. Decreased BMI might serve as an indicator for sarcopenia in this population, in which the presence of sarcopenic obesity is rare.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Body Composition', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Longitudinal Studies', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Muscle Strength', 'Prospective Studies', 'Quality of Life', 'Sarcopenia', 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['G02.111.130', 'G03.180', 'G07.100.049'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.370.600.425', 'G11.427.560'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['I01.800', 'K01.752.400.750', 'N06.850.505.400.425.837'], ['C10.597.613.612.500', 'C23.300.070.500.500', 'C23.888.592.608.612.500'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Diseases [C]']

Neurosteroid dehydroepiandrosterone improves active avoidance retrieval and induces antidepressant-like behavior in rats.

Various studies reported beneficial effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulphate (DHEAS), the neurosteroids involved in various brain functions, on synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, memory, learning and behavior. This study aimed to investigate the behavioral profile of acute DHEA treatment by using active avoidance (AA) task, primarily predictive of the effects on the retrieval-based learning, and by applying forced swim test (FST), for assessment of antidepressant-like potential. Adult male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of either DHEA (2, 10, 20mg/kg) or solvent, 30min prior to testing. DHEA, in a manner resembling an inverted U shape, influenced the retrieval imposed to rats in AA paradigm. The significant improvement of the performance in the retention session was observed following 10mg/kg DHEA treatment and it was not due to the changes in the motor activity, as indicated by unaltered locomotor parameters (inter-trial crossing). Moreover, 10mg/kg of DHEA significantly decreased the duration of immobility in FST, demonstrating antidepressant-like effects. The capability of bicuculline (2mg/kg) to antagonize the effects of DHEA has been evaluated simultaneously. The retrieval-facilitating as well as antidepressant-like effects of 10mg/kg DHEA were counteracted by bicuculline, a competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors, suggesting involvement of GABAergic system. These results support administration of DHEA as potential therapeutic strategy for treating depression and related cognitive impairments, but emphasized the importance of adequate dosing, as DHEA levels that are too high or too low may not be beneficial.

['Animals', 'Antidepressive Agents', 'Avoidance Learning', 'Behavior, Animal', 'Dehydroepiandrosterone', 'Depression', 'Male', 'Mental Recall', 'Motor Activity', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Retention, Psychology']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.427.700.122'], ['F02.463.425.097', 'F02.463.785.373.173'], ['F01.145.113'], ['D04.210.500.054.079.429.625', 'D04.210.500.578.502.400', 'D06.472.040.502.400', 'D06.472.334.851.968.952'], ['F01.145.126.350'], ['F02.463.425.540.641'], ['F01.145.632', 'G11.427.410.698'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['F02.463.425.540.772']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Unexpected inorganic elements in oral lesions: results of X-ray energy spectroscopy (XES) on particulate matter in paraffin sections.

X-ray energy spectroscopy (XES) of all particulate matter found by light microscopy in histological sections of 222 oral lesions revealed a much wider range of elements than expected from dental amalgam. Subsequent XES of a variety of endodontic materials, impression materials and toothpastes indicated possible sources for virtually all elements identified in the histopathological lesions. The range of materials identified is tabulated; histopathological lesions and probable source substances are correlated; light microscopic pointers to the elemental nature of particulate matter in sections are indicated--titanium and bismuth have characteristic appearances; possible implications of local implantation and large scale ingestion of such substances are discussed.

['Barium Sulfate', 'Cysts', 'Dental Amalgam', 'Dental Impression Materials', 'Dental Materials', 'Elements', 'Granuloma', 'Humans', 'Mouth Diseases', 'Spectrum Analysis', 'Toothpastes']

[['D01.103.075', 'D01.875.800.800.850.075'], ['C04.182', 'C23.300.306'], ['D25.339.208.291', 'J01.637.051.339.208.291'], ['D25.339.334', 'J01.637.051.339.334'], ['D25.339', 'D27.720.102.339', 'J01.637.051.339'], ['D01.268'], ['C15.604.515.292', 'C23.550.382'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C07.465'], ['E05.196.867'], ['D25.376.711', 'J01.637.051.376.711']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Effect of radiotherapy on activity and concentration of serum paraoxonase-1 in breast cancer patients.

Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an intra-cellular antioxidant enzyme found also in the circulation associated with high-density lipoproteins. The activity of this enzyme has been shown to be decreased in breast cancer (BC) patients. The aims of our study were to investigate the changes produced by radiotherapy (RT) on activity and concentration of serum PON1 in BC patients, and to evaluate the observed variations in relation to clinical and pathological characteristics of patients and tumors, and the response to treatment. We studied 200 women with BC who were scheduled to receive RT following excision of the tumor. Blood for analyses was obtained before and after the irradiation procedure. The control group was composed of 200 healthy women. Relative to control, BC patients had significantly lower serum PON1 activities pre-RT, while PON1 concentrations were at similar levels. RT was associated with a significant increase in serum PON1 activities and concentrations. We observed significant differences in serum PON1 concentrations post-RT between patients with luminal A or luminal B tumors. Serum PON1 concentration post-RT was markedly lower in BC patients with metastases. We conclude that benefit from RT accrues to the BC patients not only through its direct effect on cancer cells but also indirectly by improving the organism's anti-oxidant defense mechanisms. In addition, our preliminary evidence suggests that the measurement of serum PON1 concentration post-RT could be an efficient prognostic biomarker, and may be used as an index of the efficacy of the RT.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aryldialkylphosphatase', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Female', 'Gene Frequency', 'Genotype', 'Humans', 'Linear Models', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Metastasis', 'ROC Curve']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['D08.811.277.352.660.500'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['G05.330'], ['G05.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.697.650', 'C23.550.727.650'], ['E05.318.370.800.750', 'E05.318.740.872.750', 'N05.715.360.325.700.680', 'N06.850.520.445.800.750']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

How do antibodies and lectins recognize histo-blood group antigens? A 3D-QSAR study by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA).

The cross-reaction patterns of nine antibodies and three lectins against 12 H type 2 related oligosaccharides have been analysed by means of 3D-QSAR study. Three-dimensional descriptors of the molecular properties have been used in comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). Three different alignments were considered for the oligosaccharides. One, based on the superimposition of the oligosaccharide core, could be correlated to most of the antibody activities. A second alignment, based on a superimposition of the fucose residue, had to be taken into account for explaining the binding properties of Ulex europaeus isolectin I. Analysis of the QSAR data gives indications on the carbohydrate epitopes essential for antibody recognition and yields some insights about the nature of the molecular recognition. This study complements previous biochemical estimates of the H type 2 related oligosaccharide binding areas (Mollicone, R.; Cailleau, A.; Imberty, A.; Gane, P.; P?rez, S.; Oriol, R. Glycoconj. J. 1996, 13, 263-271).

['Antibodies', 'Antigen-Antibody Reactions', 'Antigens', 'Blood Group Antigens', 'Lectins', 'Static Electricity', 'Structure-Activity Relationship']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['G12.122'], ['D23.050'], ['D23.050.301.290', 'D23.050.705.230'], ['D12.776.503'], ['G01.358.500.249.820'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Oxitropium bromide (Ba 253), an advance in the field of anticholinergic bronchodilating treatments. Preliminary results.

The changes in FEV1 and in specific conductance induced by 200 micrograms oxitropium bromide given as pressurized aerosol were measured at 8 time intervals during 7 hours after inhalation in a group of 19 patients with reversible broncho-obstruction. The working of the drug was compared to the functional values observed at the same time intervals after placebo, 40 micrograms ipratropium bromide and 400 micrograms fenoterol. Both oxitropium and ipratropium were definitely and significantly superior to placebo at all time intervals. Oxitropium was superior to ipratropium at the 7th hour. At this time interval the difference was significant At the 7th hour oxitropium gave higher mean results than fenoterol, but this difference was not significant. The drug was also compared to its competitors regarding its subjective and cardiovascular tolerance. No unfavourable side-effects were observed.

['Adrenergic beta-Agonists', 'Adult', 'Asthma', 'Blood Pressure', 'Bronchitis', 'Bronchodilator Agents', 'Fenoterol', 'Forced Expiratory Volume', 'Humans', 'Ipratropium', 'Male', 'Placebos', 'Scopolamine Derivatives', 'Time Factors']

[['D27.505.519.625.050.100.200', 'D27.505.696.577.050.100.200'], ['M01.060.116'], ['C08.127.108', 'C08.381.495.108', 'C08.674.095', 'C20.543.480.680.095'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['C01.748.099', 'C08.127.446', 'C08.381.495.146', 'C08.730.099'], ['D27.505.696.663.050.110', 'D27.505.954.796.050.100'], ['D02.033.100.291.465.300', 'D02.092.063.291.465.300', 'D02.092.311.660.300', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.166.175.660.300'], ['E01.370.386.700.660.230', 'G09.772.650.430'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D02.145.074.722.229.400', 'D03.132.760.180.572.400', 'D03.132.889.180.648.400', 'D03.605.084.500.722.229.400', 'D03.605.869.229.400'], ['D26.660', 'E02.785'], ['D02.145.074.722.822', 'D03.132.889.601', 'D03.605.084.500.722.822', 'D03.605.869.822'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Diversity of polyubiquitin chains.

Polyubiquitin chains linked through different lysines of ubiquitin may exert both proteasome-dependent and -independent functions. In a recent Cell issue, Xu et al. employ quantitative proteomics to profile polyubiquitin linkages in yeast. They find that linkages through all lysines of ubiquitin, except lysine-63, can target proteasomal degradation in vivo, and that lysine-11 polyubiquitination is important for endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD).

['Lysine', 'Polyubiquitin', 'Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex', 'Protein Processing, Post-Translational', 'Saccharomyces cerevisiae', 'Ubiquitination']

[['D12.125.068.555', 'D12.125.095.647', 'D12.125.142.497'], ['D12.776.947.500.500'], ['D05.500.562.500', 'D08.811.277.656.918', 'D08.811.600.730'], ['G02.111.660.871.790.600', 'G02.111.691.600', 'G03.734.871.790.600', 'G05.308.670.600'], ['B01.300.107.795.785.800', 'B01.300.930.705.655'], ['G02.111.660.871.790.600.925', 'G02.111.691.600.775', 'G03.734.871.790.600.831', 'G05.308.670.600.831']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Phenotypic variation of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by the Phe(110)-->Ile mutation in cardiac troponin T.

Mutation of the cardiac troponin T (cTnT) gene is a genetic determinant of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A Japanese family of 14 individuals, including 6 with HCM, was subjected to genetic and clinical assessment. Five exons of the cTnT gene were sequenced in all family members. A heterozygous or homozygous T(340)-->A (Phe(110)-->Ile) mutation in exon 9 of the cTnT gene was detected in 11 subjects. Morphological and functional evaluation of the left and right ventricles by echocardiography revealed that 4 of 9 individuals heterozygous for the mutant allele exhibited HCM with moderate cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy and other clinical features in the 2 subjects homozygous for the mutation were more severe than were those in heterozygous individuals with HCM. Thus, the clinical features of HCM due to the Phe(110)-->Ile mutation in the cTnT gene appear to be modified by a gene dosage effect.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic', 'Child', 'DNA', 'DNA Mutational Analysis', 'Female', 'Gene Dosage', 'Humans', 'Japan', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Myocardium', 'Pedigree', 'Point Mutation', 'Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Troponin T']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C14.280.238.100', 'C14.280.484.048.750.070.160'], ['M01.060.406'], ['D13.444.308'], ['E05.393.760.700.300'], ['G05.380.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.474.463', 'Z01.639.595'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A02.633.580', 'A07.541.704', 'A10.690.552.750'], ['E05.393.673'], ['G05.365.590.675'], ['E05.393.620.500'], ['D05.500.945.962', 'D05.750.078.730.825.962', 'D12.776.210.500.910.962', 'D12.776.220.525.825.962']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Classification of common functional loops of kinase super-families.

A structural classification of loops has been obtained from a set of 141 protein structures classified as kinases. A total of 1813 loops was classified into 133 subclasses (9 betabeta(links), 15 betabeta(hairpins), 31 alpha-alpha, 46 alpha-beta and 32 beta-alpha). Functional information and specific features relating subclasses and function were included in the classification. Functional loops such as the P-loop (shared by different folds) or the Gly-rich-loop, among others, were classified into structural motifs. As a result, a common mechanism of catalysis and substrate binding was proved for most kinases. Additionally, the multiple-alignment of loop sequences made within each subclass was shown to be useful for comparative modeling of kinase loops. The classification is summarized in a kinase loop database located at http://sbi.imim.es/archki.

['Amino Acid Motifs', 'Catalytic Domain', 'Databases, Protein', 'Models, Chemical', 'Phosphotransferases', 'Protein Kinases', 'Protein Structure, Secondary', 'Protein Structure, Tertiary', 'Structural Homology, Protein', 'Structure-Activity Relationship']

[['G02.111.570.820.709.275.500', 'G02.111.570.820.709.600.500'], ['G02.111.570.120.704', 'G02.111.570.820.709.275.750.188'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400.300.750', 'L01.313.500.750.300.188.400.325.710', 'L01.470.750.750.300.750', 'L01.470.750.750.325.710'], ['E05.599.495'], ['D08.811.913.696'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.600'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.610'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.805', 'G02.111.810.200.820', 'G05.820'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Immunohistochemical localization of type-II (AT2) angiotensin receptors with a polyclonal antibody against a peptide from the C-terminal tail.

A polyclonal antibody has been prepared against a synthetic peptide derived from the C-terminal tail of the cloned rat AT2 angiotensin receptor, corresponding to amino acid residue 341-351. The antibody was of high titer and displayed monospecific activity toward the synthetic peptide in the ELISA assay. Western blot analysis indicated that the antiserum recognised only a single protein band with a mean apparent molecular mass of 75.4 kDa in the rat adrenals. Immunohistochemical studies with affinity purified antibody localised immunoreactive AT2 angiotensin receptor in medulla cells of the adrenals. Immunoreactivity was also observed in pyramidal tract, but no specific immunoreactivity can be detected in regions of rat brain that are known to express AT2 angiotensin receptors, including inferior olive, locus coeruleus and cerebellum.

['Adrenal Glands', 'Angiotensin II', 'Animals', 'Antibodies', 'Antibody Specificity', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Peptide Fragments', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Receptors, Angiotensin']

[['A06.300.071'], ['D06.472.699.094.078', 'D12.644.400.070.078', 'D12.644.456.073.041', 'D12.644.548.058.078', 'D12.776.631.650.070.078', 'D23.469.050.050.050'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['G12.100'], ['E05.478.566.350.170', 'E05.478.566.380.360', 'E05.478.583.400.170', 'E05.601.470.350.170', 'E05.601.470.380.360'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['D12.644.541'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.047', 'D12.776.543.750.750.130']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Prevention of endemic goitre with iodized salt.

The paper describes a study, carried out over 16 years, of the use of iodized salt for the control of endemic goitre in a valley of the Himalayan foothills. From 1956, salt was fortified with either potassium iodide or potassium iodate to provide an estimated daily intake of 200 mug per head. There was a progressive and significant decline in goitre prevalence, together with a return of the pattern of iodine metabolism to within normal limits. It is concluded that endemic goitre can be successfully controlled by iodization of domestic salt.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Food, Fortified', 'Goiter, Endemic', 'Humans', 'India', 'Infant', 'Iodates', 'Iodine', 'Male', 'Potassium', 'Potassium Iodide', 'Sodium Chloride']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['G07.203.300.515', 'J02.500.515'], ['C19.874.283.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.252.245.393'], ['M01.060.703'], ['D01.248.497.158.480', 'D01.475.400'], ['D01.268.380.400'], ['D01.268.549.550', 'D01.268.557.575', 'D01.552.528.652', 'D01.552.547.650'], ['D01.475.410.700', 'D01.745.680'], ['D01.210.450.150.875', 'D01.857.650']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Bilirubin inhibits calcium carbonate precipitation in gallbladder bile.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that human bile contains one or more factors that inhibit the precipitation of calcium carbonate from supersaturated solutions of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate. Lower concentrations of this factor have been observed in the gallbladder bile of patients with calcified gallstones. We hypothesized that gallbladder bile contains factors that inhibit calcium carbonate and these factors are present in varying concentrations in normal persons and in patients with cholesterol gallstones with and without calcium carbonate.METHODS: Gallbladder bile of patients without gallstones (n = 8) and of patients with cholesterol gallstones containing either calcium carbonate (n = 8) or other calcium salts (n = 8) was assayed for calcium carbonate inhibition. Individual components of bile (bilirubin, phospholipid, bile salts, and albumin) were tested in different concentrations in the same assay system. In addition, samples of model bile were tested.RESULTS: An inhibitory factor for calcium carbonate precipitation was present within all human gallbladder bile, irrespective of the absence, presence, or type of gallstones. The addition of a bilirubin-albumin solution to a supersaturated solution of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate entirely blocked precipitation of calcium carbonate from solution. In addition, serial dilutions of bilirubin exhibited a linear response between bilirubin concentration and inhibitory effect. Model bile and phospholipid dissolved in sodium taurocholate also exhibited a modest inhibitory effect on calcium carbonate precipitation.CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids incrementally interfere with calcium carbonate precipitation in supersaturated solutions through the preferential formation of a soluble calcium complex.

['Bile', 'Bilirubin', 'Calcium Carbonate', 'Chemical Precipitation', 'Cholelithiasis', 'Humans', 'Hydrogen-Ion Concentration']

[['A12.200.087'], ['D03.383.129.578.840.249.184', 'D03.633.400.909.249.184', 'D04.345.783.249.184', 'D23.767.193.184'], ['D01.146.275', 'D01.200.275.150.150', 'D01.578.200'], ['E05.196.150', 'G02.159'], ['C06.130.409'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.300']]

['Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

The contribution of glucose cycling to the maintenance of steady-state levels of lactate by hepatocytes during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.

When hepatocytes from fasted rats were incubated with 10 mM glucose, there was a linear accumulation of lactate and pyruvate for about 80 min after which steady-state concentrations of these metabolites became established. The rate of glycolysis, determined with [6-3H]glucose, was constant over the entire incubation period and was 50% greater than that calculated from carbon balance studies. This suggests that one-third of the glycolytic products formed were recycled to glucose. To enable study of the factors associated with the generation and maintenance of the lactate steady state and to measure accurately the carbon balance, incubations were performed using supraphysiological concentrations of glucose (20-80 mM). Under these conditions the initial rate of lactate accumulation and its concentration at steady state were shown to be dependent on the concentration of extracellular glucose. Rates of glycolysis were also measured using 40 mM [6-3H]glucose and [U-14C]glucose added alone, or in combination with a steady-state lactate concentration (3 mM). There was no effect on the rate of glycolysis determine with [6-3H]glucose, even when lactate was present in the medium. The difference in rates between measurements with the two isotopes reflect the apparent degree of glucose recycling which in the absence and presence of added lactate increased from 0.26 to 0.54 mumol C3 equivalents min-1.g-1 respectively. Identical studies employing [U-14C]lactate showed that glucose and CO2 were the major products of lactate metabolism under steady-state conditions and that the formation of lactate from [U-14C]glucose exactly balanced the rate of lactate removal as a result of oxidation and gluconeogenesis. These studies provide evidence for the concomitant operation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, even in the presence of high glucose concentrations. They also demonstrate that lactate steady states are achieved not by the cessation of glycolysis but rather by the removal of lactate and pyruvate at a rate equal to that of their production.

['Animals', 'Gluconeogenesis', 'Glucose', 'Glycolysis', 'Lactates', 'Lactic Acid', 'Liver', 'Male', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar']

[['B01.050'], ['G02.111.158.500', 'G03.191.500'], ['D09.947.875.359.448'], ['G02.111.158.750', 'G03.191.750', 'G03.295.436', 'G03.493.360'], ['D02.241.511.459'], ['D02.241.511.459.450'], ['A03.620'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Metal-Organic Synthetic Transporters (MOST): Efficient Chloride and Antibiotic Transmembrane Transporters.

We present the synthesis of two functionalized 2,4,7-triphenylbenzimidazole ligands and demonstrate the formation of their respective metal assemblies in phospholipid membranes. Anion transport experiments demonstrate the formation of metal-organic synthetic transporters (MOST) directly in phospholipid membranes. The formation of MOST in phospholipid membranes results in efficient architectures for chloride transport. We also demonstrate the insertion of these ligands and the formation of their metal-organic assemblies in bacterial membranes; the use of MOST makes the membranes of resistant bacteria more permeable to antibiotics. We also demonstrate that a combination of MOST with tetracycline lowers the sensitivity of resistant bacteria to tetracycline by 60-fold.

['Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Bacillus thuringiensis', 'Chlorides', 'Coordination Complexes', 'Drug Resistance, Bacterial', 'Liposomes', 'Metal-Organic Frameworks', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Palladium', 'Phospholipids', 'Spectrophotometry', 'Tetracycline']

[['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['B03.300.390.400.158.218.800', 'B03.353.500.100.218.800', 'B03.510.100.100.218.800', 'B03.510.415.400.158.218.800', 'B03.510.460.410.158.218.800'], ['D01.210.450.150', 'D01.248.497.158.215'], ['D01.234', 'D02.257'], ['G06.099.225', 'G06.225.347', 'G07.690.773.984.269.347'], ['D25.479.517', 'D26.255.260.517', 'J01.637.051.479.517', 'J01.637.087.500.517'], ['D02.691.638', 'D05.750.215'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['D01.268.556.680', 'D01.268.956.718', 'D01.552.544.680'], ['D10.570.755'], ['E05.196.712.726', 'E05.196.867.826'], ['D02.455.426.559.847.562.900.875', 'D04.615.562.900.875']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Enhanced detection of bladder cancer using the epithelial surface marker epithelial membrane antigen: a preliminary report.

The flow cytometry (FCM) technique allows for the rapid quantitative analysis of the DNA content of individual cells. In a variety of genitourinary tumors, DNA ploidy has a significant impact upon prognosis and ultimate patient survival. In patients having transitional cell cancer (TCC) of the bladder, FCM of voided urine and bladder barbotage specimens is highly correlated with cytologic analysis in the detection of malignant cells. One problem with this technique has been decreased sensitivity in samples containing large numbers of inflammatory cells. To improve FCM detection of TCC in bladder wash specimens, we developed a technique using a monoclonal antibody (Mab) specific to human, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). The EMA cell-surface marker enabled us to differentiate bladder epithelial cells from lymphocytes and cellular debris. In combination with DNA analysis using propidium iodide, the EMA Mab increased the sensitivity and specificity of FCM compared to conventional analysis using propidium iodide alone. We conclude that epithelial cell-surface antigen staining using both EMA Mab and DNA staining can increase the FCM detection of TCC in bladder wash specimens.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Antibodies, Monoclonal', 'Antigens, Neoplasm', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma, Transitional Cell', 'Cystoscopy', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Humans', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Middle Aged', 'Mucin-1', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Urinary Bladder Neoplasms', 'Urine']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.224', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.224', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.224'], ['D23.050.285'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200.430'], ['E01.370.388.250.180', 'E01.370.390.175', 'E04.502.250.180', 'E04.950.774.155'], ['E01.171'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.395.550.560', 'D12.776.395.560.631.115', 'D12.776.543.550.530', 'D23.050.285.050.300', 'D23.050.550.325.300', 'D23.101.140.075.300'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['C04.588.945.947.960', 'C12.758.820.968', 'C12.777.829.813', 'C13.351.937.820.945', 'C13.351.968.829.707'], ['A12.207.927']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[When is a tall child too tall?].

3 children presented with tall stature. A 14-year-old girl of 179.6 cm was found to be within her target height range and was treated with oestrogen. A 15.5-year-old boy of 199,5 cm was beyond his target height range and was found to have a 47,XYY karyo- type; growth was inhibited with epiphysiodesis. A 12-year-old girl of 178.5 cm and very long legs was beyond her target height range but was found to have homocysteinaemia, a contraindication for hormonal- growth inhibition. her final height was 192 cm. Children growing above the 98th percentile of the growth curve are considered too tall. Most children with tall stature are constitutionally tall and remain within their target height range; no additional investigation is needed. In contrast, growth above this range or disproportionate growth and/or the presence of dysmorphic features in the child or parents warrants further investigation and may reveal important diagnoses. Height prediction based on bone age reading plays a key role in the management of tall children. Treatment with sex steroids may be used in an attempt to limit final height, but some conditions underlying tall stature are a contraindication for this treatment.

['Adolescent', 'Body Height', 'Bone Development', 'Child', 'Contraindications', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Female', 'Gonadal Steroid Hormones', 'Growth Disorders', 'Humans', 'Male', 'XYY Karyotype']

[['M01.060.057'], ['E01.370.600.115.100.160.100', 'E05.041.124.160.500', 'G07.100.100.160.100', 'G07.345.249.314.100'], ['G07.345.500.325.377.625.050.500', 'G11.427.578.050.500'], ['M01.060.406'], ['E02.208'], ['E01.171'], ['D06.472.334.851'], ['C23.550.393'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C23.550.210.024.500', 'C23.550.210.815.970', 'G05.360.162.679.500.500', 'G05.365.590.175.024.500', 'G05.365.590.175.815.970']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

HCPTPA, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that regulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-mediated signal transduction and biological activity.

Angiogenesis is a tightly controlled process in which signaling by the receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a key role. In order to define signaling pathways downstream of VEGF receptors (VEGFR), the kinase domain of VEGFR2 (Flk-1) was used as a bait to screen a human fetal heart library in the yeast two-hybrid system. One of the signaling molecules identified in this effort was HCPTPA, a low molecular weight, cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase. Although HCPTPA possesses no identifiable phosphotyrosine binding domains (i.e. SH2 or phosphotyrosine binding domains), it bound specifically to active, autophosphorylated VEGFR2 but not to a mutated, kinase-inactive VEGFR2. Recombinant VEGFR2 and endogenous VEGFR2 were substrates for recombinant HCPTPA, and HCPTPA was co-expressed with VEGFR2 in endothelial cell lines, suggesting that HCPTPA may be a negative regulator of VEGFR2 signal transduction. To pursue this possibility, an adenovirus directing the expression of HCPTPA was constructed. When used to infect cultured endothelial cells, this adenovirus directed high level expression of HCPTPA that resulted in impairment of VEGF-mediated VEGFR2 autophosphorylation and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of HCPTPA also inhibited VEGF-induced cellular responses (endothelial cell migration and proliferation) and inhibited angiogenesis in the rat aortic ring assay. Taken together, these findings indicate that HCPTPA may be an important regulator of VEGF-mediated signaling and biological activity. Potential interactions with other signaling pathways and possible therapeutic implications are discussed.

['Animals', 'Aorta', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Endothelial Growth Factors', 'Humans', 'Lymphokines', 'Neovascularization, Physiologic', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases', 'Rats', 'Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases', 'Receptors, Growth Factor', 'Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Signal Transduction', 'Substrate Specificity', 'Two-Hybrid System Techniques', 'Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A', 'Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114.056'], ['A11.251'], ['D12.644.276.390', 'D12.776.467.390', 'D23.529.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.480', 'D12.776.467.374.480', 'D23.529.374.480'], ['G09.330.630'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.775'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400', 'D12.776.543.750.630'], ['D12.776.543.750.750.400'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.950', 'D12.776.543.750.630.750', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.910'], ['D12.776.828'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['G02.111.835'], ['E05.393.220.870', 'E05.601.690.650', 'E05.601.870'], ['D12.644.276.100.800.200', 'D12.776.467.100.800.200', 'D23.529.100.800.200'], ['D12.644.276.100.800', 'D12.776.467.100.800', 'D23.529.100.800']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Primary epithelioid angiosarcoma of the adrenal gland.

Primary angiosarcomas of the adrenal gland are exceptionally rare vascular tumors. We report a case of a 63-year-old man with an epithelioid angiosarcoma of the left adrenal gland. Visualized on computed tomography as a nonhomogeneous round mass, the tumor measured 3 cm in diameter. Histology showed a vascular tumor composed of epithelioid cells with vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli that lined irregular vascular spaces and also formed solid areas and showed pleomorphism and rare mitotic activity. Immunohistochemical stain confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioid angiosarcoma. We report our findings and review previously described literature cases of this rare entity.

['Adenoma', 'Adrenal Gland Neoplasms', 'Biomarkers, Tumor', 'Carcinoma', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Epithelioid Cells', 'Hemangiosarcoma', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Melanoma', 'Middle Aged', 'Pheochromocytoma', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['C04.557.470.035'], ['C04.588.322.078', 'C19.053.347', 'C19.344.078'], ['D23.101.140'], ['C04.557.470.200'], ['E01.171'], ['A11.329.372.300', 'A11.627.482.300', 'A11.733.397.300', 'A15.382.670.522.300', 'A15.382.680.397.300'], ['C04.557.450.795.390', 'C04.557.645.390'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.510', 'C04.557.580.625.650.510', 'C04.557.665.510'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04.557.465.625.650.700.725', 'C04.557.580.625.650.700.725'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]']

Dissociation of systemic and hippocampal modulation of rat locomotor activity by 5-HT(2C) receptors.

In the present study, the ability of 5-hydroxytryptamine(2C) (5-HT(2C)) receptors in the hippocampus to enhance locomotor activity in rats was investigated by local infusion. Intraperitoneal injection of the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 242084 (1 mg/kg) significantly increased rats motor activity, while the effects of non-selective 5-HT(2C) agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP, 10 mg/kg; i.p.) on motor activity were lower than those of the control group. In the day hours, the local infusion of non-selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, m-CPP (1.0 mM) into the bilateral hippocampus via microdialysis probes increased locomotor activity in contrast with intraperitoneal injection. This increase was completely reversed by the combined infusion of the selective 5-HT(2C) antagonist SB 242084 (100 mM). In the night hours, the local infusion of SB 242084 (100 mM) into the bilateral hippocampus significantly inhibited the nocturnal hyperactivity, which was reversed by the combined infusion of m-CPP. The present study demonstrates that the 5-HT(2C) receptors in the hippocampus act to increase rat locomotor activity.

['Aminopyridines', 'Animals', 'Circadian Rhythm', 'Drug Administration Routes', 'Hippocampus', 'Indoles', 'Injections, Intraperitoneal', 'Male', 'Motor Activity', 'Neural Pathways', 'Neurons', 'Piperazines', 'Rats', 'Rats, Wistar', 'Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C', 'Receptors, Serotonin', 'Serotonin', 'Serotonin Antagonists', 'Serotonin Receptor Agonists']

[['D02.092.080', 'D03.383.725.050'], ['B01.050'], ['G07.180.562.190'], ['E02.319.267'], ['A08.186.211.180.405', 'A08.186.211.200.885.287.500.345'], ['D03.633.100.473'], ['E02.319.267.530.490'], ['F01.145.632', 'G11.427.410.698'], ['A08.612'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['D03.383.606'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.900'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.800.200.200', 'D12.776.543.750.695.800.200.200', 'D12.776.543.750.720.850.200.200'], ['D12.776.543.750.670.800', 'D12.776.543.750.695.800', 'D12.776.543.750.720.850'], ['D02.092.211.215.801.852', 'D03.633.100.473.914.814', 'D23.469.050.650'], ['D27.505.519.625.850.850', 'D27.505.696.577.850.850'], ['D27.505.519.625.850.800', 'D27.505.696.577.850.800']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Provocation of massive hepatic necrosis by endotoxin after partial hepatectomy in rats.

When rats received endotoxin 48 hours after two-thirds liver resection, 50% of them died within 12 hours with massive hepatic necrosis at a dose that did not affect sham-operated rats. In the hepatic sinusoids, fibrin deposition and endothelial cell destruction occurred 5 hours after endotoxin administration. When antithrombin III concentrate was infused concomitantly with endotoxin administration, all rats survived 12 hours, and the extent of hepatic necrosis and the deranged serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase values were significantly attenuated at 5 hours compared with those in the control rats. Similar improvements in the incidence of mortality and liver injury were observed after treatment with gum arabic before hepatectomy. The stimulatory state of Kupffer cells based on the ability to produce superoxide anions estimated by formazan deposition after liver perfusion with nitro blue tetrazolium and phorbol myristate acetate was increased between 24 and 72 hours after operation. This increase disappeared after gum arabic treatment. It is concluded that massive hepatic necrosis can occur as a result of sinusoidal fibrin deposition provoked by endotoxin in partially hepatectomized rats. Activated Kupffer cells may contribute to this provocation.

['Animals', 'Endotoxins', 'Fibrin', 'Formazans', 'Hepatectomy', 'Kupffer Cells', 'Liver', 'Liver Function Tests', 'Male', 'Necrosis', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Strains']

[['B01.050'], ['D23.946.123.329'], ['D12.776.124.270'], ['D02.172.600'], ['E04.210.556'], ['A11.329.372.588', 'A11.627.482.588', 'A11.733.397.588', 'A15.382.670.522.588', 'A15.382.680.397.588'], ['A03.620'], ['E01.370.372.460'], ['C23.550.717'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Diseases [C]']

Displaced granulosa cells in the fallopian tube mistaken for metastatic granulosa cell tumor.

A 44-yr-old woman underwent a total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy secondary to uterine leiomyomas. Gross examination of the fallopian tubes revealed no masses or lesions; however, 2 small foci of granulosa cells were identified microscopically within one of the fallopian tubes. These foci were suspicious for granulosa cell tumor metastases. The patient subsequently underwent a bilateral oophorectomy, which revealed no primary granulosa cell tumor. Immunohistochemical studies were used to help support the benign nature of the granulosa cells within the fallopian tube. A review of the literature revealed only 1 similar case report of displaced benign granulosa cells within the fallopian tubes. The ovaries in both this case and the previous case report were found to contain multiple cystic follicles, suggesting ovulation as the likely mechanism of displacement. Knowledge of this rare occurrence and the use of immunohistochemical staining are paramount to making a correct diagnosis, thus preventing a misdiagnosis of malignancy and possible unnecessary treatment.

['Adult', 'Choristoma', 'Diagnostic Errors', 'Fallopian Tube Diseases', 'Female', 'Granulosa Cell Tumor', 'Granulosa Cells', 'Humans', 'Hysterectomy', 'Leiomyoma', 'Salpingectomy', 'Uterine Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C23.300.250'], ['E01.354', 'N02.421.450.280'], ['C13.351.500.056.390'], ['C04.557.475.750.656', 'C04.588.322.455.398', 'C13.351.500.056.630.705.398', 'C13.351.937.418.685.398', 'C19.344.410.398', 'C19.391.630.705.398'], ['A05.360.319.114.630.535.200', 'A06.300.312.497.535.300', 'A11.382.812', 'A11.436.329'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E04.950.300.399'], ['C04.557.450.590.450'], ['E04.950.300.715'], ['C04.588.945.418.948', 'C13.351.500.852.762', 'C13.351.937.418.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]']

Timing of radiation therapy, lymph node retrieval, and survival in rectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lymph node retrieval is an independent prognostic factor for survival in rectal cancer. Preoperative radiotherapy has been shown to impact the number of lymph nodes retrieved.OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze colorectal cancer-specific mortality and overall mortality associated with the number of lymph nodes retrieved in relation to use and timing of radiotherapy.DESIGN: This study was designed as a retrospective analysis.SETTINGS: Analysis of the California Cancer Registry was conducted.PATIENTS: Patients with rectal cancer from 1994 to 2006 with a follow-up until January 2008 were included.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of lymph nodes (1-3, 4-6, 7-11, ? 12) stratified by stage (I, II, and III) was analyzed based on radiotherapy status (no radiotherapy, preoperative radiotherapy, and postoperative radiotherapy). Multivariate colorectal cancer-specific survival and overall mortality analyses were performed using Cox proportional-hazard ratios.RESULTS: A total of 17,670 incident cases of stage I, II, and III rectal cancer were identified. The number of lymph nodes retrieved in cases receiving preoperative radiotherapy was lower than others. In stage II cases receiving preoperative radiotherapy, retrieval of 7 to 11 lymph nodes (compared with 0 lymph nodes retrieved as a reference) reached the nadir of colorectal cancer-specific mortality benefit (HR = 0.39, 95% CI, 0.28-0.56) and overall mortality (HR = 0.62, 95% CI, 0.48-0.80). In stage II cases with no radiotherapy or postoperative radiotherapy, retrieval of ? 12 lymph nodes remained the strongest prognosticator of colorectal cancer-specific mortality (HR = 0.34, 95% CI, 0.25-0.46; HR = 0.36, 95% CI, 0.24-0.53 respectively).LIMITATIONS: : The California Cancer Registry does not include radiation dose and duration, chemotherapy type and dosage, margin status and surgeon characteristics, and stated reasons for lower number of lymph nodes retrieved or patient-related factors. In addition, no central pathology laboratory was used.CONCLUSIONS: In stage II rectal cancer cases receiving preoperative radiotherapy vs either postoperative or no radiotherapy, a lower threshold of lymph node retrieval may be sufficient to evaluate prognosis and to guide further therapy.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'California', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Lymph Node Excision', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Prognosis', 'Rectal Neoplasms', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Survival Rate', 'Time Factors', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['Z01.107.567.875.580.200', 'Z01.107.567.875.760.200'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E04.446'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E01.789'], ['C04.588.274.476.411.307.790', 'C06.301.371.411.307.790', 'C06.405.249.411.307.790', 'C06.405.469.491.307.790', 'C06.405.469.860.180.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.308.985.550.900', 'N01.224.935.698.826', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550.900', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550.900'], ['G01.910.857'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

MR imaging in the morphologic diagnosis of congenital heart disease.

The ability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to depict cardiovascular structures is especially useful in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). While MR imaging techniques that focus on cardiac function or blood flow have not been used frequently in the evaluation of CHD, MR imaging has been useful in morphologic diagnosis of CHD. Spin-echo MR imaging can depict relevant morphologic features of most types of CHD. MR imaging provides important diagnostic information in evaluation of right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (eg, pulmonary atresia), postoperative status, pulmonary venous anomalies, and complex ventricular anomalies. MR imaging can replace angiography in some situations, including evaluation of simple defects, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, and postoperative status. MR imaging is the modality of choice in evaluation of aortic coarctation, interrupted aortic arch, and hemitruncus. MR images in three orthogonal planes are useful in analyzing the morphology and arrangement of cardiac segments in univentricular heart, criss-cross heart, and abnormal visceroatrial situs.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Heart Defects, Congenital', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Radionuclide Imaging']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C14.240.400', 'C14.280.400', 'C16.131.240.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['E01.370.350.710', 'E01.370.384.730']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

[Design, screening and antimicrobial activity of novel peptides against Streptococcus mutans

OBJECTIVE: To construct antimicrobial peptides with potent antimicrobial activity, low cytotoxicity and efficient killing rate of Streptococcus mutans for prevention and treatment of dental caries.METHODS: We exploited the existing design strategies to modify reutericin 6 or gassericin A produced by Lactobacillus species in the oral cavity based on their cationicity, amphipathicity and á-helical structure. We examined their antimicrobial activities using bacterial susceptibility assay, their cytotoxicity through cytotoxicity assay and their killing rate of Streptococcus mutans with time-kill assay. We further evaluated the candidate derivatives for their killing rate against Streptococcus mutans, their antimicrobial activity against different oral pathogens and the development of drug resistance.RESULTS: We constructed 6 AT-1 derivatives, among which AT-7 showed an MIC of 3.3 ìmol/L against Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinomyces viscosus with a killing rate of 88.7% against Streptococcus mutans within 5 min. We did not obtain de novo strains of Streptococcus mutans resistant to AT- 7 after induction for 10 passages.CONCLUSIONS: Hydrophobicity and imperfect amphipathic structure are two key parameters that define the antimicrobial potency of the antimicrobial peptides. The imperfectly amphipathic peptide AT-7 shows the potential for clinical application in dental caries treatment.

['Anti-Infective Agents', 'Dental Caries', 'Humans', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Peptides', 'Streptococcus mutans']

[['D27.505.954.122'], ['C07.793.720.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['D12.644'], ['B03.353.750.737.872.875.520', 'B03.510.400.800.872.875.520', 'B03.510.550.737.872.875.520']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Basal and Activated Calcium Sensitization Mediated by RhoA/Rho Kinase Pathway in Rats with Genetic and Salt Hypertension.

Calcium sensitization mediated by RhoA/Rho kinase pathway can be evaluated either in the absence (basal calcium sensitization) or in the presence of endogenous vasoconstrictor systems (activated calcium sensitization). Our aim was to compare basal and activated calcium sensitization in three forms of experimental hypertension with increased sympathetic tone and enhanced calcium entry-spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), heterozygous Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR), and salt hypertensive Dahl rats. Activated calcium sensitization was determined as blood pressure reduction induced by acute administration of Rho kinase inhibitor fasudil in conscious rats with intact sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Basal calcium sensitization was studied as fasudil-dependent difference in blood pressure response to calcium channel opener BAY K8644 in rats subjected to RAS and SNS blockade. Calcium sensitization was also estimated from reduced development of isolated artery contraction by Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. Activated calcium sensitization was enhanced in all three hypertensive models (due to the hyperactivity of vasoconstrictor systems). In contrast, basal calcium sensitization was reduced in SHR and TGR relative to their controls, whereas it was augmented in salt-sensitive Dahl rats relative to their salt-resistant controls. Similar differences in calcium sensitization were seen in femoral arteries of SHR and Dahl rats.

['Animals', 'Animals, Genetically Modified', 'Calcium', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Rats', 'Rats, Inbred Dahl', 'Rats, Inbred SHR', 'Signal Transduction', 'Sympathetic Nervous System', 'Vasoconstriction', 'rho-Associated Kinases']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.136', 'B05.620.136'], ['D01.268.552.100', 'D01.552.539.288', 'D23.119.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.165', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.165'], ['B01.050.050.199.520.760.300', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.400.300'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835'], ['A08.800.050.800'], ['G09.330.380.925'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.700.814', 'D12.644.360.590', 'D12.776.476.595']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

[In vitro sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Gabon to chloroquine and cycloguanil].

The in vitro susceptibility of 91 Plasmodium falciparum isolates obtained from malaria-infected children living near Libreville (Gabon) was evaluated against chloroquine and cycloguanil (biologically active metabolite of proguanil), using an isotopic micro-drug susceptibility test. In vitro resistance to chloroquine and cycloguanil was observed in 83% (35/42) and in 38% (30/78) of the patients, respectively. Our data showed that 41% (16/39) of Gabonese field isolates were resistant both to chloroquine and cycloguanil. These findings are of great importance because they might indicate imminent chloroquine-proguanil failure, and there are not many affordable antimalarial drugs to replace chloroquine-proguanil combination.

['Adolescent', 'Animals', 'Antimalarials', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Chloroquine', 'Drug Resistance', 'Gabon', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Malaria, Falciparum', 'Plasmodium falciparum', 'Proguanil', 'Triazines']

[['M01.060.057'], ['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.250.100.085'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['D03.633.100.810.050.180'], ['G07.690.773.984'], ['Z01.058.290.100.380'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['C01.610.752.530.650', 'C01.920.875.650'], ['B01.043.075.380.611.561'], ['D02.078.370.141.710'], ['D03.383.931']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Diseases [C]']

Gender disparities in screening for congenital hypothyroidism using thyroxine as a primary screen.

OBJECTIVE: Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on testing for the markers thyroxine (T4) and/or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Diagnosis of CH is complicated because many factors affect the levels of these hormones including infant birth weight, prematurity and age at specimen collection. We investigated whether the sex of the newborn affected the levels of T4 and TSH and consequently the outcome of newborn screening.DESIGN: In New York State, the Newborn Screening program initially tests all infants for T4 and any baby with a result in the lowest 10% is triaged for TSH screening. We analyzed data from 2008 to 2016 to determine mean and median T4 and TSH values and how these results correlate with the sex of infants who are reported as borderline, referred and confirmed with CH.METHODS: T4 and TSH concentrations in dried blood spots were measured using commercially available fluoroimmunoassays.RESULTS: From 2008 to 2016, of the 2.4 million specimens tested for thyroxine, 51.5% were from male and 48.5% were from female infants. Male infants constituted 60% of specimens triaged for TSH testing, 64.9% of repeat requests and 59.6% of referrals, but only 49% of confirmed CH cases. The mean and median T4 values were lower (a difference of approximately 0.8-1.1 ìg/dL each year) and the median TSH values were higher in male compared to female infants.CONCLUSIONS: Natural differences in thyroid hormone levels in male and female infants leads to male infants being disproportionately represented in the false-positive category.

['Congenital Hypothyroidism', 'False Positive Reactions', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Male', 'Neonatal Screening', 'Reference Values', 'Sex Characteristics', 'Thyrotropin', 'Thyroxine']

[['C05.116.099.343.347', 'C05.116.132.256', 'C16.320.240.625', 'C19.297.155', 'C19.874.482.281'], ['E01.354.506'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['E01.370.225.910', 'E01.370.500.580', 'E05.200.910', 'E05.318.308.980.438.580.580', 'N02.421.726.233.443.816', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.500.575', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.580.580', 'N06.850.780.500.580'], ['E05.978.810'], ['G08.686.815'], ['D06.472.699.631.525.883', 'D12.644.548.691.525.883'], ['D06.472.931.812', 'D12.125.072.050.767']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

Multiple recurrent intrapulmonary and endobronchial mesenchymomas (hamartomas).

A patient is described with multiple, benign, chondromatous intrapulmonary and endobronchial mesenchymomas of the lung, which recurred after resection on two occasions over a period of 30 years. In such a patient presenting at a young age or with a history of previous recurrence, a wedge excision may be necessary to prevent further recurrence.

['Adult', 'Age Factors', 'Bronchial Neoplasms', 'Female', 'Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple', 'Humans', 'Lung', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Neoplasm Recurrence, Local', 'Radiography']

[['M01.060.116'], ['N05.715.350.075', 'N06.850.490.250'], ['C04.588.894.797.520.109', 'C08.127.265', 'C08.785.520.100'], ['C04.445.435', 'C04.651.435', 'C04.700.435', 'C16.320.700.435'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A04.411'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['C04.697.655', 'C23.550.727.655'], ['E01.370.350.700']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Women's experiences and health care-seeking practices in relation to uterine prolapse in a hill district of Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Although uterine prolapse (UP) occurs commonly in Nepal, little is known about the physical health and care-seeking practices of women with UP. This study aimed to explore women's experiences of UP and its effect on daily life, its perceived causes, and health care-seeking practices.METHODS: Using a convenience sampling method, we conducted 115 semi-structured and 16 in-depth interviews with UP-affected women during September-December 2012. All interviews occurred in outreach clinics in villages of the Dhading district.RESULTS: Study participants were 23-82 years of age. Twenty-four percent were literate, 47.2% had experienced a teenage pregnancy, and 29% had autonomy to make healthcare decisions. Most participants (>85%) described the major physical discomforts of UP as difficulty with walking, standing, working, sitting, and lifting. They also reported urinary incontinence (68%) bowel symptoms (42%), and difficulty with sexual activity (73.9%). Due to inability to perform household chores or fulfill their husband's sexual desires, participants endured humiliation, harassment, and torture by their husbands and other family members, causing severe emotional stress. Following disclosure of UP, 24% of spouses remarried and 6% separated from the marital relationship. Women perceived the causes of UP as unsafe childbirth, heavy work during the postpartum period, and gender discrimination. Prior to visiting these camps some women (42%) hid UP for more than 10 years. Almost half (48%) of participants sought no health care; 42% ingested a herb and ate nutritious food. Perceived barriers to accessing health care included shame (48%) and feeling that care was unnecessary (12.5%). Multiple responses (29%) included shame, inability to share, male service provider, fear of stigma and discrimination, and perceiving UP as normal for childbearing women.CONCLUSIONS: UP adversely affects women's daily life and negatively influences their physical, mental, and social well-being. The results of our study are useful to generate information on UP symptoms and female health care seeking practices. Our findings can be helpful for effective development of UP awareness programs to increase service utilization at early stages of UP and thereby might contribute to both primary and secondary prevention of UP.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Female', 'Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice', 'Humans', 'Marriage', 'Middle Aged', 'Nepal', 'Patient Acceptance of Health Care', 'Personal Autonomy', 'Role', 'Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological', 'Shame', 'Social Stigma', 'Spouses', 'Urinary Incontinence', 'Uterine Prolapse', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['F01.100.150.500', 'N05.300.150.410'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['F01.829.263.315.500.500', 'I01.240.361.500.500', 'I01.880.853.150.423.500.500', 'N01.224.361.500.500', 'N01.824.308.500.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.252.245.674'], ['F01.100.150.750.500', 'F01.145.488.887.500', 'N05.300.150.800.500'], ['F02.600', 'I01.880.604.473.380.500', 'K01.752.566.479.830.650', 'N03.706.437.380.500', 'N05.350.958.650'], ['F01.829.316.616'], ['C12.294.644', 'C13.351.500.665'], ['F01.470.483.666'], ['F01.145.813.840'], ['F01.829.263.500.660', 'I01.880.853.150.500.670', 'M01.816'], ['C12.777.934.852', 'C13.351.968.934.814', 'C23.888.942.343.800'], ['C13.351.500.852.833', 'C23.300.842.624.750'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Humanities [K]', 'Diseases [C]']

[Enucleations: epidemiologic investigation in Morocco. presentation of 183 cases].

INTRODUCTION: The authors report the results of an epidemiological study concerning 183 enucleated eyeballs.MATERIAL AND METHODS: [corrected] The study is realized over a 12-year period (1988-2000) in the department of Ophthalmology "B" (University Hospital--Rabat) on 183 enucleated eyes, only 90% having an histological examination.RESULTS: The aetiologies are: trauma (40%), malignant tumours (30%), atrophies and glaucoma (17%), panophthalmitis (9%) and corneal lesions (4%). The authors compare their results with those of the literature.CONCLUSION: The causes of enucleation are the same throughout the world. The frequency has lately decreased due to the development of early diagnosis and to the use of more conservative treatments.

['Adult', 'Age Distribution', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Eye Diseases', 'Eye Enucleation', 'Eye Injuries', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Incidence', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Morocco', 'Sex Distribution']

[['M01.060.116'], ['I01.240.050', 'N01.224.033', 'N06.850.505.400.050'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['C11'], ['E04.540.429'], ['C10.900.300.284.250', 'C11.297', 'C26.915.300.425.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['Z01.058.266.629'], ['I01.240.800', 'N01.224.803', 'N06.850.505.400.850']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Summary health statistics for the U.S. population: National Health Interview Survey, 2007.

OBJECTIVES: This report presents both age-adjusted and unadjusted health statistics from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States, classified by sex, age, race, Hispanic or Latino origin and race, education, family income, poverty status, health insurance coverage (where appropriate), place of residence, and region of residence. The topics covered are respondent-assessed health status, limitations in activities, special education or early intervention services, injury and poisoning episodes, health care access and utilization, and health insurance coverage.SOURCE OF DATA: NHIS is a household, multistage probability sample survey conducted annually by interviewers of the U.S. Census Bureau for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics. In 2007, household interviews were completed for 75,764 persons living in 29,266 households, reflecting a household response rate of 87.1%.SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS: Nearly 7 in 10 persons were in excellent or very good health in 2007. About 36 million persons (12%) were limited in their usual activities due to one or more chronic health conditions. About 4 million persons (2%) required the help of another person with activities of daily living, and about 9 million persons (4%) required the help of another person with instrumental activities of daily living. About 6% of children received special education or early intervention services. Among persons under age 65 years, about 43 million (17%) did not have any health insurance coverage. The most common reason for lacking health insurance was cost, followed by a change in employment.

['Accidents', 'Activities of Daily Living', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Education, Special', 'Female', 'Health Services Accessibility', 'Health Status', 'Health Surveys', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Insurance Coverage', 'Interviews as Topic', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Poisoning', 'United States', 'Wounds and Injuries']

[['N06.850.135'], ['E02.760.169.063.500.067', 'E02.831.067', 'I03.050', 'N02.421.784.110'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['I02.233.213'], ['N04.590.374.350', 'N05.300.430'], ['I01.240.425', 'N01.224.425', 'N06.850.505.400.425'], ['E05.318.308.980.438', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['N03.219.521.576.265'], ['E05.318.308.420', 'L01.399.250.520', 'N05.715.360.300.400', 'N06.850.520.308.420'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C25.723'], ['Z01.107.567.875'], ['C26']]

['Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Naturalistic stress and cortisol response to awakening: adaptation to seafaring.

Study of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis has been critical to advancing our understanding of human adaptation to stress. The cortisol response to awakening (CRA) is a potentially useful measure for understanding group and individual differences in HPA axis regulation. In this study, the CRA was examined in the context of a naturalistic stressor--a 6-week voyage of work and study aboard an oceangoing ship, including both experienced and novice sailors. Thirty-one subjects provided weekday and weekend baseline CRA data onshore prior to boarding, followed by three CRAs at sea and one shore leave CRA. Subjective measures of sleep, stress and control were also collected. Results suggest that novice sailors' cortisol response to awakening was elevated at sea relative to both a shoreside weekend and a shore leave during the voyage, but the most striking elevation was found during a workday onshore. Inexperienced students' profiles changed differently over the course of the voyage from those of professional crew. CRAs were not affected by sleep variables and were not predicted by subjective ratings. These data support the value of the cortisol response to awakening as a neuroendocrine marker of HPA regulatory responses to a naturalistic stressor, influenced by changes in work and living environment, and perhaps prior experience with the stressor.

['Adaptation, Physiological', 'Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Circadian Rhythm', 'Environment', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Hydrocortisone', 'Male', 'Naval Medicine', 'Oceans and Seas', 'Saliva', 'Ships', 'Stress, Physiological', 'Wakefulness']

[['G07.025', 'G16.012.500'], ['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['G07.180.562.190'], ['G16.500.275', 'N06.230'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D04.210.500.745.745.654.600', 'D06.472.040.585.353.476', 'D06.472.040.585.478.392'], ['H02.403.560'], ['G01.311.625', 'G16.500.275.725.500.650', 'Z01.756'], ['A12.200.666'], ['J01.937.817'], ['G07.775'], ['F02.830.104.821', 'G11.561.035.738']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Simultaneous quantitative determination of 20 active components in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: application to study the chemical composition variations in different combinations.

Zhi-Zi-Da-Huang decoction (ZZDHD), a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription composed of four herbal medicines, has been widely used in treating various hepatobiliary disorders for a long time. The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive and efficient liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for quantitative determination of 20 active constituents, including three iridoid glycosides, 11 flavonoids, three anthraquinones and three tannins in ZZDHD. Separation was achieved on a phenomenex kinetex C18 column (150 ? 4.6 mm, 2.6 µm) using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Detection was performed with electrospray ionization source in the negative ionization and selected ion monitoring mode. The established method was validated by determining the linearity (r(2) ? 0.9983), limit of quantification (0.16-300 ng/mL), precision (RSD ? 4.6%), average recovery (96.0-105.6%), repeatability (RSD ? 3.2%) and stability (RSD ? 4.5%). Then, the method was successfully applied to investigate the chemical composition variations owing to the interaction between the four component herbs of ZZDHD during the extraction process. It was found that different combinations of the herbs affect the extraction efficiency of chemical constituents in different ways. The validated LC-MS method provides a meaningful basis for quality control and further research on ZZDHD.

['Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Drugs, Chinese Herbal', 'Mass Spectrometry', 'Plants, Medicinal']

[['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['D20.215.784.500.350', 'D26.335'], ['E05.196.566'], ['B01.650.560']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Rheological properties and microstructure of Cheddar cheese made with different fat contents.

Reduced- and low-fat cheeses are desired based on composition but often fall short on overall quality. One of the major problems with fat reduction in cheese is the development of a firm texture that does not break down during mastication, unlike that observed in full-fat cheeses. The objective of this investigation was to determine how the amount of fat affects the structure of Cheddar cheese from initial formation (2 wk) through 24 wk of aging. Cheeses were made with target fat contents of 3 to 33% (wt/wt) and moisture to protein ratios of 1.5:1. This allowed for comparisons based on relative amounts of fat and protein gel phases. Cheese microstructure was determined by confocal scanning laser microscopy combined with quantitative image analysis. Rheological analysis was used to determine changes in mechanical properties. Increasing fat content caused an increase in size of fat globules and a higher percentage of nonspherical globules. However, no changes in fat globules were observed with aging. Cheese rigidity (storage modulus) increased with fat content at 10°C, but differences attributable to fat were not apparent at 25°C. This was attributable to the storage modulus of fat approaching that of the protein gel; therefore, the amount of fat or gel phase did not have an effect on the cheese storage modulus. The rigidity of cheese decreased with storage and, because changes in the fat phase were not detected, it appeared to be attributable to changes in the gel network. It appeared that the diminished textural quality in low-fat Cheddar cheese is attributed to changes in the breakdown pattern during chewing, as altered by fat disrupting the cheese network.

['Animals', 'Cheese', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Dietary Fats', 'Food Handling', 'Rheology', 'Time Factors']

[['B01.050'], ['G07.203.200.500.444', 'G07.203.300.350.300.444', 'J02.350.500.444', 'J02.500.350.300.444'], ['G02'], ['D10.212.302', 'G07.203.300.375', 'J02.500.375'], ['J01.576.423.200'], ['E05.830', 'H01.671.808'], ['G01.910.857']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

A sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure with fluorometric detection for the analysis of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine and analogs in urine samples.

A highly sensitive HPLC method for the determination of decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine (dc-SAM) by fluorometric detection was developed. The reaction of dc-SAM and its analogs with chloroacetaldehyde leads to the corresponding 1,N6-etheno derivatives. These highly fluorescent derivatives were fully characterized through their proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and/or mass spectra. This derivatization procedure has been applied to the analysis of dc-SAM in rat and human urine. After a simple cation exchange column prepurification, the urine extracts were derivatized with chloroacetaldehyde and analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorometric detection. The method allowed the determination of subpicomole amounts of dc-SAM and was shown to be highly reproducible with the use of decarboxylated S-adenosylethionine as internal standard. The application of the method to the analysis of urine of rats treated with MDL 72175, a potent ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, showed that the dc-SAM levels increased in a dose-related fashion.

['Alkynes', 'Animals', 'Chemical Phenomena', 'Chemistry', 'Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid', 'Decarboxylation', 'Diamines', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Ornithine Decarboxylase Inhibitors', 'Rats', 'S-Adenosylmethionine', 'Spectrometry, Fluorescence', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet']

[['D02.455.326.397'], ['B01.050'], ['G02'], ['H01.181'], ['E05.196.181.400.300'], ['G02.111.195', 'G02.607.188', 'G03.225'], ['D02.092.782.258'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D27.505.519.389.705'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D02.886.030.676.180', 'D03.633.100.759.590.138.264', 'D12.125.166.676.180', 'D13.570.583.138.264', 'D13.570.800.096.264'], ['E05.196.712.516.600.676', 'E05.196.867.726'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Transcriptome analysis of beta-lactamase genes in diarrheagenic Escherichia coli.

Beta (â)-lactamases are the most important agents that confer drug resistance among gram-negative bacteria. Continuous mutations in â-lactamases make them remarkably diverse. We carried out the transcriptome analysis of 10 â-lactamase genes of Extended-Spectrum â-lactamases (ESBL), Metallo â-lactamases (MBL), and AmpC â-lactamases (ABL) in drug-resistant and sensitive diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) isolates obtained from children up to 5 years of age. Out of the 10 â-lactamase genes, four belonged to ESBL (TEM, SHV, CTX, and OXA); three to MBL (NDM-1, IMP, and VIM); and three to ABL (ACT, DHA and CMY) class of genes. The different categories of DEC were estimated for â-lactamases production using a set of conventional phenotypic tests, followed by detection of their messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The study revealed a direct correlation between mRNA expression of these genes and the presence of antibiotic resistance; also corroborated by mutation analysis of the AmpC promoter region. All the 10 â-lactamase genes showed a significant increase in their expression levels in resistant isolates, compared to those of the sensitive isolates, indicating their possible role in the disease pathogenesis. Increase in mRNA expression of â-lactamase genes, and thereby virulence, may be due to multifactorial parameters causing phenotypic as well as genotypic changes. Our study highlights the necessity of instantaneous detection of â-lactamase gene expression to curb the overwhelming threat posed by emergence of drug resistance amongst the commensal E. coli strains in children from developing countries for larger public health interest.

['Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Child, Preschool', 'Diarrhea', 'Drug Resistance, Microbial', 'Escherichia coli', 'Escherichia coli Infections', 'Gene Expression Profiling', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Infant, Newborn', 'Transcriptome', 'beta-Lactamases']

[['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C23.888.821.214'], ['G06.225', 'G07.690.773.984.269'], ['B03.440.450.425.325.300', 'B03.660.250.150.180.100'], ['C01.150.252.400.310.330'], ['E05.393.332'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.703.520'], ['G02.111.873.750', 'G05.297.700.750', 'G05.360.920'], ['D08.811.277.087.180']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Amino acid derivatives as bitter taste receptor (T2R) blockers.

In humans, the 25 bitter taste receptors (T2Rs) are activated by hundreds of structurally diverse bitter compounds. However, only five antagonists or bitter blockers are known. In this study, using molecular modeling guided site-directed mutagenesis, we elucidated the ligand-binding pocket of T2R4. We found seven amino acids located in the extracellular side of transmembrane 3 (TM3), TM4, extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), and ECL3 to be involved in T2R4 binding to its agonist quinine. ECL2 residues Asn-173 and Thr-174 are essential for quinine binding. Guided by a molecular model of T2R4, a number of amino acid derivatives were screened for their ability to bind to T2R4. These predictions were tested by calcium imaging assays that led to identification of ã-aminobutryic acid (GABA) and Ná,Ná-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (BCML) as competitive inhibitors of quinine-activated T2R4 with an IC50 of 3.2 ± 0.3 ìM and 59 ± 18 nM, respectively. Interestingly, pharmacological characterization using a constitutively active mutant of T2R4 reveals that GABA acts as an antagonist, whereas BCML acts as an inverse agonist on T2R4. Site-directed mutagenesis confirms that the two novel bitter blockers share the same orthosteric site as the agonist quinine. The signature residues Ala-90 and Lys-270 play important roles in interacting with BCML and GABA, respectively. This is the first report to characterize a T2R endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist. The novel bitter blockers will facilitate physiological studies focused on understanding the roles of T2Rs in extraoral tissues.

['Alanine', 'Amino Acids', 'Asparagine', 'Binding Sites', 'GABA Agents', 'HEK293 Cells', 'Humans', 'Lysine', 'Models, Molecular', 'Molecular Structure', 'Mutation', 'Protein Binding', 'Protein Structure, Tertiary', 'Quinine', 'Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled', 'Taste', 'Threonine', 'gamma-Aminobutyric Acid']

[['D12.125.042'], ['D12.125'], ['D12.125.068.060', 'D12.125.095.165', 'D12.125.154.049'], ['G02.111.570.120'], ['D27.505.519.625.240', 'D27.505.696.577.240'], ['A11.251.210.172.750', 'A11.436.334'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.125.068.555', 'D12.125.095.647', 'D12.125.142.497'], ['E05.599.595'], ['G02.111.570', 'G02.466'], ['G05.365.590'], ['G02.111.679', 'G03.808'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.610'], ['D03.132.206.719', 'D03.605.687.762', 'D03.633.100.810.762'], ['D12.776.543.750.695'], ['F02.830.816.724', 'G11.561.790.724'], ['D12.125.142.815', 'D12.125.154.900'], ['D02.241.081.114.500.350', 'D12.125.190.350']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Paediatric admissions to hospital on Niue Island, 1977-1982.

For the period 1977-1982, hospital records on Niue Island, western Polynesia, reveal that a total of 929 children aged 0 to 15 years were admitted. Just over half (57%) of these children were male. The majority (62%) were under six years of age; one-quarter (25%) were infants. Leading reasons for admission were respiratory problems (45%) and gastrointestinal disorders (16%). Under five year old males were particularly affected by wheezing bronchitis which accounted for nearly half of all respiratory hospitalisations. The majority of admissions for digestive disorders were of preschoolage children. As age increased, so reason for admission changed from being primarily for respiratory and digestive disorders to being more for accidents, musculoskeletal problems, and conditions of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Accidents were the third leading cause of admission for males but not for females. Little variation in length of hospital stay was found by age, sex or village of origin. The median stay for paediatric patients was five days. Longest stays come from accidents, parasitic infections, and, for boys, skin and subcutaneous tissue problems.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Gastrointestinal Diseases', 'Hospitalization', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Length of Stay', 'Male', 'Morbidity', 'Mortality', 'Polynesia', 'Respiratory Tract Diseases', 'Wounds and Injuries']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['C06.405'], ['E02.760.400', 'N02.421.585.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['E02.760.400.480', 'N02.421.585.400.480'], ['E05.318.308.985.525', 'N01.224.935.597', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525'], ['E05.318.308.985.550', 'N01.224.935.698', 'N06.850.505.400.975.550', 'N06.850.520.308.985.550'], ['Z01.639.760.815'], ['C08'], ['C26']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]']

Second cancer incidence, risk factor, and specific mortality in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: Second primary malignancies (SPMs) are common in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and have a negative impact on their survival. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for SPM occurrence and cause-specific mortality in Asian HNSCC patients.STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study.SETTING: University teaching hospital.SUBJECTS: Nine hundred and thirty-seven patients without previous cancer history who were treated between 2000 and 2009 and followed for at least 2 years.METHODS: Confirmation of SPMs was performed by histopathology. The cumulative probability of a SPM among survivors of index HNSCC was calculated using a competing risk model. Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to determine factors predictive of SPM occurrence and cause-specific mortality.RESULTS: Of 937 patients, cumulative incidence of SPMs was 7.2% at 0 to 6 months (synchronous), 17.9% at 5 years, and 23.1% at 10 years after index tumor diagnosis. In multivariate analyses, old age (>60 years) (P = .002), hypopharyngeal index tumor site (P = .001), and heavy drinker (P = .001) were independently associated with the development of SPMs, and hypopharyngeal index tumor site were independent variables for SPM-specific survival (P < .001). Cumulative incidence function of SPM-specific mortality according to index tumor sites was significantly higher in the hypopharynx than other sites (P = .011).CONCLUSION: Elderly patients, hypopharyngeal index cancer patients, or heavy drinkers may require careful surveillance for the development of SPMs. Our results may help identify and properly manage Asian patients at high risk of SPMs.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Alcohol Drinking', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Female', 'Gastrointestinal Neoplasms', 'Head and Neck Neoplasms', 'Humans', 'Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms', 'Incidence', 'Lung Neoplasms', 'Lymphatic Metastasis', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Multivariate Analysis', 'Neoplasms, Multiple Primary', 'Neoplasms, Second Primary', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Risk Factors', 'Smoking', 'Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['F01.145.317.269'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['C04.588.274.476', 'C06.301.371', 'C06.405.249'], ['C04.588.443'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.443.665.710.485', 'C07.550.745.436', 'C09.647.710.485', 'C09.775.549.485'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.375', 'N01.224.935.597.500', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.375', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.375'], ['C04.588.894.797.520', 'C08.381.540', 'C08.785.520'], ['C04.697.650.560', 'C23.550.727.650.560'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.150.500', 'N05.715.360.750.125.500', 'N06.850.520.830.150.500'], ['C04.651'], ['C04.692'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['F01.145.805'], ['C04.557.470.200.400.565', 'C04.588.443.177'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

An alternative strategy treated giant congenital melanocytic nevi with epidermis and superficial dermis of the lesions.

Giant congenital melanocytic nevi (GCMN) are defined as rare pigmented lesions that are believed to form between weeks 9 and 20 of gestation. It is difficult to reconstruct large defects after the removal of the lesions and it has posed a great challenge to the plastic surgeon and dermatologist.Given all those difficulty reconstructing the defects, we try to explore an alternative way to resurfacing the defect after removal of GCMN.Patients with GCMN received single-stage excision. Following the subcutaneous tissue and deep dermis were discarded, epidermis and superficial dermis were harvested as graft substitutes to reconstruct the defects in situ.All of the grafted tissue survived well and skin color in the surgical area gradually became lighter. During the periodicity of follow-up, neither hypertrophic scars nor recurrence were observed. Furthermore, histopathology examination demonstrated that there are no distinct melanocytes gathered in the postoperation lesions.For those GCMN which is difficult to reconstruct with traditional methods, resection of the lesion followed by reconstruction with epidermis skin and superficial dermis from the lesions in situ may be a feasible and alternative therapy method.

['Adolescent', 'Child', 'Dermis', 'Epidermis', 'Feasibility Studies', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Nevus, Pigmented', 'Skin Neoplasms', 'Treatment Outcome']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.406'], ['A17.815.180'], ['A10.272.497', 'A17.815.250'], ['E05.318.372.550', 'E05.337.675', 'N05.715.360.330.550', 'N06.850.520.450.550'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.665.560.615'], ['C04.588.805', 'C17.800.882'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]']

Comparison of linear and nonlinear analysis in estimating the Thomas model parameters for methylene blue adsorption onto natural zeolite in fixed-bed column.

Comparison analysis of linear least square method and nonlinear least square method for estimating the kinetic parameters was made using the experimental column data of methylene blue (MB) adsorption onto zeolite at different flow rates and initial concentration. The data were fitted to Thomas model equations using linear and nonlinear regressive analysis, respectively. The error analysis was performed. Present investigation showed that the linear and nonlinear methods are both suitable to predict the breakthrough curves using Thomas model parameters and the nonlinear method is better.

['Adsorption', 'Linear Models', 'Methylene Blue', 'Models, Theoretical', 'Nonlinear Dynamics', 'Water Pollutants, Chemical', 'Water Purification', 'Zeolites']

[['G01.030', 'G02.020'], ['E05.318.740.500.500', 'E05.318.740.750.425', 'E05.599.835.750', 'N05.715.360.750.530.460', 'N05.715.360.750.695.460', 'N06.850.520.830.500.500', 'N06.850.520.830.750.425'], ['D02.886.369.517', 'D03.633.300.783.517'], ['E05.599'], ['E05.599.850', 'H01.548.675'], ['D27.888.284.903.655'], ['N06.850.780.200.800.800.900.900', 'N06.850.860.510.900.900'], ['D01.056.050.075.975', 'D01.578.725.025.975', 'D01.650.550.050.075.975', 'D01.837.725.700.760.050.950']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]']

Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of peginterferon alfa-2b in patients with renal insufficiency.

AIM: To evaluate the safety, tolerability and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa-2b in patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency and in those with normal renal function.METHODS: In an open-label study, subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance >80 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m2) and patients with moderate (30-50 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m2) or severe (10-29 ml(-1) min(-1) per 1.73 m2) renal impairment received weekly injections of PEG-IFN alfa-2b (1.0 microg kg(-1)) for 4 weeks. Safety assessments were made before each injection and blood samples were taken up to 168 h after the final dose.RESULTS: Renal insufficiency increased PEG-IFN alfa-2b exposure. Area under the curve for 0-tau (dosing interval of 168 h), AUC(tau), was increased 30% and 120% in patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency, respectively. Mean maximum serum concentration was almost doubled in patients with severe insufficiency [1305.8 pg ml(-1); 95% confidence interval (CI) 825, 1786] compared with subjects with normal renal function (731.4 pg ml(-1); 95% CI 407, 1056), whereas the apparent volume of distribution was reduced (0.80 l kg(-1)vs. 1.28 l kg(-1), respectively). Elimination half-life was extended in patients with moderate and severe renal insufficiency (65.6 h and 64.9 h, respectively) compared with subjects with normal renal function (51.5 h). Significant differences were observed in the AUC and C(max) values of patients with severe renal dysfunction, compared with those who had normal renal function (P < 0.05; Kruskal-Wallis test). PEG-IFN alfa-2b was well tolerated and adverse events were similar in both treatment groups.CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to PEG-IFN alfa-2b is increased in patients with renal insufficiency, suggesting that doses of the drug should be reduced by 50% in patients with severe renal insufficiency and by 25% in those with moderate insufficiency.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Aged', 'Drug Administration Schedule', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Interferon alpha-2', 'Interferon-alpha', 'Male', 'Metabolic Clearance Rate', 'Middle Aged', 'Polyethylene Glycols', 'Recombinant Proteins', 'Renal Insufficiency']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E02.319.283'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D12.644.276.374.440.890.250.500', 'D12.776.467.374.440.890.250.500', 'D23.529.374.440.890.250.500'], ['D12.644.276.374.440.890.250', 'D12.776.467.374.440.890.250', 'D23.529.374.440.890.250'], ['E01.370.225.843', 'E05.200.843', 'G03.490', 'G07.690.595', 'G07.690.725.513'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D02.033.455.250.700', 'D05.750.741', 'D25.720.741', 'J01.637.051.720.741'], ['D12.776.828'], ['C12.777.419.780', 'C13.351.968.419.780']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Diseases [C]']

Pentastomid, Raillietiella mottae Almeida, Freire and Lopes, 2008, infecting lizards in an area of caatinga, northeast, Brazil.

Pentastomids can infect the respiratory tract of lizards, causing their death and as a result influencing the population size of hosts. Despite this, studies on rates of pulmonary infection of Brazilian lizards, including those living in Caatinga ecosystems of northeastern Brazil are scarce. Active collections of lizards were performed from October to December 2004 in an area of Caatinga of the Esta??o Experimental de S?o Jo?o do Cariri -- EESJC (07 masculine 25' S and 36 masculine 30' W), located in the state of Para?ba, Northeast of Brazil. Forty-five lizards inhabiting granite outcrops in an area of Caatinga were captured, belonging to the following species: Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825) (18 individuals), T. semitaeniatus (Spix, 1825) (15 individuals), Phyllopezus periosus Rodrigues, 1986 (6 individuals), and P. pollicaris (Spix, 1825) (6 individuals). Laboratory examination revealed that all species had some degree of pulmonary infection caused by Raillietiella mottae. The highest rates of prevalence (66.7%) and mean intensity of infection (5.25 +/- 2.01, range of 2-11) were observed in P. periosus. The results obtained in this study show that lizards of the Brazilian semi-arid region are infected by a generalist species of pentastomid. The most likely cause for such pattern is the similarity in lizards' diets (ants and termites). It is particularly noteworthy that T. semitaeniatus, P. periosus, and P. pollicaris represent new host records for R. mottae.

['Animals', 'Brazil', 'Crustacea', 'Host-Parasite Interactions', 'Lizards', 'Lung Diseases, Parasitic', 'Prevalence', 'Severity of Illness Index']

[['B01.050'], ['Z01.107.757.176'], ['B01.050.500.131.365'], ['G16.527.200.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.833.393'], ['C01.610.582', 'C01.748.450', 'C08.381.517', 'C08.730.450'], ['E05.318.308.985.525.750', 'N01.224.935.597.750', 'N06.850.505.400.975.525.750', 'N06.850.520.308.985.525.750'], ['E05.318.308.980.438.475.456.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.375.364.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.475.364.500']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

In situ buccal carcinoma in a teenager after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report.

RATIONALE: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the most effective treatment for the majority of patients who have malignant haemolytic disease. Although the success rate of HSCT has increased, the increasing number of cases suffering from secondary solid malignancies after HSCT has attracted more interest recently.PATIENT CONCERNS: A 16-year-old female patient from China presented with a crusty and painful lesion on the left buccal mucosa with a history of chronic graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic HSCT for acute myeloid leukaemia.DIAGNOSIS: An incisional biopsy of the lesion showed stratified squamous epithelium mucosa with severe dysplasia (carcinoma in situ). Subsequently, a wide local excision was performed and histological examination revealed early infiltrating squamous epithelial mucosa (carcinoma in situ).INTERVENTIONS: She was being treated in the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic with an incisional biopsy of the left buccal mucosa. She also received a wide local excision.OUTCOMES: Follow-up for 4 years showed no recurrence.LESSONS: This case helps raise awareness of the diagnosis of oral symptoms in young patients after HSCT. Due to the increasing application of HSCT, raising awareness in oral and dental physicians may be required to improve long-term clinical outcome of patients who underwent HSCT.

['Adolescent', 'Female', 'Graft vs Host Disease', 'Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation', 'Humans', 'Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute', 'Mouth Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.057'], ['C20.452'], ['E02.095.147.500.500.500', 'E04.936.225.687.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.557.337.539.275'], ['C04.588.443.591', 'C07.465.530']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Syndrome surveillance of fentanyl-laced heroin outbreaks: Utilization of EMS, Medical Examiner and Poison Center databases.

OBJECTIVE: Describe surveillance data from three existing surveillance systems during an unexpected fentanyl outbreak in a large metropolitan area.METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of three data sets: Chicago Fire Department EMS, Cook County Medical Examiner, and Illinois Poison Center. Each included data from January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015. EMS data included all EMS responses in Chicago, Illinois, for suspected opioid overdose in which naloxone was administered and EMS personnel documented other criteria indicative of opioid overdose. Medical Examiner data included all deaths in Cook County, Illinois, related to heroin, fentanyl or both. Illinois Poison Center data included all calls in Chicago, Illinois, related to fentanyl, heroin, and other prescription opioids. Descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel® were used to analyze the data and create figures.RESULTS: We identified a spike in opioid-related EMS responses during an 11-day period from September 30-October 10, 2015. Medical Examiner data showed an increase in both fentanyl and mixed fentanyl/heroin related deaths during the months of September and October, 2015 (375% and 550% above the median, respectively.) Illinois Poison Center data showed no significant increase in heroin, fentanyl, or other opioid-related calls during September and October 2015.CONCLUSION: Our data suggests that EMS data is an effective real-time surveillance mechanism for changes in the rate of opioid overdoses. Medical Examiner's data was found to be valuable for confirmation of EMS surveillance data and identification of specific intoxicants. Poison Center data did not correlate with EMS or Medical Examiner data.

['Chicago', 'Coroners and Medical Examiners', 'Cross-Sectional Studies', 'Databases, Factual', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Drug Contamination', 'Drug Overdose', 'Emergency Medical Services', 'Fentanyl', 'Heroin', 'Humans', 'Illinois', 'Naloxone', 'Narcotic Antagonists', 'Narcotics', 'Poison Control Centers', 'Retrospective Studies']

[['Z01.107.567.875.350.350.200', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.350.200', 'Z01.433.305'], ['M01.526.485.230', 'N02.360.230'], ['E05.318.372.500.875', 'N05.715.360.330.500.875', 'N06.850.520.450.500.875'], ['L01.313.500.750.300.188.400', 'L01.470.750.750'], ['N06.850.290'], ['N06.850.360'], ['C25.775.383', 'E02.319.306.500.500'], ['N02.421.297'], ['D03.383.621.265'], ['D03.132.577.249.562.445', 'D03.605.497.607.490', 'D03.633.400.686.607.490', 'D04.615.723.795.576.445'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['Z01.107.567.875.350.350', 'Z01.107.567.875.510.350'], ['D03.132.577.249.706', 'D03.605.497.750', 'D03.633.400.686.750', 'D04.615.723.795.706'], ['D27.505.696.543', 'D27.505.696.663.850.512', 'D27.505.954.427.550'], ['D27.505.696.277.600', 'D27.505.696.663.850.014.760', 'D27.505.954.427.040.550', 'D27.505.954.427.210.600'], ['N02.278.726', 'N02.421.297.695'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825']]

['Geographicals [Z]', 'Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Charge-shift strategy for isolation of hemoglobin-carcinogen adducts formed at the beta 93 cysteine sulfhydryl groups.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of human hemoglobin-carcinogen adducts has potential as a diagnostic tool for estimation of biologically effective levels of carcinogen exposure and for attaining a better understanding of individual susceptibility to chemical carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to devise a strategy for preanalytical enrichment of the class of covalent human hemoglobin-carcinogen adducts formed by reaction at the hemoglobin beta 93 cysteine sulfhydryl groups. The results define a charge-shift strategy in which a mixture composed of natural hemoglobin (Hb-SH) and low levels of hemoglobin-S-xenobiotic adducts (Hb-SX) is treated with an anionic sulfhydryl reagent (R-), followed by anion-exchange liquid chromatographic separation of Hb-SR- from the unreactive Hb-SX adducts. Using 4-(iodoacetamido)-salicylic acid as the charge-shift reagent, we applied the strategy to the isolation of chromatographically similar adducts with either 4-nitrosobiphenyl or [3H]-N-ethylmaleimide. The strategy was effective for adduct concentrations less than or equal to 10 mumol/mol of hemoglobin. Application of the strategy provides an adduct-enriched fraction useful for subsequent analysis using either currently available techniques or alternate chemical or biochemical techniques that may be designed to take advantage of the enrichment procedure.

['Aminobiphenyl Compounds', 'Biphenyl Compounds', 'Carcinogens', 'Chromatography, Ion Exchange', 'Cysteine', 'Erythrocytes', 'Ethylmaleimide', 'Hemoglobins', 'Humans', 'Hydrolysis', 'In Vitro Techniques', 'Indicators and Reagents', 'Iodoacetamide', 'Nitroso Compounds', 'Salicylates', 'Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet', 'Sulfhydryl Compounds']

[['D02.455.426.559.389.185.060'], ['D02.455.426.559.389.185'], ['D27.888.569.100'], ['E05.196.181.400.383'], ['D02.886.030.230', 'D02.886.489.155', 'D12.125.154.299', 'D12.125.166.230'], ['A11.118.290', 'A11.443.240', 'A15.145.229.334'], ['D02.241.081.337.502.524.418', 'D02.478.440.418', 'D03.383.129.578.399.418'], ['D12.776.124.400', 'D12.776.422.316.762'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['G02.380'], ['E05.481'], ['D27.720.470.410'], ['D02.065.064.400', 'D02.241.081.018.110.400', 'D02.241.081.018.487.249', 'D02.455.526.581.247.249'], ['D02.654'], ['D02.241.223.100.300.595', 'D02.241.511.390.595', 'D02.455.426.559.389.127.281.595', 'D02.455.426.559.389.657.410.595'], ['E05.196.712.726.802', 'E05.196.867.826.802'], ['D02.886.489']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Olfactory dysfunction in chronic stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate odor identification performance in patients one year after hospital admittance due to stroke. Predictors for olfactory dysfunction were investigated as well as self-reported olfactory function and pleasantness of olfactory items.METHODS: A 1-year prospective study was performed. Stroke location, classification and comorbidities were registered at hospital admission. One year after admission, olfactory function was assessed using standardized olfactory methods (screening for loss of detection sensitivity and an odor identification test). A group of matched controls was derived from a population-based study to compare odor identification performance between groups. Patients were asked for their personal judgment regarding their olfactory function and pleasantness of odorous items. In addition, global cognitive function and symptoms of depression were assessed.RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were enrolled (46 males, 32 females; mean age 68 years) of which 28.2% exhibited reduced olfactory function (hyposmia) and 15.4% exhibited loss of olfactory function (10.3% functional anosmia, 5.1% complete anosmia). Patients showed significantly lower olfactory performance compared to age- and sex-mated matched controls. Predictors of impaired olfactory function were age and NIHSS score. Self-reports indicated no significant differences between patients with normal olfactory function and those with reduced function. Yet, patients having an olfactory dysfunction rated odorous items as significantly less pleasant compared to patients without dysfunction.CONCLUSIONS: Olfactory dysfunction seems to occur frequently after stoke even one year after initial admission. The deficits seem to relate to hyposmia and functional anosmia, and less to a complete loss of smell sensitivity.

['Aged', 'Chronic Disease', 'Female', 'Follow-Up Studies', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Olfaction Disorders', 'Stroke']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['C23.550.291.500'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.249', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.350', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C10.597.751.600', 'C23.888.592.763.550'], ['C10.228.140.300.775', 'C14.907.253.855']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]']

Post hibernational anorexia in captive Mediterranean tortoises (Testudo graeca and Thermanni).

Post hibernational anorexia in captive Mediterranean tortoises is an increasingly recognised condition. It is associated with increased blood urea and low blood glucose concentrations and dehydration. A theory to explain its underlying physiology is presented, based on studies of the seasonal and cyclic variations in the tortoises' blood composition. Measurements useful for predicting the condition are identified and a logical approach to therapy is proposed.

['Animals', 'Anorexia', 'Feeding and Eating Disorders', 'Female', 'Hibernation', 'Male', 'Turtles']

[['B01.050'], ['C23.888.821.108'], ['F03.400'], ['G07.110.232.889.500', 'G07.410.421.889.500', 'G16.012.500.535.889.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.833.848']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Serious hepatic complications of selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors.

AIM: Selective internal radiation therapy with yttrium-90 microsphere radioembolization has been used to treat unresectable liver tumors and its acute toxicity has been well described. Subacute and long-term hepatic complications related to radioembolization however may be underreported in the literature. This retrospective study describes the incidence and sequelae of serious hepatic complications in patients who underwent radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors.METHODS: A retrospective review of clinical notes of patients who received radioembolization for unresectable liver tumors from 2001 to 2011 at two Australian institutions was performed to identify those who developed clinically significant hepatic complications. Relevant clinical data were obtained and analyzed to determine their incidence and sequelae.RESULTS: A total of 205 patients were identified, of whom 10 (4.9%) developed serious hepatic complications with 7 (3.4%) attributable to radioembolization-induced liver disease. None had preexisting underlying liver disease or progressive hepatic metastases at the time of developing hepatic complication. The median time to the onset of hepatic complications was 3.5 months (range 1-67 months); six patients had a complete resolution eventually, including one patient who subsequently underwent hepatic metastasectomy safely. Three patients died as a result of fulminant hepatic failure.CONCLUSION: Selective internal radiation therapy with radioembolization was associated with serious hepatic complications with an incidence of 4.9% and a mortality rate of 1.5% in 205 patients from two Australian institutions. The risk of serious hepatic toxicity therefore needs to be discussed when counseling patients regarding this potential treatment option.

['Adult', 'Embolization, Therapeutic', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Liver Neoplasms', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Radiopharmaceuticals', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Yttrium Radioisotopes']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E02.520.360', 'E02.926.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.274.623', 'C06.301.623', 'C06.552.697'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D27.505.259.843', 'D27.505.519.871', 'D27.720.470.410.650'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['D01.268.558.975.500.800', 'D01.268.956.890.500.800', 'D01.496.749.960', 'D01.496.943.800', 'D01.552.550.975.500.800']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

Regulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in granulation tissue myofibroblasts is dependent on the intronic CArG element and the transforming growth factor-beta1 control element.

Myofibroblasts are specialized contractile fibroblasts that are critical in wound closure and tissue contracture. Generation of contractile force is correlated with the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA); however, little is known regarding molecular mechanisms that control activation of alpha-SMA in myofibroblasts in granulation tissue. The aims of the present studies were to identify sufficient promoter regions required for alpha-SMA expression in myofibroblasts in vivo and to determine whether activation of alpha-SMA expression in myofibroblasts in vivo is dependent on an intronic CArG [CC(A/T)6GG] and a transforming growth factor-beta1 control element (TCE) that are required for alpha-SMA expression in smooth muscle cells. A Lac Z transgene construct from -2600 through the first intron was expressed in myofibroblasts within granulation tissue of cutaneous wounds in a pattern that closely mimicked endogenous alpha-SMA expression. Mutation of either the intronic CArG element or the TCE completely inhibited transgene expression in myofibroblasts in granulation tissue and responsiveness to transforming growth factor-beta1 in cultured transgenic fibroblasts. These same elements were also critical in regulating alpha-SMA expression during skeletal muscle repair but not during skeletal muscle development. Taken together, these results provide the first in vivo evidence for the importance of the intronic CArG and TCE cis-elements in the regulation of alpha-SMA expression in myofibroblasts in granulation tissue.

['Actins', 'Animals', 'Fibroblasts', 'Gene Expression Regulation', 'Genes, Regulator', 'Genes, Reporter', 'Granulation Tissue', 'Introns', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Transgenic', 'Muscle, Smooth', 'Mutation', 'Myocytes, Smooth Muscle', 'Promoter Regions, Genetic', 'Rats', 'Serum Response Factor', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta', 'Transforming Growth Factor beta1']

[['D05.750.078.730.250', 'D12.776.210.500.100', 'D12.776.220.525.255'], ['B01.050'], ['A11.329.228'], ['G05.308'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.425'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.435'], ['A10.165.450'], ['G05.360.340.024.220.400', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.515'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['B01.050.050.136.500', 'B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500.800'], ['A02.633.570', 'A10.690.467'], ['G05.365.590'], ['A11.620.520'], ['G02.111.570.080.689.675', 'G05.360.080.689.675', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.750.680'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['D12.776.260.400.249.875', 'D12.776.930.397.875'], ['D12.644.276.374.687', 'D12.644.276.954.775', 'D12.776.467.374.687', 'D12.776.467.942.775', 'D23.529.374.687', 'D23.529.942.775'], ['D12.644.276.374.687.100', 'D12.644.276.954.775.100', 'D12.776.467.374.687.100', 'D12.776.467.942.775.100', 'D23.529.374.687.100', 'D23.529.942.775.100']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Sexuality in piroplasms as revealed by electron microscopy in Babesia microti.

Protozoa of the closely related genera Babesia and Theileria are intraerythrocytic parasites of vertebrates. They have a complex life cycle that includes development in an intermediate vector host, a tick. Whether sexual stages occur in the tick has been a subject of great controversy. The small size of the organism and the complexity of developmental stages in the gut of the tick have prevented a definitive solution of this problem. By means of a simple and straightforward although time-consuming method, it became possible to demonstrate gametes and their sexual fusion in Babesia microti developing in the gut of larvae of the tick Ixodes dammini. Tick larvae fed on hamsters infected with a human strain of B. microti were fixed and processed for electron microscopy. It was found that some of the parasites formed a unique structure shaped like an arrowhead. Because it was suspected that these forms might represent gametes, a search was made for pairs of parasites that were fusing and with each member of the pair emerging from a different erythrocyte. Such a fusing pair could not possibly represent a parasite undergoing division. By study of serial sections such pairs were indeed found. In every case one member of the pair of gametes had an arrowhead structure. This proves sexuality of B. microti and makes highly likely its existence in all members of the genera Babesia and Theileria.

['Animals', 'Babesia', 'Cell Fusion', 'Cricetinae', 'Microscopy, Electron', 'Organoids', 'Reproduction', 'Ticks']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.043.075.600.580.070'], ['E05.242.307', 'G04.155'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.075.250'], ['E01.370.350.515.402', 'E05.595.402'], ['A10.802'], ['G08.686.784'], ['B01.050.500.131.166.132.832']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Nosocomial nontyphoidal salmonellosis after antineoplastic chemotherapy: reactivation of asymptomatic colonization?

An increased frequency of nontyphoidal salmonellosis is well established in cancer patients, but it is unclear whether this represents increased susceptibility to exogenous infection or opportunistic, endogenous reactivation of asymptomatic carriage. In a retrospective study, a simple case definition was used to identify the probable presence of reactivation salmonellosis in five cancer patients between 1996 and 2002. Reactivation salmonellosis was defined as the development of nosocomial diarrhea >72 h after admission and following the administration of antineoplastic chemotherapy in an HIV-seronegative cancer patient who was asymptomatic on admission, in the absence of epidemiological evidence of a nosocomial outbreak. Primary salmonellosis associated with unrecognized nosocomial transmission or community acquisition and an unusually prolonged incubation period could not entirely be ruled out. During the same time period, another opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis pneumonia, was diagnosed in six cancer patients. Presumably, asymptomatic intestinal Salmonella colonization was converted to invasive infection by chemotherapy-associated intestinal mucosal damage and altered innate immune mechanisms. According to published guidelines, stool specimens from patients hospitalized for longer than 72 h should be rejected unless the patient is neutropenic or >or=65 years old with significant comorbidity. However, in this study neutropenia was present in only one patient, and four patients were <65 years old. Guidelines should thus be revised in order not to reject stool culture specimens from such patients. In cancer patients, nosocomial salmonellosis can occur as a chemotherapy-triggered opportunistic reactivation infection that may be similar in frequency to Pneumocystis pneumonia.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Antineoplastic Agents', 'Carrier State', 'Cross Infection', 'Disease Susceptibility', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Infant', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasms', 'Opportunistic Infections', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Salmonella', 'Salmonella Infections']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['D27.505.954.248'], ['N06.850.520.169'], ['C01.248', 'C23.550.291.875.500'], ['C23.550.291.687', 'G07.100.250'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.703'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['C04'], ['C01.597', 'C01.610.684', 'C01.925.597'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['B03.440.450.425.800', 'B03.660.250.150.710'], ['C01.150.252.400.310.821']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Testicular niche required for human spermatogonial stem cell expansion.

Prepubertal boys treated with high-dose chemotherapy do not have an established means of fertility preservation because no established in vitro technique exists to expand and mature purified spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) to functional sperm in humans. In this study, we define and characterize the unique testicular cellular niche required for SSC expansion using testicular tissues from men with normal spermatogenesis. Highly purified SSCs and testicular somatic cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting using SSEA-4 and THY1 as markers of SSCs and somatic cells. Cells were cultured on various established niches to assess their role in SSC expansion in a defined somatic cellular niche. Of all the niches examined, cells in the SSEA-4 population exclusively bound to adult testicular stromal cells, established colonies, and expanded. Further characterization of these testicular stromal cells revealed distinct mesenchymal markers and the ability to undergo differentiation along the mesenchymal lineage, supporting a testicular multipotent stromal cell origin. In vitro human SSC expansion requires a unique niche provided exclusively by testicular multipotent stromal cells with mesenchymal properties. These findings provide an important foundation for developing methods of inducing SSC growth and maturation in prepubertal testicular tissue, essential to enabling fertility preservation for these boys.

['Adult', 'Adult Stem Cells', 'Cell Culture Techniques', 'Cell Differentiation', 'Cell Separation', 'Fertility Preservation', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Mesenchymal Stem Cells', 'Microscopy, Confocal', 'Spermatogenesis', 'Spermatozoa', 'Stem Cell Niche', 'Testis']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A11.872.040'], ['E01.370.225.500.223', 'E05.200.500.265', 'E05.242.223', 'E05.481.500.249'], ['G04.152'], ['E01.370.225.500.363', 'E05.200.500.363', 'E05.242.363'], ['E02.875.800.625', 'E04.936.537.562', 'E05.820.800.625'], ['E01.370.225.500.363.342', 'E01.370.225.500.386.350', 'E05.196.712.516.600.240.350', 'E05.200.500.363.342', 'E05.200.500.386.350', 'E05.242.363.342', 'E05.242.386.350'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A11.329.830.500', 'A11.872.590.500'], ['E01.370.350.515.395', 'E05.595.395'], ['G04.152.650.624', 'G08.686.784.310.760'], ['A05.360.490.890', 'A11.497.760'], ['G04.366.249'], ['A05.360.444.849', 'A05.360.576.782', 'A06.300.312.782']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]']

Oscillations in plant membrane transport: model predictions, experimental validation, and physiological implications.

Although oscillations in membrane-transport activity are ubiquitous in plants, the ionic mechanisms of ultradian oscillations in plant cells remain largely unknown, despite much phenomenological data. The physiological role of such oscillations is also the subject of much speculation. Over the last decade, much experimental evidence showing oscillations in net ion fluxes across the plasma membrane of plant cells has been accumulated using the non-invasive MIFE technique. In this study, a recently proposed feedback-controlled oscillatory model was used. The model adequately describes the observed ion flux oscillations within the minute range of periods and predicts: (i) strong dependence of the period of oscillations on the rate constants for the H+ pump; (ii) a substantial phase shift between oscillations in net H+ and K+ fluxes; (iii) cessation of oscillations when H+ pump activity is suppressed; (iv) the existence of some 'window' of external temperatures and ionic concentrations, where non-damped oscillations are observed: outside this range, even small changes in external parameters lead to progressive damping and aperiodic behaviour; (v) frequency encoding of environmental information by oscillatory patterns; and (vi) strong dependence of oscillatory characteristics on cell size. All these predictions were successfully confirmed by direct experimental observations, when net ion fluxes were measured from root and leaf tissues of various plant species, or from single cells. Because oscillatory behaviour is inherent in feedback control systems having phase shifts, it is argued from this model that suitable conditions will allow oscillations in any cell or tissue. The possible physiological role of such oscillations is discussed in the context of plant adaptive responses to salinity, temperature, osmotic, hypoxia, and pH stresses.

['Adaptation, Physiological', 'Cell Membrane', 'Cell Size', 'Feedback, Physiological', 'Ion Pumps', 'Ion Transport', 'Models, Biological', 'Oscillometry', 'Oxygen', 'Plant Physiological Phenomena', 'Potassium', 'Proton Pumps', 'Sodium Chloride', 'Temperature']

[['G07.025', 'G16.012.500'], ['A11.284.149'], ['G04.325'], ['G07.410.732'], ['D12.776.157.530.450', 'D12.776.543.585.450'], ['G03.143.500'], ['E05.599.395'], ['E05.654'], ['D01.268.185.550', 'D01.362.670'], ['G15'], ['D01.268.549.550', 'D01.268.557.575', 'D01.552.528.652', 'D01.552.547.650'], ['D12.776.157.530.450.250.875', 'D12.776.543.585.450.250.875'], ['D01.210.450.150.875', 'D01.857.650'], ['G01.906.595', 'G16.500.275.063.725.710', 'G16.500.750.775.710', 'N06.230.150.450', 'N06.230.300.100.725.710']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Endocervicoscopy and Biopsy to Detect Cervical Intraepithelial Squamous Neoplasia in Nonvisible Squamocolumnar Junction With Unsatisfactory Colposcopy: A Pilot Study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the practical utility of endocervicoscopy and targeted biopsy in high-risk human papilloma virus-positive women with abnormal squamous cells on cervical cytology and unsatisfactory colposcopy with nonvisible squamocolumnar junction. Seventy-seven high-risk human papilloma virus-positive patients with abnormal cervical cytology for squamous cells bearing type 3 transformation zone were enrolled. Endoscopic examination of the endocervical epithelium, with office-based continuous-flow hysteroscopy after application of acetic acid 5%, followed by targeted biopsies and consequent large loop excision of the transformation zone was carried out. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of endocervicoscopy, and orientated biopsy were confronted with the results of large loop excision of the transformation zone (referral test). The sensitivity and specificity of endocervicoscopy and orientated biopsy for low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were 53% and 81%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were 64% and 47%, respectively. The positive predictive value for low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 64% and for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 88%. The negative predictive value for low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 87% and for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was 41%. Endocervicoscopy is a safe, office-based technique. It is a reliable method to detect the transformation zone in patients with type 3 transformation zone and unsatisfactory colposcopy. It potentially allows target biopsy of the transformation zone but presents a relatively low specificity/negative predictive value to predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, thus negative biopsy results should be interpreted with caution.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Biopsy', 'Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia', 'Cervix Uteri', 'Colposcopy', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Immunohistochemistry', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Grading', 'Neoplasm Staging', 'Pilot Projects', 'Sensitivity and Specificity', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C04.557.470.200.240.250'], ['A05.360.319.679.256'], ['E01.370.378.150', 'E01.370.388.250.150', 'E04.502.250.150', 'E04.520.150', 'E04.950.300.210'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.225.500.607.512', 'E01.370.225.750.551.512', 'E05.200.500.607.512', 'E05.200.750.551.512', 'E05.478.583', 'H01.158.100.656.234.512', 'H01.158.201.344.512', 'H01.158.201.486.512', 'H01.181.122.573.512', 'H01.181.122.605.512'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E01.789.612'], ['E01.789.625'], ['E05.318.372.750', 'E05.337.737', 'N05.715.360.330.720', 'N06.850.520.450.720'], ['E05.318.370.800', 'E05.318.740.872', 'G17.800', 'N05.715.360.325.700', 'N05.715.360.750.725', 'N06.850.520.445.800', 'N06.850.520.830.872'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Arterial remodeling in response to hypertension using a constituent-based model.

Hypertension-induced arterial remodeling has been previously modeled using stress-driven remodeling rate equations in terms of global geometrical adaptation (Rachev A, Stergiopulos N, Meister JJ. Theoretical study of dynamics of arterial wall remodeling in response to changes in blood pressure. J Biomech 29: 635-642, 1996) and was extended later to include adaptation of material properties (Rachev A, Stergiopulos N, Meister JJ. A model for geometric and mechanical adaptation of arteries to sustained hypertension. J Biomech Eng 120: 9-17, 1998). These models, however, used a phenomenological strain energy function (SEF), the parameters of which do not bear a clear physiological meaning. Here, we extend the work of Rachev et al. (1998) by applying similar remodeling rate equations to a constituent-based SEF. The new SEF includes a statistical description for collagen engagement, and remodeling now affects material properties only through changes in the collagen engagement probability density function. The model predicts asymptotic wall thickening and unchanged deformed inner radius as to conserve hoop stress and intimal shear stress, respectively, at the final adapted hypertensive state. Mechanical adaptation serves to restore arterial compliance to control levels. Average circumferential stress-strain curves show that the material at the final adapted hypertensive state is softer than its normotensive counterpart. These findings as well as the predicted pressure-diameter curves are in good qualitative agreement with experimental data. The novelty in our findings is that biomechanical adaptation leading to maintenance of compliance at the hypertensive state can be perfectly achieved by appropriate readjustment of the collagen engagement profile alone.

['Adaptation, Physiological', 'Animals', 'Arteries', 'Blood Flow Velocity', 'Blood Pressure', 'Collagen', 'Computer Simulation', 'Humans', 'Hypertension', 'Mechanotransduction, Cellular', 'Models, Cardiovascular']

[['G07.025', 'G16.012.500'], ['B01.050'], ['A07.015.114'], ['E01.370.370.130', 'G09.330.380.630.080'], ['E01.370.600.875.249', 'G09.330.380.076'], ['D05.750.078.280', 'D12.776.860.300.250'], ['L01.224.160'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C14.907.489'], ['G01.154.090.500', 'G02.111.820.580', 'G04.835.580'], ['E05.599.395.161']]

['Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]']

Sialogogic activity in the rat of peptides analogous to [Tyr8]-substance P in which substitutions have been made in the N-terminal amino acids.

In order to elucidate the regulatory roles for salivation of amino acids in positions 1-4 of the N-terminal region of [Tyr8]-substance P (SP), the structure-sialogogic activity correlations of various synthetic octa- to undecapeptides replaced in positions 1-4 of [Tyr8]-SP with each of 19 common amino acids, one by one, and with the same sequence of the C-terminal hepatapeptide as that of [Tyr8]-SP, were studied in the submandibular glands of rats after intraperitoneal injection. Each of 19 octa-, nona-, deca- and undecapeptides with replaced amino acids and a penta- to decapeptide with the progressive elimination of the N-terminal portion were newly synthesized by the multipin peptide method. All octa- to undecapeptides replaced with each of 19 common amino acids in positions 1-4 had sialogogic activities. In 19 octa- and decapeptides in which P4 and P2 had been replaced, four and three replacements, respectively, had significantly increased secretory activities. In contrast, in 19 nonapeptides in which K3 had been replaced, none had significantly increased secretory activities. Furthermore, in 19 undecapeptides in which R1 had been replaced, most replacements had significantly increased or equipotent activities for fluid secretion. It is concluded that amino acids in the N-terminal region of various tachykinins may not need to be strictly conserved and that amino acid residues in the N-terminal portion, R1 in particular and P2, may strongly inhibit secretory activity.

['Amino Acid Substitution', 'Animals', 'Male', 'Peptide Fragments', 'Rats', 'Rats, Sprague-Dawley', 'Receptors, Neurokinin-1', 'Salivary Proteins and Peptides', 'Salivation', 'Secretory Rate', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'Stimulation, Chemical', 'Substance P']

[['E05.393.420.601.035', 'G05.558.109'], ['B01.050'], ['D12.644.541'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.700.750'], ['D12.776.543.750.695.862.500', 'D12.776.543.750.720.600.830.500', 'D12.776.543.750.750.555.830.500'], ['D12.644.848', 'D12.776.850'], ['G07.203.650.250.800', 'G10.261.190.800'], ['G03.857'], ['E05.318.740.995', 'N05.715.360.750.760', 'N06.850.520.830.995'], ['G07.690.773.996'], ['D12.644.276.812.900.866', 'D12.644.400.800.750', 'D12.644.456.800.866', 'D12.776.467.812.900.866', 'D12.776.631.650.800.750', 'D23.469.050.375.850.890', 'D23.529.812.900.866']]

['Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Health Care [N]']

An Application-based programme to reinforce and maintain lower salt intake (AppSalt) in schoolchildren and their families in China.

INTRODUCTION: Salt intake is very high in China, with ?80% being added by the consumers. It is difficult to reduce salt in such settings. Our previous study (School-based Education programme to reduce Salt(School-EduSalt)) demonstrated that educating schoolchildren, who then instructed their families to reduce the amount of salt used at home, is effective in lowering salt intake in both children and adults. Our team also developed an app called 'KnowSalt', which could help individuals to estimate their salt intake and the major sources of salt in the diet. Building on School-EduSalt and KnowSalt, we propose to develop a new app (AppSalt) focusing on salt reduction through education, target setting, monitoring, evaluation, decision support and management to achieve a progressive lower salt intake for long term. To evaluate the effectiveness of the AppSalt programme, we will carry out a cluster randomised controlled trial.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will recruit 54 primary schools from urban and rural areas of three provinces in China. A total of 594 children aged 8-9 years and 1188 adult family members will be randomly selected for evaluation. After baseline assessment, schools will be randomly allocated to either the intervention or control group. Children in the intervention group will be taught, with support of AppSalt, about salt reduction and assigned homework to get the whole family involved in the activities to reduce salt consumption. The duration of the intervention is two school terms (ie, 1 year). The primary outcome is the difference between the intervention and control group in the change of salt intake as measured by 24-hour urinary sodium.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by Queen Mary Research Ethics Committee and Peking University Health Science Centre IRB. Results will be disseminated through presentations, publications and social media.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR1800017553.

['Adult', 'Cardiovascular Diseases', 'Child', 'China', 'Diet', 'Family', 'Female', 'Health Education', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Program Evaluation', 'Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic', 'Risk Factors', 'School Health Services', 'Schools', 'Sodium Chloride, Dietary', 'Sodium, Dietary']

[['M01.060.116'], ['C14'], ['M01.060.406'], ['Z01.252.474.164'], ['G07.203.650.240'], ['F01.829.263', 'I01.880.853.150'], ['I02.233.332', 'N02.421.726.407'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.337.820', 'N04.761.685', 'N05.715.360.650'], ['E05.318.372.250.250.365.500', 'N05.715.360.330.250.250.365.500', 'N06.850.520.450.250.250.365.500'], ['E05.318.740.600.800.725', 'N05.715.350.200.700', 'N05.715.360.750.625.700.700', 'N06.850.490.625.750', 'N06.850.520.830.600.800.725'], ['N02.421.726.809'], ['I02.783', 'J03.832'], ['D01.857.650.705', 'D01.857.875.705'], ['D01.857.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Geographicals [Z]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]']

New derivatives of dehydroabietic acid target planktonic and biofilm bacteria in Staphylococcus aureus and effectively disrupt bacterial membrane integrity.

The combination of the dehydroabietic acid scaffold with different amino acids resulted in the discovery of a new class of hybrid compounds that targets both planktonic and biofilms bacteria in Staphylococcus aureus strains and are far more potent anti-biofilm agents than conventional antibiotics. Unlike dehydroabietic acid, these compounds can disrupt biofilms within a short time period and compromise the integrity of the bacterial membrane. Two of the compounds identified in our study are the most potent abietane-type anti-biofilm agents reported so far and display robust activity against pre-formed biofilms at concentrations only 3-6-fold higher than those required to inhibit biofilm formation. Their easy preparation based on proteolysis-resistant d- and unusual amino acids makes them useful chemical probes to gain a deeper understanding of bacterial biofilms and outstanding candidates for further development into new drugs to fight infections.

['Abietanes', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Biofilms', 'Cell Membrane', 'Dose-Response Relationship, Drug', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Plankton', 'Staphylococcus aureus', 'Structure-Activity Relationship']

[['D02.455.426.559.847.723.040', 'D02.455.849.291.040', 'D04.615.723.040'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['A20.593', 'G06.120'], ['A11.284.149'], ['G07.690.773.875', 'G07.690.936.500'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['B05.080.500'], ['B03.300.390.400.800.750.100', 'B03.353.500.750.750.100', 'B03.510.100.750.750.100', 'B03.510.400.790.750.100'], ['G02.111.830', 'G07.690.773.997']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

The development of a "reduced logMAR" visual acuity chart for use in routine clinical practice.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The advantages of logMAR acuity data over the Snellen fraction are well known, and yet existing logMAR charts have not been adopted into routine ophthalmic clinical use. As this may be due in part to the time required for a logMAR measurement, this study was performed to determine whether an abbreviated logMAR chart design could combine the advantages of existing charts with a clinically acceptable measurement time.METHODS: The test-retest variability, agreement (with the gold standard), and time taken for "single letter" (interpolated) acuity measurements taken using three prototype "reduced logMAR" (RLM) charts and the Snellen chart were compared with those of the ETDRS chart which acted as the gold standard. The Snellen chart was also scored with the more familiar "line assignment" method. The subjects undergoing these measurements were drawn from a typical clinical outpatient population exhibiting a range of acuities.RESULTS: The RLM A prototype chart achieved a test-retest variability of +/-0.24 logMAR compared with +/-0.18 for the ETDRS chart. Test-retest variability for the Snellen chart was +/-0.24 logMAR using clinically prohibitive "single letter" scoring increasing to +/-0.33 with the more usual "line assignment" method. All charts produced acuity data which agreed well with those of the ETDRS chart. "Single letter" acuity measurements using the prototype RLM charts were completed in approximately half the time of those taken using the ETDRS and Snellen charts. The duration of a Snellen "line assignment" measurement was not evaluated.CONCLUSION: The RLM A chart offers an acceptable level of test-retest variability when compared with the gold standard ETDRS chart, while reducing the measurement time by half. Also, by allowing a faster, less variable acuity measurement than the Snellen chart, the RLM A chart can bring the benefits of logMAR acuity to routine clinical practice.

['Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Benchmarking', 'Equipment Design', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Normal Distribution', 'Predictive Value of Tests', 'Reproducibility of Results', 'Time Factors', 'Vision Tests', 'Visual Acuity']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['N04.452.500.150', 'N04.761.685.150', 'N04.761.700.150', 'N05.700.150', 'N05.715.360.650.150'], ['E05.320'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.740.994.500', 'G17.820.500', 'N05.715.360.750.750.565', 'N06.850.520.830.994.500'], ['E05.318.370.800.650', 'N05.715.360.325.700.640', 'N06.850.520.445.800.650'], ['E05.318.370.725', 'E05.337.851', 'N05.715.360.325.685', 'N06.850.520.445.725'], ['G01.910.857'], ['E01.370.380.850'], ['E01.370.380.850.950', 'F02.463.593.932.901', 'G14.940']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Misregulated RNA Pol II C-terminal domain phosphorylation results in apoptosis.

Misregulation of the level of RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase, Fcp1, in Drosophila results in high level of caspase-mediated apoptosis. Apoptosis induction by Fcp1 misregulation requires the presence of Drosophila melanogaster (Dm)p53, but occurs without the transcriptional activation of Dmp53 proapoptotic targets rpr, ark, and hid. Overproduction of a transcription activation-defective mutant Dmp53 protein increases, while Dmp53 null background decreases significantly the level of apoptosis in Fcp1-misregulated animals. Generating the apoptotic signal does not require the function of the ATM and Rad3-related kinase (ATR), and no significant level of nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of Dmp53 is detectable in cells expressing Fcp1 at an abnormal level. Immunostaining of larval salivary gland polytene chromosomes with anti-Dmp53 antibodies indicates Dmp53 localization at several transcriptionally active chromosomal regions in wild-type cells, while in Fcp-misregulated cells the association of Dmp53 with specific chromosomal sites is decreased.

['Animals', 'Animals, Genetically Modified', 'Apoptosis', 'Caspases', 'Chromosomes', 'Drosophila Proteins', 'Drosophila melanogaster', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Phosphoprotein Phosphatases', 'Phosphorylation', 'Protein Structure, Tertiary', 'RNA Polymerase II', 'Transgenes', 'Tumor Suppressor Protein p53']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.136', 'B05.620.136'], ['G04.146.954.035'], ['D08.811.277.656.262.500.126', 'D08.811.277.656.300.200.126', 'D12.644.360.075.405', 'D12.776.476.075.405'], ['A11.284.187', 'A11.284.430.106.279.345.190', 'G05.360.162'], ['D12.776.093.500.462'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.310.250.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['D08.811.277.352.650.625'], ['G02.111.665', 'G02.607.780', 'G03.796'], ['G02.111.570.820.709.610'], ['D08.811.913.696.445.735.270.762'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.825'], ['D12.776.157.687.650', 'D12.776.260.820', 'D12.776.624.776.775', 'D12.776.660.720.650', 'D12.776.744.845']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Naturally occurring genetic variation affects Drosophila photoreceptor determination.

The signal transduction pathway controlling determination of the identity of the R7 photoreceptor in the Drosophila eye is shown to harbor high levels of naturally occurring genetic variation. The number of ectopic R7 cells induced by the dosage-sensitive SevS11.1 transgene that encodes a mildly activated form of the Sevenless tyrosine kinase receptor is highly sensitive to the wild-type genetic background. Phenotypes range from complete suppression to massive overproduction of photoreceptors that exceeds reported effects of known single gene modifiers, and are to some extent sex-dependent. Signaling from the dominant gain-of-function Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (DER-Ellipse) mutations is also sensitive to the genetic backgrounds, but there is no correlation with the effects on SevS11.1. This implies that different genes and/or alleles modify the two activated receptor genotypes. The evolutionary significance of the existence of high levels of genetic variation in the absence of normal phenotypic variation is discussed.

['Animals', 'Animals, Genetically Modified', 'Crosses, Genetic', 'Drosophila', 'Drosophila Proteins', 'ErbB Receptors', 'Eye Proteins', 'Female', 'Genetic Variation', 'Male', 'Membrane Glycoproteins', 'Phenotype', 'Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate', 'Protein Kinases', 'Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases', 'Receptors, Invertebrate Peptide', 'Signal Transduction']

[['B01.050'], ['B01.050.050.136', 'B05.620.136'], ['E05.393.281'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.750.310.250'], ['D12.776.093.500.462'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400.009', 'D12.776.543.750.630.009', 'D12.776.543.750.750.400.074'], ['D12.776.306'], ['G05.365'], ['D12.776.395.550', 'D12.776.543.550'], ['G05.695'], ['A08.675.650.850.625.660', 'A08.675.650.915.937.650', 'A08.800.950.937.650', 'A09.371.729.831.625.660', 'A11.671.650.850.625.660', 'A11.671.650.915.937.650', 'A13.750'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682'], ['D08.811.913.696.620.682.725.400', 'D12.776.543.750.630'], ['D12.776.543.750.750.460'], ['G02.111.820', 'G04.835']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Influence of physician and patient characteristics on adherence to breast cancer screening recommendations.

Identifying physician and patient characteristics is important in implementing effective, targeted strategies to improve breast cancer detection rates through increased screening recommendations and uptake. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Ontario physicians recommend breast screening using mammography every 2 years for women aged 50-69 as encouraged by the Ontario Breast Screening Program. This study also aimed to identify physician and patient characteristics that may influence adherence to these recommendations. The study design was a cross-sectional study. Using the Canadian Medical Directory-Ontario database, 3063 questionnaires were mailed to all active general and family practitioners. A response rate of 38% (N = 939) was achieved. Adherence to screening was defined as recommending screening to women aged 50-69 only, every 2 years as outlined by the Ontario Breast Screening Program. Bivariate analyses and unconditional logistic regression were used to assess physician adherence to screening guidelines. Only 38.9% of physicians followed recommended breast screening guidelines. After adjusting for physician sex and age, predictors of screening adherence include physicians working in academic or research centers (odds ratio 8.3, 95% confidence interval 1.7-39.7) and those reporting that over 31% of their patients to be of low-income (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.4). Compared with physicians working in a rural/town setting (<10 000 people), those located in a large city (>100 000 people) were less likely to adhere to screening guidelines (odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3-0.7). A low proportion of Ontario physicians adhere to recommended breast screening guidelines. Future research into effective strategies to increase adherence should take into account practice location, setting and patient characteristics.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Breast Neoplasms', 'Female', 'Guideline Adherence', 'Humans', 'Mammography', 'Mass Screening', 'Middle Aged', 'Patient Compliance', 'Physician-Patient Relations', 'Practice Guidelines as Topic', "Practice Patterns, Physicians'", 'Surveys and Questionnaires']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['C04.588.180', 'C17.800.090.500'], ['N04.761.337', 'N05.715.360.395'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.700.500'], ['E01.370.500', 'E05.318.308.980.438.580', 'N02.421.726.233.443', 'N05.715.360.300.800.438.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.438.580', 'N06.850.780.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F01.100.150.750.500.600', 'F01.145.488.887.500.600', 'N05.300.150.800.500.600'], ['F01.829.401.650.675', 'N05.300.660.625'], ['N04.761.700.350.650', 'N05.700.350.650'], ['N04.590.374.577', 'N05.300.625'], ['E05.318.308.980', 'N05.715.360.300.800', 'N06.850.520.308.980']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

KPC presence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has minimal impact on the in vivo efficacy of carbapenem therapy.

While reports of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains have emerged from a number of countries worldwide, outcome data are lacking. This is the first report evaluating how KPC production in P. aeruginosa impacts the efficacy of carbapenems by using the murine thigh infection model. Our findings suggest that the impact of KPC-2 in vivo is less pronounced than would be anticipated based on the in vitro potency.

['Animals', 'Anti-Bacterial Agents', 'Bacterial Proteins', 'Carbapenems', 'Doripenem', 'Ertapenem', 'Mice', 'Microbial Sensitivity Tests', 'Pseudomonas Infections', 'Pseudomonas aeruginosa', 'beta-Lactam Resistance', 'beta-Lactamases', 'beta-Lactams']

[['B01.050'], ['D27.505.954.122.085'], ['D12.776.097'], ['D02.065.589.099.124', 'D03.633.100.300.124'], ['D02.065.589.099.124.150', 'D03.633.100.300.124.150'], ['D02.065.589.099.124.225', 'D03.633.100.300.124.225'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.992.635.505.500'], ['E01.370.225.875.595', 'E05.200.875.595', 'E05.337.550.400'], ['C01.150.252.400.739'], ['B03.440.400.425.625.625.100', 'B03.660.250.580.590.050'], ['G06.099.225.500', 'G06.225.347.500', 'G07.690.773.984.269.347.500'], ['D08.811.277.087.180'], ['D02.065.589.099', 'D02.886.108', 'D03.633.100.300']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Elevated intracellular Na+

Over 25 years ago it was first reported that intracellular chloride levels (Cl-in ) were higher in developing neurons than in maturity. This finding has had significant implications for understanding the excitability of developing networks and recognizing the underlying causes of hyperexcitability associated with disease and neural injury. While there is some evidence that intracellular sodium levels (Na+in ) change during the development of non-neural cells, it has largely been assumed that Na+in is the same in developing and mature neurons. Here, using the sodium indicator SBFI, we test this idea and find that Na+in is significantly higher in embryonic spinal motoneurons and interneurons than in maturity. We find that Na+in reaches ~ 60 mM in mid-embryonic development and is then reduced to ~ 30 mM in late embryonic development. By retrogradely labeling motoneurons with SBFI we can reliably follow Na+in levels in vitro for hours. Bursts of spiking activity, and blocking voltage-gated sodium channels did not influence observed motoneuron sodium levels. On the other hand, Na+in was reduced by blocking the Na+ -K+ -2Cl- cotransporter NKCC1, and was highly sensitive to changes in external Na+ and a blocker of the Na+ /K+ ATPase. Our findings suggest that the Na+ gradient is weaker in embryonic neuronal development and strengthens in maturity in a manner similar to that of Cl- .

['Animals', 'Benzofurans', 'Chick Embryo', 'Chickens', 'Chlorides', 'Embryonic Development', 'Ethers, Cyclic', 'Interneurons', 'Intracellular Space', 'Motor Neurons', 'Neurons', 'Patch-Clamp Techniques', 'Sodium', 'Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase', 'Spinal Cord']

[['B01.050'], ['D03.633.100.127'], ['A13.350.150', 'A16.331.200'], ['B01.050.150.900.248.350.150', 'B01.050.150.900.248.690.192'], ['D01.210.450.150', 'D01.248.497.158.215'], ['G07.345.500.325.180', 'G08.686.784.170.104'], ['D02.355.291', 'D04.345.241'], ['A08.675.358', 'A11.671.358'], ['A10.082.750', 'A11.284.430'], ['A08.675.655.500', 'A11.671.655.500'], ['A08.675', 'A11.671'], ['E05.200.500.905', 'E05.242.800'], ['D01.268.549.750', 'D01.268.557.650', 'D01.552.528.850', 'D01.552.547.725'], ['D08.811.277.040.025.314.750', 'D12.776.157.530.450.162.780', 'D12.776.157.530.450.250.880', 'D12.776.157.530.813.750', 'D12.776.543.585.450.162.800', 'D12.776.543.585.450.250.890', 'D12.776.543.585.813.750'], ['A08.186.854']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

The patient-provider relationship as experienced by a diverse sample of highly adherent HIV-infected people.

Qualitative interviews with 23 HIV-infected people who self-reported high-level adherence to antiretroviral therapy were used to examine the process by which they came to accept their HIV infection and engage in high-level adherence behaviors. A major theme that emerged during data analysis was the importance of the patient-provider relationship. The quality of the relationship between patient and provider emerged as an important component of working through early struggles with diagnosis and the on-going struggles of living with a chronic illness. A variety of factors impacting the patient-provider relationship emerged as subthemes. What can be taken from this study is the importance of the patient-provider relationship in the effective self-management of HIV infection. Additionally, several specific behaviors can enhance the patient-provider relationship and help assure movement toward patient acceptance of the illness and engagement in high-level adherence behaviors.

['Adult', 'Anti-HIV Agents', 'Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active', 'Attitude of Health Personnel', 'Communication', 'Female', 'HIV Infections', 'Humans', 'Interviews as Topic', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Patient Compliance', 'Professional-Patient Relations', 'Qualitative Research', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Self Report', 'Socioeconomic Factors', 'Treatment Outcome', 'Viral Load']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D27.505.954.122.388.077.088'], ['E02.319.310.075'], ['F01.100.050', 'N05.300.100'], ['F01.145.209', 'L01.143'], ['C01.221.250.875', 'C01.221.812.640.400', 'C01.778.640.400', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400', 'C01.925.813.400', 'C20.673.480'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.318.308.420', 'L01.399.250.520', 'N05.715.360.300.400', 'N06.850.520.308.420'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['F01.100.150.750.500.600', 'F01.145.488.887.500.600', 'N05.300.150.800.500.600'], ['F01.829.401.650', 'N05.300.660'], ['H01.770.644.241.850'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['E05.318.308.980.500', 'N05.715.360.300.800.500', 'N06.850.520.308.980.500'], ['I01.880.853.996', 'N01.824'], ['E01.789.800', 'N04.761.559.590.800', 'N05.715.360.575.575.800'], ['E01.370.225.875.950', 'E05.200.875.950', 'G06.920.850']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]']

Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Over the last decade there has been increased attention to the association between bullying involvement (as a victim, perpetrator, or bully-victim) and suicidal ideation/behaviors. We conducted a meta-analysis to estimate the association between bullying involvement and suicidal ideation and behaviors.METHODS: We searched multiple online databases and reviewed reference sections of articles derived from searches to identify cross-sectional studies published through July 2013. Using search terms associated with bullying, suicide, and youth, 47 studies (38.3% from the United States, 61.7% in non-US samples) met inclusion criteria. Seven observers independently coded studies and met in pairs to reach consensus.RESULTS: Six different meta-analyses were conducted by using 3 predictors (bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, and bully/victim status) and 2 outcomes (suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviors). A total of 280 effect sizes were extracted and multilevel, random effects meta-analyses were performed. Results indicated that each of the predictors were associated with risk for suicidal ideation and behavior (range, 2.12 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.67-2.69] to 4.02 [95% CI, 2.39-6.76]). Significant heterogeneity remained across each analysis. The bullying perpetration and suicidal behavior effect sizes were moderated by the study's country of origin; the bully/victim status and suicidal ideation results were moderated by bullying assessment method.CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated that involvement in bullying in any capacity is associated with suicidal ideation and behavior. Future research should address mental health implications of bullying involvement to prevent suicidal ideation/behavior.

['Adolescent', 'Bullying', 'Child', 'Child, Preschool', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Precipitating Factors', 'Suicidal Ideation', 'Suicide', 'Suicide, Attempted']

[['M01.060.057'], ['F01.145.126.125.550', 'F01.145.813.213.500', 'I01.880.735.070'], ['M01.060.406'], ['M01.060.406.448'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['N05.715.350.200.650', 'N06.850.490.625.500'], ['F01.145.126.980.875.149', 'I01.880.735.856.149'], ['F01.145.126.980.875', 'I01.880.735.856'], ['F01.145.126.980.875.600', 'I01.880.735.856.600']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anthropology, Education, Sociology, and Social Phenomena [I]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Health Care [N]']

Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Stenosis Orifice Area: A Comparison of a Novel Three-Dimensional Method Versus Conventional Techniques.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive evaluation of mitral stenosis (MS) severity commonly utilizes two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography techniques. However, the complex three-dimensional (3D) structure of the mitral valve (MV) poses challenges to accurate measurements of its orifice area by 2D imaging modalities. We aimed to assess MS severity by comparing measurements of the MV orifice area using conventional echocardiography methods to 3D orifice area (3DOA), a novel echocardiographic technique which minimizes geometric assumptions.METHODS: Routine 2D and 3D intraoperative transesophageal echocardiographic images from 26 adult cardiac surgery patients with at least moderate rheumatic MS were retrospectively reviewed. Measurements of the MV orifice area obtained by pressure half-time (PHT), proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA), continuity equation, and 3D planimetry were compared to those acquired using 3DOA.RESULTS: MV areas derived by PHT, PISA, continuity equation, 3D planimetry, and 3DOA (mean value ± standard deviation) were 1.12 ± 0.27, 1.03 ± 0.27, 1.16 ± 0.35, 0.97 ± 0.25, and 0.76 ± 0.21 cm, respectively. Areas obtained from the 3DOA method were significantly smaller than areas derived from PHT (mean difference 0.35 cm, P < .0001), PISA (mean difference: 0.28 cm, P = .0002), continuity equation (mean difference: 0.43 cm, P = .0015), and 3D planimetry (mean difference: 0.19 cm, P < .0001). MV 3DOAs also identified a significantly greater percentage of patients with severe MS (88%) compared to PHT (31%, P = .006), PISA (42%, P = .01), and continuity equation (39%, P = .017) but not in comparison to 3D planimetry (62%, P = .165).CONCLUSIONS: Novel measures of the stenotic MV 3DOA in patients with rheumatic heart disease are significantly smaller than calculated values obtained by conventional methods and may be consistent with a higher incidence of severe MS compared to 2D techniques. Further investigation is warranted to determine the clinical relevance of 3D echocardiographic techniques used to measure MV area.

['Adult', 'Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional', 'Echocardiography, Transesophageal', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted', 'Male', 'Mitral Valve Stenosis']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E01.370.350.130.750.230', 'E01.370.350.400.200', 'E01.370.350.850.220.230', 'E01.370.370.380.220.230'], ['E01.370.350.130.750.235', 'E01.370.350.850.220.235', 'E01.370.370.380.220.235'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.158.600', 'E01.370.350.350', 'L01.313.500.750.100.158.600'], ['C14.280.484.517']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]']

Direct competitive chemiluminescence immunoassays based on gold-coated magnetic particles for detection of chloramphenicol.

Direct competitive chemiluminescence immunoassays (CLIA) based on gold-coated magnetic nanospheres (Au-MNPs) were developed for rapid analysis of chloramphenicol (CAP). The Au-MNPs were modified with carboxyl groups and amino groups by 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) and cysteamine respectively, and then were respectively conjugated with CAP base and CAP succinate via an activating reaction using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). NSP-DMAE-NHS, a new and effective luminescence reagent, was employed to label anti-CAP antibody (mAb) as a tracer in direct CLIA for CAP detection using a 'homemade' luminescent measurement system that was set up with a photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a photon counting unit linked to a computer. The sensitivities and limits of detection (LODs) of the two methods were obtained and compared according to the inhibition curves. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50 ) values of the two methods were about 0.044 ng/mL and 0.072 ng/mL respectively and LODs were approximately 0.001 ng/mL and 0.006 ng/mL respectively. To our knowledge, they were much more sensitive than any traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ever reported. Moreover, the new luminescence reagent NSP-DMAE-NHS is much more sensitive and stable than luminol and its derivatives, contributing to the sensitivity enhancement.

['Chloramphenicol', 'Gold', 'Immunoassay', 'Luminescence', 'Magnetite Nanoparticles']

[['D02.033.455.706.300', 'D02.455.426.559.389.565.175', 'D02.640.529.175'], ['D01.268.556.322', 'D01.268.956.186', 'D01.552.544.322'], ['E05.478.566', 'E05.601.470'], ['G01.358.500.505.650.665', 'G01.590.540.665', 'G01.750.250.650.665', 'G01.750.770.578.665'], ['J01.637.512.600.500.144.500']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Technology, Industry, and Agriculture [J]']

[Investigation of antinuclear antibodies in chronic hepatitis B patients].

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) facilitate the diagnosis and evaluation of patients in many systemic autoimmune conditions. Besides, ANA may also be detected in chronic infectious diseases. Although a number of investigations associated with autoantibody positivity in patients with chronic hepatitis C were reported, autoantibody positivity in patients with chronic hepatitis B remain rarely addressed in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinuclear antibody (ANA), antimitocondrial antibody (AMA), anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) and anti-liver-kidney microsomal antigen (LKM) antibodies in chronic hepatitis B patients. Serum samples were obtained from adult patients with chronic hepatitis B diagnosis according to "European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL)" criteria. Samples were taken from 47 patients (22 female, 25 male) with treatment-naive, histologically-proven chronic hepatitis B. Cases co-infected with HCV and/or HIV or that also had systemic autoimmune diseases were excluded. As a control group, 30 healthy blood donors were included in the study. Autoantibodies, including ANA, AMA, ASMA and LKM were detected with indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) method (Euroimmune, Lubeck, Germany) and evaluated by fluorescence microscope (Eurostar III plus, Germany). Positive results were graded into 4 levels ( "+", "++","+++" and "++++") from weak to strong Positive samples were studied with a immunoblotting method (ANA Profile 3, Euroimmun, AG) for the detection of extractable nuclear antigen (ENA). The positive results were detected in 8 (17%) of the HBV patients while all the samples were negative in the control group. The difference between the groups was significant (p< 0.05). Among the 47 serum samples tested, none of the patients were positive for AMA, ASMA, LKM. ANA was present in eight of the serum samples in which six were female and two were male patients. Among the IIF patterns of ANA positivity, one mixed pattern (homogeneous and nucleolar) and one cytoplasmic anti-golgi antibody pattern were detected. Positivity grade was ''++''. Other positive patterns were nucleolar (two patients), granular (two patients), ribozomal (one patient) and homogeneous (one patient) and positivity grade was ''+''. ENA was detected in three samples. Two of them was granular pattern positive samples. SS-A was borderline (±) in one and SS-B was borderline (±) in one of the samples. In the mixed pattern positive sample, histon was detected as ''+''. Autoantibody positivity between the patient and control groups were statistically significant (p< 0.05). The difference between autoantibody positivity and gender/age was not statistically significant. In conclusion, autoimmune manifestations may be detected in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Low level titer of antibodies such as ANA, AMA, ASMA or LKM may be present in such patients. An increased frequency of these autoantibodies may be associated with non-autoimmune conditions such as chronic viral infection even in treatment-naive patients.

['Adult', 'Antibodies, Antinuclear', 'Autoantibodies', 'Female', 'Hepatitis B, Chronic', 'Humans', 'Male']

[['M01.060.116'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.323.204', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.323.204', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.323.204'], ['D12.776.124.486.485.114.323', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114.323', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114.323'], ['C01.221.250.500.100', 'C01.925.256.430.400.100', 'C01.925.440.435.100', 'C06.552.380.350.100', 'C06.552.380.705.437.100'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]']

HIV Haplotype Inference Using a Propagating Dirichlet Process Mixture Model.

This paper presents a new computational technique for the identification of HIV haplotypes. HIV tends to generate many potentially drug-resistant mutants within the HIV-infected patient and being able to identify these different mutants is important for efficient drug administration. With the view of identifying the mutants, we aim at analyzing short deep sequencing data called reads. From a statistical perspective, the analysis of such data can be regarded as a nonstandard clustering problem due to missing pairwise similarity measures between non-overlapping reads. To overcome this problem we propagate a Dirichlet Process Mixture Model by sequentially updating the prior information from successive local analyses. The model is verified using both simulated and real sequencing data.

['Computational Biology', 'HIV Infections', 'HIV-1', 'Haplotypes', 'High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing', 'Humans', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA']

[['H01.158.273.180', 'L01.313.124'], ['C01.221.250.875', 'C01.221.812.640.400', 'C01.778.640.400', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400', 'C01.925.813.400', 'C20.673.480'], ['B04.820.650.589.650.350.400'], ['G05.380.360'], ['E05.393.760.319'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.393.760.700']]

['Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

The histological nature of epulides in dogs.

The histological characteristics of a series of 154 oral tumours with the clinical appearance of epulides in 129 dogs were reviewed. Diagnoses were based on current criteria in human oral pathology and compared with the original diagnoses. The histological findings suggested that the majority of epulides in the dog can be classified as focal fibrous hyperplasia (43.5 per cent), peripheral ameloblastoma (17.5 per cent), peripheral odontogenic fibroma (WHO type) (16.9 per cent) and pyogenic granuloma (1.95 per cent). In addition, a number of other odontogenic tumours (1.95 per cent) and non-odontogenic tumours (18.2 per cent) such as fibrosarcoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which are not traditionally associated with the clinical appearance of an epulis, were diagnosed. Of 74 lesions that were previously diagnosed as fibromatous and ossifying epulides, 50 (68 per cent) were reclassified as focal fibrous hyperplasia and 21 (28 per cent) as peripheral odontogenic fibroma (WHO type). The majority of lesions (76 per cent), which were originally classified as acanthomatous epulis, were found to be peripheral ameloblastoma. In addition, three squamous cell carcinomas, two rare odontogenic tumours and two cases of focal fibrous hyperplasia were diagnosed in this classification. It was concluded that, as in man, the term epulis is a clinically descriptive term and that the renal nature of these lesions should be determined histologically.

['Ameloblastoma', 'Animals', 'Biopsy', 'Calcinosis', 'Carcinoma, Squamous Cell', 'Diagnosis, Differential', 'Dog Diseases', 'Dogs', 'Fibrosis', 'Gingiva', 'Gingival Neoplasms', 'Granuloma, Giant Cell', 'Hyperplasia', 'Odontogenic Tumors', 'Retrospective Studies', 'Sarcoma']

[['C04.557.695.065'], ['B01.050'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['C18.452.174.130'], ['C04.557.470.200.400', 'C04.557.470.700.400'], ['E01.171'], ['C22.268'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.750.250.216.200'], ['C23.550.355'], ['A14.549.167.646.480'], ['C04.588.443.591.402', 'C07.465.530.402', 'C07.465.714.258.409'], ['C05.500.368', 'C07.320.391', 'C07.465.714.258.557', 'C23.550.382.468'], ['C23.550.444'], ['C04.557.695'], ['E05.318.372.500.500.500', 'E05.318.372.500.750.750', 'N05.715.360.330.500.500.500', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.825', 'N06.850.520.450.500.500.500', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.825'], ['C04.557.450.795']]

['Diseases [C]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Health Care [N]']

Reflex connections from forearm and hand afferents to shoulder girdle muscles in humans.

Using surface electromyographic recordings from the trapezius and serratus anterior muscles and percutaneous electrical stimulation of the median, ulnar and radial nerves, the reflex connections from forearm and hand afferents to these shoulder girdle muscles have been investigated in normal human subjects. Stimulation of the median, ulnar and radial nerves at the shoulder, elbow and wrist evoked late, excitatory reflexes in the upper and lower parts of trapezius and in serratus anterior. These reflexes are not evoked by stimulation of cutaneous afferents alone, since there was no response to stimulation of the distal cutaneous branches of these three nerves. Measurements of the conduction velocity of afferents of the median, ulnar and radial nerve evoking these reflexes gave a mean conduction velocity of approximately 50 m/s. The lowest stimulus intensities at which these reflexes could be evoked were found to be 0.3 times motor threshold (MT). By taking into account the reflex latency, the length of the conduction path and that the reflex was mediated by low threshold, fast conducting afferents, it is proposed that group I muscle afferents from the forearm or hand evoke a supraspinal reflex to trapezius and serratus anterior. It appears that the functional significance of these reflexes is to aid in the stability of the shoulder girdle.

['Adult', 'Elbow', 'Electric Stimulation', 'Electromyography', 'Evoked Potentials', 'Female', 'Forearm', 'Hand', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Median Nerve', 'Middle Aged', 'Muscle, Skeletal', 'Radial Nerve', 'Reaction Time', 'Reflex', 'Shoulder', 'Ulnar Nerve', 'Wrist']

[['M01.060.116'], ['A01.378.800.420'], ['E05.723.402'], ['E01.370.405.255', 'E01.370.530.255'], ['G07.265.216.500', 'G11.561.200.500'], ['A01.378.800.585'], ['A01.378.800.667'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['A08.800.800.720.050.500'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['A02.633.567', 'A10.690.552.500'], ['A08.800.800.720.050.700'], ['E05.796.817', 'F02.830.650', 'F04.669.817', 'G11.561.677'], ['E01.370.376.550.650', 'E01.370.600.550.650', 'F02.830.702', 'G11.561.731'], ['A01.378.800.750'], ['A08.800.800.720.050.850'], ['A01.378.800.875']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]']

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with Sj?gren's syndrome and discoid lupus erythematosus.

A 65-year-old woman with facial erythema and hypergammaglobulinemia developed excessive fatigability. A diagnosis of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) was made from electrophysiological studies. She had symptoms and laboratory data compatible with probable Sj?gren's syndrome. Skin biopsy revealed the histological findings of discoid lupus erythematosus. Treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine resulted in the improvement of fatigability. LEMS should be recognized as a treatable complication of systemic autoimmune diseases.

['Aged', 'Biopsy', 'Electrodiagnosis', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome', 'Lupus Erythematosus, Discoid', 'Sialography', "Sjogren's Syndrome", 'Skin']

[['M01.060.116.100'], ['E01.370.225.500.384.100', 'E01.370.225.998.054', 'E01.370.388.100', 'E04.074', 'E05.200.500.384.100', 'E05.200.998.054', 'E05.242.384.100'], ['E01.370.405'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['C04.588.614.550.500.225', 'C04.730.856.490.225', 'C10.114.656.150', 'C10.574.781.588.225', 'C10.668.758.725.150', 'C20.111.258.500.150'], ['C17.300.475.479', 'C17.800.480.479'], ['E01.370.350.700.720.793', 'E01.370.372.700', 'E06.342.764.793'], ['C05.550.114.154.774', 'C05.799.114.774', 'C07.465.815.929.669', 'C11.496.260.719', 'C17.300.775.099.774', 'C20.111.199.774'], ['A17.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]']

Computed tomographic evaluation of maximal diaphragmatic crural thickness.

The purpose of this study is to determine the range of maximal diaphragmatic crural thickness during different phases of respiration and to correlate crural thickness with age and gender. Prospective evaluation of computed tomographic (CT) scans of 200 patients without juxtacrural abnormalities was performed. Maximal short-axis crural thickness measurements were determined in all patients. Measurements were obtained at full inspiration during chest CT (n = 60), full expiration during abdominal CT (n = 89), and unknown phase of respiration during dynamic CT scans (n = 51). Maximal crural thickness measurements were analyzed by side, age, and gender. The right crus was thicker than the left crus in 91% of patients. The range of maximal crural thickness remained fairly constant from the second to the eighth decades of life. The range of maximal crural thickness was 1.8-18.8 mm in men and 1.8-21.1 mm in women. Maximal crural thickness does not significantly vary with age and gender for specific phase of respiration.

['Adult', 'Aged', 'Aged, 80 and over', 'Aging', 'Diaphragm', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Male', 'Middle Aged', 'Prospective Studies', 'Respiration', 'Sex Factors', 'Tomography, X-Ray Computed']

[['M01.060.116'], ['M01.060.116.100'], ['M01.060.116.100.080'], ['G07.345.124'], ['A02.633.567.900.300'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['E05.318.372.500.750.625', 'N05.715.360.330.500.750.650', 'N06.850.520.450.500.750.650'], ['G09.772.705'], ['N05.715.350.675', 'N06.850.490.875'], ['E01.370.350.350.810', 'E01.370.350.600.350.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.700.810', 'E01.370.350.700.810.810', 'E01.370.350.825.810.810']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]']

Immune factors involved in the cervical immune response in the HIV/HPV co-infection.

AIMS: Immune factors influencing the progression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) to cancer remain poorly defined. This study investigates the expression of RANTES, MIP1alpha, COX1, COX2, STAT3, TGFbetaRI, IL10R, TNFalphaRII and TLR4 in the cervical immune response in HIV/HPV (human papillomavirus) co-infected women.METHODS: Cervical biopsies of 36 patients were assayed by immunohistochemistry, and the Ventana Benchmark System was used for HIV-nef detection.RESULTS: Cervices from HIV-positive patients exhibited nef in cells mainly around blood vessels, and showed a decreased expression of all the immune factors tested except IL10R and STAT3, while RANTES (5.54 cells/mm(2)) was highly expressed in comparison with controls (1.41 cells/mm(2), p = 0.028). COX1 was decreased in the HIV/HPV- (0.32 cells/mm(2), p = 0.017) and HPV-infected patients (0.21 cells/mm(2), p = 0.015) compared with controls (3.28 cells/mm(2)).CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that RANTES in HIV/HPV co-infection may influence the development of CIN leading to progression to cervical cancer.

['Adolescent', 'Adult', 'Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active', 'Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia', 'Chemokine CCL5', 'Cyclooxygenase 1', 'Disease Progression', 'Female', 'HIV Infections', 'HIV-1', 'Humans', 'Immunoenzyme Techniques', 'Middle Aged', 'Neoplasm Proteins', 'Papillomavirus Infections', 'Uterine Cervical Neoplasms']

[['M01.060.057'], ['M01.060.116'], ['E02.319.310.075'], ['C04.557.470.200.240.250'], ['D12.644.276.374.200.110.250', 'D12.776.467.374.200.110.250', 'D23.125.300.110.250', 'D23.469.200.110.250', 'D23.529.374.200.110.250'], ['D08.811.600.720.500'], ['C23.550.291.656'], ['C01.221.250.875', 'C01.221.812.640.400', 'C01.778.640.400', 'C01.925.782.815.616.400', 'C01.925.813.400', 'C20.673.480'], ['B04.820.650.589.650.350.400'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E05.478.566.350', 'E05.478.583.400', 'E05.601.470.350'], ['M01.060.116.630'], ['D12.776.624'], ['C01.925.256.650', 'C01.925.928.725'], ['C04.588.945.418.948.850', 'C13.351.500.852.593.131', 'C13.351.500.852.762.850', 'C13.351.937.418.875.850']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Organisms [B]']

Mechanism of case processing in the brain: an fMRI study.

In sentence comprehension research, the case system, which is one of the subsystems of the language processing system, has been assumed to play a crucial role in signifying relationships in sentences between noun phrases (NPs) and other elements, such as verbs, prepositions, nouns, and tense. However, so far, less attention has been paid to the question of how cases are processed in our brain. To this end, the current study used fMRI and scanned the brain activity of 15 native English speakers during an English-case processing task. The results showed that, while the processing of all cases activates the left inferior frontal gyrus and posterior part of the middle temporal gyrus, genitive case processing activates these two regions more than nominative and accusative case processing. Since the effect of the difference in behavioral performance among these three cases is excluded from brain activation data, the observed different brain activations would be due to the different processing patterns among the cases, indicating that cases are processed differently in our brains. The different brain activations between genitive case processing and nominative/accusative case processing may be due to the difference in structural complexity between them.

['Adult', 'Analysis of Variance', 'Behavior', 'Brain', 'Brain Mapping', 'Female', 'Humans', 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging', 'Male', 'Photic Stimulation', 'Semantics', 'Young Adult']

[['M01.060.116'], ['E05.318.740.150', 'N05.715.360.750.125', 'N06.850.520.830.150'], ['F01.145'], ['A08.186.211'], ['E01.370.350.578.875.500', 'E01.370.376.537.625.500', 'E05.629.875.500'], ['B01.050.150.900.649.313.988.400.112.400.400'], ['E01.370.350.825.500'], ['E05.723.729'], ['L01.559.598.745'], ['M01.060.116.815']]

['Named Groups [M]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Health Care [N]', 'Psychiatry and Psychology [F]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Information Science [L]']

Engagement of fatty acids with Toll-like receptor 2 drives interleukin-1â production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced gouty arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: The concept that intraarticular crystals of uric acid by themselves trigger episodes of painful gouty arthritis is inconsistent with the clinical reality. Patients with large deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals (tophi) do not necessarily experience gouty attacks. In fact, it is the excessive consumption of food or alcohol that elicits the inflammation of the acute gout attack. The aim of this study was to identify the precise mechanism that initiates flares of gouty arthritis.METHODS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and murine macrophages were stimulated in vitro with MSU, free fatty acids (FFAs), or both in combination. Thereafter, production of interleukin-1â (IL-1â) and activation of caspase 1 were determined. Gouty arthritis was induced in mice with deficiencies in the genes for caspase 1, ASC, NALP3, or IL-1â, and the lack of inflammasome activity during joint swelling or other joint pathologic features was investigated in these mice.RESULTS: MSU crystals had no biologic effects on PBMCs from healthy subjects, whereas the FFA C18:0 in the presence of MSU crystals induced the release of large amounts of IL-1â following engagement of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2). Interaction of FFAs, but not alcohol, with TLR-2 synergized with MSU crystals to induce an inflammatory reaction. An important event of MSU/FFA-induced acute joint inflammation is the activation of the inflammasome. MSU/FFA-induced release of IL-1â was dependent on activation of caspase 1 and ASC, but surprisingly, not NALP3.CONCLUSION: The synergistic effect between FFAs and MSU crystals leads to ASC/caspase 1-driven IL-1â release. This mechanism could explain how constitutionally derived metabolic events initiate attacks of gout via the induction of IL-1â-mediated joint inflammation.

['Animals', 'Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins', 'Arthritis, Gouty', 'CARD Signaling Adaptor Proteins', 'Caspase 1', 'Cells, Cultured', 'Cytoskeletal Proteins', 'Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay', 'Fatty Acids', 'Humans', 'Inflammation', 'Interleukin-1beta', 'Knee Joint', 'Leukocytes, Mononuclear', 'Macrophages', 'Male', 'Mice', 'Mice, Inbred C57BL', 'Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction', 'Signal Transduction', 'Statistics, Nonparametric', 'Toll-Like Receptor 2', 'Uric Acid']

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['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Diseases [C]', 'Anatomy [A]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Health Care [N]']

Developing EPIC markers for chalcidoid Hymenoptera from EST and genomic data.

Increasing numbers of phylogeographic studies make comparative inferences about the histories of co-distributed species. Although the aims of such studies are best achieved by jointly analysing sequences from multiple loci in a model-based framework, such data currently exist for few nonmodel systems. We used existing genomic data and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for Hymenoptera and other insects to design intron-crossing primers for 40 loci, mainly ribosomal proteins, for chalcidoid parasitoids. Amplification success was scored on a range of taxa associated with two natural communities; oak galls and figs. Taxa were chosen at increasing distance from Nasonia, which was used for primer design, (i) within Pteromalids, (ii) within Chalcidoidea (Eupelmidae, Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Ormyridae, Torymidae) and (iii) for a selection of distantly related gall and fig wasps (Cynipidae, Agaonidae). To assess the utility of these loci for phylogeographic and population genetic studies, we compared genetic diversity between Western Palaearctic refugia for two species. Our results show that it is feasible to design a large number of exon-primed-intron-crossing (EPIC) loci that may be informative about phylogeographic history within species but amplify across a large taxonomic range.

['Animals', 'DNA', 'DNA Primers', 'Expressed Sequence Tags', 'Ficus', 'Genetics, Population', 'Hymenoptera', 'Introns', 'Molecular Sequence Data', 'Phylogeography', 'Quercus', 'Sequence Analysis, DNA']

[['B01.050'], ['D13.444.308'], ['D13.695.578.424.450.275', 'D27.720.470.530.600.223.600'], ['G05.360.340.024.340.137.275'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.859.937.406.500'], ['H01.158.273.343.335'], ['B01.050.500.131.617.720.500.500.875'], ['G05.360.340.024.220.400', 'G05.360.340.024.340.137.515'], ['L01.453.245.667'], ['H01.158.273.343.335.500', 'H01.277.500.589'], ['B01.650.940.800.575.912.250.859.750.300.500'], ['E05.393.760.700']]

['Organisms [B]', 'Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Disciplines and Occupations [H]', 'Information Science [L]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]']

Surface plasmon resonance biosensor for direct detection of antibody against Epstein-Barr virus.

This paper describes the direct label-free detection of antibodies against the Epstein-Barr virus (anti-EBNA) using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The antibody detection was performed using the immunoreaction between anti-EBNA and a respective synthetic peptide (EBNA-1), which was conjugated with bovine serum albumin (BSA-EBNA) and immobilized on the sensor surface. Three immobilization chemistries for the attachment of BSA-EBNA were investigated to optimize ligand density and minimize loss of EBNA-1 immunoreactivity. The developed SPR biosensor functionalized with the optimal immobilization method was calibrated and characterized in terms of detection limit, reproducibility, regenerability and storability. It was demonstrated that the sensor is capable of detecting concentrations of anti-EBNA as low as 0.2 ng/ml (approximately 1 pM) both in buffer and 1% human serum and can be stored and regenerated for repeated use.

['Antibodies', 'Biosensing Techniques', 'Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens', 'Equipment Design', 'Equipment Failure Analysis', 'Herpesvirus 4, Human', 'Immunoassay']

[['D12.776.124.486.485.114', 'D12.776.124.790.651.114', 'D12.776.377.715.548.114'], ['E05.601.043'], ['D23.050.290.249', 'D23.050.327.300'], ['E05.320'], ['E05.325.192'], ['B04.280.210.400.500.450', 'B04.280.382.400.500.400', 'B04.613.204.500.500.400'], ['E05.478.566', 'E05.601.470']]

['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]']

Selection of a novel DNA aptamer for assay of intracellular interferon-gamma.

Interferon-gamma (IFN-ã) is a glycoprotein generated by lymphocytes that possesses anti-tumor, antiviral and immunomodulatory functions. IFN-ã assays are broadly employed in immunological research and clinical diagnostic tests. Intracellular IFN-ã staining, in particular, is an important immune assay that allows simultaneous determination of cellular phenotype and antigen-specific T cell response. Aptamers have great potential for molecule detection and can bind to target molecules with high affinity and specificity. In this study, a novel 59-mer DNA aptamer (B1-4) was developed for assay of intracellular IFN-ã. The selected aptamer bound to IFN-ã with a Kd of 74.5 nM, with minimal cross-reactivity to albumin. The aptamer was also found capable of binding with paraformaldehyde-fixed IFN-ã. Moreover, B1-4 could enter permeated and paraformaldehyde-fixed lymphocytes, and bound to intracellular IFN-ã produced by these cells. When FITC-labeled B1-4 was used to stain a group of lymphocytes, the average fluorescence of the cells was positively correlated with the number of PMA-stimulated lymphocytes within the group. A standard curve could thus be established for assessing the fraction of IFN-ã-producing cells in a cluster of lymphocytes. The selected aptamer hence provides a novel approach for assaying intracellular IFN-ã generated by a group of lymphocytes, and may have application potential in both scientific research and clinical laboratory test.

['Albumins', 'Aptamers, Nucleotide', 'DNA, Single-Stranded', 'Flow Cytometry', 'Humans', 'Interferon-gamma', 'Leukocytes, Mononuclear', 'Lymphocyte Activation', 'Phenotype', 'Protein Binding', 'T-Lymphocytes']

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['Chemicals and Drugs [D]', 'Phenomena and Processes [G]', 'Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques, and Equipment [E]', 'Organisms [B]', 'Anatomy [A]']