metadata
annotations_creators:
- crowdsourced
language_creators:
- crowdsourced
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
source_datasets:
- original
task_categories:
- question-answering
task_ids:
- open-domain-qa
- extractive-qa
paperswithcode_id: squad
pretty_name: SQuAD2.0
dataset_info:
config_name: squad_v2
features:
- name: id
dtype: string
- name: title
dtype: string
- name: context
dtype: string
- name: question
dtype: string
- name: answers
sequence:
- name: text
dtype: string
- name: answer_start
dtype: int32
splits:
- name: train
num_bytes: 116732025
num_examples: 130319
- name: validation
num_bytes: 11661091
num_examples: 11873
download_size: 17720493
dataset_size: 128393116
configs:
- config_name: squad_v2
data_files:
- split: train
path: squad_v2/train-*
- split: validation
path: squad_v2/validation-*
default: true
train-eval-index:
- config: squad_v2
task: question-answering
task_id: extractive_question_answering
splits:
train_split: train
eval_split: validation
col_mapping:
question: question
context: context
answers:
text: text
answer_start: answer_start
metrics:
- type: squad_v2
name: SQuAD v2
Dataset Card for SQuAD 2.0
Table of Contents
- Dataset Card for "squad_v2"
Dataset Description
- Homepage: https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/
- Repository: More Information Needed
- Paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.03822
- Point of Contact: More Information Needed
Dataset Summary
Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable.
SQuAD 2.0 combines the 100,000 questions in SQuAD1.1 with over 50,000 unanswerable questions written adversarially by crowdworkers to look similar to answerable ones. To do well on SQuAD2.0, systems must not only answer questions when possible, but also determine when no answer is supported by the paragraph and abstain from answering.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
Question Answering.
Languages
English (en).
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
squad_v2
- Size of downloaded dataset files: 46.49 MB
- Size of the generated dataset: 128.52 MB
- Total amount of disk used: 175.02 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [94, 87, 94, 94],
"text": ["10th and 11th centuries", "in the 10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries", "10th and 11th centuries"]
},
"context": "\"The Normans (Norman: Nourmands; French: Normands; Latin: Normanni) were the people who in the 10th and 11th centuries gave thei...",
"id": "56ddde6b9a695914005b9629",
"question": "When were the Normans in Normandy?",
"title": "Normans"
}
Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
squad_v2
id: astringfeature.title: astringfeature.context: astringfeature.question: astringfeature.answers: a dictionary feature containing:text: astringfeature.answer_start: aint32feature.
Data Splits
| name | train | validation |
|---|---|---|
| squad_v2 | 130319 | 11873 |
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
Who are the source language producers?
Annotations
Annotation process
Who are the annotators?
Personal and Sensitive Information
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
Discussion of Biases
Other Known Limitations
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
Licensing Information
The dataset is distributed under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license.
Citation Information
@inproceedings{rajpurkar-etal-2018-know,
title = "Know What You Don{'}t Know: Unanswerable Questions for {SQ}u{AD}",
author = "Rajpurkar, Pranav and
Jia, Robin and
Liang, Percy",
editor = "Gurevych, Iryna and
Miyao, Yusuke",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers)",
month = jul,
year = "2018",
address = "Melbourne, Australia",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124",
doi = "10.18653/v1/P18-2124",
pages = "784--789",
eprint={1806.03822},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
@inproceedings{rajpurkar-etal-2016-squad,
title = "{SQ}u{AD}: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text",
author = "Rajpurkar, Pranav and
Zhang, Jian and
Lopyrev, Konstantin and
Liang, Percy",
editor = "Su, Jian and
Duh, Kevin and
Carreras, Xavier",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = nov,
year = "2016",
address = "Austin, Texas",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/D16-1264",
doi = "10.18653/v1/D16-1264",
pages = "2383--2392",
eprint={1606.05250},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
}
Contributions
Thanks to @lewtun, @albertvillanova, @patrickvonplaten, @thomwolf for adding this dataset.