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Emphasis on 'culture' in psychology fuels stereotypes, scholar says
In the current issue of the influential journal Human Development, a professor at the University of California, Santa Cruz, challenges his colleagues to reconsider popular ideas about the role of culture in human development.
Contemporary scholarship is rife with broad, distorted generalizations about "culture" that play into stereotypes and threaten to obscure the powerful influences that individuality, resistance, and power play in development, said psychology professor Per Gjerde, who contributed the invited lead article to the journal's issue focused on "The Study of Diversity: Human Development in Culture."
"Psychologists often speak about the power of culture as an independent variable, but they fail to pay attention to the power structures that frame culture," said Gjerde. "Class differences are typically neglected and the perspective of subordinate groups is therefore overlooked."
Much of the trouble stems from the use of nations as proxies for cultural units, said Gjerde. Notions of culture are linked to national boundaries and geographical areas, like "East" and "West," fueling generalizations about "American individualism" and "Asian collectivism," said Gjerde.
Despite the permeability of borders and the pace of globalization, many scholars in psychology assign groups different styles of cognition and even personality traits, and references to "Easterners" and "Westerners" are common in scholarly and popular literature, observed Gjerde.
Although nations function as "powerful identity symbols," Gjerde calls for the study of human diversity and complexity in a manner that values individuality and the ability to transcend one's culture.
"The emphasis on diversity is welcome, but people are not exchangeable carbon copies," he said. "It is counterproductive to generalize about human development across nations and continents. If you don't take the individual into account, you run the risk--paradoxically--of creating a new set of stereotypes."
Confusing culture and nationality also obscures important racial and ethnic differences. "To equate the Chinese with the Han people marginalizes approximately 100 million people, and to speak about 'Japanese culture' obscures the fact that Japan is a multiethnic society," said Gjerde. "It fails to give voice to ethnic and other oppressed groups within Japan."
Born in Norway and married to a Japanese woman, Gjerde has studied human development in Japan, Thailand, and the United States. Much of contemporary scholarship about culture in psychology is ahistorical and insufficiently interdisciplinary to advance understanding of the human experience, he said.
"I have been bothered by these broad generalizations for some time, but they are catching on," he said. "I am afraid this approach is promoting a disregard for heterogeneity and is minimizing the role of the individual."
Gjerde is critical of the fieldwork that forms the basis for most notions of culture, saying it has been conducted in "limited and bounded social contexts" and that the fixation on groups has obscured the exploration of variation and complexity within and between human beings.
But the dualistic, or "us-them," view of the world has received powerful endorsements, sometimes in the form of research funds from influential organizations.
"People want to generalize because it makes it easier to understand the world, so they come up with cultural labels like collectivist and individualist, which give us an illusion that the world is easily understandable," said Gjerde. "But these ideas have amazing staying power."
Writing that "different social regularities indubitably exist," Gjerde emphasizes the difficulty of interpreting the meaning of such differences. Describing street scenes in Bangkok and Tokyo, he says people in Bangkok look and smile at others much more often than in Tokyo, where eye contact is generally avoided among strangers. Concluding, however, that Japanese are shyer than Thai would be "inane."
Gjerde recommends shifting the focus from groups to individuals and mapping the areas where human experience overlaps, and where it does not. Through observation, in-depth interviews, and the study of variability within groups, Gjerde believes researchers could learn about things like degrees of interdependence, which would be more credible and of greater value than sweeping statements about group differences.
Gjerde's model would take a more interdisciplinary approach to the study of culture, incorporating the writings of anthropology and other fields, and it would consider the influence of power, coercion, and class differences on individual psychological development. He also questions the premise that culture is passed on in a straightforward and passive manner from adults to children. "The assumption is that children acquire skills, values, and behaviors by participating in the adult world, but children today are not passive receptors," he said. "Their resistance to dominant adult cultural practices is a crucial--but often overlooked--component of their experience. It is noteworthy that most cultural psychologists shy away from studying conflict, resistance, and disharmony."
"Culture as ideology is relevant in the study of human development, but the question is how strong and how uniform that influence is, especially in this era of globalization when we're subject to a multitude of influences," said Gjerde. "Culture has a place, but it also has to be put in its place."
_____________
Editor's Note: Per Gjerde may be reached at (831) 459-3148 or via e-mail at gjerde@ucsc.edu. | {
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From AAUP National
The mission of the
American Association of University
Professors (AAUP) is to advance academic freedom and shared governance,
to define fundamental professional values and standards for higher
education, and to ensure higher education's contribution to the common
good.
AAUP Chapter Report
Indiana State University
Relations between ISU faculty and administration are strained. The recent forced resignation of the Dean of our College of Business, the attempt to force a merger between the College of Nursing and the College of Health and Human Performance, and a proposed radical restructuring of the College of Arts and Sciences are actions that have exacerbated already existing tensions. Also contributing to tension is the failure of the administration to provide pay increases adequate to match inflation over the past three years, although the President received a 12 percent increase. The majority of faculty and staff are working now for about 9 percent less pay in real terms, compared to 2003-2004. The chapter has pursued the following activities:
We organized of a fall forum to investigate the potentials and pitfalls of pursuing collective bargaining by the ISU faculty and support staff. On 18 October we hosted two speakers, Pat Shaw from the national AAUP and K. Vinodgopal from the Indiana AAUP conference, who addressed a small audience of interested faculty. Energetic presentations by the speakers and active audience participation made the forum a success. We had a jump in membership soon after the forum.
In response to an initiative to radically restructure the College of Arts and Sciences, the local chapter wrote an open letter to Interim Dean Thomas Sauer and Provost Jack Maynard asking for clarification on the motivations and requesting that traditional shared governance procedures be followed in place of the ad hoc approach designed by the Dean. We held a brief press conference to announce the letter to the public. Media coverage included the ISU student paper, the local Terre Haute paper, and a short story on local television news.
The Executive Committee of the local chapter will be engaged in strategy planning for further activities in support of faculty and public interest in Indiana State University. Here are issues that will receive out attention:
Increasing membership in AAUP
Formulating additional steps to take in opposition to the proposed restructuring
Developing a task force to evaluate the ISU budget and devise critiques of misguided spending
Establishing a newsletter to inform faculty of issues that affect the working lives of faculty and staff at ISU and related AAUP activities
Developing relations with the print and broadcast media
Developing relations with elected officials and others in state government | {
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#if UNITY_EDITOR
using System;
using UnityEngine;
namespace RuntimeUnitTestToolkit.Editor
{
// functional declarative construction like flutter.
internal interface IBuilder
{
GameObject GameObject { get; }
T GetComponent<T>();
}
internal class Builder<T> : IBuilder
where T : Component
{
public T Component1 { get; private set; }
public GameObject GameObject { get; private set; }
public Transform Transform { get { return GameObject.transform; } }
public RectTransform RectTransform { get { return GameObject.GetComponent<RectTransform>(); } }
public Action<GameObject> SetTarget
{
set
{
value(this.GameObject);
}
}
public IBuilder Child
{
set
{
value.GameObject.transform.SetParent(GameObject.transform);
}
}
public IBuilder[] Children
{
set
{
foreach (var item in value)
{
item.GameObject.transform.SetParent(GameObject.transform);
}
}
}
public Builder(string name)
{
this.GameObject = new GameObject(name);
this.Component1 = GameObject.AddComponent<T>();
}
public Builder(string name, out T referenceSelf) // out primary reference.
{
this.GameObject = new GameObject(name);
this.Component1 = GameObject.AddComponent<T>();
referenceSelf = this.Component1;
}
public TComponent GetComponent<TComponent>()
{
return this.GameObject.GetComponent<TComponent>();
}
}
internal class Builder<T1, T2> : Builder<T1>
where T1 : Component
where T2 : Component
{
public T2 Component2 { get; private set; }
public Builder(string name)
: base(name)
{
this.Component2 = GameObject.AddComponent<T2>();
}
public Builder(string name, out T1 referenceSelf)
: base(name, out referenceSelf)
{
this.Component2 = GameObject.AddComponent<T2>();
}
}
internal class Builder<T1, T2, T3> : Builder<T1, T2>
where T1 : Component
where T2 : Component
where T3 : Component
{
public T3 Component3 { get; private set; }
public Builder(string name)
: base(name)
{
this.Component3 = GameObject.AddComponent<T3>();
}
public Builder(string name, out T1 referenceSelf)
: base(name, out referenceSelf)
{
this.Component3 = GameObject.AddComponent<T3>();
}
}
internal class Builder<T1, T2, T3, T4> : Builder<T1, T2, T3>
where T1 : Component
where T2 : Component
where T3 : Component
where T4 : Component
{
public T4 Component4 { get; private set; }
public Builder(string name)
: base(name)
{
this.Component4 = GameObject.AddComponent<T4>();
}
public Builder(string name, out T1 referenceSelf)
: base(name, out referenceSelf)
{
this.Component4 = GameObject.AddComponent<T4>();
}
}
}
#endif | {
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1982 World Weightlifting Championships
The 1982 Men's World Weightlifting Championships were held in Hala Tivoli, Ljubljana, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia from September 18 to September 26, 1982. There were 205 men in action from 38 nations. These world championships were combined with European championships.
Medal summary
Medal table
Ranking by Big (Total result) medals
Ranking by all medals: Big (Total result) and Small (Snatch and Clean & Jerk)
Team ranking
References
Results (Sport 123)
Weightlifting World Championships Seniors Statistics
External links
International Weightlifting Federation
World Weightlifting Championships
World Weightlifting Championships
Category:International sports competitions hosted by Yugoslavia
Category:World Weightlifting Championships
Category:Weightlifting in Slovenia | {
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Q:
Please can we have runnable Python snippets using Skulpt?
Skulpt is an entirely in-browser implementation of Python.
No preprocessing, plugins, or server-side support required, just write Python and reload.
Python is an extremely popular language, especially for beginners, who also happen to be the people who have the hardest time understanding how to post a MCVE as well as a traceback or output. Being able to comment asking posters to include a runnable snippet would improve a great many questions.
Skulpt overcomes the implementation difficulties of snippets in Python since the code does not have to run on a server. It should simply be a matter of loading one or two javascript libraries when needed.
A:
You can already do this with normal Snippets. (Please add your code twice if you do this, it's too cluttered to find it in the HTML.)
I'm still not convinced this is a fantastic idea, however. One press of the "tidy" button and it might mess up all your precious spaces.
<html>
<head>
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.0/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="http://www.skulpt.org/static/skulpt.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="http://www.skulpt.org/static/skulpt-stdlib.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
// output functions are configurable. This one just appends some text
// to a pre element.
function outf(text) {
var mypre = document.getElementById("output");
mypre.innerHTML = mypre.innerHTML + text;
}
function builtinRead(x) {
if (Sk.builtinFiles === undefined || Sk.builtinFiles["files"][x] === undefined)
throw "File not found: '" + x + "'";
return Sk.builtinFiles["files"][x];
}
// Here's everything you need to run a python program in skulpt
// grab the code from your textarea
// get a reference to your pre element for output
// configure the output function
// call Sk.importMainWithBody()
function runit() {
var prog = document.getElementById("yourcode").value;
var mypre = document.getElementById("output");
mypre.innerHTML = '';
Sk.pre = "output";
Sk.configure({output:outf, read:builtinRead});
(Sk.TurtleGraphics || (Sk.TurtleGraphics = {})).target = 'mycanvas';
var myPromise = Sk.misceval.asyncToPromise(function() {
return Sk.importMainWithBody("<stdin>", false, prog, true);
});
myPromise.then(function(mod) {
console.log('success');
},
function(err) {
console.log(err.toString());
});
}
</script>
<form>
<textarea id="yourcode" cols="40" rows="10">import turtle
t = turtle.Turtle()
t.forward(100)
print "Hello World"
</textarea><br />
<button type="button" onclick="runit()">Run</button>
</form>
<pre id="output" ></pre>
<!-- If you want turtle graphics include a canvas -->
<div id="mycanvas"></div>
</body>
</html>
| {
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Introduction
============
Tokenization, or word segmentation, is an indispensable first step in natural language processing (NLP). Unlike languages such as English, in which sentences are already segmented into words by spaces, tokenization is not a trivial process in Japanese, where usually no word delimiters are provided.
Systems called morphological analyzers, which tokenize sentences and assign parts of speech to the tokens, are used for this purpose, and most current morphological analyzers require dictionaries. In this process, biomedical text requires special dictionaries, because technical terms often cause problems as out-of-vocabulary terms.
In BLAH5 (Biomedical Linked Annotation Hackathon 5), the current status of Japanese medical vocabularies, especially the Japanese version of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is reviewed, and the creation of an open-source alternative is attempted.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
===============================
MeSH \[[@b1-gi-2019-17-2-e16]\] is a medical thesaurus developed and maintained by the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) for indexing and cataloging biomedical research articles. MeSH consists of descriptors, qualifiers, and supplementary concept records (SCRs). As of 2018, MeSH contained 28,939 descriptors, 79 qualifiers, and 244,778 SCRs, with each mapped to a unique ID (MeSH ID). Descriptors are hierarchically organized sets of medical concepts, and a descriptor record has a heading (a term in a controlled vocabulary for describing the subjects of articles), entry terms (synonyms to the heading), tree numbers (positions in the hierarchy), scope note (the definition of the subject, in natural language text), and other information. A descriptor may have more than one tree numbers (thus, the MeSH hierarchy is not a tree but a lattice). Qualifiers are terms that are used with a descriptor to define the domain of the study for which the descriptor is applied. SCRs consist mostly of names of substances, having headings and synonyms, but not tree numbers. Instead, SCRs are mapped to the headings in descriptor records.
Due to synonyms, the number of terms that can be mapped to records far exceeds the number of records. For example, there are 234,842 unique terms (headings and synonyms) in MeSH descriptors, and 609,418 unique terms in supplementary concepts. As the synonyms are mapped to headings, via MeSH IDs, and are hierarchically organized, via tree numbers, MeSH represents synonym- and hypernym-hyponym relationships between biomedical terms, and is thus a useful resource for text mining.
MeSH is openly available (downloadable) from the NLM site, and is also included as a part of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), which also includes translation of MeSH into other languages, including Japanese. The Japanese translation of MeSH, included in the UMLS, was created by NPO Japan Medical Abstracts Society (JAMAS, *Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi*). The current version, as of February 2019, was released in 2015, and is based on MeSH 2014.
Although the original English MeSH is openly available, other MeSH translations in the UMLS (Czech, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese \[Brazilian\], Russian, Croatian, Spanish, and Swedish) carry the Category 3 License Restriction (<https://uts.nlm.nih.gov/license.html>); that is, they can only be used at the licencee\'s site, and cannot be incorporated into publicly accessible computer-based information systems, thus prohibiting creation of open-source, derivative works. These restrictions significantly complicate adapting MeSH for dictionaries used for various NLP tasks.
Japanese Language Resources with Mappings to MeSH
=================================================
There are several online resources in Japan which have MeSH information. Unfortunately, none are fully open for NLP. For example, the *Igaku-Chuo-Zasshi* Thesaurus (<https://www.jamas.or.jp/database/thesaurus.html>), created by JAMAS, organizes Japanese medical terms, based on MeSH tree structures. The latest version (version 9), released in 2019, is freely available for searching and browsing, without registration, but is not downloadable. This thesaurus is based on MeSH 2018, but is not its direct translation. It has 28,247 of 28,939 MeSH 2018 descriptors, and 3,513 terms outside the original MeSH, such as names of drugs sold in Japan and names of Japanese locations and institutions. The terms excluded from MeSH 2018 mainly consist of the names of foreign locations and institutions. The previous version (version 8), released in 2015, was based on MeSH 2014, and claimed to be the Japanese MeSH included in the UMLS. However, while the data download is not free, and the price is not made public.
The Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (JAMS, *Nihon Igakkai*) provides an English-Japanese/Japanese-English medical dictionary online (<http://jams.med.or.jp/dic/mdic.html>), to registered users, for searching. Download of data, however, is not available. The latest version of the online dictionary (November 2016) has 71,067 Japanese terms and 70,103 English terms, corresponding to 50,088 concepts. The terms in MeSH (and their translation to Japanese) are marked as such, and the top of the MeSH tree numbers (e.g., C14 for *abdominal aortic aneurysm*, whose tree numbers are C14.907.055.239.075 and C14.907.109.139.075) are provided. This MeSH coding is based on MeSH 2014.
The Life Science Dictionary (<https://lsd-project.jp/cgi-bin/lsdproj/ejlookup04.pl>) \[[@b2-gi-2019-17-2-e16]\] is developed and regularly updated at Kyoto University. The dictionary actually consists of three mutually linked components: the English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary, the thesaurus, and the corpus. The English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionary has 117,857 English terms and 132,100 Japanese terms. The entries have been assigned ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, version 10) codes, and a link to the thesaurus, where applicable. The thesaurus is a subset of English terms in the dictionary which have corresponding entries in MeSH (the current thesaurus is based on MeSH 2018), organized in the MeSH hierarchy, with synonyms both in English and Japanese, and related terms, based on co-ocurrences in PubMed abstracts. The corpus is a KWIC (keyword in context) of English terms in PubMed articles, generated on-demand. The dictionary, the thesaurus, and the corpus can all be searched freely, without registration, but downloading them requires an extra license agreement. In addition, the Life Science Dictionary converted to a Resource Description Framework (RDF) format is maintained by the Database Center for Life Science (DBCLS, <http://lsd.dbcls.jp/portal/>), available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license (<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/>).
The Interlinking Ontology for Biological Concepts (IOBC) \[[@b3-gi-2019-17-2-e16]\] is a derivative of the JST-thesaurus (i.e., the thesaurus for indexing general science and technology publications used by the Japan Science and Technology Agency \[JST\]). This derivative was developed by the National Bioscience Database Center of JST, and is available from the NCBO BioPortal (<https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/IOBC>) under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 4.0 International license (<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/>). This IOBC has 153,160 concepts, from the life sciences and related categories (such as chemistry), from the JST thesaurus 2015 version, written in both English and Japanese. Among them, 12,780 concepts also have corresponding MeSH UIDs. However, the MeSH information in the IOBC has not been updated from the one in the JST thesaurus 2015 version. The JST thesaurus itself is updated, and can be freely searched via web interface, although data download is not allowed. The JST also has the RDF version of the thesaurus, and its SPARQL endpoint was available to registered users of the service "J-Global Knowledge," which unfortunately, has been discontinued.
Of these dictionaries, the JAMAS Thesaurus, JAMS Dictionary, and Life Science Dictionary are targeted to readers to seek information on already known terms, but cannot be searched by applications (such as morphological analysis), where the systems must find unspecified terms, over a broader context. Since creating derivatives of these dictionaries is not allowed for free, adapting them for NLP processes (such as morphological analysis), and especially making the results open, is very difficult. The IOBC does allow creation of derivatives, but only for non-commercial purposes, and its MeSH information is not updated, at least in the current version.
Toward an Open Alternative of Japanese MeSH
===========================================
In BLAH5, a small experiment was conducted as an attempt to map Japanese medical terms to MeSH, using open English-Japanese vocabularies, by first mapping Japanese terms to English terms, and the resulting English terms mapped to concepts in MeSH, which have the term as either its heading or one of its entry terms.
In our endeavor, we first used the English Wikipedia. From this, we retrieved Wikipedia entries (via DBpedia), with MeSH UIDs in the infobox, and Japanese language links were retrieved. The number of English Wikipedia entries with the MeSH UIDs was 2,719, of which 1,136 had links to Japanese Wikipedia entries. The number of distinct MeSH UIDs was 1,102, of which 1,075 were assigned to one Wikipedia entry. The remaining 27 UIDs were mapped to more than one term, but the relationships of the terms assigned the same UID were not always synonymous. Those other undesirable relationships included hypernym-hyponym (e.g., D003117 for *Dichromacy* and *Color blindness*; dichromacy is a type of color blindness) and cause-results (e.g., D006471), for *Gastrointestinal bleeding* and *Hematochezia*; hematochezia is a result of gastrointestinal bleeding). Further investigation is left for future work.
Second, use of open English-Japanese glossaries, for Japanese-English mapping and matching of English terms to the MeSH UID, was attempted. For this preliminary experiment, the MeSpEN English-Japanese glossary, a part of the multilingual medical glossary \[[@b4-gi-2019-17-2-e16]\], developed by the Spanish National Cancer Research Center and the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (the version in this experiment was downloaded from <http://temu.bsc.es/mespen/downloads/glossaries.tar.gz>), was used. The English-Japanese glossary had 27,668 entries, although 18,325 unique English-Japanese ones were duplicate entries. Simple (lower-cased) matching against MH (heading) and MN (entry terms) of the MeSH 2018 descriptors, assigned the MeSH UIDs to 5,866 English-Japanese pairs. From this process, the number of unique MeSH UIDs assigned to these pairs was 2,955, and matched the remaining pairs to MeSH 2018 supplementary concepts (having assigned UIDs), leaving a remaining 1,725 pairs (1,173 unique UIDs).
Conclusion
==========
In this study, dictionaries for assigning MeSH information to Japanese medical terms was investigated. Although there are limited numbers of Japanese-English dictionaries that assign MeSH IDs (i.e., tree numbers) to Japanese terms, using them for NLP applications is not simple, due to license restrictions. An alternative approach, using open-source resources, was attempted, and yielded a partial success. Using other open resources, and qualitative evaluation of our results, will be the subject of future work.
**Conflicts of Interest**
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
I am grateful to Dina Demner-Fushman, Nigel Collier, Martin Krallinger, Mizuki Morita, and Yasunori Yamamoto for their suggestions.
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Q:
segmantation fault malloc pointers functions
hello guys this is my code :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int power(int a, int b) {
int exponent = b, result = 1;
while (exponent != 0) {
result = result * a;
exponent--;
}
//printf("%d",result);
return result;
}
int fill_it(char ** p, int N, int fliptimes, int column2) {
if (N < 0) return 0;
int counter = 0, l;
char a = 'H';
for (l = 0; l < power(2, fliptimes); l++) {
p[l][column2] = a;
counter++;
if (counter == (power(2, N) / 2)) {
counter = 0;
if (a == 'H') a = 'T';
if (a == 'T') a = 'H';
}
}
fill_it(p, N--, fliptimes, column2++);
}
int main() {
int i, fores, j, l, m;
char ** p;
printf("how many times did you toss the coin?:");
scanf("%d", & fores);
p = (char ** ) malloc((power(2, fores)) * sizeof(char * ));
for (i = 0; i < fores; i++)
p[i] = (char * ) malloc(fores * sizeof(char));
fill_it(p, fores, fores, 0);
for (l = 0; l < power(2, fores); l++) {
for (m = 0; m < fores; m++) {
printf("%c", p[l][m]);
}
}
printf(",");
}
it does compile.But when i run the program it returns a "segmantation fault (core dumped)" error
i know it means that i tried to access memory,i dont have acces to but i dont understand which part of the program is defective
A:
The problem is, you're not allocating enough memory. This line is fine
p = (char ** ) malloc((power(2, fores)) * sizeof(char * ));
but this loop is only allocating memory for part of the 2-dimensional array.
for (i = 0; i < fores; i++)
p[i] = (char * ) malloc(fores * sizeof(char));
The memory allocation should look more like this...
foresSquared = power(2, fores);
p = malloc(foresSquared*sizeof(char *));
for (i = 0; i < foresSquared; i++)
p[i] = malloc(fores);
Since the result of power is going to be consistent, it makes sense to store the value in a variable and use that rather than recalculating it. It'll make the code clearer too.
You also don't need to cast the return value of malloc as C handles that for you. And sizeof(char) isn't needed as it's guaranteed to always be 1.
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UVA1 radiation inhibits calcineurin through oxidative damage mediated by photosensitization.
The protein phosphatase calcineurin has been gradually revealing itself as the central controller of our immune response, although it is involved in a wide array of signaling pathways related to cellular development and cell cycle progression. As such, calcineurin is an attractive, yet delicate, therapeutic target for the prevention of allograft rejection and treatment of several inflammatory skin conditions. However, calcineurin activity is not only sensitive to immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, but also subject to modulation by reactive oxygen species. We have recently shown, both in vivo and in vitro, that UVA1 radiation suppresses calcineurin activity. In this paper, we present evidence that this activity loss is due to singlet oxygen and superoxide generated by photosensitization and show that a closely related phosphatase, PP2A, is not affected. Furthermore, a survey of this damage reveals oxidation of several Met and Cys residues as well as an overall conformational change. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the hypothesis that UVA1 and calcineurin inhibitors both affect the same signal transduction pathway in skin. | {
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Jerry Stackhouse
Jerry Darnell Stackhouse (born November 5, 1974) is an American basketball coach and retired professional basketball player. He is currently the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores, and he played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He formerly was the head coach of Raptors 905 and an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors and Memphis Grizzlies. Additionally, he has worked as an NBA TV analyst. Stackhouse played college basketball at North Carolina.
Early career
Stackhouse was a premier player from the time he was a sophomore in high school. He was the state player of the year for North Carolina in 1991–92, leading Kinston (N.C) High School to the state finals. His senior year, he played for Oak Hill Academy with future college teammate Jeff McInnis, leading them to an undefeated season. He was a two-time first team Parade All-America selection, and was the MVP of the McDonald's All-American Game. At the 1992 Nike Camp, he and Rasheed Wallace were considered to be the top players at the camp. There were some who considered Stackhouse the top prep player to come out of North Carolina since Michael Jordan.
Stackhouse attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was a teammate of future NBA players Wallace, McInnis and Shammond Williams. In his sophomore season at UNC, Stackhouse led the team in scoring with 19.2 points per game and averaged 8.2 rebounds per contest. He led UNC to a Final Four appearance and was named as the National Player of the Year by Sports Illustrated and earned first-team All-America and All-ACC honors. While playing for Tar Heels, he was coached by Dean Smith. Following the season, Stackhouse declared his eligibility for the 1995 NBA draft.
Even though he left UNC after two years, he continued working on his degree and received his bachelor's degree in African American Studies in 1999.
NBA career
NBA draft
Stackhouse was selected in the first round of the 1995 NBA draft with the third pick by the Philadelphia 76ers. At one time he was hyped as the "Next Jordan" since both players played at North Carolina, went #3 in the draft, were listed at 6'6", looked similar physically, and had similarly acrobatic games. Coincidentally, both had a taller power forward from UNC drafted immediately after them in the #4 spot, Sam Perkins in 1984, and Rasheed Wallace in 1995.
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1998)
In his first season with the 76ers, Stackhouse led his team with a 19.2 points per game (PPG) average, and was named to the NBA's All-Rookie team. In the 1996–97 season, the 76ers also drafted Allen Iverson. Combined, the two posted 44.2 points per game for the Sixers.
Detroit Pistons (1998–2002)
Midway through the 1997–98 season, Stackhouse was dealt to the Detroit Pistons with Eric Montross for Theo Ratliff, Aaron McKie and future considerations. By the 1999–2000 season, his second full season with the Pistons, Stackhouse was averaging 23.6 points per game. A year later, he had a career-high average of 29.8 points per game. In a late season victory over the Chicago Bulls, he set the Pistons' franchise record and the league's season high for points in a game with 57. Stackhouse saw his final action as a Piston with Detroit's elimination in the second round of the 2001–02 NBA playoffs to the Boston Celtics.
Washington Wizards (2002–2004)
During the 2002 offseason, Stackhouse was traded to the Washington Wizards in a six-player deal, also involving Richard Hamilton.
In his first season with Washington (2002–03), Stackhouse led the Wizards in points and assists per game with 21.5 and 4.5 respectively. Stackhouse became the only teammate to average more points per game than Michael Jordan for an entire season (Jordan averaged 20.0 points per game in 2002-03 which was his last season in the NBA). Stackhouse missed most of the 2003–04 season while recovering from arthroscopic surgery on his right knee, playing in only 26 games.
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2009)
In the 2004 offseason, Stackhouse—along with Christian Laettner and the Wizards' first-round draft pick (Devin Harris)—was traded to the Dallas Mavericks in exchange for former Tar Heel and NBA All-Star Antawn Jamison. He did not play for 41 games during his first two seasons with Dallas due to groin and continued knee problems, and played mostly the role of sixth man. During the 2004–05 playoffs, Stackhouse began wearing pressure stockings during games to keep his legs warm, to aid his groin injury, and hold his thigh sleeves in place; the stockings also allowed for better blood flow to the legs. The practice quickly became a trend among NBA players, with Kobe Bryant, Tracy McGrady, Vince Carter, Dwyane Wade, LeBron James and others adopting pressure stockings the following season.
Stackhouse was still coming off the bench as the 6th man for the Dallas Mavericks during the 2005–06 NBA season, however he was a significant factor in the NBA Finals series with the Dallas Mavericks against the Miami Heat. The Mavericks suffered, however, when Stackhouse was suspended for Game 5 for a flagrant foul on Shaquille O'Neal, and the Heat eventually won the series 4–2. Stackhouse was the third player from the Mavericks suspended during the 2006 playoffs.
Milwaukee Bucks (2010)
Stackhouse was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies on July 8, 2009, in a four-way trade. On the day after the trade, Stackhouse was waived by the Grizzlies. On January 17, 2010, the Milwaukee Bucks signed Stackhouse for the remainder of the 2009–10 season.
Miami Heat (2010)
On October 23, 2010, Stackhouse and the Miami Heat agreed to a contract.
On November 23, 2010, the Heat waived Stackhouse to make room for Erick Dampier who was signed to replace injured forward Udonis Haslem.
Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
On December 9, 2011, Stackhouse joined the Atlanta Hawks. Stackhouse was chosen to replace injured teammate Joe Johnson as Atlanta's representative in the Haier Shooting Stars Competition during NBA All-Star weekend.
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2013)
On July 11, 2012, Stackhouse made a verbal agreement to sign a one-year, $1.3 million deal with the Nets. Stackhouse has worn the number 42 in honor of Jackie Robinson, his favorite athlete, and became the first professional athlete to wear the number 42 in Brooklyn since Robinson. On November 26, 2012, the Nets played the New York Knicks for the first time since the Nets had moved to Brooklyn. Stackhouse played 22 minutes and scored 14 points, including a tiebreaking 3-pointer in overtime, and the Nets went on to win. On March 18, 2013, he scored 10 points against the Detroit Pistons, one of his former teams.
After the Nets first round playoff loss to the Chicago Bulls, Stackhouse announced his retirement.
Broadcasting career
On November 15, 2013, it was announced that Stackhouse had joined Fox Sports Detroit as a Pistons analyst. He primarily provided studio analysis but also was the road color commentator for Fox Sports Detroit on select road trips. Stackhouse was also a college basketball analyst for the ACC Network and Fox Sports Detroit. By Joining Fox Sports Detroit, Stackhouse reunited with his former Pistons teammate Mateen Cleaves in the studio.
Coaching career
Toronto Raptors
On June 29, 2015, he was hired to serve as an assistant coach by the Toronto Raptors. During his first season with the Raptors, he helped the team finish second in the Eastern Conference along with reaching the Eastern Conference Finals.
Raptors 905
On September 9, 2016, the Raptors named him head coach for Raptors 905, the franchise's NBA Development League team. Stackhouse has aspirations of being an NBA head coach and told The Ringer that he hopes the D-League position will propel him to a head coaching job. Stackhouse led the 905 to a successful year during the 2016–17 season as the team was crowned champion of the NBA D-League. Stackhouse was named NBA D-league Coach of the Year in 2017.
Memphis Grizzlies
Stackhouse served as an assistant coach for the Memphis Grizzlies for the 2018–19 NBA season.
Vanderbilt
On April 5, 2019, Stackhouse was named the head coach of the Vanderbilt Commodores, signing a six year contract.
Personal life
Stackhouse is the younger brother of former CBA player and one-time Sacramento Kings and Boston Celtics forward Tony Dawson, and he is the uncle of former Wake Forest University guard Craig Dawson.
Stackhouse has performed the National Anthem before Mavericks home games and during the Bucks' 2010 and the Nets' 2013 playoff appearances. Although formerly a Pescatarian, Stackhouse is now back to eating meat.
In 2017, Stackhouse completed the Harvard Business School executive education program on the Business of Entertainment, Media, and Sports.
Achievements
Sports Illustrated Player of the Year (1995)
Had the highest point total, 2,380, for the 2000–01 NBA season, but was second in scoring average, 29.8.
Became the 106th NBA player to score 15,000 career points, only one game after teammate Dirk Nowitzki surpassed 15,000 points.
2017 NBA D-League Coach of the Year
NBA career statistics
Regular season
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia
| 72 || 71 || 37.5 || .414 || .318 || .747 || 3.7 || 3.9 || 1.1 || 1.1 || 19.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia
| 81 || 81 || 39.1 || .407 || .298 || .766 || 4.2 || 3.1 || 1.1 || .8 || 20.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Philadelphia
| 22 || 22 || 34.0 || .452 || .348 || .802 || 3.5 || 3.0 || 1.4 || 1.0 || 16.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 57 || 15 || 31.5 || .428 || .208 || .782 || 3.3 || 3.1 || 1.0 || .7 || 15.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 42 || 9 || 28.3 || .371 || .278 || .850 || 2.5 || 2.8 || .8 || .5 || 14.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 82 || 82 || 38.4 || .428 || .288 || .815 || 3.8 || 4.5 || 1.3 || .4 || 23.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 80 || 80 || 40.2 || .402 || .351 || .822 || 3.9 || 5.1 || 1.2 || .7 || 29.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 76 || 76 || 35.3 || .397 || .287 || .858 || 4.1 || 5.3 || 1.0 || .5 || 21.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 70 || 70 || 39.2 || .409 || .290 || .878 || 3.7 || 4.5 || .9 || .4 || 21.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Washington
| 26 || 17 || 29.8 || .399 || .354 || .806 || 3.6 || 4.0 || .9 || .1 || 13.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 56 || 7 || 28.9 || .414 || .267 || .849 || 3.3 || 2.3 || .9 || .2 || 14.9
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 55 || 11 || 27.7 || .401 || .277 || .882 || 2.8 || 2.9 || .7 || .2 || 13.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 67 || 8 || 24.1 || .428 || .383 || .847 || 2.2 || 2.8 || .8 || .1 || 12.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 58 || 13 || 24.3 || .405 || .326 || .892 || 2.3 || 2.5 || .5 || .2 || 10.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 10 || 1 || 16.2 || .267 || .158 || 1.000 || 1.7 || 1.2 || .4 || .1 || 4.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee
| 42 || 0 || 20.4 || .408 || .346 || .797 || 2.4 || 1.7 || .5 || .2 || 8.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Miami
| 7 || 1 || 7.1 || .250 || .250 || .714 || 1.0 || .4 || .0 || .3 || 1.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"|
| style="text-align:left;"| Atlanta
| 30 || 0 || 9.1 || .370 || .342 || .913 || .8 || .5 || .3 || .1 || 3.6
|-
| align="left" |
| align="left" | Brooklyn
| 37 || 0 || 14.7 || .384 || .337 || .870 || .9 || .9 || .2 || .1 || 4.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 970 || 564 || 31.2 || .409 || .309 || .822 || 3.2 || 3.3 || .9 || .5 || 16.9
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| All-Star
| 2 || 0 || 14.5 || .467 || 1.000 || .000 || 1.5 || 2.0 || .0 || .0 || 7.5
Playoffs
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 1999
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 5 || 0 || 24.8 || .391 || .250 || .857 || 1.6 || 1.2 || .4 || .2 || 10.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2000
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 3 || 3 || 40.0 || .407 || .429 || .742 || 4.0 || 3.3 || .7 || .0 || 24.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2002
| style="text-align:left;"| Detroit
| 10 || 10 || 36.1 || .321 || .340 || .825 || 4.3 || 4.3 || .6 || .6 || 17.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2005
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 13 || 0 || 31.0 || .386 || .400 || .864 || 4.1 || 2.3 || .6 || .2 || 16.1
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2006
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 22 || 1 || 32.3 || .402 || .338 || .784 || 2.8 || 2.5 || .5 || .3 || 13.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2007
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 6 || 0 || 28.2 || .348 || .355 || .879 || 3.7 || 2.5 || .7 || .2 || 14.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2008
| style="text-align:left;"| Dallas
| 5 || 2 || 20.4 || .316 || .167 || 1.000 || 3.2 || 1.2 || .2 || .0 || 6.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2010
| style="text-align:left;"| Milwaukee
| 7 || 0 || 20.6 || .326 || .333 || .900 || 1.7 || 1.1 || .7 || .1 || 7.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2013
| style="text-align:left;"| Brooklyn
| 4 || 0 || 7.0 || .100 || .000 || .750 || 1.0 || .0 || .0 || .0 || 1.3
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 75 || 16 || 28.8 || .369 || .332 || .829 || 3.1 || 2.3 || .5 || .2 || 13.1
Head coaching record
College
See also
List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders
List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders
References
External links
Official website
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American basketball players
Category:All-American college men's basketball players
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Canada
Category:American men's basketball coaches
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Atlanta Hawks players
Category:Basketball coaches from North Carolina
Category:Basketball players at the 1995 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four
Category:Basketball players from North Carolina
Category:Brooklyn Nets players
Category:College men's basketball head coaches in the United States
Category:Dallas Mavericks players
Category:Detroit Pistons players
Category:McDonald's High School All-Americans
Category:Memphis Grizzlies assistant coaches
Category:Miami Heat players
Category:Milwaukee Bucks players
Category:National Basketball Association All-Stars
Category:North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Category:Parade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)
Category:People from Kinston, North Carolina
Category:Philadelphia 76ers draft picks
Category:Philadelphia 76ers players
Category:Raptors 905 coaches
Category:Shooting guards
Category:Small forwards
Category:Toronto Raptors assistant coaches
Category:Vanderbilt Commodores men's basketball coaches
Category:Washington Wizards players | {
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August Cole reports on the Pentagon.
The nominee for the Defense Department’s No. 2 job got a pass on President Barack Obama‘s tough new ethics rules.
After a long stint as a senior Washington operations executive at Raytheon Co., William J. Lynn is poised to head back to the Pentagon to become the deputy secretary of defense. He was a registered lobbyist for the giant defense contractor from 2003 through June 2008.
Peter Orszag, director of the White House Office of Management and Budget, said in a statement that “it is in the public interest to grant the waiver given Mr. Lynn’s qualifications for his position and the current national security situation.” Specifically, the waiver covers a “revolving door ban” designed to address appointees’ conflicts of interest with former employers or clients during and after their government service.
Sen. Carl Levin, chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee, said he was satisfied with the waiver and expected Lynn will follow the relevant ethics rules.
Sen. John McCain, who lost to Obama in the November election, was less than happy with the waiver. “I am disappointed in President Obama’s decision to waive the ‘revolving door’ provisions of the executive order for Mr. Bill Lynn,” McCain said in a statement. “While I applaud the president’s action to implement new, more stringent ethical rules, I had hoped he would not find it necessary to waive them so soon.”
Still, McCain didn’t say he would vote for or against the 55-year-old Raytheon official, adding, “I intend to ask him to clarify for the record what matters and decisions will require his recusal.” | {
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Suspect arrested after Mandrax found concealed in cereal box
Mandrax and dagga in bags found by police during a search at a roadblock along the N14 near Upington. Pictures: SAPS
The drugs were found after police stopped a Quantum minibus taxi at a roadblock.
Police have recovered hundreds of Mandrax tablets which were concealed in a box of cereal during a routine roadblock along the N14 between Upington and Olifantshoek.
On Wednesday, police stopped a Quantum minibus taxi at a roadblock and searched all the passengers who were travelling from Olifantshoek to Upington.
Police spokesperson Colonel Mashay Gamieldien said: “While searching the passengers, members found 25 bags of dagga in a bag with an estimated street value of R25,000 and 300 Mandrax tablets concealed in a Kellogg’s box with an estimated street value of R30,000.
“A 46-year-old male passenger was arrested and the Upington police are investigating a case of dealing in drugs. The suspect will soon be appearing in the Upington Magistrate’s court.”
– African News Agency (ANA)
For more news your way, download The Citizen’s app for iOS and Android. | {
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Arc System Works is well known for their fighting game series – in particular, the Guilty Gear series and the BlazBlue series. Now, they're releasing a new adventure game that is linked to the BlazBlue games.
Advertisement
XBlaze: Code Embryo is a visual novel set to come out in Japan this upcoming July. As stated above, the game is "linked" to the BlazBlue game series world, though does not necessarily take place in the same world. So while people well versed with the fighting game series may encounter key words, events, or even characters they find familiar, XBlaze is meant as a stand-alone game/story – which means there's no need for fighting game novices to trudge through the other games beforehand.
The story centers around the fantastical adventures of an ordinary high school student who, through a series of events, encounters a mysterious girl in a quarantine zone. The game features a colorful cast of characters, most of whom look like they belong in a fighting game of their own.
Unlike most visual novels, XBlaze will apparently not have the standard choice selection system. Instead, there will be an in-game information-gathering system and how this system and the information gathered is utilized will determine the player's fate.
XBlaze: Code Embryo is scheduled for release on July 25th in Japan. No word on an international release, but the visual novel aspect of the game makes that possibility somewhat slim. The game will be for the PlayStation 3 and the PS Vita.
Advertisement
Interestingly, the game will not be released on the PSP – an indicator that at least in Japan, some publishers are gaining enough confidence in the Vita that they are beginning to let go of its predecessor.
Kotaku East is your slice of Asian internet culture, bringing you the latest talking points from Japan, Korea, China and beyond. Tune in every morning from 4am to 8am. | {
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118 Ariz. 136 (1977)
575 P.2d 335
The STATE of Arizona, Appellee,
v.
Frank James VALENCIA, Appellant.
No. 2 CA-CR 1111.
Court of Appeals of Arizona, Division 2.
November 17, 1977.
Rehearing Denied December 28, 1977.
Review Denied January 24, 1978.
*137 Bruce E. Babbitt, Atty. Gen. by Philip G. Urry, Asst. Atty. Gen., Tucson, for appellee.
Donald S. Klein, Tucson, for appellant.
OPINION
HOWARD, Chief Judge.
Appellant was convicted by a jury of four crimes: Count One, kidnapping with intent to commit rape or robbery; Count Two, rape while armed with a gun; Count Three, robbery while armed with a gun; and Count Four, theft of a motor vehicle. He was sentenced on Count Two to the Arizona State Prison for a term of not less than forty nor more than sixty years to run concurrently with a twenty to thirty-year sentence on Count One. He was sentenced to a ten to fifteen-year term on Count Three to run consecutively to the sentences on Counts One and Two. On Count Four, appellant was sentenced to time served in the Pima County Jail.
The record shows that at 8:45 p.m. on September 24, 1975, the victim arrived at her place of employment, a bar and eating establishment. She parked her vehicle in the parking lot and as she started to exit from the automobile was confronted by a person pointing a handgun at her. Her assailant got in the backseat of the car and directed her to drive west of the downtown area. En route, he crawled from the backseat to the front passenger seat. They traveled on a dirt road until it ended. Appellant had the victim stop the car, tied her hands behind her back and took her out of the car to an area where there were three mattresses on the ground. He then tore off her clothes and raped her at gunpoint. After raping her, appellant tore her clothes up, used them to gag and tie her and threw her into a clump of bushes which he ignited and then extinguished.
Appellant departed in the victim's car, leaving her tied up in the bushes. She succeeded in untying herself and tore two pieces of cloth off a mattress to cover her upper and lower body. She then walked until she came to a trailer occupied by the Lahun family who took her into the trailer and called the sheriff. A sheriff's deputy arrived shortly thereafter.
The victim was shown various photographs of suspects but did not identify any of them as her assailant until March 19, 1976 when she saw a picture in a Tucson newspaper of the appellant, who had been arrested for the murder of one Karen Tweedy. Her immediate reaction was that appellant was her attacker. She called the sheriff's office and four weeks later made a photo identification of appellant at the sheriff's office.
At trial, appellant never contested the fact that the rape occurred, but based his defense on alibi. He has raised six questions for review.
INSTRUCTION ON EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION
The trial court refused to give appellant's lengthy instruction on eyewitness identification. This instruction was taken verbatim from the model instruction on identification contained in the appendix of the case of United States v. Telfaire, 152 U.S.App.D.C. 146, 469 F.2d 552 (1972). We are unable to agree that the court erred in its refusal. The trial court instructed the jury on the factors it should take into consideration in passing upon the credibility of the witnesses, and also gave an instruction on the defense of alibi. Thus, the failure to *138 give the requested instruction was not error. State v. Taylor, 109 Ariz. 267, 508 P.2d 731 (1973).
Furthermore, great care should be exercised before giving an instruction approved by a federal court. A federal judge may comment on the evidence. 2 Federal Practice and Procedure § 488 (Wright, 1969). In Arizona state courts, however, such comment is constitutionally prohibited. Ariz.Const. art. 6, § 27; State v. Barnett, 111 Ariz. 391, 531 P.2d 148 (1975); State v. Godsoe, 107 Ariz. 367, 489 P.2d 4 (1971).
Our examination of the instruction discloses that part of it constituted a comment on the evidence and part was inapplicable to the facts of this case. The instruction also ran afoul of the rule that when a requested instruction is good in part and bad in part, the trial court is not required to separate the good from the bad, and may reject the whole instruction. State v. Boozer, 80 Ariz. 8, 291 P.2d 786 (1955).
EXPERT OPINION EVIDENCE ON THE RELIABILITY OF EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION
Appellant contends the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to present the testimony of Dr. Kevin Gilmartin. His testimony would have dealt with the psychological problems which reduce the reliability of eyewitness identification. We do not agree that this was error. Whether a witness is competent to testify as an expert is within the trial court's discretion and this rule applies also to a determination of the areas in which expert testimony is appropriate. State v. Knapp, 114 Ariz. 531, 562 P.2d 704 (App. 1977). It is not error to disallow expert testimony on the limitations and weakness of eyewitness identification. United States v. Brown, 540 F.2d 1048 (10th Cir.1976).
ADMISSION OF HEARSAY TESTIMONY
The trial court allowed Brady Lahun and his wife to tell the jury what the victim told them concerning the rape. Appellant claims this was error. We do not agree. She arrived at their trailer clothed only in scraps of mattress cover. She was nervous, crying and shaking. Her statements to the Lahuns were admissible as spontaneous utterances. State v. Perry, 116 Ariz. 40, 567 P.2d 786 (App. 1977). Appellant also contends it was error to allow the deputy sheriff who went to the Lahun residence to testify as to what the victim told him about the rape. Since no objection was made to this testimony at trial, any right to raise the issue on appeal was waived. State v. Perry, supra.
PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT
Appellant contends there were four instances of prosecutorial misconduct during the trial. During the direct examination of Gloria Lahun the prosecuting attorney asked her why she had aided the victim. The witness replied: "Because we have a daughter and I wouldn't want " The answer was cut off by a sustained objection.
The second instance occurred when the prosecuting attorney was making her final argument. She said: "If this were you or your daughter, or your wife or your sister " At that point, the trial judge sua sponte interrupted, reprimanded her and instructed the jury to disregard the remark. In neither instance did appellant make a motion for a mistrial. No predicate for appellate review exists when there has been a failure to move for a mistrial. State v. Ballesteros, 100 Ariz. 262, 413 P.2d 739 (1966).
Appellant next complains that the prosecuting attorney was guilty of misconduct in her cross-examination of appellant's uncle. Appellant, however, did not object and therefore has waived any error. State v. Perry, supra.
Lastly, it is appellant's contention that the trial court erred in permitting the prosecuting attorney to elicit from appellant during cross-examination the fact that he spoke to a police officer on March 2, 1976. He claims this suggested to the jury that appellant was implicated in some criminal *139 conduct other than the present case and the Karen Tweedy murder. We do not agree. The mere fact that a person has spoken to a police officer does not necessarily suggest criminal involvement. Here, the jury could well have believed the incident referred to the Tweedy murder case. The jury already knew that appellant was involved in that murder because his attorney brought this out in his voir dire of the jury and in his opening statement.[1]
RESTRICTION OF JURY VOIR DIRE
Appellant claims the trial court erred in failing to fully investigate whether the prospective jurors were prejudiced against appellant because of his race. In addition, he claims the court failed to fully investigate whether the pretrial publicity surrounding the Tweedy murder case would affect the jurors' ability to fairly review the evidence in the instant case. We do not agree. The trial judge questioned the veniremen in groups of four about whether their impartiality would be affected by appellant's involvement in the Tweedy case. He specifically asked them whether they had heard about the Tweedy case from news accounts or other sources, and whether they had reached any conclusions as to appellant's guilt or innocence.
The trial judge also informed the veniremen that appellant's mother was half Papago and half Mexican and that appellant was part Negro. He then asked them whether they felt that the matter of appellant's racial background would cause them to be influenced or prejudiced.
IMPEACHMENT ON A COLLATERAL ISSUE
Appellant's mother testified that he was watching television at her home on the evening of September 24, 1975. She also admitted on cross-examination that she had stated at an earlier hearing that appellant had also been home watching television during the late evening and early morning of March 1st and March 2nd, 1976.
Without objection on the part of appellant, the prosecuting attorney asked him if his mother was correct in her testimony as to his whereabouts on March 1st and 2nd, 1976. He said that she was not correct. Appellant now claims it was error to allow the prosecuting attorney to question him as to the truth of his mother's testimony since it constituted impeachment on a collateral matter. See, State v. Johnson, 27 Ariz. App. 96, 551 P.2d 86 (1976). Assuming arguendo he is correct, appellant is precluded from complaining on appeal since he failed to object. State v. Perry, supra.
Affirmed.
HATHAWAY and RICHMOND, JJ., concur.
NOTES
[1] Appellant's counsel felt it was necessary to bring up the Tweedy murder case in order to attack the victim's method of identification of appellant. In other words, that the identification was the product of suggestion as a result of the newspaper article.
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High resolution x-ray imaging systems, also known as X-ray imaging microscopes (“XRM”), provide high-resolution/high magnification, non-destructive imaging of internal structures in samples for a variety of industrial and research applications, such as materials science, clinical research, and failure analysis to list a few examples. XRMs provide the ability to visualize features in samples without the need to cut and slice the samples. XRMs are part of the field of x-ray microscopy.
XRMs are often used to perform computed tomography (“CT”) scans of samples. CT scanning is the process of generating three dimensional tomographic volumes of the samples from a series of projections at different angles. XRMs often present these tomographic volumes in two-dimensional, cross-sectional images or “slices” of the three dimensional tomographic volume data set. The tomographic volumes are generated from the projection data using software reconstruction algorithms based on back-projection and other image processing techniques to reveal and analyze features within the samples.
Operators select scanning parameters, such as x-ray energy value, exposure time, and filter settings, and direct the XRM to perform a CT scanning “run.” For each run, the operator or an automatic loader installs the sample between an x-ray source and an x-ray detector system, and exposes the sample to a beam of x-rays. The XRM rotates the sample in the x-ray beam, and its detector system detects the x-rays that are transmitted through and modulated by the sample at each rotation angle.
During a run, the sample absorbs or scatters some of the x-rays before passing through to the x-ray detector system. The x-ray detector system receives the attenuated photon flux of x-rays that pass through and are spatially modulated by the sample. The detector system creates an image representation, in pixels, of the x-ray photons that react with the detector system. X-ray absorption increases with sample density and thickness, and is also generally higher for elements within the sample that have a higher atomic number (“Z”) in the periodic table.
Operators use standard operating procedures and best known methods (“BKM”) for the selection of the optimum “run” conditions. BKMs are written instructions for workflows that are written instructions for workflows that help the operator determine the optimum x-ray source voltage settings, beam pre-filter and detector settings associated with a particular sample. The resulting three-dimensional image representation of the sample after processing is also known as a reconstructed tomographic volume data set.
Operators typically operate an XRM using software control. For each scanning run, also known as a single energy scan, operators set the scanning parameters. Scanning parameters include variables such as the x-ray source voltage setting, exposure time, and source filter settings.
A related technology of XRM is x-ray fluorescence (“XRF”) microscopy. XRF microscopy utilizes x-rays differently than does XRM. Operators use the secondary x-ray energy emission associated with XRF, or fluorescence, to uniquely identify individual atomic elements (“Z”) within the sample.
In XRM, the contrast mechanism for attenuation in the sample has two principal components in the x-ray energy range of interest called the photoelectric absorption component and the Compton scattering component. In the photoelectric absorption process, an x-ray is absorbed completely by a bound electron of an atom and ejects this electron from the atom. In the Compton scattering process, the incident x-ray loses part of its energy and gets redirected by scattering off an electron. The effects of both components contribute to the image in an XRM arising from attenuation of the illuminating x-ray beam.
The relative strength of the photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering processes is a strong function of incident x-ray energy and the atomic number Z of the atom that interacts with the x-ray. The absorption due to the photoelectric effect generally dominates at lower energies and decays in strength inversely with the fourth power of the x-ray energy. The absorption due to the Compton scattering effect becomes dominant at higher energies and has a much slower decay with x-ray energy (inversely with first power of energy).
The transition point between photoelectric and Compton scattering absorption is referred to as the “knee,” where the absorption changes from decaying inversely with the fourth power of the energy to the first power. This knee is a characteristic of the atomic number Z of the atom and increases with increasing Z. | {
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Case Study: Museum Square - 5757 Wilshire Blvd.
An impressive Los Angeles landmark since its construction as a shopping center in 1940, this 10-story structure was later converted to offices and is the new home of the national Screen Actors’ Guild.
Ellis manages all asbestos removal projects and indoor air quality challenges as they arise. We have also assisted the owner in responding to a unique challenge: the building’s proximity to the La Brea Tar Pits means that occasionally, small amounts of crude oil must be removed from elevator pits!
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Gabriel Resources, compania din spatele proiectului Roșia Montană, a reluat tema daunelor de miliarde pe care vrea sa le solicite statului român dacă autoritățile nu dau undă verde exploatării aurului.
Acționarul principal al proiectului aurifer, grupul BSG Resources, a demarat anul trecut o acțiune similară împotriva Republicii Guineea, țară din Africa de Vest unde i-au fost anulate două concesiuni miniere pe fondul unor grave acuzații de corupție. Lupta pentru resursele din Guineea a scos la suprafață tranzacțiile oculte la care au recurs reprezentanții grupului BSG pentru a influența demnitarii din țara africană.
Actorii principali din cazul Guineea au legături directe cu România. RISE Project a găsit aceste conexiuni după ce a analizat documentele unei anchete FBI, dar și pe cele rezultate dintr-un proces civil în care se luptă doi coloși ai mineritului mondial, grupul australiano – britanic Rio Tinto și corporația braziliană Vale.
Structura acționarilor din afacere. Firma lui Steinmetz deține acțiuni în proiectul Roșia prin intermediul companiei Gabriel Resources, listată la bursa din Toronto.
Disputa multinaționalelor
Conflictul dintre cele două corporații a izbucnit în 2009, dar a devenit public abia anul trecut. Rio Tinto a deschis în aprilie 2014 un proces la New York, acuzând corporația Vale că a conspirat cu un grup rival ca să îi fure drepturile de exploatare asupra minereului de fier din zona Simandou, în Guineea. Grupul rival era BSG Resources, patronat de miliardarul israelian Benjamin “Beny” Steinmetz, jucător important pe piața globală a diamantelor.
Citești această investigație fiindcă îți pasă. Dacă vrei să afli și mai multe despre corupția din instituțiile statului, crima organizată și cum te afectează toate astea, poți dona aici!
Pe scurt, Rio Tinto spune că a vrut să vândă brazilienilor de la Vale afacerea din Africa de Vest, dar că aceștia, după ce au avut acces la documentația confidențială aferentă zăcămintelor de la Simandou, au conspirat cu BSG să scoată Rio Tinto de pe piață, prin cointeresarea politicienilor locali.
Printr-o divizie a grupului BSG, Steinmetz a fost implicat în ultimii cinci ani și în proiectul aurifer de la Roșia Montană, iar prin companii offshore și prin interpuși a derulat afaceri imobiliare la București și în alte orașe din țară. Intrarea lui Steinmetz în proiectul Roșia Montană, în noiembrie 2009, a revitalizat afacerea: proiectul a fost inclus rapid în programul de guvernare.
Compania BSG Capital Market, parte a grupului controlat de Steinmetz, a achiziționat în 2009 aproape nouă la sută din Gabriel Resources, plătind peste 67 milioane de dolari, iar ulterior prin mai multe plasamente și-a extins influența în compania care deține proiectul aurifer din Munții Apuseni. Raportările oficiale plasează compania lui Steinmetz pe primul loc între acționarii Gabriel Resources, cu 16 la sută, alături de Electronum Group, un fond de investiții american. Grupul lui Steinmetz , singurul cu investiții masive la București, a devansat în ultimii ani gigantul minier Newmont Mining Corporation, unul dintre cei mai mari producători de aur din lume, care mai deține doar 13 la sută din Gabriel Resources.
De partea cealaltă, multinaționala Rio Tinto a prospectat de asemenea piața românească în 1999 când a intenționat să concesioneze perimetre în Munții Apuseni. Agenția Națională a Resurselor Minerale (ANRM) i-a acordat atunci mai multe concesiuni în Munții Apuseni, printre care și perimetrul de la Rovina, de lângă orașul Brad, unul dintre cele mai importante zăcăminte de aur și cupru din România. Mihail Ianăș, președintele ANRM de la acel moment, ne-a spus că grupul Rio Tinto avea ca țintă finală zăcământul mixt de cupru și aur de la Roșia Poieni, localitate situată aproape de Roșia Montană. Afacerea nu s-a finalizat, iar gigantul minier s-a retras din România.
Intermediarul BSG, după gratii
Anterior procesului dintre Rio Tinto și Vale, un alt caz aflat pe rolul justiției americane, direct legat de evenimentele din Guineea, ne-a dezvăluit modul în care intermediarii BSG s-au implicat în coruperea oficialilor din țara vest africană. Procesul s-a soldat cu condamnarea la pușcărie a unui intermediar al companiei lui Steinmetz.
Acesta este francezul Frederic Cilins, 52 de ani, fost angajat al filialei BSG Resources din Guineea. Cilins era un obișnuit al capitalei Conakry dar mergea des și în Florida, SUA, unde avea afaceri și proprietăți imobiliare.
În aprilie 2013, Cilins a fost arestat de FBI pe aeroportul din Jacksonville, Florida, după ce tocmai se întâlnise cu Mamadie Toure, văduva fostului președinte al Republicii Guineea, Lansana Conte – decedat în decembrie 2008 și în mandatul căruia s-a realizat preluarea zăcămintelor de către grupul lui Steinmetz. Toure era și ea rezidentă în Florida, unde avea mai multe proprietăți, confiscate de autoritățile americane în urmă cu trei luni.
DOCUMENTELE ANCHETEI FBI
Cilins îi promisese văduvei 1 milion de dolari în schimbul distrugerii unor documente compromițătoare privind operațiunea din Guineea. Toure colabora deja ca martor cu FBI în cadrul investigației și le-a spus anchetatorilor că francezul nu a acționat singur, ci l-a avut ca șef pe Michael Noy – un francez în vârstă de 64 de ani și partener de afaceri cu Cilins.
UN FILM REALIZAT DE ORGANIZAȚIA GLOBAL WITNESS ÎI PREZINTĂ PE PRINCIPALII ACTORI AI AFACERII GUINEEA
FBI a interceptat mai multe discuții purtate de Toure cu Cilins și cu Noy, descriindu-i pe cei doi intermediari ca fiind la fel de nerăbdători ca probele să dispară. RISE Project a descoperit că francezii au mai fost implicați de-a lungul anilor în mai multe afaceri, inclusiv în România.
În 1999, Michael Noy a înființat la București firma Danver Europe SRL ca să facă comerț cu alimente, băuturi și tutun, dar și să deruleze operațiuni de import – export. Afacerea nu i-a mers prea bine, așa că israelianul a închis-o definitiv în 2006, înainte să se implice personal în schema din Guineea.
Concomitent, Noy și Cilins conduceau împreună o altă companie Danver International SA în Luxemburg – țară în care mai administrau și alte afaceri. Alți parteneri de-ai lor au mai fost implicați la București, în firme de consultanță, oferind clienților inclusiv servicii de tip offhsore. O astfel de schemă offshore era investigată și de FBI la momentul arestării lui Cilins, iar mai apoi a intrat și în vizorul autorităților elvețiene.
Purtătorul de cuvânt al procuraturii din Manhattan a precizat pentru RISE Project că Frederic Cilins a fost singurul condamnat la doi ani de închisoare, în iulie 2014, pentru obstrucționarea anchetei federale și că nu poate comenta dacă în acest caz mai sunt investigați Michael Noy sau magnatul Benjamin Steinmetz.
Pe de altă parte, investigația din Elveția îi conectează pe alți directori din imperiul lui Steinmetz la afacerile lui din Guineea și România.
Percheziții în Geneva
Poliția elvețiană a descins în august 2013 la birourile firmei de consultanță Onyx Financial Advisors, parte din grupul lui Steinmetz – el însuși rezident în țara cantoanelor și ținta finală a perchezițiilor. Cel care a dat detalii atunci despre acțiunea polițiștilor a fost Dag Cramer, reprezentantul lui Steinmetz în conducerea companiei canadiene care deține proiectul Roșia Montană. Cramer mai era și șeful filialei din Guineea al grupului lui Steinmetz, adică exact firma care încheiase parteneriatul strategic cu grupul Vale pentru perimetrele Simandou. Cramer nu conducea la nivel local birourile Onyx din cantonul Geneva, ci era directorul executiv al companiei mamă din Londra.
Ca administrator al firmei elvețiene figura Sandra Merloni Horemans, o belgiancă de 45 ani, angajată de peste două decenii în grupul lui Steinmetz. Horemans a fost prezentă în nouă companii din România, reprezentându-i la București interesele imobiliare ale lui Beny Steinmetz. În timp ce administra afacerile din România, ea figura și ca director ne-executiv la filiala BSG din Guineea. În SRL-uril românești, Horemans l-a avut de-a lungul anilor ca partener și pe Remus Truică, fostul șef de cabinet al premierului Adrian Năstase. În alt SRL, ea i-a cedat locul de administrator lui Alfred Gusenbauer, fost cancelar al Austriei și un alt reprezenant al lui Steinmetz în conducerea companiei canadiene care deține proiectul Roșia Montană.
Firmele reprezentate de Horemans au fost doar o mică parte din afacerile pe care magnatul israelian le-a derulat în România, în proiecte energetice și imobiliare. Multe dintre afacerile sale au fost închise în ultimii ani, lăsând în urmă datorii de zeci de milioane de dolari la băncile locale. Horemans, Cramer și Steinmetz au cerut anul trecut unei instanțe din Londra să le admită un proces împotriva organizației Global Witness, acuzând că relatările ONG-ului despre cazul de corupție din Guineea le-a afectat intimitatea. Cererea celor trei a fost respinsă luna trecută.
Rețeaua offshore
Polițiștii elvețieni au confiscat documentele din birourile administrate de Horemans, suspectând că firma Onyx a fost implicată în suveica offshore prin intermediul căreia Cilins, Noy și Toure au primit acțiuni în afacerea cu zăcăminte din Guineea.
Schema offshore avea ca punct nodal Insulele Virgine Britanice. Aceeași filieră a fost investigată și de FBI, care a susținut că unul din documentele pe care Cilins vroia să-l ardă era un acord de angajament prin care văduva președintelui african primea o felie din afacerea cu minereu de fier. Angajamentul a fost semnat în februarie 2006, între Mamadie Toure și un partener al celor doi francezi din firma offshore Pentler Holdings Ltd., înregistrată în același an în Insulele Virgine. Offshore-ul urma să preia 17,65 din subsidiara BSGR Guinea Ltd tot din Insulele Virgine, iar Mamadie Toure devenea acționar cu 33,3% din Pentler Holdings. La final, Toure obținea indirect o cotă de aproape 5 la sută din drepturile asupra minereului de fier, dar și mai multe milioane de dolari în conturi.
Grupul lui Steinmetz a recunoscut oficial parteneriatul cu firma Pentler Holdings Ltd, în mai 2013, dar a negat orice acuzație privind implicarea filialelor sale în fapte de corupție. BSG Resources a mai susținut că firma Pentler Holdings a fost înființată de Cilins și partenerii săi și că a apelat la ei pentru că aveau operațiuni extinse în Guinea. Mai mult, grupul lui Steinmetz a declarat că a încheiat colaborarea oficială cu Cilins și partenerii săi încă din 2008. Interceptările FBI arătau însă că Frederic Cilins susținea în convorbirile cu Toure că acționează în continuare la ordinele lui Steinmetz.
Organizația Global Witness a arătat că firma elvețiană Onyx Financial Advisors, condusă de Horemans, a înființat, de fapt, offshore-ul Pentler Holdings Ltd, folosit apoi de Cilins și partenerii săi în aranjamentele cu soția președintelui african.
Autoritățile din Guineea au anulat în aprilie 2014 drepturile filialei lui Steinmetz asupra perimetrelor din Simandou.
În replică, magnatul israelian a anunțat că a demarat procedurile pentru un proces la Curtea Internațională de Arbitraj din Washington împotriva statului african ca să-și recapete drepturile. (Detalii, AICI).
În aceeași perioadă, reprezentanții Gabriel Resources – compania canadiană care dezvoltă proiectul de la Roșia Montană și în care grupul lui Steinmetz deține 16 la sută – a anunțat că pregătește un caz similar la o curte internațională de arbitraj și va solicita despăgubiri de miliarde de dolari pentru că autoritățile române nu i-au aprobat proiectul nici după cincispreze ani de la primirea licenței.
Conducerea companiei Gabriel Resources nu a răspuns întrebărilor transmise săptămâna trecută de RISE Project privind pașii care s-au făcut în acest sens, însă experții susțin că o astfel de acțiune poate fi începută doar după o procedură prealabilă de conciliere cu autoritățile române. Marți, 20 ianuarie 2014, Gabriel Resources a anunțat, printr-un comunicat oficial, că a invitat autoritățile române la consultări pentru deblocarea proiectului, iar dacă soluția nu va fi satisfăcătoare va urma pașii necesari pentru deschiderea unei acțiuni de arbitraj.
Orice litigiu dintre statul român și compania care deține proiectul aurifer de la Roșia Montană poate fi soluționat la Curtea Internațională de Arbitraj de Viena, potrivit licenței de exploatare a zăcământului. (Detalii, AICI).
PRINCIPALELE ACUZAȚII ALE RIO TINTO:
– Frederic Cilins a ajuns în anturajul familiei președintelui Lansana Conte, în 2006, după ce l-a angajat pe cumnatul său la filiala BSG Resources din Guinea.
– Grupul international Vale a negociat în noiembrie 2008 cu Rio Tinto pentru preluarea perimetrelor africane, dar în realitate a folosit informațiile confidențiale ca să scoată corporația din afacere și să se alieze cu grupul lui Steinmetz.
– Pe 9 decembrie 2008, Guvernul de la Conakry a anulat contractul pe care îl avea cu Rio Tinto pentru două perimetre, oferind două zile mai târziu drepturile respective direct grupului lui Steinmetz.
– După ce președintele Lansana Conte a murit pe 22 decembrie 2008, oamenii lui Steinmetz s-au orientat către noul ministru al minelor, Mahmoud Thiam – care a semnat și licențele pentru grupul Steinmetz în februarie 2009.
– Asocierea Vale – BSG s-a oficializat în aprilie 2010, când brazilienii au plătit o primă tranșă în valoare de 500 de milioane de dolari lui Steinmetz. Pentru jumătate din drepturile de exploatare, Vale s-a angajat să plătească în total 2,5 miliarde de dolari.
– Mamadie Toure, cea de-a patra soție a președintelui Lansana Conte, a primit bani și acțiuni în exploatarea din Guineea, de la Cilins și partenerii săi.
În instanță, avocații Vale au susținut că grupul pe care-l reprezintă “a ajuns la cuțite” cu BSG Resources și că le-a deschis o acțiune de arbitraj la Londra în care le solicită daune de 1,2 miliarde dolari. De partea cealaltă, grupul BSGR a catalogat acuzațiile Rio Tinto ca fiind asburde și că ele fac parte din “cruciada ilegală” lansată împotriva sa de noul președinte al Republicii Guinea ca să satisfacă interesele celor care l-au ajutat să câștige alegerile. (Detalii, AICI)
Paul Radu, Daniel Bojin, Matt Sarnecki
CITITI ȘI CULISELE TRANZACȚIEI PENALE ÎN CAZUL ROȘIA MONTANĂ | {
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</resources> | {
"pile_set_name": "Github"
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Q:
Angular: Why can't I inject $provide directly into $get?
I assume there's a straightforward (maybe trivial) answer for this that I just haven't wrapped my head around.
Why does this do what I want -- that is, inject a reference to $provide into my service:
angular.module('error_reporting', [])
.provider('RaygunLogger', function() {
var provide = undefined;
this.setProvide = function(p){
provide = p;
}
this.$get = function() {
// use $provide in p
};
})
.config(function(RaygunLoggerProvider, $provide) {
RaygunLoggerProvider.setProvide($provide);
});
while this produces an error of the form Unknown provider: $provideProvider <- $provide <- RaygunLogger <- RaygunLogger?
angular.module('error_reporting', [])
.provider('RaygunLogger', function() {
this.$get = function($provide) {
// use $provide
};
});
Is RaygunLogger.$get() running before the injector is set up? I presume this is an order-of-operations issue, where I need to wait until the module config phase before I can inject $provide, but I don't know where to verify that in the doc.
A:
$provide is only available during the config phase. Provider's $get function is run after the config phase to create the thing the provider provides.
At this point, you cannot do what you are trying to do.
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TV Program Search
The Roast
The Roast - Series 2, Episode 17
Series Synopsis
A weekday ten-minute comedy news show that destroys every bastion of journalism known to man produced by a young, talented group of comedians who don't know how to make television. CAST: Tom Glasson, Nich Richardson
Previous Episode Synopsis
Episode 15Tonight, we look at a punch up on Mt. Everest, the parking ban on congested roads, and cleaning up space - because earth is spotless and it's time to focus on the important issues. | {
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To date, several chemotherapeutic regimens have been developed for treating HIV infected patients. Certain of these regimens have been approved for clinical use, and others are the subject of on-going clinical trials. It can be assumed that the number of approved chemotherapeutic regimens will increase steadily in the near future. Increasingly, combination therapy or multiple drug treatment regimens are being used because of the development of drug-resistant HIV variants during therapy. Although these chemotherapeutic regimens have been shown to exert an effect on virological (viral load), immunological and clinical parameters of HIV disease, practical experience teaches that these effects are transient. In particular, one finds that the HIV strains infecting an individual patient after a while start to display reduced sensitivity to the drug or drug combination with which said patient is being treated. The loss of efficacy of the chemotherapy can vary from patient to patient, from drug to drug, or from drug combination to drug combination. It is well established that the loss of efficacy to a particular type of chemotherapy can be associated with a genotypic pattern of amino acid changes in the genome of the HIV strains infecting the patient. This probably renders these HIV strains less susceptible to the chemotherapy. As an HIV infected patient is exposed to several chemotherapeutic regimens over extended periods of time, more complex patterns of amino acid changes in the genome of infecting HIV strains occur which for the present defeat a rational approach to the further treatment of the infected patient. As implied in the previous explanation, one can routinely determine the genotypic changes occurring in HIV strains exposed to different chemotherapeutic regimens involving single or multiple anti-HIV drugs, but thus far it has proven very difficult to derive from these data information enabling a physician in charge of prescribing the chemotherapy whether or not it is sensible to initiate or continue a particular chemotherapeutic regimen. In other words, the genotypic information which is available on a limited scale, cannot routinely be translated into phenotypic information enabling the responsible physician to make the crucial decision as to which chemotherapy a patient should preferably follow. The problem also exists for drug-naive patients who become infected by drug-resistant HIV strains.
Viral load monitoring is becoming a routine aspect of HIV care. However, viral load number alone cannot be used as a basis for deciding which drugs to use alone or in combination.
Combination therapy is becoming increasingly the chemotherapeutic regimen of choice. When a person using a combination of drugs begins to experience drug failure, it is impossible to know with certainty which of the drugs in the combination is no longer active. One cannot simply replace all of the drugs, because of the limited number of drugs currently available. Furthermore, if one replaces an entire chemotherapeutic regimen, one may discard one or more drugs which are active for that particular patient. Furthermore, it is possible for viruses which display resistance to a particular inhibitor to also display varying degrees of cross-resistance to other inhibitors.
Ideally, therefore, every time a person has a viral load test and a viral load increase is detected, a drug sensitivity/resistance test should also be carried out. Until effective curative therapy is developed, management of HIV disease will require such testing.
Currently there does exist a phenotyping method which is based on virus isolation from plasma in the presence of donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and subsequent phenotyping in said cells (Japour, A. J., et al. (1993) Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; Vol. 37, No. 5, p1095-1101). This co-cultivation method, which is advocated by the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG)--particularly for phenotyping AZT (synonymous herein with zidovudine/Retrovir (Retrovir is a Trade Mark)) resistance, is time-consuming, costly and too complex to be used on a routine basis.
A phenotypic recombinant virus assay for assessment of drug susceptibility of HIV Type 1 isolates to reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors has been developed by Kellam, P. and Larder, B. A. (Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (1994) Vol. 38, No. 1, p23-30). This procedure allows the generation of viable virus by homologous recombination of a PCR-derived pool of RT coding sequences into an RT-deleted, noninfectious proviral clone, pHIV.DELTA.RTBstEII. Analysis of two patients during the course of zidovudine therapy showed that this approach produced viruses which accurately exhibited the same genotype and phenotype as that of the original infected PBL DNA. However, the procedure involves isolation of the patient virus by co-cultivation of patient plasma or patient PBMCs with donor PBMCs. Such prior cultivation of virus may distort the original virus composition. Furthermore, this method, although allowing one to determine the sensitivity of the isolates to various inhibitors, does not provide the physician with information as to whether to continue with the existing chemotherapeutic regimen or to alter the therapy.
Also when one enzyme only of the pol gene is being studied, the method does not readily lend itself to routine phenotypic assessment of combination therapy which conventionally involves the use of one protease and 2 RT inhibitors.
The nested PCR (polymerase chain reaction) procedure used in the recombinant virus assay can lead to a situation where the recombinant virus does not truly reflect the situation with the HIV strains infecting the patient under investigation. This problem resides in DNA sequence homology and the minimum amount of homology required for homologous recombination in mammalian cells (C. Rubnitz, J. and Subramini, S. (1984) Molecular and Cellular Biology Vol. 4, No. 11, p2253-2258). Accordingly, any phenotypic assay based on the recombinant virus approach should endeavour to ensure that as much as possible of the patient material is amplified and that there is maximum recombination.
Thus, the RNA extraction and nested PCR procedures employed should ensure that the viral genetic material is amplified such that the amplified material maximally reflects the viral genetic diversity in the patient being investigated.
In current clinical practice there is therefore a hard-felt need (a) to determine rapidly and on a routine basis the phenotypic drug sensitivity of HIV strains infecting a particular patient, (b) to process the thus obtained data into easily understood information, and (c) to initiate, continue or adjust on the basis of said information the chemotherapy prescribed for said particular patients. | {
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Reno Bound
"Reno Bound" is a song written by John McFee and Andre Pessis, and recorded by American country music group Southern Pacific. It was released in April 1986 as the third single from the album Southern Pacific. The song reached number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Personnel
Keith Knudsen – drums, percussion, background vocals
John McFee – lead guitar, harmonica, background vocals
Tim Goodman – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, synthesizer
Glen D. Hardin – piano, synthesizer, background vocals
Jerry Scheff – bass guitar, background vocals
Chart performance
References
Category:1986 singles
Category:Southern Pacific (band) songs
Category:Song recordings produced by Jim Ed Norman
Category:Songs written by John McFee
Category:Warner Records singles
Category:1986 songs
Category:Songs written by Andre Pessis | {
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Q:
Select the specific column of ListView and print it in a new messagebox in C#.net
I've just started to use ListView in C#.net.
I got to know how to add items and subitems. Going through the listview I wanted to fetch all the data from a whole column with multiple rows.
I want to know how to do this.
I found this code to list a specific selected data from a row:
ListView.SelectedIndexCollection sel = listView1.SelectedIndices;
if (sel.Count == 1)
{
ListViewItem selItem = listView1.Items[sel[0]];
MessageBox.Show(selItem.SubItems[2].Text);
}
That was helpful but i want to list all the items in a row, may be i want to add all the column items in array?
A:
private string[] GetListViewItemColumns(ListViewItem item) {
var columns = new string[item.SubItems.Count];
for (int column = 0; column < columns.Length; column++) {
columns[column] = item.SubItems[column].Text;
}
return columns;
}
I would recommend some caution against doing this. A ListView is really meant to display information, it is not a great collection class. Getting the data out of it is slow and crummy, it can only store strings. Keep the data in your program in its original form, maybe a List<Foo>. Now it is simple and fast.
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Project Intern
Founded in 2010, Eskolta School Research and Design, Inc., is a non-profit organization that helps urban public schools improve results for their most vulnerable youth. We consult with teachers, school principals, and school district staff to interpret existing data and research, use this to launch and share practices in their schools, test those practices in order to improve and adapt them to their student needs, and help them to disseminate learning so that more educators can learn from their experience. We complement this site-based work with coaching to school district staff and research on school-based work to better understand how change occurs in public schools. The research-based practices we study and support schools to put in place draw upon four core principles: strength-based culture to engage students and adults; transparent and frequent feedback loops to help students and adults know how they can improve; clear pathways to success to help students flexibly progress to their futures; and data-guided leadership for adults to collaborate towards success. Working with Eskolta is a unique opportunity to join an organization that is at the forefront of the effort to turn around the dropout problem through innovative education reform. We are dedicated to supporting a healthy work/life balance for everyone we work with by supporting a talented team while building a flexible workplace. To learn more, visit http://www.eskolta.org.
Project Overview
Eskolta is seeking a project intern to support its program team. Job responsibilities may include, but will not be limited to: visiting and documenting meetings at schools with school design partners, compiling existing research and other resources for use in schools, supporting professional development events, compiling and cleaning quantitative data on student outcomes and conducting simple statistical analysis of that data, and writing and drafting portions of reports and other products, all with the direction and input of our school design partners.
Qualifications
The ideal candidate will be a highly organized, clear thinker and self-starter who has excellent skills in quantitative and qualitative research and the ability to write clearly and cohesively. Familiarity with Google apps and MS Office suite are critical. Also:
A self-starter with the ability to move a project forward in a small, entrepreneurial environment
A good listener, eager to grow and take feedback to learn
A commitment to helping to improve urban public education.
Compensation & Time Commitment
This is a full-year internship beginning as soon as possible and ending in May, though candidates interested in a one-term internship may apply.
Pay is hourly at a rate of $13.50/hr for graduate students and $11.00/hr for undergraduate students.
Hours are flexible and there will be variability across the year, but candidates must be able to commit an average of at least 10 hours per week to the internship.
How to Apply
Submit via email to jobs@eskolta.org: resume and a cover letter. In your cover letter, please answer two of the following three questions: What is one example of a paper you have written that required original research? How do you approach supporting adults in schools to effect change for students? What do you think is an important issue that needs to be addressed in public schools in the United States?
Applications will be considered as they are received. | {
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The true story of Pollyanna, the reindeer submariner of HMS Trident in 1941 will feature on a festive edition of BBC’s The One Show, this Thursday 11th December from 7pm.
Presenter Gyles Brandreth visited Gosport’s Royal Navy Submarine Museum earlier this year and met with National Museum of the Royal Navy archivist George Malcolmson to discover more about the intriguing story.
Pollyanna was a gift from the Russians at Polyarnoe in Northern Russia to the captain, Commander Geoffrey Sladen D.S.O, D.S.C and crew of HMS Trident during World War 2. The reindeer was loaded through the torpedo loading hatch with a barrel of moss and Petty Officer James Riddoch was detailed to look after her. He was always thereafter known as the “zoo attendant” by his crew mates.
George Malcolmson, archivist at the National Museum of the Royal Navy said, “Pollyanna spent six weeks with HMS Trident on patrol off Norway after rumours that elements of the German fleet were on the move.”
“Accounts show that Pollyanna became quite settled with life on the submarine and moved about easily. She had taken up residence in the captain’s cabin next to his bunk and got used to the noises of the submarine. She would be the first to trot into the control room to be ready for the main hatch to open and the fresh air to pour in. On diving she would go back to her resting area.”
“After the barrel of moss ran out, she would help herself from the buckets of leftovers from the officer’s mess and got a taste for condensed milk. She even ate some of the navigation charts”
When HMS Trident finished her patrol and arrived at Blyth Northumberland, Pollyanna had to be hoisted out of the main hatch as she had put on weight. Eventually Pollyanna was presented to Regents Park Zoo London where she became a firm favourite.
George Malcolmson said, “Trident survived the war, but by a sad irony both perished within a week of each other five years later, Pollyanna in Regents Park Zoo and Trident in the breakers yard. It was rumoured that she never forgot her submarine career for whenever she heard bells or a sound like a submarine tannoy she would lower her head as though preparing for diving stations.” | {
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Q:
Allegro 5 problems
The code below won't work; it produces a blank screen. But if I change the filled rectangle line toward the bottom line to:
al_draw_filled_rectangle(100, 100, 100+15, 100+15, al_map_rgb(155, 255, 155));
It produces a square at the correct coordinates. What's up?
#define ALLEGRO_STATICLINK
#include <allegro5/allegro.h>
#include <allegro5/allegro_primitives.h>
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
ALLEGRO_DISPLAY *display;
if(!al_init())
{
return -1;
}
display = al_create_display(640, 480);
if(!display)
{
return -1;
}
if(!al_init_primitives_addon())
{
return -1;
}
al_draw_filled_rectangle(73, 493, 73+15, 493+15, al_map_rgb(155, 255, 155));
al_flip_display();
al_rest(10);
return 0;
}
A:
You are trying to draw at a Y coordinate greater than the screen height...
al_draw_filled_rectangle(73, 493, 73+15, 493+15, al_map_rgb(155, 255, 155));
Draws at 493 to 493+15
493 > 480 and 493+15 > 480
display = al_create_display(640, 480);
This set 480 as your screen height so drawing above that number will result in nothing being shown.
When you use
al_draw_filled_rectangle(100, 100, 100+15, 100+15, al_map_rgb(155, 255, 155));
You are now actually on the screen so it works.
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California's Broken Jaywalking Law - cozzyd
https://systemicfailure.wordpress.com/2015/04/15/californias-broken-jaywalking-law/
======
menssen
Anecdotally (I'm posting this to see if I'm the only one who's noticed),
there's something culturally (or legally) unique about jaywalking in
California.
The ambiguity of countdown timers should have been a problem in every
city/state that put them in. But I can't imagine reading this article about
anywhere else because everywhere else, everybody jaywalks all the time and the
laws are rarely enforced.
But relatively nobody jaywalks in CA. A few years ago I was in downtown LA
very early in the morning, standing on a street corner with five or so other
people who were all patiently waiting for a green light to cross a completely
empty street. No cars in sight. For someone from east of the Rockies, it's
actually kind of surreal.
Why is jaywalking such a big deal in CA?
~~~
jballanc
I definitely don't think it's just you. Once, when I lived in the valley, I
was at a restaurant on one side of the street and wanted to go to a shop
across the street, but it was the middle of the block and I didn't feel like
walking to the cross-walk. The road was 3 lanes in either direction, but there
was a wide grassy median, so I did what I've always done growing up in NYC: I
crossed the near 3 lanes and waited on the median for the traffic in the other
direction to clear.
Well, apparently the sight of a pedestrian in the median was unexpected enough
that every driver in the far 3 lanes slammed on their brakes immediately,
stopping traffic right in the middle of the block. It was as if they expected
that I was just aimlessly wandering across the road and would step out into
oncoming traffic if they didn't stop.
Of course, I think at least part of the problem is that pedestrians, _in
general_ , are so rare in CA. I used to live ~1 mile from work and would walk
in regularly, whereas co-workers who lived half that distance would always
drive (and don't get me started about the difficulty walking after 9 pm when
every lawn sprinkler in the valley would unleash a deluge across the
sidewalks).
~~~
iopq
Even worse, you get to street that has no sidewalk at all, you cross and the
other side has no sidewalk either. Literally no sidewalk on either side of the
street!
~~~
lsaferite
Welcome to 90%+ of the US.
I live in a fairly rural city and drive a stretch of road every morning with
no sidewalk and lots of walkers in the grass. And the speed limit is 65. I'm
constantly worried some idiot will wander onto the road.
------
dmitrygr
Refuse to talk to cops (always, not just about jaywalking).
Do not provide ID ever (unless driving, since it also happens to be your DL)
and do not answer questions as to whether you have ID.
The amount of paperwork they'll need to fill out in order to arrest you (and
thus allow them to search you [the claim will be that the search is for
weapons for their safety, but anything they find is free for them to use/look
at, incl your ID, if you even have it]) makes it not worth it for them.
They'll just find a stupider victim.
Disclaimer: IANAL, but i do often end up in court with cops over a lot of
things, this included, and have not yet paid any fines
~~~
killerdhmo
This isn't really an endorsement though is it. IANAL and I'm not often in
court with cops and I say cooperate they're people too. _shrugs_
~~~
MBlume
They're...people who want to point guns at you and steal your money? Why would
anyone want to cooperate with people like that?
------
escherize
This is a bit like keeping speed limits down at 65 mph (a standard set when
car technology was 50 years less mature).
It's another way that the state can selectively punish most any citizen at
will, within the bounds of law.
~~~
deadfall
Yes, I agree. The flow of traffic for most commuters, like myself, seem to
around 75 mph.
"The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile operating
speed (being the speed which no more than 15% of traffic is
exceeding)[41][42][43] and in the US is typically set 8 to 12 mph (13 to 19
km/h) below that speed."
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_limit)
~~~
JoshTriplett
On the other hand, if the speed limit was set at 75mph, would that remain the
common speed of traffic, or would the common speed increase with the limit?
~~~
cozzyd
On the Autobahn people drive at infinity km/h
~~~
raldi
Could you convert that to mph please?
~~~
darkmighty
The maximum speed there is 1, in natural units.
------
mullingitover
The funny part is that it's also illegal for a car to make a turn through the
crosswalk while pedestrians are anywhere in the crosswalk. This is far more
dangerous than jaywalking and happens routinely. The law covering this is
rarely/never enforced.
------
vacri
_Otherwise, what’s the point of having a countdown signal?_
It tells people currently on the crossing how long they have. If they're
infirm, they may be better off waiting at a traffic island than trying to rush
across. The red hand is pretty clear - it means "don't start crossing", not
"start crossing if you're confident you can make it in time" (though that is
the way the countdown is used).
$200 is a ridiculous fine, though - that's over 20 hours work at the minimum
wage.
~~~
JoshTriplett
Agreed; this isn't at all ambiguous. If you were allowed to cross, it would be
a walk signal with countdown.
~~~
Cymen
That is a joke -- people walk at different speeds. Walking in carland is
enough punishment. The worst are burbias where the walk signal never comes on
if you don't press a button.
~~~
vacri
_Walking in carland is enough punishment_
LA was the only place I've ever been crossing the road with the valid
pedestrian signal and had to stop walking or I'd literally walk into the car
turning across my path (to the right, with the same green light I'm crossing
with). It happened a couple of times, and I was only there for one week.
~~~
seanmcdirmid
You have never been to china before. Here crossing the street is a game of
frogger.
------
flurp
Maybe the problem is the length of countdown timers? I don't know how they are
determined and set but anecdotally I often see 10 seconds or sometimes others
in excess of 15s or even 20s on a road that takes ~5s to cross.
It seems to me like this is a reasonable law IF the timers were set to only
give the pedestrians minimal amount of time to cross the street. Given it
takes 5s to cross, timer starts with 5 remaining. Pedestrians in the road see
it and rush to either side. Pedestrians about to enter the road will have an
easier decision to make: I can't make it in 5s so I wait. Obviously some will
think they can, then fine them; I think that's reasonable. But holding up
pedestrians with 20s remaining seems unreasonable to me.
The main problem I see is for slower pedestrians; seniors, handicapped etc.
They might need more time and could be caught of guard in the middle of the
street with no time remaining... An immediate thought would be a white
flashing hand as a warning that time is running low (no counter!)... Probably
requires lots of reprogramming though.
~~~
hijiri
It might just be that the car traffic signals are patterned to last that long,
so the pedestrian crossing signals are the same length to match. But that
would depend on the crosswalk.
------
hayd
$190-250, sheesh - that fine amount is far to high. The maximum parking fine
in LA, for parking on a red curb, only costs you $93.
~~~
thatswrong0
I recently got a $197 ticket for crossing a marked crosswalk in an
uncontrolled intersection on foot.. In front of a cop car. There was no
danger, but he accelerated at me in the intersection causing a "hazard".
Nailed me for CVc 21950(b). It's a racket - they're scumbags. If I didn't work
in tech, that could be a very difficult amount to deal with.
~~~
knorby
Wish you fought that, since the cop broke CVc 21950(c).
------
tommoor
Obviously this thread needs a link to this article for anyone that missed it a
few months back :)
[https://www.vox.com/2015/1/15/7551873/jaywalking-
history](https://www.vox.com/2015/1/15/7551873/jaywalking-history)
------
meddlepal
As a Bostonian I find the idea of jaywalking fines quaint.
~~~
tommoor
As an Englishman I find the idea of jaywalking quaint
~~~
meddlepal
As a Bostonian I find the idea of heriditary rule quaint.
~~~
ZeroGravitas
Technically they don't rule, they're just a prominent part of a network of
very rich and well-connected families that move in the same social circles, go
to the same schools, give each other jobs and sometimes intermarry. Luckily
Boston has nothing like that.
------
bentrevor
I was in San Fransisco this past January, and I was actually stopped by an
officer for crossing when the hand was blinking, even though I made it to the
other side in time. I think it was a matter of the officer not having anything
better to do, since it was 8 in the morning. I didn't get a ticket because I
answered his questions politely, but I'm sure if I was still in high school, I
would have been a smart-ass about it.
------
nahname
Got a ticket for $205 while working in LA. Definitely felt like a cash grab.
------
sukilot
What's interesting is that cities have found that countdown timers cause
_drivers_ far up the block to race to beat the green light before to turns
yellow/red, which then causes collisions with bikers and pedestrians.
~~~
5555624
I haven't seen this behavior with cars; but, as a cyclist, I use them to
figure out if I can make it through an upcoming intersection or not.
What's annoying is the lack of a standard action when the countdown timer
reaches zero. At some intersections, the timers are set so that the yellow
light is the last second or two and zero is when the traffic light changes to
red. Other hit zero and then the traffic light changes to yellow. Some hit
zero and a number of seconds pass before the traffic light changes to yellow.
------
chrisbennet
It makes as much sense to ticket pedestrians crossing during the countdown, as
it would to ticket drivers for entering the intersection during a yellow
light.
------
iwwr
The fact that there is such a thing as 'jaywalking' is a broken aspect of
modern society.
------
upofadown
I'm actually OK with the enforcement. The politicians should do their damn
jobs and update the laws. The police shouldn't have to maintain a list of
exceptions in their heads.
... and yes, this is a car culture thing. Most of the broken laws relate to
bikes and pedestrians in the places where I have bothered to look.
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At first glance, readers might disagree with the decision to publish a paper that reports not one, but two negative results. However, it is absolutely vital for scientific progress that such findings are shared with the research and the clinical community, because publication bias skews the quality of the evidence.[@CR1]
As this paper reports two carefully designed and executed randomised controlled trials, its lessons are particularly important. In both trials, all participants greatly increased their medication adherence, despite being in a high risk group, older, and of lower socioeconomic status.[@CR2] All they did was take part in a trial where they received an electronic pill bottle. Additional social feedback, as provided in the intervention arms of the trials, was not needed.
While the authors list a number of possible reasons for this finding, it would have been much better to explore it through a programme of qualitative interviews and focus groups. The data from such qualitative work are key for translating findings from randomised controlled trials into practice.[@CR3]
In this study, the Hawthorne effect---that observation changes behaviour, a phenomenon well-documented in clinical trials[@CR4]---may have been augmented by the fact that all study arms received a special device, the electronic pill bottle. Providing such bottles in itself constitutes an intervention that improves medication adherence.[@CR5] A well-designed qualitative interview study with a small proportion of the participants in each arm could have helped clarify to what extent those effects might have been present. It would also have provided valuable data on the participants' motivation for taking part in the study, and highlighted the extent to which the study itself might have been a valuable social force.
Conflict of Interest {#FPar1}
====================
The author has no conflict with any of the material in this manuscript.
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Genomic imprinting and human chromosome 15.
Genomic imprinting is a reversible phenomenon that affects the expression of genes depending on their parental origin. The best characterized human disorders resulting from an alteration of the imprinting process are Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes. They are due to the lack of active maternal or paternal genes, respectively, from chromosome region 15q11q13. Most cases arise via interstitial deletions. We review evidence that other common cytogenetic alterations of this region, interstitial and supernumerary duplications, could be the reciprocal products of the deletions and are also affected by the imprinting phenomenon, given the predominance of maternally-derived duplications in patients ascertained due to developmental delays or autistic features. | {
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a developing device for storing therein a developer material composed of toner particles and carrier granules. The device supplies the developer material onto a surface of a photoreceptor in order to visualize an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of the photoreceptor provided in an electrophotographic printing machine such as a copying machine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Developer devices for visualizing ( developing ) an electrostatic latent image formed on the surface of a photoreceptor using a developer material composed of carrier granules and toner particles are used, for example, in many dry-type copying machines. In such developing devices, the quantity of the toner particles is reduced while being used in the developing process; whereas, the quantity of carrier granules in the developer material remains the same. Therefore, the quality of the carrier granules being stirred with toner particles in the developer vessel deteriorates because a resin coating layer on the surface thereof is peeled, or toner particles adhere onto the surface thereof. As a result, the charging ability of the developer material gradually deteriorates, thereby presenting the problem that the copied image quality deteriorates.
A device designed for the trickle system which prevents the deterioration of the charging ability by supplying additional carrier granules separately from the refill for the used toner particles is disclosed (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 21591/1990 (Tokukouhei 2-21591)). In such a device, when adding additional carrier granules, excessive developer material in the developer vessel overflows and is discharged through a discharge opening formed on the side face of the developer vessel to be collected in a collecting case. By repeating the above refill and discharge of the developer material, the developer material in the developer vessel whose charging ability has deteriorated can gradually replace. Thus, the required charging ability of the developer material can be maintained, and the copied image quality is prevented from being lowered.
However, in the above developing device, the developer material in the developer vessel overflows and is discharged through the discharge opening provided on the side face of the developer vessel. Thus, depending on the tilt of the developing device, a quantity of the developer material to be discharged through the discharge opening changes. For example, when moving the copying machine, as being tilted, a large quantity of the developer material may be discharged through the discharge opening at one time, or an appropriate quantity of the developer material in the developer vessel may not be discharged. If this occurs, there arises a great difference from appropriate quantity of the developer material in the developer vessel, thereby presenting the problem that the copied image quality is lowered.
More specifically, when moving the copying machine, if the copying machine is tilted in the direction where the discharge opening is placed at lower position than the reference position, a large quantity of the developer material is discharged through the discharge opening, and the quantity of the developer material in the developer vessel becomes much less than the appropriate quantity. The above situation may occur even after the copying machine is moved if the developing device is being used in the above tilted position.
If the above situation occurs, the charging ability of the developer material deteriorates, thereby presenting the problem that the copied image quality is lowered. Moreover, in the case of controlling the ratio of the toner particles to the carrier granules by the output from a permeability sensor, the ratio of the toner particles cannot be detected accurately due to a reduced quantity of carrier granules in contact with the permeability sensor, thereby presenting the problems that the ratio of the toner particle drops and the image density is reduced. Furthermore, if the quantity of the developer material in the developer vessel is greatly reduced, a magnetic brush may not be formed, and therefore the developing process may not be carried out desirably. Moreover, the image may be blurred, or the image may not be developed. Furthermore, even after the tilt of the developing device is set back to the horizontal position, an appropriate quantity of the developer material cannot be achieved immediately, and thus a desirable quality of the copied image cannot be ensured for a while.
On the other hand, if the developing device is being used in the tilted position in the direction where the discharge opening is placed at upper position than the reference position after the copying machine is moved, the developer material is not discharged through the discharge opening, and thus an excessive quantity of the developer material exists in the developer vessel.
If this occurs, the drive torque for driving a developer material supply section provided in the developer vessel increases, and the developing device may not be activated properly, thereby presenting the problem that the developer material may not be supplied onto the photoreceptor surface appropriately. Furthermore, in the case of controlling the ratio of the toner particles to the carrier granules by the output from the permeability sensor, the quantity of the developer material becomes excessive with respect to the appropriate quantity, thereby presenting the problem that the copied image quality is lowered.
Namely, in the arrangement where the developer material overflows and is discharged through the discharge opening, if the developing device is tilted, an appropriate discharge of the developer material through the discharge opening may not be ensured, and thus the developer material may not be supplied onto the photoreceptor surface appropriately, thereby presenting the problem that the copied image quality deteriorates. | {
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