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Church of England - wikipedia Church of England `` C of E '' redirects here . For other uses , see Council of Europe . Anglican state church of England Church of England Abbreviation C of E Orientation Anglican Polity Episcopal Supreme Governor Queen Elizabeth II Primate Archbishop Justin Welby Associations Anglican Communion Porvoo Communion Region England , Wales ( cross-border parishes ) Isle of Man Channel Islands Continental Europe Headquarters Church House , Westminster , England , United Kingdom Separated from Roman Catholic Church ( 1534 ) Separations English Dissenters ( 1534 onwards ) Methodists ( 18th century ) Plymouth Brethren ( 1820s ) Free Church of England ( 1844 ) Members 25 million Official website churchofengland.org Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology ( show ) Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship ( show ) Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version ( Book of Common Prayer ) Liturgical year Churchmanship ( High , Low , Central , Broad ) Monasticism Saints Christianity ( show ) Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history ( show ) Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion ( show ) Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism ( show ) Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Established Church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed : catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds . reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th - century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer . In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , the Puritan and Presbyterian factions continued to challenge the leadership of the Church which under the Stuarts veered towards a more catholic interpretation of the Elizabethan Settlement especially under Archbishop Laud and the rise of the concept of Anglicanism as the Via Media . After the victory of the Parliamentarians the Prayer Book was abolished and the Presbyterian and Independent factions dominated . The Episcopacy was abolished . The Restoration restored the Church of England , episcopacy and the Prayer Book . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo - Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members . The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early Christianity in England 1.2 Separation from Rome 1.3 Stuart period 1.4 19th century 1.5 Overseas developments 1.6 21st century 1.6. 1 Deposition from holy orders overturned 1.6. 2 Dwindling congregations 1.6. 3 Low salaries 2 Doctrine and practice 2.1 Worship and liturgy 2.2 Women 's ministry 2.3 Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy 2.4 Liberal theology 2.5 Bioethics issues 3 Poverty 3.1 Church Urban Fund 3.1. 1 Child poverty 3.2 Action on hunger 4 Membership 5 Structure 5.1 Primates 5.2 Diocesan bishops 5.3 Representative bodies 5.4 House of Lords 5.5 Crown dependencies 6 Sex abuse 7 Financial situation 8 Online church directory 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Church of England Early Christianity in England ( edit ) Main articles : History of Christianity in England and Anglo - Saxon Christianity According to tradition , Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century , during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire . The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century . Three Romano - British bishops , including Restitutus , are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314 . Others attended the Council of Serdica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360 , and a number of references to the church in Roman Britain are found in the writings of 4th century Christian fathers . Britain was the home of Pelagius , who opposed Augustine of Hippo 's doctrine of original sin . While Christianity was long established as the religion of the Britons at the time of the Anglo - Saxon invasion , Christian Britons made little progress in converting the newcomers from their native paganism . Consequently , in 597 , Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrew 's ( later canonised as Augustine of Canterbury ) from Rome to evangelise the Angles . This event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history . With the help of Christians already residing in Kent , Augustine established his church at Canterbury , the capital of the Kingdom of Kent , and became the first in the series of Archbishops of Canterbury in 598 . A later archbishop , the Greek Theodore of Tarsus , also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England . The Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine , with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head . Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War , the Church of England considers itself to be the same church which was more formally organised by Augustine . While some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby , the Christian in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times . Queen Bertha of Kent was among the Christians in England who recognised papal authority before Augustine arrived , and Celtic Christians were carrying out missionary work with papal approval long before the Synod of Whitby . Hereford is one of the church 's 43 cathedrals ; many have histories stretching back centuries The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in England . This meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hilda 's double monastery of Streonshalh ( Streanæshalch ) , later called Whitby Abbey . It was presided over by King Oswiu , who did not engage in the debate but made the final ruling . Separation from Rome ( edit ) In 1534 , King Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome . A theological separation had been foreshadowed by various movements within the English Church , such as Lollardy , but the English Reformation gained political support when Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn . Pope Clement VII , considering that the earlier marriage had been entered under a papal dispensation and how Catherine 's nephew , Emperor Charles V , might react to such a move , refused the annulment . Eventually , Henry , although theologically opposed to Protestantism , took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England to ensure the annulment of his marriage . He was excommunicated by Pope Paul III . In 1536 -- 40 Henry VIII engaged in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , which controlled much of the richest land . He disbanded monasteries , priories , convents and friaries in England , Wales and Ireland , appropriated their income , disposed of their assets , and provided pensions for the former residents . The properties were sold to pay for the wars . Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history . There were nearly 900 religious houses in England , around 260 for monks , 300 for regular canons , 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total , 4,000 monks , 3,000 canons , 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns ... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders . The population of England at the time is estimated to have been only 2.5 million : half male of whom 750,000 adult . This is one in 75 , not 1 in 50 . However the latter figure is creditable if secular clergy are included . Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and , during his reign , Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England . Indeed , this part of Henry 's reign saw trials for heresy of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics . Under his son , King Edward VI , more Protestant - influenced forms of worship were adopted . Under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer , a more radical reformation proceeded . A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 and 1552 ) . These were based on the older liturgy in particular the Prayer Book of 1549 , but both influenced by Protestant doctrines such as justification by faith alone , the rejection of the sacrifice of the Mass , and the Real Presence understood as physical presence ( Cranmer was Calvinist in that he believed Christ was truly and really present in the Eucharist but after a spiritual manner as in a sacrament ) . The confession of the reformed Church of England was set out in the Forty - two Articles ( later revised to thirty - nine ) . The reformation however was cut short by the death of the king . Queen Mary I , who succeeded him , returned England again to the authority of the papacy , thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England . During her co-reign with her husband , King Philip , many leaders and common people were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed faith . These are known as the Marian martyrs and the persecution led to her nickname of `` Bloody Mary '' . Stained glass window in Rochester Cathedral , Kent Mary also died childless and so it was left to the new regime of her half - sister Elizabeth to resolve the direction of the church . The settlement under Queen Elizabeth I ( from 1558 ) , known as the Elizabethan Settlement , tried to stir a middle way between radical Protestantism and Roman Catholicism , the via media , ( a term that actually only became current in the 1620s ) , as the character of the Church of England , a church moderately Reformed in doctrine , as expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles , but also emphasising continuity with the Catholic and Apostolic traditions of the Church Fathers . The three-fold ministry in the Apostolic Succession was maintained ; the institutional continuity of the Church was preserved without break ( at her accession almost all clergy had been ordained in Catholic Orders using the Roman Pontifical ) , although the character of the organization was changed by the adoption of some reformed doctrines and the simplification of the outwards forms of worship and the abandonment of traditional vestments and art work ; the retention of medieval Canon Law , a much shortened Calendar of Saints and liturgical music . It was also an established church ( constitutionally established by the state with the Head of State as its supreme governor ) . The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century . Stuart period ( edit ) Further information : Stuart period For the next century , through the reigns of James I , who ordered the translation of the Bible known as the King James Version ( Authorized to be used in parishes which does not mean it was the official version ) , and Charles I , culminating in the English Civil War and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell , there were significant swings back and forth between two factions : the Puritans ( and other radicals ) who sought more far - reaching Protestant reforms , and the more conservative churchmen who aimed to keep closer to traditional beliefs and Catholic practices . The failure of political and ecclesiastical authorities to submit to Puritan demands for more extensive reform was one of the causes of open warfare . By Continental standards the level of violence over religion was not high , since the Civil was mainly about politics , but the casualties included King Charles I and the Archbishop of Canterbury , William Laud and tens of thousands of civilians who died from the unsettled conditions . Under the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of England from 1649 to 1660 , the bishops were dethroned and former practices were outlawed , and Presbyterian ecclesiology was introduced in place of the episcopate . The 39 Articles were replaced by the Westminster Confession , the Book of Common Prayer by the Directory of Public Worship . Despite this , about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform to this form of State Presbyterianism . Major repairs were done to Canterbury Cathedral after the Restoration in 1660 With the Restoration of Charles II , Parliament restored the Church of England to a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version . One difference was that the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation , taken for granted by the Tudors , had to be abandoned . The religious landscape of England assumed its present form , with the Anglican established church occupying the middle ground , and those Puritans and Protestants who dissented from the Anglican establishment , having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than trying to influence or trying to gain control of it . One result of the Restoration was the ousting of 2,000 parish ministers who had not been ordained by bishops in the Apostolic Succession or had been by presbyters ( ministers in presbyter 's orders ) . Continuing official suspicion and legal restrictions continued well into the 19th century . Roman Catholics , perhaps 5 % of the English population ( down from 20 % in 1600 ) were grudgingly tolerated , having had little or no official representation after the Pope 's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in 1570 , though the Stuarts were sympathetic to them . In the 18th century they dwindled to 1 % of the population mostly among eccentric gentry and their tenants and extended families . 19th century ( edit ) By the Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800 , the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into `` one Protestant Episcopal church , to be called , the United Church of England and Ireland '' . Although this union was declared `` an essential and fundamental Part of the Union '' , the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of the church again and disestablished it , the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871 . Overseas developments ( edit ) Captain John Smith 's 1624 map of Bermuda , showing St Peter 's at centre , left Main article : Anglican Communion Further information : Historical development of Church of England dioceses § Colonial dioceses As the British Empire expanded , British colonists and colonial administrators took the established church doctrines and practices together with ordained ministry and formed overseas branches of the Church of England . As they developed or , beginning with the United States of America , became sovereign or independent states , many of their churches became separate organisationally but remained linked to the Church of England through the Anglican Communion . In Bermuda , the oldest remaining English colony ( now designated a British Overseas Territory ) , the first Church of England services were performed by the Reverend Richard Buck , one of the survivors of the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture which initiated Bermuda 's permanent settlement . The nine parishes of the Church of England in Bermuda , each with its own church and glebe land , rarely had more than a pair of ordained ministers to share between them until the Nineteenth Century . From 1825 to 1839 , Bermuda 's parishes were attached to the See of Nova Scotia . Bermuda was then grouped into the new Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda from 1839 . In 1879 , the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed . At the same time , a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland , but both continued to be grouped under the Bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919 , when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own Bishop . The Church of England in Bermuda was renamed in 1978 as the Anglican Church of Bermuda , which is an extra-provincial diocese , with both metropolitan and primatial authority coming directly from the Archbishop of Canterbury . Among its parish churches is St Peter 's Church in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of St George 's Town , which is both the oldest Anglican and the oldest non-Roman Catholic church in the New World . 21st century ( edit ) Deposition from Holy orders overturned ( edit ) Under the guidance of Rowan Williams and with significant pressure from clergy union representatives , the ecclesiastical penalty for convicted felons to be defrocked was set aside from the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003 . The clergy union argued that the penalty was unfair to victims of hypothetical miscarriages of criminal justice , because the ecclesiastical penalty is considered irreversible . Although clerics can still be banned for life from ministry , they remain ordained as priests . Dwindling congregations ( edit ) One of the now `` redundant '' buildings , Holy Trinity Church , Wensley , in North Yorkshire ; much of the current structure was built in the 14th and 15th Centuries The archbishops of Canterbury and York warned in January 2015 that the Church of England will no longer be able to carry on in its current form unless the downward spiral in membership is somehow reversed as typical Sunday attendances had halved to 800,000 in the previous 40 years : The urgency of the challenge facing us is not in doubt . Attendance at Church of England services has declined at an average of one per cent per annum over recent decades and , in addition , the age profile of our membership has become significantly older than that of the population ... Renewing and reforming aspects of our institutional life is a necessary but far from sufficient response to the challenges facing the Church of England ... The age profile of our clergy has also been increasing . Around 40 per cent of parish clergy are due to retire over the next decade or so . However , Sarah Mullally , the fourth woman chosen to become a bishop in the Church of England , insisted in June 2015 that declining numbers at services should not necessarily be a cause of despair for churches because people will still `` encounter God '' without ever taking their place in a pew , saying that people might hear the Christian message through social media sites such as Facebook or in a café run as a community project . Additionally , the church 's own statistics reveal that 9.7 million people visit an Anglican church every year and 1 million students are educated at Anglican schools ( which number 4,700 ) . Approximately 30 Church of England parish churches are declared `` closed for regular public worship '' ( previously termed `` redundant '' ) each year . Between 1969 and 2010 , a full 1795 closures were achieved , equalling roughly 11 % of the stock , with just over a third being Listed buildings , either Grade I or II . Of these , closures , only 514 were made since 1990 . Some active use is made of about half of the closed churches . Low salaries ( edit ) In 2015 the Church of England admitted that it was embarrassed to be paying staff under the living wage . The Church of England had previously campaigned for all employers to pay this minimum amount . The archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged it was not the only area where the church `` fell short of its standards '' . Doctrine and practice ( edit ) See also : Anglicanism and Anglican doctrine Richard Hooker ( 1554 -- 1600 ) , one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self - identity The canon law of the Church of England identifies the Christian scriptures as the source of its doctrine . In addition , doctrine is also derived from the teachings of the Church Fathers and ecumenical councils ( as well as the ecumenical creeds ) in so far as these agree with scripture . This doctrine is expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion , the Book of Common Prayer , and the Ordinal containing the rites for the ordination of deacons , priests , and the consecration of bishops . Unlike other traditions , the Church of England has no single theologian that it can look to as a founder . However , Richard Hooker 's appeal to scripture , church tradition , and reason as sources of authority continue to inform Anglican identity . Canterbury Cathedral houses the cathedra or episcopal chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury and is the cathedral of the Diocese of Canterbury and the mother church of the Church of England as well as a focus for the Anglican Communion The Church of England 's doctrinal character today is largely the result of the Elizabethan Settlement , which sought to establish a comprehensive middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism . The Church of England affirms the Protestant Reformation principle that scripture contains all things necessary to salvation and is the final arbiter in doctrinal matters . The Thirty - nine Articles are the church 's only official confessional statement . Though not a complete system of doctrine , the articles highlight areas of agreement with Lutheran and Reformed positions , while differentiating Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism . While embracing some themes of the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England also maintains Catholic traditions of the ancient church and teachings of the Church Fathers , unless these are considered contrary to scripture . It accepts the decisions of the first four ecumenical councils concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation . The Church of England also preserves Catholic Order by adhering to episcopal polity , with ordained orders of bishops , priests and deacons . There are differences of opinion within the Church of England over the necessity of episcopacy . Some consider it essential , while others feel it is needed for the proper ordering of the church . In sum these express the ' Via Media ' viewpoint that the first five centuries of doctrinal development and church order as approved as acceptable be a kind of yardstick by which to gauge authentic catholicity , as minimum and sufficient ; Anglicanism did not emerge as the result of charismatic leaders with particular doctrines . It is light on details compared to Roman Catholic , Reformed and Lutheran teachings . The Bible , the Creeds , Apostolic Order , and the administration of the Sacraments are sufficient to establish Catholicity . Indeed , not one major doctrinal development emerged from the English reformation , Diarmid MacCulloch , The Later Reformation in England , 1990 , p. 55 . The Reformation in England was initially much concerned about doctrine but the Elizabethan Settlement tried to put a stop to doctrinal contentions . The proponents of further changes , nonetheless , tried to get their way by making changes in Church Order ( abolition of bishops ) , governance ( Canon Law ) and liturgy ( ' too Catholic ' ) . They did not succeed because the Monarchy , the Church and resisted and the majority of the population were indifferent . Moreover , `` despite all the assumptions of the Reformation founders of that Church , it had retained a catholic character . '' The Elizabethan Settlement had created a cuckoo in a nest ... '' a Protestant theology and program within a largely pre-Reformation Catholic structure whose continuing life would arouse a theological interest in the Catholicism that had created it ; and would result in the rejection of predestinarian theology in favor of sacraments , especially the eucharist , ceremonial , and anti-Calvinist doctrine '' ( ibid pp. 78 -- 86 ) . The existence of cathedrals `` without substantial alteration '' and `` where the `` old devotional world cast its longest shadow for the future of the ethos that would become Anglicanism , '' p. 79 . This is `` One of the great mysteries of the English Reformation , '' ibid that there was no complete break with the past but a muddle that was per force turned into a virtue . The story of the English Reformation is the tale of retreat from the Protestant advance of 1550 which could not proceed further in the face of the opposition of the institution which was rooted in the medieval past , ibid . p. 142 and the adamant opposition of Queen Elizabeth I . The Church of England has , as one of its distinguishing marks , a breadth and `` open - mindedness '' . This tolerance has allowed Anglicans who emphasise the Catholic tradition and others who emphasise the Reformed tradition to coexist . The three `` parties '' ( see Churchmanship ) in the Church of England are sometimes called high church ( or Anglo - Catholic ) , low church ( or evangelical Anglican ) and broad church ( or liberal ) . The high church party places importance on the Church of England 's continuity with the pre-Reformation Catholic Church , adherence to ancient liturgical usages and the sacerdotal nature of the priesthood . As their name suggests , Anglo - Catholics maintain many traditional Catholic practices and liturgical forms . The low church party is more Protestant in both ceremony and theology . Historically , broad church has been used to describe those of middle - of - the - road ceremonial preferences who lean theologically towards liberal Protestantism . The balance between these strands of churchmanship is not static : in 2013 , 40 % of Church of England worshippers attended evangelical churches ( compared with 26 % in 1989 ) , and 83 % of very large congregations were evangelical . Such churches were also reported to attract higher numbers of men and young adults than others . Worship and liturgy ( edit ) The Church of England 's official book of liturgy as established in English Law is the Book of Common Prayer . In addition to this book the General Synod has also legislated for a modern liturgical book , Common Worship , dating from 2000 , which can be used as an alternative to the BCP . Like its predecessor , the 1980 Alternative Service Book , it differs from the Book of Common Prayer in providing a range of alternative services , mostly in modern language , although it does include some BCP - based forms as well , for example Order Two for Holy Communion . ( This is a revision of the BCP service , altering some words and allowing the insertion of some other liturgical texts such as the Agnus Dei before communion . ) The Order One rite follows the pattern of more modern liturgical scholarship . The liturgies are organised according to the traditional liturgical year and the calendar of saints . The sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist are generally thought necessary to salvation . Infant baptism is practised . At a later age , individuals baptised as infants receive confirmation by a bishop , at which time they reaffirm the baptismal promises made by their parents or sponsors . The Eucharist , consecrated by a thanksgiving prayer including Christ 's Words of Institution , is believed to be `` a memorial of Christ 's once - for - all redemptive acts in which Christ is objectively present and effectually received in faith '' . The use of hymns and music in the Church of England has changed dramatically over the centuries . Traditional Choral evensong is a staple of most cathedrals . The style of psalm chanting harks back to the Church of England 's pre-reformation roots . During the 18th century , clergy such as Charles Wesley introduced their own styles of worship with poetic hymns . In the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the Charismatic Movement significantly altered the worship traditions of numerous Church of England parishes , primarily affecting those of evangelical persuasion . These churches now adopt a contemporary worship form of service , with minimal liturgical or ritual elements , and incorporating contemporary worship music . Women 's ministry ( edit ) Women were appointed as deaconesses from 1861 but they could not function fully as deacons and were not considered ordained clergy . Women have been lay readers for a long time . During the First World War , some women were appointed as lay readers , known as `` bishop 's messengers '' , who also led missions and ran churches in the absence of men . After that no more lay readers were appointed until 1969 . Legislation authorising the ordination of women as deacons was passed in 1986 and they were first ordained in 1987 . The ordination of women as priests was passed by the General Synod in 1992 and began in 1994 . In 2010 , for the first time in the history of the Church of England , more women than men were ordained as priests ( 290 women and 273 men ) . In July 2005 , the synod voted to `` set in train '' the process of allowing the consecration of women as bishops . In February 2006 , the synod voted overwhelmingly for the `` further exploration '' of possible arrangements for parishes that did not want to be directly under the authority of a bishop who is a woman . On 7 July 2008 , the synod voted to approve the ordination of women as bishops and rejected moves for alternative episcopal oversight for those who do not accept the ministry of bishops who are women . Actual ordinations of women to the episcopate required further legislation , which was narrowly rejected in a vote at General Synod in November 2012 . On 20 November 2013 , the General Synod voted overwhelmingly in support of a plan to allow the ordination of women as bishops , with 378 in favour , 8 against and 25 abstentions . On 14 July 2014 , the General Synod approved the ordination of women as bishops . The House of Bishops recorded 37 votes in favour , two against with one abstention . The House of Clergy had 162 in favour , 25 against and four abstentions . The House of Laity voted 152 for , 45 against with five abstentions . This legislation had to be approved by the Ecclesiastical Committee of the Parliament before it could be finally implemented at the November 2014 synod . In December 2014 , Libby Lane was announced as the first woman to become a bishop in the Church of England . She was consecrated as a bishop in January 2015 . In July 2015 , Rachel Treweek was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in the Church of England when she became the Bishop of Gloucester . She and Sarah Mullally , Bishop of Crediton , were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral . Treweek later made headlines by calling for gender - inclusive language , saying that `` God is not to be seen as male . God is God . '' In May 2018 , the Diocese of London consecrated Dame Sarah Mullally as the first woman to serve as the Bishop of London . Bishop Sarah Mullally occupies the third most senior position in the Anglican church . Mullally has described herself as a feminist and will ordain both men and women to the priesthood . She is also considered by some to be a theological liberal . On women 's reproductive rights , Mullally describes herself as pro-choice while also being personally pro-life . On marriage , she supports the current stance of the Church of England that marriage is between a man and a woman , but also said that `` It is a time for us to reflect on our tradition and scripture , and together say how we can offer a response that is about it being inclusive love . '' After the consecration of the first women as bishops , Women and the Church ( WATCH ) , a group supporting the ministries of women in the Church of England , called for language referring to God as `` Mother '' . This call for more gender inclusive language has receive the outspoken support of the Rt Rev Alan Wilson , the Bishop of Buckingham . In 2015 , the Rev Jody Stowell , from WATCH , expressed her support for female images saying `` we 're not restricted to understanding God with one gender . I would encourage people to explore those kinds of images . They 're wholly Biblical . '' Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy ( edit ) See also : Same - sex marriage in the United Kingdom , LGBT rights in the United Kingdom , and Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion The Church of England has been discussing same - sex marriages and LGBT clergy . `` The Church of England does not allow gay weddings , but its priests are allowed to be in a civil partnership . '' The church holds that marriage is a union of one man with one woman . However , the church teaches `` Same - sex relationships often embody genuine mutuality and fidelity . '' The church also officially supports civil partnerships ; `` We believe that Civil Partnerships still have a place , including for some Christian LGBTI couples who see them as a way of gaining legal recognition of their relationship . '' The `` Church of England does not conduct Civil Partnership Ceremonies or Same Sex Marriages but individual churches can conduct a service of thanksgiving after a ceremony . '' The church says `` clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same - sex relationships ; '' As such , many Anglican churches , with clergy open to it , `` already bless same - sex couples on an unofficial basis . '' Civil Partnerships for clergy have been allowed since 2005 . The church extends pensions to clergy in civil unions . In a missive to clergy , the church communicated that `` there was a need for committed same - sex couples to be given recognition and ' compassionate attention ' from the Church , including special prayers . '' `` There is no prohibition on prayers ' being said in church or there being a ' service ' '' after a civil union . After same - sex marriage was legalised , the church asked for the government to continue to offer civil unions saying `` The Church of England recognises that same - sex relationships often embody fidelity and mutuality . Civil partnerships enable these Christian virtues to be recognised socially and legally in a proper framework . '' In 2014 , the Bishops released guidelines that permit `` more informal kind of prayer '' for couples . In the guidelines , `` gay couples who get married will be able to ask for special prayers in the Church of England after their wedding , the bishops have agreed . '' In 2016 , The Bishop of Grantham , the Rt Rev Nicholas Chamberlain , announced he is gay , in a same - sex relationship and celibate ; becoming the first bishop to do so in the church . The church had decided in 2013 that gay clergy in civil partnerships could become bishops . `` The House ( of Bishops ) has confirmed that clergy in civil partnerships , and living in accordance with the teaching of the church on human sexuality , can be considered as candidates for the episcopate . '' In 2017 , the House of Clergy voted against the motion to ' take note ' of the Bishops ' report defining marriage as between a man and a woman . Due to passage in all three houses being required , the motion was rejected . After General Synod rejected the motion , the Archbishops of Canterbury and York called for `` radical new Christian inclusion '' that is `` based on good , healthy , flourishing relationships , and in a proper 21st century understanding of being human and of being sexual . '' The church officially opposes ' conversion ' therapy , a practice which attempts to change a gay or lesbian person 's sexual orientation , calling it unethical and supports the banning of ' conversion ' therapy in the UK . The Diocese of Hereford approved a motion calling for the church `` to create a set of formal services and prayers to bless those who have had a same - sex marriage or civil partnership . '' Regarding transgender issues , the 2017 General Synod voted in favour of a motion saying that transgender people should be `` welcomed and affirmed in their parish church ... '' The motion also asked the Bishops `` to look into special services for transgender people . '' The House of Bishops declined to create a new liturgy , but advised that clergy adapt the service for an affirmation of baptism to mark a gender transition . `` The House notes that the Affirmation of Baptismal Faith , found in Common Worship , is an ideal liturgical rite which trans people can use to mark this moment of personal renewal . '' Transgender people may marry in the Church of England after legally making a transition . `` Since the Gender Recognition Act ( 2004 ) , trans people legally confirmed in their gender identity under its provisions are able to marry someone of the opposite sex in their parish church . '' Since 2000 , the church has allowed priests to undergo gender transition and remain in office . The church has ordained openly transgender clergy since 2005 . Liberal theology ( edit ) See also : Liberal Christianity Just as the Church of England has a large conservative or `` traditionalist '' wing , it also has many liberal members and clergy . Approximately one third of clergy `` doubt or disbelieve in the physical resurrection '' . Others , such as the Revd Giles Fraser , a contributor to The Guardian , have argued for an allegorical interpretation of the virgin birth of Jesus . The Independent reported in 2014 that , according to a YouGov survey of Church of England clergy , `` as many as 16 per cent are unclear about God and two per cent think it is no more than a human construct . '' Moreover , many congregations are seeker - friendly environments . For example , one report from the Church Mission Society suggested that the church open up `` a pagan church where Christianity ( is ) very much in the centre '' to reach out to spiritual people . Bioethics issues ( edit ) The Church of England is generally opposed to abortion but recognises that `` there can be - strictly limited - conditions under which it may be morally preferable to any available alternative '' . The church also opposes euthanasia . Its official stance is that `` While acknowledging the complexity of the issues involved in assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia , the Church of England is opposed to any change in the law or in medical practice that would make assisted dying / suicide or voluntary euthanasia permissible in law or acceptable in practice . '' It also states that `` Equally , the Church shares the desire to alleviate physical and psychological suffering , but believes that assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia are not acceptable means of achieving these laudable goals . '' However , George Carey , a former Archbishop of Canterbury , announced that he had changed his stance on euthanasia in 2014 and now advocated legalising `` assisted dying '' . On embryonic stem - cell research , the church has announced `` cautious acceptance to the proposal to produce cytoplasmic hybrid embryos for research '' . Poverty ( edit ) Church Urban Fund ( edit ) Main article : Church Urban Fund The Church of England set up the Church Urban Fund in the 1980s to tackle poverty and deprivation . They see poverty as trapping individuals and communities with some people in urgent need . This leads to dependency , homelessness , hunger , isolation , low income , mental health problems , social exclusion and violence . They feel that poverty reduces confidence and life expectancy and that people born in poor conditions have difficulty escaping their disadvantaged circumstances . Child poverty ( edit ) In parts of Liverpool , Manchester and Newcastle two - thirds of babies are born to poverty and have poorer life chances , also life expectancy 15 years lower than babies born in most fortunate communities . South Shore , Blackpool , has lowest life expectancy at 66 years for men . The deep - rooted unfairness in our society is highlighted by these stark statistics . Children being born in this country , just a few miles apart , could n't witness a more wildly differing start to life . In child poverty terms , we live in one of the most unequal countries in the western world . We want people to understand where their own community sits alongside neighbouring communities . The disparity is often shocking but it 's crucial that , through greater awareness , people from all backgrounds come together to think about what could be done to support those born into poverty . ( Paul Hackwood , the Chair of Trustees at Church Urban Fund ) Action on hunger ( edit ) Many prominent people in the Church of England have spoken out against poverty and welfare cuts in the United Kingdom . Twenty - seven bishops are among 43 Christian leaders who signed a letter which urged David Cameron to make sure people have enough to eat . We often hear talk of hard choices . Surely few can be harder than that faced by the tens of thousands of older people who must ' heat or eat ' each winter , harder than those faced by families whose wages have stayed flat while food prices have gone up 30 % in just five years . Yet beyond even this we must , as a society , face up to the fact that over half of people using food banks have been put in that situation by cutbacks to and failures in the benefit system , whether it be payment delays or punitive sanctions . Benefit cuts , failures and `` punitive sanctions '' force thousands of UK citizens to use food banks . The campaign to end hunger considers this `` truly shocking '' and called for a national day of fasting on 4 April 2014 . Membership ( edit ) Official figures from 2005 showed there were 25 million baptised Anglicans in England and Wales . Due to its status as the established church , in general , anyone may be married , have their children baptised or their funeral in their local parish church , regardless of whether they are baptised or regular churchgoers . Between 1890 and 2001 , churchgoing in the United Kingdom declined steadily . In the years 1968 to 1999 , Anglican Sunday church attendances almost halved , from 3.5 per cent of the population to 1.9 per cent . By the year 2014 , Sunday church attendances had declined further to 1.4 per cent of the population . One study published in 2008 suggested that if current trends were to continue , Sunday attendances could fall to 350,000 in 2030 and just 87,800 in 2050 . In 2011 , the Church of England published statistics showing 1.7 million people attending at least one of its services each month , a level maintained since the turn of the millennium ; approximately one million participating each Sunday and three million taking part in a Church of England service on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve . The church also claimed that 30 % attend Sunday worship at least once a year ; more than 40 % attend a wedding in their local church and still more attend a funeral there . Nationally the Church of England baptises one child in ten ( 2011 ) . In 2015 , the church 's statistics showed that 2.6 million people attended a special Advent service , 2.4 million attended a Christmas service , 1.3 million attended an Easter service , and 980,000 attended service during an average week . In 2016 , 2.6 million people attended a Christmas service , 1.2 million attended an Easter service , 1.1 million people attended a service in the Church of England each month , an average of 930,000 people attended a weekly service , an additional 180,000 attended a service for school each week , and an average of 740,000 people attended Sunday service . The Church of England has 18,000 active ordained clergy and 10,000 licensed lay ministers . In 2009 , 491 people were recommended for ordination training , maintaining the level at the turn of the millennium , and 564 new clergy ( 266 women and 298 men ) were ordained . More than half of those ordained ( 193 men and 116 women ) were appointed to full - time paid ministry . In 2011 , 504 new clergy were ordained , including 264 to paid ministry , and 349 lay readers were admitted to ministry ; and the mode age - range of those recommended for ordination training had remained 40 -- 49 since 1999 . Structure ( edit ) See also : Anglican ministry and List of Church of England dioceses Dioceses of the Church of England Province of Canterbury Province of York Article XIX ( ' Of the Church ' ) of the 39 Articles defines the church as follows : The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men , in which the pure Word of God is preached , and the sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ 's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same . The British monarch has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The canon law of the Church of England states , `` We acknowledge that the Queen 's most excellent Majesty , acting according to the laws of the realm , is the highest power under God in this kingdom , and has supreme authority over all persons in all causes , as well ecclesiastical as civil . '' In practice this power is often exercised through Parliament and the Prime Minister . The Church of Ireland and the Church in Wales separated from the Church of England in 1869 and 1920 respectively and are autonomous churches in the Anglican Communion ; Scotland 's national church , the Church of Scotland , is Presbyterian but the Scottish Episcopal Church is in the Anglican Communion . In addition to England , the jurisdiction of the Church of England extends to the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands and a few parishes in Flintshire , Monmouthshire , Powys and Radnorshire in Wales which voted to remain with the Church of England rather than joining the Church in Wales . Expatriate congregations on the continent of Europe have become the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe . The church is structured as follows ( from the lowest level upwards ) : The parish church of St Lawrence in Toot Baldon is typical of many small English village churches Parish is the most local level , often consisting of one church building and community , although many parishes are joining forces in a variety of ways for financial reasons . The parish is looked after by a parish priest who for historical or legal reasons may be called by one of the following offices : vicar , rector , priest in charge , team rector , team vicar . The first , second , and fourth of these may also be known as the ' incumbent ' . The running of the parish is the joint responsibility of the incumbent and the Parochial Church Council ( PCC ) , which consists of the parish clergy and elected representatives from the congregation . The Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe is not formally divided into parishes . There are a number of local churches that do not have a parish . In urban areas there are a number of proprietary chapels ( mostly built in the 19th century to cope with urbanisation and growth in population ) . Also in more recent years there are increasingly church plants and fresh expressions of church , whereby new congregations are planted in locations such as schools or pubs to spread the Gospel of Christ in non-traditional ways . Map showing the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe with the archdeaconries colour - coded Deanery , e.g. , Lewisham or Runnymede . This is the area for which a Rural Dean ( or area dean ) is responsible . It consists of a number of parishes in a particular district . The rural dean is usually the incumbent of one of the constituent parishes . The parishes each elect lay ( non-ordained ) representatives to the deanery synod . Deanery synod members each have a vote in the election of representatives to the diocesan synod . Archdeaconry , e.g. , the seven in the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe . This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archdeacon . It consists of a number of deaneries . Diocese , e.g. , Diocese of Durham , Diocese of Guildford , Diocese of St Albans . This is the area under the jurisdiction of a diocesan bishop , e.g. , the Bishops of Durham , Guildford and St Albans , and will have a cathedral . There may be one or more assisting bishops , usually called suffragan bishops , within the diocese who assist the diocesan bishop in his ministry , e.g. , in Guildford diocese , the Bishop of Dorking . In some very large dioceses a legal measure has been enacted to create `` episcopal areas '' , where the diocesan bishop runs one such area himself and appoints `` area bishops '' to run the other areas as mini-dioceses , legally delegating many of his powers to the area bishops . Dioceses with episcopal areas include London , Chelmsford , Oxford , Chichester , Southwark , and Lichfield . The bishops work with an elected body of lay and ordained representatives , known as the Diocesan Synod , to run the diocese . A diocese is subdivided into a number of archdeaconries . Province , i.e. , Canterbury or York . This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archbishop , i.e. the Archbishops of Canterbury and York . Decision - making within the province is the responsibility of the General Synod ( see also above ) . A province is subdivided into dioceses . Primacy , i.e. , Church of England . In addition to his specific authority in his own province , each archbishop is `` Primate of All England '' ( Canterbury ) or `` Primate of England '' ( York ) and has powers that extend over the whole country -- for example his licence to marry without the banns ( marriage licence ) . Royal Peculiar , a small number of churches more closely associated with the Crown , and a very few with the law and are outside the usual church hierarchy though conforming to the rite . These are outside episcopal jurisdiction . All rectors and vicars are appointed by patrons , who may be private individuals , corporate bodies such as cathedrals , colleges or trusts , or by the bishop or directly by the Crown . No clergy can be instituted and inducted into a parish without swearing the Oath of Allegiance to Her Majesty , and taking the Oath of Canonical Obedience `` in all things lawful and honest '' to the bishop . Usually they are instituted to the benefice by the bishop and then inducted by the archdeacon into the possession of the benefice property -- church and parsonage . Curates ( assistant clergy ) are appointed by rectors and vicars , or if priests - in - charge by the bishop after consultation with the patron . Cathedral clergy ( normally a dean and a varying number of residentiary canons who constitute the cathedral chapter ) are appointed either by the Crown , the bishop , or by the dean and chapter themselves . Clergy officiate in a diocese either because they hold office as beneficed clergy or are licensed by the bishop when appointed , or simply with permission . Primates ( edit ) Justin Welby , Archbishop of Canterbury The most senior bishop of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury , who is the metropolitan of the southern province of England , the Province of Canterbury . He has the status of Primate of All England . He is the focus of unity for the worldwide Anglican Communion of independent national or regional churches . Justin Welby has been Archbishop of Canterbury since the confirmation of his election on 4 February 2013 . The second most senior bishop is the Archbishop of York , who is the metropolitan of the northern province of England , the Province of York . For historical reasons ( relating to the time of York 's control by the Danes ) he is referred to as the Primate of England . John Sentamu became Archbishop of York in 2005 . The Bishop of London , the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester are ranked in the next three positions . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The process of appointing diocesan bishops is complex , due to historical reasons balancing hierarchy against democracy , and is handled by the Crown Nominations Committee which submits names to the Prime Minister ( acting on behalf of the Crown ) for consideration . Representative bodies ( edit ) Main article : General Synod of the Church of England The Church of England has a legislative body , the General Synod . Synod can create two types of legislation , measures and canons . Measures have to be approved but can not be amended by the British Parliament before receiving the Royal Assent and becoming part of the law of England . Although it is the established church in England only , its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament including the non-English members . Canons require Royal Licence and Royal Assent , but form the law of the church , rather than the law of the land . Another assembly is the Convocation of the English Clergy , which is older than the General Synod and its predecessor the Church Assembly . By the 1969 Synodical Government Measure almost all of the Convocations ' functions were transferred to the General Synod . Additionally , there are Diocesan Synods and deanery synods , which are the governing bodies of the divisions of the Church . House of Lords ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual Of the 42 diocesan archbishops and bishops in the Church of England , 26 are permitted to sit in the House of Lords . The Archbishops of Canterbury and York automatically have seats , as do the Bishops of London , Durham and Winchester . The remaining 21 seats are filled in order of seniority by consecration . It may take a diocesan bishop a number of years to reach the House of Lords , at which point he becomes a Lord Spiritual . The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords as their dioceses lie outside the United Kingdom . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although they are not part of England or the United Kingdom , the Church of England is also the Established Church in the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man , the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey . The Isle of Man has its own diocese of Sodor and Man , and the Bishop of Sodor and Man is an ex officio member of the Legislative Council of the Tynwald on the island . The Channel Islands are part of the Diocese of Winchester , and in Jersey the Dean of Jersey is a non-voting member of the States of Jersey . In Guernsey the Church of England is the Established Church , although the Dean of Guernsey is not a member of the States of Guernsey . Sex abuse ( edit ) See also : Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases The Archbishop of Canterbury , Justin Welby , has made some effort to prevent complaints of sex abuse cases being covered up . Independent investigators are examining files as far back as the 1950s and Welby hopes this independence will prevent any possibility of a cover - up . We will systematically bring those transparently and openly first of all working with the survivors where they are still alive and then seeing what they want . The rule is survivors come first , not our own interests , and however important the person was , however distinguished , however well - known , survivors come first . ( Justin Welby ) The personal files of all Anglican clergy since the 1950s are being audited in an effort to ensure no cover - up . Welby emphasised repeatedly that no cover - up would be acceptable . Despite such assurances there is concern that not enough may be done and historic abuse may still sometimes be covered up . Keith Porteous Wood of the National Secular Society stated : The problem was n't that bishops were n't trained in such matters , it is the institutional culture of denial and the bullying of the abused and whistleblowers into silence . One report suggests that 13 bishops ignored letters written in the 1990s warning of abuse by Ball on behalf of a victim who later committed suicide . I have seen evidence that such bullying persists to this day . I hope that the Archbishop 's review into the case of Peter Ball will deal with such bullying and what appears to be the undue influence exerted on the police and CPS by the Church in dealing with this case . The total failure of procedures , outlined by Ian Elliott , echoes that revealed in the totally damning Cahill Report about the conduct of the Archbishop Hope of York in respect of Robert Waddington . The current Archbishop of York has decided that this report should remain in printed form rather than be more widely available on the web . Bishop Peter Ball was convicted in October 2015 on several charges of indecent assault against young adult men . There are allegations of large - scale earlier cover - ups involving many British establishment figures which prevented Ball 's earlier prosecution . There have also been allegations of child sex abuse , for example Robert Waddington . A complainant , known only as `` Joe '' , tried for decades to have action taken over sadistic sex abuse which Garth Moore perpetrated against him in 1976 when `` Joe '' was 15 years old . None of the high ranking clergy who `` Joe '' spoke to recall being told about the abuse , which `` Joe '' considers incredible . A representative of the solicitors firm representing `` Joe '' said : The Church of England wants to bury and discourage allegations of non-recent abuse . They know how difficult it is for survivors to come forward , and it appears from this case that the Church has a plan of making it hard for these vulnerable people to come forward . This survivor has had the courage to press his case . Most do not . Most harbour the psychological fallout in silence . We need to find a way to make the system more approachable for survivors . Financial situation ( edit ) Main article : Properties and finances of the Church of England Although an established church , the Church of England does not receive any direct government support . Donations comprise its largest source of income , and it also relies heavily on the income from its various historic endowments . In 2005 , the Church of England had estimated total outgoings of around £ 900 million . The Church of England manages an investment portfolio which is worth more than £ 8 billion . Online Church directory ( edit ) The Church of England supports A Church Near You , an online directory of churches . A user - edited resource , it currently lists 16,400 churches and has 7,000 editors in 42 dioceses . The directory enables parishes to maintain accurate location , contact and event information which is shared with other websites and mobile apps . In 2012 , the directory formed the data backbone of Christmas Near You and in 2014 was used to promote the church 's Harvest Near You initiative . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal England portal List of the largest Protestant bodies Appointment of Church of England bishops Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England Church of England Newspaper Church of England parish church Mothers ' Union Historical development of Church of England dioceses List of bishops in the Church of England List of archdeacons in the Church of England Ritualism in the Church of England List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Church of England '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exactly how big is the Anglican Communion ? '' . 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Eberle , Edward J. ( 2011 ) . Church and State in Western Society . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0792 - 8 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . The Church of England later became the official state Protestant church , with the monarch supervising church functions . Jump up ^ Fox , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . A World Survey of Religion and the State . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88131 - 9 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . The Church of England ( Anglican ) and the Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) are the official religions of the UK . Jump up ^ Ferrante , Joan ( 2010 ) . Sociology : A Global Perspective . Cengage Learning . p. 408 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8400 - 3204 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . the Church of England ( Anglican ) , which remains the official state church ^ Jump up to : `` An Ancient Church - Detailed History '' . Church of England . 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John E. Booty , Stephen Sykes , Jonathan Knight ( 1998 ) . Study of Anglicanism . London : Fortress Books . p. 477 . ISBN 0 - 281 - 05175 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Delaney , John P. ( 1980 ) . Dictionary of Saints ( Second ed . ) . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 13594 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree . Bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Section A : The Church of England '' , Canons of the Church of England ( 7 ed . ) , Church of England , retrieved 1 February 2018 Jump up ^ Brown , Andrew ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Liberalism increases as power shifts to the laity in the Church of England '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahner , Karl ( 1975 ) . Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi . Freiburg : Herder . pp. 301 -- 302 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 006 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paula K. Byers ; 1998 , Encyclopedia of World Biography , Page 189 -- Pelagius , ISBN 0 - 7876 - 2553 - 1 Jump up ^ Marcus Holden and Andrew Pinsent , The Catholic Gift to Civilisation ( London : CTS ) , p. 13ff Jump up ^ D. Attwater , `` Ethelbert of Kent '' in The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books ) , p. 118 Jump up ^ King Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) . HistoryMole ( 18 September 2010 ) . Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard , `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries , '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen Jump up ^ The Laws of England , p. 104 Jump up ^ Article Fifth of `` An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland '' 1800 . rahbarnes.co.uk Union pages Jump up ^ Office , Anglican Communion . `` Member Churches '' . Jump up ^ telegraph.co.uk : `` Church of England could return to defrocking rogue priests after child abuse scandals '' , 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Church of England can not carry on as it is unless decline ' urgently ' reversed -- Welby and Sentamu '' , The Daily Telegraph , 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empty pews not the end of the world , says Church of England 's newest bishop '' , The Daily Telegraph , 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Stats of The Church of England '' . churchofengland.org . Church of England . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Closed Churches Division Jump up ^ http://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/hrba/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/churches-and-closure-in-cofe-mar-2010.pdf , p = 2 Jump up ^ `` Church of England : Justin Welby says low pay ' embarrassing ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Canon A5 . Canons of the Church of England . ^ Jump up to : Massey H. Shepherd , Jr. and Dale B. Martin , `` Anglicanism '' in Encyclopedia of Religion , vol. 1 , 2nd . ed. , edited by Lindsay Jones ( Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2005 ) , pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ `` High Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 6 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , pp. 823 -- 824 . Jump up ^ `` Low Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 8 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , p. 836 . Jump up ^ E. McDermott , `` Broad Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 2 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , pp. 624 -- 625 . Jump up ^ ' New Directions ' , May 2013 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jr. and Martin , `` Anglicanism '' , p. 350 . Jump up ^ `` More new women priests than men for first time '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Church votes overwhelmingly for compromise on women bishops -- news from . Ekklesia . Jump up ^ `` Church will ordain women bishops '' . BBC News . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Pigott , Robert . ( 14 February 2009 ) Synod struggles on women bishops . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Church of England general synod votes against women bishops '' , BBC News , 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England Synod votes overwhelmingly in support of women bishops '' . The Descrier. 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE : Vote backs women bishops '' . BBC . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ITN News . `` The Church of England names its first female bishop -- Video Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ `` After turmoil , Church of England consecrates first woman bishop '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated . Anglicannews.org . Retrieved on 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ; correspondent , religion ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` ' God is not a he or a she ' , says first female bishop to sit in House of Lords '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First woman Bishop of London installed '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First female Bishop of London installed '' . BBC News . 12 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Social Affairs Editor , Nicholas Hellen ( 13 May 2018 ) . `` New woman bishop goes to war for female vicars '' . The Sunday Times . ISSN 0956 - 1382 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Choice '' . Contemplation in the shadow of a carpark. 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Chief Nursing Officer to be first woman Bishop of London '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calls to refer to God as a woman as female bishops take up posts '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jesa Christa ' : God is female too , say Church of England campaigners Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ reporter , Amelia Butterly Newsbeat . `` God is neither ' she ' nor ' he ' say Anglican priests '' . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Church of England proposes celebrating gay marriage '' . U.K . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.churchofengland.org/media/1657614/ssmarriagebillbriefing.pdf Jump up ^ Bingham , John . `` telegraph.co.uk '' . Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying . Telegraph . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Premier ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Keep civil partnerships , Church of England urges Government - Premier '' . Premier . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` cc - shooters - hill '' . cc - shooters - hill . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : Secretary General responds to GAFCON UK '' . Church of England News . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christian attitudes to same - sex marriage '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bisset , By Chris Hastings , Fiona Govan and Susan . `` Vicars bless hundreds of gay couples a year '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS UK England Beds / Bucks / Herts Gay cleric 's ' wedding ' to partner '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Peter ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Church of England rules gay men in civil partnerships can become bishops '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bates , Stephen ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` Church of England General Synod extends pension rights for gay partners '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England gives blessing to recognising civil partnerships '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Civil partnerships and defining marriage '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England says civil partnerships should not be abolished following gay marriage legalisation Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : House of Bishops Pastoral Guidance on Same Sex Marriage '' . Church of England News . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying '' . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ correspondent , Harriet Sherwood Religion ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Ben Brumfield . `` Priests in same - sex relationships may become Anglican Bishops - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 2013 ) . `` Anglicans Open a Path to Bishopric for Gay Men '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church Of England 's Clergy Issue Shock Rebuke To Bishops ' View On Sexuality Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church takes step towards gay marriage after vote rejects controversial report '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishops Call For ' Radical New Christian Inclusion ' After Synod Blocks Sexuality Report Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Synod backs ban on conversion therapy The Church of England '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England ' Warmly Welcomes ' UK 's Plan to Ban Gay Conversion Therapy '' . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Religious Affairs Correspondent , Kaya Burgess ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Landmark vote piles pressure on Anglicans over same - sex marriage '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ correspondent , Harriet Sherwood Religion ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Anglican church set to offer special services for transgender people '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Fiona Parker for ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Church of England to hold special services for transgender people '' . Metro . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England votes to explore transgender services '' . BBC News . 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diocese of Blackburn seeks new liturgy for trans service '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England ceremony can be adapted to mark changes of gender '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England Advises Clergy to Use Baptism Rite to Celebrate Gender Transition '' . www.christianpost.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An update on ' Welcoming Transgender People ' '' ( PDF ) . churchofengland.org . January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Katie ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Church of England to consider re-naming services for transgender worshippers '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Beardsley , Tina ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` The church 's trans epiphany will ease the way for others like me Tina Beardsley '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News UK Sex - change vicar back in pulpit '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender priest sings for change '' . Stuff . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , By Jonathan Petre , Religion . `` One third of clergy do not believe in the Resurrection '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The story of the virgin birth runs against the grain of Christianity '' . The Guardian . 24 December 2015 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survey finds 2 per cent of Anglican priests are not believers '' . The Independent . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov / University of Lancaster and Westminster Faith Debates '' ( PDF ) . YouGov. 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England creating ' pagan church ' to recruit members '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Church of England 's position on abortion '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assisted Dying / Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia '' , Church of England official website . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Former archbishop lends his support to campaign to legalise right to die '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Church of England and human fertilisation & embryology '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ About Church Urban Fund Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Church Urban Fund finds ' poorest ' in north - west England '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Child poverty in the UK '' . Church of England News . ^ Jump up to : Church of England bishops demand action over hunger Jump up ^ `` Catholicism set to be UK 's top religion '' . Metro News . Jump up ^ See the pages linked from the Life Events page on the Church of England website Jump up ^ Peter J. Bowler , Reconciling science and religion : the debate in early - twentieth - century Britain ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) , page 194 . Jump up ^ Robin Gill , The Empty Church Revisited , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2003 ) page 161 . Jump up ^ Church of England attendance plunges to record low 12 January 2016 The Telegraph Jump up ^ Christian Research , Religious Trends ( 2008 ) , cited in Ruth Gledhill , `` Churchgoing on its knees as Christianity falls out of favour '' , The Times , 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Church of England website . Churchofengland.org . Jump up ^ 10 ways christening has changed 23 October 2013 BBC News Jump up ^ `` Church of England weekly attendance falls below one million for first time Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics for Mission 2016 '' ( PDF ) . churchofengland.org. 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Church of England Research & Statistics link page . Churchofengland.org ( 9 May 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Facts and stats . Churchofengland.org . Jump up ^ Church of England Year Book , 2012 Jump up ^ 39 Articles -- 19 -- 22 . Church Society . Jump up ^ Canon A 7 `` Of the Royal Supremacy '' Jump up ^ `` Irish Church Act 1869 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our Heritage : Facing Difficulties '' . Church in Wales website . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Revolution '' . Scottish Episcopal Church website . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ( ed . ) ( 1957 ) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ; p. 1436 Jump up ^ `` Justin Welby becomes Archbishop of Canterbury '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Church Assembly and General Synod Measures '' . Church of England website . Archbishops ' council of the Church of England . November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` General Synod '' . Church of England website . Archbishops ' council of the Church of England . Archived from the original on 12 November 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ House of Lords : alphabetical list of Members Archived 2 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gell , Sir James . `` Gell on Manx Church '' . Isle Of Man Online . IOM Online . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Guernsey Deanery . Church of England . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry into CofE cleric abuse claim set up '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` Church of England to examine 1950s records in child abuse investigation '' , The Guardian , 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Church cut contact with child abuse victim on order of insurers '' . 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Laville , Sandra ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Bishop escaped abuse charges after MPs and a royal backed him , court told '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Damning report reveals Church of England 's failure to act on abuse '' , The Guardian , 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor reaches settlement with diocese on historic abuse '' , Church Times , 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ outgoings . Cofe.anglican.org . Jump up ^ `` Citing ethics , Anglicans sell stake in News Corp '' by Eric Pfanner , The New York Times , 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Church Near You Help '' . achurchnearyou.com . A Church Near You . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Christmas Near You Announcement Archived 7 August 2014 at Archive.is Accessed : 6 August 2014 Jump up ^ Harvest Near You announcement , Accessed 6 August 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Buchanan , Colin . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) excerpt Garbett , Cyril , Abp . The Church of England Today . London : Hodder and Stoughton , 1953 . 128 p . Hardwick , Joseph . An Anglican British world : The Church of England and the expansion of the settler empire , c. 1790 -- 1860 ( Manchester UP , 2014 ) . Hodges , J.P. The Nature of the Lion : Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage . London : Faith Press , 1962 . 153 pp . Kirby , James . Historians and the Church of England : Religion and Historical Scholarship , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2016 ) online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198768159.001. 0001 Lawson , Tom . God and War : The Church of England and Armed Conflict in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Maughan Steven S. Mighty England Do Good : Culture , Faith , Empire , and World in the Foreign Missions of the Church of England , 1850 -- 1915 ( 2014 ) Picton , Hervé . A Short History of the Church of England : From the Reformation to the Present Day . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2015 . 180 p . Rowlands , John Henry Lewis . Church , State , and Society , 1827 -- 1845 : the Attitudes of John Keble , Richard Hurrell Froude , and John Henry Newman . ( 1989 ) . xi , 262 p . ISBN 1 - 85093 - 132 - 1 Tapsell , Grant . The later Stuart Church , 1660 -- 1714 ( 2012 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of England . Official website Historical resources on the Church of England Church of England history in the West Indies The History Files : Churches of the British Isles , a gallery of church photos and information . 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X ISNI : 0000 0004 1759 4124 LCCN : n79056234 SUDOC : 027257150 VIAF : 135203514 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England&oldid=855478206 '' Categories : Church of England Anglo - Catholicism Anglican Communion church bodies Anglicanism Members of the World Council of Churches Christian denominations founded in Great Britain Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2018 Use British English from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how is the head of the church of england

The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Established Church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury .

Vision of the Valley of Dry bones - Wikipedia Vision of the Valley of Dry bones Jump to : navigation , search Engraving of `` The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones '' by Gustave Doré The Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones ( or The Valley of Dry Bones or The Vision of Dry Bones ) is a prophecy in chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel . The chapter details a vision revealed to the prophet Ezekiel , conveying a dream - like realistic - naturalistic depiction . In his vision the prophet sees himself standing in the valley full of dry human bones . He is commanded to carry a prophecy . Before him the bones connect into human figures , then the bones become covered with tendon tissues , flesh and skin . Then God reveals the bones to the prophet as the People of Israel in exile and commands the Prophet to carry another prophecy in order to revitalize these human figures , to resurrect them and to bring them to the Land of Israel . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Book of Ezekiel , 37 : 1 - 14 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ezekiel 's Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones . This article related to the Bible is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vision_of_the_Valley_of_Dry_Bones&oldid=780930205 '' Categories : Prophecy Book of Ezekiel Biblical dreams and visions Bible stubs Hidden categories : Commons category without a link on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2017 , at 01 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the valley of dry bones about

In his vision the prophet sees himself standing in the valley full of dry human bones . He is commanded to carry a prophecy . Before him the bones connect into human figures , then the bones become covered with tendon tissues , flesh and skin . Then God reveals the bones to the prophet as the People of Israel in exile and commands the Prophet to carry another prophecy in order to revitalize these human figures , to resurrect them and to bring them to the Land of Israel .

Demethylation - wikipedia Demethylation Jump to : navigation , search Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH ) from a molecule . A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom , resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms . The counterpart of demethylation is methylation . Contents ( hide ) 1 In biochemistry 2 In organic chemistry 2.1 O - Demethylation 2.2 N - Demethylation 3 References 4 See also In biochemistry ( edit ) In biochemical systems , the process of demethylation is catalyzed by demethylases . These enzymes oxidize N - methyl groups , which occur in histones and some forms of DNA : R N - CH + O → R N-H + CH O One such oxidative enzyme family is the cytochrome P450 . Alpha - ketoglutarate - dependent hydroxylases are active for demethylation of DNA , operating by similar pathway . These reactions exploit the weak C-H bond adjacent to amines . In organic Chemistry ( edit ) O - demethylation ( edit ) Demethylation typically refers to cleavage of ethers , especially aryl ethers , although there are some exceptions , for instance cf . `` desipramine '' . Apparently , aryl ethers are pervasive in lignin - derived compounds . The reaction typically requires harsh conditions or harsh reagents . For example , the methyl ether in vanillin can be removed by heating near 250 ° C with strong base . Stronger nucleophiles such as diorganophosphides ( LiPPh ) also cleave aryl ethers under milder conditions . Boron tribromide is a classical reagent for the dealkylation of methyl arylethers . The mechanism of ether dealkylation proceeds via the formation of a complex between the boron center and the ether oxygen followed by the elimination of an alkyl bromide to yield a dibromo ( organo ) borane . The dibromo ( organo ) borane can then undergo hydrolysis to give the alcohol or phenol , boric acid , and hydrogen bromide as products . ROR + BBr → RO ( BBr ) R RO ( BBr ) R → ROBBr + RBr ROBBr + 3 H O → ROH + B ( OH ) + 2 HBr Methyl esters also are susceptible to demethylation , which is usually achieved by saponification . Highly specialized demethylations are abundant such as the Krapcho decarboxylation : N - Demethylation ( edit ) N - demethylation of 3 ° amines is by the von Braun reaction , which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor - derivatives . A modern variation of the Von Braun reaction was developed where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate . The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction , as well as the synthesis of GSK - 372,475 , for example . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clayden , J. ; Greeves , N. ; Warren , S. ; Wothers , P. ( 2001 ) . Organic Chemistry . Oxford , Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850346 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael B. ; March , Jerry ( 2007 ) , Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Wiley - Interscience , ISBN 0 - 471 - 72091 - 7 Jump up ^ Roland Sigel ; Sigel , Astrid ; Sigel , Helmut ( 2007 ) . The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins : Metal Ions in Life Sciences . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01672 - 8 . Jump up ^ Irwin A. Pearl ( 1949 ) . `` Protocatechulic Acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 29 : 85 . ; Collective Volume , 3 , p. 745 Jump up ^ Robert E. Ireland and David M. Walba ( 1977 ) . `` Demethylation of Methyl Aryl Ethers : 4 - Ethoxy - 3 - hydroxybenzaldehyde '' . Organic Syntheses. 56 : 44 . ; Collective Volume , 3 , p. 745 Jump up ^ J.F.W. McOmie , D.E. West ( 1969 ) . `` 3 , 3 ' - Dihydroxybiphenyl '' . Organic Syntheses. 49 : 13 . ; Collective Volume , 5 , p. 412 See also ( edit ) Methylation , the addition of a methyl group to a substrate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demethylation&oldid=824472599 '' Categories : Gene expression Organic reactions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Nederlands 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how to remove a methyl group from benzene

Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH ) from a molecule . A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom , resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms .

Nose piercing - wikipedia Nose piercing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about nose piercings of humans . For nose piercings of other animals , see Nose ring ( animal ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nose piercing Nicknames Nostril , nose ring Location Nose ( nostril , nasal septum , nose bridge ) Jewelry nose stud , nose bone , Circular barbell , curved barbell , captive bead ring Healing 3 to 6 months Nose piercing is the piercing of the skin or cartilage which forms any part of the nose , normally for the purpose of wearing jewelry , called a nose - jewel . Among the different varieties of nose piercings , the nostril piercing is the most common . Nose piercing is the second most common variety of piercing after earlobe piercing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nostril piercing 2 Septum piercing 2.1 Risks 3 Bridge piercing 4 Social acceptability of nose piercing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Nostril piercing ( edit ) Early 20th century Indian nose ring Nostril piercing is a body piercing practice for the purpose of wearing jewelry , much like nose piercing , which is most primarily and prominently associated with Indian culture and fashion since classical times , and found commonly in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Philippines and throughout South and even Southeast Asia . Nostril piercing is also part of traditional Australian Aboriginal culture . and the culture of the Ilocano , a Muslim tribe in the Philippines . With the diffusion , exposure and spread of Indian fashion and culture , nostril piercing has in recent decades become popular in the wider world , as have other forms of body piercing , after punks and subsequent youth cultures in the ' 80s and ' 90s adopted this sort of piercing . Today , nostril piercing is popular in the wider world including South America , United States of America , Canada , the Caribbean , Australia , Africa , Japan and Europe , with piercings being performed on either the left or right nostril . Historically in the Indian Subcontinent , nose piercings are done by women only . However the spread of this fashion has resulted in both men and women having nostril piercings in the wider world . Several different types of nostril rings are found . Among the most popular are the loop , the stud with an L - bar closure , the stud with a ball closure , and the stud with a flat backing . In India the outside of the left part of the body ( ? ) is the preferred position of the piercing . This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs . In India , like any other jewelry , piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati , the goddess of marriage . Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent . The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry . In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face . It is very common in Bengali women . Pashtun and Pahari women commonly have both nostrils pierced . Many South Indian Tamil also follow this old tradition . Numerous traditions are associated with it . Many women from the Asian subcontinent are cremated with just their nose studs as jewelry is removed before the funeral . Indian widows usually remove their nose studs as a sign of respect . Nose piercing has historically been strictly forbidden among many families of Kashmiris belonging to Butt , Dar , Lone and Mir castes settled in Pakistan as their ancestors associated nose piercing with people of menial descent in ancient Kashmiri society . Septum piercing ( edit ) Large - gauge septum piercing Fulani woman with traditional nose ring and mouth tattoo The nasal septum is the cartilaginous dividing wall between the nostrils . Generally , the cartilage itself is not pierced , but rather the small gap between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose ( sometimes called the `` sweet spot '' ) , typically at 14ga ( 1.6 mm ) although it is often stretched to a larger gauge ( size ) . The nose has many nerves running through it , and as a result , nose piercings can be painful , although the pain varies by individual . This piercing heals within a month and a half to three months also depending on the individual . It should only be stretched by 1mm at a time , and waiting at least a month between stretches is advisable . If a certain point is exceeded , usually about 8mm , the cartilage gets forced towards the top of the nose , which can be uncomfortable . Many types of jewelry generally are worn in a septum piercing , such as : Captive bead rings ( CBRs ) , rings that close with a bead held in the center by the tension of the ring , circular barbells ( as shown in the picture ) , a circular bar with a bead that screws onto either end , a `` tusk '' that is a straight or shaped piece of material generally tapered on either end , or pinchers . For large gauge septums , many individuals choose to wear plugs , as the plugs do not weigh their noses down , which is helpful in healing . This measure allows the piercing not to be damaged by the sudden movement of the jewelry . Another option is a septum retainer , which is staple - shaped . This type of nose piercing is particularly easy to hide when desired , for example to comply with a dress code . A septum retainer makes possible turning the jewelry up into the nose , thus concealing it . With black jewelry flipped up into the nostrils , this piercing can be made practically invisible . A circular barbell can also be hidden by pushing it to the back into the nose , but it may be uncomfortable . Septum piercing is a popular trend among South Indian dancers ( Kuchipudi , Bharatnatyam ) and among certain Native American peoples in history ; the Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa , for example , had such piercings . The septum piercing is popular in countrysides of India , Nepal , and Bangladesh . In India such piercing is called the ' Nathori ' and popular with the Banjara ethnic groups and Adivasi tribes . Lord Krishna and his consort Radharani are often depicted wearing the ' Nathori ' style jewel nose pieces . Bengali women traditionally would wear the nathori as a sign of being a married woman . The nathori would be gold with a tear drop that would move along the ring . Many lower - class women in rural Bengal still keep this tradition . This practice is now declining as many women prefer the nose studs . In southern Nepal the septum piercing is still common . Many older women still adorn their noses with both the septum and left nostril rings . Many women have gold nose piercings to show their social , tribal , and religious status in society . Risks ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The septum or nasal septum is the cartilaginous wall that divides the two nostrils . The cartilage is , however , usually not pierced . It is the thin strip of very soft and flexible skin , just between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose , where septum piercing is mostly done . Piercing the skin instead of the cartilage can greatly minimize the pain , as well as other discomforts associated with this type of body piercing . This piercing should be done only with a needle . As far as jewelry is concerned , captive bead rings , circular barbells , plugs , tusks , curls , and septum retainer can be used . All types of body piercings , including septum piercing , are associated with the risk of contracting certain blood borne diseases , like hepatitis , from the needles and piercing guns used in the procedure . This risk can be reduced by getting the piercing done by a reputed piercer and making sure that the piercer uses only sterile single - use needles . The next common risk associated with almost all types of piercing is the risk of infection and pain . These issues can be minimized greatly if piercing is done on the soft and flexible skin that lies between the cartilage and bottom of the nose . As far as infection risks are concerned , they can be managed with proper piercing aftercare . This piercing can sometimes lead to ' septal hematoma ' -- an injury to the soft tissue within the septum that can disrupt the blood vessels to cause the accumulation of blood and fluid under the lining . Nasal septum hematoma can eventually cause nasal congestion and interfere with breathing along with causing pain and inflammation . If not treated immediately , the condition can ultimately cause formation of a hole in the septum , leading to nasal congestion . Sometimes , that part of the nose may collapse , resulting in a cosmetic deformity , known as ' saddle nose ' . Bridge piercing ( edit ) Main article : Bridge piercing Bridge piercing Bridge piercings are inserted through the skin at the top of the nose , between the eyes . Curved barbells and straight barbells are the most commonly used in this piercing , while seamless rings are less common . Social acceptability of nose piercing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) More and more companies in the workplace have become more lenient on such issues as piercings and the dress code . The acceptance of more visible body modifications is attributable to its becoming a social norm . If companies did not hire employees with a tattoo or nose piercing , the number of future workers that the companies could hire would be limited . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nose piercings . Body piercing Nose - jewel Nose ring ( animals ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Stirn 2003 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond ( 2004 ) . `` The Nose '' . The Naked Woman . p. 69 . ISBN 9780099453581 . Jump up ^ `` Septum Piercing Dangers '' . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Amy . `` Fashion Leads by a Nose . '' The Washington Post . ( 2013 ) Website . Jump up ^ Dobosh , Sara . `` Piercing the Workplace Stereotype . '' Fox Business . ( 2010 ) Website . References ( edit ) Stirn , A. ( 2003 ) . Body Piercing : Medical Consequences and Psychological Motivations . The Lancet 361 : 1205 -- 1215 . Body piercing General piercing topics Contemporary piercing practices Scalpelling Stretching Play piercing Pocketing Surface piercing Ear piercing gun Jewelry ( materials ) Barbell Claw Captive bead ring Flesh tunnel Plug Prince 's wand Spiral Stud Nose chain Nipple shield Ear piercings Antitragus Conch Daith Helix Industrial Rook Snug Tragus Facial piercings Anti-eyebrow Cheek Eyebrow Jestrum Labret Lip ( Lip plate ) Monroe Nose Nose bridge Philtrum Oral piercings Lip frenulum Tongue Tongue frenulum Uvula Body piercings Corset Hand web Hip Madison Nape Navel Neck Nipple Wrist Unisex genital piercings Anus Guiche Pubic Chastity Female genital piercings Christina Clitoris Clitoral hood Fourchette Isabella Labia Nefertiti Princess Albertina Triangle Male genital piercings Ampallang Apadravya Deep shaft Dydoe Foreskin Frenum Hafada Lorum Magic cross Prince Albert Reverse Prince Albert Transscrotal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nose_piercing&oldid=843355210 '' Categories : Facial piercings Body piercing jewellery 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano मराठी 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 16 : 18 . 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what does a nose ring mean in india

In India the outside of the left part of the body ( ? ) is the preferred position of the piercing . This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs . In India , like any other jewelry , piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati , the goddess of marriage . Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent . The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry . In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face .

Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation , search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the Cyprus Missile Crisis , see Cyprus Missile Crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced US - Soviet tensions for several years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier US actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Very close to launching thermonuclear war 7.3. 1 Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons 7.3. 2 Unauthorized US spy flights 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by it as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , US Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 - 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous US . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the US Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental US . The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . US intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all US forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the US Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the US 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , US journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the US 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Very close to launching thermonuclear War ( edit ) Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted . Unauthorized US spy flights ( edit ) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Herblock cartoon in Washington Post , ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . According to William Cohn , television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . `` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 . The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты / / Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles . John Weisman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Correll , John T. ( August 2005 ) . `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . AirForce-Magazine.com. 88 ( 8 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeyev , Alexandr . `` Interview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 105 . 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Burgess Jr. , Director , Defense Intelligence Agency . Association of Former Intelligence Officers , August 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov , Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War , 1996 , page 264 , Harvard Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 674 - 45532 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Record Meeting on Cuba : The White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . October 16 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Action Memorandum 196 '' . JFK Presidential Library and Museum . October 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Averting The Final Failure , John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2003 . 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Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. 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Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ rmm413c ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ William H. Cohn , `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past . '' Journal of Popular Culture 10 # 2 ( 1976 ) pp : 280 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Andrei Kozovoi , `` Dissonant Voices '' Journal of Cold War Studies ( 2014 ) 16 # 3 pp 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( 18 January 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei ( ed . ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Ugandan - Tanzanian War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act United States Ambassador to Cuba Miscellaneous Balseros ( 2002 film ) Cuban Americans John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Robert F. Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Human Rights Award Journalism Award Book Award Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Landmark for Peace Memorial Kennedy -- King College Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools Robert F. Kennedy Bridge Popular culture Crisis : Behind a Presidential Commitment ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Kennedy Remembered ( 1968 documentary ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1968 song ) The Missiles of October ( 1974 docudrama ) Kennedy ( 1983 miniseries ) Blood Feud ( 1983 film ) Prince Jack ( 1985 film ) Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1985 miniseries ) Hoover vs. The Kennedys ( 1987 miniseries ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 film ) RFK ( 2002 film ) Bobby ( 2006 film ) RFK Must Die ( 2007 documentary ) The Kennedys ( 2011 miniseries ) Ethel ( 2012 documentary ) Jackie ( 2016 film ) Family , family tree Ethel Skakel ( wife ) Kathleen Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( son ) Robert F. 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Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Presidency Machurucuto Incident Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal GND : 4136402 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=828331134 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. 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the cuban missile crisis began in 1962 when which country placed nuclear missiles in cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed

Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) - wikipedia Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 February 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other treaties of Paris , see Treaty of Paris . Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) The combatants of the Seven Years ' War as shown before the outbreak of war in the mid-1750s . Great Britain , Prussia , Portugal , with allies France , Spain , Austria , Russia , with allies Context End of the Seven Years ' War ( known as the French and Indian War in North America ) Signed 10 February 1763 ( 1763 - 02 - 10 ) Location Paris , Kingdom of France Negotiators John Russell , 4th Duke of Bedford César Gabriel de Choiseul , Duke of Praslin Jerónimo Grimaldi , 1st Duke of Grimaldi Signatories Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of France Spanish Empire Parties Kingdom of Great Britain Kingdom of France Spanish Empire Portuguese Empire Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource See also : Treaty of Hubertusburg ( 1763 ) , Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) . Part of a series on the Constitution of Canada Constitutional history Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) Act of Settlement ( 1701 ) Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Royal Proclamation ( 1763 ) Quebec Act ( 1774 ) Constitutional Act ( 1791 ) Act of Union ( 1840 ) Constitution Act ( 1867 ) Supreme Court Act ( 1875 ) Constitution Act , 1886 British North America Acts ( 1867 -- 1975 ) Statute of Westminster ( 1931 ) Succession to the Throne Act ( 1937 ) Letters Patent ( 1947 ) Canada Act ( 1982 ) Constitution Act ( 1982 ) Document list Amendments Unsuccessful amendments Constitutional law Constitutional debate Patriation Charter of Rights and Freedoms Canadian federalism Law of Canada Canadian Bill of Rights Implied Bill of Rights Canadian Human Rights Act Politics of Canada portal The Treaty of Paris , also known as the Treaty of 1763 , was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain , France and Spain , with Portugal in agreement , after Great Britain 's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years ' War . The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years ' War , known as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre , and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe . Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war , but Great Britain gained much of France 's possessions in North America . Additionally , Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World . The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement , the Treaty of Hubertusburg , five days later . Contents ( hide ) 1 Exchange of territories 2 Louisiana question 3 Canada question 3.1 British perspective 3.2 French perspective 3.3 Canada in the Treaty of Paris 4 Dunkirk question 5 Reaction 6 Effects on French Canada 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Exchange of territories ( edit ) During the war , Great Britain had conquered the French colonies of Canada , Guadeloupe , Saint Lucia , Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and Tobago , the French `` factories '' ( trading posts ) in India , the slave - trading station at Gorée , the Sénégal River and its settlements , and the Spanish colonies of Manila ( in the Philippines ) and Havana ( in Cuba ) . France had captured Minorca and British trading posts in Sumatra , while Spain had captured the border fortress of Almeida in Portugal , and Colonia del Sacramento in South America . `` A new map of North America '' - produced following the Treaty of Paris In the treaty , most of these territories were restored to their original owners , but not all : Britain made considerable gains . France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal . Britain restored Manila and Havana to Spain , and Guadeloupe , Martinique , Saint Lucia , Gorée , and the Indian factories to France . In return , France ceded Canada , Dominica , Grenada , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and Tobago to Britain . France also ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain ; that is , the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains . Spain ceded Florida to Britain . France had already secretly given Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) . In addition , while France regained its factories in India , France recognized British clients as the rulers of key Indian native states , and pledged not to send troops to Bengal . Britain agreed to demolish its fortifications in British Honduras ( now Belize ) , but retained a logwood - cutting colony there . Britain confirmed the right of its new subjects to practise Catholicism . France ceded all of its territory in mainland North America , but retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , where its fishermen could dry their catch . In turn France gained the return of its sugar colony , Guadeloupe , which it considered more valuable than Canada . Voltaire had notoriously dismissed Canada as `` Quelques arpents de neige '' , `` A few acres of snow '' . Louisiana question ( edit ) The Treaty of Paris is frequently noted as the point at which France gave Louisiana to Spain . The transfer , however , occurred with the Treaty of Fontainebleau ( 1762 ) but was not publicly announced until 1764 . The Treaty of Paris was to give Britain the east side of the Mississippi ( including Baton Rouge , Louisiana , which was to be part of the British territory of West Florida ) . New Orleans on the east side remained in French hands ( albeit temporarily ) . The Mississippi River corridor in what is modern day Louisiana was to be reunited following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and the Adams -- Onís Treaty in 1819 . The 1763 treaty states in Article VII : VII . French territories on the continent of America ; it is agreed , that , for the future , the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty , in that part of the world , shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi , from its source to the river Iberville , and from thence , by a line drawn along the middle of this river , and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea ; and for this purpose , the Most Christian King cedes in full right , and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile , and everything which he possesses , or ought to possess , on the left side of the river Mississippi , except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated , which shall remain to France , provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free , as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France , in its whole breadth and length , from its source to the sea , and expressly that part which is between the said island of New Orleans and the right bank of that river , as well as the passage both in and out of its mouth : It is farther stipulated , that the vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation shall not be stopped , visited , or subjected to the payment of any duty whatsoever . The stipulations inserted in the IVth article , in favour of the inhabitants of Canada shall also take place with regard to the inhabitants of the countries ceded by this article . Canada question ( edit ) British perspective ( edit ) While the war was fought all over the world , the British began the war over French possessions in North America . After a long debate of the relative merits of Guadeloupe , which produced £ 6 million a year in sugar , versus Canada which was expensive to keep , Great Britain decided to keep Canada for strategic reasons and return Guadeloupe to France . While the war had weakened France , it was still a European power . British Prime Minister Lord Bute wanted a peace that would not aggravate France towards a second war . This explains why Great Britain agreed to return so much while being in such a strong position . Though the Protestant British feared Roman Catholics , Great Britain did not want to antagonize France through expulsion or forced conversion . Also , it did not want French settlers to leave Canada to strengthen other French settlements in North America . This explains Great Britain 's willingness to protect Roman Catholics living in Canada . French perspective ( edit ) Unlike Lord Bute , the French Foreign Minister the Duke of Choiseul expected a return to war . However , France needed peace to rebuild . French diplomats believed that without France to keep the Americans in check , the colonists might attempt to revolt . In Canada , France wanted open emigration for those , such as nobility , who would not swear allegiance to the British Crown . Lastly , France required protection for Roman Catholics in North America considering Britain 's previous treatment of Roman Catholics under its jurisdiction . Canada in the Treaty of Paris ( edit ) The article states : IV . His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts , and guaranties the whole of it , and with all its dependencies , to the King of Great Britain : Moreover , his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts , with the sovereignty , property , possession , and all rights acquired by treaty , or otherwise , which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries , lands , islands , places , coasts , and their inhabitants , so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King , and to the Crown of Great Britain , and that in the most ample manner and form , without restriction , and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence , or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned . His Britannick Majesty , on his side , agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada : he will , in consequence , give the most precise and most effectual orders , that his new Roman Catholic subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church , as far as the laws of Great Britain permit . His Britannick Majesty farther agrees , that the French inhabitants , or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada , may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper , and may sell their estates , provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty , and bring away their effects as well as their persons , without being restrained in their emigration , under any pretence whatsoever , except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions : The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months , to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty . Dunkirk question ( edit ) During the negotiations that led to the treaty , a major issue of dispute between Britain and France had been over the status of the fortifications of the French coastal settlement of Dunkirk . The British had long feared that it would be used as a staging post to launch a French invasion of Britain . Under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 they had forced France to concede extreme limits on the fortifications there . The 1748 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle had allowed more generous terms , and France had constructed greater defences for the town . By the Treaty Britain forced France to accept the earlier 1713 conditions and demolish the fortifications they had constructed since then . This would be a continuing source of resentment to France , who would eventually have this clause overturned in the 1783 Treaty of Paris which brought an end to the American Revolutionary War . Reaction ( edit ) When Lord Bute became Prime Minister in 1762 , he pushed for a resolution to the war with France and Spain , fearing that Great Britain could not govern all of its newly acquired territories . In what Winston Churchill would later term a policy of `` appeasement , '' Bute returned some colonies to Spain and France in the negotiations . Despite a desire for peace , many in the British parliament opposed the return of any gains made during the war . Notable among the opposition was former Prime Minister William Pitt , the Elder , who warned that the terms of the treaty would only lead to further conflicts once France and Spain had time to rebuild . `` The peace was insecure , '' he would later say , `` because it restored the enemy to her former greatness . The peace was inadequate , because the places gained were no equivalent for the places surrendered . '' The treaty passed 319 votes to 65 opposed . The Treaty of Paris took no consideration of Great Britain 's battered continental ally , Frederick II of Prussia . Frederick would have to negotiate peace terms separately in the Treaty of Hubertusburg . For decades following the Seven Years ' War , Frederick II would consider the Treaty of Paris as a British betrayal . The American colonists were disappointed by the protection of Roman Catholicism in the Treaty of Paris because of their own strong Protestant faith . Some have pointed to this as one reason for the breakdown of American -- British relations . Effects on French Canada ( edit ) The article provided for unrestrained emigration for 18 months from Canada . However , passage on British ships was expensive . A total of 1,600 people left New France through the Treaty clause , but only 270 French Canadians . Some have claimed that this was part of British policy to limit emigration . Article IV of the treaty allowed Roman Catholicism to be practised in Canada . George III agreed to allow Catholicism within the laws of Great Britain . In this period , British laws included various Test Acts to prevent governmental , judicial , and bureaucratic appointments from going to Roman Catholics . Roman Catholics were believed to be agents of the Jacobite Pretenders to the throne , who normally resided in France supported by the French regime . This was relaxed in Quebec to some degree , but top positions like governorships were still held by Anglicans . Article IV has also been cited as the basis for Quebec often having its unique set of laws that are different from the rest of Canada . There was a general constitutional principle in the United Kingdom to allow colonies taken through conquest to continue their own laws . This was limited by royal prerogative , and the monarch could still choose to change the accepted laws in a conquered colony . However , the treaty eliminated this power because by a different constitutional principle , terms of a treaty were considered paramount . In practice , Roman Catholics could become jurors in inferior courts in Quebec and argue based on principles of French law . However , the judge was British and his opinion on French law could be limited or hostile . If the case was appealed to a superior court , neither French law nor Roman Catholic jurors were allowed . Many French residents of what are now Canada 's Maritime provinces , called Acadians , were deported during the Great Expulsion ( 1755 -- 63 ) . After the signing of the peace treaty guaranteed some rights to Roman Catholics , some Acadians returned to Canada . However , they were no longer welcome in English Nova Scotia . They were forced into New Brunswick , which is a bilingual province today as a result of that relocation . Much land previously owned by France was now owned by Britain , and the French people of Quebec felt great betrayal at the French concession . Commander - in - Chief of the British Jeffrey Amherst noted that , `` Many of the Canadians consider their Colony to be of utmost consequence to France & can not be convinced ... that their Country has been conceded to Great Britain '' . See also ( edit ) France in the Seven Years ' War Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War List of treaties References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marston , Daniel ( 2002 ) . The French -- Indian War 1754 -- 1760 . Osprey Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96838 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Wars and Battles : Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) '' . www.u-s-history.com . In a nutshell , Britain emerged as the world 's leading colonial empire . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty of Paris ends the French and Indian War '' . www.thenagain.info . ^ Jump up to : `` The Present State of the West - Indies : Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe '' . World Digital Library . 1778 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` His Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty , in full right , Canada , with all its dependencies , as well as the island of Cape Breton , and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence , and in general , every thing that depends on the said countries , lands , islands , and coasts , with the sovereignty , property , possession , and all rights acquired by treaty , or otherwise , which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries , lands , islands , places , coasts , and their inhabitants '' -- Article IV of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource Jump up ^ '' ( ... ) it is agreed , that ... the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty , in that part of the world , shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi , from its source to the river Iberville , and from hence , by a line drawn along the middle of this river , and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea ; and for this purpose , the Most Christian King cedes in full right , and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of Mobile , and every thing which he possesses , or ought to possess , on the left side of the river Mississippi , except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated , which shall remain to France , ( ... ) '' -- Article VII of the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) at Wikisource Jump up ^ Extracts from the Treaty of Paris of 1763 . A. Lovell & Co. 1892 . p. 6 . His Britannick Majesty , on his side , agrees to grant the liberty of the Roman Catholic religion to the inhabitants of Canada . Jump up ^ Dewar , Helen ( December 2010 ) . `` Canada or Guadeloupe ? : French and British Perceptions of Empire , 1760 -- 1783 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 91 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 660 . doi : 10.3138 / chr. 91.4. 637 . Jump up ^ `` Quelques arpents de neige '' . Jump up ^ `` The French and Indian War ends - Feb 10 , 1763 '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes of the Treaty of Paris '' . France in America . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Monod p 197 -- 98 Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford U.P. p. 8 . Jump up ^ Gough p 95 Jump up ^ Calloway p 113 -- 14 Jump up ^ Rashed , Zenab Esmat ( 1951 ) . The Peace of Paris . Liverpool University Press . p. 209 . ISBN 978 - 0853 - 23202 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Calloway p 114 Jump up ^ Dull p. 5 Jump up ^ Dull p. 194 -- 243 Jump up ^ Winston Churchill ( reprint 2001 ) . The Great Republic : A History of America . Modern Library . p. 52 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Simms , Brendan ( 2007 ) . Three Victories and a Defeat : The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire , 1714 -- 1783 . Allan Lane . p. 496 . ISBN 978 - 0713 - 99426 - 1 . Jump up ^ Fowler , William M. ( 2004 ) . Empires at War : the French and Indian War and the struggle for North America , 1754 -- 1763 . Walker & Company . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0802 - 71411 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Monod p 201 ^ Jump up to : Conklin p 34 Jump up ^ Colley , Linda ( 1992 ) . Britons : Forging the Nation 1707 -- 1837 . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15280 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Conklin p 35 ^ Jump up to : Calloway p 120 Jump up ^ Calloway p 121 Jump up ^ Price , p 136 Jump up ^ Price p 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Calloway p 113 Further reading ( edit ) Calloway , Colin Gordon ( 2006 ) . The scratch of a pen : 1763 and the transformation of North America . New York : Oxford University Press . Churchill , Sir Winston ( 1956 ) . The Great Republic : A History of America . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50320 - X . Conklin , William E. ( 1979 ) . In Defence of Fundamental Rights . Springer . Dull , Jonathan R. ( 2005 ) . The French Navy and the Seven Years ' War . University of Nebraska . Gough , Barry M. ( 1992 ) . British Mercantile Interests in the Making of the Peace of Paris , 1763 . Edwin Meller Press . Monod , Paul Kleber ( 2009 ) . Imperial Island : A History of Britain and Its Empire , 1660 -- 1837 . Wiley - Blackwell . Price , Joseph Edward ( 2007 ) . The status of French among youth in a bilingual American -- Canadian border community : the case of Madawaska , Maine . Indiana University . External links ( edit ) Treaty of Paris Profile and Videos - Chickasaw.TV Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The Treaty of Paris and its Consequences ( in French ) Entry on the Treaty of Paris from The Canadian Encyclopedia Treaty of Paris at the Avalon Project of the Yale Law School ( hide ) Treaties of the Seven Years ' War ( 1754 / 56 -- 1763 ) Diplomatic Revolution Westminster 1st Versailles 2nd Versailles Saint Petersburg Hamburg Fontainebleau Paris Hubertusburg Campaigns : Europe , America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)&oldid=824651516 '' Categories : Seven Years ' War 1763 treaties Peace treaties of the Ancien Régime Peace treaties of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1763 in France 1763 in Great Britain 1763 in Spain 18th century in Paris France -- United Kingdom relations French and Indian War History of Canada ( 1534 -- 1763 ) History of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Legal history of Canada Military history of Quebec New France Pre-Confederation Canada 1763 in the British Empire 1763 in the French colonial empire 1763 in Canada 1763 in New France 1763 in North America History of Quebec Pre-Confederation Quebec Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles with French - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Aragonés Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 17 : 34 . 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what was the result of the treaty of paris in 1763

The signing of the treaty formally ended the Seven Years ' War , known as the French and Indian War in the North American theatre , and marked the beginning of an era of British dominance outside Europe . Great Britain and France each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war , but Great Britain gained much of France 's possessions in North America . Additionally , Great Britain agreed to protect Roman Catholicism in the New World . The treaty did not involve Prussia and Austria as they signed a separate agreement , the Treaty of Hubertusburg , five days later .

Accounting standards Codification - Wikipedia Accounting standards Codification This accounting - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . In US accounting practices , the Accounting Standards Codification is the current single source of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . It is maintained by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 FASB accounting standards codification 2 Goal 3 Leading up to the codification process 4 Public access to codification 5 Structure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links FASB Accounting standards Codification ( edit ) The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15 , 2009 . All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168 , The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative . The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure . It also includes relevant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification . To prepare constituents for the change , the FASB provided a number of tools and training resources . The Codification did not change GAAP , but it introduced a new structure , organized in an easily accessible , user - friendly online research system . The FASB expected the system to reduce the amount of time and effort required to research accounting issues , mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature , provide accurate information with real - time updates as new standards are released , and assist the FASB with the research efforts required during the standard - setting process . Goal ( edit ) The three primary goals of the codification are `` simplify user access by codifying all authoritative U.S. GAAP in one spot , ensure that the codification content accurately represented authoritative U.S. GAAP as of July 1 , 2009 , and to create a codification research system that is up to date for the released results of standard - setting activity . '' The codification was made to make accounting standards easier to find through a single data base . Leading up to the Codification process ( edit ) Before the Codification , accounting standards lacked a consistent and logical structure . For the last 50 years , U.S. GAAP consisted of thousands of standards with multiple standard setters . The old U.S. GAAP were difficult to interpret , and the complexity of the standards made it hard for users to stay up to date . Problems with the old standards increased financial reporting risk and led to inefficiencies that increased cost . FASAC then voiced its concerns due to the increase of financial reporting guidance from the old U.S. GAAP standards , and the FASB responded by launching a new project to codify the standards . The project was approved in September 2004 by the Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation . Public access to Codification ( edit ) All users must register to view any codification information . The codification allows a free basic view or paid professional view to the public . The professional view requires an annual subcription up to $940 depending on concurrent users . Discounts may apply to multiple concurrent users . The codification is used by accounting and reporting professionals , analysts and investors . Structure ( edit ) Each ASC reference is structured as a series of four numbers separated by hyphens : a three - digit Topic ( the first digit of which represents an Area ) , a two - digit Subtopic , a two - digit Section , and a two - or three - digit Paragraph . Topic Series Area 100 General Principles 200 Presentation 300 Assets 400 Liabilities 500 Equity 600 Revenue 700 Expenses 800 Broad Transactions 900 Industry Subtopic 10 is always `` Overall . '' Section numbers are standardized across topics ( not all subtopics have all sections ) : Section number Section title 00 Status 05 Overview and Background 10 Objectives 15 Scope and Scope Exceptions 20 Glossary 25 Recognition 30 Initial Measurement 35 Subsequent Measurement 40 Derecognition 45 Other Presentation Matters 50 Disclosure 55 Implementation Guidance and Illustrations 60 Relationships 65 Transition and Open Effective Date Information 70 Grandfathered Guidance 75 XBRL Elements For instance , 210 - 10 - 20 is Balance Sheet , Overall , Glossary. 605 - 40 - 25 - 1 is Revenue Recognition , Gains and Losses , Recognition , first paragraph . See also ( edit ) List of FASB pronouncements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Financial Accounting Standards Board . News Release , 07 / 01 / 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM Notice to Constituents ( v 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . Financial Accounting Standards Board . Jul 1 , 2009 . Retrieved Oct 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® '' . asc.fasb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® '' . asc.fasb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Codification Learning Guide '' . Financial Accounting Standards Board . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) https://asc.fasb.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accounting_Standards_Codification&oldid=827824989 '' Categories : Accounting stubs United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 23 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

when did fasb codification become authoritative u.s. gaap

The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15 , 2009 . All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168 , The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative .

F is for Family - wikipedia F is for Family F Is for Family F Is for Family promotional poster Genre Animated sitcom Comedy - drama Black Comedy Satire Created by Bill Burr Michael Price Starring Bill Burr Laura Dern Justin Long Haley Reinhart Debi Derryberry Sam Rockwell Opening theme `` Come and Get Your Love '' by Redbone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Vaughn Peter Billingsley Bill Burr Michael Price Katie O'Connell Elisa Todd Ellis Sidonie Dumas Christophe Riandee Producer ( s ) Heath Kenny Brian J. Cowan Running time 25 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Wild West Television Loner Productions King of France Productions Gaumont International Television Gaumont Animation Telegael Teoranta Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website F Is for Family is an American web animated sitcom created by Bill Burr and Michael Price and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn 's Wild West Television . The show premiered on December 18 , 2015 to generally favorable reviews . Season 2 premiered May 30 , 2017 . On June 28 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a third season . On July 1 , 2018 , Burr confirmed season 3 for a November 2018 release at a show in Detroit . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X . `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned , short - tempered , foul - mouthed , Irish - American , Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s . He is prone to angry , profane rants . As a parent , Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse . The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father . Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines , and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident . Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home . Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger . Luger , an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero . When facing dire situations , Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes , a man 's got to do ... what a man does '' , much to Frank 's excitement . Laura Dern as Sue Murphy -- Frank 's wife who is a housewife , and also sells Plast - a-Ware ( a play on words of Tupperware . ) Justin Long as Kevin Murphy -- Frank 's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent , chronic pot smoker , and a struggling rock musician . Despite his rebellious personality , Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself ( although he rarely , if ever , follows through on the latter ) . Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy , Frank 's younger son . Bill tends to be shy and is skinny . He gets bullied frequently . Despite his seemingly weak persona , Bill can often let his anger get the best of him . He is 11 years old in the first season . Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy -- Frank 's young daughter who he often refers to as `` Princess '' . However , even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess , Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members . However , Maureen is smart enough to hide it . Despite her generally girly appearance , Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times , much to Frank 's chagrin . Sam Rockwell as Vic -- Frank 's wealthy , womanizing neighbor , who brags a lot . Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle , laid - back attitude and successful career . He 's based on Matt McConaughey 's character David Wooderson from Dazed and Confused . Co-starring ( edit ) Mo Collins as Jimmy , Vivian , Ben , Brandy , Ginny Trevor Devall as Red , Bolo , Mr. Goomer , Mr. Holtenwasser , others Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords , Colt Luger , others Recurring ( edit ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie , others David Koechner as Robert `` Bob Pogo '' Pogrohvich , Frank 's obese , chainsmoking boss . Kevin Farley as Babe , Carl , others Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton , the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work . Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi , others John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton , Roger Dunbarton 's racist and moronic nephew . Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne T.J. Miller as Randy Michael K. Williams as Smoky Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 10 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` The Bleedin ' in Sweden '' Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 101 Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match , but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set , Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead . After he purchases one , Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project . Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund , embarrassing Sue . Bill eventually confesses , but after being gloated over by one of the store 's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize , Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store , and Frank gets refunded . At the end of the episode , the neighbors watch the match at Frank 's house , while Vic watches it at his house `` alone '' . `` Saturday Bloody Saturday '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 102 After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes , Frank takes him to his job at the airport , where he 's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident , to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family . Frank is torn between his underpaid , hard - working co-workers who are contemplating a strike , and his employer , who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good . Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill - popping , underachieving airport staff , he realizes the difficulties of his father 's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman , who accuses the airport of stealing her medication , and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table . Meanwhile , after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day , Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps , while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife . `` The Trough '' Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 103 Despite Kevin 's promises to get back on track to improve his grades , Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind , and as a punishment , takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways , which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to . While there , they meet Rodger Dunbarton , CEO at Mohican Airways , who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers . On the drive home , their car breaks down , and they are rescued by Rosie , one of Frank 's colleagues , but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father 's conversation with Dunbarton , Frank faces a hostile situation at work . Meanwhile , Sue goes to the mall with Maureen , where she is accosted by a talkative friend , and Maureen learns of her mother 's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst . Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high , reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young . `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 104 On Halloween , Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion , leading to tensions between them ; Bill is reluctant to trick - or - treat due to his fear of being bullied by school greaser Jimmy Fitzsimmons . 5 5 `` Bill Murphy 's Day Off '' Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 105 Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline . In addition , Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin . 6 6 `` O Holy Moly Night '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 106 When Christmas comes near , Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing . Kevin starts his part - time job . Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 7 `` Heavy Sledding '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Three weeks after he got fired , Frank is still unemployed . On a snow day , Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump . 8 `` A Girl Named Sue '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank 's old boss , Bob Pogo , calls him to offer him a job , only for things to turn out bad for Frank . Meanwhile , Sue ponders a change in her life . 9 `` The Liar 's Club '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After bailing out of the unemployment office , Frank turns to Rosie 's friend , Smokey , for a job , but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school . Meanwhile , Sue gets a new job as a secretary , but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company . 10 `` Night Shift '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey , consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family . All the while , Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast - a-Ware product . 11 5 `` Breaking Bill '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night , his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin . Meanwhile , Bill , having received money from his job as a paperboy , tries to buy a hockey - stick for hockey tryouts , but a run - in with the local bully , Jimmy , pushes him over the edge . Also , when Sue pitches her idea , she still receives a lack of respect . 12 6 `` This is Not Good '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA When Frank 's new job includes a stop at the airport , he ends up in a predicament with Bob . Kevin tries to get a date with a ' haircut ' girl , but due to erection problems , he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic 's new girlfriend . Also , Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law , much to the concern of his friend Phillip . 13 7 `` Fight Night '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue 's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they 're called into a meeting with Maureen 's school teacher . 14 8 `` F is for Fixing It '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems ; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic 's new girlfriend ; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School , a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill 's part in sending him away , causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways . 15 9 `` Pray Away '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue go to a couple 's retreat to get help from a priest when their marriage begins to hit a snag , which only leads to a moment of truth between them . Meanwhile , Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy , while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend 's affair with Kevin . 16 10 `` Landing the Plane '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast - a-Wares takes credit for Sue 's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of `` Scoop , '' the mentally unstable new manager ( Roger Dunbarton 's nephew ) , which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists . Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix , Gaumont International Television , and Wild West Television . The show is a `` family comedy '' based on the standup of Bill Burr . Moreover , the show takes place in the 1970s , `` a time when you could smack your kid , smoke inside , and bring a gun to the airport '' . Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch , with Laura Dern as his wife , Justin Long as his eldest son , Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen , and Haley Reinhart as his young son . The first season consists of six episodes , shown in a serial manner , written by Bill Burr and Michael Price . Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award - winning work on The Simpsons . The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud ( director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball ) . Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the first season holds a rating of 82 % based on 17 reviews , with an average score of 6.56 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While the humor relies on vulgarity , the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart . '' On Metacritic , the first season holds a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 14 reviews , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny , Jimmy Fitzsimmons , Lex , Ben , and Cutie Pie ( Episode : Pray Away ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` F is for Family : Original , Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix '' . PR Newswire . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' F Is for Family ' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr '' . Variety . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' F Is For Family ' Gets December Premiere On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix '' . April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' F Is for Family ' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://reddit.com/r/fisforfamily/comments/8vm4oa/season_3_less_general_release_window_confirmed_by/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I will be making my VoiceOver debut ... '' Instagram.com . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' . F is for Family . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 26 June 2017 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` That 's the amazing @ DebiDerryberry '' . Twitter.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo voices Jimmy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5 '' . Twitter.com . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I love Mr. Goomer '' . Twitter.com . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast roll call '' . Twitter.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Bill Burr 's New Netflix Series '' . Decider.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I play this guy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He 's so so great as Bob Pogo '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6 '' . Twitter.com . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who does Joe Buck voice '' . Twitter.com . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon ' F Is for Family ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family '' . AV Club . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' F is for Family ' is the newest addition to Netflix 's original shows '' . Digital Trends . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family Critica animada '' . CoolPop : criticas animadas , noticias y rumores sobre animacion . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . 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who plays frank in f is for family

Bill Burr as Francis X . `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned , short - tempered , foul - mouthed , Irish - American , Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s . He is prone to angry , profane rants . As a parent , Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse . The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father . Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines , and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident . Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home . Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger . Luger , an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero . When facing dire situations , Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes , a man 's got to do ... what a man does '' , much to Frank 's excitement .

North Pole - wikipedia North Pole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see North Pole ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with North Magnetic Pole . Coordinates : 90 ° N 0 ° W  /  90 ° N - 0 ° E  / 90 ; - 0 An azimuthal projection showing the Arctic Ocean and the North Pole . The map also shows the 75th parallel north and 60th parallel north . Sea ice at the North Pole in 2006 The North Pole , also known as the Geographic North Pole or Terrestrial North Pole , is ( subject to the caveats explained below ) defined as the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth 's axis of rotation meets its surface . The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere . While the South Pole lies on a continental land mass , the North Pole is located in the middle of the Arctic Ocean amid waters that are almost permanently covered with constantly shifting sea ice . This makes it impractical to construct a permanent station at the North Pole ( unlike the South Pole ) . However , the Soviet Union , and later Russia , constructed a number of manned drifting stations on a generally annual basis since 1937 , some of which have passed over or very close to the Pole . Since 2002 , the Russians have also annually established a base , Barneo , close to the Pole . This operates for a few weeks during early spring . Studies in the 2000s predicted that the North Pole may become seasonally ice - free because of Arctic ice shrinkage , with timescales varying from 2016 to the late 21st century or later . The sea depth at the North Pole has been measured at 4,261 m ( 13,980 ft ) by the Russian Mir submersible in 2007 and at 4,087 m ( 13,410 ft ) by USS Nautilus in 1958 . The nearest land is usually said to be Kaffeklubben Island , off the northern coast of Greenland about 700 km ( 430 mi ) away , though some perhaps semi permanent gravel banks lie slightly closer . The nearest permanently inhabited place is Alert in the Qikiqtaaluk Region , Nunavut , Canada , which is located 817 km ( 508 mi ) from the Pole . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precise definition 2 Exploration 2.1 Pre-1900 2.2 1900 -- 40 2.3 1940 -- 2000 2.4 21st century 2.4. 1 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed 2.4. 2 MLAE 2009 Expedition 2.4. 3 MLAE 2013 Expedition 3 Day and night 4 Time 5 Climate 6 Flora and fauna 7 Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions 8 Cultural associations 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Precise definition ( edit ) See also : Polar motion The Earth 's axis of rotation -- and hence the position of the North Pole -- was commonly believed to be fixed ( relative to the surface of the Earth ) until , in the 18th century , the mathematician Leonhard Euler predicted that the axis might `` wobble '' slightly . Around the beginning of the 20th century astronomers noticed a small apparent `` variation of latitude , '' as determined for a fixed point on Earth from the observation of stars . Part of this variation could be attributed to a wandering of the Pole across the Earth 's surface , by a range of a few metres . The wandering has several periodic components and an irregular component . The component with a period of about 435 days is identified with the eight - month wandering predicted by Euler and is now called the Chandler wobble after its discoverer . The exact point of intersection of the Earth 's axis and the Earth 's surface , at any given moment , is called the `` instantaneous pole '' , but because of the `` wobble '' this can not be used as a definition of a fixed North Pole ( or South Pole ) when metre - scale precision is required . It is desirable to tie the system of Earth coordinates ( latitude , longitude , and elevations or orography ) to fixed landforms . Of course , given plate tectonics and isostasy , there is no system in which all geographic features are fixed . Yet the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service and the International Astronomical Union have defined a framework called the International Terrestrial Reference System . Exploration ( edit ) See also : Arctic exploration , Farthest North , List of Arctic expeditions , and List of firsts in the Geographic North Pole Pre-1900 ( edit ) Gerardus Mercator 's map of the North Pole from 1595 C.G. Zorgdragers map of the North Pole from 1720 As early as the 16th century , many prominent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea , which in the 19th century was called the Polynya or Open Polar Sea . It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year . Several expeditions set out to find the way , generally with whaling ships , already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes . One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry , who in 1827 reached latitude 82 ° 45 ′ North . In 1871 the Polaris expedition , a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall , ended in disaster . Another British Royal Navy attempt on the pole , part of the British Arctic Expedition , by Commander Albert H. Markham reached a then - record 83 ° 20'26 '' North in May 1876 before turning back . An 1879 -- 1881 expedition commanded by US naval officer George W. DeLong ended tragically when their ship , the USS Jeanette , was crushed by ice . Over half the crew , including DeLong , were lost . Nansen 's ship Fram in the Arctic ice In April 1895 the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen and Hjalmar Johansen struck out for the Pole on skis after leaving Nansen 's icebound ship Fram . The pair reached latitude 86 ° 14 ′ North before they abandoned the attempt and turned southwards , eventually reaching Franz Josef Land . In 1897 Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée and two companions tried to reach the North Pole in the hydrogen balloon Örnen ( `` Eagle '' ) , but came down 300 km ( 190 mi ) north of Kvitøya , the northeasternmost part of the Svalbard archipelago . They trekked to Kvitøya but died there three months later . In 1930 the remains of this expedition were found by the Norwegian Bratvaag Expedition . The Italian explorer Luigi Amedeo , Duke of the Abruzzi and Captain Umberto Cagni of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) sailed the converted whaler Stella Polare ( `` Pole Star '' ) from Norway in 1899 . On 11 March 1900 Cagni led a party over the ice and reached latitude 86 ° 34 ' on 25 April , setting a new record by beating Nansen 's result of 1895 by 35 to 40 km ( 22 to 25 mi ) . Cagni barely managed to return to the camp , remaining there until 23 June . On 16 August the Stella Polare left Rudolf Island heading south and the expedition returned to Norway . 1900 -- 40 ( edit ) Peary 's sledge party at what they claimed was the North Pole , 1909 . From left : Ooqueah , Ootah , Henson , Egingwah , Seeglo . The US explorer Frederick Cook claimed to have reached the North Pole on 21 April 1908 with two Inuit men , Ahwelah and Etukishook , but he was unable to produce convincing proof and his claim is not widely accepted . The conquest of the North Pole was for many years credited to US Navy engineer Robert Peary , who claimed to have reached the Pole on 6 April 1909 , accompanied by Matthew Henson and four Inuit men , Ootah , Seeglo , Egingwah , and Ooqueah . However , Peary 's claim remains highly disputed and controversial . Those who accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey were not trained in ( Western ) navigation , and thus could not independently confirm his navigational work , which some claim to have been particularly sloppy as he approached the Pole . The distances and speeds that Peary claimed to have achieved once the last support party turned back seem incredible to many people , almost three times that which he had accomplished up to that point . Peary 's account of a journey to the Pole and back while traveling along the direct line -- the only strategy that is consistent with the time constraints that he was facing -- is contradicted by Henson 's account of tortuous detours to avoid pressure ridges and open leads . The British explorer Wally Herbert , initially a supporter of Peary , researched Peary 's records in 1989 and found that there were significant discrepancies in the explorer 's navigational records . He concluded that Peary had not reached the Pole . Support for Peary came again in 2005 , however , when British explorer Tom Avery and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary 's journey with replica wooden sleds and Canadian Eskimo Dog teams , reaching the North Pole in 36 days , 22 hours -- nearly five hours faster than Peary . However , Avery 's fastest 5 - day march was 90 nautical miles , significantly short of the 135 claimed by Peary . Avery writes on his web site that `` The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary , Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909 , has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia . Having now seen for myself how he travelled across the pack ice , I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole . '' Ivan Papanin at North Pole - 1 drifting station , 1937 Another rejection of Peary 's claim arrived in 2009 , when E. Myles Standish of the California Institute of Technology , an experienced referee of scientific claims , reported numerous alleged lacunae and inconsistencies . The first claimed flight over the Pole was made on 9 May 1926 by US naval officer Richard E. Byrd and pilot Floyd Bennett in a Fokker tri-motor aircraft . Although verified at the time by a committee of the National Geographic Society , this claim has since been undermined by the 1996 revelation that Byrd 's long - hidden diary 's solar sextant data ( which the NGS never checked ) consistently contradict his June 1926 report 's parallel data by over 100 mi ( 160 km ) . The secret report 's alleged en - route solar sextant data were inadvertently so impossibly overprecise that he excised all these alleged raw solar observations out of the version of the report finally sent to geographical societies five months later ( while the original version was hidden for 70 years ) , a realization first published in 2000 by the University of Cambridge after scrupulous refereeing . According to Standish , `` Anyone who is acquainted with the facts and has any amount of logical reasoning can not avoid the conclusion that neither Cook , nor Peary , nor Byrd reached the North Pole ; and they all knew it . '' The first consistent , verified , and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926 , by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge . Norge , though Norwegian - owned , was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile . The flight started from Svalbard in Norway , and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska . Nobile , with several scientists and crew from the Norge , overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928 , in the airship Italia . The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole , with the loss of half the crew . In May 1937 the world 's first North Pole ice station , North Pole - 1 , was established by Soviet scientists by air 20 kilometres ( 13 mi ) from the North Pole . The expedition members : oceanographer Pyotr Shirshov , meteorologist Yevgeny Fyodorov , radio operator Ernst Krenkel , and the leader Ivan Papanin conducted scientific research at the station for the next nine months . By 19 February 1938 , when the group was picked up by the ice breakers Taimyr and Murman , their station had drifted 2850 km to the eastern coast of Greenland . 1940 -- 2000 ( edit ) In May 1945 an RAF Lancaster of the Aries expedition became the first Commonwealth aircraft to overfly the North Geographic and North Magnetic Poles . The plane was piloted by David Cecil McKinley of the Royal Air Force . It carried an 11 - man crew , with Kenneth C. Maclure of the Royal Canadian Air Force in charge of all scientific observations . In 2006 , Maclure was honoured with a spot in Canada 's Aviation Hall of Fame . Discounting Peary 's disputed claim , the first men to set foot at the North Pole were a Soviet party including geophysicists Mikhail Ostrekin and Pavel Senko , oceanographers Mikhail Somov and Pavel Gordienko , and other scientists and flight crew ( 24 people in total ) of Aleksandr Kuznetsov 's Sever - 2 expedition ( March -- May 1948 ) . It was organized by the Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route . The party flew on three planes ( pilots Ivan Cherevichnyy , Vitaly Maslennikov and Ilya Kotov ) from Kotelny Island to the North Pole and landed there at 4 : 44pm ( Moscow Time , UTC + 04 : 00 ) on 23 April 1948 . They established a temporary camp and for the next two days conducted scientific observations . On 26 April the expedition flew back to the continent . Next year , on 9 May 1949 two other Soviet scientists ( Vitali Volovich and Andrei Medvedev ) became the first people to parachute onto the North Pole . They jumped from a Douglas C - 47 Skytrain , registered CCCP H - 369 . On 3 May 1952 U.S. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Joseph O. Fletcher and Lieutenant William Pershing Benedict , along with scientist Albert P. Crary , landed a modified Douglas C - 47 Skytrain at the North Pole . Some Western sources considered this to be the first landing at the Pole until the Soviet landings became widely known . USS Skate at drift station Alpha , 1958 The United States Navy submarine USS Nautilus ( SSN - 571 ) crossed the North Pole on 3 August 1958 . On 17 March 1959 USS Skate ( SSN - 578 ) surfaced at the Pole , breaking through the ice above it , becoming the first naval vessel to do so . Setting aside Peary 's claim , the first confirmed surface conquest of the North Pole was that of Ralph Plaisted , Walt Pederson , Gerry Pitzl and Jean Luc Bombardier , who traveled over the ice by snowmobile and arrived on 19 April 1968 . The United States Air Force independently confirmed their position . On 6 April 1969 Wally Herbert and companions Allan Gill , Roy Koerner and Kenneth Hedges of the British Trans - Arctic Expedition became the first men to reach the North Pole on foot ( albeit with the aid of dog teams and airdrops ) . They continued on to complete the first surface crossing of the Arctic Ocean -- and by its longest axis , Barrow , Alaska to Svalbard -- a feat that has never been repeated . Because of suggestions ( later proven false ) of Plaisted 's use of air transport , some sources classify Herbert 's expedition as the first confirmed to reach the North Pole over the ice surface by any means . In the 1980s Plaisted 's pilots Weldy Phipps and Ken Lee signed affidavits asserting that no such airlift was provided . It is also said that Herbert was the first person to reach the pole of inaccessibility . Icebreaker Arktika , the first surface ship to reach the North Pole . On 17 August 1977 the Soviet nuclear - powered icebreaker Arktika completed the first surface vessel journey to the North Pole . In 1982 Ranulph Fiennes and Charles R. Burton became the first people to cross the Arctic Ocean in a single season . They departed from Cape Crozier , Ellesmere Island , on 17 February 1982 and arrived at the geographic North Pole on 10 April 1982 . They travelled on foot and snowmobile . From the Pole , they travelled towards Svalbard but , due to the unstable nature of the ice , ended their crossing at the ice edge after drifting south on an ice floe for 99 days . They were eventually able to walk to their expedition ship MV Benjamin Bowring and boarded it on 4 August 1982 at position 80 : 31N 00 : 59W . As a result of this journey , which formed a section of the three - year Transglobe Expedition 1979 -- 1982 , Fiennes and Burton became the first people to complete a circumnavigation of the world via both North and South Poles , by surface travel alone . This achievement remains unchallenged to this day . In 1985 Sir Edmund Hillary ( the first man to stand on the summit of Mount Everest ) and Neil Armstrong ( the first man to stand on the moon ) landed at the North Pole in a small twin - engined ski plane . Hillary thus became the first man to stand at both poles and on the summit of Everest . In 1986 Will Steger , with seven teammates , became the first to be confirmed as reaching the Pole by dogsled and without resupply . USS Gurnard ( SSN - 662 ) operated in the Arctic Ocean under the polar ice cap from September to November 1984 in company with one of her sister ships , the attack submarine USS Pintado ( SSN - 672 ) . On 12 November 1984 Gurnard and Pintado became the third pair of submarines to surface together at the North Pole . In March 1990 , `` Gurnard '' deployed to the Arctic region during exercise Ice Ex ' 90 and completed only the fourth winter submerged transit of the Bering and Seas . `` Gurnard '' surfaced at the North Pole on April 18 , in the company of the USS Sea Horse ( SSN - 669 ) . On 6 May 1986 USS Archerfish ( SSN 678 ) , USS Ray ( SSN 653 ) and USS Hawkbill ( SSN - 666 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first tri-submarine surfacing at the North Pole . On 21 April 1987 Shinji Kazama of Japan became the first person to reach the North Pole on a motorcycle . On 18 May 1987 USS Billfish ( SSN 676 ) , USS Sea Devil ( SSN 664 ) and HMS Superb ( S 109 ) surfaced at the North Pole , the first international surfacing at the North Pole . In 1988 a 13 - man strong team ( 9 Soviets , 4 Canadians ) skied across the arctic from Siberia to northern Canada . One of the Canadians , Richard Weber became the first person to reach the Pole from both sides of the Arctic Ocean . On 4 May 1990 Børge Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported , after a 58 - day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada , a distance of 800 km . On 7 September 1991 the German research vessel Polarstern and the Swedish icebreaker Oden reached the North Pole as the first conventional powered vessels . Both scientific parties and crew took oceanographic and geological samples and had a common tug of war and a football game on an ice floe . Polarstern again reached the pole exactly 10 years later with the Healy . In 1998 , 1999 , and 2000 Lada Niva Marshs ( special very large wheeled versions made by BRONTO , Lada / Vaz 's experimental product division ) were driven to the North Pole . The 1998 expedition was dropped by parachute and completed the track to the North Pole . The 2000 expedition departed from a Russian research base around 114 km from the Pole and claimed an average speed of 20 -- 15 km / h in an average temperature of − 30 ° C . 21st century ( edit ) USS Charlotte at the North Pole in 2005 Commercial airliner flights on the Polar routes may pass within viewing distance of the North Pole . For example , the flight from Chicago to Beijing may come close as latitude 89 ° N , though because of prevailing winds return journeys go over the Bering Strait . In recent years journeys to the North Pole by air ( landing by helicopter or on a runway prepared on the ice ) or by icebreaker have become relatively routine , and are even available to small groups of tourists through adventure holiday companies . Parachute jumps have frequently been made onto the North Pole in recent years . The temporary seasonal Russian camp of Barneo has been established by air a short distance from the Pole annually since 2002 , and caters for scientific researchers as well as tourist parties . Trips from the camp to the Pole itself may be arranged overland or by helicopter . The first attempt at underwater exploration of the North Pole was made on 22 April 1998 by Russian firefighter and diver Andrei Rozhkov with the support of the Diving Club of Moscow State University , but ended in fatality . The next attempted dive at the North Pole was organized the next year by the same diving club , and ended in success on 24 April 1999 . The divers were Michael Wolff ( Austria ) , Brett Cormick ( UK ) , and Bob Wass ( USA ) . In 2005 the United States Navy submarine USS Charlotte ( SSN - 766 ) surfaced through 155 cm ( 61 in ) of ice at the North Pole and spent 18 hours there . In July 2007 British endurance swimmer Lewis Gordon Pugh completed a 1 km ( 0.62 mi ) swim at the North Pole . His feat , undertaken to highlight the effects of global warming , took place in clear water that had opened up between the ice floes . His later attempt to paddle a kayak to the North Pole in late 2008 , following the erroneous prediction of clear water to the Pole , was stymied when his expedition found itself stuck in thick ice after only three days . The expedition was then abandoned . By September 2007 the North Pole had been visited 66 times by different surface ships : 54 times by Soviet and Russian icebreakers , 4 times by Swedish Oden , 3 times by German Polarstern , 3 times by USCGC Healy and USCGC Polar Sea , and once by CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent and by Swedish Vidar Viking . 2007 descent to the North Pole seabed ( edit ) Main article : Arktika 2007 MIR submersible , one of the two vehicles that were used in the first ever manned descent to the seabed under the North Pole On 2 August 2007 a Russian scientific expedition Arktika 2007 made the first ever manned descent to the ocean floor at the North Pole , to a depth of 4.3 km ( 2.7 mi ) , as part of the research programme in support of Russia 's 2001 extended continental shelf claim to a large swathe of the Arctic Ocean floor . The descent took place in two MIR submersibles and was led by Soviet and Russian polar explorer Artur Chilingarov . In a symbolic act of visitation , the Russian flag was placed on the ocean floor exactly at the Pole . The expedition was the latest in a series of efforts intended to give Russia a dominant influence in the Arctic according to the New York Times . The warming Arctic climate and summer shrinkage of the iced area has attracted the attention of many countries , such as China and the United States , toward the top of the world , where resources and shipping routes may soon be exploitable . MLAE 2009 expedition ( edit ) In 2009 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE - 2009 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Sergey Larin , Alexey Ushakov and Nikolay Nikulshin reached the North Pole on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 1 and Yemelya - 2 , designed by Vasily Elagin , a known Russian mountain climber , explorer and engineer . The vehicles reached the North Pole on 26 April 2009 , 17 : 30 ( Moscow time ) . The expedition was partly supported by Russian State Aviation . The Russian Book of Records recognized it as the first successful vehicle trip from land to the Geographical North Pole . MLAE 2013 expedition ( edit ) Yemelya -- all terrain amphibious vehicle On 1 March 2013 the Russian Marine Live - Ice Automobile Expedition ( MLAE 2013 ) with Vasily Elagin as a leader , and a team of Afanasy Makovnev , Vladimir Obikhod , Alexey Shkrabkin , Andrey Vankov , Sergey Isayev and Nikolay Kozlov on two custom - built 6 x 6 low - pressure - tire ATVs -- Yemelya - 3 and Yemelya - 4 , -- started from Golomyanny Island ( the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago ) to the North Pole across drifting ice of the Arctic Ocean . The vehicles reached the Pole on 6 April and then continued to the Canadian coast . The coast was reached on 30 April 2013 ( 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W Ward Hant Island ) , and on 5 May 2013 the expedition finished in Resolute Bay , NU . The way between the Russian borderland ( Machtovyi Island of the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago , 80 ° 15N , 097 ° 27E ) and the Canadian coast ( Ward Hant Island , 83 ° 08N , 075 ° 59W ) took 55 days ; it was ~ 2300 km across drifting ice and about 4000 km in total . The expedition was totally self - dependent and used no external supplies . The expedition was supported by the Russian Geographical Society . Day and night ( edit ) The sun at the North Pole is continuously above the horizon during the summer and continuously below the horizon during the winter . Sunrise is just before the March equinox ( around 20 March ) ; the sun then takes three months to reach its highest point of near 231⁄2 ° elevation at the summer solstice ( around 21 June ) , after which time it begins to sink , reaching sunset just after the September equinox ( around 23 September ) . When the sun is visible in the polar sky , it appears to move in a horizontal circle above the horizon . This circle gradually rises from near the horizon just after the vernal equinox to its maximum elevation ( in degrees ) above the horizon at summer solstice and then sinks back toward the horizon before sinking below it at the autumnal equinox . Hence the North and South Poles experience the slowest rates of sunrise and sunset on Earth . A civil twilight period of about two weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset , a nautical twilight period of about five weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset and an astronomical twilight period of about seven weeks occurs before sunrise and after sunset . These effects are caused by a combination of the Earth 's axial tilt and its revolution around the sun . The direction of the Earth 's axial tilt , as well as its angle relative to the plane of the Earth 's orbit around the sun , remains very nearly constant over the course of a year ( both change very slowly over long time periods ) . At northern midsummer the North Pole is facing towards the sun to its maximum extent . As the year progresses and the Earth moves around the sun , the North Pole gradually turns away from the sun until at midwinter it is facing away from the Sun to its maximum extent . A similar sequence is observed at the South Pole , with a six - month time difference . Time ( edit ) In most places on Earth , local time is determined by longitude , such that the time of day is more - or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky ( for example , at midday the sun is roughly at its highest ) . This line of reasoning fails at the North Pole , where the sun rises and sets only once per year , and all lines of longitude , and hence all time zones , converge . There is no permanent human presence at the North Pole and no particular time zone has been assigned . Polar expeditions may use any time zone that is convenient , such as Greenwich Mean Time , or the time zone of the country from which they departed . Climate ( edit ) Arctic ice shrinkages of 2007 compared to 2005 and also compared to the 1979 -- 2000 average . Main article : Climate of the Arctic See also : Climate change in the Arctic The North Pole is substantially warmer than the South Pole because it lies at sea level in the middle of an ocean ( which acts as a reservoir of heat ) , rather than at altitude on a continental land mass . Despite being an ice cap , it shares some characteristics with a tundra climate ( ETf ) due to the July and August temperatures peaking just above freezing . Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about − 50 to − 13 ° C ( − 58 to 9 ° F ) , averaging around − 31 ° C ( − 24 ° F ) . However , a freak storm caused the temperature to reach 0.7 ° C ( 33 ° F ) for a time at a World Meteorological Organization buoy , located at 87.45 ° N , on December 30 , 2015 . It was estimated that the temperature at the North Pole was between 30 and 35 ° F ( − 1 and 2 ° C ) during the storm . Summer temperatures ( June , July , and August ) average around the freezing point ( 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) ) . The highest temperature yet recorded is 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) , much warmer than the South Pole 's record high of only − 12.3 ° C ( 9.9 ° F ) . A similar spike in temperatures occurred on November 15 , 2016 when temperatures hit freezing . The sea ice at the North Pole is typically around 2 to 3 m ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick , although ice thickness , its spatial extent , and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate . Studies have shown that the average ice thickness has decreased in recent years . It is likely that global warming has contributed to this , but it is not possible to attribute the recent abrupt decrease in thickness entirely to the observed warming in the Arctic . Reports have also predicted that within a few decades the Arctic Ocean will be entirely free of ice in the summer . This may have significant commercial implications ; see `` Territorial Claims , '' below . The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming , as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation , and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation . ( hide ) Climate data for Greenlandic Weather Station ( eleven year average observations ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) − 13 ( 9 ) − 14 ( 7 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 6 ( 21 ) ( 37 ) 10 ( 50 ) 13 ( 55 ) 12 ( 54 ) 7 ( 45 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0.6 ( 33.1 ) 0.7 ( 33.3 ) 13 ( 55 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 29 ( − 20 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 9 ( 16 ) 0 ( 32 ) ( 36 ) ( 34 ) − 7 ( 19 ) − 18 ( 0 ) − 25 ( − 13 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 16.2 ( 2.9 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 32 ( − 26 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 23 ( − 9 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 1 ( 30 ) ( 34 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 9 ( 16 ) − 20 ( − 4 ) − 27 ( − 17 ) − 28 ( − 18 ) − 17.7 ( 0.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 33 ( − 27 ) − 35 ( − 31 ) − 34 ( − 29 ) − 26 ( − 15 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) 0 ( 32 ) − 1 ( 30 ) − 11 ( 12 ) − 22 ( − 8 ) − 30 ( − 22 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 19.7 ( − 3.7 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 24 ( − 11 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 2 ( 28 ) − 12 ( 10 ) − 31 ( − 24 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 41 ( − 42 ) − 47 ( − 53 ) − 50 ( − 58 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 83.5 83.0 83.0 85.0 87.5 90.0 90.0 89.5 88.0 84.5 83.0 83.0 85.83 Source : Weatherbase Flora and fauna ( edit ) Polar bears are believed rarely to travel beyond about 82 ° North owing to the scarcity of food , though tracks have been seen in the vicinity of the North Pole , and a 2006 expedition reported sighting a polar bear just 1 mi ( 1.6 km ) from the Pole . The ringed seal has also been seen at the Pole , and Arctic foxes have been observed less than 60 km ( 37 mi ) away at 89 ° 40 ′ N . Birds seen at or very near the Pole include the snow bunting , northern fulmar and black - legged kittiwake , though some bird sightings may be distorted by the tendency of birds to follow ships and expeditions . Fish have been seen in the waters at the North Pole , but these are probably few in number . A member of the Russian team that descended to the North Pole seabed in August 2007 reported seeing no sea creatures living there . However , it was later reported that a sea anemone had been scooped up from the seabed mud by the Russian team and that video footage from the dive showed unidentified shrimps and amphipods . Territorial claims to the North Pole and Arctic regions ( edit ) Main article : Territorial claims in the Arctic Sunset over the North Pole at the International Dateline , 2015 Currently , under international law , no country owns the North Pole or the region of the Arctic Ocean surrounding it . The five surrounding Arctic countries , Russian Federation , Canada , Norway , Denmark ( via Greenland ) , and the United States ( via Alaska ) , are limited to a 200 - nautical - mile ( 370 km ; 230 mi ) exclusive economic zone around their coasts , and the area beyond that is administered by the International Seabed Authority . Upon ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , a country has 10 years to make claims to an extended continental shelf beyond its 200 - mile exclusive economic zone . If validated , such a claim gives the claimant state rights to what may be on or beneath the sea bottom within the claimed zone . Norway ( ratified the convention in 1996 ) , Russia ( ratified in 1997 ) , Canada ( ratified in 2003 ) and Denmark ( ratified in 2004 ) have all launched projects to base claims that certain areas of Arctic continental shelves should be subject to their sole sovereign exploitation . In 1907 Canada invoked a `` sector principle '' to claim sovereignty over a sector stretching from its coasts to the North Pole . This claim has not been relinquished , but was not consistently pressed until 2013 . Cultural associations ( edit ) In some children 's Western cultures , the geographic North Pole is described as the location of Santa Claus ' workshop and residence , although the depictions have been inconsistent between the geographic and magnetic North Pole . Canada Post has assigned postal code H0H 0H0 to the North Pole ( referring to Santa 's traditional exclamation of `` Ho ho ho ! '' ) . This association reflects an age - old esoteric mythology of Hyperborea that posits the North Pole , the otherworldly world - axis , as the abode of God and superhuman beings . The popular figure of the pole - dwelling Santa Claus thus functions as an archetype of spiritual purity and transcendence . As Henry Corbin has documented , the North Pole plays a key part in the cultural worldview of Sufism and Iranian mysticism . `` The Orient sought by the mystic , the Orient that can not be located on our maps , is in the direction of the north , beyond the north . '' Owing to its remoteness , the Pole is sometimes identified with a mysterious mountain of ancient Iranian tradition called Mount Qaf ( Jabal Qaf ) , the `` farthest point of the earth '' . According to certain authors , the Jabal Qaf of Muslim cosmology is a version of Rupes Nigra , a mountain whose ascent , like Dante 's climbing of the Mountain of Purgatory , represents the pilgrim 's progress through spiritual states . In Iranian theosophy , the heavenly Pole , the focal point of the spiritual ascent , acts as a magnet to draw beings to its `` palaces ablaze with immaterial matter . '' See also ( edit ) Arctic portal Arctic cooperation and politics Arctic Council Biome Celestial pole Ecliptic pole Inuit Circumpolar Council North Pole , Alaska Polaris Poles of astronomical bodies Willem Barentsz Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Data is from a Greenlandic Weather Station at 83 ° 38 ′ N 033 ° 22 ′ W  /  83.633 ° N 33.367 ° W  / 83.633 ; - 33.367  ( Greenlandic Weather Station ) located 709 km ( 441 mi ) from the North Pole . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Black , Richard ( 8 April 2001 ) . New warning on Arctic sea ice melt . BBC Jump up ^ Ljunggren , David ( 5 March 2009 ) . Arctic summer ice could vanish by 2013 : expert . Reuters Jump up ^ Russian sub plants flag at North Pole , Reuters , 2 August 2007 Jump up ^ Андерсон , Уильям Роберт ( 1965 ) . `` '' Наутилус '' у Северного полюса `` . Воениздат . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Mouton , M.W. ( 1968 ) . The International Regime of the Polar Regions . Acadimie de Droit International de La Ha . pp. 202 ( 34 ) . ISBN 9028614427 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Wright , John K. ( July 1953 ) . `` The Open Polar Sea '' . Geographical Review . 43 ( 3 ) : 338 -- 365 . Jump up ^ `` At the North Pole , 6 -- 7 April 1909 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Archived from the original on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Bryce Cook and Peary : the Polar Controversy Resolved Stackpole 1997 ; Henderson , B. ( 2005 ) True North WW Norton & Company ISBN 0 - 393 - 32738 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Sir Wally Herbert '' . The Independent . 16 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Avery website . Retrieved May 2007 ^ Jump up to : Roald Amundsen First to Each Pole -- Three Prior North Pole Claims : Each Unproven & Highly Suspect . Dioi.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ The North Pole Flight of Richard E. Byrd : An Overview of the Controversy Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University . See also DIO Vol. 10 ( 2000 ) ( refereed both at University of Cambridge and by the DIO board ) , which reveals errors of grade school arithmetic in the Byrd - defenses of W. Molett ( pp. 55 & 98 ) and consultant J. Portney ( pp. 73 -- 75 ) , neither of whom attempts to explain Byrd 's surgical censoring of his original June report , or his and the National Geographic 's hiding of said report for decades . Similarly , Avery 's chimeral try at replicating the Peary 1909 trip via 2005 ice , may divert from but can not explain Peary 's data - blanks , data - alterations , nor why he , when reading his diary to Congress on 7 January 1911 , understandably deleted ( only ) its sole attempt at explaining ( crudely and inadequately ) his steering : `` setting course by moon , our shadows etc '' . See The Washington Post 20 April 1989 . Compare diary 2 April 1909 to p. 302 of the Peary Hearings : complete verbatim copy at 1916 Congressional Record Vol. 53 , Appendix pp. 293 -- 327 . Jump up ^ Did Byrd Reach Pole ? His Diary Hints ' No ' . The New York Times . ( 9 May 1996 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ D. Rawlins Polar Record ( Scott Polar Research Institute ) vol. 36 pp. 25 -- 50 . SPRI 's preface : the paper `` is considered to be of such significance to the community that it has been published here despite an expanded version being published this same month in DIO . '' Both versions ( p. 38 and 59 , respectively ) note that while Byrd 's New York ticker - tape parade and his National Geographic Society gold medal presentation were on 23 June 1926 , the NGS exam of his later - hidden original report was from early 23 June through late 28 June ( six days , mistakenly cited as `` five consecutive days '' in the report ) , a chronology so revealing that the September National Geographic pp. 384 -- 385 stripped out the dates ( only ) from the NGS ' own report , which fortunately was published uncensored ( thanks to the Secretary of the Navy ) at The New York Times 30 June , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Tierney , John . ( 7 September 2009 ) Who Was First at the North Pole ? . Tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole Drifting Stations ( 1930s -- 1980s ) '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Lockerby , Patrick ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Arctic Heroes # 2 -- North Pole 1 '' . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Armstrong , Terence ( 2011 ) . The Russians in the Arctic . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 245 - 58209 - 4 . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Halliday , Hugh A. ( January / February 2004 ) The Aries Flights Of 1945 , Legion Magazine Jump up ^ Mills , William James ( 2003 ) . Exploring polar frontiers : a historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 422 - 0 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Советские граждане были доставлены на точку Северного полюса , где , образно говоря , проходит земная ось '' . Вокруг Света . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Concise chronology of approach to the poles '' . Scott Polar Research Institute ( SPRI ) . February 2001 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Высокоширотная воздушная экспедиция `` Север - 2 '' ( 1948 г . ) `` . ФГБУ `` Арктический и антарктический научно - исследовательский институт '' ( ФГБУ `` ААНИИ '' ) . 2005 -- 2008 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Уфаркин , Николай Васильевич . `` Черевичный Иван Иванович '' . Патриотический интернет проект `` Герои Страны '' . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Loginov , Dmitri . `` Великий полярный водоворот просыпается '' . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Volovich Vitaly Georgievich '' . Polar World . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Barlow , John Matthew ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` The Cold War in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Defence and Foreign Affairs Institute ( CDFAI ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Aerial Exploration '' . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Safronov , Ivan , Jr. ( 29 July 2009 ) . `` Десантников отправят на Северный полюс '' . Коммерсантъ . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Aviation History Facts , U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission Jump up ^ Jensen , Joel FIRST SUBMARINE TO SURFACE AT THE NORTH POLE . militaryhonors.sid-hill.us Jump up ^ Jenny Booth ( 13 June 2007 ) . ' Greatest polar explorer ' Sir Wally Herbert dies , The Times . ^ Jump up to : Bob Headland ( 15 June 2007 ) . Sir Wally Herbert , The Guardian . Jump up ^ Polar History . northpolewomen.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Ramstad , C.J. & Pickering , Keith ( 2011 ) . First to the Pole . North Star Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87839 - 446 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sir Wally Herbert . Polarworld.co.uk . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Bruhns , Sarah ( 27 August 2013 ) When Neil Armstrong and Edmund Hillary Took a Trip to the North Pole . atlasobscura.com . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North and South Pole successful '' . ExplorersWeb Inc. 16 June 2004 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Is First to Reach North Pole by Motorcycle '' . Associated Press . 21 April 1987 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ First people to reach the north pole . Guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Fütterer , D. et al. ( 1992 ) `` The Expedition ARK - VIII / 3 of RV Polarstern in 1991 '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 107 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10107. d001 Jump up ^ Thiede , J. et al. ( 2002 ) `` POLARSTERN ARKTIS XVII / 2 Cruise Report : AMORE 2001 ( Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge Expedition ) '' , Reports on Polar and Marine Research , Bremerhaven , 421 , hdl : 10013 / epic. 10426. d001 Jump up ^ `` Lada Oddities '' . ladaniva.co.uk . Jump up ^ Rosloot , Hans `` Amphihans '' . `` The Amphiclopedia Vi to Wa '' . amphibiousvehicle.net . Jump up ^ Cormick , Brett ( February 2000 ) . `` Diving the top of the world '' . Diver . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ozeck , Dave ( 12 January 2005 ) USS Charlotte Achieves Milestone During Under - Ice Transit . news.navy.mil . Jump up ^ Swimmer rises to Arctic challenge , BBC news ( 15 July 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Банько , Юрий ( 19 September 2007 ) . `` Вчера и сегодня мы -- первые . А завтра ? '' . Российская газета . Retrieved 9 January 2012 . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) `` Академик Федоров '' -- выходит из порта Санкт - Петербург в экспедицию `` Арктика - 2007 '' . Press release of the AARI ( 9 July 2007 ) . ^ Jump up to : Russia plants flag under N Pole , BBC News ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) News video of the Russian descent at the North Pole Jump up ^ Russia 's North Pole Obsession , The New York Times ( 2 August 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Big Melt '' , The New York Times ( October 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Diary of MLAE - 2013 '' . yemelya.ru . Jump up ^ Fritz , Angela ; Fritz , Angela ( 30 December 2015 ) . `` Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point '' -- via washingtonpost.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CLOSEST DATA FOR NORTH POLE - 440 MI / 709 KM , GREENLAND '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Antarctic Sun : Heat Wave '' , US Antarctic Program Jump up ^ `` Bizarre Temperatures : North Pole Rises Above Freezing While Parts of Russia Plunge Below - 40 Degrees '' . Jump up ^ Beyond `` Polar Express '' : Fast Facts on the Real North Pole , National Geographic News Jump up ^ `` Sea Ice '' . State of the Cryosphere . NSIDC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic ice thickness drops by up to 19 per cent '' , The Daily Telegraph ( 28 October 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Model - Based Estimates of Change '' . IPCC . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos ( 12 December 2006 ) . Arctic sea ice `` faces rapid melt '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` Future of Arctic Climate and Global Impacts '' . NOAA . Archived from the original on 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Polar Bear -- Population & Distribution , WWF , January 2007 Jump up ^ Explorers ' Blog Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Greenpeace Project Thin Ice ( 1 July 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Halkka , Antti ( February 2003 ) . Ringed seal makes its home on the ice . suomenluonto.fi Jump up ^ Tannerfeldt , Magnus . The Arctic Fox Alopex lagopus . zoologi.su.se ^ Jump up to : `` FARTHEST NORTH POLAR BEAR ( Ursus maritimus ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North Pole sea anemone named most northerly species '' , Observer , 2 August 2009 Jump up ^ `` United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( Annex 2 , Article 4 ) '' . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Status of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , of the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and of the Agreement for the implementation of the provisions of the Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks . un.org ( 4 June 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Territorial claims in the Arctic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier : The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons , by Shamil Yenikeyeff and Timothy Fenton Krysiek , Oxford Institute for Energy Studies , August 2007 Jump up ^ Noronha , Charmaine ( 9 December 2013 ) . `` Canada plans claim that would include North Pole '' . 9 December 2013 . Associated Press . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arctic Sovereignty : Loss by Dereliction ? '' . Northern Perspectives. 22 ( 4 ) . Winter 1994 -- 1995 . Retrieved 16 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffers , Harry Paul ( 2000 ) . Legends of Santa Claus . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 20 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4983 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Meet your neighbor : Santa Claus of the North Pole '' . Jump up ^ `` Canada Post Launches 24th Annual Santa Letter - writing Program -- Post Office Sends Joy to Salvation Army with $25,000 Donation '' . Canada Post . 15 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Godwin , Joscelyn ( 1993 ) . Arktos : The Polar Myth in Science , Symbolism , and Nazi Survival . Grand Rapids : Phanes Press . ISBN 0932813356 . Jump up ^ `` Pole - Spirits North and South '' . Livingheritage.org . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Henry and Pearson , N. ( Translator ) ( 1978 ) . The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism . Shambhala . ISBN 0394734416 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Ibrahim Muhawi & Sharif Kanaana . Speak , Bird , Speak Again : Palestinian Arab Folktales . Berkeley : University of California Press . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Irgam Yigfagna . al - Jabal al - Lamma . p. 11 . Further reading ( edit ) Frederick , Albert ; Cook , Robert E. Peary , George W. Melville ( 2003 ) . Finding the North Pole . The Lyons press . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 072 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Pal , Christopher ( 2002 ) . The Oddest Place on Earth : Rediscovering the North Pole . Writer 's Showcase . ISBN 0 - 595 - 21454 - 1 . Fairfield , William ( 1885 ) . Paradise Found a Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole a Study of the Prehistoric World . Houghton , Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 665 - 37759 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to North Pole . Arctic Council The Northern Forum North Pole Web Cam FAQ on the Arctic and the North Pole Daylight , Darkness and Changing of the Seasons at the North Pole Video of the Nuclear Icebreaker Yamal visiting the North Pole in 2001 Polar Discovery : North Pole Observatory Expedition Polar exploration Arctic Ocean History Expeditions Research stations Farthest North North Pole Barentsz Hudson Marmaduke Carolus Parry North Magnetic Pole J. Ross J.C. Ross Abernethy Kane Hayes Polaris Polaris C.F. Hall British Arctic Expedition HMS Alert Nares HMS Discovery Stephenson Markham Lady Franklin Bay Expedition Greely Lockwood Brainard 1st Fram expedition Fram Nansen Johansen Sverdrup Jason Amedeo F. Cook Peary Sedov Byrd Airship Norge Amundsen Nobile Wisting Riiser - Larsen Ellsworth Airship Italia Nautilus Wilkins ANT - 25 Chkalov Baydukov Belyakov `` North Pole '' manned drifting ice stations NP - 1 Papanin Shirshov E. Fyodorov Krenkel NP - 36 NP - 37 Sedov Badygin Wiese USS Nautilus USS Skate Plaisted Herbert NS Arktika Barneo Arktika 2007 Mir submersibles Sagalevich Chilingarov Iceland Greenland Pytheas Brendan Papar Vikings Naddodd Svavarsson Arnarson Norse colonization of the Americas Ulfsson Galti Erik the Red Christian IV 's expeditions J. Hall Cunningham Lindenov C. Richardson Danish colonization Egede Scoresby Jason Nansen Sverdrup Peary Rasmussen Northwest Passage Northern Canada Cabot G. Corte - Real M. Corte - Real Frobisher Gilbert Davis Hudson Discovery Bylot Baffin Munk I. Fyodorov Gvozdev HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Discovery Clerke Mackenzie Kotzebue J. Ross HMS Griper Parry HMS Hecla Lyon HMS Fury Hoppner Crozier J.C. Ross Coppermine Expedition Franklin Back Dease Simpson HMS Blossom Beechey Franklin 's lost expedition HMS Erebus HMS Terror Collinson Rae -- Richardson Expedition Rae J. Richardson Austin McClure Expedition HMS Investigator McClure HMS Resolute Kellett Belcher Kennedy Bellot Isabel Inglefield 2nd Grinnell Expedition USS Advance Kane Fox McClintock HMS Pandora Young Fram Sverdrup Gjøa Amundsen Rasmussen Karluk Stefansson Bartlett St. Roch H. Larsen Cowper North East Passage Russian Arctic Pomors Koch boats Willoughby Chancellor Barentsz Mangazeya Hudson Poole Siberian Cossacks Perfilyev Stadukhin Dezhnev Popov Ivanov Vagin Permyakov Great Northern Expedition Bering Chirikov Malygin Ovtsyn Minin V. Pronchishchev M. Pronchishcheva Chelyuskin Kh . Laptev D. Laptev Chichagov Lyakhov Billings Sannikov Gedenschtrom Wrangel Matyushkin Anjou Litke Lavrov Pakhtusov Tsivolko Middendorff Austro - Hungarian Expedition Weyprecht Payer Vega Expedition A.E. Nordenskiöld Palander USS Jeannette De Long Yermak Makarov Zarya Toll Kolomeitsev Matisen Kolchak Sedov Rusanov Kuchin Brusilov Expedition Sv . Anna Brusilov Albanov Konrad Wiese Nagórski Taymyr / Vaygach Vilkitsky Maud Amundsen AARI Samoylovich Begichev Urvantsev Sadko Ushakov Glavsevmorput Schmidt Aviaarktika Shevelev Sibiryakov Voronin Chelyuskin Krassin Gakkel Nuclear - powered icebreakers NS Lenin Arktika class Antarctic Continent History Expeditions Southern Ocean Roché Bouvet Kerguelen HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Smith San Telmo Vostok Bellingshausen Mirny Lazarev Bransfield Palmer Davis Weddell Morrell Astrolabe Dumont d'Urville United States Exploring Expedition USS Vincennes Wilkes USS Porpoise Ringgold Ross expedition HMS Erebus ( J.C. Ross Abernethy ) HMS Terror ( Crozier ) Cooper Challenger expedition HMS Challenger Nares Murray Jason C.A. Larsen `` Heroic Age '' Belgian Antarctic Expedition Belgica de Gerlache Lecointe Amundsen Cook Arctowski Racoviță Dobrowolski Southern Cross Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Discovery Discovery Hut Gauss Gauss Drygalski Swedish Antarctic Expedition Antarctic O. Nordenskjöld C.A. Larsen Scottish Antarctic Expedition Bruce Scotia Orcadas Base Nimrod Expedition Nimrod French Antarctic Expeditions Pourquoi - Pas Charcot Japanese Antarctic Expedition Shirase Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Framheim Polheim Terra Nova Terra Nova Scott Wilson E.R. Evans Crean Lashly Filchner Australasian Antarctic Expedition SY Aurora Mawson Far Eastern Party Imperial Trans - Antarctic Expedition Endurance Ernest Shackleton Wild James Caird Ross Sea party Mackintosh Shackleton -- Rowett Expedition Quest IPY IGY Modern research Christensen Byrd BANZARE BGLE Rymill New Swabia Ritscher Operation Tabarin Marr Operation Highjump Captain Arturo Prat Base British Antarctic Survey Operation Windmill Ketchum Ronne Expedition F. Ronne E. Ronne Schlossbach Operation Deep Freeze McMurdo Station Commonwealth Trans - Antarctic Expedition Hillary V. Fuchs Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 1st Somov Klenova Mirny 2nd Tryoshnikov 3rd Tolstikov Antarctic Treaty System Transglobe Expedition Fiennes Burton Lake Vostok Kapitsa Farthest South South Pole HMS Resolution J. Cook HMS Adventure Furneaux Weddell HMS Erebus J.C. Ross HMS Terror Crozier Southern Cross Borchgrevink Discovery Barne Nimrod Shackleton Wild Marshall Adams South Magnetic Pole Mawson David Mackay Amundsen 's South Pole expedition Fram Amundsen Bjaaland Helmer Hassel Wisting Polheim Terra Nova Scott E. Evans Oates Wilson Bowers Byrd Balchen McKinley Dufek Amundsen -- Scott South Pole Station Hillary V. Fuchs Pole of Cold Vostok Station Pole of inaccessibility Pole of Inaccessibility Station Tolstikov Crary A. Fuchs Messner North Pole manned drifting ice stations Soviet Union NP - 1 : Ivan Papanin , Pyotr Shirshov , Yevgeny Fyodorov , Ernst Krenkel NP - 2 : Mikhail Somov NP - 3 : Alexey Tryoshnikov NP - 4 : Yevgeny Tolstikov , Aleksandr Dralkin NP - 5 NP - 6 NP - 7 NP - 8 NP - 9 NP - 10 NP - 11 NP - 12 NP - 13 NP - 14 NP - 15 NP - 16 NP - 17 NP - 18 NP - 19 : Artur Chilingarov NP - 20 NP - 21 NP - 22 NP - 23 NP - 24 NP - 25 NP - 26 NP - 27 NP - 28 NP - 29 NP - 30 NP - 31 Russia NP - 32 NP - 33 NP - 34 NP - 35 NP - 36 NP - 37 NP - 38 NP - 39 NP - 40 NP - 2015 See also Icebreaker Yermak Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route : Otto Schmidt Aviaarktika : Mark Shevelev Icebreaker Sedov : Konstantin Badygin , Vladimir Wiese Barneo VIAF : 236847368 GND : 4117914 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Pole&oldid=828337429 '' Categories : Extreme points of Earth Northern Canada Navigation Polar regions of the Earth Geography of the Arctic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Russian - language external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from March 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray Wolof 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 114 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 52 . 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where is the north pole located on a map

The North Pole is the northernmost point on the Earth , lying diametrically opposite the South Pole . It defines geodetic latitude 90 ° North , as well as the direction of true north . At the North Pole all directions point south ; all lines of longitude converge there , so its longitude can be defined as any degree value . Along tight latitude circles , counterclockwise is east and clockwise is west . The North Pole is at the center of the Northern Hemisphere .

Android ( operating system ) - Wikipedia Android ( operating system ) For other uses , see Android ( disambiguation ) . Android Android 8.1 Oreo home screen Developer Google , Open Handset Alliance Written in Java ( UI ) , C ( core ) , C++ and more OS family Unix - like Working state Current Source model Open source ( most devices include proprietary components , such as Google Play ) Initial release September 23 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) Latest release 8.1. 0 `` Oreo '' / December 5 , 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) Latest preview Android P / March 7 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) Marketing target Smartphones , tablet computers , smartTVs ( Android TV ) , Android Auto and smartwatches ( Wear OS ) Available in 100 + languages Package manager APK ( primarily through Google Play ; installation of APKs also possible locally or from alternative sources such as F - Droid ) Platforms 32 - and 64 - bit ARM , x86 and x86 - 64 Kernel type Monolithic ( modified Linux kernel ) Userland Bionic libc , mksh shell , Toybox as core utilities beginning with Android 6.0 , previously native core utilities with a few from NetBSD Default user interface Graphical ( multi-touch ) License Apache License 2.0 GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications Official website android.com Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google , based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . In addition , Google has further developed Android TV for televisions , Android Auto for cars , and Wear OS for wrist watches , each with a specialized user interface . Variants of Android are also used on game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and other electronics . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases , with the current version being 8.1 `` Oreo '' , released in December 2017 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , and is primarily licensed under the Apache License . Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google , including core apps for services such as Gmail and Google Search , as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play , and associated development platform . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google , but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems , such as Amazon.com 's Fire OS , which utilize their own equivalents to the Google Mobile Services . Android has been the best - selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013 . As of May 2017 , it has over two billion monthly active users , the largest installed base of any operating system , and as of June 2018 , the Google Play store features over 3.3 million apps . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Interface 2.2 Applications 2.3 Memory management 3 Hardware 4 Development 4.1 Update schedule 4.2 Linux kernel 4.3 Software stack 4.4 Open - source community 5 Security and privacy 5.1 Scope of surveillance by public institutions 5.2 Common security threats 5.3 Technical security features 6 Licensing 6.1 Leverage over manufacturers 7 Reception 7.1 Market share 7.2 Adoption on tablets 7.3 Platform usage 7.4 Application piracy 8 Legal issues 9 Other uses 10 Mascot 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History See also : Android version history The `` Sooner '' prototype phone , running a pre-release version of Android Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto , California , in October 2003 by Andy Rubin , Rich Miner , Nick Sears , and Chris White . Rubin described the Android project as `` tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner 's location and preferences '' . The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras , and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004 . The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals , and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile . Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on , and Android was facing eviction from its office space . Steve Perlman , a close friend of Rubin , brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope , and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding . Perlman refused a stake in the company , and has stated `` I did it because I believed in the thing , and I wanted to help Andy . '' In July 2005 , Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million . Its key employees , including Rubin , Miner and White , joined Google as part of the acquisition . Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time , with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones . At Google , the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel . Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible , upgradeable system . Google had `` lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation '' . Speculation about Google 's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006 . An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone , with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard , but the arrival of 2007 's Apple iPhone meant that Android `` had to go back to the drawing board '' . Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that `` Touchscreens will be supported '' , although `` the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption , therefore a touchscreen can not completely replace physical buttons '' . By 2008 , both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch - based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G , and Android 's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens . The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream , also known as T - Mobile G1 , announced on September 23 , 2008 . HTC Dream or T - Mobile G1 , the first commercially released device running Android ( 2008 ) . On November 5 , 2007 , the Open Handset Alliance , a consortium of technology companies including Google , device manufacturers such as HTC , Motorola and Samsung , wireless carriers such as Sprint and T - Mobile , and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments , unveiled itself , with a goal to develop `` the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices '' . Within a year , the Open Handset Alliance faced two other open source competitors , the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation , the latter also developing a Linux - based mobile operating system like Google . In September 2007 , InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony . Since 2008 , Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system , adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases . Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat , with the first few Android versions being called `` Cupcake '' , `` Donut '' , `` Eclair '' , and `` Froyo '' , in that order . During its announcement of Android KitKat in 2013 , Google explained that `` Since these devices make our lives so sweet , each Android version is named after a dessert '' , although a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that `` It 's kind of like an internal team thing , and we prefer to be a little bit -- how should I say -- a bit inscrutable in the matter , I 'll say '' . In 2010 , Google launched its Nexus series of devices , a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions . The series was described as having `` played a pivotal role in Android 's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board '' , and became known for its `` bloat - free '' software with `` timely ... updates '' . At its developer conference in May 2013 , Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4 , where , instead of using Samsung 's own Android customization , the phone ran `` stock Android '' and was promised to receive new system updates fast . The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program , and was followed by other devices , including the HTC One Google Play edition , and Moto G Google Play edition . In 2015 , Ars Technica wrote that `` Earlier this week , the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google 's online storefront were listed as `` no longer available for sale '' and that `` Now they 're all gone , and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up '' . Eric Schmidt , Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 press conference announcing Google 's Nexus 7 tablet From 2008 to 2013 , Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson , representing Android at press conferences and Google I / O , Google 's annual developer - focused conference . He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi . Less than six months earlier , Google 's then - CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google , and that Sundar Pichai would become the new Android lead . Pichai himself would eventually switch positions , becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company 's restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate , making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android . In June 2014 , Google announced Android One , a set of `` hardware reference models '' that would `` allow ( device makers ) to easily create high - quality phones at low costs '' , designed for consumers in developing countries . In September , Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India . However , Recode reported in June 2015 that the project was `` a disappointment '' , citing `` reluctant consumers and manufacturing partners '' and `` misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked hardware '' . Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015 , with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later . A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its low - cost Android One program into the United States , although The Verge notes that the company will presumably not produce the actual devices itself . Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016 , marketed as being the first phones made by Google , and exclusively featured certain software features , such as the Google Assistant , before wider rollout . The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series , with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017 . Features See also : List of features in Android Interface Android 's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation , using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real - world actions , like swiping , tapping , pinching , and reverse pinching to manipulate on - screen objects , along with a virtual keyboard . Game controllers and full - size physical keyboards are supported via Bluetooth or USB . The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface , often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user . Internal hardware , such as accelerometers , gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions , for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented , or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device , simulating control of a steering wheel . Android devices boot to the homescreen , the primary navigation and information `` hub '' on Android devices , analogous to the desktop found on personal computers . Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the associated app , whereas widgets display live , auto - updating content , such as a weather forecast , the user 's email inbox , or a news ticker directly on the homescreen . A homescreen may be made up of several pages , between which the user can swipe back and forth . Third - party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-theme the homescreen , and even mimic the look of other operating systems , such as Windows Phone . Most manufacturers customize the look and features of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their competitors . Along the top of the screen is a status bar , showing information about the device and its connectivity . This status bar can be `` pulled '' down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates . Notifications are `` short , timely , and relevant information about your app when it 's not in use '' , and when tapped , users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification . Beginning with Android 4.1 `` Jelly Bean '' , `` expandable notifications '' allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for it to expand and display more information and possible app actions right from the notification . An All Apps screen lists all installed applications , with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen . A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps . Applications See also : Android software development and Google Play Applications ( `` apps '' ) , which extend the functionality of devices , are written using the Android software development kit ( SDK ) and , often , the Java programming language . Java may be combined with C / C++ , together with a choice of non-default runtimes that allow better C++ support . The Go programming language is also supported , although with a limited set of application programming interfaces ( API ) . In May 2017 , Google announced support for Android app development in the Kotlin programming language . The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools , including a debugger , software libraries , a handset emulator based on QEMU , documentation , sample code , and tutorials . Initially , Google 's supported integrated development environment ( IDE ) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools ( ADT ) plugin ; in December 2014 , Google released Android Studio , based on IntelliJ IDEA , as its primary IDE for Android application development . Other development tools are available , including a native development kit ( NDK ) for applications or extensions in C or C++ , Google App Inventor , a visual environment for novice programmers , and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks . In January 2014 , Google unveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications to Android , wrapped in a native application shell . Android has a growing selection of third - party applications , which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application 's APK ( Android application package ) file , or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install , update , and remove applications from their devices . Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google 's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software . Google Play Store allows users to browse , download and update applications published by Google and third - party developers ; as of July 2013 , there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store . As of July 2013 , 50 billion applications have been installed . Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases , where the cost of the application is added to the user 's monthly bill . As of May 2017 , there are over one billion active users a month for Gmail , Android , Chrome , Google Play and Maps . Due to the open nature of Android , a number of third - party application marketplaces also exist for Android , either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store , provide applications that can not be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations , or for other reasons . Examples of these third - party stores have included the Amazon Appstore , GetJar , and SlideMe . F - Droid , another alternative marketplace , seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses . Memory management Since Android devices are usually battery - powered , Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum . When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that , while available for immediate use rather than closed , it does not use battery power or CPU resources . Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically : when memory is low , the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes , starting with those that have been inactive for the longest amount of time . Lifehacker reported in 2011 that third - party task killer applications were doing more harm than good . Hardware See also : Android hardware requirements The main hardware platform for Android is ARM ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8 - A architectures ) , with x86 , MIPS and MIPS64 , and x86 - 64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android . The unofficial Android - x86 project provided support for x86 architectures ahead of the official support . The MIPS architecture was also supported ahead of Google 's support . Since 2012 , Android devices with Intel processors began to appear , including phones and tablets . While gaining support for 64 - bit platforms , Android was first made to run on 64 - bit x86 and then on ARM64 . Since Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' , 64 - bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32 - bit variants . Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 range from in practice 2 GB for best hardware , down to 1 GB for the most common screen , to absolute minimum 512 MB for the lowest spec 32 - bit smartphone . The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM , while for `` low RAM '' devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor . Android 4.4 requires a 32 - bit ARMv7 , MIPS or x86 architecture processor ( latter two through unofficial ports ) , together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 3.1 and as of latest major version , 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan ( and version 1.1 available for some devices ) . Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES , and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications . Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components , including still or video cameras , GPS , orientation sensors , dedicated gaming controls , accelerometers , gyroscopes , barometers , magnetometers , proximity sensors , pressure sensors , thermometers , and touchscreens . Some hardware components are not required , but became standard in certain classes of devices , such as smartphones , and additional requirements apply if they are present . Some other hardware was initially required , but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether . For example , as Android was developed initially as a phone OS , hardware such as microphones were required , while over time the phone function became optional . Android used to require an autofocus camera , which was relaxed to a fixed - focus camera if present at all , since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used on set - top boxes . In addition to running on smartphones and tablets , several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse . In addition to their availability on commercially available hardware , similar PC hardware - friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android - x86 project , including customized Android 4.4 . Using the Android emulator that is part of the Android SDK , or third - party emulators , Android can also run non-natively on x86 architectures . Chinese companies are building a PC and mobile operating system , based on Android , to `` compete directly with Microsoft Windows and Google Android '' . The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that `` more than a dozen '' companies were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on government PCs . Development Main article : Android software development The stack of Android Open Source Project Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released , at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , an open source initiative led by Google . The AOSP code can be found without modification on select devices , mainly the Nexus and Pixel series of devices . The source code is , in turn , customized and adapted by original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ) to run on their hardware . Also , Android 's source code does not contain the often proprietary device drivers that are needed for certain hardware components . As a result , most Android devices , including Google 's own , ultimately ship with a combination of free and open source and proprietary software , with the software required for accessing Google services falling into the latter category . Update schedule See also : Android version history Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a yearly basis . The updates can be installed on devices over-the - air . The latest major release is 8.0 `` Oreo '' , announced in March 2017 , and released the following August . Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system , Apple 's iOS , Android updates typically reach various devices with significant delays . Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands , updates often arrive months after the release of the new version , or not at all . This was partly due to the extensive variation in hardware in Android devices , to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored , a time - and resource - consuming process . Manufacturers often prioritize their newest devices and leave old ones behind . Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers that , after receiving updates from manufacturers , further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the upgrade out to users . There are also situations in which upgrades are not possible due to one manufacturing partner not providing necessary updates to drivers . The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades , with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers , or sometimes not at all . The lack of after - sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media . Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices , as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones , an attitude described as `` insulting '' . The Guardian complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way . In 2011 , Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an `` Android Update Alliance '' , pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release ; however , there has not been another official word about that alliance since its announcement . In 2012 , Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system ( particularly its core applications ) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS . One of those components , Google Play Services , is a closed - source system - level process providing APIs for Google services , installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.2 `` Froyo '' and higher . With these changes , Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself . As a result , Android 4.2 and 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' contained relatively fewer user - facing changes , focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements . In May 2016 , Bloomberg reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up - to - date , including accelerated rates of security updates , rolling out technological workarounds , reducing requirements for phone testing , and ranking phone makers in an attempt to `` shame '' them into better behavior . As stated by Bloomberg : `` As smartphones get more capable , complex and hackable , having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important '' . Hiroshi Lockheimer , the Android lead , admitted that `` It 's not an ideal situation '' , further commenting that the lack of updates is `` the weakest link on security on Android '' . Wireless carriers were described in the report as the `` most challenging discussions '' , due to carriers ' slow approval time due to testing on their networks , despite some carriers , including Verizon and Sprint , having already shortened their respective approval times . HTC 's then - executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates `` unrealistic '' in 2015 , and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures . In a further effort for persuasion , Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners , and is considering making the list public . Mike Chan , co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer , said that `` The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system '' , `` or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers `` to be good Android citizens '' `` . In May 2017 , with the announcement of Android 8.0 , Google introduced Project Treble , a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier , faster , and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android . Project Treble separates the vendor implementation ( device - specific , lower - level software written by silicon manufacturers ) from the Android OS framework via a new `` vendor interface '' . In Android 7.0 and earlier , no formal vendor interface exists , so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system . With Treble , the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware - specific parts of Android , enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework , `` without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers . '' In September 2017 , Google 's Project Treble team revealed that , as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices , Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long - Term Support ( LTS ) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel , starting with Linux kernel 4.4 . Linux kernel Android 's kernel is based on one of the Linux kernel 's long - term support ( LTS ) branches . As of 2017 , Android devices mainly use versions 3.18 or 4.4 of the Linux kernel . The actual kernel depends on the individual device . Android 's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle , such as the inclusion of components like device trees , ashmem , ION , and different out of memory ( OOM ) handling . Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel , notably a power management feature called `` wakelocks '' , were initially rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code . Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community , but Greg Kroah - Hartman , the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch , said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux . Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company 's developer conference that `` Android is not Linux '' , with Computerworld adding that `` Let me make it simple for you , without Linux , there is no Android '' . Ars Technica wrote that `` Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel , the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack '' . In August 2011 , Linus Torvalds said that `` eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel , but it will probably not be for four to five years '' . In December 2011 , Greg Kroah - Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project , which aims to put some Android drivers , patches and features back into the Linux kernel , starting in Linux 3.3 . Linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel , after many previous attempts at merger . The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes : to memory ( the traditional suspend that Android uses ) , and to disk ( hibernate , as it is known on the desktop ) . Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to re-base Android off the latest stable Linux versions . The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions , such as / system for the operating system itself , and / data for user data and application installations . In contrast to desktop Linux distributions , Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitive partitions such as / system are read - only . However , root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android , which is used frequently by the open - source community to enhance the capabilities of their devices , but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware . Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation , Google 's open - source chief Chris DiBona , and several journalists . Others , such as Google engineer Patrick Brady , say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix - like Linux distribution sense ; Android does not include the GNU C Library ( it uses Bionic as an alternative C library ) and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions . With the release of Android Oreo in 2017 , Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer , for security reasons . Existing devices upgraded to Oreo , and new products launched with older SoCs , were exempt from this rule . Software stack Android 's architecture diagram On top of the Linux kernel , there are the middleware , libraries and APIs written in C , and application software running on an application framework which includes Java - compatible libraries . Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android 's other source code projects . Until version 5.0 , Android used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace - based just - in - time ( JIT ) compilation to run Dalvik `` dex - code '' ( Dalvik Executable ) , which is usually translated from the Java bytecode . Following the trace - based JIT principle , in addition to interpreting the majority of application code , Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments ( `` traces '' ) each time an application is launched . Android 4.4 introduced Android Runtime ( ART ) as a new runtime environment , which uses ahead - of - time ( AOT ) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of an application . In Android 4.4 , ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default ; it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android , 5.0 . For its Java library , the Android platform uses a subset of the now discontinued Apache Harmony project . In December 2015 , Google announced that the next version of Android would switch to a Java implementation based on the OpenJDK project . Android 's standard C library , Bionic , was developed by Google specifically for Android , as a derivation of the BSD 's standard C library code . Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel . The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library ( glibc ) or uClibc are its smaller runtime footprint , and optimization for low - frequency CPUs . At the same time , Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licence , which Google finds more suitable for the Android 's overall licensing model . Aiming for a different licensing model , toward the end of 2012 , Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL - licensed BlueZ to the Apache - licensed BlueDroid . Android does not have a native X Window System by default , nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries . This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android , until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C++ . Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small shim and usage of the JNI . Since Marshmallow , `` Toybox '' , a collection of command line utilities ( mostly for use by apps , as Android does n't provide a command line interface by default ) , replaced similar `` Toolbox '' collection . Android has another operating system , Trusty OS , within it , as a part of `` Trusty '' `` software components supporting a Trusted Execution Environment ( TEE ) on mobile devices . '' `` Trusty and the Trusty API are subject to change . ( ... ) Applications for the Trusty OS can be written in C / C++ ( C++ support is limited ) , and they have access to a small C library . ( ... ) All Trusty applications are single - threaded ; multithreading in Trusty userspace currently is unsupported . ( ... ) Third - party application development is not supported in '' the current version , and software running on the OS and processor for it , run the `` DRM framework for protected content . ( ... ) There are many other uses for a TEE such as mobile payments , secure banking , full - disk encryption , multi-factor authentication , device reset protection , replay - protected persistent storage , wireless display ( '' cast `` ) of protected content , secure PIN and fingerprint processing , and even malware detection . '' Open - source community Android 's source code is released by Google under an open source license , and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open - source code as a foundation for community - driven projects , which deliver updates to older devices , add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems . These community - developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through the official manufacturer / carrier channels , with a comparable level of quality ; provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates ; or bring Android to devices that were officially released running other operating systems , such as the HP TouchPad . Community releases often come pre-rooted and contain modifications not provided by the original vendor , such as the ability to overclock or over / undervolt the device 's processor . CyanogenMod was the most widely used community firmware , now discontinued and succeeded by LineageOS . Historically , device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third - party firmware development . Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this . Moreover , modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features , such as tethering , for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium . As a result , technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices . However , as community - developed software has grown more popular , and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the `` jailbreaking '' of mobile devices , manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development , with some , including HTC , Motorola , Samsung and Sony , providing support and encouraging development . As a result of this , over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders , similar to Nexus series of phones , although usually requiring that users waive their devices ' warranties to do so . However , despite manufacturer acceptance , some carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down , frustrating developers and customers . Security and Privacy See also : Mobile security and WARRIOR PRIDE Scope of surveillance by public institutions As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that the American and British intelligence agencies , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , respectively , have access to the user data on iPhone , BlackBerry , and Android devices . They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information , including SMS , location , emails , and notes . In January 2014 , further reports revealed the intelligence agencies ' capabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks and other popular applications such as Angry Birds , which collect personal information of their users for advertising and other commercial reasons . GCHQ has , according to The Guardian , a wiki - style guide of different apps and advertising networks , and the different data that can be siphoned from each . Later that week , the Finnish Angry Birds developer Rovio announced that it was reconsidering its relationships with its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations , and called upon the wider industry to do the same . The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk . The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws , although the Guardian stated `` the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about how the technology sector collects and uses information , especially for those outside the US , who enjoy fewer privacy protections than Americans . '' Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks , codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 -- 2016 , detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare , including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones ( including Android ) . Common security threats Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware , where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium - rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user . Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device , or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties . Security threats on Android are reportedly growing exponentially ; however , Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial reasons , and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users . Google maintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare , and a survey conducted by F - Secure showed that only 0.5 % of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store . In August 2015 , Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches . Google also wrote that `` Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the Google Store . '' The following October , researchers at the University of Cambridge concluded that 87.7 % of Android phones in use had known but unpatched security vulnerabilities due to lack of updates and support . Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica wrote also in August 2015 that `` Android was originally designed , above all else , to be widely adopted . Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share , so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption . ( ... ) Now , though , Android has around 75 -- 80 percent of the worldwide smartphone market -- making it not just the world 's most popular mobile operating system but arguably the most popular operating system , period . As such , security has become a big issue . Android still uses a software update chain - of - command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update , and it just does n't work '' . Following news of Google 's monthly schedule , some manufacturers , including Samsung and LG , promised to issue monthly security updates , but , as noted by Jerry Hildenbrand in Android Central in February 2016 , `` instead we got a few updates on specific versions of a small handful of models . And a bunch of broken promises '' . In a March 2017 post on Google 's Security Blog , Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that `` More than 735 million devices from 200 + manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016 '' and that `` Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates , releasing updates for over half of the top 50 devices worldwide in the last quarter of 2016 '' . They also wrote that `` About half of devices in use at the end of 2016 had not received a platform security update in the previous year '' , stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers . Furthermore , in a comment to TechCrunch , Ludwig stated that the wait time for security updates had been reduced from `` six to nine weeks down to just a few days '' , with 78 % of flagship devices in North America being up - to - date on security at the end of 2016 . Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower - priced devices . However , the open - source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure uses . For example , Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the `` Knox '' project . Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi - Fi access points , encountered as phone users move around , to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points . These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones , allowing them to run apps like Foursquare , Google Latitude , Facebook Places , and to deliver location - based ads . Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid , an academic research - funded project , can , in some cases , detect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers . Technical security features Android applications run in a sandbox , an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system 's resources , unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed , however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps . It is not possible , for example , to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera completely . This is valid also in Android versions 7 and 8 . Since February 2012 , Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store . A `` Verify Apps '' feature was introduced in November 2012 , as part of the Android 4.2 `` Jelly Bean '' operating system version , to scan all apps , both from Google Play and from third - party sources , for malicious behavior . Originally only doing so during installation , Verify Apps received an update in 2014 to `` constantly '' scan apps , and in 2017 the feature was made visible to users through a menu in Settings . Before installing an application , the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function . After reviewing these permissions , the user can choose to accept or refuse them , installing the application only if they accept . In Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' , the permissions system was changed ; apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at installation time . An opt - in system is used instead , in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time . Applications remember the grants , which can be revoked by the user at any time . Pre-installed apps , however , are not always part of this approach . In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps , nor be possible to disable them . The Google Play Services app can not be uninstalled , nor disabled . Any force stop attempt , result in the app restarting itself . The new permissions model is used only by applications developed for Marshmallow using its software development kit ( SDK ) , and older apps will continue to use the previous all - or - nothing approach . Permissions can still be revoked for those apps , though this might prevent them from working properly , and a warning is displayed to that effect . In September 2014 , Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android . Nova wrote that `` The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them ; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe . By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation , applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe . If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious , the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus ' jurisdiction '' . The study by Fraunhofer AISEC , examining antivirus software from Avast , AVG , Bitdefender , ESET , F - Secure , Kaspersky , Lookout , McAfee ( formerly Intel Security ) , Norton , Sophos , and Trend Micro , revealed that `` the tested antivirus apps do not provide protection against customized malware or targeted attacks '' , and that `` the tested antivirus apps were also not able to detect malware which is completely unknown to date but does not make any efforts to hide its malignity '' . In August 2013 , Google announced Android Device Manager ( renamed Find My Device in May 2017 ) , a service that allows users to remotely track , locate , and wipe their Android device , with an Android app for the service released in December . In December 2016 , Google introduced a Trusted Contacts app , letting users request location - tracking of loved ones during emergencies . Licensing The source code for Android is open - source : it is developed in private by Google , with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released . Google publishes most of the code ( including network and telephony stacks ) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allows modification and redistribution . The license does not grant rights to the `` Android '' trademark , so device manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts . Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2 , developed by the Open Handset Alliance , with the source code publicly available at all times . Typically , Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device ( part of the Nexus series ) featuring the new version of Android , then makes the source code available after that device has been released . The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was the tablet - only 3.0 Honeycomb release . The reason , according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post , was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom , and they did not want third parties creating a `` really bad user experience '' by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets . Only the base Android operating system ( including some applications ) is open - source software , whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software , such as Google Mobile Services , which includes applications such as Google Play Store , Google Search , and Google Play Services -- a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google - provided services , among others . These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers , and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements . Custom , certified distributions of Android produced by manufacturers ( such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense ) may also replace certain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stock Android operating system . There may also be `` binary blob '' drivers required for certain hardware components in the device . Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as Replicant , because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary , and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install or deinstall applications and , as a result , invite non-free software ; although the Free Software Foundation has not found Google to use it for malicious reasons . Leverage over manufacturers Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software , along with Android trademarks , only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google 's compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document . Thus , forks of Android that make major changes to the operating system itself do not include any of Google 's non-free components , stay incompatible with applications that require them , and must ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store . Examples of such Android forks are Amazon 's Fire OS ( which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets , and oriented toward Amazon services ) , the Nokia X Software Platform ( a fork used by the Nokia X family , oriented primarily toward Nokia and Microsoft services ) , and other forks that exclude Google apps due to the general unavailability of Google services in certain regions ( such as China ) . In 2014 , Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent `` Powered by Android '' logo on their boot screens . Google has also enforced preferential bundling and placement of Google Mobile Services on devices , including mandated bundling of the entire main suite of Google applications , and that shortcuts to Google Search and the Play Store app must be present on or near the main home screen page in its default configuration . Some stock applications and components in AOSP code that were formerly used by earlier versions of Android , such as Search , Music , Calendar , and the location API , were abandoned by Google in favor of non-free replacements distributed through Play Store ( Google Search , Google Play Music , and Google Calendar ) and Google Play Services , which are no longer open - source . Moreover , open - source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions , such as Photosphere panoramas in Camera , and a Google Now page on the default home screen ( exclusive to the proprietary version `` Google Now Launcher '' , whose code is embedded within that of the main Google application ) . These measures are likely intended to discourage forks , as more of the operating system 's core functionality ( and in turn , third - party software ) , are dependent on proprietary components licensed exclusively by Google , and it would take significant development resources to develop an alternative suite of software and APIs to replicate or replace them . Apps that do not utilize Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage , as they can only utilize APIs contained within the OS itself . In March 2018 , it was reported that Google had begun to block `` uncertified '' Android devices from utilizing Google Mobile Services software , and display a warning indicating that `` the device manufacturer has preloaded Google apps and services without certification from Google '' . Users of custom ROMs are able to register their device ID to their Google account to remove this block . Members of the Open Handset Alliance , which include the majority of Android OEMs , are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS ; in 2012 , Acer Inc. was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Group 's Aliyun OS with threats of removal from the OHA , as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android . Alibaba Group defended the allegations , arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android ( primarily using HTML5 apps ) , but incorporated portions of Android 's platform to allow backwards compatibility with third - party Android software . Indeed , the devices did ship with an application store which offered Android apps ; however , the majority of them were pirated . Reception Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in 2007 . Although analysts were impressed with the respected technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance , it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operating systems with Android . The idea of an open - source , Linux - based development platform sparked interest , but there were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from established players in the smartphone market , such as Nokia and Microsoft , and rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development . These established players were skeptical : Nokia was quoted as saying `` we do n't see this as a threat , '' and a member of Microsoft 's Windows Mobile team stated `` I do n't understand the impact that they are going to have . '' Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system and `` one of the fastest mobile experiences available '' . Reviewers have highlighted the open - source nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths , allowing companies such as Nokia ( Nokia X family ) , Amazon ( Kindle Fire ) , Barnes & Noble ( Nook ) , Ouya , Baidu and others to fork the software and release hardware running their own customised version of Android . As a result , it has been described by technology website Ars Technica as `` practically the default operating system for launching new hardware '' for companies without their own mobile platforms . This openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user : Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely available from non-Google app stores and third party websites . These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others . Despite Android 's popularity , including an activation rate three times that of iOS , there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected . The Verge suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services -- Amazon 's Kindle Fire line uses Fire OS , a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any of Google 's proprietary components , and requires that users obtain software from its competing Amazon Appstore instead of Play Store . In 2014 , in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand , Google began to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the boot screen . Android has suffered from `` fragmentation '' , a situation where the variety of Android devices , in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them , makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less . For example , according to data from OpenSignal in July 2013 , there were 11,868 models of Android device , numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versions simultaneously in use , while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of that OS . Critics such as Apple Insider have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushed Android 's growth through large volumes of low end , budget - priced devices running older versions of Android . They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the `` lowest common denominator '' to reach as many users as possible , who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or software features only available on a smaller percentage of devices . However , OpenSignal , who develops both Android and iOS apps , concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier , Android 's wider global reach also increases the potential reward . Market share Main article : Usage share of operating systems Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009 , that Android had a 2.8 % share of worldwide smartphone shipments . By May 2010 , Android had a 10 % worldwide smartphone market share , overtaking Windows Mobile , whilst in the US Android held a 28 % share , overtaking iPhone OS . By the fourth quarter of 2010 , its worldwide share had grown to 33 % of the market becoming the top - selling smartphone platform , overtaking Symbian . In the US it became the top - selling platform in April 2011 , overtaking BlackBerry OS with a 31.2 % smartphone share , according to comScore . By the third quarter of 2011 , Gartner estimated that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android . By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75 % share of the global smartphone market according to the research firm IDC . In July 2011 , Google said that 550,000 Android devices were being activated every day , up from 400,000 per day in May , and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4 % growth per week . In September 2012 , 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations per day . In May 2013 , at Google I / O , Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated . Android market share varies by location . In July 2012 , `` mobile subscribers aged 13 + '' in the United States using Android were up to 52 % , and rose to 90 % in China . During the third quarter of 2012 , Android 's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75 % , with 750 million devices activated in total . In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day . As of May 2013 , 48 billion applications ( `` apps '' ) have been installed from the Google Play store , and by September 2013 , one billion Android devices have been activated . As of February 2017 , the Google Play store has over 2.7 million Android applications published , and As of May 2016 , apps have been downloaded more than 65 billion times . The operating system 's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so - called `` smartphone wars '' between technology companies . Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets , including the US , while `` only in Japan was Apple on top '' ( September -- November 2013 numbers ) . At the end of 2013 , over 1.5 billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010 , making Android the most sold phone and tablet OS . Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014 ( including previous years ) . According to Gartner research company , Android - based devices outsold all contenders , every year since 2012 . In 2013 , it outsold Windows 2.8 : 1 or by 573 million . As of 2015 , Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems ; Since 2013 , devices running it also sell more than Windows , iOS and Mac OS X devices combined . According to StatCounter , which tracks only the use for browsing the web , Android is the most popular mobile operating system since August 2013 . Android is the most popular operating system for web browsing in India and several other countries ( e.g. virtually all of Asia , with Japan and North Korea exceptions ) . According to StatCounter , Android is most used on mobile in all African countries , and it stated `` mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India , South Africa and Saudi Arabia '' , with virtually all countries in Africa having done so already ( except for seven countries , including Egypt ) , such as Ethiopia and Kenya in which mobile ( including tablets ) usage is at 90.46 % ( Android only , accounts for 75.81 % of all use there ) . While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Google 's proprietary add - ons ( such as Google Play ) to the otherwise open - source operating system , this is increasingly not the case in emerging markets ; `` ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with open - source Android in the second quarter of ( 2014 ) , up from 54 million in the first quarter '' ; depending on country , percent of phones estimated to be based only on AOSP source code , forgoing the Android trademark : Thailand ( 44 % ) , Philippines ( 38 % ) , Indonesia ( 31 % ) , India ( 21 % ) , Malaysia ( 24 % ) , Mexico ( 18 % ) , Brazil ( 9 % ) . According to a January 2015 Gartner report , `` Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014 , and will continue to grow at a double - digit pace in 2015 , with a 26 percent increase year over year . '' This made it the first time that any general - purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users within a year : by reaching close to 1.16 billion end users in 2014 , Android shipped over four times more than iOS and OS X combined , and over three times more than Microsoft Windows . Gartner expected the whole mobile phone market to `` reach two billion units in 2016 '' , including Android . Describing the statistics , Farhad Manjoo wrote in The New York Times that `` About one of every two computers sold today is running Android . ( It ) has become Earth 's dominant computing platform . '' According to a Statistica 's estimate , Android smartphones had an installed base of 1.8 billion units in 2015 , which was 76 % of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide . Android has the largest installed base of any mobile operating system and , since 2013 , the highest - selling operating system overall with sales in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 close to the installed base of all PCs . In the second quarter of 2014 , Android 's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 84.7 % , a new record . This had grown to 87.5 % worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016 , leaving main competitor iOS with 12.1 % market share . According to an April 2017 StatCounter report , Android overtook Microsoft Windows to become the most popular operating system for total Internet usage . It has maintained the plurality since then . In September 2015 , Google announced that Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users . This changed to 2 billion monthly active users in May 2017 . Adoption on tablets The first - generation Nexus 7 tablet , running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean Despite its success on smartphones , initially Android tablet adoption was slow . One of the main causes was the chicken or the egg situation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications , but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them . The content and app `` ecosystem '' proved more important than hardware specs as the selling point for tablets . Due to the lack of Android tablet - specific applications in 2011 , early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill - suited to larger screen sizes , whereas the dominance of Apple 's iPad was reinforced by the large number of tablet - specific iOS applications . Despite app support in its infancy , a considerable number of Android tablets , like the Barnes & Noble Nook ( alongside those using other operating systems , such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook ) were rushed out to market in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad . InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a `` Frankenphone business '' , a short - term low - investment opportunity by placing a smartphone - optimized Android OS ( before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was available ) on a device while neglecting user interface . This approach , such as with the Dell Streak , failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets . Furthermore , several Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom were priced the same or higher than the iPad , which hurt sales . An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire , which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon 's ecosystem of applications and content . This began to change in 2012 , with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications . According to International Data Corporation , shipments of Android - powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012 . Barnes & Noble Nook running Android As of the end of 2013 , over 191.6 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011 . This made Android tablets the most - sold type of tablet in 2013 , surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013 . According to StatCounter 's web use statistics , as of August 15 , 2017 , Android tablets represent the majority of tablet devices used in South America ( 57.46 % ) and Africa ( 69.08 % ) , while being a distant second to iOS in North America ( 25.29 % ) and Europe ( 32.64 % ) , despite having sizeable majorities in many Central American , Caribbean , and Eastern European states . ) and representing the majority in Asia ( 51.25 % ) notably in India ( 65.98 % ) and Indonesia ( 82.18 % ) . Android is an extremely distant second at 11.93 % in Oceania as well , mostly due to Australia ( 10.71 % ) and New Zealand ( 16.9 % ) , while in some countries such as Nauru over 80 % of tablets are believed to use Android . As well , Android is more often than not used by the minority of web users in Antarctica , which has no permanent population . In March 2016 , Galen Gruman of InfoWorld stated that Android devices could be a `` real part of your business ( ... ) there 's no longer a reason to keep Android at arm 's length . It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as Apple 's iOS devices are '' . A year earlier , Gruman had stated that Microsoft 's own mobile Office apps were `` better on iOS and Android '' than on Microsoft 's own Windows 10 devices . Platform usage Oreo ( 5.7 % ) Nougat ( 31.1 % ) Marshmallow ( 25.5 % ) Lollipop ( 22.4 % ) KitKat ( 10.3 % ) Jelly Bean ( 4.3 % ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 0.4 % ) Gingerbread ( 0.3 % ) Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions , based on devices accessing the Google Play Store in a seven - day period ending on May 7 , 2018 . Therefore , these statistics exclude devices running various Android forks that do not access the Google Play Store , such as Amazon 's Fire tablets . Version Code name Release date API level Runtime Distribution First devices to run version ? Android P N / A Latest preview version of a future release : 28 ART N / A Essential Phone , Pixel , Pixel XL , Pixel 2 , Pixel 2 XL , Nokia 7 Plus , OnePlus 6 , Oppo R15 Pro , Sony Xperia XZ2 , Vivo X21UD , Vivo X21 , Xiaomi Mi Mix 2S 8.1 December 5 , 2017 Current stable version : 27 ART 0.8 % Pixel , Pixel XL , Nexus 6P , Nexus 5X 8.0 Oreo August 21 , 2017 Current stable version : 26 ART 4.9 % N / A 7.1 Nougat October 4 , 2016 Older version , yet still supported : 25 ART 8.2 % Pixel , Pixel XL 7.0 August 22 , 2016 Older version , yet still supported : 24 ART 22.9 % Nexus 5X , Nexus 6P 6.0 Marshmallow October 5 , 2015 Older version , yet still supported : 23 ART 25.5 % 5.1 Lollipop March 9 , 2015 Old version , no longer supported : 22 ART 17.6 % Android One 5.0 November 3 , 2014 Old version , no longer supported : 21 ART 2.1. 0 4.8 % Nexus 6 , Nexus 9 4.4 KitKat October 31 , 2013 Old version , no longer supported : 19 Dalvik ( and ART 1.6. 0 ) 10.3 % Nexus 5 4.3 Jelly Bean July 24 , 2013 Old version , no longer supported : 18 Dalvik 0.6 % Nexus 7 2013 4.2 November 13 , 2012 Old version , no longer supported : 17 Dalvik 2.2 % Nexus 4 , Nexus 10 4.1 July 9 , 2012 Old version , no longer supported : 16 Dalvik 1.5 % Nexus 7 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich October 19 , 2011 Old version , no longer supported : 15 Dalvik 0.4 % Galaxy Nexus 2.3 Gingerbread February 9 , 2011 Old version , no longer supported : 10 Dalvik 1.4. 0 0.3 % Nexus S Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release As of April 2018 , 64.8 % of devices have OpenGL ES 3.0 or higher . Application piracy In general , paid Android applications can easily be pirated . In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamer , the developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 9 : 1 for their game Football Manager Handheld . However , not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue ; for example , in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind - up Knight said that piracy levels of their game were only 12 % , and most of the piracy came from China , where people can not purchase apps from Google Play . In 2010 , Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps , but developers complained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack . Google responded that the tool , especially its initial release , was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs , not as a finished piracy solution . Android `` Jelly Bean '' introduced the ability for paid applications to be encrypted , so that they may work only on the device for which they were purchased . Legal issues Further information : Oracle v. Google , Smartphone wars , and Patent troll The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies , both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits . On August 12 , 2010 , Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language . Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion , but this valuation was rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate . In response , Google submitted multiple lines of defense , counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle 's patents or copyright , that Oracle 's patents were invalid , and several other defenses . They said that Android 's Java runtime environment is based on Apache Harmony , a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries , and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik . In May 2012 , the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle 's patents , and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable . The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for a small amount of copied code . On May 9 , 2014 , the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district court ruling , ruling in Oracle 's favor on the copyrightability issue , and remanding the issue of fair use to the district court . In December 2015 , Google announced that the next major release of Android ( Android Nougat ) would switch to OpenJDK , which is the official open - source implementation of the Java platform , instead of using the now - discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime . Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository . In its announcement , Google claimed this was part of an effort to create a `` common code base '' between Java on Android and other platforms . Google later admitted in a court filing that this was part of an effort to address the disputes with Oracle , as its use of OpenJDK code is governed under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) with a linking exception , and that `` any damages claim associated with the new versions expressly licensed by Oracle under OpenJDK would require a separate analysis of damages from earlier releases '' . In June 2016 , a United States federal court ruled in favor of Google , stating that its use of the APIs was fair use . In addition to lawsuits against Google directly , various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices , with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market . Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement , with Apple 's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high - profile case . In January 2012 , Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with eleven Android device manufacturers , whose products account for `` 70 percent of all Android smartphones '' sold in the US and 55 % of the worldwide revenue for Android devices . These include Samsung and HTC . Samsung 's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft 's Windows Phone operating system . Microsoft has also tied its own Android software to patent licenses , requiring the bundling of Microsoft Office Mobile and Skype applications on Android devices to subsidize the licensing fees , while at the same time helping to promote its software lines . Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States , accusing Apple , Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation , rather than innovating and competing with better products and services . In August 2011 , Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US $12.5 billion , which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android , since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents . In December 2011 , Google bought over a thousand patents from IBM . In 2013 , FairSearch , a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft , Oracle and others , filed a complaint regarding Android with the European Commission , alleging that its free - of - charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive predatory pricing . The Free Software Foundation Europe , whose donors include Google , disputed the Fairsearch allegations . On April 20 , 2016 , the EU filed a formal antitrust complaint against Google based upon the FairSearch allegations , arguing that its leverage over Android vendors , including the mandatory bundling of the entire suite of proprietary Google software , hindering the ability for competing search providers to be integrated into Android , and barring vendors from producing devices running forks of Android , constituted anti-competitive practices . In August 2016 , Google was fined US $6.75 million by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service ( FAS ) under similar allegations by Yandex . Other uses Ouya , a video game console which runs Android Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases , including Android Wear , later renamed Wear OS , for wearable devices such as wrist watches , Android TV for televisions , and Android Things for smart devices and Internet of things . Additionally , by providing infrastructure that combines dedicated hardware and dedicated applications running on regular Android , Google have opened up the platform for its use in particular usage scenarios , such as Android Auto for cars , and Daydream , a Virtual Reality platform . The open and customizable nature of Android allows device makers to use it on other electronics as well , including laptops , netbooks , and desktop computers , cameras , headphones , home automation systems , game consoles , media players , satellites , routers , printers , payment terminals , automated teller machines , and robots . Additionally , Android has been installed and run on a variety of less - technical objects , including calculators , single - board computers , feature phones , electronic dictionaries , alarm clocks , refrigerators , landline telephones , coffee machines , bicycles , and mirrors . Ouya , a video game console running Android , became one of the most successful Kickstarter campaigns , crowdfunding US $8.5 m for its development , and was later followed by other Android - based consoles , such as Nvidia 's Shield Portable -- an Android device in a video game controller form factor . In 2011 , Google demonstrated `` Android@Home '' , a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches , power sockets and thermostats . Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet , but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to note that `` turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new '' , pointing to numerous failed home automation services . Google , he said , was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers ' homes . Android - x86 running on an ASUS EeePC netbook Parrot unveiled an Android - based car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011 , followed by a successor , the touchscreen - based Asteroid Smart , in 2012 . In 2013 , Clarion released its own Android - based car stereo , the AX1 . In January 2014 , at the Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , Google announced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance , a group including several major automobile makers ( Audi , General Motors , Hyundai , and Honda ) and Nvidia , which aims to produce Android - based in - car entertainment systems for automobiles , `` ( bringing ) the best of Android into the automobile in a safe and seamless way . '' Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops ( a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google 's Chrome OS ) and can also be installed on personal computers by end users . On those platforms Android provides additional functionality for physical keyboards and mice , together with the `` Alt - Tab '' key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard . In December 2014 , one reviewer commented that Android 's notification system is `` vastly more complete and robust than in most environments '' and that Android is `` absolutely usable '' as one 's primary desktop operating system . In October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal reported that Android will serve as Google 's future main laptop operating system , with the plan to fold Chrome OS into it by 2017 . Google 's Sundar Pichai , who led the development of Android , explained that `` mobile as a computing paradigm is eventually going to blend with what we think of as desktop today . '' Also , back in 2009 , Google co-founder Sergey Brin himself said that Chrome OS and Android would `` likely converge over time . '' Lockheimer , who replaced Pichai as head of Android and Chrome OS , responded to this claim with an official Google blog post stating that `` While we 've been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems , there 's no plan to phase out Chrome OS ( which has ) guaranteed auto - updates for five years '' . That is unlike Android where support is shorter with `` EOL dates ( being ... ) at least 3 years ( into the future ) for Android tablets for education '' . At Google I / O in May 2016 , Google announced Daydream , a virtual reality platform that relies on a smartphone and provides VR capabilities through a virtual reality headset and controller designed by Google itself . The platform is built into Android starting with Android Nougat , differentiating from standalone support for VR capabilities . The software is available for developers , and was released in 2016 . Mascot A giant Android mascot at Googleplex in 2008 The mascot of Android is a green android robot , as related to the software 's name . Although it has no official name , the Android team at Google reportedly call it `` Bugdroid '' . Due to Android 's high popularity in the 2010s , it has become one of the most recognizable icons in the technology world . It was designed by then - Google graphic designer Irina Blok on November 5 , 2007 when Android was announced . Contrary to reports that she was tasked with a project to create an icon , Blok confirmed in an interview that she independently developed it and made it open source . The robot design was initially not presented to Google , but it quickly became commonplace in the Android development team , with various different variations of it created by the developers there who liked the figure , as it was free under a Creative Commons license . Its popularity amongst the development team eventually led to Google adopting it as an official icon as part of the Android logo when it launched to consumers in 2008 . See also Comparison of mobile operating systems Index of Android OS articles Alphabet portal Free software portal Google portal Notes Jump up ^ To put the Statistica 's numbers in context : by Strategy Analytics estimates , Windows the most popular `` desktop '' operating system , has an estimated installed base of about 1.3 billion at best ; they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018 . Jump up ^ Versions accounting for less than 0.1 % are not included . References Jump up ^ `` Android Language Breakdown '' . Open Hub . October 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrill , Dan ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK , release 1 '' . Android Developers Blog . Google . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Android P '' . Android Developers . Google . March 9 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Android 7.0 Nougat '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Internationalization Multi-locale support ( ... ) New languages supported : Coupled with allowing you to select multiple languages preferences , Android Nougat allows you to select from 100 new languages and 25 locales for commonly used languages such as English , Spanish , French , and Arabic . This enables Apps to better support and understanding your language preferences even if your devices lacks official support for it . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / bionic / '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / external / mksh / '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / external / toybox / toys / '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Android gets a toybox '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / system / core / toolbox / '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` dd command from NetBSD as an example '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Licenses '' . Android Source . Google . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Google Play Store apps 2018 Statistic '' . Statista . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Devine , Richard ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Google Sooner prototype appears , shows off one Google 's first prototype builds of Android '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Android OS : Past , Present , and Future '' . PhoneArena . August 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elgin , Ben ( August 17 , 2005 ) . `` Google Buys Android for Its Mobile Arsenal '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alabaster , Jay ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Android founder : We aimed to make a camera OS '' . PC World . International Data Group . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Before it took over smartphones , Android was originally destined for cameras '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eadicicco , Lisa ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` THE RISE OF ANDROID : How a flailing startup became the world 's biggest computing platform '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Steve Perlman 's Wireless Fix '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Manjoo , Farhad ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` A Murky Road Ahead for Android , Despite Market Dominance '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Block , Ryan ( August 28 , 2007 ) . `` Google is working on a mobile OS , and it 's due out shortly '' . Engadget . AOL . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Amol ; Delaney , Kevin J. 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The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Google in 2007 : ' a touchscreen can not completely replace physical buttons ' '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Aamoth , Doug ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` T - Mobile officially announces the G1 Android phone '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gao , Richard ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Android and its first purchasable product , the T - Mobile G1 , celebrate their 8th birthdays today '' . Android Police . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Leaders Announce Open Platform for Mobile Devices '' . Open Handset Alliance . November 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2012 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . 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Official website Android Developers Android Open Source Project Android Software development Category Official development tools Software Development Kit ( SDK ) Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ) Fastboot Android application package ( APK ) Native Development Kit ( NDK ) Android Open Accessory Development Kit Bionic RenderScript Skia Dalvik Android Runtime ( ART ) Firebase Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other development tools OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrated development environments ( IDE ) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools ( ADT ) App Inventor Languages & Databases Java Kotlin XML C++ SQLite Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Events & Communities Google I / O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) Releases 1.0 Cupcake ( 1.5 ) Donut ( 1.6 ) Eclair ( 2.0 -- 2.1 ) Froyo ( 2.2 ) Gingerbread ( 2.3 ) Honeycomb ( 3. x ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 4.0 ) Jelly Bean ( 4.1 -- 4.3 ) KitKat ( 4.4 ) Lollipop ( 5. x ) Marshmallow ( 6.0 ) Nougat ( 7. x ) Oreo ( 8. x ) Derivatives Android Auto Android Things Android TV Wear OS Smartphones & Tablets Google Pixel Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel 2 & Pixel 2 XL Pixel C Nexus devices Nexus One Nexus S Galaxy Nexus Nexus 4 Nexus 5 Nexus 5X Nexus 6 Nexus 6P Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Nexus 10 Nexus 9 Nexus Q Nexus Player Google Play edition HTC One ( M7 ) HTC One ( M8 ) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra Android One Customized variants Android - x86 Remix OS AOKP Baidu Yi Barnes & Noble Nook ColorOS CopperheadOS CyanogenMod Fire OS Funtouch OS Flyme OS LeWa OS LineageOS MIUI Nokia X software platform OPhone OmniROM OxygenOS Replicant Ubuntu for Android XobotOS Yun OS Applications Assistant Google Now Earth Sky Gmail Google Chrome for Android Goggles Hangouts Maps Navigation Waze Pay Send Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Talk Voice APIs Google Maps Google Play Services Google Search Alternative user interfaces Asus Zen UI Hive UI HTC Sense Google Pixel UI LG UX ( Optimus UI ) Samsung Experience ( Samsung TouchWiz ) Huawei EMUI Lists Custom firmware Features Free and open - source applications Games Google apps Launchers Related topics Index of articles Google Androidland Lawn statues Chromecast Java vs. Android API Legal issues Oracle America , Inc. v. 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android operating system was acquired by google in

In July 2005 , Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million . Its key employees , including Rubin , Miner and White , joined Google as part of the acquisition . Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time , with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones . At Google , the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel . Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible , upgradeable system . Google had `` lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation '' .

Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle - wikipedia Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Jump to : navigation , search Flexor digitorum superficialis Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna . ( Flexor dig . subliminis labeled at center top . ) Details Origin medial epicondyle of the humerus ( common flexor tendon ) as well as parts of the radius and ulna . Insertion anterior margins on the bases of the middle phalanges of the four fingers Artery ulnar artery Nerve median nerve Actions flexor of fingers ( primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints ) Antagonist Extensor digitorum muscle Identifiers Latin musculus flexor digitorum superficialis Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549098 TA A04. 6.02. 033 FMA 38469 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) Flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor digitorum sublimis ) is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints . It is in the anterior compartment of the forearm . It is sometimes considered to be the deepest part of the superficial layer of this compartment , and sometimes considered to be a distinct , `` intermediate layer '' of this compartment . It is relatively common for the Flexor digitorum superficialis to be missing from the little finger , bilaterally and unilaterally , which can cause problems when diagnosing a little finger injury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass . The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle . Four long tendons come off this muscle near the wrist and travel through the carpal tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum . These tendons , along with those of flexor digitorum profundus , are enclosed by a common flexor sheath . The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers . These tendons have a split ( Camper 's Chiasm ) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass . Innervation ( edit ) The Flexor digitorium superficialis muscle is innervated by the median nerve ( C7 , C8 , T1 ) . Function ( edit ) The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints , however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint . To test flexor digitorum superficialis , one finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint against resistance , while the remaining three fingers are held fully extended ( to inactivate flexor digitorum profundus ) . Additional images ( edit ) Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina . Cross-section through the middle of the forearm . Transverse section across the wrist and digits . The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits . The muscles of the left hand . Palmar surface . The radial and ulnar arteries . Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Muscles of upper limb. Cross section . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medical Mnemonics.com : 273 1117 Jump up ^ `` Dissector Answers - Forearm & Wrist '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` uams.edu '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` J Hand Surg Eur '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lutsky KF , Giang EL , Matzon JL ( January 2015 ) . `` Flexor tendon injury , repair and rehabilitation '' . Orthopedic Clinics of North America . 46 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ocl. 2014.09. 004 . PMID 25435036 . External links ( edit ) Illustration : upper - body / flexor - digitorum - superficialis from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington ( hide ) Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle&oldid=722282385 '' Categories : Muscles of the upper limb Forearm Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2016 , at 02 : 27 . 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where does the flexor digitorum superficialis distally attach

Four long tendons come off this muscle near the wrist and travel through the carpal tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum . These tendons , along with those of flexor digitorum profundus , are enclosed by a common flexor sheath . The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers . These tendons have a split ( Camper 's Chiasm ) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass .

The Bible ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Bible ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The Bible Genre Biblical epic Drama Created by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Based on Protestant Bible Directed by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Starring Diogo Morgado Roma Downey Darwin Shaw Andrew Scarborough Narrated by Keith David ( US version ) Robert Powell ( UK version ) Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe Lisa Gerrard Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Hebrew No. of episodes 10 Production Producer ( s ) Roma Downey Mark Burnett Richard Bedser Dirk Hoogstra Julian P. Hobbs Cinematography Christopher Titus King Rob Goldie Peter Greenhalgh Editor ( s ) Robert Hall Iain Kitching Tom Parsons Julian Rodd Dominic Strevens Running time 440 minutes Production company ( s ) Lightworkers Media Budget Under $22 million Release Original network History Original release March 3 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) -- March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Son of God A.D. The Bible Continues External links Website The Bible is a television miniseries based on the Bible . It was produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett and was broadcast weekly between March 3 and 31 , 2013 on History channel . It has since been adapted for release to theaters as a feature film ( 138 minutes ) , the 2014 American epic biblical drama Son of God . Burnett , best known for producing prime - time hit reality shows , considers the scripted 10 - hour series to be the `` most important '' project he has undertaken . The project was conceived by Burnett and Downey , who are married , after watching Cecil B. DeMille 's 1956 film The Ten Commandments for the first time since childhood . The series is Mark Burnett 's first scripted project . In addition to Burnett and Downey , executive producers include Richard Bedser and History 's Dirk Hoogstra and Julian P. Hobbs . The first episode of the mini-series was seen by 13.1 million viewers , the largest cable television audience of 2013 to date . The second installment continued `` to deliver blockbuster ratings '' for the network , attracting 10.8 million viewers . The third installment on March 17 , 2013 was once again the No. 1 show on all of Sunday night television with 10.9 million total viewers . In addition , the series garnered 4.2 million adults 25 -- 54 and 3.5 million adults 18 -- 49 . In total , with subsequent airings , ' The Bible ' has received more than 100 million cumulative views . The series received three Emmy Award nominations for best miniseries , and sound editing and sound mixing on July 18 , 2013 . Parts of the telecast -- including unaired footage -- have been turned into a feature film about the life of Jesus entitled Son of God . A sequel series with the title A.D. The Bible Continues aired on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 TV ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Distribution 5.3. 1 Differences from the Bible 5.3. 2 Lookalike controversy 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 International broadcasts 6.2 DVD release 6.3 Novel 6.4 Soundtrack 6.5 Score 6.6 Theatrical release 7 Sequel -- A.D. 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) The series covers `` Genesis to Revelation '' in `` one grand narrative , '' within five two - hour parts , each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer - generated imagery . According to Burnett , it included `` obvious '' stories such as Noah 's Ark , the Exodus , and the life of Jesus Christ . Five hours are taken from the Old Testament , five from the New . The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible . Downey and Burnett said their `` greatest hope '' in making the series was that it would `` affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible . '' `` Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers , '' the couple wrote in an op - ed in The Huffington Post . `` Instead , we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament . How they are one sweeping story with one grand , overriding message : God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love . '' Development ( edit ) Mark Burnett in 2009 In May 2011 , The New York Times reported that Downey , Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series , with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast . The budget for the series was under $22 million . Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy . Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans , Helen Bond , Paula Gooder , Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss . Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere . Burnett and Downey consulted `` a wide range of pastors and academics , '' including their friend Joel Osteen , Joshua Garroway ( a rabbi from Hebrew Union College ) , and a Catholic cardinal . Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance , read each episode 's script and visited the set in Morocco : he `` wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series '' and `` was not disappointed . '' Another consultant , Focus on the Family President Jim Daly , applauded the couple 's courage for making the series : `` Let 's face it , it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood . In fact , when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus . They refused . '' Other project advisors included : Rick Warren ( pastor , Saddleback Church ) Erwin McManus ( pastor , Mosaic ) Sam Rodriguez ( National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference ) Paul Eshleman ( Campus Crusade for Christ ) Bobby Gruenewald ( YouVersion Bible ) Brad Lomenick ( Catalyst ) Leith Anderson ( president , National Association of Evangelicals ) Frank Wright ( president , National Religious Broadcasters ) Tom Peterson ( Catholics Come Home ) Gabe Lyons ( founder of the Fermi Project ) Luis Palau ( Christian evangelist ) George Wood ( General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America ) Craig Groeschel ( Life Church ) Denny Rydberg ( Young Life ) Andrew Benton ( president , Pepperdine University ) Days before the series premiere , Downey and Burnett authored an op - ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because `` ( t ) he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world -- which informs the understanding of the modern world -- are biblical in origin . '' Cast ( edit ) Diogo Morgado -- Jesus Christ Darwin Shaw -- Peter Paul Brightwell -- Malchus Roma Downey -- Mary , mother of Jesus Leila Mimmack -- Mary ( young ) Greg Hicks -- Pontius Pilate Sebastian Knapp -- John Amber Rose Revah -- Mary Magdalene Adrian Schiller -- Caiaphas Andrew Brooke -- Antonius Louise Delamere -- Claudia Matthew Gravelle -- Thomas Simon Kunz -- Nicodemus Joe Wredden -- Judas Fraser Ayres -- Barabbas Michael Legge -- Stephen Paul Marc Davis -- Simon Paul Freeman -- Samuel Will Houston -- Moses Joe Forte -- Moses ( young ) Melia Kreiling -- Bathsheba Dhaffer L'Abidine -- Uriah Francis Magee -- Saul Con O'Neill -- Paul the Apostle Joe Coen -- Saint Joseph Stephanie Leonidas -- Rahab Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni -- Satan Gary Oliver -- Abraham Josephine Butler -- Sarah Andrew Scarborough -- Joshua Sean Knopp -- Joshua ( young ) Clive Wood -- Nathan Hara Yannas -- Michal Langley Kirkwood -- David Jassa Ahluwalia -- David ( young ) Eddie Elks -- Angel Gabriel Nonso Anozie -- Samson Jake Canuso -- Daniel Sam Douglas -- Herod the Great Gerald Kyd -- Cyrus the Great Peter Guinness -- Nebuchadnezzar II Cristian Solimeno -- Jonathan Laurie Calvert -- Jonathan ( young ) Paul Knops -- Adam Darcie Lincoln -- Eve Hugo Rossi -- Isaac Conan Stevens -- Goliath Sharon Duncan - Brewster -- Samson 's mother Kierston Wareing -- Delilah Lonyo -- Guardian angel David Rintoul -- Noah Aharon Ipalé -- Pharaoh Stewart Scudamore -- Ramesses Sean Teale -- Ramesses ( young ) Jalaal Hartley -- Nashon Shivani Ghai -- Batya Louis Hilyer -- Aaron Joanna Foster -- Miriam Soraya Radford -- Hagar Antonio Magro -- Lot Rachel Edwards -- Lot 's wife Raad Rawi -- Jeremiah Samuel Collings -- Zedekiah Christopher Simon -- Azariah David Freedman -- Eleazar the Scribe Jake Maskall -- Bashaa Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Beginnings '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo Colin Swash Nic Young March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark ( Genesis 1 - 3 ; 6 - 8 ) ; Abrahamic covenant ; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim ( Genesis 14 ) ; Hagar and Ishmael ( Genesis 16 ) ; birth of Isaac ( Genesis 21 ) ; Abraham is tested ( Genesis 22 ) ; Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19 ) . `` Exodus '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 During the time of Egyptian slavery , Moses learns of his roots , kills a soldier and flees Egypt ( Exodus 2 ) ; God speaks to Moses through the burning bush ( Exodus 3 ) ; Moses returns to Egypt ; ten Plagues of Egypt ( Exodus 7 - 11 ) ; Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus ; Moses parts the Red Sea ( Exodus 14 ) ; Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt . Sinai ( Exodus 20 ) `` Homeland '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Adam Rosenthal Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites ( Deuteronomy 31 ; Joshua 1 ) ; the Israelites camp outside of Jericho ; Joshua sends spies into Jericho ( Joshua 2 ) ; Joshua invades and conquers Jericho ( Joshua 6 ) ; Delilah betrays Samson , a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines ( Judges 13 - 16 ) `` Kingdom '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Colin Swash Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Samuel anoints Saul as king , a move that could throw the nation into civil war ( 1 Samuel 15 ) ; Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath ( 1 Samuel 17 ) ; King David ushers a golden age for Israel , but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba ( 2 Samuel 11 ) ; God forgives David , and Solomon builds God 's temple in Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 6 ) 5 `` Survival '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 The Jews are enslaved in Babylon ( Jeremiah 39 ) ; the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace ( Daniel 3 ) ; Daniel is thrown into the lions ' den , but when his faith endures and God spares him ( Daniel 6 ) ; the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 36 ; Ezra 1 ) 6 `` Hope '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 During the time of Roman occupation , the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child ( Luke 1 ) ; Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census , where Jesus is born ( Luke 2 ) ; the Holy family escapes Herod 's order to kill Bethlehem 's male babies ( Matthew 2 ) ; Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate ; John baptizes Jesus ( Matthew 3 ) ; Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness ( Matthew 4 ) ; Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter ( Matthew 4 ) 7 `` Mission '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee ( Matthew 14 ) and brings a dead man , Lazarus , back to life ( John 11 ) ; Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey -- a declaration that he is the Messiah ; Jesus turns on the money - changers in the Temple ( Mark 11 ) 8 `` Betrayal '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Colin Swash Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus ; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper ; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane ( Mark 14 ) ; Jesus is arrested and Malchus ' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear ; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial ( Matthew 26 ) 9 `` Passion '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Abraham Christen Liando Colin Swash Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Peter denies Jesus ( Luke 22 ) and Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus ( Matthew 27 ) ; Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus ' head ( John 19 ) ; Jesus is condemned to death ( Matthew 27 ) ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus is buried ( John 19 ) 10 `` Courage '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb , a figure walks towards her -- He is back ( John 20 ) ; Jesus commissions the disciples to `` go and preach to all '' before he ascends ( Acts 1 ) . The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost ( Acts 2 ) ; Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul ( Acts 7 ) ; Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus ( Acts 9 ) ; martyrdom of the Disciples , John 's survival and exile to Patmos , John receives a revelation -- Jesus is coming back , and all who keep the faith will be rewarded Reception ( edit ) TV ratings ( edit ) The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings . The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers , according to Nielsen . In Canada , the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers . The second installment saw a ratings slippage , but still brought in 10.8 million viewers , tops in all television for the 8 -- 10 p.m. time period . Week three 's installment , meanwhile , garnered 10.9 million total viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews of The Bible have been mixed . It has had a `` mixed or average reviews '' rating at Metacritic , having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews . Distribution ( edit ) On March 19 , 2013 , Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion . He said : `` We 've realized , on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place , many people can not afford cable TV . And those people need to see this Bible series . So we 're rushing the DVD out April 2nd , also immediately with Spanish subtitles . This is very important . And this is only for America and Canada . Now we 're about to start around the world . This will be in every country of the world . More people will see this series than everything we ever made ; together , combined . Billions of people will see this series . Billions . '' Differences from the Bible ( edit ) In the introduction to each episode , the message is displayed `` This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world . It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book . '' Roma Downey stated in an interview , `` we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us , making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully , '' However , many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text , and using too many creative licenses . These are included below : In the Bible , Noah 's three sons are full grown men , whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys . In the Book of Genesis , the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him . Then they feasted with Lot in his home . The series shows the angels approaching Lot , begging for help with no hospitality extended to them . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 5 ) The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot 's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors , and Lot offering his daughters instead . The series omits this . ( Genesis 19 : 4 - 10 ) At the destruction of Sodom , the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city 's inhabitants . Critics refer to these as `` Ninja Angels '' . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 17 ) The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac , a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son . In the Bible it is a three - day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 4 ) The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 19 ) In the Binding of Isaac , the text describes a ram ( adult ) caught by its horns in a thicket . The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg ( Genesis 22 : 13 ) When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later , the text shows Moses ' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh 's magicians copying the trick . The series omits this . The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes ' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines ' crops and plants . This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man . When they head this they burned Samson 's wife and her father to death ( Judges 15 : 4 - 6 ) . In the series the Philistine commander has Samson 's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson , who was an Israelite . After David 's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite , he is confronted by Nathan . The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant , whereas in the text , David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt , leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God ( 2 Samuel 12 : 13 , Psalms 51 ) When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem , Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders . In the text Jeremiah is captured , bound in chains and later released ( Jeremiah 39 : 11 - 40 : 6 ) The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege , when in fact , they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem 's destruction ( Daniel 1 ; 2 Kings 24 : 10 - 16 ) When Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue , the miniseries depicts them as being tied up , with a fire lit under them . In the text , the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual . In fact , the text describes the furnace as being so hot , that some of Nebuchadnezzar 's `` strongest soldiers '' who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so . ( Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 ) The miniseries 's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel , living during the time of the Babylonian exile . This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time . This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born , 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats , and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously -- that is , at the same time -- as Daniel and Cyrus . ( Isaiah 44 : 28 ; 45 : 1 ; 45 : 13 ) . In the miniseries ' depiction of the Temptation of Christ , the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down . In the text , the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple . The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him . ( Matthew 4 : 1 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 1 - 13 ) In the Bible , Jesus had the mourners remove the stone , and then he called for Lazarus to come out . In the miniseries , Jesus enters Lazarus ' tomb and kisses him on the head , while not even addressing Lazarus , and gives a brand - new monologue . ( John 11 : 38 - 44 ) During the Way of The Cross scene , the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to `` not to weep for him ; Rather for themselves and their children '' ( Luke 23 : 27 - 31 ) . The miniseries omits this . However , they featured a scene where a woman ( Saint Veronica ) wipes his face . This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church . Lookalike controversy ( edit ) There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan ( Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni ) to U.S. President Barack Obama . The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode 's premiere . This led the History Channel to announce , History ( C ) hannel has the highest respect for President Obama . The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors . It 's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection . History 's `` The Bible '' is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history . '' Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement , This is utter nonsense . The actor who played Satan , Mehdi Ouazanni , is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor . He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics -- including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President . Downey added separately , `` Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president , who is a fellow Christian . False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards ; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie . The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013 . In 2014 , The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine 's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year . Other Media ( edit ) International broadcasts ( edit ) United States -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Canada -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Spain -- Antena 3 : March 25 , 2013 -- April 2013 Finland - Alfa TV : Premiered December 1 , 2013 Colombia -- Caracol TV : March 28 , 2013 -- April 2013 Chile -- Canal 13 : March 29 , 2013 -- April 2013 / March 30 , 2018 Portugal -- SIC : March 30 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Greece -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 Cyprus -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 United Kingdom -- Channel 5 : November 30 , 2013 -- December 22 , 2013 Australia -- Nine Network : Premiered July 16 , 2013 Brazil -- Rede Record : Premiered October 16 , 2013 Poland -- Polsat : Premiered October 19 , 2013 Hong Kong -- TVB Pearl : Premiered November 6 , 2013 Kenya -- KTN : Premiered October 7 , 2013 France -- Paris Première : Premiered December 8 , 2013 Ireland -- TV3 ( Ireland ) : December 21 , 2013 Slovakia -- Slovenská televízia : Premiered December 23 , 2013 Russia -- TV - 3 : Premiered January 2014 Italy -- Rete 4 : Premiered March 23 , 2014 Mexico -- Canal 5 : April 14 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 26 , 2018 -- March 30 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Costa Rica -- Teletica Canal 7 : April 17 , 2014 -- April 18 , 2014 Philippines -- ABS -- CBN : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 29 , 2018 -- March 31 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Peru -- América Televisión : April 6 , 2014 -- April -- , 2014 Netherlands -- EO : Premiered May 12 , 2014 Germany -- VOX : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Ecuador -- Ecuavisa , Ecuavisa HD : April 5 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Lebanon - LBCI : April 10 , 2014 -- April 20 , 2014 . United States -- Telemundo : March 25 , 2015 DVD release ( edit ) The series became the biggest - selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release , and biggest on Blu - ray and Digital HD of all time . In its first week on home video , ' The Bible ' series sold 525,000 copies . It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008 . A Blu - ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox . Novel ( edit ) Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries , entitled A Story of God and All of Us : A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries `` The Bible . '' It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best - Seller List . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Bible : Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries Soundtrack album A CD was released on March 12 , 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries : The Bible ( Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` In Your Eyes '' Peter Gabriel Francesca Battistelli 5 : 08 2 . `` Live Like That '' David Frey Ben Glover Ben McDonald Sidewalk Prophets 3 : 57 3 . `` This Side of Heaven '' Chris August Chris August 2 : 57 4 . `` Starting Line '' Jason Castro Phillip LaRue Seth Mosley Jason Castro 3 : 32 5 . `` Love Come to Life '' Jeremy Redmon Big Daddy Weave 3 : 46 6 . `` Crave '' Shaun Shankel Joel Smallbone Luke Smallbone for King & Country 4 : 26 7 . `` Fearless '' Andy Anderson Tony Battaglia Blanca Callahan Manwell Reyes Group 1 Crew 3 : 22 8 . `` What Love Means '' Seth Mosley Nikita Odnoralov Ruslan Odnoralov Everfound 3 : 36 9 . `` Home '' Paul Alan Dara Maclean Dara Maclean 3 : 53 10 . `` Wash Me Away '' Ian Eskelin Nicole Witt Tony Wood Point of Grace 3 : 03 11 . `` Not for a Moment ( After All ) '' Meredith Andrews Stu G Jason Ingram James MacDonald Andi Rozier Meredith Andrews 4 : 00 12 . `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Buddy Greene Mark Lowry Kenny Rogers Wynonna 3 : 51 Score ( edit ) The Bible ( Official Score Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 12 : 49 2 . `` In the Beginning '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 47 3 . `` Romas Lament '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 5 : 30 4 . `` Hope '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 22 5 . `` Journey '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 18 6 . `` Zedekiah 's Sons '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 55 7 . `` Daniel Prays '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 12 8 . `` The Road to Jerusalem '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 05 9 . `` Pentecost '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 15 10 . `` King David '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 41 11 . `` I Am '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 45 12 . `` Pray for Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 51 13 . `` Free Us , Save Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 28 14 . `` The Nativity '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 4 : 33 15 . `` Creation Choral '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 08 16 . `` Rise up in Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 45 Theatrical release ( edit ) Main article : Son of God ( film ) Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three - hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release . He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet , though he could possibly release it himself . In June 2013 , Burnett elaborated that the film , which has already been edited , will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus , and will run two hours and fifteen minutes . In September 2013 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution , currently titled Son of God . In October 2013 , it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28 , 2014 . Sequel -- A.D. ( edit ) Main article : A.D. The Bible Continues On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that there would be a follow - up miniseries in 2015 , titled A.D. The Bible Continues , also produced by Burnett , Downey , and Bedser . The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday , April 5 . It airs in twelve weekly one - hour episodes . The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible , beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection , and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts . On July 3 , 2015 , NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season . However , producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel . See also ( edit ) Depiction of Jesus The Bible in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marrapodi , Eric ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Reality TV Goliath takes up Bible miniseries challenge , hopes for better outcome '' . CNN Belief Blog . CNN . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Reality - TV Producer Mark Burnett Tackles the Bible '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C1 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : History Channel , Mark Burnett Creating CGI 10 - Hour Miniseries '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Mark Burnett , Roma Downey promo ' Bible ' mini to faithful '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett to produce ' The Bible ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett producing ' The Bible ' miniseries for History Channel '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' begets record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Rise In Week 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik . ' The Bible ' Earns Three Emmy Nominations , The Hollywood Reporter , July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Burnett Prepping ' The Bible ' Miniseries For Theatrical Release '' . PMC . April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elavsky , Cindy ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett Declines to Make Bible Reality Show '' . New York . New York City , New York : New York Media , LLC . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Robert ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` From Survivor and Touched by an Angel to the Bible '' . Christianity Today . Jump up ^ Downey , Roma ; Burnett , Mark ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Making The Bible a Daunting , Deep Experience '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig . `` Dr Craig A. Evans '' . Homepage . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Mark . `` More Bible Series News and Video Clips '' . NT Blog . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Review : ' The Bible ' -- This Time , Hollywood Got It Right , a Christian Post review by Geoff Tunnicliffe , one of the film 's consultants . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draper , Electa ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Focus on the Family CEO Jim Daly consulted on TV mega-hit `` The Bible '' `` . Denver Post . Jump up ^ About the Bible - Outreach.com Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roma Downey and Mark Burnett : Why Public Schools Should Teach the Bible - WSJ.com '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' Courage ( TV episode 2013 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Peter Guinness on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' is the Number 1 Cable Entertainment Telecast of the Year '' . TV by the Numbers . A + E press release . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 2 , Still Tower Over Competition '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 4 '' , Deadline Hollywood , March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Mike ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : History 's ' The Bible ' Pulls 11.7 Million Viewers With Easter Ender '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Scott . ' The Bible , ' ' Vikings ' premieres tell a ratings epic for History , Los Angeles Times , March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redirecting '' . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Roma Downey and Mark Burnett Interview at The Bible Experience in New York ( Video clip recorded March 19 , 2013 , located at YouTube ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` Miniseries tries to stay true to spirit of the Good Book '' . Standard - Examiner . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Steve . `` The Bible : The Mini-Series '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible : first episode , first impressions '' . Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn . `` Reviews of ' The Bible , ' ' Red Widow ' and ' Vikings ' '' . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Joe . `` Just how unbiblical is ' The Bible ' ? '' . Jump up ^ Hallowell , Billy . `` Is The Bible TV Series Really Filled With Historical Inaccuracies ? '' . Jump up ^ McClarty , Jim . `` The Bible according to the History Channel '' . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` One scholar takes issue with ' The Bible ' : 5 things the series got wrong '' . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Merritt , Jonathan . `` Inaccuracies in The Bible ... the miniseries , not the book '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrell , Steve . `` When Leaders Fail , Grace Must Abound '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 Jump up ^ Ross , Hugh . `` Reasons To Believe : Fulfilled Prophecy '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John 11 - The Death of Lazarus '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anyone else think the Devil in # TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy ? '' . @ glennbeck . Twitter . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does the devil in ' The Bible ' look exactly like President Obama ? '' . Daily Mail . London . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Makarechi , Kia ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : Satan Actor Looks Like Obama In History Channel Miniseries '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` History , Mark Burnett Defend Satan 's Similarity to President Obama in ' The Bible ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy nominations 2013 : `` House of Cards '' makes history , `` American Horror Story '' leads '' ( PDF ) . CBS . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Dove Awards '' . Event occurs at 0 : 30 . Up ( TV network ) . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Doctor Who , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Big Winners of ' HM ' Awards - Home Media Magazine '' . April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( two 5 hour episodes ) `` A Bíblia - - Sic - Sapo '' . SIC . Jump up ^ http://www.channel5.com/shows/the -- bible Jump up ^ `` TV News : On Set Interviews and TV Show Listings - EW.com '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Bible ' Miniseries Novel Hits National Best - Seller Lists '' . Charisma News . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CD '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` Produced By Conference : Mark Burnett On ' Bible ' Follow Up , Feature Version Of History Series Finished Editing '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Lands ' Bible ' Feature Film Cut From Mark Burnett - Roma Downey Miniseries '' . Deadline . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' Producers Resurrect Jesus for Expanded ' Son of God ' Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' Feature Film Gets February 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Greenlights 12 - Hour Miniseries ' A.D. ' '' . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dent Brant , Ginny . `` ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' slated for primetime '' . The Biblical Recorder . Jump up ^ `` About A.D. The Bible Continues '' . Lightworkers Media . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Cancels ' A.D. ' As Producers Plan Digital Revival For Biblical Drama '' . External links ( edit ) Official website The Bible - History Channel ( official History Channel website ) The Bible on IMDb Mark Burnett Director Survivor ( 2000 -- present ) 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) Screenwriter The Restaurant ( 2003 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2008 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) Creator Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) History original documentary films and miniseries Documentaries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence China 's First Emperor Countdown to Armageddon Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Hotel Ground Zero I Missed Flight 93 Predator X Quest for King Arthur Search for the Lost City of Gold Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed The Exodus Decoded The People Speak Miniseries America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Barbarians Rising The Bible The Century : America 's Time Conquest of America Hatfields & McCoys Houdini Mankind : The Story of All of Us The Men Who Built America The Occult History of the Third Reich Roots Sons of Liberty Texas Rising Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_(miniseries)&oldid=837986079 '' Categories : 2013 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve Cultural depictions of Abraham Cultural depictions of Moses Cultural depictions of Noah Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Cultural depictions of Cyrus the Great Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II Cultural depictions of the Maccabees Cultural depictions of Mary ( mother of Jesus ) Cultural depictions of David Cultural depictions of Ramesses II Cultural depictions of Esther Cultural depictions of Judith Portrayals of Jesus in film Films set in ancient Egypt History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Television programs based on the Bible Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 46 . 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who played daniel in the bible mini series

Jake Canuso -- Daniel

Stone Cold ( Demi Lovato song ) - wikipedia Stone Cold ( Demi Lovato song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Stone Cold '' Single by Demi Lovato from the album Confident Released March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) Format Digital download Studio MXM Studios ( Los Angeles ) Genre Soul Length 3 : 11 Label Hollywood Island Republic Safehouse Songwriter ( s ) Demi Lovato Laleh Pourkarim Gustaf Thörn Producer ( s ) Laleh Pourkarim Demi Lovato singles chronology `` Irresistible '' ( 2015 ) `` Stone Cold '' ( 2016 ) `` Without a Fight '' ( 2016 ) `` Irresistible '' ( 2015 ) `` Stone Cold '' ( 2016 ) `` Without a Fight '' ( 2016 ) Music video `` Stone Cold '' on YouTube `` Stone Cold '' is a song by American singer Demi Lovato for her fifth studio album , Confident ( 2015 ) . The song was co-written by Lovato with Laleh Pourkarim , who also served as the song 's producer , and Gustaf Thörn . It was released to digital retailers on October 9 , 2015 through Hollywood Records and Island Records as the first and only promotional single off the album , one week prior to the album 's release . The song was initially premiered on radio via 97.1 FM on February 6 , 2016 . It was sent to contemporary hit radio on March 21 , 2016 as the third and final single from the album . On April 4 , the song was sent to hot adult contemporary radio . A ballad , `` Stone Cold '' discusses the pain of watching an ex move on and be happy with someone else . The song incorporates pop and soul influences , and is centered on a piano melody , with a stripped down production aimed at highlighting Lovato 's vocals . Some critics compared `` Stone Cold '' to Lovato 's 2011 single `` Skyscraper '' and the work of English singer Adele . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Live performances 5 Credits and personnel 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Stone Cold '' is a soul sentimental ballad . It was written by Lovato , Laleh Pourkarim and Gustaf Thörn . According to the digital sheet music published by Kobalt Music Publishing America , Inc. , `` Stone Cold '' was originally composed in the key of F minor with a `` moderately fast '' tempo of approximately 144 BPM . Lovato showcases a vocal range on the track , alternating between belting the verses and delivering other lines such as `` I 'm happy for you '' softly , and spans from a low note of F to a high note of G# . The song features a stripped down production style that focuses primarily on piano and vocals . The song 's lyrics portray the pain of watching an ex move on after a break - up and trying to be happy for them once they find happiness with someone else . A writer from Billboard compared the song to Lovato 's own `` Skyscraper '' ( 2011 ) , and to Adele . During an interview with Ryan Seacrest , Lovato stated , `` This song is your heartbreak song . I wanted to have a song that people can listen to when they 're going through it , or they 're thinking about a time they were heartbroken . '' She also added that `` Stone Cold '' `` is the type of song that I wanted people to feel in their hearts and ripped their guts out . '' Critical reception ( edit ) Christina Garibaldi of MTV complimented Lovato 's vocals , claiming that they have `` reached new heights '' on the song , as well as her emotional delivery . Music video ( edit ) A video featuring a `` live in studio '' rendition of the song was uploaded to Lovato 's Vevo account on October 7 , 2015 in promotion of the song 's release . On February 19 , 2016 , Lovato revealed a teaser video for the song 's official music video on Twitter . The full music video , directed by Patrick Ecclesine , was released via her Vevo channel on February 23 , 2016 . The music video was shot in Park City , Utah . The music video shows Lovato at various locations , such as snowy mountains and a bathtub , singing in a depressive manner . The video ends with a shot of Lovato in the snow . Live Performances ( edit ) Lovato debuted the song on September 29 , 2015 during her performance at the Highline Ballroom in New York City . On October 17 , 2015 , she performed `` Stone Cold '' , as well as a medley of `` Cool for the Summer '' and `` Confident '' on Saturday Night Live during the series ' forty - first season . Furthermore , `` Stone Cold '' was a part of Lovato 's setlist at the 2015 106.1 KISS FM Fall Ball on November 14 , 2015 . On December 11 , 2015 , she performed the song at Billboard Women in Music 2015 event in New York City where she was honored with the first Rulebreaker Award . Lovato also included the song in her setlist during the 2015 Jingle Ball Tour . On February 10 , 2016 , she performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Lovato performed `` Stone Cold '' on American Idol on March 3 , 2016 and on The Late Late Show on March 16 , 2016 . On April 2 , 2016 , she performed the song at the 27th GLAAD Media Awards in Los Angeles where she received the GLAAD Vanguard Award . The next day , she gave another rendition of the song at the 3rd iHeartRadio Music Awards joined by Brad Paisley on guitar . On May 14 , 2016 , Lovato performed `` Stone Cold '' as a part of her setlist at the 2016 edition of Wango Tango . She performed the song on The Late Late Show with James Corden for the second time , during the Carpool Karaoke segment , which appeared online on May 16 , 2016 . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of Confident . Recording Recorded at MXM Studios , Los Angeles , United States Mixed at MixStar Studios , Virginia Beach , United States Mastered at Sterling Sound , New York City , United States Management Published by Ddlovato Music ( ASCAP ) and MXM ( ASCAP ) All rights administered by Kobalt Songs Music Publishing ( ASCAP ) Personnel Demi Lovato -- lead vocals , songwriter , piano , background vocals Laleh Pourkarim -- songwriter , producer , engineering , cello arranging , drum programming , piano , synth , bass , background vocals Gustaf Thörn -- songwriter , engineering assistant , string arranging , synth , piano , background vocals Eru Matsumoto -- cello , drum programming Serban Ghenea -- mixing Tom Coyne -- mastering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 27 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 79 Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 303,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Since May 9 , 2013 , RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States October 9 , 2015 Digital download -- Promotional single Hollywood Island Republic Safehouse March 21 , 2016 Contemporary hit radio April 4 , 2016 Hot AC radio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sources regarding the contemporary hit radio release : Trust , Gary ( March 16 , 2016 ) . ``. @ ddlovato 's `` Stone Cold '' goes to mainstream & adult top 40 radio Monday ( March 21 ) ... '' Billboard . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' `` . Republic Playbook . Republic Records . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Demi Lovato 's Chilling , Cathartic ' Stone Cold ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Menyes , Carolyn ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Lovato 's ' Stone Cold ' Music Video Is Incredibly Dramatic '' . Music Times . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato -- Stone Cold '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sources regarding the Stone Cold radio premiere : `` The Worldwide First Play Of Demi Lovato 's # stonecold just happened on ZHT with AJ '' . 97.1 ZHT . iHeartRadio . February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Demi Lovato ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` First play on the radio worldwide ... Thank you so much @ 971zht & @ ajradio ! ! # STONECOLD '' . Lovato 's official Instagram account . Instagram . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . John Lloyd Taylor ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` # stonecold radio premiere . Sounds great on the airwaves ! @ 971zht @ ajayatayee '' . John Lloyd Taylor 's official Twitter account . Twitter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' `` . Republic Playbook . Republic Records . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Johnston , Maura ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato Lays It All Bare on ' Confident ' : Album Review '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Kobalt Music Publishing America , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mcrady , Rachel ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato 's `` Stone Cold '' Is Her Best Emotional Ballad Since `` Skyscraper '' -- Watch the Live Studio Session ! `` . Us Weekly . Wenner Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Yin and Yang of Post-Disney Pop Stars '' . The Atlantic . October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato performs ' Cool for the Summer , ' ' Confident , ' ' Stone Cold ' on SNL '' . Entertainment Weekly . Wenner Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Garibaldi , Christina ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato 's Vocals Have Reached New Heights On Her Emotional ' Stone Cold ' Track '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato 's ' Saturday Night Live ' Performances : Watch ' Stone Cold , ' ' Confident ' '' . fuse . Fuse Media , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Explains Emotional ' Stone Cold ' Lyrics , Talks Interactive ' Future Now Tour ' '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ DemiLovatoVEVO ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato - Stone Cold ( Live In Studio ) '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Demi Lovato ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Ca n't wait to share this special video with you all . # StoneColdVideo premiere February 23 ❤ ️ '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauletta , Tyler ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` DEMI LOVATO 'S ' STONE COLD ' VIDEO TEASER RECALLS ADELE 'S ' HELLO ' : WATCH '' . fuse . Fuse Networks , LLC . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Demi Lovato Reveals Why ' Stone Cold ' Was ' the Hardest Music Video I 've Ever Shot ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ DemiLovatoVEVO ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Lovato - Stone Cold ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Google . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Malach , Maggie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato `` Stone Cold '' Lyrics Will Give You Chills For All The Right Reasons -- VIDEO `` . Bustle . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( October 18 , 2015 ) . `` See Demi Lovato 's Confident ' SNL ' Performances '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 106.1 KISS FM 's Fall Ball 2015 '' . 106.1 KISS FM . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Demi Lovato Performs ' Stone Cold , ' Accepts Rulebreaker Honor at Billboard Women in Music 2015 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( December 12 , 2015 ) . `` Jingle Ball NYC 2015 : Demi Lovato Slays , Charlie Puth Home for Christmas & Fetty Wap Plays Santa '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( February 10 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Lovato Performs `` Stone Cold '' On ' Ellen ' , Is Ready To Be Engaged To Wilmer Valderrama : Watch `` . Idolator . Gawker Media . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michele Amabile Angermiller ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Watch Demi Lovato 's ' Confident ' Performance With ' American Idol ' Top 10 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Konerman , Jennifer ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` James Corden Brings ' Late Late Show ' to Fan 's House for One - Year Anniversary '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Guggenheim Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Reporter ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Lovato , Caitlyn Jenner Receive 2016 GLAAD Media Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Performs ' Stone Cold ' With Surprise Guest Brad Paisley at iHeartRadio Music Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Opens Wango Tango With Powerhouse ' Confident ' Performance '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato & Nick Jonas Carpool Karaoke '' . The Late Late Show with James Corden . YouTube . May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Confident ( CD liner notes ) . Demi Lovato . Hollywood Records / Island Records / Safehouse Records . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Demi Lovato -- Stone Cold '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved March 03 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . May 8 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Stone Cold '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Demi Lovato 's Career Album & Song Sales '' . Billboard . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Stone Cold '' ( Audio Only ) on YouTube ( hide ) Demi Lovato songs Discography Do n't Forget `` La La Land '' `` Get Back '' `` Do n't Forget '' Here We Go Again `` Here We Go Again '' `` Remember December '' Unbroken `` Fix a Heart '' `` Give Your Heart a Break '' `` Skyscraper '' `` For the Love of a Daughter '' Demi `` Heart Attack '' `` Made in the USA '' `` Neon Lights '' `` Nightingale '' `` Really Do n't Care '' Confident `` Confident '' `` Cool for the Summer '' `` Stone Cold '' `` Waitin for You '' Tell Me You Love Me `` Sorry Not Sorry '' `` Tell Me You Love Me '' `` You Do n't Do It for Me Anymore '' Songs as a featured artist `` We Rock '' `` We 'll Be a Dream '' `` Somebody to You '' `` Up '' `` Irresistible '' `` Without a Fight '' `` No Promises '' `` Instruction '' `` I Believe '' Other songs `` This Is Me '' `` Send It On '' `` Gift of a Friend '' `` Make a Wave '' `` Would n't Change a Thing '' `` Me , Myself and Time '' `` My Song for You '' `` Heart by Heart '' `` Let It Go '' `` Body Say '' `` Échame la Culpa '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Cold_(Demi_Lovato_song)&oldid=833686712 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2015 songs 2016 singles Demi Lovato songs Hollywood Records singles Island Records singles Pop ballads Republic Records singles Safehouse Records singles Songs about betrayal Songs written by Demi Lovato Songs written by Laleh ( singer ) Soul ballads Torch songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 23 : 23 . 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who did demi lovato write stone cold about

The song 's lyrics portray the pain of watching an ex move on after a break - up and trying to be happy for them once they find happiness with someone else . A writer from Billboard compared the song to Lovato 's own `` Skyscraper '' ( 2011 ) , and to Adele . During an interview with Ryan Seacrest , Lovato stated , `` This song is your heartbreak song . I wanted to have a song that people can listen to when they 're going through it , or they 're thinking about a time they were heartbroken . '' She also added that `` Stone Cold '' `` is the type of song that I wanted people to feel in their hearts and ripped their guts out . ''

Flag of Ghana - wikipedia Flag of Ghana Jump to : navigation , search Ghana Use National flag and state ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 1957 ( readopted 1966 ) Design A horizontal triband of red , gold , and green , charged with a black star in the centre Designed by Theodosia Okoh Variant flag of Ghana Use Civil ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design A red field with the national flag , fimbriated in black , in the canton Variant flag of Ghana Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design Red St. George cross on white centrrensign , with the national flag in canton . The national flag of Ghana was designed and adopted in 1957 and was flown until 1962 , and then reinstated in 1966 . It consists of the Pan-African colours of red , yellow , and green , in horizontal stripes , with a black five - pointed star in the centre of the gold stripe . The Ghanaian flag was the second African flag after the flag of the Ethiopian Empire to feature these colours . The flag 's design influenced that of the flag of Guinea - Bissau ( 1973 ) . It was designed by Theodosia Okoh . The red represents the blood of those who died in the country 's struggle for independence from the Great Britain , the gold represents the mineral wealth of the country , the green symbolises the country 's rich forests and natural wealth , and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation . The black star was adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line , a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922 . It is where the Ghana national football team draw their nickname , the Black Stars , from . Contents ( hide ) 1 National ensign 2 Air force ensign and civil air ensign 3 History 4 References 5 External links National ensign ( edit ) Under terms of section 183 of Ghana 's Merchant Shipping Act of 1963 , the civil ensign is a red flag with the national flag in a black - fimbriated canton . In 2003 , a new merchant shipping act was enacted , however , and this simply provides that `` the National Flag of Ghana '' is the proper national colours for Ghanaian ships . No mention is made of other flags or other possible flags . The naval ensign is a red St. George cross on white flag , with the national flag in canton . Air Force ensign and civil Air ensign ( edit ) The ensign of the Ghana Air Force The Ghanaian civil air ensign The Ghana Air Force has its own ensign which incorporates the flag of Ghana . Civil aviation in Ghana is represented by the national civil air ensign . It is a standard light blue field with the Ghanaian flag in the canton . It is charged in the fly with either a red , yellow and green roundel ( in the case of the military ensign ) or black five - pointed star ( in the case of the civil ensign ) . they have both been used since independence , and the subsequent founding of the Ghana Air Force in 1959 . History ( edit ) Flag of the Kingdom of Ashanti , the forerunner to the Gold Coast . Flag of the Gold Coast , the forerunner to Ghana . Used until 1957 . Flag of the Union of African States , used between 1958 and 1961 . Flag of the Union of African States , used between 1961 and 1964 . Ghana national flag ( 1964 -- 1966 ) . Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966 . Presidential Standard of Ghana ; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim . The Ghanaian government flag , adopted in 1957 , was flown until 1962 . Similarly , when the country formed the Union of African States , the flag of the Union was modelled on Bolivia 's flag , but with two black stars , representing the nations . In May 1959 , a third star was added . In 1962 , prior to the dissolution of the Union the following year , Ghana adopted a variant of the 1957 tricolour with white in the place of yellow , after the colours of Kwame Nkrumah 's ruling Convention People 's Party , and similar to the flag of Hungary . The original 1957 flag was reinstated in 1966 following Nkrumah 's overthrow in a coup d'état . Flag of Ghana raised high and flowing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh at GhanaWeb Jump up ^ Crampton , William George ( 1993 ) . `` Marcus Garvey and the Rasta colours '' . Report of the 13th International Congress of Vexillology , Melbourne , 1989 . Flag Society of Australia . pp. 169 -- 180 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 14343 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ghana . Ghana at Flags of the World Armed Forces of Ghana Colours Flags of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&oldid=832253132 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1957 National symbols of Ghana Flags of Africa National flags Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 20 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the star on the ghana flag mean

The red represents the blood of those who died in the country 's struggle for independence from the Great Britain , the gold represents the mineral wealth of the country , the green symbolises the country 's rich forests and natural wealth , and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation . The black star was adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line , a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922 . It is where the Ghana national football team draw their nickname , the Black Stars , from .

The Divergent Series - Wikipedia The Divergent Series For the book series on which the film series is based , see Divergent trilogy . For the mathematical use , see Divergent series . The Divergent Series Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth . Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films , the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society . They have been produced by Lucy Fisher , Pouya Shabazian , and Douglas Wick . The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ) , respectively . The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort , Zoë Kravitz , and Miles Teller . Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films . The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger , while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke . The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ' , ' Insurgent ' , ' Allegiant ' ) . Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment . The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings , where it grossed $4.9 million . They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013 , deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation . The first installment , Divergent ( 2014 ) , grossed over $288 million worldwide , while the second installment , The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) , grossed over $297 million worldwide . Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D . The third installment , The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) , grossed $179 million . Thus , the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide . A fourth film , The Divergent Series : Ascendant was to be released theatrically , but due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office , it was announced it will be released as a TV movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting the main roles 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast 2.4 Filming 2.5 Music 3 Plot 3.1 Divergent ( 2014 ) 3.2 The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) 3.3 The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) 3.4 Cancelled film 3.5 Ascendant ( TV series ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) In March 2011 , Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment , while Lionsgate distributes the franchise . Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23 , 2012 . Evan Daugherty , who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor , said , `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four . It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey . There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry , but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in , but that it all helps Tris grow as a character . '' Daugherty further added , `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas . So , distilling that into a cool , faithful two - hour movie is challenging . Not only do you have to establish five factions , but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity , which is the divergent , and you also have the factionless . So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen ... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently . '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience . I 'd never read a script before . I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book . '' Initially , the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games . Analyst Ben Mogil said , `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable . '' In December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent , the second novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20 , 2015 , as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film . On December 16 , 2013 , it was announced that Neil Burger , director of Divergent , would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film . On February 13 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script . Also in December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant , the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released in March 2016 , serving as the finale of the series , which at the time was planned as a trilogy , but on April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film , much the like the Harry Potter , Twilight , and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series . Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that , `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant , ' a rich , action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies . The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films , a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise '' . Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9 , 2014 . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1 . On September 10 , 2015 , it was announced that the two films would be re-titled , with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant . Casting the main roles ( edit ) Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18 , 2014 . On October 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior . Lucas Till , Jack Reynor , Jeremy Irvine , Alex Pettyfer , Brenton Thwaites , Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton . On March 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four . Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast , Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ' , no question . Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength , as well as his depth and sensitivity . '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris . I 'm thrilled ! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four , and Theo is definitely the perfect fit . Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world . '' Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on April 16 , 2013 . Film Producers Director Screenwriters Novel by Veronica Roth Divergent Fisher , Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Burger , Neil Neil Burger Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent Schwentke , Robert Robert Schwentke Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Allegiant The Divergent Series : Ascendant Lee Toland Krieger Lucy Fisher , Douglas Wick , and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series . Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films . Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . On April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the final book , Allegiant , into two parts , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 . Directors ( edit ) Neil Burger directed the first film , Divergent , and was originally going to direct the sequel , The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return , due to him still working on post-production work for the first film . Speaking on the subject the director stated , `` There was no breathing room . They were like , ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date , and we have to start no later than May 2014 . ' It was a recipe for failure , at least with me on board . I would n't be able to do either thing right . I reluctantly let it go '' . In February 2014 , it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant . Scripts ( edit ) Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent . During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel , Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director , he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script . The screenplay for the two - part finale , The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant , was written by Noah Oppenheim , Adam Cooper , Bill Collage , and Stephen Chbosky . Cast ( edit ) On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that the roles of Tori , Christina , and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q , Zoë Kravitz , and Ansel Elgort , respectively . Ray Stevenson , Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15 , 2013 , Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric , respectively . That same day , Miles Teller was cast as Peter . The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max . Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24 , 2013 . Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews . Talking about playing the negative character for the first time , Winslet said , `` I 'm no idiot . The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised . '' Since Winslet joined the filming late , she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot . `` I wanted to break it and say , ' It 's OK , I 'm really fun . I promise . ' But I thought , just for today , I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch . '' On March 25 , 2013 , Ben Lamb was cast as Edward , Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will , and Christian Madsen as Al . In April 2013 , Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior , Beatrice 's parents . In 2014 , the cast for the second film was announced . On May 12 , 2014 , it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes . Late May 2014 , Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively . Early June 2014 , Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity , and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang . On June 9 , 2014 , Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn . On June 10 , 2014 , Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah . On June 11 , 2014 , Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector . On April 28 , 2015 , it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David , the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare . On May 1 , 2015 , it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16 , 2013 , and concluded on July 16 , 2013 . Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26 , 2014 , in Los Angeles . Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27 , 2014 , in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on September 6 , 2014 . Filming took place at United States Penitentiary , Atlanta . A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta . In downtown Atlanta , a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center . For two days , production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street , Franklin Street , and Adams Street . Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots . Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18 , 2015 , with filming concluding on August 23 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series , Divergent , while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries , Insurgent and Allegiant . Plot ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Divergent ( film ) In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues , Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group . When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents , Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late . The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising , Tris and Four are on the run . Hunted by Jeanine Matthews , leader of the Erudite faction , Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect , and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them . Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves , Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world . The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant On December 16 , 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2014 , Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled , The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1 . The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant . Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago . For the first time ever , they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city . Once outside , old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths . Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago . In order to survive , Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage , allegiance , sacrifice and love . Cancelled film ( edit ) A Third sequel to the film was initially planned , with a March 2017 release , based on the latter half of the Allegiant book . The timing was changed to a June 2017 release , with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director . Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) In July 2016 , after the poor performance of the third film at the box office , the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film , which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series , moving beyond the books . In September 2016 , Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized , and that it was `` a limbo waiting game '' . In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format , although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film . In February 2017 , with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project , it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role . In August 2017 , Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Divergent characters Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior Shailene Woodley TBA Tobias `` Four '' Eaton Theo James TBA Christina Zoë Kravitz TBA Peter Hayes Miles Teller TBA Caleb Prior Ansel Elgort TBA Marcus Eaton Ray Stevenson Tori Wu Maggie Q Jeanine Matthews Kate Winslet Natalie Prior Ashley Judd Eric Coulter Jai Courtney Max Mekhi Phifer Will Ben Lloyd - Hughes Andrew Prior Tony Goldwyn Lauren Justine Wachsberger Evelyn Johnson - Eaton Naomi Watts TBA Johanna Reyes Octavia Spencer Uriah Pedrad Keiynan Lonsdale Edgar Jonny Weston David Jeff Daniels TBA Matthew Bill Skarsgård TBA Al Christian Madsen Molly Amy Newbold Edward Ben Lamb Jack Kang Daniel Dae Kim Marlene Suki Waterhouse Lynn Rosa Salazar Hector Emjay Anthony Edith Prior Janet McTeer Crew ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Director Neil Burger Robert Schwentke Lee Toland Krieger Producer ( s ) Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian N / A Writer ( s ) Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Based on Divergent by Veronica Roth Insurgent by Veronica Roth Allegiant by Veronica Roth Composer Junkie XL Joseph Trapanese N / A Cinematographer Alwin H. Küchler Florian Ballhaus Editor ( s ) Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy Stuart Levy N / A Production companies Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films N / A Distributor Lionsgate Summit Entertainment N / A Running time 139 minutes 119 minutes 121 minutes TBA Release date March 21 , 2014 March 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2016 TBA Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) § Reception , The Divergent Series : Insurgent § Reception , and The Divergent Series : Allegiant § Reception Though the first two films were commercially successful , the series as a whole has not been well received by critics . Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites . Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office . Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Divergent March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) $85 million $150,947,895 $137,937,923 $288,885,818 # 283 # 375 The Divergent Series : Insurgent March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) $110 million $130,179,072 $167,097,257 $297,276,329 # 392 # 372 The Divergent Series : Allegiant March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) $110 million $66,184,051 $113,062,817 $179,246,868 # 1,088 # TBA Total $305 million $347,311,018 $418,097,997 $765,409,015 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Divergent 41 % ( 203 reviews ) 48 ( 38 reviews ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent 28 % ( 184 reviews ) 42 ( 40 reviews ) A - The Divergent Series : Allegiant 12 % ( 171 reviews ) 33 ( 33 reviews ) See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million , Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films , Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ) . `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT , the Film 's Casting , How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own , the Final Book ALLEGIANT , and More '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ' , ' Divergent ' Prospects '' . reelchicago.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT , Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel , INSURGENT '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles , Logos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley ? '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four ' ! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori , Caleb , and Christina roles '' . Hypable . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie '' . Jump up ^ White , James ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan . `` On set of ' Divergent , ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al , Edward And Will '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior '' . Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse , Jonny Weston ( updated ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent , ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th ! '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Collider . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 ′ '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29 , 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor '' . Movie Insider . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' '' . variety . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' `` . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise '' . Uproxx . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening , ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Divergent on IMDb Divergent at AllMovie Divergent at Box Office Mojo Divergent at Metacritic Divergent at Rotten Tomatoes hide Divergent series by Veronica Roth Book series Divergent Insurgent Allegiant Film series Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Music Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spin - offs Four : A Divergent Collection `` Free Four '' The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant Other Characters Factions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=846044722 '' Categories : English - language films Divergent trilogy Action films by series Adventure films by series Science fiction films by series IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 25 . 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when is the last movie of divergent coming out

The Divergent Series Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015

East Durham College - wikipedia East Durham College Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) East Durham College East Durham College Houghall campus Established 1999 Principal Suzanne Duncan Location Willerby Grove Peterlee County Durham SR8 2RN England 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Coordinates : 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Local authority North East England LSC ( but situated in County Durham ) DfE URN 131859 Tables Ofsted Reports Gender Coeducational Ages 16 + Former names Peterlee Grammar School , East Durham & Houghall Community College Website East Durham College An inside view of the East Durham College Peterlee Campus . East Durham College , formerly known as East Durham & Houghall Community College , is a community college with campuses in Peterlee and Houghall , south - east of Durham . The College student roll , as at the last Ofsted report , February 2014 , was 1579 full - time and 4,154 part - time students . East Durham College operates across three campuses , as well as providing work force development within individual work places across the region . The Peterlee campus is situated on Willerby Grove off the B1320 ( Burnhope Way ) in Peterlee , near the A19 . The Houghall campus is situated on the A177 ( Stockton Road ) to the south - east of Durham , near Shincliffe . The Peterlee campus includes a variety of facilities including the bistro restaurant Scene1 , two functional beauty and hair salons , recording studio , IT suites , sports centre and fitness suite , dance studio , theatre and a conference suite . The 400 - acre Houghall Campus includes football and rugby pitches , gardens , woodland , stables , an all - weather equine arena , small - animal care unit and working farm . Houghall now hosts the Durham Flower Festival . The College 's third site is The Technical Academy located on Peterlee 's South West Industrial Estate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Courses 2 History 3 Sport Development Centre 4 Alumni 4.1 Peterlee Grammar School 4.2 Easington Technical College 5 References 6 External links Courses ( edit ) Houghall Campus : Agriculture , Animal Care , Arboriculture & Forestry , Environmental Conservation , Equine Studies , Floristry , Horticulture and Land - based Operations ( LBO ) . Peterlee Campus : Access to Higher Education , Art & Design , Barbering , Beauty Therapy , Brickwork , Business , Carpentry , Catering , Childcare , Computing , Construction , Hairdressing , Health & Social Care , Hospitality , ICT , Media , Music , Outdoor Education , Painting & Decorating , Performing Arts , Plastering , Sport , Teacher Training , Travel & Tourism , Uniformed Public Services , Apollo Studio Academy The Technical Academy : Engineering , Electrical , Gas , Fitted Interiors ( Kitchen & Bathroom Plumbing and Fitting ) , Motor Vehicle Maintenance and Tiling ( Wall and Floor ) History ( edit ) The history of Houghall Farm can be traced back through many centuries . In 1260 the manor at Houghall , plus the attached lands were granted to the Priory and Convent of Durham . Although some of the land was leased , most of the area was farmed by the monks themselves . Sheep were a very important part of the farm at this time and also crops , such as oats and barley were grown . The land was very marshy so fish farming took place in the many ponds and the rushes , which grew abundantly , were harvested for use in the Cathedral , Cloisters and Castle . The Priory let the farm in 1464 to Richard Rackett , and the tenancy remained with the Rackett family until the dissolution of the monasteries . Houghall was then sold to Viscount Lisle , the tenant at that time being Clement Farrowe . The farm was returned to the Church ( Dean and Chapter ) in 1660 . A survey of the farm was carried out in 1794 , and it is interesting to note that many of the fields had the same shape and the same name as they have today . The crops grown at this time were oats , barley , wheat , grass , clover and rape . In 1836 Houghall and other land in the area was endowed to Durham University . In 1920 Durham County Council then bought the farm to provide the site for an agricultural school and training farm . The course of the river Wear has changed many times over the centuries , both through natural means and by design . A large area , which is now part of the farm , was once the river bed . The silt deposits left by the river have contributed greatly to the fertility of the farm . The present college results from the merger in June 1999 of Durham College of Agriculture and Horticulture ( also known as Houghall College ) and East Durham Community College in Peterlee ( formerly known as Peterlee Tertiary College in the 1980s and Peterlee College since 1989 ) . The former campus at the town centre on Burnhope Way ( B1320 ) was originally Easington Technical College and the campus at Howletch was originally Peterlee Grammar School . In 2006 , the college was given planning permission to build a new campus at Peterlee because the buildings at the two campuses there did not meet the requirements for access for disabled people . In September 2008 a brand new £ 36m college building was opened on the Howletch site ; the old college building at Howletch has also been demolished to make way for further college buildings and the old college building at Burnhope Way will be demolished to make way for a Tesco Extra . The college 's new 220 seat theatre was named after Berthold Lubetkin . In September 2013 , the college opened Apollo Studio Academy , a new studio school at the Peterlee campus . Sport development centre ( edit ) The college also runs a Student Athlete Programme , providing health education to participants . The programme includes boxing , basketball , football and rugby , providing a variety of competitive opportunities ( friendly , league , cup fixtures ) , but the major focus is on individual skill development as opposed to team organisation . The sports hall has 500 seats on the bleachers . Alumni ( edit ) Shaun Reay , footballer Steve Howey , footballer -- Steve Howey worked at the East Durham College Football Development Centre from 2007 was Acting Head of the Centre until 2011 Tony Jeffries , Tony studied Engineering at East Durham College and was part of the boxing development team Dave Wilson , Bath and England Rugby Union Prop Gina McKee , Actress best known for her roles in The Lost Prince and Notting Hill Steve Harper , Steve studied Sport and attended the Football Development Centre at East Durham College and is now a footballer at Hull City FC . Peterlee Grammar School ( edit ) Grahame Morris , Labour MP since 2010 for Easington Easington Technical College ( edit ) John Cummings , Labour MP from 1987 -- 2010 for Easington References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) East Durham College homepage Edubase ( hide ) Universities and colleges in North East England Universities Durham Newcastle Northumbria Sunderland Teesside Further education colleges Bishop Auckland Cleveland Darlington Derwentside East Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough Newcastle New College Durham Northumberland Redcar & Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton Riverside Sunderland Tyne Metropolitan Sixth form colleges Carmel Durham English Martyrs Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls Hartlepool Newcastle Prior Pursglove Queen Elizabeth Stockton Usworth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Durham_College&oldid=785150702 '' Categories : Durham , England Further education colleges in County Durham Educational institutions established in 1999 1999 establishments in England Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017 , at 22 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the former peterlee campus of east durham college

East Durham College , formerly known as East Durham & Houghall Community College , is a community college with campuses in Peterlee and Houghall , south - east of Durham .

Optical coating - wikipedia Optical coating Jump to : navigation , search Optically coated mirrors and lenses . An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens or mirror , which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light . One type of optical coating is an antireflection coating , which reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces , and is commonly used on spectacle and photographic lenses . Another type is the high - reflector coating which can be used to produce mirrors which reflect greater than 99.99 % of the light which falls on them . More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of wavelengths , and anti-reflection over another range , allowing the production of dichroic thin - film optical filters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of coating 1.1 Antireflection coatings 1.2 High - reflection coatings 1.2. 1 Extreme ultraviolet coatings 1.3 Transparent conductive coatings 2 Current market and forecast 3 Sources 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Types of coating ( edit ) Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium ( Al ) , silver ( Ag ) , and gold ( Au ) metal mirrors at normal incidence The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of metals , such as aluminium , which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces , a process known as silvering . The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror ; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating , and yields a reflectivity of around 88 % - 92 % over the visible spectrum . More expensive is silver , which has a reflectivity of 95 % - 99 % even into the far infrared , but suffers from decreasing reflectivity ( < 90 % ) in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions . Most expensive is gold , which gives excellent ( 98 % - 99 % ) reflectivity throughout the infrared , but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550 nm , resulting in the typical gold colour . By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings , it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface , resulting in a half - silvered mirror . These are sometimes used as `` one - way mirrors '' . The other major type of optical coating is the dielectric coating ( i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate ) . These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride , calcium fluoride , and various metal oxides , which are deposited onto the optical substrate . By careful choice of the exact composition , thickness , and number of these layers , it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic . Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2 % , producing an antireflection ( AR ) coating . Conversely , the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99 % , producing a high - reflector ( HR ) coating . The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value , for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90 % and transmits 10 % of the light that falls on it , over some range of wavelengths . Such mirrors are often used as beamsplitters , and as output couplers in lasers . Alternatively , the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths , producing an optical filter . The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments ( such as lasers , optical microscopes , refracting telescopes , and interferometers ) as well as consumer devices such as binoculars , spectacles , and photographic lenses . Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films , either to provide a protective layer ( as in silicon dioxide over aluminium ) , or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film . Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that can not be made any other way . One example is the so - called `` perfect mirror '' , which exhibits high ( but not perfect ) reflection , with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength , angle , and polarization . Antireflection coatings ( edit ) Main article : Anti-reflective coating Comparison of uncoated glasses ( top ) and glasses with an anti-reflective coating ( bottom ) . Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces . Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another ( such as when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air ) , some portion of the light is reflected from the surface ( known as the interface ) between the two media . A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection . The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface , with an index of refraction between those of the two media . The reflection is minimized when n 1 = n 0 n S ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = ( \ sqrt ( n_ ( 0 ) n_ ( S ) ) ) ) , where n 1 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) ) is the index of the thin layer , and n 0 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) ) and n S ( \ displaystyle n_ ( S ) ) are the indices of the two media . The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0 ° is given by Moreno et al. ( 2005 ) . Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4 % per surface to around 2 % . These were the first type of antireflection coating known , having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886 . He found that old , slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new , clean pieces due to this effect . Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient , but also use the interference effect of a thin layer . If the layer 's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one - quarter of the wavelength of the light ( a quarter - wave coating ) , the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other . Interference in a quarter - wave antireflection coating In practice , the performance of a simple one - layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle , and by difficulties finding suitable materials . For ordinary glass ( n ≈ 1.5 ) , the optimum coating index is n ≈ 1.23 . Few useful substances have the required refractive index . Magnesium fluoride ( MgF ) is often used , since it is hard - wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using physical vapour deposition , even though its index is higher than desirable ( n = 1.38 ) . With such coatings , reflection as low as 1 % can be achieved on common glass , and better results can be obtained on higher index media . Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers , designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference . By using two or more layers , broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range ( 400 - 700 nm ) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5 % are commonly achievable . Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1 % . Alternatively , a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a refractive index gradient . High - reflection coatings ( edit ) See also : Dielectric mirror High - reflection ( HR ) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings . The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials , one with a high index , such as zinc sulfide ( n = 2.32 ) or titanium dioxide ( n = 2.4 ) and low index material , such as magnesium fluoride ( n = 1.38 ) or silicon dioxide ( n = 1.49 ) . This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called band - stop , whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only ( for quarter - wave system ) , while the maximum reflectivity is increasing nearly up to 100 % with a number of layers in the stack . The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter - wave ( then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in compare to the non-quarter - wave systems composed from the same materials ) , this time designed such that reflected beams constructively interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission . The best of these coatings built - up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on the perfect smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999 % ( over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths ) . Common HR coatings can achieve 99.9 % reflectivity over a broad wavelength range ( tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range ) . As for AR coatings , HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light . When used away from normal incidence , the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths , and becomes polarization dependent . This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam . By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack , the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application , and may incorporate both high - reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions . The coating can be designed as a long - or short - pass filter , a bandpass or notch filter , or a mirror with a specific reflectivity ( useful in lasers ) . For example , the dichroic prism assembly used in some cameras requires two dielectric coatings , one long - wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm ( to separate the blue component of the light ) , and one short - pass filter to reflect red light , above 600 nm wavelength . The remaining transmitted light is the green component . Extreme ultraviolet coatings ( edit ) In the EUV portion of the spectrum ( wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm ) nearly all materials absorb strongly , making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range . Telescopes such as TRACE or EIT that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high - mass metal such as molybdenum or tungsten , and a low - mass spacer such as silicon , vacuum deposited onto a substrate such as glass . Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected . Constructive interference between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light . Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70 % of incident EUV light ( at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is constructed ) . Transparent conductive coatings ( edit ) Transparent conductive coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate static charge . Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from electromagnetic Interference , while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build - up of static electricity . Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass , for example in flat panel display technologies and in many photoelectrochemical experiments . A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is indium tin oxide ( ITO ) . ITO is not very optically transparent , however . The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency , particularly at the blue end of the spectrum . Using ITO , sheet resistances of 20 to 10,000 ohms per square can be achieved . An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve transmittance . Other TCOs ( Transparent Conductive Oxides ) include AZO ( Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide ) , which offers much better UV transmission than ITO . A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater - air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have ( Radar ) stealth ( Stealth technology ) properties . These are known as RAITs ( Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting ) and include materials such as boron doped DLC ( Diamond - like carbon ) . Current market and forecast ( edit ) Estimated at US $6.5 billion in 2013 , the global demand of optical coatings is forecast to grow 6.5 % annually over the next years . The largest application market of optical coatings is electronics and semiconductor combined , while the fastest growing one is fiber optics & telecommunication combined . Sources ( edit ) Hecht , Eugene . Chapter 9 , Optics , 2nd ed. ( 1990 ) , Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . I. Moreno , et al. , `` Thin - film spatial filters , '' Optics Letters 30 , 914 - 916 ( 2005 ) C. Clark , et al. , `` Two - color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems '' , Proc. SPIE Vol. 4375 , p. 307 - 314 ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MIT researchers create a ' perfect mirror ' '' . MIT press release . 1998 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Thin - film spatial filters , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Market Report : Global Optical Coatings Market '' . Acmite Market Intelligence . External link in publisher = ( help ) See also ( edit ) List of telescope parts and construction External links ( edit ) Browser - based thin film design and optimization software Java demonstration of anti-reflection coating Browser - based numerical calculator of single - layer thin film reflectivity ( 1 ) - Melles Griot Technical Guide NDL : 01172276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&oldid=787430975 '' Categories : Thin - film optics Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the amount of light reflected from the front surface of common window glass is about

Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4 % per surface to around 2 % . These were the first type of antireflection coating known , having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886 . He found that old , slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new , clean pieces due to this effect .

Display size - wikipedia Display size Jump to : navigation , search For the number of pixels measured vertically and horizontally per screen , see Display resolution . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : formatting Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comparison of screen sizes by width , height , diagonal , area , and aspect ratio . On 2D displays , such as computer monitors and TVs , the display size ( or viewable image size or VIS ) is the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed . The size of a screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal , which is the distance between opposite corners , usually in inches . It is also sometimes called the logical image size to distinguish it from the `` logical image size , '' which describes a screen 's display resolution and is measured in pixels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Optimal screen size and viewing distance 2 Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors 3 History 4 See also 5 References Optimal screen size and viewing distance ( edit ) The TV image is composed of many lines of pixels . Ideally , the TV watcher sits far enough away from the screen that the individual lines merge into one solid image . The watcher may sit even farther away and still see a good picture , but it will be a smaller portion of their visual field . However , note that viewing behavior is dependent on screen size . With increasing screen sizes visual exploration is enhanced with an increased number of fixations of shorter duration and a tendency to view only the center of the display . The resolution of the human eye ( with 20 / 20 vision ) is about one minute of arc . For full HDTV resolution , this one minute of arc implies that the TV watcher should sit 4 times the height of the screen away . At this distance the individual pixels can not be resolved while simultaneously maximising the viewing area . So the ideal set size can be determined from the chart below by measuring the distance from where the watcher would sit to the screen in centimeters ( or inches ) , dividing that by 4 , and comparing with the screen heights below . Do not be surprised if the observer can see the pixels at this viewing distance as most normal people see far better than 6 / 6 ( ( 20 / 20 vision ) ) . If the user is replacing a standard definition TV with an HDTV this implies that the best visual experience will be with a set that is twice as tall as the standard definition set . As the average size LCD TV being sold is now 38 `` , which is only about 15 % taller than a 27 '' standard definition TV , this means that most consumers buy HDTV sets that are smaller than what they could utilize . Cost and budget also limit screen size . Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors ( edit ) Knowing the actual height and width of a screen is useful when deciding which one to purchase . Common dimensions are listed in the table below . If the display is not listed , then the following equations can be used . Note that D is the diagonal ( in centimeters or inches ) , W is the width ( in pixels ) , and H is the height ( in pixels ) . h e i g h t = H × D W 2 + H 2 ( \ displaystyle height = H \ times ( \ frac ( D ) ( \ sqrt ( W ^ ( 2 ) + H ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) w i d t h = W × h e i g h t H ( \ displaystyle width = W \ times ( \ frac ( height ) ( H ) ) ) Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors Diagonal 5 : 4 4 : 3 3 : 2 ( 15 : 10 ) 8 : 5 ( 16 : 10 ) 5 : 3 ( 15 : 9 ) 16 : 9 ( 42 : 32 ) 21. 3 : 9 ( 43 : 33 ) ( in ) ( cm ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) 3.5 9 7 6 39 7 5 38 7 5 36 8 5 36 8 5 35 8 34 8 28 3.7 9 7 6 43 8 6 42 8 5 41 8 5 40 8 5 39 8 5 38 9 32 10 8 6 50 8 6 50 8 6 48 9 5 46 9 5 46 9 5 44 9 37 4.3 11 9 7 58 9 7 57 9 6 55 9 6 54 9 6 53 10 5 51 10 43 5 13 10 8 79 10 8 77 11 7 74 11 7 72 11 7 71 11 6 69 12 5 58 7 18 14 11 154 14 11 152 15 10 146 15 9 142 15 9 139 15 9 135 16 7 113 10 25 20 16 315 20 15 310 21 14 298 22 13 290 22 13 285 22 12 276 23 10 231 11.6 29 23 18 423 24 18 417 25 16 401 25 16 390 25 15 383 26 14 371 27 11 311 13.3 34 26 21 557 27 20 548 28 19 527 29 18 513 29 17 503 29 17 488 31 13 409 14 36 28 22 617 28 21 607 30 20 584 30 19 568 30 18 558 31 17 540 33 14 453 15 38 30 24 708 30 23 697 32 21 670 32 20 652 33 20 640 33 19 620 35 15 520 15.4 39 31 24 746 31 23 734 33 22 706 33 21 688 34 20 675 34 19 654 36 15 548 17 43 34 27 910 35 26 895 36 24 861 37 23 838 37 22 823 38 21 797 40 17 668 18.5 47 37 29 1,077 38 28 1,060 39 26 1,019 40 25 992 40 24 974 41 23 944 43 18 791 19 48 38 30 1,136 39 29 1,118 40 27 1,075 41 26 1,047 41 25 1,028 42 24 995 44 19 834 20 51 40 32 1,259 41 30 1,239 42 28 1,191 43 27 1,160 44 26 1,139 44 25 1,103 47 20 924 21 53 42 33 1,388 43 32 1,366 44 30 1,313 45 28 1,279 46 27 1,255 46 26 1,216 49 21 1,019 22 56 44 35 1,523 45 34 1,499 46 31 1,441 47 30 1,403 48 29 1,378 49 27 1,334 51 22 1,118 23 58 46 36 1,665 47 35 1,638 49 32 1,575 50 31 1,534 50 30 1,506 51 29 1,458 54 23 1,222 24 61 48 38 1,813 49 37 1,784 51 34 1,715 52 32 1,670 52 31 1,639 53 30 1,588 56 24 1,331 25 64 50 40 1,967 51 38 1,935 53 35 1,861 54 34 1,812 54 33 1,779 55 31 1,723 59 25 1,444 26 66 52 41 2,127 53 40 2,093 55 37 2,013 56 35 1,960 57 34 1,924 58 32 1,864 61 26 1,562 27 69 54 43 2,294 55 41 2,258 57 38 2,171 58 36 2,114 59 35 2,075 60 34 2,010 63 27 1,684 28 71 56 44 2,467 57 43 2,428 59 39 2,334 60 38 2,273 61 37 2,231 62 35 2,161 66 28 1,811 29 74 58 46 2,647 59 44 2,604 61 41 2,504 62 39 2,439 63 38 2,394 64 36 2,318 68 29 1,943 30 76 60 48 2,832 61 46 2,787 63 42 2,680 65 40 2,610 65 39 2,562 66 37 2,481 70 30 2,079 31 79 61 49 3,024 63 47 2,976 66 44 2,862 67 42 2,787 68 41 2,735 69 39 2,649 73 31 2,220 32 81 63 51 3,223 65 49 3,171 68 45 3,049 69 43 2,969 70 42 2,915 71 40 2,823 75 32 2,366 34 86 67 54 3,638 69 52 3,580 72 48 3,442 73 46 3,352 74 44 3,290 75 42 3,187 80 34 2,671 39 99 77 62 4,787 79 59 4,710 82 55 4,529 84 53 4,410 85 51 4,329 86 49 4,193 91 39 3,514 42 107 83 67 5,552 85 64 5,463 89 59 5,253 90 57 5,115 91 55 5,021 93 52 4,863 98 41 4,076 46 117 91 73 6,659 93 70 6,553 97 65 6,301 99 62 6,136 100 60 6,023 102 57 5,833 108 45 4,889 48 122 95 76 7,251 98 73 7,135 101 68 6,861 103 65 6,681 105 63 6,558 106 60 6,352 112 47 5,323 50 127 99 79 7,868 102 76 7,742 106 70 7,444 108 67 7,249 109 65 7,116 111 62 6,892 117 49 5,776 55 140 109 87 9,520 112 84 9,368 116 77 9,007 118 74 8,771 120 72 8,610 122 68 8,339 129 54 6,989 58 147 115 92 10,587 118 88 10,418 123 82 10,017 125 78 9,754 126 76 9,575 128 72 9,274 136 57 7,773 60 152 119 95 11,330 122 91 11,148 127 85 10,720 129 81 10,439 131 78 10,247 133 75 9,924 140 59 8,318 64 163 127 102 12,891 130 98 12,684 135 90 12,197 138 86 11,877 139 84 11,658 142 80 11,292 150 63 9,464 70 178 139 111 15,421 142 107 15,174 148 99 14,591 151 94 14,208 152 91 13,947 155 87 13,508 164 69 11,322 80 203 159 127 20,142 163 122 19,819 169 113 19,057 172 108 18,557 174 105 18,216 177 100 17,643 187 79 14,787 84 213 167 133 22,206 171 128 21,851 178 118 21,010 181 113 20,460 183 110 20,083 186 105 19,452 197 83 16,303 99 251 196 157 30,845 201 151 30,351 209 139 29,184 213 133 28,419 216 129 27,897 219 123 27,019 232 98 22,646 102 259 202 162 32,743 207 155 32,219 216 144 30,980 220 137 30,167 222 133 29,613 226 127 28,681 239 101 24,039 108 274 214 171 36,708 219 165 36,121 228 152 34,731 233 145 33,821 235 141 33,199 239 134 32,155 253 107 26,950 111 282 220 176 38,776 226 169 38,155 235 156 36,688 239 149 35,726 242 145 35,069 246 138 33,966 260 110 28,468 152 386 301 241 72,711 309 232 71,548 321 214 68,796 327 205 66,992 331 199 65,761 336 189 63,692 356 150 53,383 History ( edit ) The method of measuring screen size by its diagonal was inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television , when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use . Being circular , the external diameter of the bulb was used to describe their size . Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images , the diagonal measurement of the visible rectangle was smaller than the diameter of the tube due to the thickness of the glass surrounding the phosphor screen ( which was hidden from the viewer by the casing and bezel ) . This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles ; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size , and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4 : 3 . In the US , when virtually all TV tubes were 4 : 3 , the size of the screen was given as the true screen diagonal with a V following it ( this was a requirement in the US market but not elsewhere ) . In virtually all other markets , the size of the outer diameter of the tube was given . What was a 27V in the US could be a 28 '' elsewhere . However the V terminology was frequently dropped in US advertising referring to a 27V as a 27 `` . This was not misleading for the consumer as the seller had to give the actual screen size by law . Flat panel displays by contrast use the actual diagonal of their visible display size , thus the size is the actual size presented to the viewer in all markets . This means that a similarly specified size of display will be larger as a flat panel display compared with a cathode ray tube display . When the common aspect ratio went from 4 : 3 to 16 : 9 , the new widescreens were labeled with a W in the US . A screen that is approximately the same height as a 27V would be a 32W . Vizio and other US TV manufacturers have introduced even wider screens with a 21 : 9 aspect ratio in order to match aspect ratios used in cinemas . In order to gauge the relative sizes of these new screens , the screen aspect must be considered . In a commercial market where multiple aspect ratios are being sold , it will always take two numbers to describe the screen size , some combination of diagonal , aspect ratio , height or width . Set sizes are frequently given as a `` class '' as screens from different manufacturers will have slight differences in size . However the `` class '' should be within 1 / 2 '' of the actual size . The reasons for the different sizes within a class stem from differences in the manufacturers ' equipment . As manufacturers move from one size to another , newer larger sizes must fit on the same size glass , though with fewer displays being cut from it . Some sizes fit well and maximize glass utilization , other sizes fit more poorly and waste glass . As an example , in some cases , increasing the screen size by even 0.1 '' can cause an LCD manufacturer to go from 12 screens fitting on their glass sheet to 9 . This would make them uncompetitive with other screen makers . See also ( edit ) Display resolution Computer display standard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramos Gameiro , R ; Kaspar , K ; König , SU ; Nordholt , S ; König , P ( 2017 ) . `` Exploration and exploitation in natural viewing behavior '' . Sci Rep. 7 : 2311 . PMID 28536434 . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 02526 - 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_size&oldid=790868176 '' Categories : Display technology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2013 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from September 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from September 2010 All articles needing expert attention All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how many cm is a 24 inch tv

24 61 48 38 1,813 49 37 1,784 51 34 1,715 52 32 1,670 52 31 1,639 53 30 1,588 56 24 1,331

Fight Song ( Rachel Platten Song ) - wikipedia Fight Song ( Rachel Platten Song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fight Song '' Single by Rachel Platten from the album Fight Song and Wildfire B - side `` Lone Ranger '' Released February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Length 3 : 22 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Rachel Platten David Bassett Jon Levine Producer ( s ) Jon Levine Rachel Platten singles chronology `` 1,000 Ships '' ( 2011 ) `` Fight Song '' ( 2015 ) `` Stand by You '' ( 2015 ) `` 1,000 Ships '' ( 2011 ) `` Fight Song '' ( 2015 ) `` Stand by You '' ( 2015 ) Music video `` Fight Song '' on YouTube `` Fight Song '' is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Rachel Platten , released as a single by Columbia Records on February 19 , 2015 . It appears on her extended play ( EP ) of the same name ( 2015 ) and on her major label debut studio album , and third overall , Wildfire ( 2016 ) . Platten co-wrote the song with Dave Bassett and Jon Levine . The song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 and also reached number one of the Adult Contemporary and Adult Pop Songs airplay charts . Outside the United States , `` Fight Song '' topped the charts in the United Kingdom and also peaked within the top ten of the singles charts in Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the Republic of Ireland and the top twenty of the charts in Slovakia . It has sold two million copies in the United States , earning a double platinum certification by the RIAA . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Commercial performance 5 Music video 6 Live performances 7 Usage in media 8 Track listing 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rachel Platten said of her inspiration : `` ' Fight Song ' was inspired by a lot of experiences that were hurting me and that were making me feel like maybe I did n't have a chance in this industry . I wrote it because I needed to remind myself that I believed in myself . No matter what , I still was gon na make music , even if it was on a small scale . Even if it was just for me . '' She also said : `` I really challenged myself in writing the past couple of years to be vulnerable in my lyrics . I did n't want to skate past what was hurting . It did n't scare me to be vulnerable because I think that 's when you get something great . '' Composition ( edit ) In the version published at Musicnotes.com by Platten Music Publishing , the sheet music is in the key of G major with a moderate tempo of 88 beats per minute . The song follows a chord progression of G -- G5 / F ♯ -- Em -- Csus2 , and Platten 's vocals span from G to E . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Fight Song '' has received positive reviews from critics , agreeing that the song 's positive message and Platten 's vocals were the song 's strongest features . A review by Markos Papatados from the Digital Journal stated `` The lyrics for `` Fight Song '' are captivating and they tug at the heartstrings . It is a track from her Fight Song EP , which was released on May 15 . Platten 's vocals are crisp and impressive , where the listener can recall such songstresses as Taylor Swift and Tristan Prettyman . Her lyrics are powerful and they paint a vivid picture in the minds of her listeners . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first charted in Australia , debuting at 35 on the ARIA Charts on April 12 , 2015 . The song eventually peaked at number 2 in Australia on July 12 , 2015 . It later reached number 8 in New Zealand after first being covered as a charity single by The X Factor top 12 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of May 2 , 2015 at number 80 , becoming Platten 's first entry on the chart . On July 18 , 2015 , the song entered the top 10 at number 10 , becoming her first top 10 . On August 19 , 2015 , the song eventually peaked at number 6 . It has also reached double platinum sales in the US , selling over 2 million copies in Platten 's home country . `` Fight Song '' also peaked at number one on the Billboard Adult Top 40 chart for 4 weeks , number one on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart for 4 weeks , number 3 on the Billboard Digital Songs chart , number 6 on the Billboard Radio Songs chart , and number 8 on the Pop Songs chart . Elsewhere , it peaked at number 5 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 . In the United Kingdom , the song jumped from number sixty eight to the top of the UK Singles Chart on August 28 , 2015 -- for the week ending date September 3 , 2015 -- becoming Platten 's first chart - topping song , and overall top ten hit , in Britain . In the Republic of Ireland , the song peaked at number six on the Irish Singles Chart . On April 25 , 2016 , this song peaked at number nine on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart . Music video ( edit ) An accompanying music video directed by James Lees was released on May 19 , 2015 . The shooting lasted four days . Platten said of the concept : `` I wanted my video to show both sides of that -- my fear and pain -- but I also hoped to show that sometimes to overcome battles we just have to let go . '' Live performances ( edit ) Platten performing `` Fight Song '' at the closing ceremony of the 2016 Invictus Games On April 25 , 2015 , Platten performed the song for the first time at the 2015 Radio Disney Music Awards . Platten appeared as a special guest during Taylor Swift 's 1989 World Tour in Philadelphia on June 13 , 2015 , where Platten and Swift performed `` Fight Song '' together . On August 16 , 2015 , Platten performed the song at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards in Los Angeles . On July 12 , 2016 , Platten performed `` Fight Song '' at the 2016 Major League Baseball All - Star Game at Petco Park in San Diego , where baseball fans and players held up cards with the names of people they knew were battling cancer to dedicate the performance to them . On New Year 's Eve 2016 − 17 , Platten sang the song as part of her lineup during the Times Square Ball festivities in New York City 's Times Square , which she co-headlined . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song has been featured in the television shows Revenge and Pretty Little Liars in addition to advertisements for Ford cars and the then CBS television series Supergirl . `` Fight Song '' was named the official theme song for the 2015 `` Rise Above Cancer '' campaign that appeared on most WWE shows throughout the month of October as part of the company 's partnership with Susan G. Komen . The song has been used in a series of Ford TV commercials for their line of SUV 's , namely , the 2015 Ford Edge and 2016 Ford Explorer . `` Fight Song '' was named the official theme song of the 2016 IIHF World Women 's U18 Championship held in St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada . Each game was opened with images of the participating countries as well as flag bearers who represented each country at centre ice as the song played . The song was frequently used by Hillary Clinton at events in her campaign for the 2016 presidential election in conjunction with the slogan `` Fighting for Us '' . Calysta Bevier sang `` Fight Song '' during her audition for the eleventh season of America 's Got Talent in 2016 . Bevier also sang the same song at a high school talent show , which went on to become a viral video , landing her on The Ellen DeGeneres Show singing the same song with Rachel Platten . An a cappella version of the song was released for the 2016 Democratic National Convention by Elizabeth Banks , featuring some of her Pitch Perfect co-stars Ben Platt , Chrissie Fit , Ester Dean , Hana Mae Lee , John Michael Higgins , Kelly Jakle , Mike Tompkins , Shelley Regner along with celebrity supporters Aisha Tyler , Alan Cumming , America Ferrera , Billy Porter , Connie Britton , Ellen Greene , Eva Longoria , Garrett Clayton , Ian Somerhalder , Idina Menzel , Jaime King , Jane Fonda , Jesse Tyler Ferguson , Josh Lucas , Julie Bowen , Kathy Najimy , Kristin Chenoweth , Mandy Moore , Mary McCormack , Mary - Louise Parker , Nikki Reed , Renee Fleming , Rob Reiner , Sia , T.R. Knight and Platten herself . The song also appears in the 2018 live action / CGI film Peter Rabbit during a scene where Bea ( Rose Byrne ) dances and listens to the song while Thomas and Peter fight with explosives . Since 2017 , the song has been used as the opening theme for the Stephanie Miller Show which airs in a number of US Markets as well as on SiriusXM 's Progress Channel 127 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download -- single `` Fight Song '' -- 3 : 22 `` Lone Ranger '' -- 3 : 07 Other versions Dave Aude Remix Dave Aude Radio Edit DJ Mike D Remix DJ Mike D Radio Mix Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 13 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 26 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 5 Canada AC ( Billboard ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 17 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 20 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 19 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 89 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 76 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 100 Japan Hot 100 9 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Japan Radio Songs ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 75 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Poland ( Polish Airplay New ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 35 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 36 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 56 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 38 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 21 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 9 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 40 Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 5 × Platinum 350,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Poland ( ZPAV ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 2,803,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2015 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Rachel Platten Talks `` Fight Song , '' Making A Difference And Her Long Road To The Top : Idolator Interview `` . Idolator . SpinMedia . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Reveals the Inspiration Behind `` Fight Song , '' Which Has Taylor Swift Singing it in a pizza . Along `` . VH1 . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bassett , Dave . `` Rachel Platten `` Fight Song '' Sheet Music in G Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Papatados , Markos ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Review : Rachel Platten phenomenal on new single ' Fight Song ' '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` RACHEL PLATTEN - FIGHT SONG ( SONG ) '' . Australian - Charts . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The X Factor NZ Top 12 release ' Fight Song ' for charity '' . More FM . Mediaworks . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Tops Hot 100 for Second Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa 's ' See You Again ' Ties for Longest - Leading Rap No. 1 on Hot 100 '' . Billboard . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` OMI Back to No. 1 on Hot 100 , Lana Del Rey Debuts at No. 7 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles Chart , September 3 , 2015 '' . www.officialcharts.com . Jump up ^ Moss , Liv ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Rachel Platten conquers Official Singles Chart as Fight Song hits Number 1 : `` I ca n't really believe it '' `` . officialcharts.com . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Rachel Platten `` Fight Song '' ( James Lees , dir . ) `` . Video Static . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Rachel Platten Talks `` Fight Song , '' Making A Difference And Her Long Road To The Top : Idolator Interview `` . Idolator . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch a Sneak Peek of Rachel Platten 's ' Fight Song ' Video '' . People . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McFeeters , Stephanie ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Rachel Platten on performing with Taylor Swift '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards : Rachel Platten Performs `` Fight Song '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans , Players Show Their Support for Loved Ones With Cancer at Baseball All - Star Game '' . Inside Edition . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Alex ( December 31 , 2016 ) . `` ICYMI : Newton Native Rachel Platten Headlining New Year 's Eve Webcast '' . Patch Media . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shanahan , Mark ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton chooses Rachel Platten 's ' Fight Song ' '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Hillary Clinton Adopts ' Fighter ' Theme in a Tough New Hampshire Battle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' : Simon hits Golden Buzzer for teen cancer survivor '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) . `` The Best Celebrity Moments of the Democratic Convention Night 2 '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten : Fight Song - Music on Google Play '' . Google Play . February 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada AC for Rachel Platten . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada CHR / Top 40 for Rachel Platten . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search '' . Billboard Canada Hot AC for Rachel Platten . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201532 into search . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Rachel Platten . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Rachel Platten Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 38 , 2015 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Digital - Classifica settimanale WK 36 ( dal 2015 - 09 - 04 al 2015 - 09 - 10 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot 100 '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Radio Songs '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay New . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201535 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Platten Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2015 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2015 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2015 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs Year End 2015 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Canadian Top 100 '' . Music Of Canada . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Type Rachel Platten in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Fight Song and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . Enter Fight Song in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rachel Platten -- Fight Song '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Still No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Rachel Platten Bows in Top Five '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) `` Fight Song '' on YouTube ( hide ) Rachel Platten Studio albums Wildfire ( 2016 ) Waves ( 2017 ) Extended plays Fight Song ( 2015 ) Singles `` Fight Song '' `` Stand by You '' `` Better Place '' `` Broken Glass '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fight_Song_(Rachel_Platten_song)&oldid=843547546 '' Categories : 2015 singles 2015 songs Rachel Platten songs Songs written by Dave Bassett ( songwriter ) Columbia Records singles Metasongs Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Scots Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 13 . 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is the song fight song in a movie

The song also appears in the 2018 live action / CGI film Peter Rabbit during a scene where Bea ( Rose Byrne ) dances and listens to the song while Thomas and Peter fight with explosives .

The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Michael Cudlitz Lennie James Sonequa Martin - Green Jeffrey Dean Morgan Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Austin Nichols Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) -- April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of The Walking Dead episodes The seventh season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 23 , 2016 , and concluded on April 2 , 2017 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season . The seventh season received mixed reviews by critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won three , including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year , at the 43rd Saturn Awards . This season adapts material from issues # 100 -- 114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors , led by the vindictive Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . Negan uses numbers , power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors , and the Alexandria Safe - Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors . Eventually , Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan , including members of the survivor communities of the Hilltop , the Kingdom , Oceanside , and the Scavengers , who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop Colony 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the seventh season , from `` The Well '' onwards , include ( from left to right ) : Sasha , Daryl , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Carol , Rick , Carl , Maggie , Jesus , Rosita , Morgan , and Aaron ; Absent : Eugene , Negan , Spencer , Dwight , and Gregory Main cast ( edit ) The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall . For the season premiere , Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status , with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under `` Also starring '' . After the first episode aired , the cast faced numerous changes : Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits , while Alanna Masterson , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits , respectively , after previously being credited as `` Also starring '' , in the second episode onwards . Tom Payne and Xander Berkeley were also promoted to series regulars in the second episode and beyond . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and leader of Alexandria , who is forced to adapt under the rule of Negan . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , Maggie 's resourceful husband , who stands as the group 's moral compass . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , Glenn 's strong - willed and pregnant wife . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's teenage son , who struggles to maintain his renewed morality that he achieved from residing in Alexandria . Danai Gurira as Michonne , a katana - wielding warrior , who has opened up from her previous solitary life and has recently begun a relationship with Rick . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , an empowered member of the group , whose several tragedies force her to question her ruthless methods . Michael Cudlitz as Sgt . Abraham Ford , a former military sergeant , whose reevaluation of his life led him to break up with Rosita and pursue Sasha . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who is questioning the pacifist philosophy he had adopted . Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , a former firefighter , Abraham 's girlfriend and a guard of Alexandria , who has overcome various traumas . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring member of the group , who found a community named Oceanside and struggles to keep it a secret . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a survivor , who struggles to prove his worth to the group after lying to them about knowing a possible cure to the walker virus . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , a pragmatic and protective member of the group , and ex-girlfriend of Abraham . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the manipulative and totalitarian leader of the Saviors who served as the primary antagonist of the season . Also starring ( edit ) Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest , who has managed to earn the group 's trust after previously betraying them . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter , who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and serves as a bridge between the two factions . Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe , a guard of Alexandria and the only surviving member of his family . Austin Amelio as Dwight , a ruthless , reluctant member of the Saviors and one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop Colony , who introduced Rick 's group to their compound . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon as Enid , an isolated teenager residing in Alexandria , who forms a special bond with Maggie and is starting to show feelings for Carl Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew , who had a brief relationship with Carol . Corey Hawkins as Heath , a supply runner for Alexandria who went missing . Ann Mahoney as Olivia , an Alexandria resident , who is in charge of the community 's food and armory . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . The Hilltop Colony ( edit ) R. Keith Harris as Dr. Harlan Carson , the doctor of the Hilltop Colony . James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Ilan Srulovicz as Wesley , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . The Saviors ( edit ) Christine Evangelista as Sherry , Dwight 's ex-wife and now one of Negan 's harem . Steven Ogg as Simon , Negan 's right - hand man . Joshua Hoover as Fat Joey , a member of the Saviors . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Tim Parati as Dr. Emmett Carson , the doctor of the Sanctuary . Aerli Austen as Isabelle , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Martinez as David , a sexually deviant member of the Saviors . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Brian Stapf as Roy , a member of the Saviors . Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who extorts the Kingdom . Joshua Mikel as Jared , a hostile member of the Saviors who works with Gavin and forms a hostile rivalry with Richard . Autumn Dial as Amber , one of Negan 's harem . Elyse Nicole DuFour as Frankie , one of Negan 's harem . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's harem . Griffin Freeman as Mark , a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend . The Kingdom ( edit ) Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , a former zookeeper and the flamboyant leader of the Kingdom . Logan Miller as Benjamin , a young resident of the Kingdom , who forms a bond with Morgan . Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's bodyguard . Karl Makinen as Richard , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin 's younger brother . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , a top member of Oceanside . Nicole Barré as Kathy , a top member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the impassive leader of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a superior member of the Scavengers . Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a superior member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis . Anja Akstin as Farron , a member of the Scavengers . Gino Crognale as Winslow , a zombie with swords and spikes shoved through it that fights Rick in a garbage pit . Cast notes * ^ 1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere . Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest . Production ( edit ) The promotional poster for the season at the San Diego Comic - Con The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30 , 2015 . Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2 , 2016 and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Xander Berkeley , Tom Payne , and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season , after having recurring roles in the sixth season . The seventh season has featured several extended episodes , running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ) . Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length . The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson , who died on March 18 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 84 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 17.03 Negan 's victim is revealed to be Abraham , who is beaten to death in front of Rick 's group . Daryl punches Negan out of anger , prompting Negan to also murder Glenn . After several tests , Negan ultimately breaks Rick 's resolve by nearly forcing him to hack off Carl 's arm . Negan and his crew then leave with Daryl as hostage , while Sasha volunteers to take Maggie to Hilltop to recover , along with the bodies of Glenn and Abraham . 85 `` The Well '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 12.46 Carol and Morgan arrive at the Kingdom , a well - established community run by flamboyant former zookeeper `` King '' Ezekiel . The Kingdom , like Hilltop , has been producing for the Saviors under the threat of violence , although Ezekiel has kept this arrangement secret from most residents of the Kingdom . Carol recuperates and eagerly prepares to abandon the community , but opts to stay in an isolated house nearby after bonding with Ezekiel . 86 `` The Cell '' Alrick Riley Angela Kang November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11.72 Daryl is locked in a cell at the Sanctuary , where Negan and Dwight constantly torture him in an effort to break him down to obedience . Negan sends Dwight on a mission to retrieve an escaped Savior , who says he would rather die than return to the Sanctuary . Dwight , therefore , ultimately mercy - kills the man . Daryl is given the opportunity to become a Savior but adamantly refuses . 87 `` Service '' David Boyd Corey Reed November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 11.40 As the grieving survivors struggle to come to terms with life under Negan 's rule , Negan and the Saviors arrive at Alexandria days ahead of schedule for their first offering and take most of Alexandria 's furniture and medicine , and all their firearms . Feeling powerless , Rick informs the survivors that he is no longer in charge and they must learn to live by Negan 's terms . Rosita finds an empty cartridge case and brings it to Eugene , tasking him to craft a loaded cartridge for a gun she found in the woods . 88 5 `` Go Getters '' Darnell Martin Channing Powell November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 11.00 Carl accompanies Enid to Hilltop to visit Maggie , who is recovering there with Sasha . Gregory is furious with Maggie and Sasha for not fulfilling their deal to kill the Saviors , and demands they leave . However , after they help defend Hilltop from a walker attack , Jesus convinces Gregory to let them stay . While the Saviors raid Hilltop 's supplies , Sasha asks Jesus if he can find where Negan lives , which he agrees to do . Jesus then sneaks onto one of the Saviors ' trucks , where he finds Carl hiding . 89 6 `` Swear '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 10.40 Two weeks after the attack at the Saviors ' satellite station outpost , Tara is separated from Heath when she falls off a bridge during a walker attack . She washes up on a beach , where she is revived by a girl named Cyndie . Tara follows Cyndie to her community , Oceanside , a secluded group consisting of heavily - armed women and children ; any men in the group had been slaughtered by the Saviors . Cyndie helps Tara find her way back to Alexandria and makes her swear to never mention Oceanside to anyone . 90 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' Rosemary Rodriguez Angela Kang & Corey Reed December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 10.48 Upon nearing the Sanctuary , Jesus jumps off the Saviors ' truck to recon the area , but Carl stays behind to kill Negan on his own . Dwight subdues Carl , but Negan is impressed by Carl 's bravery and tours him around Sanctuary . Rosita and Eugene manage to craft a live cartridge , while Spencer scavenges for supplies in the woods . Upon returning to Alexandria , the trio finds Negan and the Saviors are there . 91 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' Michael E. Satrazemis Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10.58 With help from Jesus and an anonymous source , Daryl finally escapes from the Sanctuary . During a discussion about Rick 's leadership , Negan guts and kills Spencer , enraging Rosita , who shoots at Negan but hits Lucille instead . As punishment , Arat kills Olivia . Negan and the Saviors then leave with Eugene as hostage . After a talk with Michonne , Rick is finally motivated to fight the Saviors . Rick 's group travels to Hilltop to reunite with Maggie , Sasha , and Enid ; Daryl and Jesus emerge , and the group embraces . 92 9 `` Rock in the Road '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 12.00 After Hilltop rallies behind Rick 's group in the fight against the Saviors , Jesus introduces the group to the Kingdom , where they meet `` King '' Ezekiel and reunite with Morgan . Although Ezekiel hesitates to join the proposed alliance , he offers Daryl asylum at the Kingdom . In Alexandria , a group of Saviors raids the community in search of Daryl but leaves after they are unable to find him . Rick 's group pursues Father Gabriel , who had taken the group 's supplies and left clues leading to a dilapidated yard . Upon their arrival , the group is surrounded by the Scavengers . 93 10 `` New Best Friends '' Jeffrey F. January Channing Powell February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 11.08 Rick manages to convince the Scavengers to join Alexandria in the fight against the Saviors , but their leader , Jadis , demands Rick 's group deliver them guns in exchange for their assistance . Richard plans to have Carol killed by the Saviors , believing that her death would motivate Ezekiel to fight . When Daryl learns of Richard 's plans , he threatens to kill him should Carol be harmed in any way . After reuniting with Carol and lying to her about Glenn and Abraham 's fates , Daryl travels to Hilltop to prepare for battle against the Saviors . 94 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' Kari Skogland David Leslie Johnson February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 10.42 Eugene settles in quickly at the Sanctuary , as he 's rewarded for his intelligence and willingness to submit to Negan 's demands . Eugene bonds with two of Negan 's wives . At their request , he makes poison capsules ; however , he refuses to give them the capsules after learning of their intentions to kill Negan . Dwight discovers a note from Sherry that reveals she helped Daryl escape from the Sanctuary and then fled to parts unknown . Dwight frames Dr. Emmett Carson for Daryl and Sherry 's disappearances , leading Negan to murder Carson by hurling him into a furnace . 95 12 `` Say Yes '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 10.16 Rick and Michonne embark on a hunt for guns to bring to the Scavengers and find an abandoned school carnival , where they acquire dozens of guns . They bring the guns back to the Scavengers , but Jadis is unsatisfied and demands more . Tara contemplates whether or not to tell Rick about Oceanside , knowing Rick 's group 's need for weapons and reinforcements . Frustrated with the delay , Rosita travels to Hilltop and meets with Sasha ; they make a pact to kill Negan together . 96 13 `` Bury Me Here '' Alrick Riley Scott M. Gimple March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 10.68 Ezekiel and his group meet the Saviors for the Kingdom 's weekly tribute . After the Saviors notice a single cantaloupe is missing , Jared shoots Benjamin , who bleeds to death . Morgan , who finds the missing cantaloupe hidden in the street and learns that Richard sabotaged the drop - off in an effort to get himself killed and become a martyr for war , strangles Richard to death for causing Benjamin 's murder . Morgan reveals the truth about Glenn , Abraham , Spencer , and Olivia to Carol , leading her to return to the Kingdom prepared to fight the Saviors alongside Ezekiel . 97 14 `` The Other Side '' Michael E. Satrazemis Angela Kang March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 10.32 The Saviors raid Hilltop unexpectedly , forcing Daryl and Maggie into hiding ; the Saviors leave with Dr. Harlan Carson in tow to replace his now - deceased brother as their doctor . While sneaking into the Sanctuary on a secret mission , Sasha and Rosita encounter Eugene and urge him to escape , but he refuses . Sasha then locks Rosita out , telling her to go back to Alexandria because the group needs her . As Sasha breaks into the Sanctuary to kill Negan herself , Rosita flees and notices someone watching her . 98 15 `` Something They Need '' Michael Slovis Corey Reed March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 10.54 Tara leads the group to Oceanside in hopes of convincing that community to join the fight against the Saviors . Natania refuses to have her people fight but ultimately capitulates to Rick 's group 's demands to take their guns . After imprisoning Sasha , Negan reveals he is aware of Rick 's plans to fight him and encourages Sasha to join him . She confides in Eugene and asks him for a weapon , then a way to kill herself ; in response , he gives her one of the poison capsules he had made . Upon their return to Alexandria , Rick 's group is greeted by Rosita , who after running into Dwight while fleeing the Sanctuary , reveals Dwight 's intentions of helping take down Negan . 99 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 11.31 Negan and the Saviors travel to Alexandria with Sasha in a coffin as a gimmick to confront Rick . On the way , Sasha commits suicide with the poison capsule Eugene had given her . At Alexandria , the Scavengers double - cross Rick 's group , revealing they 've been dealing with Negan all along . After a standoff , a gun fight ensues , with the unexpected arrival of Kingdom and Hilltop fighters forcing Negan and the Saviors and the Scavengers to retreat . Alexandria , the Kingdom , and Hilltop are hit badly , but are prepared for all - out war against their enemies , while the undead Sasha is put down by Maggie and Jesus . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The seventh season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 61 % with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10 , based on 10 reviews , and an average episode score of 77 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Increased character depth and effective world - building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive , gratuitous violence . '' The first episode of the season , `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' , received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode , with one writer calling it the equivalent of `` torture porn '' . Subsequently , the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show 's lowest critical ratings . The show 's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback , they tamed some of the more gruesome scenes that were in episodes being filmed for the second half of the season . Hurd said that `` this is not a show that 's torture porn ... Let 's make sure we do n't cross that line '' . However , this claim was countered by executive producers Scott M. Gimple and Greg Nicotero . Gimple said that the violence used in the episode was `` pronounced for a reason '' , specifically that `` there was a purpose of traumatizing these characters to a point where maybe they would have been docile for the rest of their lives '' , but noted that he felt that this episode should n't represent `` the base level of violence that necessarily should be on the show '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 69 % with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10 , based on 48 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : The flashback - laden `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' is slow to deliver the payoff from last season 's finale -- but ultimately delivers with sadistic acts of gut - wrenching violence that will push Walking Dead fans to their limit . The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 43rd Saturn Awards , the seventh season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations and three wins . The wins were for Best Horror Television Series , Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Norman Reedus ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ) , and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ) . The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards . Additionally , for his portrayal of Negan , Jeffrey Dean Morgan earned himself a nomination and win for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards for the first half of the season , in addition to his guest appearance in the season six finale , `` Last Day on Earth '' . Morgan was also nominated at the 26th MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Actor in a TV Show and Best Villain , winning the latter . Ratings ( edit ) The Walking Dead 's seventh - season premiere ( `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' ) received 17.03 million viewers in its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States . The viewership steadily declined every week after the premiere , until the seventh episode ( `` Sing Me a Song '' ) , with the sixth episode ( `` Swear '' ) of the season dropping to 10.40 million viewers , the lowest rating the show has had since season three . Viewing increased to 12 million viewers in the ninth episode ( `` Rock in the Road '' ) , following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ( `` Say Yes '' ) reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' October 23 , 2016 8.4 17.03 2.3 4.50 10.7 21.53 `` The Well '' October 30 , 2016 6.1 12.46 2.9 5.49 9.0 17.95 `` The Cell '' November 6 , 2016 5.7 11.72 2.9 5.49 8.6 17.21 `` Service '' November 13 , 2016 5.4 11.40 2.3 4.32 7.7 15.72 5 `` Go Getters '' November 20 , 2016 5.2 11.00 2.7 5.31 7.9 16.31 6 `` Swear '' November 27 , 2016 4.9 10.40 2.5 4.69 7.4 15.10 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' December 4 , 2016 5.0 10.48 2.7 5.29 7.7 15.78 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' December 11 , 2016 5.1 10.58 2.8 5.42 7.9 16.02 9 `` Rock in the Road '' February 12 , 2017 5.7 12.00 2.5 4.82 8.2 16.84 10 `` New Best Friends '' February 19 , 2017 5.3 11.08 2.6 5.08 7.9 16.17 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' February 26 , 2017 5.0 10.43 2.7 5.32 7.7 15.76 12 `` Say Yes '' March 5 , 2017 4.7 10.16 1.9 3.50 6.6 13.67 13 `` Bury Me Here '' March 12 , 2017 4.9 10.68 2.0 3.74 6.9 14.43 14 `` The Other Side '' March 19 , 2017 4.7 10.32 2.3 4.45 7.0 14.78 15 `` Something They Need '' March 26 , 2017 4.9 10.54 4.22 7.0 14.77 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' April 2 , 2017 5.4 11.31 2.6 5.09 8.0 16.42 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22 , 2017 , in region 2 on September 25 , 2017 , and in region 4 on September 27 , 2017 . The `` Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue '' set , which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24 , 2017 , and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the `` New Best Friends '' episode in season 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer , Premiere Date and Ezekiel '' . IGN . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel , Star Wars , The Walking Dead win big at 2017 Saturn Awards '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : What the Comic - Con Trailer Reveals About Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magliocchetti , Geoff ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` 7 Takeaways from The Walking Dead 's Season 7 Trailer '' . SportsGrid . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' at NYCC : A Bloody Comic Book Moment Is Teased in New Look at Season 7 Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead ' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for Seventh Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Starts Filming On May 2 '' . Comic Book . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Wraps Production Today '' . Comic Book . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Midseason Finale Episode Gets Extended Run Time '' . Comic Book . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead , Season 7 '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 7 finale : Who is Bernie Wrightson , the person episode 16 was dedicated to ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' down but stays on top , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' returns lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ticks up as ' Walking Dead ' slips a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Librarians ' returns slightly lower , ' Walking Dead ' dips a bit more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' hits a 4 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ends with season highs , ' Walking Dead ' stops 5 - week slide '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , trails prior seasons '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves in its return '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' dips vs. Oscars but remains dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season seven premiere : The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebermen , David ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Tamed Some Gruesome Scenes Following Viewer Protests '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead producers claim they did not tone down violence due to backlash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ; Grobar , Matt ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads With 8 Wins Including Best Picture ; Donald Glover Unveils Lando Calrissian ' Stache '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wins Best Villain At MTV Awards '' . Comic Book . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Suffers Another Huge Ratings Drop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 -- 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' join ' Walking Dead ' atop cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' premiere scores strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' triples in adults 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Feud ' both behind and ahead of recent FX debuts : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Feb. 27 - March 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Official Lionsgate / Anchor Bay Press Release for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 7 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - When Will ' The Complete 7th Season : Limited Edition ' Walk the Streets ? '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_7)&oldid=807362069 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 41 . 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where was the walking dead season 7 filmed

The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30 , 2015 . Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2 , 2016 and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Xander Berkeley , Tom Payne , and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season , after having recurring roles in the sixth season . The seventh season has featured several extended episodes , running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ) . Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length .

Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Far from the Madding Crowd Official British poster Directed by Thomas Vinterberg Produced by Andrew Macdonald Allon Reich Written by David Nicholls Based on Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy Starring Carey Mulligan Matthias Schoenaerts Michael Sheen Tom Sturridge Juno Temple Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Claire Simpson Production company BBC Films DNA Films Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date 17 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( Istanbul Film Festival ) 1 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom , United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 12 million Box office $30.2 million Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan , Matthias Schoenaerts , Michael Sheen , Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple . It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy , the fourth time this novel has been filmed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1870 Victorian England , Bathsheba Everdene ( Carey Mulligan ) is working on her aunt 's farm in Dorset . Gabriel Oak ( Matthias Schoenaerts ) , a new neighbour , sees Bathsheba riding her horse and falls in love with her . He proposes , but the headstrong Bathsheba declines , saying she is too independent and he would grow to despise her . One night a new sheepdog chases Gabriel 's entire flock off a cliff . He settles his debts and is left penniless . He leaves in search of work . In contrast , Bathsheba inherits a farm from her uncle and leaves to take charge of it . While Gabriel is at a fair trying to find employment , local soldiers attempt to recruit him and other townsmen . A young girl , Fanny Robin , notices him and points out one of the soldiers , Sergeant Frank Troy , her sweetheart . She suggests Gabriel seek employment at a farm in Weatherbury . Gabriel arrives to find several buildings on fire and saves the barn from destruction . At dawn the next day he is introduced to the farm 's new mistress : Bathsheba . She hires him as a shepherd . In the meantime , Fanny goes to the wrong church for her wedding and Troy , apparently jilted , is devastated . In town , Bathsheba proves to be a shrewd trader when selling her seed . She immediately is drawn to her neighbour William Boldwood ( Michael Sheen ) , a prosperous and mature bachelor . Bathsheba sends Boldwood a Valentine as a joke , and he , both offended and intrigued , soon proposes marriage . Bathsheba says she does share his feelings but delays giving him a final answer . Gabriel admonishes Bathsheba for being foolish and unkind by playing with Boldwood 's affections . She is stung by his criticism , and fires him , but the next day , given a crisis with the sheep that only he can manage , she sends after him and then pursues him to ask him to return . After her personal appeal , he comes back , saves some of the sheep , and stays on the farm . One night while walking around her land , Bathsheba meets Troy , who is mesmerized by her beauty . Uncomfortable , she tells him he should not be there , but the next day he returns to help with the harvest . Bathsheba learns he is of a noble family , but tells him to leave . He flirts with her and flatters her , and arranges a secret meeting . At their rendezvous in the woods , he shows off his swordplay , telling her not to flinch as he swings his sword around her head and body . He finally embraces her in a passionate kiss and Bathsheba is left in a daze . Gabriel warns her that Frank is dangerous and dishonourable , but she nevertheless elopes with him , and they share their wedding night together . Returning to the farm , the newly married couple celebrate with all the workers . Gabriel warns of an approaching storm , but the belligerent and drunk Frank interrupts him and insists that the party will not allow it to rain . Gabriel attempts by himself to cover the harvest with tarpaulins and Bathsheba , ashamed of Frank 's drunken behavior with the other men , comes out into the wind and rain to help . Chastened , she tells Gabriel that she was a fool to fall prey to Frank 's flattery . One day in town , Frank sees Fanny begging . She tells him she had gone to the wrong church , and that she is pregnant with his baby . He promises her he will find a home for them , and that she should stay in the workhouse in the meantime . Frank , a degenerate gambler , asks Bathsheba for £ 20 and she refuses , saying the money is for farm expenses . Fanny and her baby die in childbirth ; their coffin is delivered to Bathsheba 's farm , which was her last known address . Bathsheba recognizes the name as one of her uncle 's loyal servants and says the coffin should be brought inside for mourning . The words `` Fanny Robin and child '' are written on the coffin , but Gabriel surreptitiously erases `` and child '' from the slate while bringing it in . Bathsheba reads the erasure , opens the coffin , and discovers the mother and baby within . Frank , upon seeing Fanny and his dead baby , bends over the coffin and kisses Fanny 's lips . Bathsheba protests that she is still his wife , but he coldly responds that even in death Fanny means more to him than Bathsheba ever had meant or ever could mean . In grief Frank goes to the beach , where he strips off his uniform and swims far into the ocean . The next day the constable arrives to inform Bathsheba that Frank has apparently drowned . Left with Frank 's gambling debts , Bathsheba worries she may lose the farm . Boldwood offers to buy it and merge it with his property , offering Gabriel a position as bailiff , and again proposes marriage . Bathsheba agrees to consider his offer . On the eve of the Christmas party he plans to throw , Boldwood shares with Gabriel that he knows of the affection he feels for Bathsheba , but adds he appreciates that he has been such a gentleman in the entire matter , and shows Gabriel the engagement ring he plans to offer her . At the party , Boldwood graciously invites Gabriel and Bathsheba to share at least one dance . As they dance , she again asks Gabriel what she should do , and he answers simply to `` Do what is right '' . She breaks off the dance and leaves , only to discover Frank , alive and well , slumbering up the pathway , outside . He was rescued from drowning but has faked his death for some weeks , preferring the idea of being ' dead . ' Regretting his decision , he has returned and demands money from Bathsheba , claiming it was unfair that he gave up his profession for her and now lives off nothing while she has money and a house . When she insists she has no money , Frank demands that she sell the farm and grabs her roughly , screaming that she is still his wife and must obey him . Enraged , Boldwood emerges from the house and kills Frank with a single blast from his rifle , for which he is promptly imprisoned . As Gabriel witnesses all the finery , many dresses and jewellery , that Boldwood had already laid out upstairs in anticipation of Bathsheba 's ' yes ' answer , Bathsheba is remorseful and guiltridden . Gabriel tells her that if it 's any consolation Boldwood is bound to be spared his life , for acting in a ' crime of passion ' . Some time later , Gabriel announces that since the farm is now secure , he 'll be emigrating to America in four days time . As he leaves on foot early in the morning , Bathsheba stays at the farm battling her feelings and stubbornness . Finally , she chases after him on horseback and begs him not to leave , thanking him for all he 's done for her , and always believing in her . Gabriel tells her , if only she would accept his love , then asks her if she would agree were he to propose again . Bathsheba smiles and tells him he needs ask once more . Gabriel kisses her passionately in response , and they walk back hand in hand . Cast ( edit ) Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene Matthias Schoenaerts as Gabriel Oak Michael Sheen as William Boldwood Tom Sturridge as Sergeant Frank Troy Juno Temple as Fanny Robin Jessica Barden as Liddy Sam Phillips as Sergeant Doggett Tilly Vosburgh as Mrs. Hurst Rowan Hedley as Maryann Money Chris Gallarus as Billy Smallbury Connor Webb as Merchant Penny - Jane Swift as Mrs. Coggan Rosie Masson as Soberness Miller Alex Channon as Temperance Miller Shaun Ward as Farmer Roderick Swift as Everdene farmer Don J. Whistance as Constable Jamie Lee - Hill as Laban Tall Production ( edit ) David Nicholls became attached to the film in 2008 . In April 2013 , it was reported that Matthias Schoenaerts had been offered the role of Gabriel Oak alongside Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene . Their casting was official in May 2013 with the participation of director Thomas Vinterberg . Principal photography started on 16 September 2013 . The film was shot in Dorset ( Sherborne , Mapperton , and Beaminster ) , Oxfordshire , Buckinghamshire and London . Mulligan claimed , in an appearance on The Graham Norton Show , that she hand - picked Schoenaerts to play Gabriel Oak after she saw him in the French film Rust and Bone . Thomas Vinterberg invented the scene in which Sergeant Troy clutches Bathsheba 's crotch after the sword tricks because he wanted it to get more drastically sexual . The British crew called it ' the Danish handshake ' . Vinterberg suggested that he would have gone much further if it had been a Danish film . Release ( edit ) The film was released on 1 May 2015 . The first teaser trailer debuted on 23 November 2014 . It features the song `` Let No Man Steal Your Thyme '' performed by Carey Mulligan and Michael Sheen . A teaser poster was also revealed to mark the 140th anniversary of the novel of the same name . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd grossed $12.2 million in North America and $17.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $30.2 million . Critical response ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 86 % , based on 166 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` Far from the Madding Crowd invites tough comparisons to Thomas Hardy 's classic novel -- and its previous adaptation -- but stands on its own thanks to strong direction and a talented cast . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Carey Mulligan 's performance was critically praised and some considered it better than the 1967 adaptation starring Julie Christie . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers , in his three out of four star review , said `` Vinterberg may rush the final act , but he brings out the wild side in Mulligan , who can hold a close - up like nobody 's business . She 's a live wire in a movie that knows how to stir up a classic for the here and now . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UK Box Office in 2015 '' ( PDF ) . British Film Institute : BFI Research and Statistics Unit . 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Bruus Christensen / Far from the Madding Crowd '' . British Cinematographer. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` BBC Films has diverse slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` BAZ BAMIGBOYE : Carey Mulligan 's the new face in the Madding Crowd '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Carey Mulligan , Matthias Schoenaerts Set For Searchlight 's ' Far From The Madding Crowd ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Searchlight Rounds Out ' Madding ' Cast With Michael Sheen , Juno Temple '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd looking for bearded men '' . BBC News . 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolado , Catherine ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` First glimpse of new Far From the Madding Crowd movie filmed in Beaminster and west Dorset '' . Bridport News . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carey Mulligan handpicked Matthias Schoenaerts for ' Far from the Madding Crowd ' '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' ( With Movie Trailer ) : Thomas Vinterberg Narrates a Scene '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Vinterberg explains the ' Danish Handshake ' in Far from the Madding Crowd '' . YouTube . 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd director Thomas Vinterberg : ' It 's always been me - me - me - me -- until now ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne . `` Far from the Madding Crowd ' To Open from Fox Searchlight Next May '' . Thompson on Hollywood . Jump up ^ Miller , Lucasta ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd , Does the film live up to Hardy 's Novel '' . Guardian Review Section . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd : watch the teaser trailer '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Best ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Far From the Madding Crowd Film Review -- Magnificent Mulligan dominates ravishing costume drama '' . Movie Talk . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd on IMDb Far from the Madding Crowd at Rotten Tomatoes Thomas Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) Adaptations 1915 film ( lost ) 1967 film 1998 TV miniseries 2015 film Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Tamara Drewe ( comic strip ) Tamara Drewe ( film ) Wikisource texts Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Feature films The Biggest Heroes ( 1996 ) Festen ( 1998 ) It 's All About Love ( 2003 ) Dear Wendy ( 2004 ) A Man Comes Home ( 2007 ) Submarino ( 2010 ) The Hunt ( 2012 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) The Commune ( 2016 ) Kursk ( 2018 ) Music video Metallica : The Day That Never Comes ( 2008 ) Related Dogme 95 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(2015_film)&oldid=800149986 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s romantic drama films British films British historical films British romantic drama films Films based on works by Thomas Hardy Romantic period films Films set in England Films shot in Dorset Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films set in the 1870s Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Screenplays by David Nicholls Film scores by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) DNA Films films Fox Searchlight Pictures films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 48 . 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who plays male lead in far from the madding crowd

Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan , Matthias Schoenaerts , Michael Sheen , Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple . It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy , the fourth time this novel has been filmed .

The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , with the production beginning in late 2016 . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , human fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos in place , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the red - clad Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Wives are expected to run their households and wear blue , Marthas are housekeepers and cooks , Aunts train and oversee the Handmaids , Eyes watch over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured attempting to flee the country with her husband Luke and daughter Hannah . Due to her fertility she becomes a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to connect with June outside of what Gilead dictates is lawful between a handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous in her treatment of June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed she is not as pious as she seems and the two become friends . She had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death under Gilead and most university professors are sent to labor camps , but she was spared due to her fertility . She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren , a handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June , and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , her right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment , and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam ; they name her `` Angela '' but Janine insists that her name is `` Charlotte '' . She is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the handmaids in their education and duty . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but also cares for the handmaids and believes deeply in their mission and the Gilead doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , even going so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah is considered illegitimate . Initially June believes him to have been killed , but it is later revealed that he managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship , and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters handmaid training ; but is able to escape before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but upon meeting June again regains the conviction to attempt another escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She once had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was nineteen years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick where she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by the Eyes . She follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a handmaid to be better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma , another handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira and Janine . She is frank and chatty , often trading gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Ofsamuel , a local handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , June 's daughter . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns , but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished . She is known as Offred , a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion , Ofglen . On the way home , they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , being Jewish , and being Catholic . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '' , serving a Biblical purpose . Offred enters the room and notices Moira , a woman she knew at college . One woman in the class , Janine , answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid . As punishment , the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death . Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house . Through voiceover , Offred reveals her true name , June , and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church , the local church they belonged to , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government . Ofglen asks her to join , but Offred declines . Nick , Commander Waterford 's driver , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden . Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ) . It 's dangerous . '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child , named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams , but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June remembers the birth of her own daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested . Offred goes to the Commander 's office , unsure of what will happen , but he just wants to play Scrabble . She laughs with relief when she returns to her room . The next day , Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , but when she goes outside , it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now '' . June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby . Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena . Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting . Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this , Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven . '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes , yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant . Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment . Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' , with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children . The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) wakes up in a clinic , having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . She then screams out of grief and anger . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred , who is banished to her room , goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall . Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted . Believing she is ill , Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . While examining Offred , the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile , because `` most of those guys are '' . He offers to impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid . Later , June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed , and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv . June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up . June and Moira begin their escape , hoping to leave via train to Boston , which has safehouses . When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions , June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone . Moira gets on the train , leaving June behind , but June smiles at her to let her know it 's okay . June is later punished by having her feet whipped . In the present , Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred . Later that night , the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . She also inquires about the previous Offred , in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have detached , Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but she is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , The Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called `` Mayday '' ( from the French , m'aidez meaning ' help me ' ) . Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process , she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van . Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night . 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead . With great self - control , Offred tells them , `` I have found happiness '' . After the meeting , Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them . He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it '' . She kisses the Commander and leaves , ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards . The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success , including presenting the children of Gilead . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation . When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant , he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him . Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement . Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '' , with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ) . She even wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place , which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness '' . However , after the takeover , she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ) . Rather symbolically , as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create , a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash . 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated . He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him . Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere . After passing out from his wounds , he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , an escaped handmaid , a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they are boarding a boat , they are shot at by Gileadan guards , who kill several members of the group . Luke and one of the members , a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid , survive and flee . Flashbacks prior to Luke , June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed . June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods . Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada . They are confronted by a hunter , who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged . But the man says he can help them get over the border . Three years later , Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office . Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work . Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape , but were caught . Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife . Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think '' . Ofwarren , now known as Ofdaniel , is taken to her new home . During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday '' . Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back . Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar , but she refuses , which angers Offred . Moira seems to have completely given up . Back at the house , Offred is awoken by Serena , who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte . Various Gileadan guards , the Putnams , Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia are also present . Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her . Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps , attempting suicide . She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side , who calls her `` stupid '' . Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel . Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby , which she curtly refuses . Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred , saying that `` men do n't change '' . Serena is seen going into Fred 's office . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebels . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , jubilantly driving off in his car . 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center , receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia . Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test , which is positive . Serena then directs her anger at her husband , telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his . She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness . On learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter , Hannah , now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate . While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah , she assures her that she is doing fine . Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child , nothing bad will happen to Hannah . Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant , only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made . Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible , as she fears for his immortal soul . Ultimately , Putnam 's left hand is amputated . In the evening , Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter . He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '' , to which he replies `` you do that so well . '' Later , Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena . The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child . The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel . The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal . The other women , beginning with Offred , drop their stones , each saying `` I 'm sorry , Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ) . The guards are ready to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility . She tells the women to go home , assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long after , a black van comes for Offred , much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation . Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them . As she is being led out , Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book . She also co-wrote every episode and also had a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show , stating `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo , beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the UK and Ireland , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , and airs every Sunday on Channel 4 . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics . On Metacritic , it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The season has a 96 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.63 out of 10 based on 92 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree , Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood ́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours `` . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . 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who is in the cast of the handmaid's tale

The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale

History of Las Vegas - wikipedia History of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley . Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 1829 -- 1905 : origins 3 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis 4 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover Dam and the first casinos 5 1941 -- 1945 war years 6 1946 -- 1955 : postwar boom 6.1 Atomic testing 7 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas 7.1 Howard Hughes 7.2 Hank Greenspun 7.3 Local government 7.4 Desegregation 8 1970 - 1988 : Explosive growth 9 Since 1989 : the megaresort era 9.1 Downturn and recovery 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources Prehistory ( edit ) The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation . The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground , and the marsh receded . The valley then evolved into a parched , arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants . At some point in the valley 's early geologic history , the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River . This created a luxurious plant life , forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape . Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993 , when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth . Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago . Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley , beginning over 10,000 years ago . Archaeologists have discovered baskets , petroglyphs , pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations , including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs . Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700 , migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley , near Big Springs . 1829 -- 1905 : origins ( edit ) A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles . Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party . By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley , described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California . The travelers named the area `` Las Vegas '' which is Spanish for `` The Meadows '' . John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3 , 1844 , while it was still part of Mexico . He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists , scouts , and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico . Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs , establishing a clandestine fort there . A war with Mexico did occur , resulting in the region becoming United States territory . The fort was used in later years by travellers , mountain men , hunters , and traders seeking shelter , but was never permanently inhabited . In 1855 , William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley . The missionaries built a 150 - square - foot ( 14 m ) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops , a process still used at the park . However , because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community , the summer heat and difficulty growing crops , the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857 , abandoning the fort . For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders . Then the U.S. Army , in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864 , falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker , briefly recalling the area to national attention . After the end of the war in 1865 , Octavius Gass , with a commission from the federal government , re-occupied the fort . The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States , ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment . Consequently , Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area ' Las Vegas Rancho . ' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail . In 1881 , because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate , Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property . In 1884 , Archibald 's wife , Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster . The property ( increased to 1,800 acres ( 730 ha ) ) , stayed with the family ( despite Archibald Stewart 's murder in July 1884 ) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro , Los Angeles , and Salt Lake Railroad , then being built across southern Nevada . The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark . Clark enlisted Utah 's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line 's completion through Utah to Las Vegas . The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) . Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas . Not until 1895 did the first large - scale migration of Mormons begin in the area , at long last fulfilling Brigham Young 's early dream . Through wells and arid irrigation , agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development , the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator . 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis ( edit ) St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910 . By the early 20th century , water from wells was piped into the town , providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth . The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop , first for wagon trains and later railroads , on the trail between Los Angeles , California , and points east such as Albuquerque , New Mexico . The San Pedro , Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905 , linking Salt Lake City to southern California . U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad , which was a corporation based in Utah . Among its original incorporators were Utah 's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith . Kearns , one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah , and Keith were the owners of Utah 's Silver King Coalition Mine , several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper . Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California . Curiously , for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas . The east - side of Las Vegas ( which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard ) was owned by Clark , and the west - side Las Vegas ( which encompassed the area north of modern - day Bonanza Road ) was owned by J.T. McWilliams , who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch . It was from their property that Las Vegas took form . Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad . With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there , the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing . On May 15 , 1905 , Las Vegas officially was founded as a city , when 110 acres ( 45 ha ) , in what would later become downtown , were auctioned to ready buyers . Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County , Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county . The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911 - 1913 . Shortly after the city 's incorporation , the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming . This occurred at midnight , October 1 , 1910 , when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada . It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink . Nonetheless , Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community , and therefore continued to grow until 1917 . In that year , a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy . Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad , a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state . 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3 , 1930 , President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam . The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration . Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000 , with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam . However , the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment . A combination of local Las Vegas business owners , and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers . Despite the influx of known crime figures , the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site . However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas . The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town , Boulder City , would be erected for the dam workers . Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business , the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931 . Las Vegas , with a small but already well - established illegal gambling industry , was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world . The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club , and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel . Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas and received the city 's first traffic light in 1931 . In reply , the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas . Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed . In 1934 , to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry , the city 's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam . This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas . A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days . Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn , the city was recharged -- both literally and figuratively -- when the dam was completed in 1935 . In 1937 , Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam , and Las Vegas was its first customer . Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam . Meanwhile , although the dam worker population disappeared , Hoover Dam and its reservoir , Lake Mead , turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear . In 1940 , U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas , giving the city two major access roads . Also in 1940 Las Vegas 's first permanent radio station , KENO , began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters . 1941 -- 1945 war years ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1940s On January 25 , 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas . Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development . The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base . The U.S Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice , putting Block 16 , the local red light district permanently out of business . On April 3 , 1941 , hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas . It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip . The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered . On October 30 , 1942 , R.E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair - O - Dice , that first opened in 1930 , and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier . A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street but the next hotel on the Strip publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas . Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels , the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard - bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back . This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel , with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky , poured money through Mormon - owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946 . 1946 -- 1955 : post-war boom ( edit ) Main articles : Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills , California in the summer of 1947 . Additionally , local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy - handed tactics toward mobsters who `` grew too big for their pants . '' However , many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas . From 1952 to 1957 , through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara , the Sands , the New Frontier , the Royal Nevada , the Showboat , The Riviera , The Fremont , Binion 's Horseshoe ( which was the Apache Hotel ) , and finally The Tropicana . Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle , such as Meyer Lansky , these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment . Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds , by 1954 , over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos . Gambling was no longer the only attraction ; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Andy Williams , Liberace , Bing Crosby , Carol Channing , and others performed in intimate settings . After coming to see these stars , the tourists would resume gambling , and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry . However , the confluence of various marginal and / or suspected groups such as Jews , Sicilians , and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two - year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950 -- 51 . The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country . This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control . Only through the power and influence of Nevada 's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee . Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City , these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston , Texas ; Hot Springs , Arkansas ; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation . Nevada 's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable . Atomic testing ( edit ) Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site While the Strip was booming , the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27 , 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site . These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground . The last test explosion was in 1992 . Despite the dangers and risks , greatly underestimated at the time , of radiation exposure from the fallout , Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds . The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon - controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos . But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos . In 1948 , McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic . In 1957 the University of Nevada , Las Vegas was first established , initially as a branch of the University of Nevada , Reno and becoming independent in 1969 . In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center , which would become a vital part of the area 's economy . A new utility company , Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954 . 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1950s Howard Hughes ( edit ) In 1966 , Howard Hughes , the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry , and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country , moved to Las Vegas . Initially staying in the Desert Inn , he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel . Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate , hotels and media outlets , spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels , especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas . He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city . Hank Greenspun ( edit ) The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties , activities , and government corruption in Las Vegas . His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones ' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state 's national committeeman for the Democratic Party . Before his death in 1989 , Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family 's assets , and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas , with media holdings in print , television and the Internet ; substantial real estate holdings ; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos . Local government ( edit ) One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this , the city lost tax revenue . There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas , but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise . Under Nevada Law , an incorporated town , Las Vegas , can not annex an unincorporated township . To this day , virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas . Desegregation ( edit ) Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States , entertainment venues were segregated between black - and white - owned businesses . With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites , Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused , regardless of their legitimacy or criminality , on entertaining a white - only clientele . As a result of property deeds , businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the `` west side '' of the tracks . This also was enforced in many of the work positions . Thus , African Americans ( except those who provided the labor for low - paying menial positions or entertainment ) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white - owned clubs . However , because of employment deals with black worker groups , many clubs favored black workers , and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s . Organized crime - owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and , despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities , made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share . An attempt was made at forming an all - integrated night - club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s , like those owned by German - Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz . On May 24 , 1955 , Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz , along with other investors , opened the Moulin Rouge . It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip , especially the non-white owned strips on the west side . By the end of the year , the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out , but the seeds for racial integration were sown . Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos . One famous story tells of Sinatra 's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room . The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues , forcing owners to amend their policies over time . However , it took political action , most often supported by Jewish crime groups , for racial desegregation to occur . In 1960 , the NAACP threatened a protest of the city 's casinos for their policies . A meeting between the NAACP , the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation , starting with the employees . Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions . Along with the rest of the country , Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights . Activists like James B. McMillan , Grant Sawyer , Bob Bailey , and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration . Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs , the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities ( Jewish and Italian ) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks . This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin . Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson . Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store , he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas , backed the NAACP in its actions , and promoted black workers for jobs . He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas . Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them . His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas . Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established . The only real violence came as a result of school integration , with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites . Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. that school was then later destroyed . 1970 - 1988 : explosive growth ( edit ) On a percentage basis , Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession . During that period , the population of the city more than doubled in most decades . The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate , but never dropped below 60 % ( 1980 -- 1990 ) , and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration . By 2000 , Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century , and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US , with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County . The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley . The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area . Also urban sprawl development of single - family homes continued across the valley , building the areas of Henderson , North Las Vegas , Centennial Hills , and Summerlin . The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession . During this period of time , American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city . On November 21 , 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , suffered a devastating fire . A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history . The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally 's Las Vegas , while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue . Since 1989 : the megaresort era ( edit ) The Strip resorts in late 2009 The `` Mafia / Rat Pack '' Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation , the decline of organized crime elements , and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city 's history , the so - called megaresort era . Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized , family - oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels , casinos , and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses . The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage . Built by developer Steve Wynn , it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street , selling $630 million in junk bonds . Its 3,044 rooms , each with gold tinted windows , set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves , leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip . Numerous landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever - larger and more opulent resorts including : 1990 : Rio and Excalibur 1993 : MGM Grand , Treasure Island , and Luxor , 1996 : Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo 1997 : New York - New York 1998 : Bellagio 1999 : Mandalay Bay , Venetian , and Paris 2000 : Planet Hollywood ( Formerly Aladdin ) 2001 : Palms 2005 : Wynn ( opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship , the constructed at a cost of US $2.7 billion . ) 2007 : Palazzo 2008 : Encore 2009 : CityCenter 2010 : The Cosmopolitan Helldorado Days was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas ' centennial celebration . Downturn and recovery ( edit ) Despite the success , the home mortgage crisis and the late 2000s recession affected the economic success . Soon after , new home construction was stalled , and construction projects were either canceled , postponed , or continued with financial troubles . Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter , Fontainebleau , Echelon , and The Plaza . The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue , causing many of the companies to report net loss . However starting in 2013 , the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction . The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza . Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed . Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016 . Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events , such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards , & the Consumer Electronics Show . Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering , with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013 . Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market , with many new custom homes being built . January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year . In addition , Las Vegas was named America 's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia . In June 2017 , a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded , with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit . During the late evening of October 1 , 2017 , Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the United States , when a gunman opened fire on country - music festival goers , killing 59 and injuring more than 500 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Las Vegas Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken . Las Vegas : the great American playground . University of Nevada Press . 1997 . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 301 - 9 Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html Jump up ^ Moehring , Eugene P. ; & Green , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas : A Centennial History . University of Nevada Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 615 - 8 Jump up ^ Barbara Land , Myrick Land , `` A short history of Las Vegas '' , University of Nevada Press , 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H2O University -- 6 through 12 Jump up ^ Chung , Su Kim . Las Vegas Then and Now . Thunder Bay Press . San Diego , California : 2005 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe , TIME Magazine , June 1 , 1931 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street History '' . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ) . `` A history of change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall ( 2007 ) . Lone Star Lawmen . Oxford . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 9780198035169 . Waldron , Lamar ; Hartmann , Thom ( 2006 ) . Ultimate Sacrifice : John and Robert Kennedy , the Plan for a Coup in Cuba . Basic Books . p. 294 . ISBN 9780786718320 . John Dombrink ; William Norman Thompson ( 1990 ) . The last resort : success and failure in campaigns for casinos . University of Nevada Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr , `` Hollywood in a suitcase '' , William Morrow and company , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis Jr . '' . Nevada Humanities . Jump up ^ `` The Best Bet : Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas '' . Frank Sinatra Enterprises . Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada 's population - growth streak , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/ Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/02/police-shut-down-part-of-las-vegas-strip-due-to-shooting/ Sources ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography Las Vegas website Ainlay , Thomas , Jr. , & Gabaldon , Judy Dixon . Las Vegas : The Fabulous First Century , Arcadia Publishing , 2003 . Denton , Sally & Morris , Howard . The Money and the Power : The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America -- 1947 -- 2000 . Knopf , Borzoi Books , 2001 . Land , Barbara & Land , Myrick . A Short History of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press , Reno , 1999 Paher , Stanley W. Las Vegas : As It Began -- As It Grew , Nevada Publications , Las Vegas , NV , 1971 . Orleck , Annelise . `` Storming Caesar 's Palace '' , 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=803837266 '' Categories : History of Nevada History of Las Vegas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who owned the first casino in las vegas

On July 3 , 1930 , President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam . The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration . Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000 , with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam . However , the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment . A combination of local Las Vegas business owners , and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers .

John Gourley - wikipedia John Gourley Jump to : navigation , search John Gourley John Gourley at 2010 Sasquatch ! Festival Background information Birth name John Baldwin Gourley Also known as The Fantastic The 1981 ( age 35 -- 36 ) Willow , Alaska , United States Origin Portland , Oregon , United States Genres Rock post-hardcore Occupation ( s ) Musician singer songwriter Instruments Vocal , Guitar Years active 2002 -- present Associated acts Anatomy of a Ghost Portugal . The Man John Baldwin Gourley ( born 1981 ) is an American musician , singer , and songwriter from Alaska . He is the lead singer and guitarist in the Portland , Oregon rock band Portugal . The Man . Gourley was previously the lead singer in screamo punk band , Anatomy of a Ghost . Gourley is also a visual artist , who often uses the alias The Fantastic The . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Gourley was born in 1981 to John T. Gourley and Jennifer . He and his two siblings grew up in Alaska moving from town to town , wherever their father 's contracting business took the family . Gourley 's parents both competed in the Iditarod , and for a while the family lived in a remote `` off the grid '' cabin accessible only by dogsled . He grew up helping to take care of dozens of mushing dogs . He attended Wasilla High School , but dropped out at age 15 to study at home and work in construction with his father . Gourley joined four fellow Wasilla musicians : his best friend Zach Carothers and the three members of band Nice Guy Eddie ( Dewey Halpaus , Joe Simon , and Nick Simon ) , to form punk band Anatomy of a Ghost in 2002 . They toured across the country and released their album Evanesce in October 2003 on Fearless Records . The members wanted to pursue their own ideas , however , so the band split up in May 2004 . Gourley and bassist Carothers formed the nucleus of Portugal . The Man . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gette - King , Dylan ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Band with local roots stays grounded amid success '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.fearlessrecords.com/artist/54 Jump up ^ `` About '' . The Fantastic The . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Kyle ( 21 January 2012 ) . `` Portugal . The Man singer tends his Alaska roots '' . Alaska Dispatch News . ^ Jump up to : White , Caitlin ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` The Man Behind Portugal the Man '' . Pigeons and Planes . Jump up ^ Hakata , Josh ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` Back home , Palin lives model life in Last Frontier '' . MLive . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . ( John T . ) Gourley , who with his wife , Jennifer , raised three children in a generator - powered cabin near Wasila Jump up ^ Jacobs , Justin ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Portugal 's Gourley a man of many layers '' . The Pitt News . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Novak , Jessica ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Portugal . The Phoner '' . Syracuse New Times -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ( John Gourley ) dropped out of school when he was 15 to build houses with his father Jump up ^ Ressler , Casey ( 28 October 2002 ) . `` From humble Wasilla beginnings , the band is making it big '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Jump up ^ Apar , Corey . `` Anatomy of a Ghost - Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Elliott , Will ( 27 July 2007 ) . `` Valley rockers look forward to homecoming gigs '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Woodburn , Peter ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Band Interview '' . Redefine . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Talbott , Chris ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` Portugal . The Man : From Alaska to rock stardom '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , IL . Associated Press . External links ( edit ) `` Portugal . The Man Unwind Back in Hometown '' . Rolling Stone . 22 August 2013 . VIAF : 186048151 GND : 1014057604 MusicBrainz : 9e6c375c - 8a04 - 436d - be28 - a7abac8159fc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Gourley&oldid=808600970 '' Categories : Musicians from Alaska Living people People from Wasilla , Alaska 1981 births Musicians from Portland , Oregon Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Date of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 57 . About Wikipedia

who is the lead singer of portugal the man

John Baldwin Gourley ( born 1981 ) is an American musician , singer , and songwriter from Alaska . He is the lead singer and guitarist in the Portland , Oregon rock band Portugal . The Man . Gourley was previously the lead singer in screamo punk band , Anatomy of a Ghost . Gourley is also a visual artist , who often uses the alias The Fantastic The .

The challenge : Vendettas - wikipedia The challenge : Vendettas The Challenge : Vendettas Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by T.J. Lavin Starring Winner : Cara Maria Sorbello Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 16 ( including the two - part Reunion special / finale ) Production Location ( s ) Gibraltar , BOT , Marbella , Spain & Prague , Czech Republic Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Release Original network MTV Original release January 2 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) -- April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by XXX : Dirty 30 Followed by Final Reckoning External links Website The Challenge : Vendettas is the thirty - first season of MTV reality competition series , The Challenge . The official trailer was shown during the special mini-series Champs vs. Stars . For the first time , this season featured alumni from the US version of Big Brother , and the UK TV shows Ex on the Beach and Geordie Shore , competing with alumni from the regular shows of Real World , Road Rules , The Challenge , and Are You the One ? For the first time ever , there was only one winner . This was the first ever series of the show to be broadcast in the UK . It premiered on MTV UK on April 5 , 2018 . However the series was dropped after 8 episodes . Also , this is the first season in over ten years to be available to viewers of MTV Latin America , as it was made availble through the network 's streaming platform MTV Play . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Format 3 Gameplay 3.1 Challenge games 3.2 Ring games 3.3 Final challenge 4 Game summary 4.1 Elimination chart 4.2 Game progress 4.3 Bank Progress 5 Teams 6 Grenades 7 Episodes 8 After filming 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Cast ( edit ) The cast of the thirty - first season of The Challenge , excluding Tony Raines . Male contestants Original Season Finish Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Runner - Up Kyle Christie Geordie Shore 8 Third Place Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Bottom Four Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Episode 13 Nelson Thomas AYTO ? 3 Episode 13 Devin Walker - Molaghan AYTO ? 3 Episode 12 / 13 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Episode 10 Joss Mooney Ex on the Beach UK 1 Episode 7 / 8 Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Episode 7 Victor Arroyo Big Brother 18 Episode 6 / 7 Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Episode 2 / 3 Eddie Williams AYTO ? 5 Episode 2 Rogan O'Connor Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 1 Female contestants Original Season Finish Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Winner Kailah Casillas RW : Go Big or Go Home Fourth Place Kam Williams AYTO ? 5 Bottom Four Nicole Zanatta RW : Skeletons Bottom Four Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Episode 12 / 13 Natalie Negrotti Big Brother 18 Episode 12 Britni Thornton AYTO ? 3 Episode 11 Kayleigh Morris Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 10 Marie Roda RW : St. Thomas Episode 8 / 9 Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Episode 7 / 8 Sylvia Elsrode RW : Skeletons Episode 7 Melissa Reeves Ex on the Beach UK 2 Episode 5 Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 Episode 3 / 4 Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Episode 1 Note : Eight `` mercenary '' players were brought into the game to compete in The Ring as a season twist : Aneesa Ferreira ( RW : Chicago ) , Derrick Kosinski ( RR : X-Treme ) , Jordan Wiseley ( RW : Portland ) and Tori Deal ( AYTO ? 4 ) in episodes 7 / 8 , while Ashley Mitchell ( RW : Ex-Plosion ) , Darrell Taylor ( RR : Campus Crawl ) , Frank Sweeney ( RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) ) and Laurel Stucky ( Fresh Meat II ) competed in The Ring in Episode 11 . Format ( edit ) Each player will play in multiple challenges followed by elimination rounds known as `` The Ring '' . The eliminations will alternate between male , female , or genderless elimination weeks . The winning players of each challenge will split $25,000 to their personal bank account . The overall top three players will be known as `` The Troika '' and will be safe from elimination . The last - place player of the designated gender will head straight to the Ring . The Troika will nominate three players as possible opponents to the last - place player . These players will be known as `` The Inquisition '' . In the Ring , the Troika will decide who from the Inquisition will compete in the elimination . The winner ( s ) of the elimination round will stay in the game , and earn a `` grenade '' . Grenades are punishments that can be granted to any player by the elimination winner . The loser of the elimination round will go home , and their bank total will be added to the final challenge total . Gameplay ( edit ) Challenge games ( edit ) Get Off the Rock : This purge challenge is an overnight endurance race up the 1400 foot Rock of Gibraltar . For the first phase , contestants race through the streets of Gibraltar to a checkpoint in tunnels at the base of the rock , where they then must stand in a subway car overnight holding weighted boxes . The following day , players continue the race up the Rock of Gibraltar with staggered starts based on how they finished the first phase . The first place finisher wins $25,000 , while the slowest male and female contestants are immediately eliminated . Winner : Joss Eliminated : Nicole R. & Rogan Who 's Got Balls ? : Played in two heats , male and female , contestants must dive into a soapy pit and retrieve soccer balls , pull themselves back out of the pit using ropes , and deposit the balls into their respective bin . The first contestant to deposit three balls into their bin wins . Winners : Bananas & Britni # Vendettas : Played on a giant hashtag structure lifted above water , this challenge is played in heats separated by gender . Contestants must take their 4 `` hashtag '' figures , and place them onto 4 separate opponents ' poles . The fastest male and female to place their hashtags on their opponents poles and make it back to their own pole win the challenge . Winners : Devin & Natalie Food Wars : Contestants are divided into 7 teams of 3 and 1 team of 2 . At the beginning of each round , they are asked a question , and the first team to buzz in is allowed to answer . If they get it right , they win that question and will then be able to select one other team to be safe from eating while every other team has to select a member to consume a food of the winning choosing team 's choosing . If the members of the eating team are unable to finish their dish in the allotted time , their team is eliminated . The final round between the final two teams is an eating competition , with the first team to finish the dish winning . Winners : Marie , Tony & Zach Gasping for Air : Played at night , contestants are divided into 4 teams . Each contestant takes a turn diving underwater down 15 feet , and then moving a metal ring along a rope stretched 150 feet underwater . There are three checkpoint stations for the contestants to stop and breathe out of oxygen tanks while underwater . The team that moves their rings the overall longest distance wins . Winners : Bananas , Kailah , Kyle , Tony & Zach Puppet Master : Contestants are split into two teams and are chained together in one long chain . While chained together , contestants must work together to assemble pieces of a giant puppet together ( with Aneesa and CT heads ) . The first team to do so , and pull the rope raising their puppet , wins . Winners : Bananas , Brad , Cara Maria , Jemmye , Kayleigh , Kyle , Natalie , Nicole Z. , Shane & Tony Car Crash : This challenge entails five cars that are lifting into the air over water and are being sprayed with water . Contestants are separated into 4 teams . Each member of the team must jump from car to car , going through the backseat once completing the jump . The team with the fastest contestant to complete the jumps wins . Winners : Bananas , Cara Maria , Natalie & Nelson Kicking Ass : Contestants are divided into two teams and are playing a game of soccer . However , they will be playing on pogo stilts while in giant plastic bubbles . The first team to score two goals on their opponents wins . Winners : Brad , Kailah , Kam , Kyle , Natalie , Nicole Z. , Tony & Zach This Land Is My Land : Competitors are split into three teams . Each team has to stack up forty - five palates in order to raise their flag . Each team is split into three groups : Fabricators , who stack the palates ; Suppliers , in charge of supplying the palates by running the palates that roamers supply them to the Fabricators ; and Roamers , who must run across the beach and are in charge of supplying the Suppliers through a reservoir or stealing from other teams . The first team to stack their palates and raise their flag wins . Winners : Britni , Natalie , Nicole Z. , Tony & Zach Spanish Treasure : Contestants are divided into two teams . Each competitor on the team has to go one at a time to swim over to retrieve a ball . The competitor then has to dive down underwater and place the ball into a net attached to a treasure chest , elevating it slightly . They then swim back and touch a checkpoint before the next competitor on their team can go . Once the chest is brought up to the surface , the team is allowed to bring it back to shore , ending the mission . The team who does this the fastest wins . Winners : Brad , Devin , Jemmye , Natalie , Nicole Z. , Tony & Zach Help Me , Rhonda : This is an individual endurance competition . Competitors each have to race one mile up a hill to a bridge , where they then have to zipline across a chasm . They then have to run through the city before rappelling down the side of a wall and then running to the finish . The fastest male and female contestants win , while the slowest male and female contestants are eliminated . Winners : Nicole Z . & Zach Eliminated : Devin & Jemmye Outside the Box : Played individually , players are hooked to a moving semi-truck and forced to traverse from the truck to a dangling pillar with stacked boxes in - between . Players push themselves , alternating between the truck and pillars , weaving between the stacks of boxes . The boxes have varying point values , and if the player knocks over the stack of boxes , those points are added to their overall score . In addition , if a player fails to make the transfer , they will receive a transfer penalty . Those with the least points wins . The last place male ( due to an uneven number of male and female competitors remaining ) is eliminated . Winners : Kailah & Tony Eliminated : Nelson Ring games ( edit ) Balls of Fire : Placed on opposite sides of the Ring in front of two goals , players must kick soccer balls through a wall of fire into their opponent 's goal . The player to score the best of three will win and earn a grenade . In the event that nobody can score a goal for an extended period of time the game will be played in a sudden death round . Played by : Cory vs. Nelson Chain Reaction : Players will start at the bottom of a chain ladder with only one rung connected on it and the remaining ones disconnected . On TJ 's signal , players must reconnect the rungs one by one while climbing their ladder until they can reach a bell . The first player to ring the bell will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Alicia vs. Melissa Oil and Water : Players will be placed in an oil pit and must retrieve a ball that TJ will drop down a peg board . Once they have retrieved the ball they must bring it back and score it in their basket . During this elimination players must remain on their hands and knees at all time unless they are about to score . Each basket will earn a point and the first player to score three points will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Melissa vs. Sylvia Troubled Water : Players will be in a tank of water . They will have to use their bodies to remove water until they get to the red line . Once they get to the red line , they will use a hammer to break the bottom of the tank and escape the tank . The first player to do so will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Brad vs. Victor Crazy 8 : Players will race for a ring in the shape of a figure 8 . They must do whatever it takes to get the ring to their side . The first player to get the ring to their side twice will win the elimination . In an unexpected twist , four `` Mercenaries '' ( Jordan , Derrick , Tori , and Aneesa ) were brought in to compete against the players in the Ring . In order to stay in the game , they must win against the Mercenary . The players who win against their Mercenary will stay in the game and earn a grenade . Played by : Jordan vs. Shane , Aneesa vs. Veronica , Kam vs. Tori , Derrick vs. Joss Basket Case : Players will start locked inside of a Spanish basket . On TJ 's signal players must claw , smash , and tear their way out of their basket as quickly as they can . Once they have left their basket , players must run to their puzzle board and complete it as quickly as possible . The first player to successfully complete their puzzle will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Kailah vs. Marie Not So Bright : Players will each start in front of their podiums facing their puzzle board . On TJ 's signal they will press the button on their podium causing the lights on their board to partially light up . The players must then run to their board and flip the switches for those lights that are off . The puzzle board only remains lit when a player is touching their button so the players will have to memorize which switches need to be turned on without accidentally turning any off . The first player to successfully light their puzzle board in its entirety will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Bananas vs. Devin Yankin ' My Chain : Players will start harnessed together , back - to - back , on a circular track . On TJ 's signal players must run around the track to reach a bell that is on their opponent 's side . The first player to reach and ring their bell will win . In another twist , four more `` Mercenaries '' ( Frank , Darrell , Ashley , and Laurel ) were brought in to compete against the players in the Ring . In order to stay in the game , they must win against the Mercenary . The players who win against their Mercenary will stay in the game and earn a grenade . Played by : Brad vs. Frank , Ashley vs. Kam , Darrell vs. Nelson , Britni vs. Laurel Spanish Torture : Players will be tied and harnessed to two ropes running across the ring , one for their hands and one for their feet . On TJ 's signal , players must shimmy across these ropes as quickly as they can in order to ring a bell at the end . The first player to make it across and ring their bell will win and earn a grenade . Played by : Kam vs. Natalie Head Banger : Players will start on either side of a wall and , on TJ 's signal , will charge through two walls as quickly as possible . After breaking through the second wall players will find two oversized balls that they must use to smash through a metal grate that will reveal two smaller balls that must be deposited in their tube . The first player to deposit both smaller balls into their tube will win and return to the game . Played by : Brad vs. Leroy Final challenge ( edit ) In the first stage of the final challenge players must run along a course and complete three checkpoints . Before attempting each checkpoint players must retrieve a token found at the end of the mile and a half long course . Additionally , players will be required to wear various pieces of medieval equipment that will slow them down . The first two male players and first two female players to complete the stage will advance to Stage 2 . The remaining four players will be eliminated from the final challenge and their bank accounts will be added to the final prize . For the first checkpoint players feet will be shackled together by chains . Each player will start with their own basket of torches . One at a time , players must take their entire basket of torches to the opposite end of the muddy field . Players may simply return to their basket after each deposit or they may take a torch from their opponent 's basket and return it to their starting basket . Once a player has moved all of their torches they may advance to the next checkpoint . Players will enter a dungeon where they will face either Bananas or Melissa who serve as Mercenaries . The Mercenaries serve as card dealers and each player must guess whether the next card will be higher or lower than the first , aces being high . If the player correctly guesses two of three cards they will advance to the final checkpoint . If the Mercenary wins they will be responsible for assigning the player a grenade that they must complete before advancing . For the final checkpoint of Stage 1 players must each wear an entire suit of armor while they finish the course . Upon reaching the checkpoint each player must wait for the next of their fellow players to arrive before playing . Competing one on one , one by one , players must remove swords from their board in amounts of one , two , or three . The player with one sword remaining on their board will win and advance to the finish line . The winner will also assign their opponent one of three ancient dishes , cheese , hot chocolate , or spicy tripe soup , to consume before being able to advance . The last player to reach the checkpoint will be responsible for simply removing all of the swords from the board before advancing . Players must then run along the course once more to retrieve their final token before crossing the finish line . In the second stage of the final challenge players must memorize a puzzle key featuring various colored circles . Once they have memorized a portion of their puzzle they must inside the castle and to the courtyard where they must recreate the puzzle on their own individual board . The first male and female to finish stage 1 were given a 30 second head start . The first player to successfully match their color board with the answer key will be declared the winner and receive over $370,000 , money from both the final prize and also the cumulated bank accounts of all of the eliminated players . Second , third , and fourth place will each receive $35,000 , $10,000 , and $5,000 respectively . Each finalist will also receive the money earned from their bank accounts throughout the season . The results would later be announced at the reunion special . The Challenge : Vendettas winner : Cara Maria Second - place : Zach Third - place : Kyle Fourth - place : Kailah Bottom Four : Kam , Leroy , Tony , & Nicole Z . Game summary ( edit ) Elimination chart ( edit ) Episode Gender Challenge type Winners Troika Ring contestants Ring game Ring outcome # Challenge Last - place Troika 's pick Winner Loser Get Off the Rock N / A Individual Joss N / A Rogan Nicole R . 2 / 3 Who 's Got Balls ? Male Individual Bananas Bananas , Brad , Kyle Nelson Cory Tony Victor Balls of Fire Nelson Cory Britni 3 / 4 # Vendettas Female Individual Devin Bananas , Devin , Natalie Melissa Alicia Kam Kayleigh Chain Reaction Melissa Alicia Natalie 4 / 5 Food Wars Female 7 teams of 3 & 1 team of 2 Team 6 Marie , Tony , Zach Sylvia Britni Kayleigh Melissa Oil and Water Sylvia Melissa 6 / 7 Gasping for Air Male 4 teams of 5 Team 4 Bananas , Kyle , Tony Brad Devin Shane Victor Troubled Water Brad Victor 7 / 8 Puppet Master N / A 2 teams of 10 Green Team Kyle , Nicole Z. , Tony Joss Devin Nelson Shane Crazy 8 Jordan Shane Aneesa Veronica Veronica Kam Kayleigh Natalie Kam Tori Derrick Joss 8 / 9 Car Crash Female 3 teams of 4 & 1 team of 5 Team 1 Bananas , Natalie , Nelson Marie Cara Maria Kailah Nicole Z . Basket Case Kailah Marie 9 / 10 Kickin ' Ass Male 2 teams of 8 Blue Team Kailah , Tony , Zach Devin Bananas Leroy Nelson Not So Bright Devin Bananas 11 This Land Is My Land N / A 2 teams of 5 & 1 team of 4 Green Team Natalie , Tony , Zach Brad Kyle Leroy Nelson Yankin ' My Chain Brad Frank Kam Ashley Kam Britni Cara Maria Jemmye Nelson Darrell Laurel Britni 12 Spanish Treasure Female 1 team of 7 & 1 team of 6 Team 1 Brad , Tony , Zach Kam Cara Maria Kailah Natalie Spanish Torture Kam Natalie 12 / 13 Help Me , Rhonda N / A Individual Nicole Z . N / A Jemmye Zach Devin 13 Outside the Box Male Individual Kailah Cara Maria , Kailah , Tony N / A Nelson Tony N / A Brad Kyle Leroy Head Banger Leroy Brad 14 Final Challenge N / A Individual Cara Maria 2nd place : Zach ; 3rd place : Kyle ; 4th place : Kailah ; Bottom 4 : Kam , Leroy , Nicole Z . & Tony Game progress ( edit ) Players Episodes 2 / 3 3 / 4 4 / 5 6 / 7 7 / 8 8 / 9 9 / 10 11 12 12 / 13 13 Finale Cara Maria SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WINNER Zach SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE SECOND Kyle SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE THIRD Kailah SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE RING WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN FOURTH Kam SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE WIN RING RING SAFE SAFE OUT Leroy SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING OUT Tony SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN WIN WIN SAFE WIN OUT Nicole Z . SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN SAFE OUT Brad SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING WIN SAFE WIN RING WIN SAFE OUT Nelson SAFE RING SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE RING SAFE SAFE OUT Devin SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE WIN OUT Jemmye SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN OUT Natalie SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Britni SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Kayleigh SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE QUIT Bananas SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE WIN WIN WIN OUT Marie SAFE SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE SAFE OUT Joss WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Veronica SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Shane SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Sylvia SAFE SAFE SAFE RING SAFE OUT Victor SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE OUT Melissa SAFE SAFE RING OUT Alicia SAFE SAFE OUT Cory SAFE OUT Eddie SAFE QUIT Nicole R . OUT Rogan OUT Competition The contestant won the final challenge . The contestant did not win the final challenge . The contestant finished in the bottom 4 , after being eliminated on the first leg of the final challenge . The contestant won the challenge and was part of the Troika . The contestant did not win the challenge but placed in the Top 3 and was part of the Troika . The contestant won the challenge , but was not part of the Troika or nominated for the Inquisition . The contestant won the challenge and was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition , but was not selected for the elimination round . The contestant was not selected for the elimination round . The contestant was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition , but was not selected for the elimination round . The contestant won the Ring . The contestant won against the `` Mercenary '' in the Ring . The contestant 's elimination against the `` Mercenary '' was deemed a draw , but they were not eliminated . The contestant lost the Ring and was eliminated . The contestant lost the Ring against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated . The contestant won the challenge , but was selected for the Ring , lost and was eliminated . The contestant won the challenge , but was selected for the Ring , lost against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated . The contestant was eliminated at the challenge . The contestant was removed from the competition due to injury / illness . The contestant withdrew from or was disqualified from the competition . Bank progress ( edit ) Players Episodes 2 / 3 3 / 4 4 / 5 6 / 7 7 / 8 8 / 9 9 / 10 11 12 12 / 13 13 Finale Cara Maria $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $8,750 $380,125 Zach $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $13,000 $13,000 $13,000 $16,125 $21,125 $24,625 $37,125 $37,125 $72,125 Kyle $0 $0 $0 $0 $5,000 $7,500 $7,500 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $10,625 $20,625 Kailah $0 $0 $0 $0 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $8,125 $8,125 $8,125 $8,125 $20,625 $25,625 Kam $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $3,125 $3,125 $3,125 $19,125 $19,125 $19,125 Leroy $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Tony $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $13,000 $15,500 $15,500 $18,625 $23,625 $27,125 $27,125 $39,625 $39,625 Nicole Z . $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $5,625 $10,625 $14,125 $26,625 $26,625 $26,625 Brad $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $5,625 $5,625 $9,125 $9,125 $9,125 Nelson $0 $0 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 $11,250 Devin $0 $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $16,000 $0 Jemmye $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 $6,000 $6,000 Natalie $0 $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $15,000 $21,250 $24,375 $29,375 $32,875 Britni $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $17,500 Kayleigh $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 $2,500 $2,500 Bananas $0 $12,500 $12,500 $12,500 $17,500 $20,000 $26,250 $26,250 Marie $0 $0 $0 $8,000 $8,000 $8,000 $8,000 Joss $25,000 $25,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 $20,000 Veronica $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Shane $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $2,500 Sylvia $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Victor $0 $0 $0 $0 $0 Melissa $0 $0 $0 $0 Alicia $0 $0 $0 Cory $0 $0 Eddie $0 $0 Nicole R . $0 Rogan $0 Note : Dollar amounts in bold indicate that contestant finished in the Top 4 with that amount , and won it in the final challenge . Note : Dollar amounts in italics indicate that contestant was eliminated with that amount , and lost it upon elimination . The total amount was added to the Additional Bank , which was given to the winner . Additional Bank : $221,375 Competition The contestant won the final challenge . The contestant did not win the final challenge . The contestant finished in the bottom 4 , after being eliminated on the first leg of the final challenge . The contestant won the challenge and was part of the Troika . The contestant placed in the Top 3 in the challenge and was part of the Troika . The contestant won the challenge but was not part of the Troika . The contestant won the challenge and was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition , but was not selected for the elimination round . The contestant was not selected for the elimination round . The contestant was nominated by the Troika for the Inquisition but not selected for the elimination round . The contestant won the Ring . The contestant won against the `` Mercenary '' in the Ring . The contestant 's elimination against the `` Mercenary '' was deemed a draw , but they were not eliminated . The contestant lost the Ring and was eliminated . The contestant lost the Ring against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated . The contestant won the challenge , but was selected for the Ring , lost and was eliminated . The contestant won the challenge , but was selected for the Ring , lost against the `` Mercenary '' and was eliminated . The contestant was eliminated at the challenge . The contestant was removed from the competition due to injury / illness . The contestant withdrew or was disqualified from the competition . Teams ( edit ) Food Wars ( Ep. 4 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Devin Britni Bananas Brad Melissa Kyle Cara Maria Joss Shane Leroy Kayleigh Sylvia Team 5 Team 6 Team 7 Team 8 Jemmye Marie Kam Kailah Nicole Z . Tony Natalie Victor Veronica Zach Nelson Gasping for Air ( Ep. 6 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Brad Britni Devin Bananas Kam Cara Maria Jemmye Kailah Kayleigh Joss Leroy Kyle Marie Veronica Nicole Z . Tony Nelson Victor Shane Zach Puppet Master ( Ep. 7 ) Blue Team Green Team Britni Leroy Bananas Kyle Devin Marie Brad Natalie Joss Nelson Cara Maria Nicole Z . Kailah Veronica Jemmye Shane Kam Zach Kayleigh Tony Car Crash ( Ep. 8 ) Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 4 Bananas Kailah Brad Britni Cara Maria Nicole Z . Jemmye Devin Natalie Tony Kam Kayleigh Nelson Zach Marie Kyle Leroy Kickin ' Ass ( Ep. 9 ) Blue Team Green Team Brad Nicole Z . Bananas Jemmye Kailah Natalie Britni Kayleigh Kam Tony Cara Maria Leroy Kyle Zach Devin Nelson This Land Is My Land ( Ep. 11 ) Red Team Green Team Blue Team Brad Britni Cara Maria Devi Natalie Jemmye Kailah Nicole Z . Kyle Kam Tony Leroy Nelson Zach Spanish Treasure ( Ep. 12 ) Team 1 Team 2 Brad Nicole Z . Cara Maria Kyle Devin Tony Kailah Leroy Jemmye Zach Kam Nelson Natalie Grenades ( edit ) Ring game Winner ( s ) Grenades Choice Victim ( s ) Balls of Fire Nelson Cash ( Take $5,000 from any player who has money . ) Y Joss Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance . ) Put Up or Shut Up ( Join the Troika or send a player straight into the Inquisition . ) Chain Reaction Melissa Team Up ( Pick the teams for the next challenge . ) Y N / A Money Hungry ( Choose one player to drink 1 liter of cream before the next challenge . ) Sit Out ( Choose any player to sit out of the next challenge and automatically get sent into elimination . ) Oil and Water Sylvia Cash ( Take $10,000 from any player who has money . ) N / A N / A Endure ( Choose any player to perform an endurance task before the next challenge . ) Order Up ( Choose the order for the next challenge . ) Troubled Water Brad Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance . ) Y Kam Sit Out ( Choose any player to sit out of the next challenge . ) Blindside ( Somebody has to compete in the next challenge blindfolded . ) Crazy 8 Kam Lube Up ( Lube up any player at the next challenge . ) Y Cara Maria Endure ( Choose any player to perform an endurance task before the next challenge . ) Flip Out ( Choose any player to wear flippers at the next challenge . ) Basket Case Kailah Cash Up ( Take any player 's money . ) N / A Team Up ( Pick the teams for the next challenge . ) Y Put Up or Shut Up ( Pick any player that has to win a spot into the Troika or face the Inquisition . ) Not So Bright Devin Weighted Down ( Add weight to any player for the next challenge . ) N / A Tied Up ( Tie up any player 's ankles for the next challenge . ) Team Up ( Pick the teams for the challenge . ) Y Yanking My Chain N / A Cash ( Take any player 's money . ) N / A Brad Tied Up ( Tie up any player 's ankles for the next challenge . ) Y Kyle Kam Time Up ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance . ) Y Cara Maria Spanish Torture Kam Cash ( Take any player 's money . ) Y Devin Endurance ( Force a player to do 30 burpees before for the next challenge . ) Time Crunch ( Add time to another player 's challenge performance . ) Decked Out Station Dealers Grenades Choice Victim ( s ) Higher or Lower Melissa Enjoy a Glass of Water ( Force a player to drink an entire glass of water . ) Kam Do Jumping Jacks ( Force a player to do jumping jacks . ) Bury a Log ( Force a player to bury a log . ) Y Episodes ( edit ) No. in season No. in series Show Title Original air date U.S. TV first - run viewers ( million ) 374 `` When Worlds Collide '' January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) 0.89 375 `` The Power of Three '' January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) 0.87 376 `` # banatalie '' January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) 1.02 377 `` Pizzagate '' January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) 0.74 5 378 `` Guilty by Association '' January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) 0.92 6 379 `` Notes on a Scandal '' February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) 0.82 7 380 `` Pulling the Strings '' February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 0.83 8 381 `` Mercenaries of Mayhem '' February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 0.88 9 382 `` Baskets of Deplorables '' February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 0.84 10 383 `` Rumor Has It '' March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 0.77 11 384 `` It 's Britni , B ... '' March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 0.83 12 385 `` Help Me , Rhonda '' March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 0.75 13 386 `` Czechmate '' March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.83 14 387 `` Vendettas Never Die '' April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.90 15 388 `` Finale Part 1 '' April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.80 16 389 `` Finale Part 2 '' April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 0.74 After filming ( edit ) The two - part reunion special / finale aired on April 10 and 17 , 2018 , and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler , The Real World : Back to New York alum , and former Challenge champion Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin . Cast members ( including Kayleigh , Melissa and Kyle via Satellite ) attended at the MTV Studios in New York . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Eddie withdrew from the competition prior the `` Who 's Got Balls ? '' challenge in episode 2 . His exit was not shown on - screen . ^ Jump up to : Nicole was forced to withdraw from the final challenge , after she suffered a severe ankle injury on the first stage . ^ Jump up to : At the end of Episode 10 , Kayleigh withdrew from the competition , following a bullying incident in which Britni , Jemmye and Kailah threw her belongings from a balcony at the house . ^ Jump up to : Veronica was forced to withdraw after dislocating her finger against Aneesa in the `` Crazy 8 '' elimination . ^ Jump up to : Prior to the `` Puppet Master '' challenge in episode 7 , Sylvia was medically removed from the competition , after she was deemed too sick to continue competing . ^ Jump up to : In episode 3 , Melissa suffered an accident at the house in which she lacerated her foot . Host T.J. Lavin delivered the news that Melissa was medically prohibited from competing in the `` # Vendettas '' challenge , due to the fact that it involved water . As a result , Melissa was automatically sent to `` The Ring , '' instead of the last - place female . Jump up ^ In episode 4 , the Ring was deemed genderless ; however , as Sylvia was named the last place competitor , it became a female elimination week . ^ Jump up to : In episode 6 , Natalie and Sylvia were deemed too sick to compete in the `` Gasping for Air '' challenge , but were safe due to the fact that it was a male elimination week . In addition , the grenade that Sylvia earned as the result of winning in `` The Ring '' in the previous episode was a `` dud . '' ^ Jump up to : Jordan Wiseley , Derrick Kosinski , Aneesa Ferreira , and Tori Deal were brought in as Mercenaries to compete against Shane , Joss , Veronica , and Kam , respectively . Jump up ^ In episode 11 , the elimination between Nelson and the Mercenary , Darrell , came to a draw after they reached the time limit . Thus Nelson was allowed back into the game , but was not rewarded a Grenade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Next Challenge Season Will Expose Some Deep Vendettas '' . ^ Jump up to : Heldman , Breanne ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` MTV 's The Challenge : Vendettas cast to feature a bunch of new players '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Unsolved ' rises , ' The Challenge : Vendettas ' holds steady '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Curse of Civil War Gold ' dip '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' premieres down , ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Legion ' falls and ' The Last O.G. ' takes a small hit '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Unsolved ' holds steady , ' The Last OG ' falls '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . 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who won mtv's the challenge vendetta's

The Challenge : Vendettas Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by T.J. Lavin Starring Winner : Cara Maria Sorbello Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 16 ( including the two - part Reunion special / finale ) Production Location ( s ) Gibraltar , BOT , Marbella , Spain & Prague , Czech Republic Running time 60 minutes ( including commercials ) Release Original network MTV Original release January 2 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) -- April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) Chronology Preceded by XXX : Dirty 30 Followed by Final Reckoning External links Website

History of the Philippines - wikipedia History of the Philippines The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . The reason given is : This lead section reads like a long timeline , and thus needs an introductory overview paragraph , and individual assertions seem to be based on 30 - year - old paradigms which may need to be reassessed in light of present - day scholarship ... Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of the Philippines Prehistory ( pre -- 900 ) ( show ) Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation Neolithic age Callao and Tabon peoples Arrival of the Negritos Austronesian expansion Angono Petroglyphs Lal - lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade culture Iron age Sa Huyun Culture Society of the Igorot Ancient barangays Events / Artifacts Balangay grave goods Manunggul Jar Prehistoric gems Sa Huyun - Kalanay Complex Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery Archaic epoch ( 900 -- 1565 ) ( show ) Historically documented city - states / polities ( by geography from North to South ) Samtoy chieftaincy Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajahnate of Maynila Ma - i Madja - as Chiefdom of Taytay Rajahnate of Cebu Kedatuan of Dapitan Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Maguindanao Lanao confederacy Sultanate of Sulu Legendary Suwarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Wāḳwāḳ Sanfotsi Zabag kingdom Ten Bornean Datus Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copperplate Inscription Butuan Ivory Seal Limestone tombs Batanes citadels Golden Tara Gold Kinnara Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleograph Buddhist art Majapahit conflict Brunei War Colonial period ( 1565 -- 1946 ) ( show ) Spanish era Voyage of Ferdinand Magellan Battle of Mactan Voyage of Miguel López de Legazpi Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaincy General Spanish East Indies Manila galleon Revolts and uprisings Chinese invasion Sulu Sea pirates Dutch invasions British invasion Propaganda Movement Cavite Mutiny La Liga Filipina Katipunan Cry of Pugad Lawin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Convention Republic of Biak - na - Bato Spanish -- American War Battle of Manila Bay American capture of Manila Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress First Republic Philippine -- American War American colonial period Tagalog Republic Negros Republic Zamboanga Republic Moro Rebellion Insular Government Jones Law Tydings -- McDuffie Act Commonwealth Japanese occupation Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Second Republic Battle of Leyte Gulf Liberation of the Philippines Post-colonial period ( 1946 -- 1986 ) ( show ) Treaty of Manila Third Republic Hukbalahap Rebellion Filipino First policy New Society & Fourth Republic CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Moro Conflict People Power Revolution Contemporary history ( 1986 -- present ) ( show ) Mount Pinatubo eruption 1997 Asian financial crisis 2000 All - out war against MILF 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Oakwood mutiny Typhoon Yolanda Philippine Drug War By topic ( show ) Ancient religions Rulers List of Queen consorts Military Political Communications Transportation Filipino Americans Timeline Archaeology Philippines portal Part of a series on the Culture of the Philippines History ( show ) Archaeology Prehistory 900 -- 1521 1521 -- 1898 1946 -- 65 1965 -- 86 1986 -- present People Languages Traditions Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport ( show ) basketball volleyball football martial arts rugby union Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Cultural properties Historical markers more Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Motto Anthem Language Flower Tree Bird Gem Sport Philippines portal The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested . Negrito groups first inhabited the isles . Groups of Austronesians later migrated to the islands . Scholars generally believe that these social groups eventually developed into various settlements or polities with varying degrees of economic specialization , social stratification , and political organization . Some of these settlements ( mostly those located on major river deltas ) achieved such a scale of social complexity that some scholars believe they should be considered early states . This includes the predecessors of modern - day population centers such as Maynila , Tondo , Pangasinan , Cebu , Panay , Bohol , Butuan , Cotabato , Lanao , and Sulu as well as some polities , such as Ma - i , whose possibly location are still the subject of debate among scholars . These polities were either influenced by the Hindu - Buddhist Indian religion , language , culture , literature and philosophy from India through many campaigns from India including the South - East Asia campaign of Rajendra Chola I , Islam from Arabia or were Sinified tributary states allied to China . These small maritime states flourished from the 1st millennium . These kingdoms traded with what are now called China , India , Japan , Thailand , Vietnam , and Indonesia . The remainder of the settlements were independent barangays allied with one of the larger states . These small states alternated from between being part of or being influenced by larger Asian empires like the Ming Dynasty , Majapahit and Brunei or rebelling and waging war against them . The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan . He sighted Samar Island on March 16 , 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island , now part of Guiuan , Eastern Samar . Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi 's expedition on February 13 , 1565 from Mexico . He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu . Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule , creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines . Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity , the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia . The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico - based Viceroyalty of New Spain . After which , the colony was directly governed by Spain . Spanish rule ended in 1898 with Spain 's defeat in the Spanish -- American War . The Philippines then became a territory of the United States . U.S forces suppressed a Philippine Revolution led by Emilio Aguinaldo . The United States established the Insular Government to rule the Philippines . In 1907 , the elected Philippine Assembly was set up with popular elections . The U.S. promised independence in the Jones Act . The Philippine Commonwealth was established in 1935 , as a 10 - year interim step prior to full independence . However , in 1942 during World War II , Japan occupied the Philippines . The U.S. military overpowered the Japanese in 1945 . The Treaty of Manila in 1946 established an independent Philippine Republic . Contents 1 Timeline 2 Prehistory 2.1 The Jade culture 2.2 The Sa Sa Huỳnh Culture 2.3 Timeline of Iron age 3 Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) 3.1 Initial recorded history 3.2 The Polity of Tondo 3.3 Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) 3.4 The Nation of Ma - i 3.5 The Kedatuan of Dapitan 3.6 The Kedatuan of Madja - as 3.7 The Rajahnate of Cebu 3.8 The Rajahnate of Butuan 3.9 Struggle against Majapahit 3.10 The Sultanate of Sulu 3.11 The Sultanate of Maguindanao 3.12 The Sultanate of Lanao 3.13 The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam 4 Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) 4.1 Early Spanish expeditions and conquests 4.2 Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries 4.3 Spanish rule during the 18th century 4.3. 1 British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) 4.3. 2 Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century 4.4 Spanish rule during the 19th century 4.5 Philippine Revolution 5 American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 5.1 Philippine -- American War 5.2 The Tagalog , Negros and Zamboanga Cantonal Republics 5.3 Insular Government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) 5.4 Commonwealth 5.5 World War II and Japanese occupation 5.5. 1 Military 5.5. 2 Home front 6 Postcolonial Philippines and the Third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 6.1 Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) 6.2 Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) 6.3 Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) 6.4 Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) 6.5 Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) 6.5. 1 Land Reform Code 6.5. 2 Maphilindo 7 Marcos era 7.1 Martial law 7.2 Fourth Republic 8 Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) 8.1 Administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 8.2 Administration of Fidel Valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 8.3 Administration of Joseph Ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 8.4 Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 8.5 Administration of Benigno Simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) 8.6 Administration of Rodrigo Roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of Philippine history Prehistory ( edit ) Main article : Prehistory of the Philippines Docking station and entrance to the Tabon Cave Complex Site in Palawan , where one of the oldest human remains was located . Discovery in 2018 of stone tools and fossils of butchered animal remains in Rizal , Kalinga has pushed back evidence of early hominins in the country to as early as 709,000 years . Still , the earliest archeological evidence for man in the archipelago is the 67,000 - year - old Callao Man of Cagayan and the Angono Petroglyphs in Rizal , both of whom appear to suggest the presence of human settlement prior to the arrival of the Negritos and Austronesian speaking people . There are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos . F. Landa Jocano theorizes that the ancestors of the Filipinos evolved locally . Wilhelm Solheim 's Island Origin Theory postulates that the peopling of the archipelago transpired via trade networks originating in the Sundaland area around 48,000 to 5000 BC rather than by wide - scale migration . The Austronesian Expansion Theory states that Malayo - Polynesians coming from Taiwan began migrating to the Philippines around 4000 BC , displacing earlier arrivals . The Negritos were early settlers , but their appearance in the Philippines has not been reliably dated . They were followed by speakers of the Malayo - Polynesian languages , a branch of the Austronesian language family , who began to arrive in successive waves beginning about 4000 BC , displacing the earlier arrivals . Before the expansion out of Taiwan , archaeological , linguistic and genetic evidence had linked Austronesian speakers in Insular Southeast Asia to cultures such as the Hemudu , its successor the Liangzhu and Dapenkeng in Neolithic China . During this neolithic period , a `` jade culture '' is said to have existed as evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found in the Philippines dated to 2000 BC . The jade is said to have originated nearby in Taiwan and is also found in many other areas in insular and mainland Southeast Asia . These artifacts are said to be evidence of long range communication between prehistoric Southeast Asian societies . The Ifugao / Igorot people utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago . By 1000 BC , the inhabitants of the Philippine archipelago had developed into four distinct kinds of peoples : tribal groups , such as the Aetas , Hanunoo , Ilongots and the Mangyan who depended on hunter - gathering and were concentrated in forests ; warrior societies , such as the Isneg and Kalinga who practiced social ranking and ritualized warfare and roamed the plains ; the petty plutocracy of the Ifugao Cordillera Highlanders , who occupied the mountain ranges of Luzon ; and the harbor principalities of the estuarine civilizations that grew along rivers and seashores while participating in trans - island maritime trade . It was also during the first millennium BC that early metallurgy was said to have reached the archipelagos of maritime Southeast Asia via trade with India Around 300 -- 700 AD , the seafaring peoples of the islands traveling in balangays began to trade with the Indianized kingdoms in the Malay Archipelago and the nearby East Asian principalities , adopting influences from both Buddhism and Hinduism . The jade culture ( edit ) Metal lingling - o earrings from Luzon . Existence of a `` Jade culture '' in the Philippines is evidenced by tens of thousands of exquisitely crafted jade artifacts found at a site in Batangas province . Jade artifacts are made from white and green nephrite and dating as far back as 2000 -- 1500 BC , have been discovered at a number of archeological excavations in the Philippines since the 1930s . The artifacts have been both tools like adzes and chisels , and ornaments such as lingling - o earrings , bracelets and beads . Nephrite , otherwise known as Jade , is a mineral widely used throughout Asia as ornaments or for decorative purposes . The oldest jade artefacts in Asia ( 6000 BC ) were found in China where they were used as the primary hardstone of Chinese sculpturing . In 3000 BC , jade production in the Hongsan and Liangzhu cultures of China reached its peak . During this period , the knowledge of jade craftsmanship spread across the sea to Taiwan and eventually to the Philippines . The artefacts discovered in several sites in the Philippines were made from nephrite . Nephrite excavated in the Philippines were of two types : white nephrite and green nephrite . The Sa Sa Huỳnh culture ( edit ) The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed . The dispute is about the existence of a Sa Huỳnh presence in the Philippines aside from the presence of their trade products . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . See the relevant discussion on the talk page . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asia in 200 BC , showing Sa Huỳnh cultures in southeast Asia The Sa Huỳnh culture centred on present - day Vietnam , showed evidence of an extensive trade network . Sa Huỳnh beads were made from glass , carnelian , agate , olivine , zircon , gold and garnet ; most of these materials were not local to the region , and were most likely imported . Han dynasty - style bronze mirrors were also found in Sa Sa Huỳnh sites . Conversely , Sa Sa Huỳnh produced ear ornaments have been found in archaeological sites in Central Thailand , Taiwan ( Orchid Island ) , and in the Philippines , in the Palawan , Tabon Caves . One of the great examples is the Kalanay Cave in Masbate ; the artefacts on the site in one of the `` Sa Huyun - Kalanay '' pottery complex sites were dated 400BC -- 1500 AD . The Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery in the Sarangani Province of southern Mindanao is c. 200 AD . Timeline of Iron age ( edit ) Dates are approximate , consult particular article for details Prehistoric ( or Proto - historic ) Iron Age Historic Iron Age Pre-colonial period ( 900 AD to 1565 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 900 -- 1521 ) Idjang Maynila Kedatuan of Madja - as Rajahnate of Butuan Sultanate of Sulu Ma - i Kedatuan of Dapitan Sultanate of Maguindanao Rajahnate of Cebu Namayan Tondo Sultanate of Lanao Igorot Plutocracy Cainta Caboloan Ibalon Samtoy Chiefdom of Taytay Locations of pre-colonial polities , kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago Initial recorded History ( edit ) During the period of the south Indian Pallava dynasty and the north Indian Gupta Empire , Indian culture spread to Southeast Asia and the Philippines which led to the establishment of Indianized kingdoms . The end of Philippine prehistory is 900 , the date inscribed in the oldest Philippine document found so far , the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . From the details of the document , written in Kawi script , the bearer of a debt , Namwaran , along with his children Lady Angkatan and Bukah , are cleared of a debt by the ruler of Tondo . From the various Sanskrit terms and titles seen in the document , the culture and society of Manila Bay was that of a Hindu -- Old Malay amalgamation , similar to the cultures of Java , Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra at the time . There are no other significant documents from this period of pre-Hispanic Philippine society and culture until the Doctrina Christiana of the late 16th century , written at the start of the Spanish period in both native Baybayin script and Spanish . Other artifacts with Kawi script and baybayin were found , such as an Ivory seal from Butuan dated to the early 11th century and the Calatagan pot with baybayin inscription , dated to the 13th century . Tagalog royal couple belonging to the Maginoo class In the years leading up to 1000 , there were already several maritime societies existing in the islands but there was no unifying political state encompassing the entire Philippine archipelago . Instead , the region was dotted by numerous semi-autonomous barangays ( settlements ranging in size from villages to city - states ) under the sovereignty of competing thalassocracies ruled by datus , wangs , rajahs , sultans or lakans. or by upland agricultural societies ruled by `` petty plutocrats '' . States such as the Kingdom of Maynila , the Kingdom of Taytay in Palawan ( mentioned by Antonio Pigafetta to be where they resupplied when the remaining ships escaped Cebu after Magellan was slain ) , the Chieftaincy of Coron Island ruled by fierce warriors called Tagbanua as reported by Spanish missionaries mentioned by Nilo S. Ocampo , Namayan , the Kingdom of Tondo , the Sinitic wangdom of Pangasinan , the nation of Ma - i , the Kedatuans of Madja - as and Dapitan , the Indianized rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu and the sultanates of Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu existed alongside the highland societies of the Ifugao and Mangyan . Some of these regions were part of the Malayan empires of Srivijaya , Majapahit and Brunei . The Polity of Tondo ( edit ) Main article : Tondo ( historical polity ) Since at least the year 900 , this thalassocracy centered in Manila Bay flourished via an active trade with Chinese , Japanese , Malays , and various other peoples in Asia . Tondo thrived as the capital and the seat of power of this ancient kingdom , which was led by kings under the title `` Lakan '' which belongs to the caste of the Maharlika , who were the feudal warrior class in ancient Tagalog society . They ruled a large part of what is now known as Luzon from Ilocos to Bicol from possibly before 900 AD to 1571 , becoming the largest pre-colonial Philippine state . The Spaniards called them Hidalgos . The people of Tondo had developed a culture which is predominantly Hindu and Buddhist , they were also good agriculturists , and lived through farming and aquaculture . During its existence , it grew to become one of the most prominent and wealthy kingdom states in pre-colonial Philippines due to heavy trade and connections with several neighboring nations such as China and Japan . The Laguna Copperplate Inscription , c. 900 CE . The oldest known historical record found in the Philippines , which indirectly refers to the polity of Tondo Due to its very good relations with Japan , the Japanese called Tondo as Luzon , even a famous Japanese merchant , Luzon Sukezaemon , went as far as to change his surname from Naya to Luzon . In 900 AD , the lord - minister Jayadewa presented a document of debt forgiveness to Lady Angkatan and her brother Bukah , the children of Namwaran . This is described in the Philippines ' oldest known document , the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . Caboloan ( Pangasinan ) ( edit ) Main article : Caboloan Pangasinan or Feng - chia - hsi - lan in Chinese records , was a sovereign Prehispanic Philippine state , notable for having traded with the Kingdom of Ryukyu , Japan and was a tributary state to Ming Dynasty . The Chinese records of this kingdom began when the first tributary King ( Wang in Chinese ) , Kamayin , sent an envoy offering gifts to the Chinese Emperor . The state occupies the current province of Pangasinan . It was locally known the Luyag na Kaboloan ( also spelled Caboloan ) , with Binalatongan as its capital , existed in the fertile Agno River valley . It flourished around the same period , the Srivijaya and Majapahit empires arose in Indonesia which had extended their influence to much of the Malay Archipelago . Urduja , a legendary woman warrior , is believed to have ruled in Pangasinan around the 14th century . The Luyag na Kaboloan expanded the territory and influence of Pangasinan to what are now the neighboring provinces of Zambales , La Union , Tarlac , Benguet , Nueva Ecija , and Nueva Vizcaya . Pangasinan enjoyed full independence until the Spanish conquest . In the sixteenth century Pangasinan was called the `` Port of Japan '' by the Spanish . The locals wore native apparel typical of other maritime Southeast Asian ethnic groups in addition to Japanese and Chinese silks . Even common people were clad in Chinese and Japanese cotton garments . They also blackened their teeth and were disgusted by the white teeth of foreigners , which were likened to that of animals . Also , used porcelain jars typical of Japanese and Chinese households . Japanese - style gunpowder weapons were also encountered in naval battles in the area . In exchange for these goods , traders from all over Asia would come to trade primarily for gold and slaves , but also for deerskins , civet and other local products . Other than a notably more extensive trade network with Japan and China , they were culturally similar to other Luzon groups to the south . The nation of Ma - i ( edit ) Main article : Ma - i Piloncitos , a type of gold nugget with Baybayin Ma characters which could be a symbol for the nation of Ma - i . Used as one of the early currencies along with gold rings Around 1225 , the nation of Ma - i , a Buddhist pre-Hispanic Philippine island - state centered in Mindoro , flourished as an entrepôt , attracting traders and shipping from the Kingdom of Ryukyu to the Empire of Japan . Chao Jukua , a customs inspector in Fukien province , China wrote the Zhufan Zhi ( `` Description of the Barbarous Peoples '' ) , which described trade with this pre-colonial Philippine state . Its people were noted for their honesty and trustworthiness in trade . The Kedatuan of Dapitan ( edit ) Main article : Kedatuan of Dapitan Around the 12th century , a group of people from Northern Mindanao settled in the strait between mainland Bohol and the island of Panglao . Those people came from a nation in northern Mindanao called Lutao ( probably the animist kingdom of what will soon be the Islamic Lanao ) . Those people established the Kedatuan of Dapitan in western Bohol because the true indigenous people of Bohol in the Anda peninsula and nearby areas were not open to them , forcing them to establish settlement in the western part of the island . The kedatuan was first built with hardwood on the soft seabed . It engaged it trade with nearby areas and some Chinese merchants . The Jesuit Alcina tells tales about a rich nation he called the ' Venice of the Visayas ' , pointing to the Kedatuan of Dapitan at that time . The Jesuit also tells of a Dapitan princess named Bugbung Hamusanum , whose beauty caused her suitor , Datu Sumangga of Leyte , to raid parts of southern China to win her hand . The Kedatuan of Madja - as ( edit ) Main article : Madja - as Images from the Boxer Codex illustrating an ancient kadatuan or tumao ( noble class ) Visayan couple . A royal couple of the Visayans . A Visayan princess . During the 11th century several exiled datus of the collapsing empire of Srivijaya led by Datu Puti led a mass migration to the central islands of the Philippines , fleeing from Rajah Makatunao of the island of Borneo . Upon reaching the island of Panay and purchasing the island from Negrito chieftain Marikudo , they established a confederation of polities and named it the Kedatuan of Madja - as centered in Aklan and they settled the surrounding islands of the Visayas . This confederation reached its peak under Datu Padojinog . During his reign the confederations ' hegemony extended over most of the islands of Visayas . Its people consistently made piratical attacks against Chinese imperial shipping . The Rajahnate of Cebu ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Cebu Trading at Port of Sugbu , Chinese , Anamese , Cambodian , Europeans and Arabs entered and traded at the Cebu Port . Gold , cotton , and slaves were bartered in exchange of silk , porcelain , beads , and other metals . Traders paid tribute to the Rajah of Cebu . The Rajahnate of Cebu was a classical Philippine state which used to exist on Cebu island prior to the arrival of the Spanish . It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya , a minor prince of the Hindu Chola dynasty which happened to occupy Sumatra - Indonesia . He was sent by the maharajah to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms but he rebelled and established his own independent Rajahnate instead . This rajahnate warred against the ' magalos ' ( Slave traders ) of Maguindanao and had an alliance with the Rajahnate of Butuan and Indianized Kutai in South Borneo , before it was weakened by the insurrection of Datu Lapu - Lapu . The Rajahnate of Butuan ( edit ) Main article : Rajahnate of Butuan Rajahnate of Butuan The Butuan Ivory Seal , displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines . The Kawi script lettering says `` But - wan '' and the smaller lettering ( similar to Baybayin ) says `` Bu - wa '' ( diacritics for the `` Wan / Ban '' in Kawi and `` Bu / Ba '' in the smaller letters have worn off ) . A silver strip excavated from the 1970s in Butuan inside of a wooden coffin . The characters display a Hindu - Buddhist influence , probably a form of early writing in the Philippines . ( c. 14th -- 15th century ) . By year 1011 , Rajah Sri Bata Shaja , the monarch of the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan , a maritime - state famous for its goldwork sent a trade envoy under ambassador Likan - shieh to the Chinese Imperial Court demanding equal diplomatic status with other states . The request being approved , it opened up direct commercial links with the Rajahnate of Butuan and the Chinese Empire thereby diminishing the monopoly on Chinese trade previously enjoyed by their rivals , Tondo and the Champa civilization . Evidence of the existence of this rajahnate is given by the Butuan Silver Paleograph . Struggle against Majapahit ( edit ) During the 1300s , the Javanese - centered Hindu empire of Majapahit briefly ruled over Luzon island and the Sulu archipelago as recorded in the epic poem Nagarakretagama , which stated that they had colonies in the Philippines at Saludong ( Manila ) and Solot ( Sulu ) . It even incorporated the Butuan and Cebu Rajahanates ' Bornean ally , Kutai . But they failed to take hold of the Visayas islands , which was populated by Srivijayan loyalists who were waging incessant guerrilla warfare against them . Eventually , the kingdoms of Luzon regained independence from Majapahit during the Battle of Manila ( 1365 ) and Sulu also reestablished independence , and in vengeance , assaulted the Majapahit province of Poni ( Brunei ) before a fleet from the capital drove them out . The subsequent start of the Islamic era ushered the slow death of Majapahit as its provinces eventually seceded and became independent sultanates . With the upsurge of Islam , the remnants of Hindu Majapahit eventually fled to the island of Bali . The Sultanate of Sulu ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Sulu The official flag of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu . In 1380 , Karim ul ' Makdum and Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr , an Arab trader born in Johore , arrived in Sulu from Malacca and established the Sultanate of Sulu by converting its previous ruler , the Hindu king , Rajah Baguinda , to Islam and then marrying his daughter . This sultanate eventually gained great wealth due to its diving for fine pearls . The Sultanate of Maguindanao ( edit ) Main article : Sultanate of Maguindanao The bust of Sultan Muhammad Kudarat of Maguindanao at Rizal Park . The Sultanate of Maguindanao rose to prominence at the end of the 15th century , Shariff Mohammed Kabungsuwan of Johor introduced Islam in the island of Mindanao and he subsequently married Paramisuli , an Iranun princess from Mindanao , and established the Sultanate of Maguindanao . It ruled most parts of Mindanao and continued to exist prior to the Spanish colonization until the 19th century . The Sultanate also traded and maintained good relations with the Chinese , Dutch , and the British . The Sultanate of Lanao ( edit ) Main article : Confederation of sultanates in Lanao The Sultanates of Lanao in Mindanao , Philippines were founded in the 16th century through the influence of Shariff Kabungsuan , who was enthroned as first Sultan of Maguindanao in 1520 . Islam was introduced to the area by Muslim missionaries and traders from the Middle East , Indian and Malay regions who propagated Islam to Sulu and Maguindanao . Unlike in Sulu and Maguindanao , the Sultanate system in Lanao was uniquely decentralized . The area was divided into Four Principalities of Lanao or the Pat a Pangampong a Ranao which are composed of a number of royal houses ( Sapolo ago Nem a Panoroganan or The Sixteen ( 16 ) Royal Houses ) with specific territorial jurisdictions within mainland Mindanao . This decentralized structure of royal power in Lanao was adopted by the founders , and maintained up to the present day , in recognition of the shared power and prestige of the ruling clans in the area , emphasizing the values of unity of the nation ( kaiisaisa o bangsa ) , patronage ( kaseselai ) and fraternity ( kapapagaria ) . By the 16th century , Islam had spread to other parts of the Visayas and Luzon . The Bruneian Empire and the expansion of Islam ( edit ) Main article : Bruneian Empire Prior to the usage of the Arabic style merged with Modernist style common in mosque architecture in the Philippines today , the mosques of the Philippines used to be the vernacular hut - style and Pagoda - style , which were common until the late 19th century . During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah in 1485 to 1521 , the recently Islamized Bruneian Empire ( formerly the Majapahit province of Poni that had seceded ) decided to break the Dynasty of Tondo 's monopoly in the China trade by attacking Tondo and defeating Rajah Gambang and then establishing the State of Selurong ( Kingdom of Maynila ) as a Bruneian satellite - state . A new dynasty under the Islamized Rajah Salalila was also established to challenge the House of Lakandula in Tondo . In addition to establishing the satellite state of Manila , Sultan Bolkiah also married Laila Mecana , the daughter of Sulu Sultan Amir Ul - Ombra to expand Brunei 's influence in both Luzon and Mindanao . Furthermore , Islam was further strengthened by the arrival to the Philippines of traders and proselytizers from Malaysia and Indonesia . Concurrent with the spread of Islam in the Philippine archipelago , was the rise of the Lucoes who were the people of Luzon . They rose to prominence by establishing overseas communities all across Southeast Asia and participating in trading ventures , navigation expeditions and military campaigns in Burma , Malacca and East Timor where they were employed as traders and mercenaries . One prominent Luções was Regimo de Raja , who was a spice magnate and a Temenggung ( Jawi : تمڠݢوڠ ) ( Governor and Chief General ) in Portuguese Malacca . He was also the head of an armada which traded and protected commerce between the Indian Ocean , the Strait of Malacca , the South China Sea , and the medieval maritime principalities of the Philippines . Around 1563 AD , at the closing stages of the precolonial era , the Kedatuan of Dapitan in Bohol achieved prominence and it was known to a later Spanish missionary , Alcina , as the `` Venice of the Visayas '' , because it was a wealthy , wooden and floating city - state in the Visayas . However , this kedatuan was eventually attacked and destroyed by soldiers from the Sultanate of Ternate , a state made up of Muslim Papuan people . The survivors of the destruction , led by their datu , Pagbuaya , migrated to northern Mindanao and established a new Dapitan there . Eventually , in vengeance against the Muslims and Portuguese allied to the Ternateans , they aided the Spanish in the conquest of Muslim Manila and in the Spanish expeditions to capture Portuguese Ternate . There was also a simmering territorial conflict between the Polity of Tondo and the Bruneian vassal - state , the Islamic Rajahnate of Maynila , to which the ruler of Maynila , Rajah Matanda , sought military assistance against Tondo from his relatives at the Sultanate of Brunei . The Hindu Rajahnates of Butuan and Cebu also endured slave raids from , and waged wars against the Sultanate of Maguindanao . Simultaneous with these slave - raids , was the rebellion of Datu Lapu - Lapu of Mactan against Rajah Humabon of Cebu . The sparse population and the multiple states competing over the limited territory and people of the islands simplified Spanish colonization by allowing its conquistadors to effectively employ a strategy of divide and conquer for rapid conquest . Spanish settlement and rule ( 1565 -- 1898 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Early Spanish expeditions and CONQUESTS ( edit ) Main article : Spanish - Moro Conflict Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in 1521 . Parts of the Philippine Islands were known to Europeans before the 1521 Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese - born Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan ( the Portuguese conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512 ) . Magellan landed on the island called Homonhon , claiming the islands he saw for Spain , and naming them Islas de San Lázaro . He established friendly relations with some of the local leaders especially with Rajah Humabon and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism . In the Philippines , they explored many islands including the island of Mactan . However , Magellan was killed during the Battle of Mactan against the local datu , Lapu - Lapu . Old Spanish Chart of the Philippine Islands Over the next several decades , other Spanish expeditions were dispatched to the islands . In 1543 , Ruy López de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas ( after Philip II of Spain ) to the islands of Samar and Leyte . The name was then extended to the entire archipelago later on in the Spanish era . A late 17th - century manuscript by Gaspar de San Agustin from the Archive of the Indies , depicting López de Legazpi 's conquest of the Philippines European colonization began in earnest when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565 and formed the first European settlements in Cebu . Beginning with just five ships and five hundred men accompanied by Augustinian monks , and further strengthened in 1567 by two hundred soldiers , he was able to repel the Portuguese and create the foundations for the colonization of the Archipelago . In 1571 , the Spanish , their Latin - American recruits and their Visayan allies attacked and occupied the kingdom of Tondo as well as Maynila , a vassal - state of the Brunei Sultanate , establishing Manila as the capital of the Spanish East Indies . Monument in Lapu - Lapu City , Cebu in the Philippines . Legazpi built a fort in Maynila and made overtures of friendship to Lakan Dula , Lakan of Tondo , who accepted . However , Maynila 's former ruler , the Muslim rajah , Rajah Sulayman , who was a vassal to the Sultan of Brunei , refused to submit to Legazpi , but failed to get the support of Lakan Dula or of the Pampangan and Pangasinan settlements to the north . When Tarik Sulayman and a force of Kapampangan and Tagalog Muslim warriors attacked the Spaniards in the battle of Bankusay , he was finally defeated and killed . In 1578 , the Castilian War erupted between the Christian Spaniards and Muslim Bruneians over control of the Philippine archipelago . On one side , the newly Christianized Non-Muslim Visayans of the Kedatuan of Madja - as and Rajahnate of Cebu , plus the Rajahnate of Butuan ( which were from northern Mindanao ) , as well as the remnants of the Kedatuan of Dapitan had previously waged war against the Sultanate of Sulu and Kingdom of Maynila , then joined the Spanish in the war against the Bruneian Empire and its allies , the Bruneian puppet - state of Maynila and Sulu which had dynastic links with Brunei . The Spanish and its Visayan allies assaulted Brunei and seized its capital , Kota Batu . This was achieved as a result in part of the assistance rendered to them by two noblemen , Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . The former had traveled to Manila to offer Brunei as a tributary of Spain for help to recover the throne usurped by his brother , Saiful Rijal . The Spanish agreed that if they succeeded in conquering Brunei , Pengiran Seri Lela would indeed become the Sultan , while Pengiran Seri Ratna would be the new Bendahara . In March 1578 , the Spanish fleet , led by De Sande himself , acting as Capitán General , started their journey towards Brunei . The expedition consisted of 400 Spaniards , 1,500 Filipino natives and 300 Borneans . The campaign was one of many , which also included action in Mindanao and Sulu . Miguel López de Legazpi The Spanish succeeded in invading the capital on April 16 , 1578 , with the help of Pengiran Seri Lela and Pengiran Seri Ratna . Sultan Saiful Rijal and Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan Abdul Kahar were forced to flee to Meragang then to Jerudong . In Jerudong , they made plans to chase the conquering army away from Brunei . The Spanish suffered heavy losses due to a cholera or dysentery outbreak . They were so weakened by the illness that they decided to abandon Brunei to return to Manila on June 26 , 1578 , after just 72 days . Before doing so , they burned the mosque , a high structure with a five - tier roof . Pengiran Seri Lela died in August -- September 1578 , probably from the same illness that had afflicted his Spanish allies , although there was suspicion he could have been poisoned by the ruling Sultan . Seri Lela 's daughter , the Bruneian princess , left with the Spanish and went on to marry a Christian Tagalog , named Agustín de Legazpi of Tondo and had children in the Philippines . In 1587 , Magat Salamat , one of the children of Lakan Dula , along with Lakan Dula 's nephew and lords of the neighboring areas of Tondo , Pandacan , Marikina , Candaba , Navotas and Bulacan , were executed when the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587 -- 1588 failed in which a planned grand alliance with the Japanese Christian - captain , Gayo , and Brunei 's Sultan , would have restored the old aristocracy . Its failure resulted in the hanging of Agustín de Legaspi and the execution of Magat Salamat ( the crown - prince of Tondo ) . Thereafter , some of the conspirators were exiled to Guam or Guerrero , Mexico . Spanish power was further consolidated after Miguel López de Legazpi 's complete assimilation of Madja - as , his subjugation of Rajah Tupas , the Rajah of Cebu and Juan de Salcedo 's conquest of the provinces of Zambales , La Union , Ilocos , the coast of Cagayan , and the ransacking of the Chinese warlord Limahong 's pirate kingdom in Pangasinan . The Spanish also invaded Northern Taiwan and Ternate in Indonesia , using Filipino warriors , before they were driven out by the Dutch . The Spanish and the Moros of the sultanates of Maguindanao , Lanao and Sulu also waged many wars over hundreds of years in the Spanish - Moro conflict , not until the 19th century did Spain succeed in defeating the Sulu Sultanate and taking Mindanao under nominal suzerainty . The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the Reconquista , a centuries - long campaign to retake and rechristianize the Spanish homeland which was invaded by the Muslims of the Umayyad Caliphate . The Spanish expeditions into the Philippines were also part of a larger Ibero - Islamic world conflict that included a rivalry with the Ottoman Caliphate which had a center of operations at its nearby vassal , the Sultanate of Aceh . Spanish settlement during the 16th and 17th centuries ( edit ) The sketch of the Plaza de Roma Manila by Fernando Brambila , a member of the Malaspina Expedition during their stop in Manila in 1792 . Bahay na bato , a typical Filipino urban house during the colonial era The `` Memoria de las Encomiendas en las Islas '' of 1591 , just twenty years after the conquest of Luzon , reveals a remarkable progress in the work of colonization and the spread of Christianity . A cathedral was built in the city of Manila with an episcopal palace , Augustinian , Dominican and Franciscan monasteries and a Jesuit house . The king maintained a hospital for the Spanish settlers and there was another hospital for the natives run by the Franciscans . In order to defend the settlements the Spaniards established in the Philippines , a network of military fortresses called `` Presidios '' were constructed and officered by the Spaniards , and sentried by Latin - Americans and Filipinos , across the archipelago , to protect it from foreign nations such as the Portuguese , British and Dutch as well as raiding Muslims and Wokou . The Manila garrison was composed of roughly four hundred Spanish soldiers and the area of Intramuros as well as its surroundings , were initially settled by 1200 Spanish families . In Cebu City , at the Visayas , the settlement received a total of 2,100 soldier - settlers from New Spain . At the immediate south of Manila , Mexicans were present at Ermita and at Cavite where they were stationed as sentries . In addition , men conscripted from Peru , were also sent to settle Zamboanga City in Mindanao , to wage war upon Muslim pirates . There were also communities of Spanish - Mestizos that developed in Iloilo , Negros and Vigan . Interactions between native Filipinos and immigrant Spaniards , Latin - Americans and their Spanish - Mestizo descendants eventually caused the formation of a new language , Chavacano , a creole of Mexican Spanish . Meanwhile , in the suburb of Tondo , there was a convent run by Franciscan friars and another by the Dominicans that offered Christian education to the Chinese converted to Christianity . The same report reveals that in and around Manila were collected 9,410 tributes , indicating a population of about 30,640 who were under the instruction of thirteen missionaries ( ministers of doctrine ) , apart from the monks in monasteries . In the former province of Pampanga the population estimate was 74,700 and 28 missionaries . In Pangasinan 2,400 people with eight missionaries . In Cagayan and islands Babuyanes 96,000 people but no missionaries . In La Laguna 48,400 people with 27 missionaries . In Bicol and Camarines Catanduanes islands 86,640 people with fifteen missionaries . Based on the tribute counts , the total founding population of Spanish - Philippines was 667,612 people , of which : 20,000 were Chinese migrant traders , 16,500 were Latino soldier - colonists sent from Peru and Mexico , 3,000 were Japanese residents , and 600 were pure Spaniards from Europe , there was also a large but unknown number of Indian Filipinos , the rest were Malays and Negritos . They were under the care of 140 missionaries , of which 79 were Augustinians , nine Dominicans and 42 Franciscans . Maria Clara gown The fragmented and sparsely populated nature of the islands made it easy for Spanish colonization . The Spanish then brought political unification to most of the Philippine archipelago via the conquest of the various small maritime states although they were unable to fully incorporate parts of the sultanates of Mindanao and the areas where the ethnic groups and highland plutocracy of the animist Ifugao of Northern Luzon were established . The Spanish introduced elements of western civilization such as the code of law , western printing and the Gregorian calendar alongside new food resources such as maize , pineapple and chocolate from Latin America . Plaza Santo Tomas in Intramuros , Manila ; where the Santo Domingo Church , Colegio de Santa Rosa and the original University of Santo Tomas were built during the Spanish era . Education played a major role in the socio - economic transformation of the archipelago . The oldest universities , colleges , and vocational schools and the first modern public education system in Asia were all created during the Spanish colonial period , and by the time Spain was replaced by the United States as the colonial power , Filipinos were among the most educated subjects in all of Asia . The Jesuits founded the Colegio de Manila in 1590 , which later became the Universidad de San Ignacio , a royal and pontifical university . They also founded the Colegio de San Ildefonso on August 1 , 1595 . After the expulsion of the Society of Jesus in 1768 , the management of the Jesuit schools passed to other parties . On April 28 , 1611 , through the initiative of Bishop Miguel de Benavides , the University of Santo Tomas was founded in Manila . The Jesuits also founded the Colegio de San José ( 1601 ) and took over the Escuela Municipal , later to be called the Ateneo de Manila University ( 1859 ) . All institutions offered courses included not only religious topics but also science subjects such as physics , chemistry , natural history and mathematics . The University of Santo Tomás , for example , started by teaching theology , philosophy and humanities and during the 18th century , the Faculty of Jurisprudence and Canonical Law , together with the schools of medicine and pharmacy were opened . Wife of José Rizal , wearing Maria Clara gown Outside the tertiary institutions , the efforts of missionaries were in no way limited to religious instruction but also geared towards promoting social and economic advancement of the islands . They cultivated into the natives their innate taste for music and taught Spanish language to children . They also introduced advances in rice agriculture , brought from America maize and cocoa and developed the farming of indigo , coffee and sugar cane . The only commercial plant introduced by a government agency was the plant of tobacco . Church and state were inseparably linked in Spanish policy , with the state assuming responsibility for religious establishments . One of Spain 's objectives in colonizing the Philippines was the conversion of the local population to Roman Catholicism . The work of conversion was facilitated by the disunity and insignificance of other organized religions , except for Islam , which was still predominant in the southwest . The pageantry of the church had a wide appeal , reinforced by the incorporation of indigenous social customs into religious observances . The eventual outcome was a new Roman Catholic majority , from which the Muslims of western Mindanao and the upland tribal and animistic peoples of Luzon remained detached and alienated from ( Ethnic groups such as the Ifugaos of the Cordillera region and the Mangyans of Mindoro ) . At the lower levels of administration , the Spanish built on traditional village organization by co-opting local leaders . This system of indirect rule helped create an indigenous upper class , called the principalía , who had local wealth , high status , and other privileges . This perpetuated an oligarchic system of local control . Among the most significant changes under Spanish rule was that the indigenous idea of communal use and ownership of land was replaced with the concept of private ownership and the conferring of titles on members of the principalía . Around 1608 William Adams , an English navigator contacted the interim governor of the Philippines , Rodrigo de Vivero y Velasco on behalf of Tokugawa Ieyasu , who wished to establish direct trade contacts with New Spain . Friendly letters were exchanged , officially starting relations between Japan and New Spain . From 1565 to 1821 , the Philippines was governed as a territory of the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico , via the Royal Audiencia of Manila , and administered directly from Spain from 1821 after the Mexican revolution , until 1898 . The Manila galleons which linked Manila to Acapulco traveled once or twice a year between the 16th and 19th centuries . The Spanish military fought off various indigenous revolts and several external colonial challenges , especially from the British , Chinese pirates , Dutch , and Portuguese . Roman Catholic missionaries converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity and founded schools , universities , and hospitals . In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced education , establishing public schooling in Spanish . Manila Cathedral Coat of arms of Manila were at the corners of the Cross of Burgundy in the Spanish - Filipino battle standard . In 1646 , a series of five naval actions known as the Battles of La Naval de Manila was fought between the forces of Spain and the Dutch Republic , as part of the Eighty Years ' War . Although the Spanish forces consisted of just two Manila galleons and a galley with crews composed mainly of Filipino volunteers , against three separate Dutch squadrons , totaling eighteen ships , the Dutch squadrons were severely defeated in all fronts by the Spanish - Filipino forces , forcing the Dutch to abandon their plans for an invasion of the Philippines . Spanish rule during the 18th century ( edit ) Colonial income derived mainly from entrepôt trade : The Manila Galleons sailing from the port of Manila to the port of Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico brought shipments of silver bullion , and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Asian , and Pacific products . A total of 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila - Acapulco galleon trade ( 1565 to 1815 ) . There was no direct trade with Spain until 1766 . Fort Santiago Postern of Our Lady of Solitude , Manila , through which on 5 October 1762 , Lieutenant Governor Simón de Anda y Salazar escaped the British bombardment during the conquest of Manila . The Philippines was never profitable as a colony during Spanish rule , and the long war against the Dutch in the 17th century together with the intermittent conflict with the Muslims in the South nearly bankrupted the colonial treasury . The Royal Fiscal of Manila wrote a letter to King Charles III of Spain , in which he advises to abandon the colony . The Philippines survived on an annual subsidy paid by the Spanish Crown , and the 200 - year - old fortifications at Manila had not been improved much since first built by the early Spanish colonizers . This was one of the circumstances that made possible the brief British occupation of Manila between 1762 and 1764 . British invasion ( 1762 -- 1764 ) ( edit ) Main article : British occupation of Manila Britain declared war against Spain on January 4 , 1762 and on September 24 , 1762 a force of British Army regulars and British East India Company soldiers , supported by the ships and men of the East Indies Squadron of the British Royal Navy , sailed into Manila Bay from Madras , India . Manila was besieged and fell to the British on October 4 , 1762 . Outside of Manila , the Spanish leader Simón de Anda y Salazar organized a militia of 10 000 of mostly from Pampanga to resist British rule . Anda y Salazar established his headquarters first in Bulacan , then in Bacolor . After a number of skirmishes and failed attempts to support uprisings , the British command admitted to the War Secretary in London that the Spanish were `` in full possession of the country '' . The occupation of Manila ended in April 1764 as agreed to in the peace negotiations for the Seven Years ' War in Europe . The Spanish then persecuted the Binondo Chinese community for its role in aiding the British . An unknown number of Indian soldiers known as sepoys , who came with the British , deserted and settled in nearby Cainta , Rizal , which explains the uniquely Indian features of generations of Cainta residents . Spanish rule in the second part of the 18th century ( edit ) The Cross of Burgundy served as the flag of the Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Colonial houses of the Philippines In 1766 direct communication was established with Spain and trade with Europe through a national ship based on Spain . Those expeditions were administered since 1785 by the Real Compañía Filipina , which was granted a monopoly of trade between Spain and the islands that lasted until 1834 , when the company was terminated by the Spanish crown due to poor management and financial losses . In 1781 , Governor - General José Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the Country . The Philippines was administered from the Viceroyalty of New Spain until the independence to Mexico in 1821 necessitated the direct rule from Spain of the Philippines from that year . Spanish rule during the 19th century ( edit ) José Rizal The Philippines was included in the vast territory of the Kingdom of Spain , in the first constitution of Spain promulgated in Cadiz in 1812 . It was never a colony as modern - day historical literature would say , but an overseas region in Asia ( Spanish Constitution 1812 ) . The Spanish Constitution of 1870 provides for the first autonomous community for `` Archipelago Filipino '' where all provinces in the Philippine Islands will be given the semi-independent home rule program . During the 19th century Spain invested heavily in education and infrastructure . Through the Education Decree of December 20 , 1863 , Queen Isabella II of Spain decreed the establishment of a free public school system that used Spanish as the language of instruction , leading to increasing numbers of educated Filipinos . Additionally , the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 cut travel time to Spain , which facilitated the rise of the ilustrados , an enlightened class of Spanish - Filipinos that had been able to enroll in Spanish and European universities . The Philippines has contributed one Prime Minister to Spain , Marcelo Azcarraga , who was born in the Bicol Peninsula in the Philippine Islands , Spain . Holy Rosary Minor Seminary A great number of infrastructure projects were undertaken during the 19th century that put the Philippine economy and standard of living ahead of most of its Asian neighbors and even many European countries at that time . Among them were a railway system for Luzon , a tramcar network for Manila , and Asia 's first steel suspension bridge Puente Claveria , later called Puente Colgante . On August 1 , 1851 the Banco Español - Filipino de Isabel II was established to attend the needs of the rapid economic boom , that had greatly increased its pace since the 1800s as a result of a new economy based on a rational exploitation of the agricultural resources of the islands . The increase in textile fiber crops such as abacá , oil products derived from the coconut , indigo , that was growing in demand , etc. , generated an increase in money supply that led to the creation of the bank . Banco Español - Filipino was also granted the power to print a Philippine - specific currency ( the Philippine peso ) for the first time ( before 1851 , many currencies were used , mostly the pieces of eight ) . Spanish Manila was seen in the 19th century as a model of colonial governance that effectively put the interests of the original inhabitants of the islands before those of the colonial power . As John Crawfurd put it in its History of the Indian Archipelago , in all of Asia the `` Philippines alone did improve in civilization , wealth , and populousness under the colonial rule '' of a foreign power . John Bowring , Governor General of British Hong Kong from 1856 to 1860 , wrote after his trip to Manila : Escolta , Manila in 1899 `` Credit is certainly due to Spain for having bettered the condition of a people who , though comparatively highly civilized , yet being continually distracted by petty wars , had sunk into a disordered and uncultivated state . The inhabitants of these beautiful Islands upon the whole , may well be considered to have lived as comfortably during the last hundred years , protected from all external enemies and governed by mild laws vis - a-vis those from any other tropical country under native or European sway , owing in some measure , to the frequently discussed peculiar ( Spanish ) circumstances which protect the interests of the natives . '' In The Inhabitants of the Philippines , Frederick Henry Sawyer wrote : Santa Lucia Gate , Intramuros , Manila `` Until an inept bureaucracy was substituted for the old paternal rule , and the revenue quadrupled by increased taxation , the Filipinos were as happy a community as could be found in any colony . The population greatly multiplied ; they lived in competence , if not in affluence ; cultivation was extended , and the exports steadily increased . ( ... ) Let us be just ; what British , French , or Dutch colony , populated by natives can compare with the Philippines as they were until 1895 ? . '' The first official census in the Philippines was carried out in 1878 . The colony 's population as of December 31 , 1877 , was recorded at 5,567,685 persons . This was followed by the 1887 census that yielded a count of 6,984,727 , while that of 1898 yielded 7,832,719 inhabitants . The estimated GDP per capita for the Philippines in 1900 , the year Spain left , was $1,033.00 . That made it the second - richest place in all of Asia , just a little behind Japan ( $1,135.00 ) , and far ahead of China ( $652.00 ) and India ( $625.00 ) . In 2006 , the Civil Code of Spain provided that the acquisition of nationalities of Ibero - American countries , Andorra , the Philippines , Equatorial Guinea , Portugal and those of the Sephardic Jews originally from Spain , does not bear the loss of their Spanish nationalities of origin that paved the way for easier route of Spanish Nationality reacquisition by the people of the Philippines . A similar law in the Philippines was enacted later in 1963 that provides `` Natural born citizens of the Philippines who acquired the citizenship of one of the Iberian countries , Ibero - American Countries and United Kingdom will not lose their natural born citizen status . '' Philippine Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Philippine Revolution Andrés Bonifacio , father of the Philippine Revolution . Revolutionary sentiments arose in 1872 after three Filipino priests , Mariano Gómez , José Burgos , and Jacinto Zamora , known as Gomburza , were accused of sedition by colonial authorities and executed by garote . This would inspire the Propaganda Movement in Spain , organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar , José Rizal , Graciano López Jaena , and Mariano Ponce , that clamored for adequate representation to the Spanish Cortes and later for independence . José Rizal , the most celebrated intellectual and radical ilustrado of the era , wrote the novels `` Noli Me Tángere '' , and `` El filibusterismo '' , which greatly inspired the movement for independence . The Katipunan , a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines , was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its Supremo ( leader ) . An early flag of the Filipino revolutionaries . The Philippine Revolution began in 1896 . Rizal was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896 . The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups , Magdiwang , led by Mariano Álvarez ( a relative of Bonifacio 's by marriage ) , and Magdalo , led by Emilio Aguinaldo . Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter 's soldiers . Aguinaldo agreed to a truce with the Pact of Biak - na - Bato and Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were exiled to Hong Kong . Not all the revolutionary generals complied with the agreement . One , General Francisco Makabulos , established a Central Executive Committee to serve as the interim government until a more suitable one was created . Armed conflicts resumed , this time coming from almost every province in Spanish - governed Philippines . Revolutionaries gather during the Malolos Congress of the Revolutionary Government of the Philippines . In 1898 , as conflicts continued in the Philippines , the USS Maine , having been sent to Cuba because of U.S. concerns for the safety of its citizens during an ongoing Cuban revolution , exploded and sank in Havana harbor . This event precipitated the Spanish -- American War . After Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron at Manila , a German squadron arrived in Manila and engaged in maneuvers which Dewey , seeing this as obstruction of his blockade , offered war -- after which the Germans backed down . The German Emperor expected an American defeat , with Spain left in a sufficiently weak position for the revolutionaries to capture Manila -- leaving the Philippines ripe for German picking . The U.S. invited Aguinaldo to return to the Philippines in the hope he would rally Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government . Aguinaldo arrived on May 19 , 1898 , via transport provided by Dewey . On June 12 , 1898 , Aguinaldo declared the independence of the Philippines in Kawit , Cavite . Aguinaldo proclaimed a Revolutionary Government of the Philippines on June 23 . By the time U.S. land forces arrived , the Filipinos had taken control of the entire island of Luzon except for Spanish capitol in the walled city of Intramuros . In the Battle of Manila , on August 13 , 1898 , the United States captured the city from the Spanish . This battle marked an end of Filipino - American collaboration , as Filipino forces were prevented from entering the captured city of Manila , an action deeply resented by the Filipinos . On January 23 , 1899 , the First Philippine Republic was proclaimed under Asia 's first democratic constitution , with Aguinaldo as its President . Spain and the United States had sent commissioners to Paris to draw up the terms of the Treaty of Paris to end the Spanish -- American War . The Filipino representative , Felipe Agoncillo , had been excluded from sessions as Aguinaldo 's government was not recognized by the family of nations . Although there was substantial domestic opposition , the United States decided to annex the Philippines . In addition to Guam and Puerto Rico , Spain was forced in the negotiations cede the Philippines to the U.S. in exchange for US $20,000,000.00 . U.S. President McKinley justified the annexation of the Philippines by saying that it was `` a gift from the gods '' and that since `` they were unfit for self - government , ... there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all , and to educate the Filipinos , and uplift and civilize and Christianize them '' , in spite of the Philippines having been already Christianized by the Spanish over the course of several centuries . The First Philippine Republic resisted the U.S. occupation , resulting in the Philippine -- American War ( 1899 -- 1913 ) . American rule ( 1898 -- 1946 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1898 -- 1946 ) 1898 political cartoon showing U.S. President McKinley with a native child . Here , returning the Philippines to Spain is compared to throwing the child off a cliff . Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain . However , the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents . Emilio Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine independence . Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the Americans were in the islands to stay . Philippine -- American War ( edit ) Main article : Philippine -- American War Filipino casualties on the first day of war Hostilities broke out on February 4 , 1899 , after two American privates on patrol killed three Filipino soldiers in San Juan , a Manila suburb . This incident sparked the Philippine -- American War , which would cost far more money and take far more lives than the Spanish -- American War . Some 126,000 American soldiers would be committed to the conflict ; 4,234 Americans died , as did 12,000 -- 20,000 Philippine Republican Army soldiers who were part of a nationwide guerrilla movement of at least 80,000 to 100,000 soldiers . The general population , caught between Americans and rebels , suffered significantly . At least 200,000 Filipino civilians lost their lives as an indirect result of the war mostly as a result of the cholera epidemic at the war 's end that took between 150,000 and 200,000 lives . Atrocities were committed by both sides . American troops guarding the bridge over the River Pasig on the afternoon of the surrender . From Harper 's Pictorial History of the War with Spain , Vol. II , published by Harper and Brothers in 1899 . President Emilio Aguinaldo boarding the USS Vicksburg after his capture by American forces . The poorly equipped Filipino troops were easily overpowered by American troops in open combat , but they were formidable opponents in guerrilla warfare . Malolos , the revolutionary capital , was captured on March 31 , 1899 . Aguinaldo and his government escaped , however , establishing a new capital at San Isidro , Nueva Ecija . On June 5 , 1899 , Antonio Luna , Aguinaldo 's most capable military commander , was killed by Aguinaldo 's guards in an apparent assassination while visiting Cabanatuan , Nueva Ecija to meet with Aguinaldo . With his best commander dead and his troops suffering continued defeats as American forces pushed into northern Luzon , Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army on November 13 and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerrilla commands in each of several military zones . Another key general , Gregorio del Pilar , was killed on December 2 , 1899 in the Battle of Tirad Pass -- a rear guard action to delay the Americans while Aguinaldo made good his escape through the mountains . Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan , Isabela on March 23 , 1901 and was brought to Manila . Convinced of the futility of further resistance , he swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling on his compatriots to lay down their arms , officially bringing an end to the war . However , sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines , especially in the Muslim south , until 1913 . Flag of the United States , 1896 -- 1908 . In 1900 , President McKinley sent the Taft Commission , to the Philippines , with a mandate to legislate laws and re-engineer the political system . On July 1 , 1901 , William Howard Taft , the head of the commission , was inaugurated as Civil Governor , with limited executive powers . The authority of the Military Governor was continued in those areas where the insurrection persisted . The Taft Commission passed laws to set up the fundamentals of the new government , including a judicial system , civil service , and local government . A Philippine Constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and gradually assume the responsibilities of the United States Army . The Tagalog , Negros and Zamboanga cantonal republics ( edit ) During the First Philippine Republic , three other insurgent republics were briefly formed : the Tagalog Republic in Luzon , under Macario Sakay , the Negros Republic in the Visayas under Aniceto Lacson , and the Republic of Zamboanga in Mindanao under Mariano Arquiza . Insular government ( 1901 -- 1935 ) ( edit ) Main article : Insular Government of the Philippine Islands William Howard Taft addressing the audience at the Philippine Assembly . Manuel Luis Quezon , ( center ) , with representatives from the Philippine Independence Mission The Philippine Organic Act was the basic law for the Insular Government , so called because civil administration was under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs . This government saw its mission as one of tutelage , preparing the Philippines for eventual independence . On July 4 , 1902 the office of military governor was abolished and full executive power passed from Adna Chaffee , the last military governor , to Taft , who became the first U.S. Governor - General of the Philippines . United States policies towards the Philippines shifted with changing administrations . During the early years of territorial administration , the Americans were reluctant to delegate authority to the Filipinos , but an elected Philippine Assembly was inaugurated in 1907 , as the lower house of a bicameral legislature , with the appointive Philippine Commission becoming the upper house . Philippines was a major target for the progressive reformers . A 1907 report to Secretary of War Taft provided a summary of what the American civil administration had achieved . It included , in addition to the rapid building of a public school system based on English teaching , and boasted about such modernizing achievements as : steel and concrete wharves at the newly renovated Port of Manila ; dredging the River Pasig , ; streamlining of the Insular Government ; accurate , intelligible accounting ; the construction of a telegraph and cable communications network ; the establishment of a postal savings bank ; large - scale road - and bridge - building ; impartial and incorrupt policing ; well - financed civil engineering ; the conservation of old Spanish architecture ; large public parks ; a bidding process for the right to build railways ; Corporation law ; and a coastal and geological survey . In 1903 the American reformers in the Philippines passed two major land acts designed to turn landless peasants into owners of their farms . By 1905 the law was clearly a failure . Reformers such as Taft believed landownership would turn unruly agrarians into loyal subjects . The social structure in rural Philippines was highly traditional and highly unequal . Drastic changes in land ownership posed a major challenge to local elites , who would not accept it , nor would their peasant clients . The American reformers blamed peasant resistance to landownership for the law 's failure and argued that large plantations and sharecropping was the Philippines ' best path to development . Elite Filipina women played a major role in the reform movement , especially on health issues . They specialized on such urgent needs as infant care and maternal and child health , the distribution of pure milk and teaching new mothers about children 's health . The most prominent organizations were the La Protección de la Infancia , and the National Federation of Women 's Clubs . Tranvia in Manila during American Era When Democrat Woodrow Wilson became U.S. president in 1913 , new policies were launched designed to gradually lead to Philippine independence . In 1902 U.S. law established Filipinos citizenship in the Philippine Islands ; unlike Hawaii in 1898 and Puerto Rico in 1918 , they did not become citizens of the United States . The Jones Law of 1916 became the new basic law , promised eventual independence . It provide for the election of both houses of the legislature . Manila , Philippines , ca. 1900s In socio - economic terms , the Philippines made solid progress in this period . Foreign trade had amounted to 62 million pesos in 1895 , 13 % of which was with the United States . By 1920 , it had increased to 601 million pesos , 66 % of which was with the United States . A health care system was established which , by 1930 , reduced the mortality rate from all causes , including various tropical diseases , to a level similar to that of the United States itself . The practices of slavery , piracy and headhunting were suppressed but not entirely extinguished . A new educational system was established with English as the medium of instruction , eventually becoming a lingua franca of the Islands . The 1920s saw alternating periods of cooperation and confrontation with American governors - general , depending on how intent the incumbent was on exercising his powers vis - à - vis the Philippine legislature . Members to the elected legislature lobbied for immediate and complete independence from the United States . Several independence missions were sent to Washington , D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos , who had effectively gained control by 1918 . Philippine politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party , which was founded in 1907 . Although the party 's platform called for `` immediate independence '' , their policy toward the Americans was highly accommodating . Within the political establishment , the call for independence was spearheaded by Manuel L. Quezon , who served continuously as Senate president from 1916 until 1935 . World War I gave the Philippines the opportunity to pledge assistance to the US war effort . This took the form of an offer to supply a division of troops , as well as providing funding for the construction of two warships . A locally recruited national guard was created and significant numbers of Filipinos volunteered for service in the US Navy and army . Frank Murphy was the last Governor - General of the Philippines ( 1933 -- 35 ) , and the first U.S. High Commissioner of the Philippines ( 1935 -- 36 ) . The change in form was more than symbolic : it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence . Commonwealth ( edit ) Main article : Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt in Washington , D.C. Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon With Manila 's Filipino Hispanic roots , Daniel Burnham developed the Urban planning of Manila through the City Beautiful Movement ; Neo-Classical architecture of Paris through Manila 's Government buildings , Canals of Venice through the Esteros of Manila , Sunset view of Naples through Manila Bay and Winding River of Paris through Pasig River . a fine example of the Burnham plan is the Manila Central Post Office and Jones Bridge Manila circa 1930s . The Great Depression in the early thirties hastened the progress of the Philippines towards independence . In the United States it was mainly the sugar industry and labor unions that had a stake in loosening the U.S. ties to the Philippines since they could not compete with the Philippine cheap sugar ( and other commodities ) which could freely enter the U.S. market . Therefore , they agitated in favor of granting independence to the Philippines so that its cheap products and labor could be shut out of the United States . In 1933 , the United States Congress passed the Hare -- Hawes -- Cutting Act as a Philippine Independence Act over President Herbert Hoover 's veto . Though the bill had been drafted with the aid of a commission from the Philippines , it was opposed by Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon , partially because of provisions leaving the United States in control of naval bases . Under his influence , the Philippine legislature rejected the bill . The following year , a revised act known as the Tydings -- McDuffie Act was finally passed . The act provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with transition to full independence after a ten - year period . The commonwealth would have its own constitution and be self - governing , though foreign policy would be the responsibility of the United States , and certain legislation required approval of the United States president . The Act stipulated that the date of independence would be on July 4 following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth . A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30 , 1934 . On February 8 , 1935 , the 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1 . The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 23 , 1935 and ratified by popular vote on May 14 , 1935 . On September 17 , 1935 , presidential elections were held . Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , the Iglesia Filipina Independiente leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others . Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of the Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners , winning the seats of president and vice-president , respectively . The Commonwealth Government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15 , 1935 , in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila . The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people . Under the Tydings -- McDuffie Act this meant that the date of full independence for the Philippines was set for July 4 , 1946 , a timetable which was followed after the passage of almost eleven very eventful years . World War II and Japanese occupation ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of the Philippines , Second Philippine Republic , and Home front during World War II § The Philippines As many as 10,000 American and FIlipino soldiers died in the Bataan Death March Military ( edit ) Japanese Army Tankettes in Manila , Philippines 1942 Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga on the morning of December 8 , 1941 , just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor . Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon . The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur . Under the pressure of superior numbers , the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay . Colonel Nobuhiko Jimbo and Manuel Roxas began and ended the conflict on opposite sides . On January 2 , 1942 , General MacArthur declared the capital city , Manila , an open city to prevent its destruction . The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States - Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year . Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north . About 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination . President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States , where they set up a government in exile . MacArthur was ordered to Australia , where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines . The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission . They initially organized a Council of State , through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943 , when they declared the Philippines an independent republic . The Japanese - sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular to the pro-colonial Filipinos , but very popular to the pro-Asiatic independence Filipinos . Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large - scale underground guerrilla activity . The American - aligned Philippine Army , as well as remnants of the U.S. Army Forces Far East , continued to fight the Japanese and pro-Japanese paramilitary forces in a guerrilla war and was considered an auxiliary unit of the United States Army . Their effectiveness was such that by the end of the war , Japan controlled only twelve of the forty - eight provinces . One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Hukbalahap , which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon . Leyte Landing of General Douglas MacArthur to liberate the Philippines from the Empire of Japan The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war 's conclusion . At the eve of the liberation of the Philippines , the Allied forces and the Japanese Empire waged the largest naval battle in history , by gross tonnage in the Battle of Leyte Gulf . The American army had been fighting the Philippines Campaign since October 1944 , when MacArthur 's Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte . Landings in other parts of the country had followed , and the Allies , with the Philippine Commonwealth troops , pushed toward Manila . However , fighting continued until Japan 's formal surrender on September 2 , 1945 . Approximately 10,000 U.S. soldiers were missing in action in the Philippines when the war ended , more than in any other country in the Pacific or European Theaters . The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction , especially during the Battle of Manila . An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed , a large portion during the final months of the war , and Manila had been extensively damaged , mainly due to excessive use of artillery by the American forces . Battle of Manila General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrender Home Front ( edit ) As in most occupied countries , crime , looting , corruption , and black markets were endemic . Japan in 1943 proposed independence on new terms , and some collaborators went along with the plan , but Japan was clearly losing the war and nothing became of it . With a view of building up the economic base of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , the Japanese Army envisioned using the islands as a source of agricultural products needed by its industry . For example , Japan had a surplus of sugar from Taiwan but , a severe shortage of cotton , so they tried to grow cotton on sugar lands with disastrous results . They lacked the seeds , pesticides , and technical skills to grow cotton . Jobless farm workers flocked to the cities , where there was minimal relief and few jobs . The Japanese Army also tried using cane sugar for fuel , castor beans and copra for oil , derris for quinine , cotton for uniforms , and abaca ( hemp ) for rope . The plans were very difficult to implement in the face of limited skills , collapsed international markets , bad weather , and transportation shortages . The program was a failure that gave very little help to Japanese industry , and diverted resources needed for food production . The Flag of the United States of America is lowered while the Flag of the Philippines is raised during the Independence Day ceremonies on July 4 , 1946 Living conditions were bad throughout the Philippines during the war . Transportation between the islands was difficult because of lack of fuel . Food was in very short supply , due to inflation . Postcolonial Philippines and the third Republic ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Manuel Roxas , President from 1946 until 1948 . Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1946 -- 1965 ) Administration of Manuel Roxas ( 1946 -- 1948 ) ( edit ) Elections were held in April 1946 , with Manuel Roxas becoming the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines . The United States ceded its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4 , 1946 , as scheduled . However , the Philippine economy remained highly dependent on United States markets -- more dependent , according to United States high commissioner Paul McNutt , than any single U.S. state was dependent on the rest of the country . The Philippine Trade Act , passed as a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from the United States , exacerbated the dependency with provisions further tying the economies of the two countries . A military assistance pact was signed in 1947 granting the United States a 99 - year lease on designated military bases in the country . Elpidio Quirino , president from 1948 until 1953 . Administration of Elpidio Quirino ( 1948 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Victoria Quirino - Gonzalez was the second daughter of Philippine President Elpidio Quirino . Since her father was a widower , she served as First Lady of the Philippines , becoming the youngest bearer of the title at the age of 16 . The Roxas administration granted general amnesty to those who had collaborated with the Japanese in World War II , except for those who had committed violent crimes . Roxas died suddenly of a heart attack in April 1948 , and the vice president , Elpidio Quirino , was elevated to the presidency . He ran for president in his own right in 1949 , defeating José P. Laurel and winning a four - year term . World War II had left the Philippines demoralized and severely damaged . The task of reconstruction was complicated by the activities of the Communist - supported Hukbalahap guerrillas ( known as `` Huks '' ) , who had evolved into a violent resistance force against the new Philippine government . Government policy towards the Huks alternated between gestures of negotiation and harsh suppression . Secretary of Defense Ramon Magsaysay initiated a campaign to defeat the insurgents militarily and at the same time win popular support for the government . The Huk movement had waned in the early 1950s , finally ending with the unconditional surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc in May 1954 . Administration of Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953 -- 1957 ) ( edit ) President and Mrs. Magsaysay with Eleanor Roosevelt at the Malacañan Palace . Supported by the United States , Magsaysay was elected president in 1953 on a populist platform . He promised sweeping economic reform , and made progress in land reform by promoting the resettlement of poor people in the Catholic north into traditionally Muslim areas . Though this relieved population pressure in the north , it heightened religious hostilities . Nevertheless , he was extremely popular with the common people , and his death in an airplane crash in March 1957 dealt a serious blow to national morale . Administration of Carlos P. Garcia ( 1957 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Carlos P. Garcia , president of the Philippines from 1957 until 1961 . Carlos P. Garcia succeeded to the presidency after Magsaysay 's death , and was elected to a four - year term in the election of November that same year . His administration emphasized the nationalist theme of `` Filipino first '' , arguing that the Filipino people should be given the chances to improve the country 's economy . Garcia successfully negotiated for the United States ' relinquishment of large military land reservations . However , his administration lost popularity on issues of government corruption as his term advanced . Administration of Diosdado Macapagal ( 1961 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) President - elect Diosdado Macapagal departs his mother - in - law 's home , his family in tow , for the Malacañang Palace on the day of his inauguration . In the presidential elections held on November 14 , 1961 , Vice President Diosdado Macapagal defeated re-electionist President Carlos P. Garcia and Emmanuel Pelaez as a Vice President . President Macapagal was the President of the Philippines that changed the independence day of the Philippines from July 4 to June 12 . Land reform Code ( edit ) Main article : Agricultural Land Reform Code See also : Land reform in the Philippines The Agricultural Land Reform Code ( RA 3844 ) was a major Philippine land reform law enacted in 1963 under President Diosdado Macapagal . The code declared that it was State policy To establish owner - cultivatorship and the economic family - size farm as the basis of Philippine agriculture and , as a consequence , divert landlord capital in agriculture to industrial development ; To achieve a dignified existence for the small farmers free from pernicious institutional restraints and practices ; To create a truly viable social and economic structure in agriculture conducive to greater productivity and higher farm incomes ; To apply all labor laws equally and without discrimination to both industrial and agricultural wage earners ; To provide a more vigorous and systematic land resettlement program and public land distribution ; and To make the small farmers more independent , self - reliant and responsible citizens , and a source of genuine strength in our democratic society . and , in pursuance of those policies , established the following An agricultural leasehold system to replace all existing share tenancy systems in agriculture ; A declaration of rights for agricultural labor ; An authority for the acquisition and equitable distribution of agricultural land ; An institution to finance the acquisition and distribution of agricultural land ; A machinery to extend credit and similar assistance to agriculture ; A machinery to provide marketing , management , and other technical services to agriculture ; A unified administration for formulating and implementing projects of land reform ; An expanded program of land capability survey , classification , and registration ; and A judicial system to decide issues arising under this Code and other related laws and regulations . Maphilindo ( edit ) Main article : Maphilindo Maphilindo was a proposed nonpolitical confederation of Malaya , the Philippines , and Indonesia . It was based on concepts developed during the Commonwealth government in the Philippines by Wenceslao Vinzons and by Eduardo L. Martelino in his 1959 book Someday , Malaysia `` . In July 1963 , President Diosdado Macapagal of the Philippines convened a summit meeting in Manila . Maphilindo was proposed as a realization of José Rizal 's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples . However , this was perceived as a tactic on the parts of Jakarta and Manila to delay or prevent the formation of the Federation of Malaysia . The plan failed when Indonesian President Sukarno adopted his plan of Konfrontasi with Malaysia . Marcos era ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1965 -- 1986 ) The leaders of the SEATO nations in front of the Congress Building in Manila , hosted by Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos on October 24 , 1966 . ( L-R :) Prime Minister Nguyen Cao Ky ( South Vietnam ) , Prime Minister Harold Holt ( Australia ) , President Park Chung - hee ( South Korea ) , President Ferdinand Marcos ( Philippines ) , Prime Minister Keith Holyoake ( New Zealand ) , Lt. Gen. Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ( South Vietnam ) , Prime Minister Thanom Kittikachorn ( Thailand ) , President Lyndon B. Johnson ( United States ) Imelda Marcos Macapagal ran for re-election in 1965 , but was defeated by his former party - mate , Senate President Ferdinand Marcos , who had switched to the Nacionalista Party . Early in his presidency , Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects and intensified tax collection which brought the country economic prosperity throughout the 1970s . His administration built more roads ( including a substantial portion of the Pan-Philippine Highway ) than all his predecessors combined , and more schools than any previous administration . Marcos was re-elected president in 1969 , becoming the first president of the Philippines to achieve a second term . Opponents of Marcos , however , blocked the necessary legislation to further implement his expansive agenda . Because of this , optimism faded early in his second term and economic growth slowed . Crime and civil disobedience increased . The Communist Party of the Philippines formed the New People 's Army in response to his shaky hold over the nation and the Moro National Liberation Front continued to fight for an independent Muslim nation in Mindanao . An explosion during the proclamation rally of the senatorial slate of the Liberal Party on August 21 , 1971 prompted Marcos to suspend the writ of habeas corpus , which he restored on January 11 , 1972 after public protests . Martial law ( edit ) Banda Kawayan Pilipinas performing c. 1970 's Amidst the rising wave of lawlessness and the conveniently timed threat of a looming Communist insurgency , Marcos declared martial law on September 21 , 1972 by virtue of Proclamation No. 1081 . The Nacionalista president , ruling by decree , curtailed press freedom and other civil liberties , abolished Congress , closed down major media establishments , ordered the arrest of opposition leaders and militant activists , including his staunchest critics : senators Benigno Aquino , Jr. , Jovito Salonga and Jose Diokno . The declaration of martial law was initially well received , given the social turmoil the Philippines was experiencing . Crime rates plunged dramatically after a curfew was implemented . Many political opponents were forced to go into exile . Corazon C. Aquino , the Wife of Benigno Aquino , Jr. replaced Marcos by an Election on 1986 . A constitutional convention , which had been called for in 1970 to replace the colonial 1935 Constitution , continued the work of framing a new constitution after the declaration of martial law . The new constitution went into effect in early 1973 , changing the form of government from presidential to parliamentary and allowing Marcos to stay in power beyond 1973 . Marcos claimed that martial law was the prelude to creating a `` New Society '' based on new social and political values . The economy during the 1970s was robust , with budgetary and trade surpluses . The Gross National Product rose from P55 billion in 1972 to P193 billion in 1980 . Tourism rose , contributing to the economy 's growth . Fourth Republic ( edit ) Manila circa 1980s Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17 , 1981 . However , he retained much of the government 's power for arrest and detention . Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic growth and development under Marcos , whose own health faced obstacles due to lupus . The political opposition decided to boycotted the 1981 presidential elections , which pitted Marcos against retired general Alejo Santos , in protest over his control over the results . Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes , which constitutionally allowed him to have another six - year term . Finance Minister Cesar Virata was eventually appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister . In 1983 , opposition leader Benigno Aquino , Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile . This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events , including pressure from the United States , that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986 . The opposition united under Aquino 's widow , Corazon Aquino . The official election canvasser , the Commission on Elections ( Comelec ) , declared Marcos the winner of the election . However , there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of Namfrel , an accredited poll watcher . The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino and her supporters . International observers , including a U.S. delegation , denounced the official results . General Fidel Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support for Marcos . A peaceful civilian - military uprising , now popularly called the People Power Revolution , forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25 , 1986 . Fifth Republic ( 1986 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the Philippines ( 1986 -- present ) Further information : 1986 -- 90 Philippine coup attempts Administration of Corazon cojuangco Aquino ( 1986 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991 . Corazon Aquino immediately formed a revolutionary government to normalize the situation , and provided for a transitional `` Freedom Constitution '' . A new permanent constitution was ratified and enacted in February 1987 . The constitution crippled presidential power to declare martial law , proposed the creation of autonomous regions in the Cordilleras and Muslim Mindanao , and restored the presidential form of government and the bicameral Congress . Progress was made in revitalizing democratic institutions and respect for civil liberties , but Aquino 's administration was also viewed as weak and fractious , and a return to full political stability and economic development was hampered by several attempted coups staged by disaffected members of the Philippine military . Economic growth was additionally hampered by a series of natural disasters , including the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo that left 700 dead and 200,000 homeless . During the Aquino presidency , Manila witnessed six unsuccessful coup attempts , the most serious occurring in December 1989 . In 1991 , the Philippine Senate rejected a treaty that would have allowed a 10 - year extension of the U.S. military bases in the country . The United States turned over Clark Air Base in Pampanga to the government in November , and Subic Bay Naval Base in Zambales in December 1992 , ending almost a century of U.S. military presence in the Philippines . Administration of Fidel valdez Ramos ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) In the 1992 elections , Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos , endorsed by Aquino , won the presidency with just 23.6 % of the vote in a field of seven candidates . Early in his administration , Ramos declared `` national reconciliation '' his highest priority and worked at building a coalition to overcome the divisiveness of the Aquino years . He legalized the Communist Party and laid the groundwork for talks with communist insurgents , Muslim separatists , and military rebels , attempting to convince them to cease their armed activities against the government . In June 1994 , Ramos signed into law a general conditional amnesty covering all rebel groups , and Philippine military and police personnel accused of crimes committed while fighting the insurgents . In October 1995 , the government signed an agreement bringing the military insurgency to an end . A peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front ( MNLF ) , a major separatist group fighting for an independent homeland in Mindanao , was signed in 1996 , ending the 24 - year - old struggle . However , an MNLF splinter group , the Moro Islamic Liberation Front continued the armed struggle for an Islamic state . Efforts by Ramos supporters to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large - scale protests , leading Ramos to declare he would not seek re-election . On his Presidency the death penalty was revived in the light of the Rape - slay case of Eileen Sarmienta and Allan Gomez in 1993 and the first person to be executed was Leo Echegaray in 1999 . Administration of Joseph ejercito Estrada ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) President Joseph Estrada Joseph Estrada , a former movie actor who had served as Ramos ' vice president , was elected president by a landslide victory in 1998 . His election campaign pledged to help the poor and develop the country 's agricultural sector . He enjoyed widespread popularity , particularly among the poor . Estrada assumed office amid the Asian Financial Crisis . The economy did , however , recover from a low − 0.6 % growth in 1998 to a moderate growth of 3.4 % by 1999 . Like his predecessor there was a similar attempt to change the 1987 constitution . The process is termed as CONCORD or Constitutional Correction for Development . Unlike Charter change under Ramos and Arroyo the CONCORD proposal , according to its proponents , would only amend the ' restrictive ' economic provisions of the constitution that is considered as impeding the entry of more foreign investments in the Philippines . However it was not successful in amending the constitution . After the worsening secessionist movement in Midanao in April 2000 , President Estrada declared an `` all - out - war '' against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) . The government later captured 46 MILF camps including the MILF 's headquarters ' , Camp Abubakar . In October 2000 , however , Estrada was accused of having accepted millions of pesos in payoffs from illegal gambling businesses . He was impeached by the House of Representatives , but his impeachment trial in the Senate broke down when the senate voted to block examination of the president 's bank records . Bonifacio Global City , Metro Manila In response , massive street protests erupted demanding Estrada 's resignation . Faced with street protests , cabinet resignations , and a withdrawal of support from the armed forces , Estrada was forced from office on January 20 , 2001 . Administration of Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Vice President Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo ( the daughter of President Diosdado Macapagal ) was sworn in as Estrada 's successor on the day of his departure . Her accession to power was further legitimized by the mid-term congressional and local elections held four months later , when her coalition won an overwhelming victory . Arroyo 's initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month - long nationwide state of rebellion . Later on in December 2002 she said would not run in May 10 , 2004 presidential election , but she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to join the race anyway . She was re-elected and sworn in for her own six - year term as president on June 30 , 2004 . In 2005 , a tape of a wiretapped conversation surfaced bearing the voice of Arroyo apparently asking an election official if her margin of victory could be maintained . The tape sparked protests calling for Arroyo 's resignation . Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to an election official , but denied allegations of fraud and refused to step down . Attempts to impeach the president failed later that year . Halfway through her second term , Arroyo unsuccessfully attempted to push for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present presidential - bicameral republic into a federal parliamentary - unicameral form of government , which critics describe would be a move that would allow her to stay in power as Prime Minister . Numerous other scandals ( such as the Maguindanao massacre , wherein 58 people were killed , and the unsuccessful NBN - ZTE Broadband Deal ) took place in the dawn of her administration . She formally ended her term as president in 2010 ( wherein she was succeeded by Senator Benigno Aquino III ) and ran for a seat in congress the same year ( becoming the second president after Jose P. Laurel to run for lower office following the presidency ) . Administration of Benigno simeon Aquino III ( 2010 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Presidency of Benigno Aquino III Aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in Tacloban , Leyte Benigno Aquino III began his presidency on June 30 , 2010 , the fifteenth President of the Philippines . He is a bachelor and the son of former Philippines president Corazon C. Aquino . His administration claimed to be focused on major reforms that would bring greater transparency , reduced poverty , reduced corruption , and a booming market which will give birth to a newly industrialized nation . Just as with his predecessor , however , Aquino 's administration has been marked with a mix of success and scandal since his inauguration , beginning with the 2010 Manila hostage crisis that caused deeply strained relations between Manila and Hong Kong for a time ( affecting major events such as Wikimania 2013 ) . The Sultanate of Panay , founded in 2011 , was recognized by the Lanao Advisory Council in 2012 . Tensions regarding Sabah due to the Sultanate of Sulu 's claim gradually rose during the early years of his administration . Standoffs in Sabah between The Sultanate of Sulu 's Royal Army and the Malaysian forces struck in 2013 . In 2012 , the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro was signed to create the Bangsamoro Government in Mindanao . In response , the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters ( BIFF ) was assembled by religious extremists with the goal of seceding from the Philippines . The economy performed well at 7.2 % GDP growth , the second fastest in Asia . In 2013 , Typhoon Haiyan ( Yolanda ) struck the country , leading to massive rehabilitation efforts by foreign world powers sending aid , inevitably devolving into chaos following the revelations that the administration and that the government had not been properly handing out the aid packages and preference for political maneuvering over the safety of the people , leading to mass deterioration of food and medical supplies . Okada Manila In 2014 , the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro was finally signed after 17 years of negotiation with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front ( MILF ) , a move that is expected to bring peace in Mindanao and the Sulu . On April 28 , 2014 , when United States President Barack Obama visited the Philippines , the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement , between the United States of America and the Philippines , was signed . From January 15 to 19 , 2015 , Pope Francis stayed in the Philippines for a series of publicity tours and paid visits to the victims of Typhoon Haiyan . On January 25 , 2015 , 44 members of the Philippine National Police - Special Action Force ( PNP - SAF ) were killed during an encounter between MILF and BIFF in Mamasapano , Maguindanao putting efforts to pass the Bangsamoro Basic Law into law in an impasse . Under his presidency , the Philippines has had controversial clashes with the People 's Republic of China on a number of issues ( such as the standoff in Scarborough Shoal in the South China Sea and the dispute over the Spratly islands ) . This resulted in the proceedings of the Philippines to file a sovereignty case against China in a global arbitration tribunal . Later on in 2014 , the Aquino Administration then filed a memorial to the Arbitration Tribunal in The Hague which challenged Beijing 's claim in the South China Sea after Chinese ships were accused of harassing a small Philippine vessel carrying goods for stationed military personnel in the South Thomas Shoal where an old Philippine ship had been stationed for many years . Under his presidency , for aiming to enhance the educational system in the country , Aquino III signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 , commonly known as K -- 12 program on May 15 , 2013 . On December 20 , 2015 , Pia Wurtzbach won the Miss Universe 2015 , making her the third Filipino to win the Miss Universe title following Gloria Diaz in 1969 and Margarita Moran in 1973 . On January 12 , 2016 , the Philippine Supreme Court upheld the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement paving the way for the return of United States Armed Forces bases into the country . On March 23 , 2016 , Diwata - 1 was launched to the International Space Station ( ISS ) , becoming the country 's first micro-satellite and the first satellite to be built and designed by Filipinos . Administration of Rodrigo roa Duterte ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Rodrigo Duterte , current President of the Philippines . Davao City mayor Rodrigo Duterte of PDP -- Laban won the 2016 presidential election , garnering 39.01 % or 16,601,997 of the total votes , becoming the first Mindanaoan to become president . On the other hand , Camarines Sur 3rd District representative Leni Robredo won with the second narrowest margin in history , against Senator Bongbong Marcos . On 30 May , the Congress had proclaimed Rodrigo Duterte , despite his absence , as president - elect and Leni Robredo as vice president - elect . On July 12 , 2016 , the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled in favor of the Philippines in its case against China 's claims in the South China Sea . Duterte 's presidency began following his inauguration on June 30 , 2016 at the Rizal Ceremonial Hall of the Malacañang Palace in Manila , which was attended by more than 627 guests . On August 1 , 2016 , the Duterte administration launched a 24 - hour complaint office accessible to the public through a nationwide hotline , 8888 , and changed the nationwide emergency telephone number from 117 to 911 . After winning the Presidency , Duterte launched an intensified anti-drug campaign to fulfill a campaign promise of wiping out criminality in six months . By March 2017 , the death toll for the Philippine Drug War passed 8,000 people , with 2,679 killed in legitimate police operations and the rest the government claims to be homicide cases . On November 8 , 2016 , the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in favor of the burial of the late president Ferdinand Marcos in the Libingan ng Mga Bayani , the country 's official cemetery for heroes , provoking protests from thousands of millennials , Marcos - regime human rights victims , and relatives of people who were tortured , killed , or were still missing due to martial rule . The burial of the late president was a campaign promise of President Rodrigo Duterte , who was supported by voters in Ilocos Norte , the home province of Marcos . In November 18 , 2016 , the remains of Ferdinand Marcos was secretly buried by the Philippine National Police , Armed Forces of the Philippines , and the family and friends of Ferdinand Marcos , despite the Supreme Court order being non-executory due to protocol . Later in the afternoon , the event was made public . On May 23 , 2017 , President Rodrigo Duterte signed Proclamation No. 216 declaring a 60 - day martial law in Mindanao following clashes between government forces and the Maute group in Marawi . See also ( edit ) Philippines portal Ancient Filipino diet and health Archaeology of the Philippines Filipino nationalism Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935 History of Asia History of Southeast Asia List of disasters in the Philippines List of Philippine historic sites List of Presidents of the Philippines List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines Military history of the Philippines National hero of the Philippines Politics of the Philippines Resident Commissioner of the Philippines Sovereignty of the Philippines Timeline of Philippine history Timeline of Philippine sovereignty Dambana Suyat Battles of Manila Battles of the Philippines Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott , William Henry ( 1994 ) . Barangay : Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society . Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press . ISBN 971 - 550 - 135 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Junker , Laura Lee ( 1998 ) . `` Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms '' . International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2 ( 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History : Discovery News '' . DNews . Jump up ^ `` Pre-colonial Manila '' . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers . Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library , Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office . 23 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jocano , F. Landa ( 2001 ) . Filipino Prehistory : Rediscovering Precolonial Heritage . Quezon City : Punlad Research House , Inc . ISBN 971 - 622 - 006 - 5 . Jump up ^ Go , Bon Juan ( 2005 ) . `` Ma'I in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai ? An Examination of a Historical Puzzle '' . Philippine Studies . Ateneo de Manila . 53 ( 1 ) : 119 -- 138 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Demetrio , Francisco R. ; Cordero - Fernando , Gilda ; Nakpil - Zialcita , Roberto B. ; Feleo , Fernando ( 1991 ) . The Soul Book : Introduction to Philippine Pagan Religion . GCF Books , Quezon City . ASIN B007FR4S8G . Jump up ^ Thakur , Upendra ( 1986 ) . Some Aspects of Asian History and Culture . Abhinav Publications . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 207 - 9 . Jump up ^ Junker , Laura Lee ( 2000 ) . Raiding , Trading , and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms . Ateneo University Press . ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 347 - 1 . Lay summary . Jump up ^ Bisht , Bankoti & 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Cultural Influences of India , Indonesia , China , Arabia , and Japan '' . philippinealmanac.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( October 14 , 2003 ) . `` Over the Edge of the World : Magellan 's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe '' . William Morrow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 621173 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Cebu '' . encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Zaide 1994 , p. 281 Jump up ^ `` Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago '' . 2 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Valmero , Anna ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Callao man could be ' oldest ' human in Asia Pacific , says Filipino archaeologist '' . Yahoo ! Southeast Asia , loqal.ph . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ Severino , Howie G. ( August 1 , 2010 ) . Researchers discover fossil of human older than Tabon Man Archived August 4 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... GMA News . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Morella , Cecil . ( August 3 , 2010 ) . ' Callao Man ' Could Redraw Filipino History . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved October 21 , 2010 from Discovery News . Jump up ^ `` Archaeologists unearth 67,000 - year - old human bone in Philippines '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ The Utrecht Faculty of Education . `` The Philippines -- The Philippines in earlier times -- The First Inhabitants 40,000 years ago '' . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Solheim , Wilhelm G. , II . ( 2006 ) . Archeology and Culture in Southeast Asia . University of the Philippines Press . pp. 57 -- 139 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 542 - 508 - 7 . Jump up ^ Solheim , Wilhelm G. , II . ( January 2006 ) . Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mijares , Armand Salvador B ( 2006 ) . `` The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon : Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites '' . Bulletin of the Indo - Pacific Prehistory Association . 26 : 72 -- 78 . doi : 10.7152 / bippa. v26i0. 11995 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Not one roof beam , not one grain of rice , not one pygmy Negrito bone has been recovered . Any theory which describes such details is therefore pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such . '' , Scott 1984 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Solheim II , Wilhelm G . `` The Filipinos and their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter ( 2014 ) . The Global Prehistory of Human Migration . p. 213 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Ward Hunt ( 1996 ) . Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific , Volume 86 , Part 5 . American Philosophical Society . pp. 127 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Goodenough , Ward Hunt ( 1996 ) . Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific , Volume 86 , Part 5 . American Philosophical Society . p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sagart , Laurent . `` The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia '' . Jump up ^ Li , H ; Huang , Y ; Mustavich , LF ; et al. ( November 2007 ) . `` Y chromosomes of prehistoric people along the Yangtze River '' . Hum . Genet. 122 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 383 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 007 - 0407 - 2 . PMID 17657509 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Early Austronesians : Into and Out Of Taiwan '' . ^ Jump up to : Scott , William ( 1984 ) . Prehispanic Source Material . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Bellwood , Peter ( 2011 ) . Pathos of Origin . pp. 31 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Hsiao - Chun , Hung ( 2007 ) . Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia . Jump up ^ Legarda , Benito , Jr. ( 2001 ) . `` Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines '' . Kinaadman ( Wisdom ) A Journal of the Southern Philippines . 23 : 40 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Munoz , Paul Michael ( 2006 ) . Early kingdoms of the Indonesian archipelago and the Malay peninsula . p. 45 . Jump up ^ Glover , Ian ; Bellwood , Peter , eds. ( 2004 ) . Southeast Asia : From Prehistory to History . Psychology Press . pp. 36 , 157 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 29777 - 6 . Jump up ^ The Philippines and India -- Dhirendra Nath Roy , Manila 1929 and India and The World -- By Buddha Prakash p. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Cembrano , Margarita R. Patterns of the Past : The Ethno Archaeology of Butuan . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Father Gabriel Casal & Regalado Trota Jose , Jr. , Eric S. Casino , George R. Ellis , Wilhelm G. Solheim II , The People and Art of the Philippines , printed by the Museum of Cultural History , UCLA ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter , Hsiao - Chun Hung , and Yoshiyuki Iizuka . `` Taiwan Jade in the Philippines : 3,000 Years of Trade and Long - distance Interaction . '' Paths of Origins : The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines , the Museum Nasional Indonesia , and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ( 2011 ) : 31 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Solheim , William ( 1969 ) . `` Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines '' . Asian Perspectives. 3 : 97 -- 108 . hdl : 10125 / 19126 . Jump up ^ Miksic , John N. ( 2003 ) . Earthenware in Southeast Asia : Proceedings of the Singapore Symposium on Premodern Southeast Asian Earthenwares . Singapore : Singapore University Press , National University of Singapore . Jump up ^ Philippine Journal of Linguistics -- 23 -- p. 67 Jump up ^ The Earth and Its Peoples : A Global History by Richard Bulliet , Pamela Crossley , Daniel Headrick , Steven Hirsch , Lyman Johnson p. 186 Jump up ^ Copperplate Archived November 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , in The Laguna Copperplate Inscription , bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Butuan Ivory Seal Archived October 10 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , bibingka.com Jump up ^ The Calatagan Pot Archived February 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , bibingka.com Jump up ^ Philippine History by Maria Christine N. Halili . `` Chapter 3 : Precolonial Philippines '' ( Published by Rex Bookstore ; Manila , Sampaloc St. Year 2004 ) Jump up ^ `` Katutubo , Muslim , Kristyano '' . Salazar at Mendoza - Urban . Jump up ^ The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta . Ana of new Manila , Traveler On Foot self - published journal . Jump up ^ Volume 5 of A study of the Eastern and Western Oceans ( Japanese : 東 西洋 考 ) mentions that Luzon first sent tribute to Yongle Emperor in 1406 . Jump up ^ `` Akeanon Online -- Aton Guid Ra ! -- Aklan History Part 3 -- Confederation of Madyaas '' . Akeanon.com . March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ The Unconquered Kingdom Archived December 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . in The official website of the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu and the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sabah Jump up ^ Munoz 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Background Note : Brunei Darussalam , U.S. State Department . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Mangyan Heritage Center . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1985 ) . Cracks in the parchment curtain and other essays in Philippine history . New Day Publishers . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0073 - 8 . Jump up ^ The Report : The Philippines 2012 . Oxford Business Group . 2012 . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907065 - 56 - 9 . Jump up ^ Woods , Damon L. ( 2006 ) . The Philippines : A Global Studies Handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 675 - 6 . Jump up ^ Scott , William Henry ( 1989 ) . `` Filipinos in China in 1500 '' ( PDF ) . China Studies Program . De la Salle University . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ `` South East Asia Pottery -- Philippines '' . Seapots.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Old Chinese Book Tells of the World 800 Years Ago ; Chau - Ju - Kua 's Chronicles of the Twelfth Century , Now First Translated , Give a `` Description of Barbarous Peoples '' Picked Up by This Noted Inspector of Foreign Trade and Descendant of Emperors . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ History of the Kingdom of Dapitan . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jovito S. Abellana , `` Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya '' ( Ms. , Cebuano Studies Center , ca . 1960 ) Jump up ^ Maragtas by Pedro Alcantara Monteclaro Jump up ^ Jovito Abellana , Aginid , Bayok sa Atong Tawarik , 1952 Jump up ^ Kinaadman. 2001 . Volume 23 . Xavier University Press . Page 34 . Jump up ^ Scott 1984 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Santos , Hector . ( October 28 , 1996 ) . `` The Butuan Silver Strip '' Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... A Philippine Leaf . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Santos , Hector . ( October 28 , 1996 ) . `` The Butuan Silver Strip Deciphered '' . A Philippine Leaf . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ History for Brunei 2009 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Barski , p. 46 Jump up ^ 100 Events That Shaped The Philippines ( Adarna Book Services Inc. 1999 Published by National Centennial Commission ) Page 72 `` The Founding of the Sulu Sultanate '' Jump up ^ `` The Maguindanao Sultanate '' , Moro National Liberation Front web site . `` The Political and Religious History of the Bangsamoro People , condensed from the book Muslims in the Philippines by Dr. C.A. Majul . '' ( archived from the original on 2003 - 01 - 26 ) Retrieved January 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Palafox , Queenie . `` The Sultan of the River '' . National Historical Commission . Retrieved 16 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Shinzō Hayase ( 2007 ) . Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations : Maguindanao , Sangir , and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press . p. 117 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 550 - 511 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pusat Sejarah Brunei Archived April 15 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved February 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Luciano P.R. , The Houses of Lakandula , Matanda , and Soliman ( 1571 -- 1898 ) : Genealogy and Group Identity , Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Henson , Mariano A. 1965 . The Province of Pampanga and Its Towns : A.D. 1300 -- 1965 . 4th ed. revised . Angeles City : By the author . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD . At the same time , Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya . SOURCE : Ibidem , page 195 . Jump up ^ The former sultan of Malacca decided to retake his city from the Portuguese with a fleet of ships from Lusung in 1525 AD . SOURCE : Barros , Joao de , Decada terciera de Asia de Ioano de Barros dos feitos que os Portugueses fezarao no descubrimiento dos mares e terras de Oriente ( 1628 ) , Lisbon , 1777 , courtesy of William Henry Scott , Barangay : Sixteenth - Century Philippine Culture and Society , Quezon City : Ateneo de Manila University Press , 1994 , page 194 . Jump up ^ Pigafetta , Antonio ( 1969 ) ( 1524 ) . `` First voyage round the world '' . Translated by J.A. Robertson . Manila : Filipiniana Book Guild . Jump up ^ Pires , Tomé ( 1944 ) . A suma oriental de Tomé Pires eo livro de Francisco Rodriguez : Leitura e notas de Armando Cortesão ( 1512 -- 1515 ) ( in Portuguese ) . Translated by Armando Cortesao . Cambridge : Hakluyt Society . Jump up ^ Lach , Donald Frederick ( 1994 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Philippine Islands '' . Asia in the Making of Europe . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46732 - 5 . Jump up ^ Reid , Anthony ( 1995 ) . `` Continuity and Change in the Austronesian Transition to Islam and Christianity '' . In Peter Bellwood ; James J. Fox ; Darrell Tryon . The Austronesians : Historical and comparative perspectives . Canberra : Department of Anthropology , The Australian National University . Jump up ^ Turnbull , C.M. ( 1977 ) . A History of Singapore : 1819 - 1975 . Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 580354 - 9 . Jump up ^ Antony , Robert J. Elusive Pirates , Pervasive Smugglers : Violence and Clandestine Trade in the Greater China Seas . Hong Kong : Hong Kong University Press , 2010 . Print , 76 . Jump up ^ Junker , Laura L. Raiding , Trading , and Feasting : The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms . Honolulu : University of Hawaiì Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , R J. An Abridged Malay - English Dictionary ( romanised ) . London : Macmillan and Co , 1948 . Print , 291 . Jump up ^ Pigafetta , Antonio ( 1524 ) . Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo . Jump up ^ Marivir Montebon , Retracing Our Roots -- A Journey into Cebu 's Pre-Colonial Past , p. 15 Jump up ^ Celestino C. Macachor ( 2011 ) . `` Searching for Kali in the Indigenous Chronicles of Jovito Abellana '' . Rapid Journal . 10 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lacsamana 1990 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 52 Jump up ^ & Kurlansky 1999 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Joaquin 1988 . Jump up ^ Alip 1964 , p. 201,317 . Jump up ^ United States War Dept 1903 p. 379 Jump up ^ McAmis 2002 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II , 1578 '' . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankham 2008 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Atiyah 2002 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2002 , pp. 54 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Saunders 2002 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Tomas L. `` Magat Salamat '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Fernando A. Santiago , Jr . `` Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan , Maynila 1589 -- 1898 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Peter Borschberg ( 2015 ) . Journal , Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge . Security , Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th - Century Southeast Asia . Singapore : NUS Press . pp. 82 , 84 , 126 , 421 . Retrieved 30 Aug 2015 . Jump up ^ Truxillo , Charles A. ( 2012 ) . Crusaders in the Far East : The Moro Wars in the Philippines in the Context of the Ibero - Islamic World War . Jain Publishing Company . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89581 - 864 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peacock Gallop ( 2015 ) `` From Anatolia to Aceh : Ottomans , Turks and Southeast Asia '' . Jump up ^ Jiménez , David Sánchez ( Fall 2010 ) . `` La hispanización y la identidad hispanaen Filipinas ( 1a parte ) '' . Revista Filipina ( in Spanish ) . XIV ( 3 ) . ISSN 1496 - 4538 . Jump up ^ `` Fortress of Empire , Rene Javellana , S.J. 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 179 . Within the walls , there were some six hundred houses of a private nature , most of them built of stone and tile , and an equal number outside in the suburbs , or `` arrabales , '' all occupied by Spaniards ( `` todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles '' ) . This gives some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments , exclusive of the religious , who in Manila numbered at least one hundred and fifty , the garrison , at certain times , about four hundred trained Spanish soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries , and the official classes . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Expeditions to the Philippines '' . PHILIPPINE-HISTORY.ORG. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Living in the Philippines : Living , Retiring , Travelling and Doing Business '' . Jump up ^ Galaup `` Travel Accounts '' page 375 . Jump up ^ `` Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World '' By Eva Maria Mehl , page 235 . Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 229 . Reforms under General Arandía. -- The demoralization and misery with which Obando 's rule closed were relieved somewhat by the capable government of Arandía , who succeeded him . Arandía was one of the few men of talent , energy , and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in these islands during two centuries . He reformed the greatly disorganized military force , establishing what was known as the `` Regiment of the King , '' made up very largely of Mexican soldiers ( note : emphasis added ) . He also formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos . These were regular troops , who received from Arandía sufficient pay to enable them to live decently and like an army . Jump up ^ `` SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS , AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER , ST . AUGUSTINE '' ( Zamboanga City History ) `` He ( Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera ) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers , many of them from Peru , as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom . '' Jump up ^ Quinze Ans de Voyage Autor de Monde Vol. II ( 1840 ) Archived 2014 - 10 - 09 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2014 - 7 - 25 from Institute for Research of Iloilo Official Website . Jump up ^ `` The Philippine Archipelago '' By Yves Boquet Page 262 Jump up ^ De la Torre , Visitacion ( 2006 ) . The Ilocos Heritage . Makati City : Tower Book House . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 91030 - 9 - 7 . Jump up ^ The Unlucky Country : The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie ( Page xii ) Jump up ^ Carol R. Ember ; Melvin Ember ; Ian A. Skoggard , eds. ( 2005 ) . History . Encyclopedia of Diasporas : Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World , Volume 1 . Springer . Jump up ^ Stephanie Mawson , ' Between Loyalty and Disobedience : The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific ' ( Univ. of Sydney M. Phil . thesis , 2014 ) , appendix 3 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Christian '' . Philippines : Google map of Paco district of Manila , Philippines . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Spanish Settlers in the Philippines ( 1571 - 1599 ) By Antonio Garcia - Abasalo Jump up ^ Retana , `` Relacion de las Encomiendas existentes en Filipinas el dia 31 de 1.591 '' Archivo del Bibliófilo Filipino IV , p 39 -- 112 Jump up ^ Barrows , David ( 2014 ) . `` A History of the Philippines '' . Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1 : 139 . Fourth. -- In considering this Spanish conquest , we must understand that the islands were far more sparsely inhabited than they are to - day . The Bisayan islands , the rich Camarines , the island of Luzon , had , in Legaspi 's time , only a small fraction of their present great populations . This population was not only small , but it was also extremely disunited . Not only were the great tribes separated by the differences of language , but , as we have already seen , each tiny community was practically independent , and the power of a dato very limited . There were no great princes , with large forces of fighting retainers whom they could call to arms , such as the Portuguese had encountered among the Malays south in the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Spain ( 1680 ) . Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias . Titulo Quince . De las Audiencias y Chancillerias Reales de las Indias . Madrid . Spanish - language facsimile of the original . Jump up ^ Coleman 2009 , pp. 17 -- 59 Jump up ^ Antonio de Morga ( 1609 ) . Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas . Fondo de Cultura . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01035 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 4 Jump up ^ Shafer 1958 Jump up ^ `` US Country Studies : Education in the Philippines '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Tracy 1995 , pp. 12 , 55 Jump up ^ Tracy 1995 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Tracy 1995 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Backhouse , Thomas ( 1765 ) . The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway . London : British Library . pp. v. 40 . Jump up ^ Raitisoja , Geni `` Chinatown Manila : Oldest in the world '' Archived April 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tradio86.com , July 8 , 2006 , accessed March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fish 2003 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 5 Jump up ^ Fundación Santa María ( Madrid ) 1994 , p. 508 Jump up ^ Marciano R. De Borja ( 2005 ) . Basques in the Philippines . University of Nevada Press . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 590 - 5 . Jump up ^ John Crawfurd , History of the Indian Archipelago , ( 1820 ) , page 445 Jump up ^ John Bowring , `` Travels in the Philippines '' , p. 18 , London , 1875 Jump up ^ Frederic H. Sawyer , `` The inhabitants of the Philippines '' , Preface , London , 1900 Jump up ^ Population of the Philippines Census Years 1799 to 2007 Archived July 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... National Statistical Coordination Board , Jump up ^ Jan Lahmeyer ( 1996 ) . `` The Philippines : historical demographical data of the whole country '' . Retrieved July 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Voz de Galicia ( 1898 ) . `` CENSOS DE CUBA , PUERTO RICO , FILIPINAS Y ESPAÑA . ESTUDIO DE SU RELACION '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ NationMaster ( 2010 ) . `` GDP per capita in 1900 by country . Definition , graph and map '' . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Philippine History '' . DLSU - Manila . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2006 . Retrieved August 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Destruction of USS Maine '' . U.S. Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xiv . Jump up ^ Wionzek 2000 , p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Lacsamana 1990 , p. 126 Jump up ^ `` Philippines -- The Malolos Constitution and the Treaty of Paris '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` President McKinley gives his reasons for the U.S. to keep the Philippines '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Woods 2005 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lacsamana 1990 , p. 135 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 13 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 15 Jump up ^ Deady 2005 , p. 55 ( page 3 of the PDF ) Jump up ^ David Silbey ( 2008 ) . A War of Frontier and Empire : The Philippine -- American War , 1899 -- 1902 . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . pp. 200 -- 01 . ISBN 9780809096619 . Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , p. 222 ; Zaide 1994 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Linn 2000 , p. 148 . 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'' Agricultural History 90 # 4 ( 2016 ) : 459 -- 483 . online Jump up ^ Mina Roces , `` Filipino Elite Women and Public Health in the American Colonial Era , 1906 -- 1940 . '' Women 's History Review 26 # 3 ( 2017 ) : 477 -- 502 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Jose ( 1923 ) . Legislative history of America 's economic policy toward the Philippines . Studies in history , economics and public law . 106 ( 2 ed . ) . Columbia University . pp. 192 of 232 . Jump up ^ Dolan & 1991 - 17 Jump up ^ Page 92 , Volume 32 The Encyclopædia Britannica 1922 edition Jump up ^ Goff , Richard ; Moss , Walter G. ; Terry , Janice ; Upshur , Jiu - Hwa : The Twentieth Century : A Brief Global History , Boston : McGraw - Hill , 1998 , pp. 212 Jump up ^ Agoncillo 1990 , pp. 345 -- 346 ^ Jump up to : Dolan & 1991 - 20 Jump up ^ Super Administrator . `` Corpus Juris -- 1935 Constitution '' . thecorpusjuris.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ Philippine Military Takes Moro Headquarters , People 's Daily , July 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ AFP - MILF 2000 War in Mindanao Remembered Archived March 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . ( April 13 , 2006 ) , American Chronicle , May 13 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Country Profile : Philippines , March 2006 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gloria Macapagal Arroyo Talkasia Transcript '' . CNN . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Dalangin - Fernandez , Lira ( July 20 , 2006 ) . `` People 's support for Charter change ' nowhere to go but up ' '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte , Robredo win 2016 polls '' . ABS - CBN . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Congress proclaims Duterte , Robredo as new President , VP ; Rody a no - show '' . Inquirer.net . May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Philips , T. ; Holmes , O. ; Bowcott , O. ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Philippines wins South China Sea case against China '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rañada , Pia ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte inauguration guest list now has 627 names '' . Rappler . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corrales , Nestor ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Duterte administration to launch 24 - hour hotline in August '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dial 8888 , 911 : Gov 't opens complaints , emergency hotlines '' . ABS CBN News . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duterte sworn in as Philippines president '' . Reuters. 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Between Duterte and a death squad , a Philippine mayor fights drug - war violence '' . Reuters . March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` # RealNumbersPH '' . Philippine Information Agency . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cayetano : PH war on drugs exaggerated by fake news '' . ABS - CBN. 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ News , RG Cruz , ABS - CBN . `` Martial law survivor asks SC to reverse Marcos burial '' . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Marcos protesters brave rains to condemn burial - The Manila Times Online '' . www.manilatimes.net . Jump up ^ Esguerra , Anthony ; Salaverria , Leila ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Agoncillo , Teodoro A. ( 1990 ) ( 1960 ) . History of the Filipino People ( 8th ed . ) . Quezon City : Garotech Publishing . ISBN 971 - 8711 - 06 - 6 . Alip , Eufronio Melo ( 1964 ) . Philippine History : Political , Social , Economic . Atiyah , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Rough guide to Southeast Asia . Rough Guide . ISBN 978 - 1858288932 . Bisht , Narendra S. ; Bankoti , T.S. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopaedia of the South East Asian Ethnography . Global Vision Publishing Ho . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87746 - 96 - 6 . Coleman , Ambrose ( 2009 ) . The Firars in the Philippines . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 71989 - 8 . Deady , Timothy K. ( 2005 ) . `` Lessons from a Successful Counterinsurgency : The Philippines , 1899 -- 1902 '' ( PDF ) . Parameters . Carlisle , Pennsylvania : United States Army War College . 35 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 68 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Early History '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Early Spanish '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Decline of Spanish '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Spanish American War '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` War of Resistance '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` United States Rule '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` A Collaborative Philippine Leadership '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Commonwealth Politics '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` World War II '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Economic Relations with the United States '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` The Magsaysay , Garcia , and Macapagal Administrations '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Marcos and the Road to Martial Law '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Dolan , Ronald E. , ed. ( 1991 ) . `` From Aquino 's Assassination to People Power '' . Philippines : A Country Study . Washington : GPO for the Library of Congress . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0748 - 8 . Ellis , Edward S. ( 2008 ) . Library of American History from the Discovery of America to the Present Time . READ BOOKS . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 7649 - 3 . Duka , Cecilio D. ( 2008 ) . Struggle for Freedom ' 2008 Ed . Rex Bookstore , Inc . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 . Escalante , Rene R. ( 2007 ) . The Bearer of Pax Americana : The Philippine Career of William H. Taft , 1900 -- 1903 . Quezon City , Philippines : New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 1166 - 6 . Fish , Shirley ( 2003 ) . When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762 -- 1764 . 1stBooks . ISBN 1 - 4107 - 1069 - 6 . Frankham , Steven ( 2008 ) . Borneo . Footprint Handbooks . Footprint . ISBN 978 - 1906098148 . Fundación Santa María ( Madrid ) ( 1994 ) . Historia de la educación en España y América : La educación en la España contemporánea : ( 1789 -- 1975 ) ( in Spanish ) . Ediciones Morata . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7112 - 378 - 7 . Joaquin , Nick ( 1988 ) . Culture and history : occasional notes on the process of Philippine becoming . Solar Pub . Corp . ISBN 978 - 971 - 17 - 0633 - 3 . Kurlansky , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Basque history of the world . Walker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 1349 - 0 . Lacsamana , Leodivico Cruz ( 1990 ) . Philippine History and Government ( Second ed . ) . Phoenix Publishing House , Inc . ISBN 971 - 06 - 1894 - 6 . Linn , Brian McAllister ( 2000 ) . The Philippine War , 1899 -- 1902 . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1225 - 3 . McAmis , Robert Day ( 2002 ) . Malay Muslims : The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802849458 . Munoz , Paul Michel ( 2006 ) . Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula . Editions Didier Millet . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4155 - 67 - 0 . Norling , Bernard ( 2005 ) . The Intrepid Guerrillas of North Luzon . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 9134 - 8 . Riggs , Fred W. ( 1994 ) . `` Bureaucracy : A Profound Puzzle for Presidentialism '' . In Farazmand , Ali . Handbook of Bureaucracy . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 9182 - 7 . Saunders , Graham ( 2002 ) . A History of Brunei . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0700716982 . Schirmer , Daniel B. ; Shalom , Stephen Rosskamm ( 1987 ) . The Philippines Reader : A History of Colonialism , Neocolonialism , Dictatorship , and Resistance . South End Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 275 - 5 . Scott , William Henry ( 1984 ) . Prehispanic source materials for the study of Philippine history . New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0227 - 5 . Shafer , Robert Jones ( 1958 ) . The economic societies in the Spanish world , 1763 -- 1821 . Syracuse University Press . Tracy , Nicholas ( 1995 ) . Manila Ransomed : The British Assault on Manila in the Seven Years War . University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85989 - 426 - 5 . Stearns , Peter N. , ed. ( 2002 ) . `` V. ( F ) 2 . The Philippines , 1800 -- 1913 '' . Encyclopedia of World History . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 13 . Taft , William ( 1908 ) . Present Day Problems . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8369 - 0922 - 7 . Annual report of the Secretary of War . Washington GPO : US Army . 1903 . Wionzek , Karl - Heinz ( 2000 ) . `` Germany , the Philippines , and the Spanish -- American War : four accounts by officers of the Imperial German Navy '' . National Historical Institute . Woods , Ayon kay Damon L. ( 2005 ) . The Philippines . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 675 - 2 . Zaide , Sonia M. ( 1994 ) . The Philippines : A Unique Nation . All - Nations Publishing Co . ISBN 971 - 642 - 071 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Abinales , Patricio N. ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) . State and Society in the Philippines . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 6872 - 3 . Columbia University Press ( 2001 ) . `` Philippines , The '' . Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Bartleby.com . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2008 . Barrows , David Prescott ( 1905 ) . A History of the Philippines . Amer . Bk . Company . Corpuz , O.D. ( 2005 ) . Roots of the Filipino Nation . University of the Philippines Press . ISBN 971 - 542 - 461 - 9 . Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1916 ) . The Philippines : To the End of the Military Régime ( pdf ) . The Bobbs - Merrill Company . Elliott , Charles Burke ( 1917 ) . The Philippines : To the End of the Commission Government , a Study in Tropical Democracy ( pdf ) . The Bobbs - Merrill Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1582 -- 1583 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 . 5 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Explorations by early navigators , descriptions of the islands and their peoples , their history and records of the catholic missions , as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts , showing the political , economic , commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century . Preface to Volume 1 General Preface The entrance of the United States of America into the arena of world - politics , the introduction of American influence into Oriental affairs , and the establishment of American authority in the Philippine archipelago , all render the history of those islands and their , numerous peoples a topic of engrossing interest and importance to the reading public , and especially to scholars , historians , and statesmen . The present work -- its material carefully selected and arranged from a vast mass of printed works and unpublished manuscripts -- is offered to the public with the intention and hope of casting light on the great problems which confront the American people in the Philippines ; and of furnishing authentic and trustworthy material for a thorough and scholarly history of the islands . For this purpose , the Editors reproduce ( mainly in English translation ) contemporaneous documents which constitute the best original sources of Philippine history . Beginning with Pope Alexander VI 's line of demarcation between the Spanish and the Portuguese dominions in the New World ( 1493 ) , the course of history in the archipelago is thus traced through a period of more than three centuries , comprising the greater part of the Spanish régime . In the selection of material , the Editors have sought to make the scope of the work commensurate with the breadth of the field , and to allot to each subject space proportioned to its interest ; not only the political relations , but the social and religious , economic and commercial conditions of the Philippines have received due attention and care . All classes of writers are here represented -- early navigators , officials civil and military , ecclesiastical dignitaries , and priests belonging to the various religious orders who conducted the missions among the Filipino peoples . To the letters , reports , and narratives furnished by these men are added numerous royal decrees , papal bulls and briefs , and other valuable documents . Most of this material is now for the first time made accessible to English - speaking readers ; and the great libraries and archives of Spain , Italy , France , England , Mexico , and the United States have generously contributed to furnish it . In the presentation of these documents , the Editors assume an entirely impartial attitude , free from any personal bias , whether political or sectarian . They aim to secure historical accuracy , especially in that aspect which requires the sympathetic interpretation of each author 's thought and intention ; and to depict faithfully the various aspects of the life of the Filipinos , their relations with other peoples ( especially those of Europe ) , and the gradual ascent of many tribes from barbarism . They invite the reader 's especial attention to the Introduction furnished for this series by Professor Edward Gaylord Bourne , of Yale University -- valuable alike for its breadth of view and for its scholarly thoroughness . The Bibliographical Data at the end of each volume will supply necessary information as to sources and location of the documents published therein ; fuller details , and of broader scope , will be given in the volume devoted to Philippine bibliography , at the end of the series . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1583 -- 1588 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 6 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Explorations by early navigators , descriptions of the islands and their peoples , their history and records of the catholic missions , as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts , showing the political , economic , commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century . Change of title and extension of scope -- Preface to Volume 6 . Editorial Announcement Facsimile of title page from Volume 43 The Editors desire to announce to their readers an important modification in the scope and contents of this work . As originally planned and hitherto announced , the series was intended to furnish the original sources , printed and documentary , for the history of the Philippine Islands only to the beginning of the nineteenth century . To most of our readers , the reasons for this are obvious : the fact that the classic period of Philippine history is thus bounded ; the comparative rarity and inaccessibility of most material therein to the general public ; the vast extent of the field covered by Philippine history , and the necessary limitations of space imposed upon the selection of material for this work ; the closing of foreign archives to all investigators after an early date in the nineteenth century ; and the greater difficulty , in that later period , of securing a proper historical perspective . But so many and urgent requests have come to us , from subscribers and reviewers , for such extension of this series as shall cover the entire period of Spanish domination , that we have decided to modify the former plan in the manner here briefly indicated . It is our purpose not to exceed the number of volumes already announced , fifty - five . We are able to do this because in our original plan , to avoid a subsequent increase in the number of volumes , a certain amount of space was purposely left for possible future changes as a result of later investigations to be made in foreign archives , or on account of the necessary excision of extraneous or irrelevant matter from the printed works which are to be presented in this series . The new title will be `` The Philippine Islands : 1493 -- 1898 . '' The early and especially important history of the islands will be covered as fully as before . For the history of the nineteenth century , we will present various important decrees , reports , and other official documents ; and provide a clear , careful , and impartial synopsis of some of the best historical matter extant , down to the close of the Spanish régime . Throughout the series will be used , as has been done from the beginning , all the best material available -- historical , descriptive , and statistical -- for reference and annotation . With the copious and carefully - prepared bibliography of Philippine historical literature , and the full analytical index , which will close the series ; the broad and representative character of the material selected throughout ; and the impartial and non-sectarian attitude maintained , the Editors trust that this change will still further enable scholars , historical writers , and general readers alike to study , with reliable and satisfactory material , the history of the Philippine Islands from their first discovery by Europeans to the close of the Spanish régime , and incidentally the history of the entire Orient . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1588 -- 1591 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 7 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1903 ) . 1591 -- 1593 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 8 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1904 ) . 1593 -- 1597 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 9 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1904 ) . 1604 -- 1605 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 13 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1905 ) . 1630 -- 1634 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 24 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight . Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1905 ) . 1635 -- 1636 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 25 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord BOURNE ; additional translations by Rev T.C. Middleton and Robert W. Haight . Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1906 ) . 1649 -- 1666 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 36 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne ; additional translations by Henry B. Lathrop . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Blair , Emma Helen & Robertson , James Alexander , eds. ( 1906 ) . 1670 -- 1700 . The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1898 . 42 . Historical introduction and additional notes by Edward Gaylord Bourne . Cleveland , Ohio : Arthur H. Clark Company . Millis , Walter ( 1931 ) . The Martial Spirit . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 929587 - 07 - 3 . Kalaw , Maximo M. ( 1927 ) . `` Early Political Life in the Philippines '' . The development of Philippine politics . Oriental commercial . p. 1 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 21 . Nieva , Gregorio ( September 28 , 1921 ) . `` Now Is The Time To Solve The Philippine Problem : The View Of A Representative Filipino '' . The Outlook . Outlook Publishing Company , Inc. 129 : 135 -- 137 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Scott , William Henry ( 1992 ) . Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino : And Other Essays in Philippine History . New Day Publishers . ISBN 978 - 971 - 10 - 0524 - 5 . Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1913 ) . The Philippines : Past and Present . New York : The Macmillan company . Worcester , Dean Conant ( 1898 ) . The Philippine Islands and Their People . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of the Philippines . Official government portal of the Republic of the Philippines . National Historical Institute . The United States and its Territories 1870 -- 1925 : The Age of Imperialism . History of the Philippine Islands by Morga , Antonio de in 55 volumes , from Project Gutenberg . Translated into English , edited and annotated by E.H. Blair and J.A. Robertson . Volumes 1 -- 14 and 15 -- 25 indexed under Blair , Emma Helen . Philippine Society and Revolution ( archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 10 ) . 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who were the first european to reach the philippines

The first recorded visit by Europeans is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan . He sighted Samar Island on March 16 , 1521 and landed the next day on Homonhon Island , now part of Guiuan , Eastern Samar . Spanish colonization began with the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi 's expedition on February 13 , 1565 from Mexico . He established the first permanent settlement in Cebu . Much of the archipelago came under Spanish rule , creating the first unified political structure known as the Philippines . Spanish colonial rule saw the introduction of Christianity , the code of law and the oldest modern university in Asia . The Philippines was ruled under the Mexico - based Viceroyalty of New Spain . After which , the colony was directly governed by Spain .

Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) - Wikipedia Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search Jigsaw Jigsaw on the cover of Punisher War Journal Vol. 2 , # 18 ( June 2008 ) Art by Ariel Olivetti Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Cameo appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 ( October 1976 ) Full appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) Created by Len Wein Ross Andru In - story information Full name William Russo Species Human Place of origin Earth - 616 Team affiliations Maggia Hood 's Crime Syndicate Partnerships Rev Stuart Clarke Notable aliases The Beaut , The Heavy Abilities Experienced street fighter Exceptional strategist and tactician Highly charismatic criminal organizer Wears a special exoskeleton Jigsaw ( William `` Billy '' Russo , also known as Billy `` The Beaut '' Russo before his disfigurement ) is a fictional character , gangster , and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Len Wein and Ross Andru , the character made his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 2099 4.2 Crossovers 4.3 Earth X 4.4 Marvel MAX 4.5 Marvel Noir 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.4 Toys 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Jigsaw debuted in The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 -- 162 , returning in The Amazing Spider - Man # 188 , and The Punisher # 1 and # 4 -- 5 . Jigsaw then allied with the Rev in The Punisher Vol. 2 , # 35 -- 40 , and Gregario in # 55 -- 56 . Following a cameo appearance in The Punisher War Journal # 61 , Jigsaw 's origin was detailed in Issues # 3 -- 4 of the prequel limited series The Punisher : Year One , and he furthered bedeviled the Punisher in Punisher Vol. 3 , # 2 -- 4 and # 9 -- 10 . Proceeding an encounter with the eponymous character in Daredevil Vol. 2 , # 61 -- 64 , Jigsaw appeared in The New Avengers # 1 -- 3 , # 35 , # 46 , # 50 , # 57 , and The New Avengers Annual # 2 ; concurrent to his appearances in that title , Jigsaw also starred in Punisher War Journal Vol. 2 , # 11 , # 18 -- 20 , and # 22 -- 23 . He was then featured in the five - issue miniseries Punisher : In the Blood , and made a subsequent cameo in the Thunderbolts Vol. 2 Annual . Jigsaw received profiles in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe # 6 , The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition # 10 , Marvel Encyclopedia # 4 and # 5 , The New Avengers Most Wanted Files # 1 , and Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A -- Z # 6 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian - American family , kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his abusive father at the age of ten , and went on to become a hitman for New York 's Italian criminal underworld , where his good looks garnered him the nickname `` the Beaut '' . He also married a woman named Susan , and would beat both her and their son , Henry , once forcing Henry to drown his pet cat 's kittens by threatening to shoot Susan . After the botched gangland execution that inadvertently led to the Castle family being massacred , Russo is hired by Frank Costa to assassinate all those connected to the Castles . Russo kills all of his targets but Frank Castle , who survives the bomb that Russo had planted in Castle 's home . Hours later , the Punisher ( Frank Castle ) tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub . The Punisher guns down all of Russo 's associates , but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass pane , an act that reduces Russo 's face to a jigsaw puzzle - like mess of scars . Taking advantage of his hideous visage , the formerly handsome gangster adopts the identity of Jigsaw , and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder . However , the plan fails due to the intervention of Spider - Man and Nightcrawler ; Spider - Man witnesses one of Jigsaw 's murders , and one of his victims is an old friend of Nightcrawler . Jigsaw later battled Spider - Man again . It is revealed in the first Punisher miniseries that Jigsaw was behind a plan to drug the Punisher , causing his enemy to behave erratically and attack any criminals , even for things as minor as littering . Jigsaw also attempts to kill the Punisher in prison . The Punisher confronts and defeats him , and later stops Jigsaw from escaping in a prison riot . Later in the series , Jigsaw is brainwashed by the Trust into serving as a member of a Punisher - style assassination squad . He manages to remember who he is after encountering Castle once again , and attacks the Punisher . He is defeated once more . Jigsaw is broken out of Ryker 's Island by the Rev who has him supervise the importation of a sterility - inducing Venezuelan drug that the Rev intends to test in New York City . When the drug shipment is destroyed by the Punisher , Jigsaw sics a street gang on him , and flees to Venezuela with the Rev. After Jigsaw 's face is healed by the Rev 's powers , he is shot by the Punisher , but resurrected by the Rev , with the assistance of Belasco . Jigsaw 's restored face is destroyed , and he is left for dead in the jungle in a later battle with the Punisher . Jigsaw recovers , and subsequently attempts to illegally reenter the United States , but is arrested and returned to Ryker 's Island . When the Punisher is captured by the authorities and sent to same prison , Jigsaw disfigures and tries to kill him , but the Punisher survives , and escapes from Ryker 's . After the Punisher is arrested and sentenced to death , Jigsaw dons a stylized copy of his costume and embarks on a homicidal rampage , targeting all those connected to the execution . When the Punisher is revealed to still be alive , an overjoyed Jigsaw attempts to kill him , but the Punisher overpowers him with the assistance of Daredevil . Jigsaw later partners with various syndicates , and lays siege to the estate of the Geraci crime family , which the Punisher had become the reluctant underboss of . Jigsaw and his allies abduct the Geracis , but they are saved by the Punisher , who shoots Jigsaw in the head . Jigsaw next establishes a gunrunning operation , which is broken up by Daredevil and Black Widow . When his attempt at negotiating with Daredevil ( who had declared himself the new Kingpin ) fails , Jigsaw seeks revenge by breaking into Daredevil 's home , where he is subdued by Black Widow . Jigsaw is remanded to the Raft , an island supervillain prison , which he escapes from ( breaking Spider - Man 's arm in the process ) when the facility is attacked by Electro . Once free , Jigsaw tries to rob a bank , but is beaten by Tigra . This humiliation leads to his forming an alliance with the self - proclaimed `` super-villain Kingpin '' the Hood ; together , Jigsaw and the Hood film themselves threatening and torturing Tigra . Later , Jigsaw takes part in the Hood 's attack on the Sanctum Sanctorum , where he attempts to snipe Jessica Jones and Danielle Cage , only to be foiled by Spider - Man . Jigsaw has resumed his vendetta against the Punisher , in the pages of Punisher : War Journal . Now wearing a color - inverted mockup of the Punisher costume , Jigsaw arranges for the brainwashing of a young auxiliary police officer in the NYPD . Exploiting the naive cop 's pathological `` hero - worship '' complex , Jigsaw and his new psychiatrist girlfriend turn the young man into a new version of the Punisher . After a battle on the Brooklyn Bridge where the Punisher once again spares Jigsaw 's life , Jigsaw is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . While imprisoned he is seemingly shot dead by the man that he and his girlfriend ( who was actually undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Lynn Michaels ) had brainwashed . Jigsaw survived the attempt on his life , and was transferred to a `` reprogramming asylum '' by H.A.M.M.E.R. He returns to the Hood 's Gang in Secret Invasion to assist in fending off the invading Skrulls , and rejoins again in Dark Reign to help attack the New Avengers . Jigsaw then partners with the similarly disfigured Stuart Clarke . Together , the `` Jigsaw Brothers '' hire Lady Gorgon to impersonate Maria Castle while they manipulate Henry , the Punisher 's ally and Jigsaw 's son , into helping them capture and kill the Punisher . After betraying and murdering Clarke , Jigsaw battles the Punisher on top of his own burning headquarters , only to fall through the roof of the building and into the fire below . Jigsaw resurfaced when the pictures of he and Spider - Man were shown enjoying ice cream cones together while under the thrall of fairy king Oberoth 'M ' Gozz . A recovered Jigsaw afterward appears in the Civil War II storyline as one of the criminals that the Kingpin has assembled to help him rebuild his New York empire . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Jigsaw is an athletic man with no superhuman powers . During his time in prison , he was able to hone his physical strength to a level comparable to the Punisher . He has extensive experience with street - fighting techniques , and familiarity with a variety of weapons and criminal techniques . He carries various handguns as needed . He has been known to wear a special exo - skeleton in his outfits . Though lacking any formal , military training , Jigsaw is an exceptional strategist and tactician . His unorthodox pattern of operation makes him more difficult for the Punisher to anticipate than the majority of Punisher 's enemies . Before Jigsaw was disfigured , he was a highly - charismatic leader and criminal organizer , but after the accident , only the latter trait remained . Other versions ( edit ) 2099 ( edit ) Jigsaw 2099 , on the cover of The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ) . Art by Tod Morgan . A cyborg and the under - capo of a crime syndicate called Cyber-Nostra , Multi-Fractor is the one to inform the group 's leader , Fearmaster , of the existence of the new Punisher , who Multi-Fractor encounters for the first time while attempting to illegally demolish a decrepit neighborhood inhabited by `` Decreds '' . Multi-Fractor survives his initial run - in with the Punisher , who he encounters again while extorting protection money from a Grav - Ball Stadium . When the Punisher gains the upper hand in the ensuing fight , a trio of corrupt police officers come to Multi-Fractor's aid , providing him with a power - enhancing device , which kills him when the Punisher rams the machine into Multi-Fractor's chest . A mortician and a veterinarian resurrect Multi-Fractor as Jigsaw 2099 , a Frankenstein 's monster - like being made of machinery and body parts taken from animals . Jigsaw attempts to get revenge on the Punisher , but is temporarily flash frozen by the crime fighter , psychologically tortured for information , and then imprisoned in the Punisher 's `` Punishment Hotel '' . Jigsaw is located and freed by Fearmaster , and together the two try to execute the Punisher with his own Molecular Disintegrator . When the machine is turned on , its fail - safes activate , and blast Jigsaw . Jigsaw is later discovered , taken captive , and further augmented by a gang , which he massacres and escapes from before rejoining Fearmaster . Crossovers ( edit ) Jigsaw appears in both Batman / Punisher intercompany crossover books . In the first crossover , Jigsaw allies with the Joker and they both fight the Punisher and Batman ( Jean Paul Valley ) . In the sequel , Jigsaw 's face is repaired by one of the world 's foremost plastic surgeons , extorted by the Joker , whom Jigsaw allies with again to take over Gotham . At the end of this crossover , Jigsaw 's reconstructed face is destroyed by one of the Punisher 's fragmentation grenades , and he is knocked out and left for the police by Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) . Jigsaw and the Punisher 's activities in Gotham are later recounted by Azrael , and Nightwing . When the Amalgam Universe came into being as a result of the events of DC vs. Marvel , Jigsaw was merged with Wonder Woman foe Cheetah to form `` Pelt - Man '' ; cursed by an ancient ritual to resemble a big cat , Billy Minerva took his anger over his condition out on beautiful people , mutilating their faces until he was located and subdued by Trevor Castle and Diana Prince . Earth x ( edit ) At some point , Jigsaw died , and was sent to the Realm of the Dead . When Captain Marvel and Thanos destroyed Death and created Paradise , Jigsaw was among the many who came to realize that they were actually deceased . Jigsaw rejected Paradise and remained in the Realm of the Dead , where he and the Jackal took to tormenting the Punisher , who had committed suicide , and was living in blissful ignorance with his equally unaware family . Jigsaw and the Jackal 's actions cause the Punisher to remember his death , and drive a wedge between him and his disbelieving loved ones , who only come to accept that they are dead much later . Captain America , who had been sent by Paradise to bring others to it , punishes Jigsaw and the Jackal by banishing them to a desolate region of the Realm of the Dead . Marvel MAX ( edit ) Jigsaw , operating under the alias The Heavy , appears in the `` Girls in White Dresses '' storyline of The Punisher MAX . An American drug lord , Jigsaw expands his empire to Mexico , and has his affiliates within the country kidnap women from border towns for use as disposable slave labor in meth labs . When the families of the abducted and murdered women seek aid from the Punisher , Jigsaw drives the crime fighter to suicidal despair by tricking him into believing he had accidentally shot an innocent girl , though a last minute epiphany prompts the Punisher into exhuming and performing an amateur autopsy on the child , leading to the discovery that the bullet that ended her life was not one of his own . The Punisher proceeds to destroy Jigsaw 's Mexican operation and free his captives , and during a subsequent fight between the two archenemies the Punisher knocks Jigsaw out a window and onto the boxcar of a passing train , leaving his fate ambiguous . Bullseye later researches Jigsaw and other enemies of the Punisher , such as Barracuda , Finn Cooley , and General Nikolai Zakharov . Jigsaw 's role in `` Girls in White Dresses '' was regarded as generic and anticlimactic , and his inclusion in the MAX imprint criticized as obtrusive and gratuitous , by Jesse Schedeen of IGN , who felt that the character was `` planted in this story mainly to appeal to fans of the recent movie '' . Marvel Noir ( edit ) Jigsaw is Al Capone 's top assassin in Punisher Noir . He , Barracuda , and the Russian are hired to kill Frank Castelione , a grocer who had defied mob boss Dutch Schultz . Years later , Frank 's son , the Punisher , tries to ambush Jigsaw , but is shot unconscious , and has his skull - face mask removed . Jigsaw takes the Punisher to his lair , and tortures him by carving a skull into the Punisher 's chest . After Jigsaw mentions who helped him and Barracuda murder Frank , the Punisher escapes his bonds , and kills Jigsaw by garroting . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ben Barnes portrays Billy Russo in The Punisher . Russo is Castle 's former best friend who served alongside him in the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance as a Scout Sniper , with 129 confirmed kills . After he left the Marines , Russo started Anvil , his own private military contracting firm . In his youth , his mother was a meth addict and he was put in a foster home . Russo was nearly molested as a child , but he managed to defend himself . He joined the Marine Corps and befriended Castle , who called him `` The Beaut '' due to his good looks . In reality , Russo and Castle are working for an illegal black ops program set up by William Rawlins . After a botched mission results in the deaths of several of their squadmates , Russo transfers out of the unit and suggests that Castle do the same . In the present day , Russo is still friends with Curtis Hoyle , though he is unaware that Frank is still alive . DHS agent Dinah Madani begins interviewing and questioning Russo about his association with Frank , a person of interest in a case she investigated in Afghanistan . Russo seduces Madani and enters a relationship with her , but is irked when he learns that she is investigating Frank and that he is still living . He reunites with Castle and tries to persuade him to start a new life , but Castle refuses . However , Russo is revealed to be in league with Rawlins . Russo and Rawlins plot to get rid of Castle and anyone who could link them to Kandahar . Russo kills Colonel Morty Bennett , who helped them smuggle heroin in the bodies of KIAs , after using him as bait for Castle . Russo and several Anvil contractors are then tricked by Dinah into following a false lead on Castle with the intent to execute him , resulting in a shootout . However , Russo escapes after stabbing Dinah 's partner Sam Stein to death . Dinah , having learned the contractors were all working for Anvil , realizes Russo 's complicity in Stein 's murder when Frank shows up at a hotel to thwart an assassination attempt on Karen Page and Senator Stan Ori , who Russo is providing armed protection for . Russo and Rawlins later capture Castle , but Russo double crosses Rawlins and leaves him at Frank 's mercy . He later has a showdown with Castle at the carousel where the latter 's family died . The fight ends with Castle repeatedly slamming Billy 's face into a carousel mirror , maiming him . Russo is last seen in a hospital bed with his head wrapped in bandages , with Castle being informed that Russo has suffered severe head trauma and blood loss , and may suffer serious memory loss if he ever wakes up . Film ( edit ) Jigsaw was present in early drafts of the 2004 Punisher film , and was going to be included in the unproduced sequel The Punisher 2 . Dominic West as Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone . Dominic West portrayed Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone , which changed the character 's real name to Billy `` The Beaut '' Russoti . Russoti is introduced attending a mob dinner , which the Punisher attacks . Russoti escapes the ensuing massacre , but is pursued to his recycling plant , where he falls into a glass crusher , and is mangled when the Punisher turns the machine on . Billy survives , but his plastic surgeon is unable to restore his mutilated visage , stating that Russoti 's facial muscles , tendons , skin , and bone structure were damaged beyond repair . After killing the surgeon , Russotti rechristens himself `` Jigsaw '' . He then breaks his brother , James `` Loony Bin Jim '' Russoti , out of an asylum , to assist him in getting revenge on the Punisher . In the final battle at the Brad Street Hotel , Jigsaw is impaled and thrown into a fire by the Punisher . Video games ( edit ) Jigsaw is a boss in the 1990 Punisher game for the NES , and is the final opponent in the game 's 1991 Game Boy port The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! Jigsaw is a target in one of the missions in the 1990 DOS PC game The Punisher . Before the mission , Microchip informs Castle that Jigsaw and his accomplice , Mark Ruffknuckles , have escaped from Ryker 's Island prison and were last seen at a seedy bar . The Punisher interrogates the bartender , who says Jigsaw and Ruffknuckles are hiding at the Kingpin 's former apartment . Castle kills Jigsaw 's bodyguards at the apartment and confronts Jigsaw , who insults the Punisher : `` I have n't forgot what you did to my face , Punisher . Now you will suffer worse than I did . I 'm gon na carve you up so bad , I 'll look like Mel Gibson compared to you ! '' The Punisher guns down Jigsaw , then Ruffknuckles , who is hiding in the bathroom . The Trust pays Castle well for killing Jigsaw . In the 1993 Punisher video game , Jigsaw is a sub-boss in the game 's sixth and final stage , where he is fought inside of a moving elevator within the Kingpin 's hideout , and is armed with an M16 rifle . A character based on Jigsaw appears in the 2005 Punisher video game , voiced by Darryl Kurylo . Here , Jigsaw is John Saint , the son of Howard Saint ( the primary antagonist of the 2004 Punisher film and the man responsible for the death of Frank Castle 's family ) . The explosion at the end of the film did not kill him , but instead launched him through a window and disfigured his face . Under the name Jigsaw , he takes up his father 's old business , and vows revenge on the Punisher . He is also the lieutenant of a Yakuza - offshoot called the Eternal Sun , and is the final boss of the game , using stolen Stark Armor to attack the Punisher on Ryker 's Island . Upon being defeated , Jigsaw is thrown out of a helicopter by the Punisher . Jigsaw is a playable character in the PlayStation Network downloadable game The Punisher : No Mercy , released in 2009 . Toys ( edit ) In 2006 , Jigsaw was one of the figures in the second wave of the Marvel Legends `` Face - Off '' series . He was paired with the Punisher and came in two versions , one with a business suit and one with a Punisher costume . The two - pack was released in December 2006 . In 2008 , a minimates boxset was announced that is based on the Punisher : War Zone film . The boxset features civilian Frank Castle ( the Punisher ) , Jigsaw , and Loony Bin Jim , Jigsaw 's mental , cannibalistic killer brother . The toys also come with mini weapons . They are sculpted and designed by Art Asylum and feature 14 points of articulation as well as accessories from the film . In 2009 , Hasbro released a Jigsaw figure in its Mighty Muggs toy line , which came with a silver pistol . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Leinil Yu ( p ) , Leinil Yu ( i ) , Dave McCaig ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` The Trust , Part Three '' The New Avengers # 35 ( 10 October 2007 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Rick Remender ( w ) , Tan Eng Huat ( p ) , Tan Eng Huat ( i ) , Dan Brown ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Dead End '' The Punisher v8 , # 9 ( 16 September 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning ( w ) , Dan Eaglesham ( p ) , Scott Koblish ( i ) , Colin Jorgensen ( col ) , Bill Oakley ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Book Four '' The Punisher : Year One # 4 ( March 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning ( w ) , Dan Eaglesham ( p ) , Scott Koblish ( i ) , Justin Gabrie and Colin Jorgensen ( col ) , Jim Novak , Bill Oakley , and Susan Crespi ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Book Three '' The Punisher : Year One # 3 ( February 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Len Wein ( w ) , Ross Andru ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , Glynis Wein ( col ) , Irv Watanabe ( let ) , Len Wein ( ed ) . `` ... And the Nightcrawler Came Prowling , Prowling '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 ( October 1976 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Len Wein ( w ) , Ross Andru ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , Glynis Wein ( col ) , John Costanza ( let ) , Len Wein ( ed ) . `` Let the Punisher Fit the Crime ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marv Wolfman ( w ) , Keith Pollard ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , B. Sharen ( col ) , J. Novak ( let ) , Marv Wolfman ( ed ) . `` The Jigsaw is Up ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 188 ( January 1979 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Zeck ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Mike Zeck ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Circle of Blood '' The Punisher # 1 ( January 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Zeck ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Mike Zeck ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Final Solution , Part 1 '' The Punisher # 4 ( April 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Jo Duffy and Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Vosburg ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Bob Sharen ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Final Solution , Part 2 '' The Punisher # 5 ( May 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Brad Vancata ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw Puzzle '' The Punisher v2 , # 35 ( July 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Mark Texeira ( p ) , Mark Texeira ( i ) , Bob Budianski ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The Neighborhood Defense Fund '' The Punisher v2 , # 36 ( August 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Mark Texeira ( p ) , Mark Texeira ( i ) , Bob Budianski ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Perilous Passage '' The Punisher v2 , # 37 ( August 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Linda Lessman ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Basuco '' The Punisher v2 , # 38 ( September 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Jack Slamm ( p ) , James Sherman ( i ) , James Sherman ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` A Man of Wealth and Taste '' The Punisher v2 , # 39 ( September 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Sloat and Wright ( col ) , Ken Lopez and Chris Eliopoulos ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The End of the Game '' The Punisher v2 , # 40 ( October 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Hugh Haynes ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Marcus David ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Plea Bargain '' The Punisher v2 , # 55 ( November 1991 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Hugh Haynes ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Marcus David ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The Jailhouse Rock '' The Punisher v2 , # 56 ( December 1991 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Chris Ivy ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Family '' Punisher v3 , # 2 ( December 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Chris Ivy ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Hatchet Job '' Punisher v3 , # 3 ( January 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Ivy and Nichols ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Clash '' Punisher v3 , # 4 ( February 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Robert Jones ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Jaye Gardner ( ed ) . `` Tumbling Down '' Punisher v3 , # 9 ( July 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Robert Jones ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Jaye Gardner ( ed ) . `` Last Shot Fired '' Punisher v3 , # 10 ( August 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Alex Maleev ( p ) , Alex Maleev ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth , Dan Brown , and Dave Stewart ( col ) , Virtual Calligraphy 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Jennifer Lee ( ed ) . `` The Widow '' Daredevil v2 , # 61 -- 64 ( August 2004 -- November 2004 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , David Finch ( p ) , Danny Miki , Mark Morales , Allen Martinez , and Victor Olazaba ( i ) , Frank D'Armata ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` Breakout ! Parts One to Three '' The New Avengers # 1 -- 3 ( 1 December 2004 -- 2 February 2005 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Carlo Pagulayan ( p ) , Jeff Huet ( i ) , Justin Ponsor ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` The Trust , Conclusion '' The New Avengers Annual # 2 ( 30 January 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ) , Leandro Fernandez ( p ) , Francisco Paronzini ( i ) , Val Staples ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ) . `` Heroes and Villains '' Punisher War Journal v2 , # 11 ( 12 September 2007 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction and Rick Remender ( w ) , Howard Chaykin ( p ) , Howard Chaykin ( i ) , Edgar Delgado and Jesus Aburto ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw '' Punisher War Journal v2 , # 18 -- 23 ( June 2008 -- November 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Rick Remender ( w ) , Roland Boschi ( p ) , Roland Boschi ( i ) , Dan Brown ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . Punisher : In the Blood # 1 -- 5 ( 3 November 2010 -- 30 March 2011 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Billy Tan ( p ) , Matt Banning ( i ) , Justin Ponsor ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` Secret Invasion , Part 7 '' The New Avengers # 46 ( December 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Billy Tan , Bryan Hitch , David Aja , Michael Gaydos , David Lopez , Alex Maleev , Steve McNiven , Leinil Yu , Steven Epting , and Greg Horn ( p ) , Matt Banning , Bryan Hitch , David Aja , Michael Gaydos , Alvaro Lopez , Alex Maleev , Dexter Vines , Mark Morales , Steven Epting , and Greg Horn ( i ) , Justin Ponsor , Rain Beredo , Dave Stewart , Alex Maleev , Morry Hollowell , Dave McCaig , and Greg Horn ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . The New Avengers # 50 ( April 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Ben Acker and Ben Blacker ( w ) , Matteo Lolli ( p ) , Matteo Lolli ( i ) , James Campbell ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Jordan D. White ( ed ) . Thunderbolts Annual v2 , # 1 ( 18 December 2013 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matthew Rosenberg ( w ) , Ricardo Lopez Ortiz ( p ) , Ricardo Lopez Ortiz ( i ) , Matt Lopes ( col ) , Travis Lanham ( let ) , Wil Moss ( ed ) . `` Should n't Have Come Back '' Civil War II : Kingpin # 1 ( 6 July 2016 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Psych Ward : Jigsaw '' . marvel.com . Marvel Comics . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` The Mourning After '' The Punisher 2099 # 2 ( March 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Last Exit from the Bronx '' The Punisher 2099 # 3 ( April 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Heroes Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 4 ( May 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Punishment Hotel '' The Punisher 2099 # 5 ( June 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Techno Gladiators '' The Punisher 2099 # 6 ( July 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Laughlin and Roussos ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw 2099 '' The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Palmiotti and Florimonte ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` The Gathering Storm '' The Punisher 2099 # 11 ( December 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Keith Williams ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Phil Felix ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Public Enemy File , Part One : Red Dog Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 15 ( April 1994 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Enrique Villagran ( p ) , Enrique Villagran ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Janice Chiang ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Playing God '' The Punisher 2099 # 29 ( June 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( w ) , Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( p ) , Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Archie Goodwin ( ed ) . `` Lake of Fire '' Batman / Punisher # 1 ( June 1994 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ) , Klaus Janson and John Romita , Jr. ( p ) , Klaus Janson and John Romita , Jr . ( i ) , Christie Scheele ( col ) , Comicraft 's Richard Starkings ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Deadly Knights '' Punisher / Batman # 1 ( October 1994 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Doug Moench ( w ) , Mike Manley ( p ) , Dick Giordano ( i ) , Adrienne Roy ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Dennis O'Neil and Jordan B. Gorfinkel ( ed ) . `` KnightsEnd , Part 1 : Spirit of the Bat '' Batman # 509 ( July 1994 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ) , Patrick Zircher ( p ) , José Marzan , Jr . ( i ) , Patricia Mulvihill ( col ) , John Costanza ( let ) , Bob Schreck and Joseph Illidge ( ed ) . `` The Stalkers '' Nightwing v2 , # 44 ( June 2000 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Gary Frank ( p ) , Cam Smith ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Final Thrust '' Bullets and Bracelets # 1 ( April 1996 ) , United States : Amalgam Comics Jump up ^ Amalgam Comics Trading Cards ( Base Set ) 50 - A : `` First Fight ! '' Jump up ^ Alex Ross and Jim Krueger ( w ) , Doug Braithwaite ( p ) , Bill Reinhold ( i ) , Peter Pantazis ( col ) , Todd Klein ( let ) , Mike Marts ( ed ) . Paradise X # 0 -- 4 ( April 2002 -- September 2002 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gregg Hurwitz ( w ) , Laurence Campbell ( p ) , Laurence Campbell ( i ) , Lee Loughridge ( col ) , VC 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Girls in White Dresses '' The Punisher v7 , # 61 -- 65 ( 20 August 2008 -- 17 December 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Jason Aaron ( w ) , Steve Dillon ( p ) , Steve Dillon ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth ( col ) , VC 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Bullseye , Part Two '' Punisher MAX # 7 ( 12 May 2010 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 19 November 2008 ) . `` Punisher MAX # 64 Review '' . ca.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` Punisher Vol. 6 # 65 Review '' . ca.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ) , Paul Azaceta ( p ) , Paul Azaceta ( i ) , Nick Filardi ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . `` Punisher & Son '' Punisher Noir # 2 ( 16 September 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ) , Paul Azaceta ( p ) , Paul Azaceta ( i ) , Nick Filardi ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . `` Two Down ... '' Punisher Noir # 3 ( 21 October 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members '' . Marvel.com . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael , Ausiello . `` Ben Barnes ' Punisher Role Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Campos , Antonio ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Cold Steel '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 8 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Goddard , Andy ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kandahar '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Shankland , Tom ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Two Dead Men '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Walsh , Dearbhla ( director ) ; Michael Jones - Morales ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gunner '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 5 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Webb , Jeremy ( director ) ; Christine Boylan ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Judas Goat '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 6 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Goddard , Andy ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Crosshairs '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Netflix . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Jim ( director ) ; Ken Kristensen ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Virtue of the Vicious '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jet ( director ) ; Dario Scardapane ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Home '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 12 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Surjik , Stephen ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Memento Mori '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( 23 March 2004 ) . `` Behind the Scenes with Punisher Writer Michael France '' . comicbookresources.com . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 13 April 2004 ) . `` Rebecca is quiet at Punisher premiere '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lexi Alexander ( Director ) ( 5 December 2008 ) . Punisher : War Zone ( Motion picture ) . United States : Lions Gate Entertainment . Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( November 1990 ) . The Punisher . Nintendo Entertainment System . LJN . Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( 1991 ) . The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! . Game Boy . Acclaim Entertainment . Jump up ^ Paragon Software ( 1990 ) . The Punisher . MS - DOS , Amiga , and Atari ST . MicroProse . Jump up ^ Capcom ( 22 April 1993 ) . The Punisher . Arcade . Capcom . Level / area : 6 . Jump up ^ Volition ( 16 January 2005 ) . The Punisher . PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Microsoft Windows . THQ . Jump up ^ Zen Studios ( 2 July 2009 ) . The Punisher : No Mercy . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Legends Face - Off : Punisher / Jigsaw Review '' . OAFE.net . External links ( edit ) Jigsaw at Comicvine Billy Russo at Marvel Wikia Jigsaw at the Comic Book DB Jigsaw at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ( hide ) The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! The Punisher ( 1993 ) The Punisher ( 2005 ) The Punisher : No Mercy Television Daredevil ( season 2 ) The Punisher ( TV series ) Related articles Alternative versions Garth Ennis The ' Nam Palm Beach Punishers Shadowmasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(Marvel_Comics)&oldid=817859024 '' Categories : Characters created by Len Wein Characters created by Ross Andru Comics characters introduced in 1976 Crime film characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional assassins Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional crime bosses Fictional mobsters Fictional murderers Marvel Comics television characters Punisher characters Hidden categories : Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 00 : 06 . 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who does billy russo become on the punisher

Jigsaw ( William `` Billy '' Russo , also known as Billy `` The Beaut '' Russo before his disfigurement ) is a fictional character , gangster , and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Len Wein and Ross Andru , the character made his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) .

Chick - fil - A - wikipedia Chick - fil - A Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) Chick - fil - A , Inc . Type Privately held company Industry Restaurants Founded May 23 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 05 - 23 ) ( as Dwarf House ) 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 ) ( as Chick - fil - A ) Hapeville , Georgia , U.S. Founder S. Truett Cathy Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia , United States Number of locations Over 2,200 Area served United States Canada Key people Dan T. Cathy ( CEO ) Products Sandwiches , chicken dishes Revenue US $ 8 billion ( 2016 ) Website chick-fil-a.com A Chick - fil - A in the food court of The Galleria in Uptown Houston , Texas A series of Chick - fil - A trucks at the Airport West Distribution Center Chick - fil - A at Holcombe and Buffalo Speedway , Houston , Texas Chick - fil - A headquarters in College Park , Georgia Chick - fil - A ( / tʃ ɪkfɪˈleɪ / chik - fil - AY , a play on the American English pronunciation of `` fillet '' ) is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in the Atlanta district of College Park , Georgia , specializing in chicken sandwiches . Founded in May 1946 , it operates more than 2,200 restaurants , primarily in the United States . The restaurant serves breakfast before transitioning to its lunch and dinner menu . Chick - fil - A also offers customers catered selections from its menu for special events . Many of the company 's values are influenced by its founder 's Southern Baptist beliefs ; all Chick - fil - A restaurants are closed for business on Sundays as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business model 3 Advertising 4 Sponsored events 5 Related restaurants 5.1 The Hapeville Dwarf House 5.2 Dwarf House 5.3 Truett 's Grill 6 Corporate culture 6.1 Same - sex marriage controversy 6.1. 1 Response 6.1. 2 Report of policy change 7 Recipe changes 8 Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The chain 's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill ( now the Dwarf House ) , a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy , the chain 's former chairman and CEO , in 1946 . The restaurant is located in Hapeville , Georgia , a suburb of Atlanta , and is near the location of the now - demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant , for many years a source of many of the restaurant 's patrons . In 1961 , after 15 years in the fast food business , Cathy found a pressure - fryer that could cook the chicken sandwich in the same amount of time it took to cook a fast - food hamburger . Following this discovery , he registered the name Chick - fil - A , Inc . The company 's trademarked slogan , `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken , Just the Chicken Sandwich , '' refers to their flagship menu item , the Chick - fil - A chicken sandwich . The first Chick - fil - A opened in 1967 , in the food court of the Greenbriar Mall , in a suburb of Atlanta . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the chain expanded by opening new franchises in suburban malls ' food courts . The first freestanding franchise was opened April 16 , 1986 , on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta , Georgia , and the company began to focus more on this type of franchise than on the food court type . Although it has expanded outward from its original geographic base , most new restaurants are located in Southern suburban areas . In October 2015 , the company opened a three - story 5,000 - square - foot restaurant in Manhattan that became the largest free - standing Chick - fil - A in the country at that time . As of 2016 , the chain has approximately 1,950 locations . It also has 31 drive - through - only locations . Chick - fil - A also can be found at universities , hospitals , and airports through licensing agreements . Since 1997 , the Atlanta - based company has been the title sponsor of the Peach Bowl , an annual college football bowl game played in Atlanta on New Year 's Eve . Chick - fil - A also is a key sponsor of the SEC and the ACC of college athletics . The company expanded for the first time outside of the United States by opening an outlet at the Calgary International Airport in Calgary , Alberta , Canada in May 2014 . This restaurant is located near the departure area for flights bound for the United States . However , per tradition , it is closed Sundays and Christmas Day . Business model ( edit ) Chick - fil - A retains ownership of each restaurant . Chick - fil - A selects the restaurant location and builds it . Chick - fil - A franchisees need only a $10,000 initial investment to become an operator . Each operator is handpicked and goes through a rigorous training program ; the interviews plus training can take months and is not an easy process . Chick - fil - A states on their site : `` This is not the right opportunity for you if you : - Are seeking a passive investment in a business . - Want to sell property to Chick - fil - A , Inc . - Are requesting that Chick - fil - A , Inc. build at a specified location . - Are seeking multi-unit franchise opportunities . '' This goes to show how vastly different it is to be a Chick - fil - A store operator rather than being part of a regular franchise opportunity . Since 2010 , Chick - fil - A has led the fast food industry in average sales per restaurant , despite being open only six days a week , earning an average $4.8 million per restaurant in 2016 ( Whataburger was second with $2.7 million per restaurant ) . Advertising ( edit ) `` Eat Mor Chikin '' is the chain 's most prominent advertising slogan , created by The Richards Group in 1995 . The slogan is often seen in advertisements , featuring Holstein dairy cows that are often seen wearing ( or holding ) signs that ( usually ) read : `` Eat Mor Chikin '' in all capital letters . The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad cow disease scare on January 1 , 2004 , so as not to make the chain seem insensitive or appear to be taking advantage of the scare to increase its sales . Two months later , the cows were put up again . The cows replaced the chain 's old mascot , Doodles , an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo . Chick - fil - A vigorously protects its intellectual property , sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks . The corporation has successfully protested at least 30 instances of the use of an `` eat more '' phrase , saying that the use would cause confusion of the public , dilute the distinctiveness of their intellectual property , and diminish its value . A 2011 letter to Vermont artist Bo Muller - Moore who screen prints T - shirts reading : `` Eat More Kale '' demanded that he cease printing the shirts and turn over his website . The incident drew criticism from Vermont governor Peter Shumlin , and created backlash against what he termed Chick - fil - A 's `` corporate bullying . '' On December 11 , 2014 , Bo Muller - Moore announced that the U.S. Patent Office granted his application to trademark his `` Eat More Kale '' phrase . A formal announcement of his victory took place on December 12 , 2014 , with Shumlin and other supporters on the Statehouse steps . His public fight drew regional and national attention , the support of Shumlin , and a team of pro-bono law students from the University of New Hampshire legal clinic . After 22 years with The Richards Group , Chick - fil - A switched to McCann New York in 2016 . Along with the cows , ads included famous people in history in a campaign called `` Chicken for Breakfast . It 's not as crazy as you think . '' Sponsored events ( edit ) Chick - fil - A Classic The Chick - fil - A Classic is a high school basketball tournament held in Columbia , South Carolina . The tournament is in its eighth year of operation and features nationally ranked players , and teams . The tournament is co-sponsored by the Greater Columbia Educational Advancement Foundation ( GCEAF ) , which provides scholarships to high school seniors in the greater Columbia area . Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl The Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl is a college football bowl game played each year in Atlanta , Georgia . Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game The Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game is an annual early - season college football game played at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia ; before 2017 , it was played at the Georgia Dome . It features two highly ranked teams , one of which has always been from the Southeastern Conference . In the 2012 season and again in the 2014 season , the event was expanded to two games . It will also be two games in 2017 . Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America The Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is an annual charity motorcycle tour to raise money for , among other charities , Victory Junction , a camp for terminally ill children . Related restaurants ( edit ) The Hapeville Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett Cathy opened his first restaurant , The Dwarf Grill -- later renamed the Dwarf House -- in Hapeville , Georgia , in 1946 , and developed the pressure - cooked chicken breast sandwich there . At the original Chick - fil - A Dwarf Grill , in addition to the full - size entrances , there is also an extra small - sized front door . The original Dwarf House in Hapeville , Georgia is open 24 hours a day , six days a week , except on Sundays , Thanksgiving , and Christmas . The store closes at 10 : 00 p.m. on Saturday nights , and the day before Thanksgiving and Christmas and reopens at 6 a.m. on Monday mornings and day after Thanksgiving and Christmas . It has a larger dine - in menu than the other Dwarf House locations as well as an animated seven dwarfs display in the back of the restaurant . It was across the street from the former Ford Motor Company factory called Atlanta Assembly . Dwarf House in Griffin , Georgia Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett 's original , full - service restaurants offer a substantial menu and provide customers a choice of table service , walk - up counter service or a drive - thru window . As of 2012 , 13 Chick - fil - A Dwarf House restaurants were operating in the metro Atlanta area . Truett 's Grill in Griffin , Georgia Truett 's Grill ( edit ) In 1996 , the first Truett 's Grill was opened in Morrow , Georgia . The second location opened in 2003 in McDonough , Georgia , and a third location opened in 2006 in Griffin , Georgia . Similar to the Chick - fil - A Dwarf Houses , these independently owned restaurants offer traditional , sit - down dining and expanded menu selections in a diner - themed dinner . In 2017 , Chick - fil - A demolished several Dwarf House locations to replace them with Truett 's Grill locations . Corporate culture ( edit ) S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist ; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company . The company 's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists `` To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us . To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick - fil - A . '' Cathy 's beliefs are also responsible for one of the chain 's distinctive features : all Chick - fil - A locations ( corporate owned and franchised ) are closed on Sundays , as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Cathy states as the final step in his Five - Step recipe for Business Success `` I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities . One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday . Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business . '' In an interview with ABC News 's Nightline , Truett 's son Dan T. Cathy told reporter Vicki Mabrey that the company is also closed on Sundays because `` by the time Sunday came , he was just worn out . And Sunday was not a big trading day , anyway , at the time . So he was closed that first Sunday and we 've been closed ever since . He figured if he did n't like working on Sundays , that other people did n't either . '' The younger Cathy also quoted his father as saying , `` I do n't want to ask people to do that what I am not willing to do myself . '' Their website states , `` The Chick - fil - A culture and service tradition in our Restaurants is to treat every person with honor , dignity and respect -- regardless of their belief , race , creed , sexual orientation or gender . '' Chick - fil - A 's reputation on being closed on Sundays extends to non-traditional locations . In addition to countless shopping malls and airports , a Chick - fil - A location at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta will be closed on Sundays despite its main tenant , the Atlanta Falcons , playing most of their home games on Sundays . The location will be open when the Falcons have a Monday night or Thursday night home game , as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium . On Sundays , the digital signs will be flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants will sell nonbranded food and drinks at the location . Same - sex marriage controversy ( edit ) Main article : Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy The Chick - fil - A in Port Charlotte , Florida , on August 1 , 2012 `` Chick - Fil - A Appreciation Day '' Protestors at Memphis , Tennessee , Chick - fil - A store on Same Sex Kiss Day In January 2011 , the media reported that Chick - fil - A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference with the Pennsylvania Family Institute ( PFI ) , an organization that has opposed same - sex marriage legislation . Chick - fil - A clarified that `` one of our independent Restaurant Operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars '' . The WinShape Foundation , a charitable organization founded by Truett and his wife , also stated that it would not allow same - sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats . Chick - fil - A has donated over $5 million , via WinShape , to groups that oppose same - sex marriage . Of this , more than $3 million was donated primarily to Christian organizations whose agendas included positions that oppose same - sex marriage , with the money donated between 2003 and 2009 . A total of $1.9 million was donated in 2010 to groups such as the Marriage & Family Foundation , Exodus International , and the Family Research Council ( FRC ) . That year , the FRC , which received $1,000 was listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . WinShape has also contributed to Christian groups including the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Exodus International , the latter is noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy . In response , students at several colleges and universities worked to ban or remove the company 's restaurants from their campuses . On January 28 , 2013 , Shane L. Windmeyer , the leader of Campus Pride , suspended their campaign . In June and July 2012 , Chick - fil - A 's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same - sex marriage , saying that those who `` have the audacity to define what marriage is about '' were `` inviting God 's judgment on our nation '' . Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas . The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits , legal experts , and the American Civil Liberties Union . The Jim Henson Company , which had a Pajanimals kids ' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick - fil - A , said it would cease its business relationship , and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . Chick - fil - A stopped distributing the toys , claiming that unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy . Chick - fil - A released a statement on July 31 , 2012 , saying , `` We are a restaurant company focused on food , service , and hospitality ; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same - sex marriage to the government and political arena . '' Response ( edit ) In response to the controversy , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick - fil - A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick - fil - A launched by same - sex marriage activists . More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee 's appreciation event . On August 1 , Chick - fil - A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record - breaking sales . A consulting firm estimated that the average Chick - fil - A restaurant had 29.9 percent more sales and 367 more customers than it did on a typical Wednesday . Report of policy change ( edit ) In September 2012 , The Civil Rights Agenda ( TCRA ) announced that Chick - fil - A had `` ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination , specifically against LGBT civil rights . '' Chick - fil - A officials did state in an internal document that they `` will treat every person equally , regardless of sexual orientation . '' In a letter from Chick - fil - A 's Senior Director of Real Estate , the company states , `` The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping , and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas . '' According to Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno , Chick - fil - A has a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick - fil - A : Who We Are . A document released by Chick - fil - A on September 20 , 2012 , does not mention any organizations opposed to same - sex marriage as being part of Chick - fil - A 's donation base . WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially , with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages . Chick - fil - A in Hillsboro , Oregon According to Focus on the Family 's website , CitizenLink.com , `` Chick - fil - A and its charitable - giving arm , the WinShape Foundation , did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the Biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago . '' Mike Huckabee stated that he `` talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy , CEO of Chick Fil - A about the new reports that Chick Fil - A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage . This is not true . The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees , but to end confusion gave me this statement . '' The statement provided by Chick - fil - A was posted on Huckabee 's website . Recipe changes ( edit ) Though Chick - fil - A has always used trans - fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches , anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers , in 2008 , it became the first fast - food restaurant to become completely trans - fat free . In 2011 , food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled `` Chick - fil - A or Chemical Fil - A ? '' on her website , FoodBabe.com . She noted that Chick - fil - A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients , including peanut oil with TBHQ . In October 2012 , Chick - fil - A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta , GA headquarters . In December 2013 , Chick - fil - A notified Hari that it had eliminated the dye Yellow No. 5 and had reduced the sodium content in its chicken soup . The company also said that it is testing a peanut oil that does not contain TBHQ and that it would start testing sauces and dressings made without high - fructose corn syrup in 2014 . Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics ( edit ) According to the Food and Drug Administration , antibiotics used in livestock , many of which are also used to treat humans , have contributed to the rise of dangerous bacteria . In December 2012 , the FDA announced plans to phase out certain antibiotics in the food production industry . In February 2014 , Chick - fil - A announced plans to serve chicken raised without antibiotics in its restaurants nationwide within five years . Chick - fil - A is the first quick service restaurant to set forth a plan and commit to serving only poultry raised without antibiotics . See also ( edit ) List of fast - food chicken restaurants Atlanta portal Business and economics portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A . Jump up ^ `` Press Room '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Headquarters Chick - fil - A , Inc. 5200 Buffington Road Atlanta , GA 30349 - 2998 Jump up ^ City Maps City of College Park ( Map ) . City of College Park . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.cfarestaurant.com/springhurst/menu ^ Jump up to : `` About Chick - fil - A '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nickerson , Michelle & Dochuk , Darren ( 2011 ) . Sunbelt Rising : The Politics of Place , Space , and Region . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 295 . ISBN 0812243099 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken , Just the Chicken Sandwich : Detailed trademark information from the official US federal trademark database ( USPTO ) '' . Markify . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grem , Darren ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` The World of Chick - Fil - A and the Business of Sunbelt Evangelicalism '' . Southern Spaces . Emory University . Jump up ^ `` North Druid Hills FSU '' . Chick - fil - A . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Country 's Largest Chick - fil - A Will Open in New York City in October '' . Entrepreneur . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A opening its largest outpost in New York City '' . CBS News . October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn . `` Reaching Out to NASCAR Nation '' . QSR . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A , Dr Pepper Give Fans a Million Reasons to ' Eat Mor Chikin ' '' . SEC Sports News . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Dylan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. fast - food chain Chick - fil - A opens Canadian franchise , talks down gay marriage controversy '' . Calgary Herald . Jump up ^ `` YYC > Traveller Info > Shopping , Dining & Services > Dining '' . www.yyc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A . ^ Jump up to : Norman , Jan ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Franchises weather Chick - fil - A 's controversy '' . The Orange County Register . p. Business 2 . Jump up ^ Chick - fil - A https://www.chick-fil-a.com/Franchising/Franchise . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chick - Fil - A Generates Most Revenue Per Restaurant In US '' . August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 QSR 50 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why does Chick - fil - A use dairy cows on its advertising ? '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Joe Guy ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Dress - as - a-cow day reflects Chick - fil - A 's ' have fun ' culture '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Chick - fil - A cries fowl over Eat More Produce '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Ring , Wilson ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Eat more kale : A David vs. Goliath fight with Chick - fil - A ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carapezza , Kirk ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` In Vermont , Fighting for the Rights To ' Eat More ' '' . Vermont Public Radio . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Chicken Chain Says Stop , but T - Shirt Maker Balks '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Ring , Wilson ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Man celebrates his new ' eat more kale ' trademark '' . WHDH . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Jessica ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` No Sacred Cows : Why Chick - fil - A parted ways with The Richards Group after 22 years '' . Advertising Age . 87 ( 15 ) : 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 8th Annual Chick - Fil - A Classic.com '' . Chick-fil-aclassic.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GCEAF '' . Chick - Fil - A Classic . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bovino , Arthur ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sandwich of the Week : Dwarf House Chick - fil - A , The Dwarf House in Atlanta -- the original Chick - fil - A '' . The Daily Meal . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Truett 's Grill '' . Truettsgrill.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Griffin '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- McDonough '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Morrow '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Sarah Ray ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Chick - fil - A explains changes '' . The Newnan Times - Herald . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Dwarf House to be Demolished , Popeyes Set to be Burger King '' . Coosa Valley News . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires , No. 655 S. Truett Cathy '' . Forbes . March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Biographies : Dan T. Cathy , President and Chief Operating Officer '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A 's Closed - on - Sunday Policy '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Chick - fil - A. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Truett '' . truettcathy.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mabrey , Vicki & Marsh , Mary ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Nightline ( ABC - TV ) presents : Chik - fil - A Wins Customers ... by closing '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Current News '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Falcons ' billion - dollar stadium will have a Chick - fil - A that 's almost never open '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A defends its values '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Weekly '' . Metro Weekly . January 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Family Institute Mission Statement '' . Pennsylvania Family Institute . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ocamb , Karen ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Evaluating the amicus brief avalanche of anti-gay opposition to the Prop 8 trial decision '' . Prop 8 Trial Tracker . Courage Campaign Institute . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scolforo , Mark ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Without state law , Pa. towns tackle anti-gay bias '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A Facebook Page '' . Facebook . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Cameron ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Alex ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . The company , founded in 1946 by Cathy 's father , S. Truett Cathy , has also come under fire for donating more than $3 million between 2003 and 2009 to Christian organisations with a well - known anti-gay agenda , among them the Marriage & Family Foundation and the Family Research Council . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Cameron ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 - PF : Return of Private Foundation '' ( PDF ) . WinShape Foundation . Guidestar. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devaney , Tim & Stein , Tom ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups '' . AllBusiness.com . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Rosemary ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sugar House protesters say Chick - fil - A is anti-gay '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Michelson , Noah ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2009 '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Alex ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chick - Fil - A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2010 '' . Equality Matters . July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boucly , Chris ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Gay youths plan protest against Chick - fil - A '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . $3.84 million was contributed primarily to Christian organizations such as the Marriage and Family Foundation , which received $1.18 million , and the Family Research Council , which received $1,000 . The Family Research Council `` believes that homosexual conduct is harmful to the persons who engage in it and to society at large , '' according to its Web site . The Marriage and Family Foundation , whose chairman is Chick - fil - A senior vice president Donald Cathy , gave grants totaling $639,000 to six organizations that support strong traditional marriages and families . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Clare ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Meet The Cathys : Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick - fil - A '' . The billionaire beat : wealth , entrepreneurs and money in politics . Forbes . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . WinShape is the vehicle through which Chick - fil - A , and by extension the Cathys , have made about $5 million of donations to anti-gay marriage groups since 2003 , with $1.9 million of that donated in 2010 to outfits including the Family Research Council and Marriage & Family Foundation . They 've written checks to Exodus International , which is famous for `` ex-gay '' conversion therapy , and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes , whose website includes a testimonial from a coach `` delivered '' from homosexuality . Jump up ^ `` Hate Map - Southern Poverty Law Center '' . Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Lila ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Kiss - Ins Divide LGBT Movement '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lengell , Sean ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Family Research Council labeled a ' hate group ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Nick ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` Shooting sparks controversy over ' hate ' designation for conservative group '' . WTVR - TV . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . The SPLC says the conservative Washington policy group is listed as a hate group because `` it has knowingly spread false and denigrating propaganda '' about lesbians , gays , bisexuals and transgender people . Jump up ^ Windmeyer , Shane L. ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Dan and Me : My Coming Out as a Friend of Dan Cathy and Chick - fil - A '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Zoë ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` NYU Decided To Keep `` Homophobic '' Chick - fil - A Long Before Petition Launched `` . NYU Local . Jump up ^ Rocheleau , Matt ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Northeastern cancels Chick - fil - A plans after student group denounces chain '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Todd ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Rahm : `` Chick - fil - A Values Are Not Chicago Values '' `` . Fox News Radio . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Myles ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A President Says ' God 's Judgment ' Coming Because of Same - Sex Marriage '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . I think we are inviting God 's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say , ' We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage ' . I pray God 's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful , arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about . Jump up ^ `` What Dan Cathy said '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blume , K. Allan ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guilty as charged , ' Dan Cathy says of Chick - fil - A 's stand on faith '' . Biblical Recorder . Cary , NC . North Carolina Baptist State Convention . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . as an organization we can operate on biblical principles . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Is Chick - fil - A anti-gay marriage ? ' Guilty as charged , ' leader says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` San Francisco is the third city to tell Chick - fil - A : Keep out '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Greg ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mayor Menino on Chick - fil - A : Stuff it '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Chick - fil - A does n't belong in Boston . You ca n't have a business in the city of Boston that discriminates against a population . We 're an open city , we 're a city that 's at the forefront of inclusion ... That 's the Freedom Trail . That 's where it all started right here . And we 're not going to have a company , Chick - fil - A or whatever the hell the name is , on our Freedom Trail . Jump up ^ Menino , Thomas M. ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mayor 's letter to Chick - fil - A '' . The Boston Herald . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Alderman to Chick - fil - A : No deal '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drum , Kevin ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Rahm Emanuel Needs to Back Off on Chick - fil - A '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward , McClelland ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Conservatives and Liberals Defend Chick - fil - A '' . WMAQ - TV . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua Rhett ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Legal eagles cry fowl over politicians ' plans to block Chick - fil - A '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Annie ( July 25 , 2012 ) . Chick - fil - A Backlash : Politicians , Muppets Respond . ABC News . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lendon , Brad ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Henson , Huckabee take sides in Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy '' . CNN . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's PR chief dies suddenly amid gay - marriage imbroglio '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartkewicz , Anthony ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Coincidence ? Chick - Fil - A pulls Jim Henson toys '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Steve ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Response to Recent Controversy '' . Chick - fil - A ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bingham , Amy ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Supporters Gather for Appreciation Day '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Tiffany ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A fans and critics take to the streets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Holpuch , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A appreciation day brings huge crowds to fast - food chain Life and style `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Agrees To Cease Funding To Anti-Gay Organizations , Chicago LGBT Group Claims '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Voorhees , Josh ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Is Done Fighting Gay Marriage . Kind Of , Maybe '' . The Slatest . Slate . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Moreno relents , will allow Chick - fil - A '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , IL . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hannah , Amanda ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A : Who We Are '' ( PDF ) . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dial , Karla ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Sets the Record Straight '' . CitizenLink . Focus on the Family . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinger , Mackenzie ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Huckabee : Chick - fil - A has n't changed '' . Politico . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Huckabee , Mike ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Chick fil - A Statement '' . Mike Huckabee News ( blog ) . Mike Huckabee . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Trans Fats on Chick - fil - A Menu '' . Quick Serve Restaurant. 24 ( 10 ) . October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Choi , Candice ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Removing Artificial Dye , High Fructose Corn Syrup '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Stephanie ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Social Media as a Megaphone to Pressure the Food Industry '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landau , Elizabeth ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chick - fil - A to serve antibiotic - free chicken '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A to Serve Antibiotic - Free Chicken '' . Restaurant News . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America . ( hide ) Find more aboutChick - fil - Aat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Chicken - based restaurant chains Global Chester 's Chicken Cottage Church 's / Texas Chicken Dixy Chicken Kenny Rogers Roasters KFC Nando 's Pollo Campero Popeyes Southern Fried Chicken Wienerwald Regional Africa Chicken Licken ( ZA ) Chicken Republic ( NG ) Tastee Fried Chicken ( NG ) Asia Al Baik ( SA ) Al Tazaj ( SA ) Bacolod Chicken Inasal ( PH ) Bonchon Chicken ( KR ) California Fried Chicken ( ID ) The Chicken Rice Shop ( MY ) Dicos ( CN ) Home Original Chicken ( CN ) Jollibee ( PH ) KLG ( TW ) Kyochon ( KR ) Marrybrown ( MY ) Max 's of Manila ( PH ) Mang Inasal ( PH ) Pelicana Chicken ( KR ) SCR ( MY ) TKK Fried Chicken ( TW ) Europe Chicken Cottage ( UK ) Dixy Chicken ( UK ) Morley 's ( UK ) Sam 's Chicken ( UK ) Southern Fried Chicken ( UK ) North America Boston Market Bojangles ' ( US ) Brown 's Chicken & Pasta ( US ) Buffalo Wild Wings Buffalo Wings & Rings Bush 's Chicken ( US ) Chefette ( BB ) Chick - fil - A ( US ) Chicken Express ( US ) Chicken Salad Chick ( US ) Cluck - U ( US ) Dixie Lee ( CA ) El Pollo Loco ( US ) Foosackly 's ( US ) Golden Chick ( US ) Golden Skillet ( US ) Guthrie 's Harold 's Chicken Shack Juan Pollo ( US ) Kyochon Lee 's Famous Louisiana Famous Fried Chicken Mary Brown 's ( CA ) Mrs. Winner 's Pioneer Chicken Pollo Palenque Pollo Tropical ( US ) Quaker Steak & Lube Raising Cane 's ( US ) Ranch One Roscoe 's Royal Castle ( TT ) Roy Rogers ( US ) Scores St - Hubert ( CA ) Smithfield 's ( US ) Swiss Chalet ( CA ) Tip - Top Wild Wing Wingstop WingStreet PDQ ( US ) Wing Zone ( US ) Zankou Chicken ( US ) Zaxby 's ( US ) Oceania Chicken Treat ( AU ) Chooks Fresh & Tasty ( AU ) Oporto ( AU ) Red Rooster ( AU ) South and Central America Pollos Frisby ( CO ) Rostipollos ( CR ) List of chicken restaurants Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . 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AGCO ( Duluth ) American Megatrends ( Gwinnett County ) Arby 's ( Sandy Springs ) AT&T Mobility Atlanta Bread Company ( Smyrna ) Atlanta Gas Light BellSouth Chick - fil - A ( College Park ) Church 's Chicken ( Sandy Springs ) Coca - Cola Cox Enterprises Delta Air Lines EarthLink Equifax ExpressJet ( College Park ) Georgia Natural Gas Georgia - Pacific Georgia Power Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express The Home Depot ( Cobb County ) Hooters Intercontinental Exchange Krystal Kool Smiles ( Marietta ) Merial ( Duluth ) NCR Corporation ( Gwinnett County ) Popeyes ( Sandy Springs ) RaceTrac Rheem Scientific Atlanta ( Lawrenceville ) Simmons Bedding Company Southern Company SunTrust Banks Turner Broadcasting System United Parcel Service ( Sandy Springs ) Waffle House ( Gwinnett County ) The Weather Channel ( Cobb County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chick-fil-A&oldid=816010988 '' Categories : Chick - fil - A Companies based in Fulton County , Georgia Fast - food chains of the United States Fast - food poultry restaurants Hapeville , Georgia Opposition to same - sex marriage Economy of the Southeastern United States Privately held companies based in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Restaurants established in 1946 1946 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 42 . 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who was the founder of chick fil a

The chain 's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill ( now the Dwarf House ) , a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy , the chain 's former chairman and CEO , in 1946 . The restaurant is located in Hapeville , Georgia , a suburb of Atlanta , and is near the location of the now - demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant , for many years a source of many of the restaurant 's patrons .

Asbestos - wikipedia Asbestos Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Asbestosis . For other uses , see Asbestos ( disambiguation ) . Asbestos Fibrous tremolite asbestos on muscovite General Category Silicate minerals Strunz classification 09. ED. 15 Dana classification 71.01. 02d. 03 Crystal system Orthorhombic Identification Formula mass 277.11 g Color Green , red , yellow , white , blue Crystal habit Amorphous , granular , massive Fracture Fibrous Mohs scale hardness 2.5 -- 3 Luster Silky Streak White Optical properties Biaxial Birefringence 0.008 2V angle 20 ° to 60 ° Dispersion relatively weak Ultraviolet fluorescence Non-fluorescent Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals , which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit : i.e. long ( roughly 1 : 20 aspect ratio ) , thin fibrous crystals , with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes . They are commonly known by their colors , as blue asbestos , brown asbestos , white asbestos , and green asbestos . Asbestos mining existed more than 4,000 years ago , but large - scale mining began at the end of the 19th century , when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its desirable physical properties . Some of those properties are sound absorption , average tensile strength , affordability , and resistance to fire , heat , and electricity . It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation . When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat , the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats . These desirable properties made asbestos very widely used . Asbestos use continued to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge ( acting through courts and legislatures ) of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream construction and fireproofing in most countries . Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer , mesothelioma , and asbestosis ( a type of pneumoconiosis ) . Concern of asbestos - related illness in modern times began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s . By the 1980s and 1990s , asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted , phased out , or banned outright in an increasing number of countries . Despite the severity of asbestos - related diseases , the material has extremely widespread use in many areas . Continuing long - term use of asbestos after harmful health effects were known or suspected , and the slow emergence of symptoms decades after exposure ceased , made asbestos litigation the longest , most expensive mass tort in U.S. history and a much lesser legal issue in most other countries involved . Asbestos - related liability also remains an ongoing concern for many manufacturers , insurers and reinsurers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types and associated fibers 2.1 Serpentine 2.1. 1 Chrysotile 2.2 Amphibole 2.2. 1 Amosite 2.2. 2 Crocidolite 2.2. 3 Other materials 3 Production 4 History of use 4.1 Early uses 4.2 Industrial era 4.3 Discovery of toxicity 4.4 Usage by industry and product type 4.4. 1 Serpentine group 4.4. 2 Amphibole group 4.5 Construction 4.5. 1 Developed countries 4.5. 2 Outside Europe and North America 4.5. 3 11 September 2001 attacks 4.6 Asbestos contaminants in other products 4.6. 1 Vermiculite 4.6. 2 Talc 5 Health impact 6 Substitutes for asbestos in construction 7 Recycling and disposal 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Asbestos derives from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος , meaning unquenchable or inextinguishable . The word is pronounced / æsˈbɛstəs / , / æzˈbɛstəs / or / æzˈbɛstɒs / . Types and associated fibers ( edit ) Six mineral types are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) as `` asbestos '' including those belonging to the serpentine class and those belonging to the amphibole class . All six asbestos mineral types are known to be human carcinogens . The visible fibers are themselves each composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes . Chrysotile asbestos Asbestos fibers Asbestos Asbestos Blue asbestos ( crocidolite ) . The ruler is 1 cm . Blue asbestos , teased to show the fibrous nature of the mineral Serpentine ( edit ) Serpentine class fibers are curly . Chrysotile is the only member of the serpentine class . Chrysotile ( edit ) Chrysotile , CAS No. 12001 - 29 - 5 , is obtained from serpentinite rocks which are common throughout the world . Its idealized chemical formula is Mg ( Si O ) ( OH ) . Chrysotile appears under the microscope as a white fiber . Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95 % of the asbestos found in buildings in America . Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos , and can be spun and woven into fabric . The most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings , warehouses and garages . It may also be found in sheets or panels used for ceilings and sometimes for walls and floors . Chrysotile has been a component in joint compound and some plasters . Numerous other items have been made containing chrysotile including brake linings , fire barriers in fuseboxes , pipe insulation , floor tiles , residential shingles , and gaskets for high temperature equipment . Amphibole ( edit ) Amphibole class fibers are needle - like . Amosite , crocidolite , tremolite , anthophyllite and actinolite are members of the amphibole class . Amosite ( edit ) Amosite , CAS No. 12172 - 73 - 5 , often referred to as brown asbestos , is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the cummingtonite - grunerite solid solution series , commonly from South Africa , named as a partial acronym for `` Asbestos Mines of South Africa '' . One formula given for amosite is Fe Si O ( OH ) . Amosite is seen under a microscope as a grey - white vitreous fiber . It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products , asbestos insulating board and ceiling tiles . Crocidolite ( edit ) Crocidolite , CAS No. 12001 - 28 - 4 , is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite , found primarily in southern Africa , but also in Australia and Bolivia . One formula given for crocidolite is Na Fe Fe Si O ( OH ) . Crocidolite is seen under a microscope as a blue fiber . Crocidolite commonly occurs as soft friable fibers . Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter . All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with breadths less than 1 micrometer in bundles of very great widths . Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as `` amianthus '' . Other materials ( edit ) Other regulated asbestos minerals , such as tremolite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 68 - 6 , Ca Mg Si O ( OH ) ; actinolite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 66 - 4 , Ca ( Mg , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) ; and anthophyllite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 67 - 5 , ( Mg , Fe ) Si O ( OH ) ; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been used in a few consumer products . Size of asbestos fibers compared to other particles ( USEPA , March 1978 ) Other natural asbestiform minerals , such as richterite , Na ( CaNa ) ( Mg , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) , and winchite , ( CaNa ) Mg ( Al , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) , though not regulated , are said by some to be no less harmful than tremolite , amosite , or crocidolite . They are termed `` asbestiform '' rather than asbestos . Although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has not included them in the asbestos standard , NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society have recommended them for inclusion as regulated materials because they may also be hazardous to health . Production ( edit ) In 2009 , about 9 % of world 's asbestos production was mined in Canada . In late 2011 , Canada 's remaining two asbestos mines , both located in the Province of Quebec , halted operations . In September 2012 , the government in the Province of Quebec halted asbestos mining . In 2015 , 2 million tonnes of asbestos were mined worldwide . The Russian Federation was the largest producer with about 55 % world share followed by China ( 20 % ) , Brazil ( 15.6 % ) , and Kazakhstan ( 10.8 % ) . History of use ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early uses ( edit ) Asbestos use dates back at least 4,500 years , when the inhabitants of the Lake Juojärvi region in East Finland strengthened earthenware pots and cooking utensils with the asbestos mineral anthophyllite ( see Asbestos - ceramic ) . One of the first descriptions of a material that may have been asbestos is in Theophrastus , On Stones , from around 300 BC , although this identification has been questioned . In both modern and ancient Greek , the usual name for the material known in English as `` asbestos '' is amiantos ( `` undefiled '' , `` pure '' ) , which was adapted into the French amiante and Portuguese amianto . In modern Greek , the word ἀσβεστος or ασβέστης stands consistently and solely for lime . The term asbestos is traceable to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder 's manuscript Natural History , and his use of the term asbestinon , meaning `` unquenchable '' . While Pliny or his nephew Pliny the Younger is popularly credited with recognising the detrimental effects of asbestos on human beings , examination of the primary sources reveals no support for either claim . Wealthy Persians amazed guests by cleaning a cloth by exposing it to fire . For example , according to Tabari , one of the curious items belonging to Khosrow II Parviz , the great Sassanian king ( r . 531 -- 579 ) , was a napkin ( Persian : منديل ‎ ) that he cleaned simply by throwing it into fire . Such cloth is believed to have been made of asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush . According to Biruni in his book , Gems , any cloths made of asbestos ( Persian : آذرشست ‎ , āzarshost ) were called shostakeh ( Persian : شستكه ‎ ) . Some Persians believed the fiber was the fur of an animal , called the samandar ( Persian : سمندر ‎ ) , which lived in fire and died when exposed to water , which was where the former belief that the salamander could tolerate fire originated . Charlemagne , the first Holy Roman Emperor ( 800 -- 814 ) , is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos . Marco Polo recounts having been shown , in a place he calls Ghinghin talas , `` a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander , which can not be burnt if it is thrown into the fire , is made ... '' Some archaeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos , wherein they burned the bodies of their kings , in order to preserve only their ashes , and prevent them being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres . Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps . A famous example is the golden lamp asbestos lychnis , which the sculptor Callimachus made for the Erechtheion . In more recent centuries , asbestos was indeed used for this purpose . Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact , ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin , and particularly for the itch . It is possible that they used the term asbestos for soapstone , because the two terms have often been confused throughout history . Industrial E.R.A. ( edit ) Industrial scale asbestos mining began in 1878 in Thetford township , Quebec . By 1895 , mining was increasingly mechanized . The large scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century . Early attempts at producing asbestos paper and cloth in Italy began in the 1850s , but were unsuccessful in creating a market for such products . Canadian samples of asbestos were displayed in London in 1862 , and the first companies were formed in England and Scotland to exploit this resource . Asbestos was first used in the manufacture of yarn , and German industrialist Louis Wertheim adopted this process in his factories in Germany . In 1871 , the Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company was established in Glasgow , and within the following decades , the Clydebank area became a centre for the nascent industry . Canada 's biggest power shovel loading an ore train with asbestos at the Jeffrey Mine , Johns - Manville Co. , Asbestos , Quebec , June 1944 . Industrial scale mining began in the Thetford hills , Quebec from the 1870s . Sir William Edmond Logan was the first to notice the large deposits of chrysotile in the hills in his capacity as head of Geological Survey of Canada . Samples of the minerals from here were displayed in London , and excited much interest . With the opening up of the Quebec Central Railway in 1876 , mining entrepreneurs , such as Andrew Stuart Johnson established the asbestos industry in the province . The 50 ton output of the mines in 1878 rose to over 10,000 tons in the 1890s with the adoption of machine technologies and expanded production . For a long time , the world 's largest asbestos mine was the Jeffrey mine in the town of Asbestos , Quebec . The applications of asbestos multiplied at the end of the 19th century . This is an advertisement for an asbestos - lined clothes iron from 1906 . Asbestos production began in the Urals of the Russian Empire in the 1880s , and in the Alpine regions of Northern Italy with the formation in Turin of the Italo - English Pure Asbestos Company in 1876 , although this was soon swamped by the greater production levels from the Canadian mines . Mining also took off in South Africa from 1893 under the aegis of the British businessman Francis Oates , the Director of the De Beers company . It was in South Africa that the production of amosite began in 1910 . The U.S. asbestos industry had an early start in 1858 , when fibrous anthophyllite was mined for use as asbestos insulation by the Johns Company , a predecessor to the current Johns Manville , at a quarry at Ward 's Hill on Staten Island , New York . US production began in earnest in 1899 , with the discovery of large deposits in the Belvidere Mountain . The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread towards the end of the 19th century , when its diverse applications included fire retardant coatings , concrete , bricks , pipes and fireplace cement , heat , fire , and acid resistant gaskets , pipe insulation , ceiling insulation , fireproof drywall , flooring , roofing , lawn furniture , and drywall joint compound . In 2011 it was reported that over 50 % of UK houses still contained asbestos , despite a ban on asbestos products some years earlier . In Japan , particularly after World War II , asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production , sprayed upon the ceilings , iron skeletons , and walls of railroad cars and buildings ( during the 1960s ) , and used for energy efficiency reasons as well . Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990 , when production began to drop dramatically . Discovery of toxicity ( edit ) For additional chronological citations , see List of asbestos disease medical articles . In 1899 , Montague Murray noted the negative health effects of asbestos . The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906 . In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos - mining towns . The first such study was conducted by H. Montague Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital , London , in 1900 , in which a postmortem investigation of a young man who had died from pulmonary fibrosis after having worked for 14 years in an asbestos textile factory , discovered asbestos traces in the victim 's lungs . Adelaide Anderson , the Inspector of Factories in Britain , included asbestos in a list of harmful industrial substances in 1902 . Similar investigations were conducted in France and Italy , in 1906 and 1908 , respectively . Asbestos fabric The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924 . Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Manchester , England from 1917 , spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn . Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest . Pathologist William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of the lungs indicated old scarring indicative of a previous , healed , tuberculosis infection , and extensive fibrosis , in which were visible `` particles of mineral matter ... of various shapes , but the large majority have sharp angles . '' Having compared these particles with samples of asbestos dust provided by S.A. Henry , His Majesty 's Medical Inspector of Factories , Cooke concluded that they `` originated from asbestos and were , beyond a reasonable doubt , the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and therefore of death '' . As a result of Cooke 's paper , parliament commissioned an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust by E.R.A. Merewether , Medical Inspector of Factories , and C.W. Price , a factory inspector and pioneer of dust monitoring and control . Their subsequent report , Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers , was presented to parliament on 24 March 1930 . It concluded that the development of asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust , and included the first health study of asbestos workers , which found that 66 % of those employed for 20 years or more suffered from asbestosis . The report led to the publication of the first Asbestos Industry Regulations in 1931 , which came into effect on 1 March 1932 . These regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work - related disease . The term mesothelioma was first used in medical literature in 1931 ; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s . Similar legislation followed in the U.S. about ten years later . Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died , or are terminally ill , from asbestos exposure related to ship building . In the Hampton Roads area , a shipbuilding center , mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate . Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to insulate piping , boilers , steam engines , and steam turbines . There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII ; for every 1,000 workers about 14 died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis . The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers , and to reduce public exposure . In the late 1970s , court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public . In Australia , asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1946 and 1980 . From the 1970s there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos , and its use was phased out . Mining ceased in 1983 . The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in December 2003 . The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia and there is help and support for sufferers from asbestosis or mesothelioma . Usage by industry and product type ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Serpentine Group ( edit ) Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure . Chrysotile is the only asbestos mineral in the serpentine group . In the United States , chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos . According to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual , chrysotile accounts for approximately 95 % of asbestos found in buildings in the United States . Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of products and materials , including : Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine ( currently in the USA ) Drywall and joint compound ( including texture coats ) Plaster Gas mask filters pre-1960s and gas mask filters from the USSR Vinyl floor tiles , sheeting , adhesives Roofing tars , felts , siding , and shingles `` Transite '' panels , siding , countertops , and pipes Popcorn ceilings , also known as acoustic ceilings Fireproofing An asbestos glove Caulk Industrial and marine gaskets Brake pads and shoes Stage curtains Fire blankets Interior fire doors Fireproof clothing for firefighters Thermal pipe insulation Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals , liquids and wine Dental cast linings HVAC flexible duct connectors Drilling fluid additives A household heat spreader for cooking on gas stoves , made of asbestos ( probably 1950s ; `` Amiante pur '' is French for `` Pure Asbestos '' ) In the European Union and Australia it has been banned as a potential health hazard and is not used at all . Japan is moving in the same direction , but at a slower pace . Amphibole Group ( edit ) Amphiboles including amosite ( brown asbestos ) and crocidolite ( blue asbestos ) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s . Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits . The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by the mid-1980s , and in Japan by 1995 . Some products that included amphibole types of asbestos included the following : Low density insulating board ( often referred to as AIB or asbestos insulating board ) and ceiling tiles ; Asbestos - cement pipe ( made until the early 1990s by at least one manufacturer ) ; Asbestos - cement sheets and pipes for construction , casing for water and electrical / telecommunication services ; Thermal and chemical insulation ( e.g. , fire rated doors , limpet spray , lagging and gaskets ) . Cigarette manufacturer Lorillard ( Kent 's filtered cigarette ) used crocidolite asbestos in its `` Micronite '' filter from 1952 to 1956 . While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads , shoes , and clutch discs , contaminants of amphiboles were present . Since approximately the mid-1990s , brake pads , new or replacement , have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic , carbon , metallic and aramid fiber ( Twaron or Kevlar -- the same material used in bulletproof vests ) . Artificial Christmas snow , known as flocking , was previously made with asbestos . It was used as an effect in films including The Wizard of Oz and department store window displays and it was marketed for use in private homes under brand names that included `` Pure White '' , `` Snow Drift '' and `` White Magic '' . Construction ( edit ) Developed countries ( edit ) Older decorative ceilings , similar to this one , may contain small amounts of white asbestos . 1929 newspaper advertisement from Perth , Western Australia , for asbestos sheeting for residential building construction . The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions , including the European Union , Australia , Hong Kong , Japan , and New Zealand . A notable exception is the United States , where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes . The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed the ban would cost between $450 and 800 million while only saving around 200 lives in a 13 - year timeframe , and that the EPA did not provide adequate evidence for the safety of alternative products . Until the mid-1980s , small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex , a decorative stipple finish , however , some of the lesser - known suppliers of Artex were still adding white asbestos until 1999 . Prior to the ban , asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials . Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to the amount of asbestos and the material 's friable nature . Sprayed coatings , pipe insulation and Asbestos Insulating Board ( AIB ) are thought to be the most dangerous due to their high content of asbestos and friable nature . Many older buildings built before the late 1990s contain asbestos . In the United States , there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM Standard E 2356 -- 04 . In the UK the Health and Safety Executive have issued guidance called HSG264 describing how surveys should be completed although other methods can be used if they can demonstrate they have met the regulations by other means . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes some but not all asbestos - contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities list ( NPL ) . Renovation and demolition of asbestos - contaminated buildings is subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations . Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA 's innocent purchaser defense . In the UK , the removal and disposal of asbestos and of substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 . U.S. asbestos consumption hit a peak of 804,000 tons in 1973 ; world asbestos demand peaked around 1977 , with 25 countries producing nearly 4.8 million metric tons annually . In older buildings ( e.g. those built prior to 1999 in the UK , before white asbestos was banned ) , asbestos may still be present in some areas . Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos . Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide , therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided . Outside Europe and North America ( edit ) Some countries , such as India , Indonesia , China , Russia and Brazil , have continued widespread use of asbestos . The most common is corrugated asbestos - cement sheets or `` A / C sheets '' for roofing and for side walls . Millions of homes , factories , schools or sheds and shelters continue to use asbestos . Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive ' J ' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on - site . There has been no significant change in production and use of A / C sheets in developing countries following the widespread restrictions in developed nations . `` The largest exporter of asbestos is Russia , which exported 100 million metric tonnes of asbestos. This asbestos is shipped to the nations that still use this cheap and effective building material . China is the number one importer of asbestos , using over five - hundred seventy metric tonnes of the dangerous substance in 2013 alone . China is not the only country that uses asbestos , Russia , Canada , Brazil and India all use asbestos . '' 11 September 2001 attacks ( edit ) See also : Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks As New York City 's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks , Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials . This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and in the dust , such as asbestos , lead , glass fibers , and pulverized concrete . More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into the air following the buildings ' destruction . Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service workers since the disaster . Thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the `` tip of the iceberg '' . Some commentators have criticised authorities for using asbestos in the buildings ' construction . In May 2002 , after numerous cleanup , dust collection , and air monitoring activities were conducted outdoors by EPA , other federal agencies , New York City , and the state of New York , New York City formally requested federal assistance to clean and test residences in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site for airborne asbestos . Asbestos contaminants in other products ( edit ) Vermiculite ( edit ) Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium - aluminum - iron silicate which resembles mica . It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as insulation . Some deposits of vermiculite have been found to be contaminated with small amounts of asbestos . One vermiculite mine operated by W.R. Grace and Company in Libby , Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining vermiculite contaminated with asbestos , typically richterite , winchite , actinolite or tremolite . Vermiculite contaminated with asbestos from the Libby mine was used as insulation in residential and commercial buildings through Canada and the United States . W.R. Grace and Company 's loose - fill vermiculite was marketed as Zonolite but was also used in sprayed - on products such as Monokote . In 1999 the EPA began cleanup efforts in Libby and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area . The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from the mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area . Talc ( edit ) A laboratory heat spreader made of asbestos , on tripod over a Teclu burner . Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore ( usually tremolite ) in underground talc deposits . By 1973 , US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos - free , and today there is strict quality control in the production of talc products , separating cosmetic - grade talc ( e.g. talcum powder ) from industrial - grade talc ( often used in friction products ) has largely eliminated this issue for consumers . In 2000 , tests in a certified asbestos - testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos used to be found in three out of eight popular brands of children 's crayons that were made partly from talc : Crayola , Prang , and RoseArt . In Crayola crayons , the tests found asbestos levels around 0.05 % in Carnation Pink and 2.86 % in Orchid ; in Prang crayons , the range was from 0.3 % in Periwinkle to 0.54 % in Yellow ; in Rose Art crayons , it was from 0.03 % in Brown to 1.20 % in Orange . Overall , 32 different types of crayons from these brands used to contain more than trace amounts of asbestos , and eight others contained trace amounts . The Art and Creative Materials Institute , a trade association which tested the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers , initially insisted the test results must have been incorrect , although they later said they do not test for asbestos . In May 2000 , Crayola said tests by Richard Lee , a materials analyst whose testimony on behalf of the asbestos industry has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times , found its crayons tested negative for asbestos . In spite of that , in June 2000 Binney & Smith , the maker of Crayola , and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products , and changed their product formulations in the United States . The mining company , RT Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur , New York , which supplied the talc to the crayon makers , states that `` to the best of our knowledge and belief '' there is no asbestos in its talc . However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration ( MSHA ) had found asbestos in four talc samples tested in 2000 . The Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health subsequently wrote to the news reporter , stating that `` In fact , the abbreviation ND ( non detect ) in the laboratory report -- indicates no asbestos fibers actually were found in the samples '' , and multiple studies by both mineral studies laboratories and biological cell studies do not report asbestos . These findings have been rejected by other health reports and studies which advocate a `` same as '' asbestos risk . Health Impact ( edit ) Main article : Health impact of asbestos Asbestos warning label . Left - sided mesothelioma ( seen on the right of the picture ) : chest CT All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans . Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types ; however , chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans , and mesothelioma has been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile , family members of the occupationally exposed , and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines . During the 1980s and again in the 1990s it was suggested at times that the process of making asbestos cement could `` neutralize '' the asbestos , either via chemical processes or by causing cement to attach to the fibers and changing their physical size ; subsequent studies showed that this was untrue , and that decades - old asbestos cement , when broken , releases asbestos fibers identical to those found in nature , with no detectable alteration . Exposure to asbestos in the form of fibers is always considered dangerous . Working with , or exposure to , material that is friable , or materials or works that could cause release of loose asbestos fibers , is considered high risk . In general , people who become ill from inhaling asbestos have been regularly exposed in a job where they worked directly with the material . The most common diseases associated with chronic exposure to asbestos are asbestosis and mesothelioma . Substitutes for asbestos in construction ( edit ) Fiberglass insulation was invented in 1938 and is now the most commonly used type of insulation material . The safety of this material has also been called into question due to similarities in material structure . However , the International Agency for Research on Cancer removed fiberglass from its list of possible human carcinogens in 2001 and a scientific review article from 2011 claimed epidemiology data was inconsistent and concluded that the IARC 's decision to downgrade the carcinogenic potential of fiberglass was valid ( however , this study was funded by sponsored research contract from the North American Insulation Manufacturer 's Association ) . In 1978 , a highly texturized fiberglass fabric was invented by Bal Dixit , called Zetex . This fabric is lighter than asbestos , but offers the same bulk , thickness , hand , feel , and abrasion resistance as asbestos . The fiberglass was texturized to eliminate some of the problems that arise with fiberglass , such as poor abrasion resistance and poor seam strength . In Europe , mineral wool and glass wool are the main insulators in houses . Many companies that produced asbestos - cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibers have developed products incorporating organic fibers . One such product was known as `` Eternit '' and another `` Everite '' now use `` Nutec '' fibers which consist of organic fibers , portland cement and silica . Cement - bonded wood fiber is another substitute . Stone fibers are used in gaskets and friction materials . Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber . Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with a high melting point of 760 ° C ( 1,400 ° F ) that also does not ignite . Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability , it is often used by fire departments and space agencies . Recycling and disposal ( edit ) Old Wailuku Post Office sealed off for asbestos removal Asbestos alternatives for industrial use include sleeves , rope , tape , fabric , textiles and insulation batt materials made from fiberglass and silica . In most developed countries , asbestos is typically disposed of as hazardous waste in landfill sites . The demolition of buildings containing large amounts of asbestos based materials pose particular problems for builders and property developers -- such buildings often have to be deconstructed piece by piece , or the asbestos has to be painstakingly removed before the structure can be razed by mechanical or explosive means . One such example is the Red Road Flats in Glasgow , Scotland which used huge amounts of asbestos cement board for wall panelling -- here British health and safety regulations stipulate that asbestos material has to be removed to a landfill site via an approved route at certain times of the day in specially adapted vehicles . Asbestos can be recycled by transforming it into harmless silicate glass . A process of thermal decomposition at 1000 -- 1250 ° C produces a mixture of non-hazardous silicate phases , and at temperatures above 1250 ° C it produces silicate glass . Microwave thermal treatment can be used in an industrial manufacturing process to transform asbestos and asbestos - containing waste into porcelain stoneware tiles , porous single - fired wall tiles , and ceramic bricks . The combination of oxalic acid with ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers . See also ( edit ) Asbestine List of minerals Asbestos abatement Asbestos and the law Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization Asbestos - ceramic Asbestos cement Medical geology Red List building materials References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alleman , James E. ; Mossman , Brooke T ( July 1997 ) . `` Asbestos Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . 277 : 54 -- 57 . Bibcode : 1997SciAm. 277a ... 70A . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0797 - 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gee , David ; Greenberg , Morris ( 9 January 2002 ) . `` Asbestos : from ' magic ' to malevolent mineral '' ( PDF ) . Late lessons from early warnings : the precautionary principle 1896 -- 2000 . Copenhagen : EEA ( 22 ) : 52 -- 63 . ISBN 92 - 9167 - 323 - 4 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is asbestos ? '' . Cancer Society . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Position Statement on Asbestos from the Joint Policy Committee of the Societies of Epidemiology ( JPC - SE ) , approved June 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ BrancheArbejdsmiljøRådet for Bygge & Anlæg ( February 2009 ) . Når du støder på asbest . Branchevejledning ( in Danish ) . Copenhagen . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7952 - 118 - 6 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Of Asbestos Bans '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Best , Richard . `` Liability for Asbestos Related Disease in England and Germany '' ( PDF ) . germanlawjournal.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bostock , John ( 1856 ) . `` Asbestinon '' . The Natural History of Pliny . Vol. IV . Translated by Riley , H.T. London : Henry G. Bohn . p. 137 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Asbestos , CAS No. 1332 - 21 - 4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , D Wayne ; Crump , Kenny S ( 2003 ) . Final draft : technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos - related risk . Washington DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . p. 474 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is asbestos ? '' . American Cancer Society . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos -- History and Uses '' . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . 31 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Occupational Exposure to Asbestos , Tremolite , Anthophyllite and Actinolite . U.S. Department of Labor . 1992 Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program . January 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Asbestos mining stops for first time in 130 years . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2011 Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( 20 November 2012 ) Quebec Budget : Finance Minister Nicolas Marceau tightens spending , levies new taxes . Ottawa Citizen Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program . January 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Malcolm & Nolan , Robert P ( 2003 ) . `` History of asbestos discovery and use and asbestos - related disease in context with the occurrence of asbestos within the ophiolite complexes '' . In Dilek , Yildirim & Newcomb , Sally . Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought . Special Paper 373 . Boulder , Colorado : Geological Society of America . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2373 - 6 . Jump up ^ Caley , Earl R. ; Richards , John F.C. ( 1956 ) . `` Commentary '' . Theophrastus on Stones : Introduction , Greek Text , English Translation , and Commentary . Graduate School Monographs : Contributions in Physical Science , No. 1 . Columbus , OH : The Ohio State University . pp. 87 -- 88 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Moore thought that Theophrastus was really referring to asbestos . The color of the stone makes this unlikely , though its structure makes it less improbable , since some forms of decayed wood do have a fibrous structure like asbestos ... It is , however , unlikely that Theophrastus is alluding to asbestos , since the mineral does not occur in the locality mentioned ... It is much more probable that Theophrastus is referring to the well - known brown fibrous lignite . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Roberta C. ( 22 October 1995 ) . `` History of Asbestos '' . Environmentalchemistry.com . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Maines , Rachel ( 2005 ) . Asbestos and Fire : Technological Trade - offs and the Body at Risk . Rutgers University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3575 - 1 . Jump up ^ New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2003 ) , vol. 6 , p. 843 Jump up ^ Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary ^ Jump up to : `` University of Calgary '' . Iras.ucalgary.ca. 30 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Asbestos Use and Associated Health Risks EnvironmentalChemistry.com website Jump up ^ `` Fantastically Wrong : The Legend of the Homicidal Fire - Proof Salamander '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Asbestos '' . Time . 29 November 1926 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Polo , Marco ; A C. Moule ; Paul Pelliot ( 1938 ) . Marco Polo : the Description of the World : A.C. Moule & Paul Pelliot . G. Routledge & Sons . pp. 156 -- 57 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Ephraim ( 1728 ) . Cyclopædia . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder . Ch. 4. -- LINEN MADE OF ASBESTOS . In The Natural History Jump up ^ Eleftheratou , S. ( 2016 ) . Acropolis museum guide . Acropolis Museum Editions . p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Selikoff , Irving J. ( 1978 ) . Asbestos and Disease . Elsevier . pp. 8 -- 20 . ISBN 9780323140072 . Jump up ^ `` Asbestos & Clydebank '' . Clydebank Asbestos Group . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The storied province of Quebec : past and present . Volume V ( 1931 ) Wood , WCH ; Atherton , WH ; Conklin , EP pp. 814 -- 5 Jump up ^ Udd , John ( 1998 ) `` A Chronology of Minerals Development in Canada '' Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . National Resources Canada Jump up ^ Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration ( U.S. ) ( 2006 ) . Industrial minerals & rocks : commodities , markets , and uses . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OATS , FRANCIS of GOLANT '' . South African Who 's Who 1916 . November 2006 . Jump up ^ Betts , John ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` The Minerals of New York City '' . Rocks & Mineral Magazine . 84 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 252 . doi : 10.3200 / RMIN. 84.3. 204 - 223 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Don , Andrew ( 1 May 2011 ) Asbestos : the hidden health hazard in millions of homes . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Morinaga , Kenji . `` Asbestos in Japan '' ( PDF ) . European Conference 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Luus , K ( 2007 ) . `` Asbestos : Mining exposure , health effects and policy implications '' . McGill journal of medicine : MJM : an international forum for the advancement of medical sciences by students . 10 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 6 . PMC 2323486 . PMID 18523609 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Asbestos in the UK -- The story so far ... Asbestos uses and regulations timeline '' ( PDF ) . silverdell.plc.uk. 30 April 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Selikoff , Irving J. ( 1978 ) . Asbestos and Disease . Elsevier . pp. 20 -- 32 . ISBN 9780323140072 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , W.E. ( 26 July 1924 ) . `` FIBROSIS OF THE LUNGS DUE TO THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST '' . Br Med J. London : BMA. 2 ( 3317 ) : 140 -- 2 , 147 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.3317. 147 . ISSN 0959 - 8138 . PMC 2304688 . PMID 20771679 . ^ Jump up to : Selikoff , Irving J. ; Greenberg , Morris ( 20 February 1991 ) . `` A Landmark Case in Asbestosis '' ( PDF ) . JAMA . Chicago , Illinois : AMA. 265 ( 7 ) : 898 -- 901 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.7. 898 . ISSN 0098 - 7484 . PMID 1825122 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartrip , P.W.J. ( 2001 ) . The Way from Dusty Death : Turner and Newall and the Regulation of the British Asbestos Industry 1890s -- 1970 . London : The Athlone Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 485 - 11573 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bartrip , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` Too little , too late ? The home office and the asbestos industry regulations , 1931 '' . Med . Hist . London : The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. 42 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 438 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300064334 . ISSN 0025 - 7273 . PMC 1044071 . PMID 10505397 . Jump up ^ Published as Report on the effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry . Part I. Occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and other pulmonary affections in asbestos workers . Part II . Processes giving rise to dust and methods for its suppression . London : HMSO , 1930 . Jump up ^ `` Classic papers in Public Health : Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the Year 1947 by E.R.A. Merewether -- The Pump Handle '' . scienceblogs.com. 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke , Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipbuilding 's Deadly Legacy : Introduction : Horrible Toll Could Have Been Avoided '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk , Virginia ( newspaper ) ; from Internet Archive ^ Jump up to : Burke , Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipyards , a Crucible for Tragedy : Part 1 : How the war created a monster '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk , Virginia ( newspaper ) Jump up ^ Lavelle , Peter ( 29 April 2004 ) Australian Broadcasting Corporation Fact File : Asbestos . Australian Broadcasting Corporation Jump up ^ Caustic Soda Production . Olin Corporation Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( July 1935 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . pp. 62 -- . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOHSC declares prohibition on use of chrysotile asbestos '' . Ascc.gov.au. 17 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cigarette Filter Danger . Snopes.com . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Otway , Helen ( 2005 ) . `` Unbelievable Random Facts '' . 1001 unbelievable Facts . Capella . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84193 - 783 - 0 . Jump up ^ Asbestos in Fake Snow Wizard of Oz . Retrieved 19 December 2014 Jump up ^ 947 F. 2d 1201 -- Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency . Openjurist.org . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Where can asbestos be found , Asbestos Surveying Ltd , Birmingham , UK , 2 08 2008 . Retrieved 29 Dec 2008 . Jump up ^ Artex website , Click the `` Asbestos in Artex '' button . Jump up ^ http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg264.htm Jump up ^ Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 , Health and Safety Executive , London , UK , Undated . Retrieved 29 Dec 2008 . Jump up ^ History of Asbestos , Asbestos.com , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos in the home booklet . Wrekin housing trust '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Asbestos Removal . Laws.sandwell.gov.uk ( 1 April 2005 ) . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/worldwide.php ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , John B. ( 20 Jun 2007 ) . World Trade Center : preliminary observations on EPA 's second program to address indoor contamination ( GAO - 07 - 806T ) : testimony before the Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health , U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Accountability Office . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` 9 / 11 's delayed legacy : cancer for many of the rescue workers '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Asbestos Contamination In Vermiculite '' . Epa.gov. 28 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Meeker , G.P ( 2003 ) . `` The Composition and Morphology of Amphiboles from the Rainy Creek Complex , Near Libby , Montana '' . American Mineralogist. 88 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1955 -- 1969 . Bibcode : 2003AmMin ... 88.1955 M . doi : 10.2138 / am - 2003 - 11 - 1239 . Jump up ^ `` Libby Asbestos -- US EPA Region 8 '' . Epa.gov . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Assessment -- US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Gosen , Bradley S. , Lowers , Heather A. , Sutley , Stephen J. ( 2004 ) . `` A USGS Study of Talc Deposits and Associated Amphibole Asbestos Within Mined Deposits of the Southern Death Valley Region , California '' . Pubs.usgs.gov . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Dillner , Luisa ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Is it safe to use talcum powder ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Straight Dope : Is talcum powder asbestos ? '' . www.straightdope.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major brands of kids ' crayons contain asbestos , tests show '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 23 May 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Andrew ; Smith , Carol ( 13 June 2000 ) . `` Crayon firms agree to stop using talc '' ( PDF ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Old dispute rekindled over content of mine 's talc '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 30 May 2000 . Jump up ^ McAteer , J. Davitt Assist . Secretary for Mine Safety and Health correspondence to Andrew Schneider of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer dated 14 June 2000 -- copy obtainable through records archives MSHA . Jump up ^ Van Orden , D. , R.J. Lee : Weight Percent Compositional Analysis of Seven RTV Talc Samples . Analytical Report to R.T. Vanderbilt Company , Inc. 22 November 2000 . Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 4 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Nord , G. L , S.W. Axen , R.P. Nolan : Mineralogy and Experimental Animal Studies of Tremolitic Talc . Environmental Sciences Laboratory , Brooklyn College , The City University of New York . Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 1 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Kelse , J.W. ; Thompson , C. Sheldon ( 1989 ) . `` The Regulatory and Mineralogical Definitions of Asbestos and Their Impact on Amphibole Dust Analysis '' . AIHA Journal . 50 ( 11 ) : 613 -- 622 . doi : 10.1080 / 15298668991375245 . Jump up ^ Wylie , A.G. ( 2 June 2000 ) Report of Investigation . Analytical Report on RTV talc submitted to R.T. Vanderbilt Company , Inc. 13 February 1987 ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . Jump up ^ Crane , D. ( 26 November 1986 ) Letter to Greg Piacitelli ( NIOSH ) describing the analytical findings of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regarding R.T. Vanderbilt Talc ( In OSHA Docket H - 33 - d and In Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations -- 2 June 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Crane , D. ( 12 June 2000 ) Background Information Regarding the Analysis of Industrial Talcs . Letter to the Consumer Product Safety Commission from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration . ( Appended to CPSC Staff Report on `` Asbestos in Children 's Crayons '' Aug. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ McCrone Associates -- Atlanta Lab. : Report on the Analysis of Paint CLS - 5067 - 1 and Mineral Filler CLS - N - 439 - 1 . To Unspecified Paint Company 23 September 1992 . ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 2 June 2000 . Jump up ^ Langer , A.M. , Nolan , R.P. ( November 2000 ) `` Mineralogical Characterization of Vanderbilt Talc Specimens & Comparison of the 1976 Rohl Talc Report to NIOSH and Analysis Performed in 1988 '' . In Public Comments -- Nat'l Toxicology Program 10th ROC review . W. Jameson NIEHS MED EC - 14 , 79 Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park , NC `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior : Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties by W.J. Campbell , et al. ( Bureau of Mines Information Circular , I.C. 8751 ) . Washington , D.C. : Dept. of the Interior , Bureau of Mines . ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Stille , WT ; Tabershaw , IR ( 1982 ) . `` The mortality experience of upstate New York talc workers '' . Journal of Occupational Medicine . 24 ( 6 ) : 480 -- 4 . PMID 7097380 . Jump up ^ Lamm , SH ; Levine , MS ; Starr , JA ; Tirey , SL ( 1988 ) . `` Analysis of excess lung cancer risk in short - term employees '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 127 ( 6 ) : 1202 -- 9 . PMID 3369419 . Jump up ^ Gamble , JF ( 1993 ) . `` A nested case control study of lung cancer among New York talc workers '' . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health . 64 ( 6 ) : 449 -- 56 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00517952 . PMID 8458662 . Jump up ^ Dement , JM ; Brown , DP ( 1982 ) . `` Occupational exposure to talc containing asbestos '' . American Industrial Hygiene Association journal . 43 ( 6 ) : A24 -- 5 . PMID 7113917 . Jump up ^ Hull , M.J. ; Abraham , J.L. ; Case , B.W. ( 2002 ) . `` Mesothelioma among Workers in Asbestiform Fiber - Bearing Talc Mines in New York State '' . Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 46 : 132 -- 135 . doi : 10.1093 / annhyg / 46. suppl_1. 132 . Jump up ^ Asbestos : elimination of asbestos - related diseases . World Health Organization . July 2014 Jump up ^ Straif , K ; Benbrahim - Tallaa , L ; Baan , R ; Grosse , Y ; Secretan , B ; El Ghissassi , F ; Bouvard , V ; Guha , N ; Freeman , C ; Galichet , L ; Cogliano , V ; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group ( 2009 ) . `` A review of human carcinogens -- Part C : Metals , arsenic , dusts , and fibres '' ( PDF ) . The Lancet . Oncology. 10 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1470 - 2045 ( 09 ) 70134 - 2 . PMID 19418618 . Jump up ^ Collegium Razmzzini 2010 Statement on Asbestos . collegiumramazzini.org Jump up ^ Kanarek , M.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Mesothelioma from Chrysotile Asbestos : Update '' . Annals of Epidemiology. 21 ( 9 ) : 688 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2011.05. 010 . PMID 21820631 . Jump up ^ Marbbn , C.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Asbestos Risk Assessment '' . The Journal of Undergraduate Biological Studies : 12 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Investigation of the chrysotile fibres in an asbestos cement sample ( 2006 ) - HSL / 2007 / 11 , p. 26 onward ) Jump up ^ ATSDR -- Asbestos -- Health Effects . ( 1 April 2008 ) . ATSDR Home . Retrieved 24 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fiber Glass : A Carcinogen That 's Everywhere '' . Rachel 's News . Environmental Research Foundation . 31 May 1995 . Jump up ^ Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs , Volumes 1 -- 111 . iarc.fr Jump up ^ Marsh , G.M. ; Buchanich , J.M. ; Youk , A.O. ( 2011 ) . `` Fiber glass exposure and human respiratory system cancer risk : Lack of evidence persists since 2001 IARC re-evaluation '' . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . 60 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yrtph. 2011.02. 009 . PMID 21345360 . Jump up ^ Dixit , B. , `` Performance of Protective Clothing : Development and Testing of Asbestos Substitutes , '' Performance of Protective Clothing , ASTM STP 900 , R.L. Barker and G.C. Coletta , Eds. , American Society for Testing and Materials , Philadelphia , 1986 , pp. 446 -- 460 ISBN 0 - 8031 - 0461 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gualtieri , A.F. ; Tartaglia , A. ( 2000 ) . `` Thermal decomposition of asbestos and recycling in traditional ceramics '' . Journal of the European Ceramic Society . 20 ( 9 ) : 1409 -- 1418 . doi : 10.1016 / S0955 - 2219 ( 99 ) 00290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leonelli , C. ; Veronesi , P. ; Boccaccini , D. ; Rivasi , M. ; Barbieri , L. ; Andreola , F. ; Lancellotti , I. ; Rabitti , D. ; Pellacani , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Microwave thermal inertisation of asbestos containing waste and its recycling in traditional ceramics '' . Journal of Hazardous Materials. 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 149 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhazmat. 2005.11. 035 . PMID 16406335 . Jump up ^ Francesco Turci ; Maura Tomatis ; Stefano Mantegna ; Giancarlo Cravotto ; Bice Fubini ( 2007 ) . `` The combination of oxalic acid with power ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibres '' . Journal of Environmental Monitoring ( 10 ) : 1064 -- 1066 . Bibliography ( edit ) Castleman , Barry I. ( 1996 ) . Asbestos : Medical and Legal Aspects . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5260 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman , editors , Health Effects of Mineral Dusts , Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy v. 28 , 584 pages ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 939950 - 33 - 2 . Deaths and major morbidity from asbestos - related diseases in Asia likely to surge in next 20 years Asbestos : an introduction by JW Cherrie Tweedale , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) . Magic Mineral to Killer Dust Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard . Oxford Univ . Press . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829690 - 4 . 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Parachrysotile ( asbestos ) at the webmineral.com Mineral Database Univ. of Minn. : Asbestos White Gold Pioneers : Asbestos Mining -- The origins of asbestos mining , illustrated with many early photographs How to Identify Asbestos - Independent site citing how to identify the early signs of Asbestos and actions to take Fibers Natural Plant Abacá Bagasse Bamboo Coir Cotton Fique Flax Linen Hemp Jute Kapok Kenaf Piña Pine Raffia Ramie Rattan Sisal Wood Animal Alpaca Angora Byssus Camel hair Cashmere Catgut Chiengora Guanaco Hair Llama Mohair Pashmina Qiviut Rabbit Silk Tendon Spider silk Wool Vicuña Yak Mineral Asbestos Man - made Regenerated Art silk Semi-synthetic Acetate Diacetate Lyocell Modal Rayon Triacetate Synthetic Mineral Glass Carbon Tenax Basalt Metallic Polymer Acrylic Aramid Twaron Kevlar Technora Nomex Microfiber Modacrylic Nylon Olefin Polyester Polyethylene Dyneema Spectra Spandex Vinylon Vinyon Zylon Category Commons Occupational safety and health Occupational diseases and injuries Acrodynia Asbestosis Asthma Berylliosis Brucellosis Byssinosis ( `` brown lung '' ) Chalicosis Chimney sweeps ' carcinoma Chronic solvent - induced encephalopathy ( CSE ) Coalworker 's pneumoconiosis ( `` black lung '' ) Concussions in sport Decompression sickness De Quervain syndrome Exposure to human nail dust Farmer 's lung Fiddler 's neck Flock worker 's lung Glassblower 's cataract Golfer 's elbow Hearing Loss Hospital - acquired infection Indium lung Laboratory animal allergy Lead poisoning Mad hatter disease Mesothelioma Metal fume fever Mule spinners ' cancer Noise - induced hearing loss Phossy jaw Pneumoconiosis Radium jaw Repetitive strain injury Silicosis Silo - filler 's disease Sports injury Surfer 's ear Tennis elbow Tinnitus Writer 's cramp Occupational hygiene Occupational hazard Hierarchy of hazard controls Prevention through design Exposure assessment Occupational exposure limit Occupational epidemiology Professions Environmental health Industrial engineering Occupational health nursing Occupational health psychology Occupational medicine Occupational therapist Safety engineering Agencies and organizations European Agency for Safety and Health at Work UK Health and Safety Executive International Labour Organization U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration World Health Organization Standards Bangladesh Accord ISO 45001 Occupational Safety and Health Convention , 1981 Worker Protection Standard ( US ) Working Environment Convention , 1977 See also Environment , health and safety Environmental toxicology Ergonomics Health physics Indoor air quality International Chemical Safety Card National Day of Mourning ( Canadian observance ) Process safety management Public health Risk management Safety data sheet ( SDS ) Toxic tort Workers ' compensation Category Occupational diseases Commons Journals Organizations GND : 4003178 - 0 NDL : 00570569 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asbestos&oldid=837444672 '' Categories : Asbestos Hazardous air pollutants Carcinogens IARC Group 1 carcinogens Occupational safety and health Industrial minerals Hidden categories : CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Persian - language text Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Use dmy dates from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 21 : 22 . 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Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer , mesothelioma , and asbestosis ( a type of pneumoconiosis ) . Concern of asbestos - related illness in modern times began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s . By the 1980s and 1990s , asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted , phased out , or banned outright in an increasing number of countries .

Flight recorder - wikipedia Flight recorder This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) at 23 : 31 , 26 August 2017 ( move external link to its new home using AWB ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 23 : 31 , 26 August 2017 by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) ( move external link to its new home using AWB ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An example of a flight data recorder ; the underwater locator beacon is the small cylinder on the far right . ( Translation of warning message in French : FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN ) The warning appears in English on the other side . A flight recorder , commonly known as a black box , although it is now orange - coloured , is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents . The flight data recorder ( FDR ) is a device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second . The cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit , including the conversation of the pilots . The two recorders give an accurate testimony , narrating the aircraft 's flight history , to assist in any later investigation . The FDR and CVR may be combined in a single unit . The two recorders are required by international regulation , overseen by the International Civil Aviation Organization , to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident . For this reason , they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000 ° C ( 1,830 ° F ) as required by EUROCAE ED - 112 . They have been required in commercial aircraft in the US since 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early designs 1.2 Australia 1.3 United States 2 Terminology 3 Components 3.1 Flight data recorder 3.2 Cockpit voice recorder 3.3 Combined units 3.4 Additional equipment 4 Specifications 5 Regulation 5.1 Proposed requirements 5.1. 1 Deployable recorders 5.1. 2 Image recorders 5.2 After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5.3 After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Play media 1985 ABC news report interviewing David Warren about his invention Cockpit voice recorder ( on display in the Deutsches Museum ) . This is a magnetic tape unit built to an old standard TSO C84 as shown on the nameplate . The text on the side in French says `` flight recorder do not open '' Early designs ( edit ) One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by François Hussenot and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the Marignane flight test center , France , with their `` type HB '' flight recorder ; they were essentially photograph - based flight recorders , because the record was made on a scrolling eight meters long by 88 milimeters wide photographic film . The latent image was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to record ( altitude , speed , etc . ) . A pre-production run of 25 `` HB '' recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French test centers well into the seventies . In 1947 , Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate , so as to market his invention , which was also known as the `` hussenograph '' . This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders , used not only aboard aircraft but also trains and other vehicles . SFIM is today part of the Safran group and is still present on the flight recorder market . The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable , visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device . On the other hand , unlike magnetic bands or later flash memory - based technology , a photographic film can not be erased and recycled , and so it must be changed periodically . As such , this technology was reserved for one - shot uses , mostly during planned test flights ; and it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights . Also , the cockpit conversation was not recorded . Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II . Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact . This unit used copper foil as the recording medium with various styli indicating various instruments / aircraft controls which indented the copper foil . The copper foil was periodically advanced at set periods of time therefore giving a history of the instruments / control settings of the aircraft . This unit was developed at Farnborough for the Ministry of Aircraft Production . At the war 's end the Ministry got Harrison and Husband to sign over their invention to them and the Ministry patented it under British patent 19330 / 45 . This unit was the forerunner of today 's black boxes being able to withstand conditions that aircrew could not . The first modern flight recorder , called `` Mata Hari '' , was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala . This black high - tech mechanical box was able to record all important aviation details during test flights of World War II fighter aircraft that the Finnish army repaired or built in their main aviation factory in Tampere , Finland . The `` Mata Hari '' black box is displayed in the Vapriikki Museum ( fi ) in Tampere , Finland . Australia ( edit ) In 1953 , Australian engineer David Warren conceived a device that would record not only the instruments reading , but also the cockpit voices , when working with the Australian Research Laboratories . He built the first prototype in 1958 . Warren , when working with the Defence Science and Technology Organisations ' Aeronautical Research Laboratory ( Melbourne , Australia ) , published a 1954 report entitled `` A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents '' and built a prototype FDR called `` The ARL Flight Memory Unit '' in 1957 . The first coupled FDR / CVR prototype designed with civilian aircraft in mind , for explicit post-crash examination purposes , was produced in 1958 . However , aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested . This changed in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham , the Secretary of the British Air Registration Board , visited the ARL and was introduced to Warren . The Aeronautical Research Laboratory allocated Warren an engineering team to develop the prototype to airborne stage . The team , consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear , Wally Boswell and Ken Fraser developed a working design incorporating a fire and shockproof case , a reliable system for encoding and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire , and a ground - based decoding device . The ARL system became the `` Red Egg '' , made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons , Ltd. , of Greenford , Middlesex . The `` Red Egg '' got its name from its shape and bright red color . In 1965 the units were redesigned and moved to the rear of airplanes to improve the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash . United States ( edit ) The `` Flight Recorder '' was invented and patented in the United States by Professor James J. `` Crash '' Ryan , a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota from 1931 to 1963 . Ryan 's `` Flight Recorder '' patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8 , 1960 ; see US Patent 2,959,459 . A second patent by Ryan for a `` Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders and the Like '' is US Patent 3,075,192 dated January 22 , 1963 . An early prototype of the Ryan Flight Data Recorder is described in the January 2013 Aviation History Magazine article `` Father of the Black Box '' by Scott M. Fisher . Ryan , also the inventor of the retractable safety seat belt now required in automobiles , began working on the idea of a flight recorder in 1946 , and invented the device in response to the 1948 request from the Civil Aeronautics Board for development of a flight recorder as a means of accumulating data that could be used to get information useful in arriving at operating procedures designed to reduce air mishaps . The original device was known as the `` General Mills Flight Recorder '' . The benefits of the flight recorder and the coding apparatus for flight recorders were outlined by Ryan in his study entitled `` Economies in Airline Operation with Flight Recorders '' which was entered into the Congressional Record in 1956 . Ryan 's Flight Recorder maintained a continuing recording of aircraft flight data such as engine exhaust , temperature , fuel flow , aircraft velocity , altitude , control surfaces positions , and rate of descent . A `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( CSR ) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. , an aeronautical engineer at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation . He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2 , 1961 , as an `` Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an `` invasion of privacy '' . Subsequently Boniface filed again on February 4 , 1963 for a `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( US Patent 3,327,067 ) with the addition of a spring - loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio / sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing . Boniface 's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two Lockheed Electra turboprop powered aircraft ( Flight # 542 operated by Braniff Airlines in 1959 and Flight # 710 operated by Northwest Orient Airlines in 1961 ) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss . His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be `` contained with the in - flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted , fireproofed and made watertight '' and `` sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures during a crash fire '' . The CSR was an analog device which provided a progressive erasing / recording loop ( lasting 30 or more minutes ) of all sounds ( explosion , voice , and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage ) which could be overheard in the cockpit . Terminology ( edit ) GEE airborne equipment , with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A ' black box ' on the right . The origin of the term `` black box '' is uncertain . In a systems engineering context ( since the 1960s when the term was spreading ) , the meaning is that the aircraft is modeled as a black box , and its behaviour can be understood from its recorded inputs , such as pilot instructions , and outputs , such as flight level data . The term `` black box '' is almost never used within the flight safety industry or aviation , which prefers the term `` flight recorder '' . The recorders are not permitted to be black in color , and must be bright orange , as they are intended to be spotted and recovered after incidents . The term `` black box '' has been popularised by the media in general . One explanation for popularization of the term `` black box '' comes from the early film - based design of flight data recorders , which required the inside of the recorder to be perfectly dark to prevent light leaks from corrupting the record , as in a photographer 's darkroom . Another explanation of the `` black box '' term popularization came from a meeting about Warren 's `` Red Egg '' , when afterwards a journalist told Warren : `` This is a wonderful black box . '' The unit itself was based on an EMI Minifon wire recorder ( originally a 1950s espionage gadget from the West - German manufacturer Protona Monske ) fitted into a perspex box firmly screwed together . Another possible origin of the term is World War II RAF jargon . Prior to the end of the war in 1945 , new electronic innovations , such as Oboe , GEE and H2S , were added to bombers on a regular basis . The prototypes were roughly covered in hand - made metal boxes , painted black to prevent reflections . After a time any piece of `` new '' electronics was referred to as the `` box - of - tricks '' ( as illusionist box ) or the `` black box '' . The first recorded use of the term `` black box '' in reference to flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders was by Mr E. Newton of the AAIB at a meeting of the Aeronautical Research Council in August 1958 . Components ( edit ) Flight data recorder ( edit ) A typical flight recorder Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder , each with an underwater locator beacon on the front An underwater locator beacon , with a ballpoint pen to provide scale A Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) , with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft A flight data recorder ( FDR ) ( also ADR , for accident data recorder ) is an electronic device employed to record instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft . Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) , which records conversation in the cockpit , radio communications between the cockpit crew and others ( including communication with air traffic control personnel ) , as well as ambient sounds . The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation . Due to their importance in investigating accidents , these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire . Contrary to the popular term `` black box '' , the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage , and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section , where it is more likely to survive a severe crash . Following an accident , the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body , as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors . Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the Flight Data Acquisition Units ( FDAU ) . They record significant flight parameters , including the control and actuator positions , engine information and time of day . There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations ( only 29 were required until 2002 ) , but some systems monitor many more variables . Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per second , though some units store `` bursts '' of data at a much higher frequency if the data begin to change quickly . Most FDRs record approximately 17 -- 25 hours of data in a continuous loop . It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check ( readout ) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded . Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong corrosion - resistant stainless steel or titanium , with high - temperature insulation inside . Modern FDRs are accompanied by an underwater locator beacon that emits an ultrasonic `` ping '' to aid in detection when submerged . These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters ( 20,000 ft ) . Cockpit voice recorder ( edit ) Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder , one type of flight recorder A cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents . This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots ' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit . The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment . Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours . A standard CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of audio data for a period of 2 hours . The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes , but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases , significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording . The earliest CVRs used analog wire recording , later replaced by analog magnetic tape . Some of the tape units used two reels , with the tape automatically reversing at each end . The original was the ARL Flight Memory Unit produced in 1957 by Australian David Warren and an instrument maker named Tych Mirfield . Other units used a single reel , with the tape spliced into a continuous loop , much as in an 8 - track cartridge . The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes . Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached . Thus , the latest designs employ solid - state memory and use digital recording techniques , making them much more resistant to shock , vibration and moisture . With the reduced power requirements of solid - state recorders , it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units , so that recording can continue until flight termination , even if the aircraft electrical system fails . Like the FDR , the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane fuselage to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash . Combined units ( edit ) With the advent of digital recorders , the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof , shock proof , and waterproof container as a combined digital Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) . Currently a CVDR is manufactured by L - 3 Communications as well as other manufacturers . Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990 , having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve . This was extended to the two - hour voice recording in 1995 . Additional equipment ( edit ) Since the 1970s , most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a `` quick access recorder '' ( QAR ) . This records data on a removable storage medium . Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because of the requirement that they survive an accident . They also require specialized equipment to read the recording . The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer . In many airlines , the quick access recordings are scanned for ' events ' , an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters . This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results . Many modern aircraft systems are digital or digitally controlled . Very often , the digital system will include Built - In Test Equipment which records information about the operation of the system . This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident . Specifications ( edit ) Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR - GTD , a Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737 - 8EH SFP , found in the Amazon in Mato Grosso , Brazil . After the crash of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 , Brazilian Air Force personnel show the recovered flight data recorder The design of today 's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in ICAO Annex 6 which makes reference to industry crashworthiness and fire protection specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55 , ED56 fiken A and ED112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) regulates all aspects of US aviation , and cites design requirements in their Technical Standard Order , based on the EUROCAE documents ( as do the aviation authorities of many other countries ) . Currently , EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400 g ( 33 km / s2 ) for 6.5 milliseconds . This is roughly equivalent to an impact velocity of 270 knots ( 310 mph ; 500 km / h ) and a deceleration or crushing distance of 45 cm . Additionally , there are requirements for penetration resistance , static crush , high and low temperature fires , deep sea pressure , sea water immersion , and fluid immersion . EUROCAE ED - 112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data , cockpit audio , images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for investigations of accidents or incidents . When issued in March 2003 ED - 112 superseded previous ED - 55 and ED - 56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR . FAA TSOs for FDR and CVR reference ED - 112 for characteristics common to both types . In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces . All are lettered `` FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN '' on one side in English and the same in French on the other side . To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident . Regulation ( edit ) In the investigation of the 1960 crash of Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 at Mackay ( Queensland ) , the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all ( Australian ) airliners . Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit - voice recording compulsory . The Digital Flight Data Recorder from West Air Sweden Flight 294 . All data was collected , even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented The United States ' first CVR rules were passed in 1964 , requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1 , 1967 . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours , following the NTSB recommendation that it should be increased from its previously - mandated 30 - minute duration . As of 2014 , the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats , or those that have six or more passenger seats , are turbine - powered , and require two pilots . For US air carriers and manufacturers , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) is responsible for investigating accidents and safety - related incidents . The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction . The NTSB does not have regulatory authority , but must depend on legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations . In addition , 49 USC Section 1114 ( c ) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript . The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee ( AEEC ) . The 700 Series of standards describe the form , fit , and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft . The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747 . The CVR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 757 . Proposed requirements ( edit ) Deployable recorders ( edit ) The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems , with the second CVDR set being `` deployable or ejectable '' . The `` deployable '' recorder combines the cockpit voice / flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) in a single unit . The `` deployable '' unit would depart the aircraft before impact , activated by sensors . The unit is designed to `` eject '' and `` fly '' away from the crash site , to survive the terminal velocity of fall , to float on water indefinitely , and would be equipped with satellite technology for immediate location of crash impact site . The `` deployable '' CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993 . The recommendations would involve a massive retrofit program . However , government funding would negate cost objections from manufacturers and airlines . Operators would get both sets of recorders for free : they would not have to pay for the one set they are currently required by law to carry . The cost of the second `` deployable / ejectable CVDR '' ( or `` Black Box '' ) was estimated at US $30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft ( about $60,000 per new commercial plane ) . In the United States , the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations . However , so far the SAFE ACT legislation has failed to pass Congress , having been introduced in 2003 ( H.R. 2632 ) , in 2005 ( H.R. 3336 ) , and in 2007 ( H.R. 4336 ) . Originally the `` Safe Aviation Flight Enhancement ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 '' was introduced on June 26 , 2003 by Congressman David Price ( NC ) and Congressman John Duncan ( Tennessee ) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following commercial accidents . On July 19 , 2005 , a revised SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives . The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th , 109th , and 110th Congresses . Image recorders ( edit ) The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations . They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CVR or FDR . The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device . This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays ( CRT or LCD ) . A mechanical instrument is likely to preserve its last indication , but this is not the case with an electronic display . Such systems , estimated to cost less than $8,000 installed , typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation , the outside viewing area , engine sounds , radio communications , and ambient cockpit sounds . As with conventional CVRs and FDRs , data from such a system is stored in a crash - protected unit to ensure survivability . Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces , or even located in deep water , some modern units are self - ejecting ( taking advantage of kinetic energy at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft ) and also equipped with radio emergency locator transmitters and sonar underwater locator beacons to aid in their location . After Malaysia Airlines flight 370 ( edit ) On March 12 , 2014 , in response to the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 , David Price re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives . The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology , namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident . Considering the advances of modern communication , technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides `` live streaming '' of data from the aircraft to the ground . Furthermore , commentators called for the underwater locator beacon 's range and battery life to be extended , as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft . Previous to MH370 , the investigators of the 2009 Air France Flight 447 urged to extend the battery life as `` rapidly as possible '' after the crash 's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year . After Indonesia AirAsia flight 8501 ( edit ) On December 28 , 2014 , Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 , en route from Surabaya , Indonesia , to Singapore , crashed in bad weather , killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board . On January 12 and 13 , 2015 , following the recovery of the flight recorders , an anonymous ICAO representative said : `` The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look . '' Unlike military recorders , which jettison away from an aircraft , signaling their location to search and rescue bodies , recorders on commercial aircraft remain inside the fuselage . A second ICAO official said that public attention had `` galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft '' . Cultural references ( edit ) The artwork for the band Rammstein 's album Reise , Reise is made to look like a CVR ; it also includes a recording from a crash . The recording is from the last 1 -- 2 minutes of the CVR of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , which crashed on August 12 , 1985 , killing 520 people ; JAL 123 is the deadliest single - aircraft disaster in history . Members of the performing arts collective Collective : Unconscious made a theatrical presentation of a play called Charlie Victor Romeo with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies . The play features the famous United Airlines Flight 232 that landed in a cornfield near Sioux City , Iowa after suffering a catastrophic failure of one engine and most flight controls . Survivor , a novel by Chuck Palahniuk , is about a cult member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics Black box theory Data logger Distress radiobeacon Event data recorder Flight operations quality assurance Korean Air Lines Flight 007 List of unrecovered flight recorders Quick access recorder Train event recorder Voyage data recorder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Fayer , Vols d'essais : Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960 , published by E.T.A.I. ( Paris ) , 2001 , 384 pages , ISBN 2 - 7268 - 8534 - 9 Jump up ^ page 207 of Denis Beaudouin , Chloé Beaudouin , Charles Beaudouin : une histoire d'instruments scientifiques , published by EDP Sciences Editions , 2005 , 285 pages ISBN 2 - 86883 - 807 - 3 Jump up ^ Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ Australian Research Laboratories Jump up ^ A Brief History of Black Boxes , Time Magazine , July 20 , 2009 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren -- Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Research Laboratories '' . Apc-online.com . February 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Black Boxes '' . Time Magazine . No . July 20 . 2009 . p. 22 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( US Patent 2,959,459 for Flight Recorder by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02959459 ) Jump up ^ ( US Patent 3,075,192 for Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03075192 ) Jump up ^ `` Aviation History - Books , Facts , News , Photos / Art Gallery '' . aviationhistory.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . Google Patents . Google Inc . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplane ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder Technology , How it Works '' . Slyck News , March 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Why Are Cockpit Voice Recorders Painted Orange and Called a Black Box ? '' . Guardian Liberty Voice , By Jerry Nelson on March 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( American Aviation Historical Society Fall - Winter 2014 Journal http://www.aahs-online.org/journals/journal_template.php?vol_no=v59n34 ) Jump up ^ `` The Flight Data Recorder '' . Aviation Digest , May 11 , 2015 , page 58 . Jump up ^ US Patent 3,327,067 for Cockpit Sound Recorder by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03327067 Jump up ^ `` France to resume ' black box ' hunt '' . BBC News . December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ page 210 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Black Box '' . IEEE Spectrum . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` radar -- 1946 -- 0844 -- Flight Archive '' . flightglobal.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder Systems '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . April 10 , 2007 . Section 3 Point B. Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder OSA '' . Jump up ^ `` SSFDR Solid State Flight Data Recorder , ARINC 747 - TSO C 124 - ED 55 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 121.359 ( h ) ( i ) ( 2 ) , amendment 338 and greater -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 23.1457 -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` L - 3 Aviation Recorders '' . l-3ar.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Flight Recorders '' . L3 Flight Recorders . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Luftfahrt . `` European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment '' . Eurocae.net . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSO - C124a FAA Regs '' . Airweb.faa.gov . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black box flight recorders '' . ATSB. April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren - Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . March 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil . `` The Evolution of Flight Data Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators conference , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Komos ( August 1989 ) . Air Progress : 76 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 Most Wanted List Page . Recorders . '' NTSB Archived August 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ > U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` 14 CFR 91.609 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ > `` History of the NTSB '' . NTSB Official Site . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process/Documents/CVR_Handbook.pdf Jump up ^ `` ARINC Store , 700 series '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Aviation Today '' . aviationtoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act of 2005 ( 2005 ; 109th Congress H.R. 3336 ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act - ( ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 -- via govtrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 108th Congress ( 2003 - 2004 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB -- Most Wanted '' . Ntsb.gov . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Bart . `` Lawmaker urges ' black boxes ' that eject from planes '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 makes it clear : we need to rethink black boxes Stephen Trimble Comment is free '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Why airlines do n't live - stream black box data '' . Technology & Science . CBC News . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu , Yijun . `` If we 'd used the cloud , we might know where MH370 is now '' , The Conversation ( website ) , London , March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved on August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 : Expert demands better black box technology '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia QZ8501 : More bad weather hits AirAsia search '' . BBC News . January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collective : Unconscious '' . Charlievictorromeo.com . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) American Aviation Historical Society , Volume 59 , Fall - Winter 2014 , `` Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. : Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( Extraordinary ) , `` Extraordinary Inventor '' , U of A Engineer Magazine , Winter 2005 ( Survivors ) , `` Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts ( sic ) '' , NRC , 2008 - 03 - 05 Jeremy Sear , `` The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder '' , University of Melbourne , October 2001 Siegel , Greg ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 3 . Black Boxes '' . Forensic Media : Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity . Duke University Press . pp. 89 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 7623 - 1 . Wyatt , David ; Mike Tooley ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 18 . Flight data and cockpit voice recorders '' . Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems . Routledge . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 44435 - 7 . Ben Hargreaves ( Apr 13 , 2017 ) . `` Flight Data Recorder Evolution : Where Next ? '' . MRO - network . Aviation Week . Could flight data recorders evolve to be useful in preventative maintenance as well ? . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cockpit voice recorders . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flight data recorders . ' The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder ' : Melbourne University history honours thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren Finnish Mata - Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City `` Beyond the Black Box : Instead of storing flight data on board , aircraft could easily send the information in real time to the ground , '' by Krishna M. Kavi , IEEE Spectrum , August 2010 `` A crash course in transportation safety '' . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . David Warren interview transcript 2002 , ABC TV ( Australia ) David Warren interview transcript 2003 , ABC TV ( Australia ) etep , Flight Recorder designer Heavy Vehicle EDR information site for black box technology How Black Boxes Work at HowStuffWorks IRIG 106 Chapter 10 : Flight data recorder digital recorder standard Public domain photos of recorders Popular Mechanics , March 19 , 2008 `` His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous '' US 3075192 James J. Ryan : `` Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like '' First modern flight recorder `` Mata Hari '' at display in Tampere museum Vapriikki . 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where is the black box located on an airplane

The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation . Due to their importance in investigating accidents , these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire . Contrary to the popular term `` black box '' , the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage , and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section , where it is more likely to survive a severe crash . Following an accident , the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body , as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors .

Angel falls - wikipedia Angel falls Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Angel Falls ( disambiguation ) . Angel Falls Salto Ángel Kerepakupai Vená Angel Falls , Bolívar State , Venezuela Location in Venezuela Location Auyán - tepui , Canaima National Park , Bolívar State , Venezuela Coordinates 5 ° 58 ′ 03 '' N 62 ° 32 ′ 08 '' W  /  5.96750 ° N 62.53556 ° W  / 5.96750 ; - 62.53556 Coordinates : 5 ° 58 ′ 03 '' N 62 ° 32 ′ 08 '' W  /  5.96750 ° N 62.53556 ° W  / 5.96750 ; - 62.53556 Type Plunges Total height 979 m ( 3,212 ft ) Number of drops Longest drop 807 m ( 2,648 ft ) World height ranking Angel Falls ( Spanish : Salto Ángel ; Pemon language : Kerepakupai Meru meaning `` waterfall of the deepest place '' , or Parakupá Vená , meaning `` the fall from the highest point '' ) is a waterfall in Venezuela . It is the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall , with a height of 979 meters ( 3,212 ft ) and a plunge of 807 meters ( 2,648 ft ) . The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán - tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Canaima ) , a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State . The height figure 979 metres ( 3,212 ft ) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres ( 0.25 mi ) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30 - metre ( 98 ft ) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids . The falls are along a fork of the Rio Kerepacupai Meru which flows into the Churun River , a tributary of the Carrao River , itself a tributary of the Orinoco River . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Exploration 2 Tourism 3 In popular media 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The waterfall has been known as the Angel Falls since the mid-20th century ; they are named after Jimmie Angel , a US aviator , who was the first person to fly over the falls . Angel 's ashes were scattered over the falls on 2 July 1960 . The common Spanish name Salto del Ángel derives from his surname . In 2009 , President Hugo Chávez announced his intention to change the name to the purported original indigenous Pemon term ( `` Kerepakupai Vená '' , meaning `` waterfall of the deepest place '' ) , on the grounds that the nation 's most famous landmark should bear an indigenous name . Explaining the name change , Chávez was reported to have said , `` This is ours , long before Angel ever arrived there ... this is indigenous property . '' However , he later said that he would not decree the change of name , but only was defending the use of Kerepakupai Vená . Partly clouded view of Auyán - tepui and Angel Falls ( centre ) from Isla Raton camp , taken during the end of the dry season Exploration ( edit ) Sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to find the fabled city of El Dorado described what was possibly a tepuy ( table top mountain ) , and he is said to have been the first European to view Angel Falls , although these claims are considered far - fetched . Some historians state that the first European to visit the waterfall was Fernando de Berrío , a Spanish explorer and governor from the 16th and 17th centuries . Other sources state that the first westerner to see the waterfall was the also Spanish explorer Fèlix Cardona in 1927 . According to accounts of Venezuelan explorer Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz , he spotted the falls in 1912 , but he did not publicize his discovery . Cruz possibly saw the Montoya Falls in the Sierra Pacaraima region , which are more than 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) tall . They were not known to the outside world until American aviator Jimmie Angel , following directions given by the explorer Fèlix Cardona who had seen the waterfall six years before , flew over them on 16 November 1933 on a flight while he was searching for a valuable ore bed . Returning on 9 October 1937 , Angel tried to land his Flamingo monoplane El Río Caroní atop Auyán - tepui , but the plane was damaged when the wheels sank into the marshy ground . Angel and his three companions , including his wife Marie , were forced to descend the tepui on foot . It took them 11 days to make their way back to civilization by the gradually sloping back side , but news of their adventure spread and the waterfall was named Angel Falls in his honor . The name of the waterfall -- `` Salto del Ángel '' -- was first published on a Venezuelan government map in December 1939 . Angel 's plane remained on top of the tepui for 33 years before being lifted out by helicopter . It was restored at the Aviation Museum in Maracay and now sits outdoors on the front of the airport at Ciudad Bolívar . The first recorded person of European descent to reach the base of the falls was Latvian explorer Aleksandrs Laime , also known as Alejandro Laime to the native Pemon tribe . He reached the falls alone in 1946 . He was the first to reach the upper side of falls in the late 1950s , by climbing on the back side where the slope is not vertical . He also reached Angel 's plane 18 years after the crash landing . On 18 November 1955 , Latvian independence day , he announced to Venezuelan newspaper El Nacional that this stream without any known local name should be called after a Latvian river , Gauja . The same year , this name was registered in the National Cartographic Institution of Venezuela . There are no convincing proofs that indigenous Pemon people had named the local streams , as Auyán - tepui was considered to be a dangerous place and was not visited by the indigenous people . However , lately the Pemon name Kerep is used as well . Laime was also the first to clear a trail that leads from the Churun River to the base of the falls . On the way is a viewpoint commonly used to capture the falls in photographs . It is named Mirador Laime ( `` Laime 's Viewpoint '' in Spanish ) in his honor . This trail is used now mostly for tourists , to lead them from the Isla Ratón camp to the small clearing . The official height of the falls was determined by a survey carried out by an expedition organized and financed by American journalist Ruth Robertson on 13 May 1949 . The first known attempt to climb the face of the cliff was made in 1968 during the wet season . It failed because of slippery rock . In 1969 , a second attempt was made during the dry season . This attempt was thwarted by lack of water and an overhang 120 metres ( 400 ft ) from the top . The first climb to the top of the cliff was completed on 13 January 1971 . The climbers required nine and a half days to ascend and one and a half days to rappel down . Tourism ( edit ) Angel Falls is one of Venezuela 's top tourist attractions , though a trip to the falls is a complicated affair . The falls are located in an isolated jungle . A flight from Puerto Ordaz or Ciudad Bolívar is required to reach Canaima camp , the starting point for river trips to the base of the falls . River trips generally take place from June to December , when the rivers are deep enough for use by the Pemon guides . During the dry season ( December to March ) there is less water seen than in the other months . The falls receive roughly 900,000 visitors per year . In popular media ( edit ) Angel Falls also inspired the setting of the Disney animated film Up ( 2009 ) although , in the film , the location was called Paradise Falls instead of Angel Falls . It also makes a small appearance in the Disney film Dinosaur , as well as the 1990 film Arachnophobia . Most recently , it makes an appearance in the 2015 film Point Break . Numerous documentaries have covered the falls , including Planet Earth . Angel Falls during the dry season Jimmie Angel 's aircraft , El Rio Caroní , exhibited in front of Ciudad Bolívar airport Panoramic shot of Angel Falls Churún Canyon ( also known as Devil 's Canyon ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Angel Falls '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Plane Pilot Sights Highest Waterfall in World '' . Popular Science : 37 . April 1938 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Jimmie Angel '' . Jimmie Angel Historical Project . Archived from the original on 16 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory ( 21 December 2009 ) . `` Hugo Chávez renames Angel Falls '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Venezuela Chavez renames world 's tallest waterfall '' . Thomson Reuters Foundation . 17 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chávez dice que no decretó el cambio de nombre del Salto del Ángel '' . Noticias24 ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Raleigh -- Delusions of Guiana '' . The Lost World : The Gran Sabana , Canaima National Park and Angel Falls - Venezuela . Archived from the original on 14 October 2002 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Valeriano Sánchez Ramos ( 2005 ) . Farua : revista del Centro Virgitano de Estudios Históricos . pp. 105 -- 42 . ISSN 1138 - 4263 . ^ Jump up to : Casanova_y_Solanas , Eugenio ( 2013 ) . La conquista del Orinoco . ^ Jump up to : Angel , Karen ( April 2012 ) . `` Why the World 's Tallest Waterfall is Named Angel Falls '' ( PDF ) . Terrae Incognitae. 44 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 42 . Retrieved 5 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Angel ... An Explorer '' . 25 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Angel , Karen ( 2001 ) . `` The Truth About Jimmie Angel & Angel Falls '' . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rescate de la avioneta de Jimmy Ángel '' ( in Spanish ) . ^ Jump up to : Stavro , Andris ( 1999 ) . Aleksandrs Laime un viņa zelta upe ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 9984071847 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Ruth . `` Jungle Journey to the World 's Highest Waterfall '' . In Jenkins , Mark . Worlds to Explore . National Geographic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0044 - 1 . Jump up ^ David Nott , Angels Four , Prentice - Hall Inc. 1972 chronicles the first successful climb up the face of Auyantepui to the top of the falls . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Kerepakupai merú ( category ) Angel Falls at Beautiful World Tepuis Brazil Amazonas Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro de la Neblina Roraima Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Uei - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Guyana Cuyuni - Mazaruni Eastern Tepuis Roraima - tepui Wei - Assipu - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Maringma - tepui Mount Ayanganna Mount Venamo Mount Yakontipu Potaro - Siparuni Mount Kopinang Mount Wokomung See also Pacaraima Mountains ( hide ) Venezuela Amazonas Cerro Aratitiyope Cerro Camani Cerro Guanay Cerro Tamacuari Cerro Yapacana Cerro Yaví Cuao -- Sipapo Massif Cerro Autana Cerro Cuao Cerro Moriche Cerro Ovana Cerro Sipapo Duida -- Marahuaca Massif Cerro Duida Cerro Huachamacari Cerro Marahuaca Neblina -- Aracamuni Massif Cerro Aracamuni Cerro Avispa Cerro de la Neblina Parú Massif Cerro Euaja Cerro Parú Serranía Tapirapecó Sierra Unturán Yutajé Massif Cerro Coro Coro Serranía Yutajé Bolívar Angasima - tepui Aprada Massif Aprada - tepui Araopán - tepui Auyán Massif Auyán - tepui Cerro El Sol Cerro La Luna Uaipán - tepui Cerro Guaiquinima Cerro Guanacoco Cerro Ichún Cerro Venado Cerro Venamo Chimantá Massif Abacapá - tepui Acopán - tepui Agparamán - tepui Amurí - tepui Apacará - tepui Chimantá - tepui Churí - tepui Murey - tepui Sarvén - tepui Tirepón - tepui Toronó - tepui Eastern Tepuis Ilú - tepui Karaurín - tepui Kukenán - tepui Roraima - tepui Tramen - tepui Uei - tepui Wadakapiapué - tepui Yuruaní - tepui Jaua Massif Cerro Jaua Cerro Sarisariñama Kurún - tepui Los Testigos Aparamán - tepui Kamarkawarai - tepui Murisipán - tepui Tereke - yurén - tepui Ptari Massif Carrao - tepui Ptari - tepui Sororopán - tepui Sierra de Lema Sierra de Maigualida Sierra Marutaní Upuigma - tepui See also Gran Sabana National parks of the Venezuelan Guayana Canaima Duida -- Marahuaca Jaua -- Sarisariñama Parima -- Tapirapecó Serranía de la Neblina Yapacana Tepui caves and sinkholes Cueva del Fantasma Sima Humboldt Sima Martel Tepui waterfalls Angel Falls Cuquenán Falls Yutajé Falls List sourced from volume 1 of Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana ; includes landforms that may not strictly conform to the definition of a tepui or table mountain . Poorly known sites or lower mountains treated as tepuis for historical reasons . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angel_Falls&oldid=809138055 '' Categories : Geography of Bolívar ( state ) Orinoco basin Rivers of Venezuela Waterfalls of Venezuela World Heritage Sites in Venezuela Plunge waterfalls Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from March 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 10 : 07 . 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salto ángel is the tallest waterfall in the world

Angel Falls ( Spanish : Salto Ángel ; Pemon language : Kerepakupai Meru meaning `` waterfall of the deepest place '' , or Parakupá Vená , meaning `` the fall from the highest point '' ) is a waterfall in Venezuela . It is the world 's highest uninterrupted waterfall , with a height of 979 meters ( 3,212 ft ) and a plunge of 807 meters ( 2,648 ft ) . The waterfall drops over the edge of the Auyán - tepui mountain in the Canaima National Park ( Spanish : Parque Nacional Canaima ) , a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Gran Sabana region of Bolívar State . The height figure 979 metres ( 3,212 ft ) mostly consists of the main plunge but also includes about 400 metres ( 0.25 mi ) of sloped cascade and rapids below the drop and a 30 - metre ( 98 ft ) high plunge downstream of the talus rapids .

List of demigods - wikipedia List of demigods This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of notable offspring of a deity with a mortal , in mythology and modern fiction . Such entities are sometimes referred to as demigods , although the term `` demigod '' can also refer to a minor deity , or great mortal hero with god - like valour and skills , who sometimes attains divine status after death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Greek mythology 2 Roman mythology 3 Hindu mythology 4 Norse mythology 5 Celtic mythology 6 Other 7 Popular fiction 8 External links Greek mythology ( edit ) Achilles : son of the sea nymph Thetis ( daughter of sea god Nereus ) , and Peleus , king of the Myrmidons . Aeacus : son of a son of Zeus and Aegina who was the daughter of a river god . He was the father of Telamon and Peleus and grandfather of Ajax and Achilles . Aeneas : Trojan hero , son of Aphrodite , goddess of love and Prince Anchises . He fled to Italy and became the father of Romulus and Remo , founders of Rome . Amphion : son of Zeus and Antiope , and twin brother of Zethus . Arcas : son of Zeus and Callisto , a nymph and minor goddess associated with Aphrodite . Bellerophon : according to Homer ` s Iliad , son of Glaucus and Eurymede of Corinth . According to Apollodorus and Hesiod ` s catallouges by Hyginus , he was a son of the sea god Poseidon by Eurymede . Dardanus : son of Zeus and Electra , daughter of Atlas . Dionysus : son of Zeus and Semele , a mortal . Later on he became a god , part of the Olympians when Hestia gave up her seat for him Epaphus : son of Zeus and Io , a priestess of the goddess Hera ( Zeus ' wife ) . Harmonia : daughter of Zeus and Electra . Heracles : son of Zeus ( king of the gods ) and Alcmene , a mortal woman . Helen of Sparta , also known as Helen of Troy : Daughter of Zeus and Leda , wife of Tyndareus , the king of Sparta . Hippolyta : daughter of Ares . Iasus : son of Zeus and Electra ( one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione ) . He was the brother of Dardanus . Memnon : son of Tithonus and Eos , a Titan goddess of the dawn . Orion : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) Euryale , the eldest of the Gorgons . Orpheus : son of Calliope and the god Apollo . Penthesilea : daughter of Ares and Otrera , a Queen of the Amazons Perseus : son of Zeus and mortal princess Danae , whom he impregnated as a golden shower . Polydeuces , also known by his Roman name of Pollux : one of the Dioscuri and twin brother of Kastor . He was son of Zeus and the mortal Leda while his twin had a mortal father . Theseus : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) and Aethra , the wife of king Aegeus . Tityos : a giant , son of Zeus and Elara . Zethes : son of Boreas ( the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter ) and Oreithyia , daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens . His brother was Calais , and they are collectively known as Boreads . Zethus : son of Zeus and Antiope , twin brother of Amphion , co-founder of Thebes . Roman mythology ( edit ) Bacchus : son of Zeus and Semele , a mortal. The Roman god of agriculture , wine and fertility copied from the Greek god Dionysus . Hercules : son of Zeus and Alcmene . Often portrayed in popular fiction as either a demigod and as a god . Romulus and Remus : twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia , co-founders of Rome . Turnus : son of Venilia . Hindu mythology ( edit ) Arjuna : son of Indra and Kunti . Bhima : son of Pawan and Kunti . Bhishma : son of Kuru King Shantanu and the goddess Ganga . Dhristadyumna : materialised out of a ritual fire - altar ; quasi son of fire god Agni ; Draupadi 's brother . Draupadi : materialised out of a ritual fire - altar ; quasi daughter of fire god Agni ; Dhristadyumna 's sister . Drona : contained spark of Brihaspati . Ghatotkacha : born of demigod Bhima and a demoness Hidimbā . Hanuman : son of Vayu . Iravan : The son of Pandava prince Arjuna ( one of the main heroes of the Mahabharata ) and the Naga ( snake ) princess Ulupi . Karna : son of sun god Surya and Kunti . Lakshmana : incarnation of the great serpent god Ananta . Nakula : son of one of the gods Ashvini Kumaras . Pradyumna : incarnation of Sanatkumara . Sahadeva : son of one of the gods Ashvini Kumaras . Devavrata , named Bhishma : son of Shantanu and Ganga , the river goddess . Shikhandi Sugreeva : son of sun god Surya . Vali : son of the king of all gods , the thunder god Indra . Yudhishthira : son of the god of death and justice Yama and Kunti . Norse mythology ( edit ) Sæmingr : king of Norway , son of god Odin and queen Skade . Bragi : another son of Odin . Celtic mythology ( edit ) Cú Chulainn : Son of the god Lugh and the mortal woman Deichtine . Other ( edit ) Diarmuid Ua Duibhne : son of Donn and one of the Fianna . Māui ( Maori , New Zealand ) . Gilgamesh : Sumerian king . Recent research claims he was not a demigod after all . Semiramis : Assyrian queen who , according to some legends was daughter of the fish goddess Atargatis or Derketo of Ascalon in Assyria and a mortal . Popular fiction ( edit ) Wonder Woman : In the fictional world of DC Comics , she is Diana , the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta , queen of the Amazons of Themyscira . External links ( edit ) Demigods Demigod in Greek mythology Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_demigods&oldid=807081041 '' Categories : Greek mythology Hindu mythology Mythology - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 19 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

sons and daughters of greek gods and goddesses

Achilles : son of the sea nymph Thetis ( daughter of sea god Nereus ) , and Peleus , king of the Myrmidons . Aeacus : son of a son of Zeus and Aegina who was the daughter of a river god . He was the father of Telamon and Peleus and grandfather of Ajax and Achilles . Aeneas : Trojan hero , son of Aphrodite , goddess of love and Prince Anchises . He fled to Italy and became the father of Romulus and Remo , founders of Rome . Amphion : son of Zeus and Antiope , and twin brother of Zethus . Arcas : son of Zeus and Callisto , a nymph and minor goddess associated with Aphrodite . Bellerophon : according to Homer ` s Iliad , son of Glaucus and Eurymede of Corinth . According to Apollodorus and Hesiod ` s catallouges by Hyginus , he was a son of the sea god Poseidon by Eurymede . Dardanus : son of Zeus and Electra , daughter of Atlas . Dionysus : son of Zeus and Semele , a mortal . Later on he became a god , part of the Olympians when Hestia gave up her seat for him Epaphus : son of Zeus and Io , a priestess of the goddess Hera ( Zeus ' wife ) . Harmonia : daughter of Zeus and Electra . Heracles : son of Zeus ( king of the gods ) and Alcmene , a mortal woman . Helen of Sparta , also known as Helen of Troy : Daughter of Zeus and Leda , wife of Tyndareus , the king of Sparta . Hippolyta : daughter of Ares . Iasus : son of Zeus and Electra ( one of the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione ) . He was the brother of Dardanus . Memnon : son of Tithonus and Eos , a Titan goddess of the dawn . Orion : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) Euryale , the eldest of the Gorgons . Orpheus : son of Calliope and the god Apollo . Penthesilea : daughter of Ares and Otrera , a Queen of the Amazons Perseus : son of Zeus and mortal princess Danae , whom he impregnated as a golden shower . Polydeuces , also known by his Roman name of Pollux : one of the Dioscuri and twin brother of Kastor . He was son of Zeus and the mortal Leda while his twin had a mortal father . Theseus : son of Poseidon ( the sea god ) and Aethra , the wife of king Aegeus . Tityos : a giant , son of Zeus and Elara . Zethes : son of Boreas ( the Greek god of the cold north wind and the bringer of winter ) and Oreithyia , daughter of King Erechtheus of Athens . His brother was Calais , and they are collectively known as Boreads . Zethus : son of Zeus and Antiope , twin brother of Amphion , co-founder of Thebes .

1998 Milwaukee Brewers season - wikipedia 1998 Milwaukee Brewers season Jump to : navigation , search 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Major League affiliations National League ( since 1998 ) Central Division ( since 1998 ) Location Milwaukee County Stadium ( since 1970 ) Milwaukee , Wisconsin ( since 1970 ) Other information Owner ( s ) Bud Selig General manager ( s ) Sal Bando Manager ( s ) Phil Garner Local television WCGV - TV Wisconsin Sports Net ( Matt Vasgersian , Bill Schroeder ) Local radio WTMJ ( AM ) ( Bob Uecker , Jim Powell ) < Previous season Next season > The Milwaukee Brewers ' 1998 season was the first season for the franchise as a member of the National League . The Brewers finished in fifth in the NL Central , 28 games behind the Houston Astros , with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses . Before the 1998 regular season began , two new teams -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays -- were added by Major League Baseball . This resulted in the American League and National League having fifteen teams . However , in order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play , both leagues would need to carry a number of teams that was divisible by two , so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central . This realignment was widely considered to have great financial benefit to the club moving . However , to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest , Commissioner ( then club owner ) Bud Selig decided another team should have the first chance to switch leagues . The choice was offered to the Kansas City Royals , who ultimately decided to stay in the American League . The choice then fell to the Brewers , who , on November 6 , 1997 , elected to move to the National League . Had the Brewers elected not to move to the National League , the Minnesota Twins would have been offered the opportunity to switch leagues . Also , Milwaukee was not totally unfamiliar with the National League , having been the home of the NL Braves for 13 seasons ( 1953 -- 1965 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 2 Regular season 2.1 Season standings 2.2 Record vs. opponents 2.3 Notable transactions 2.4 Roster 3 Player stats 3.1 Batting 3.1. 1 Starters by position 3.1. 2 Other batters 3.2 Pitching 3.2. 1 Starting pitchers 3.2. 2 Other pitchers 3.2. 3 Relief pitchers 4 Farm system 5 References Offseason ( edit ) December 1 , 1997 : Jack Voigt was released by the Brewers . December 8 , 1997 : Mike Fetters , Ben McDonald , and Ron Villone were traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Marquis Grissom and Jeff Juden . January 14 , 1998 : Bob Hamelin was signed as a free agent by the Brewers . March 11 , 1998 : Mark Watson was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Ben McDonald . Regular season ( edit ) Season standings ( edit ) NL Central Pct . GB Home Road Houston Astros 102 60 0.630 -- 55 -- 26 47 -- 34 Chicago Cubs 90 73 0.552 121⁄2 51 -- 31 39 -- 42 St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512 19 48 -- 34 35 -- 45 Cincinnati Reds 77 85 0.475 25 39 -- 42 38 -- 43 Milwaukee Brewers 74 88 0.457 28 38 -- 43 36 -- 45 Pittsburgh Pirates 69 93 0.426 33 40 -- 40 29 -- 53 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) 1998 National League Records Sources : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL FLA HOU LAD MIL MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL AL Arizona -- 1 -- 8 5 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 6 -- 2 4 -- 5 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 2 -- 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 9 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 5 -- 8 Atlanta 8 -- 1 -- 3 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 9 -- 3 8 -- 4 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Chicago 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 -- 6 -- 5 7 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 2 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 7 -- 3 4 -- 7 5 -- 8 Cincinnati 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 5 -- 6 -- 4 -- 5 9 -- 0 3 -- 8 5 -- 4 6 -- 5 8 -- 1 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 5 -- 7 1 -- 11 2 -- 7 8 -- 3 7 - 6 Colorado 6 -- 6 3 -- 5 2 -- 7 5 -- 4 -- 6 -- 3 6 -- 5 6 -- 6 4 -- 7 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 5 -- 7 7 -- 5 3 -- 6 4 -- 8 Florida 2 -- 6 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 0 -- 9 3 -- 6 -- 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 4 -- 5 8 -- 8 Houston 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 7 -- 4 8 -- 3 5 -- 6 6 - 3 -- 3 -- 6 9 -- 2 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 9 -- 2 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 5 -- 7 10 -- 4 Los Angeles 8 -- 4 1 -- 8 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 -- 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 3 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 8 -- 5 Milwaukee 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 6 -- 6 5 -- 6 7 -- 4 9 -- 0 2 -- 9 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 3 1 -- 8 4 -- 5 6 -- 5 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 3 -- 8 8 -- 6 Montreal 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 1 -- 8 2 -- 7 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 -- 8 -- 4 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 4 -- 4 3 -- 6 3 -- 6 6 -- 10 New York 5 -- 4 3 -- 9 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 5 -- 3 8 -- 1 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 4 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Philadelphia 7 - 2 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 1 1 -- 8 2 -- 6 3 -- 6 7 -- 9 Pittsburgh 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 3 -- 8 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 2 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 1 -- 8 -- 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 6 -- 5 6 -- 7 San Diego 9 -- 3 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 11 -- 1 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 4 8 -- 1 4 -- 5 -- 8 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 7 San Francisco 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 3 -- 7 7 -- 2 5 -- 7 9 -- 0 3 -- 6 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 6 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 8 -- 7 -- 5 8 -- 5 St. Louis 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 7 -- 4 3 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 - 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 8 -- 3 6 -- 3 3 -- 6 6 -- 3 5 -- 6 3 -- 6 5 -- 7 -- 4 -- 9 Notable transactions ( edit ) June 2 , 1998 : J.J. Putz was drafted by the Brewers in the 17th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft , but did not sign . June 24 , 1998 : Dave Weathers was selected off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers from the Cincinnati Reds . July 23 , 1998 : Doug Jones was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Eric Plunk . July 31 , 1998 : Mike Kinkade was traded by the Brewers to the New York Mets for Bill Pulsipher . August 7 , 1998 : Jeff Juden was selected off waivers from the Brewers by the Anaheim Angels . Roster ( edit ) 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Roster Pitchers 52 Bobby Chouinard 58 Valerio de los Santos 21 Cal Eldred 40 Chad Fox 53 Rod Henderson 43 Joe Hudson 43 Doug Jones 14 Jeff Juden 42 Scott Karl 41 José Mercedes 57 Greg Mullins 28 Mike Myers 31 Bronswell Patrick 39 Eric Plunk 46 Bill Pulsipher 47 Al Reyes 52 Rafael Roque 89 Travis Smith 46 Paul Wagner 49 David Weathers 27 Bob Wickman 48 Brad Woodall 37 Steve Woodard Catchers 25 Brian Banks 33 Bobby Hughes 23 Marcus Jensen 16 Jesse Levis 22 Mike Matheny Infielders 11 Ronnie Belliard 26 Jeff Cirillo 30 Bob Hamelin 32 John Jaha 8 Mark Loretta 7 Dave Nilsson 2 José Valentín 1 Fernando Viña Outfielders 20 Jeromy Burnitz 9 Marquis Grissom 24 Darrin Jackson 5 Geoff Jenkins 50 Greg Martinez 10 Marc Newfield 39 Eric Owens Manager 3 Phil Garner Coaches 12 Chris Bando ( Bench ) 35 Bill Castro ( Bullpen ) 23 Lamar Johnson ( Hitting ) 29 Jim Lefebvre ( Hitting ) 38 Doug Mansolino ( First Base ) , ( Third Base ) 45 Don Rowe ( Pitching ) 36 Joel Youngblood ( First Base ) , ( Third Base ) Player stats ( edit ) = Indicates team leader Batting ( edit ) Starters by position ( edit ) Note : Pos = position ; G = Games played ; AB = At Bats ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting Average ; HR = Home Runs ; RBI = Runs Batted In ; SB = Stolen Bases Pos Player AB Avg . HR RBI SB Mike Matheny 108 320 24 76 . 238 6 27 1B John Jaha 73 216 29 45 . 208 7 38 2B Fernando Viña 3B Jeff Cirillo SS José Valentín LF Geoff Jenkins 84 262 33 60 . 229 9 28 CF Marquis Grissom RF Jeromy Burnitz Other batters ( edit ) Player AB HR RBI Avg . SB Dave Nilsson 102 309 39 83 12 56 . 269 Pitching ( edit ) Starting pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Other pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Relief pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Farm system ( edit ) See also : Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Louisville RiverBats International League Gary Allenson AA El Paso Diablos Texas League Ed Romero Stockton Ports California League Bernie Moncallo Beloit Snappers Midwest League Don Money Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Tom Houk Rookie Ogden Raptors Pioneer League Ed Sedar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Pappas , Doug , `` News Briefs : Fall 1997 '' Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Outside the Lines , Fall 1997 . Jump up ^ Jack Voigt at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Marquis Grissom at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bob Hamelin at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Ben McDonald at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ J.J. Putz at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/weathda01.shtml Jump up ^ Eric Plunk at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bill Pulsipher at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Jeff Juden at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1998.shtml Jump up ^ Johnson , Lloyd , and Wolff , Miles , ed. , The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball , 3rd edition . Durham , North Carolina : Baseball America , 2007 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team at Baseball - Reference 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team page at www.baseball-almanac.com 1998 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Anaheim Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida Montréal New York Philadelphia NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1998 All - Star Game 1998 World Series Milwaukee Brewers Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise History ( Seattle Milwaukee ) Expansion and draft Seasons Records No - hitters Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Bernie Brewer Sausage Race Beer Barrel Man Secret Stadium Sauce Fight Song Roll Out The Barrel Mr. 3000 Hank T. Dog Bob Uecker Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Milwaukee_Brewers_season&oldid=815172691 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers seasons 1998 Major League Baseball season 1998 in sports in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 05 : 51 . 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when did the brewers go to national league

The Milwaukee Brewers ' 1998 season was the first season for the franchise as a member of the National League . The Brewers finished in fifth in the NL Central , 28 games behind the Houston Astros , with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses . Before the 1998 regular season began , two new teams -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays -- were added by Major League Baseball . This resulted in the American League and National League having fifteen teams . However , in order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play , both leagues would need to carry a number of teams that was divisible by two , so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central .

The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Laurence Mark Productions Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $434.6 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and grossed over $434 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 19th century , P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus . '' Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip , Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria . Afterwards , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local bar , where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments , they still consider themselves a family that needs him . An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese acrobat and blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , Barnum 's older daughter . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , Barnum 's younger daughter . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house , selling tickets , reading the reviews , fending off the protestors , producing the posters and promotional materials , and distributing the circus posters on everything . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela . Timothy Hughes as the Strongman , a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill . Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter , the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , the `` Siamese Twins . '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , the Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , the Juggler . Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold , a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her . Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - Skinned Man , a man who is based on Ralph Krooner . He was credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 3 . '' Taylor James as Blockhead , a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart . He is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 4 . '' Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady , a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant . She is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 5 . '' Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins . They were credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 6 '' and `` Dancer Oddity # 7 . '' Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man , a white - haired man in white clothes . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 1 . '' Alex Wong as Oriental Man , a man dressed in an oriental outfit . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Julius Rubio as Golden Boy , a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Vincent - Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy , a performer with horns . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 4 . '' Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins . They are credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 5 '' and `` Ensemble Dancer '' # 6 . Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer , a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti . She was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 7 . '' Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 910,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 420,000 physical copies , 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $260.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $434.5 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 208 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie The Greatest Showman Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Won Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Breakout Movie Star Keala Settle Nominated Choice Collaboration `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Drama Movie The Greatest Showman Won Choice Drama Movie Actor Zac Efron Won Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Drama Movie Actress Zendaya Won Choice Liplock Zac Efron and Zendaya Nominated Choice Movie Ship Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Pop Song `` This Is Me '' -- Keala Settle Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum , and the character portrayed in the film , Smithsonian magazine called the film `` pretty humbug . '' The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses , even though later in life he came to express some regrets . See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum ( musical ) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman , Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side `` . 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Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams In Talks To Join The Greatest Showman With Hugh Jackman '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams Joins Hugh Jackman in The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Sylvaine ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the Man Behind Hugh Jackman 's Moves in The Greatest Showman '' . Dance Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christine ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` The Greatest Showman , starring Hugh Jackman & Zac Efron , begins filming in NYC soon ! '' . On Location Vacations . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ La Cioppa , Bianca ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` A personal touch : Hugh Jackman sings happy birthday to good pal Zac Efron '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Director On The Epic Musical Numbers And If It Could Head To Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Me ' From The Greatest Showman Is an Anthem for Outcasts '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele 's massive UK chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman Matches Adele 's Record Atop U.K. Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunard Line ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cunard to Broadcast Live Red Carpet from The Greatest Showman World Premiere on Flagship Queen Mary 2 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Trailer : Hugh Jackman 's Singing & Dancing Ringmaster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Sing - Along ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Fun Again in The Greatest Showman Trailer '' . GQ . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Live Movie Trailer Electrifies During A Christmas Story Live '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natividad , Angela ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's Live Ad Last Night for The Greatest Showman Was Quite the Circus '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Movie Plus Sing - Along '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman home release dates REVEALED for Blu - ray , DVD and Digital Download '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is $400 M+ : The Greatest Showman Hits WW Milestone On Feel - Good Legs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji , Greatest Showman , Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 , the Top 5 or Top 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy songs steal the show in The Greatest Showman '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peele , Britton ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy musical The Greatest Showman , like its central character , reshapes truth for entertainment '' . The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jackie K ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Sheila ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Douglas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack '' . CLTure . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman film review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 Winners -- The Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops Saturn Awards with Five Wins ; ' The Last Jedi ' Takes Best Screenplay '' . Collider . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansky , Jackie ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` P.T. Barnum Is n't the Hero the `` Greatest Showman '' Wants You to Think `` . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. 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Barnum Cultural depictions of Jenny Lind Cultural depictions of Queen Victoria on film Musical films based on actual events Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who are the songwriters for the greatest showman

Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film .

Now You See Me ( film ) - wikipedia Now You See Me ( film ) Now You See Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Louis Leterrier Produced by Bobby Cohen Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Screenplay by Ed Solomon Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Story by Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Starring Jesse Eisenberg Mark Ruffalo Woody Harrelson Isla Fisher Dave Franco Mélanie Laurent Michael Caine Morgan Freeman Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Mitchell Amundsen Larry Fong Edited by Robert Leighton Vincent Tabaillon Production company K / O Paper Products Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( New York City ) May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $351.7 million Now You See Me is a 2013 American heist thriller film directed by Louis Leterrier and written by Ed Solomon , Boaz Yakin , and Edward Ricourt . The film features an ensemble cast of Jesse Eisenberg , Mark Ruffalo , Woody Harrelson , Isla Fisher , Dave Franco , Mélanie Laurent , Michael Caine , and Morgan Freeman . The plot follows an FBI agent and an Interpol detective who track a team of illusionists who pull off bank heists during their performances and reward their audiences with the money , attempting to bring them to justice . This is the first installment of a series . The film premiered in New York City on May 21 , 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31 , 2013 by Summit Entertainment . The film received mixed reviews from critics but became a box office success , grossing $351.7 million worldwide against a budget of $75 million . The film won the Favorite Thriller Movie at the People 's Choice Awards in 2014 and also received nominations for the Empire Award for Best Thriller and the Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film and Best Music . A sequel was released on June 10 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Four stage magicians , J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , Merritt McKinney ( Woody Harrelson ) , Henley Reeves ( Isla Fisher ) , and Jack Wilder ( Dave Franco ) , are each given a tarot card that leads them to the same empty New York City apartment where they find information from an unknown benefactor . A year later , the four have their first major performance as the Four Horsemen in an elaborate Las Vegas show funded by insurance magnate Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ) . Their final trick appears to transport one of the audience members to the vault of his bank , the Crédit Républicain in Paris , where stacks of new euro bills are stored . At the magicians ' command , the fans in the vault activate , drawing the bills into the vents and then showering the Las Vegas crowd with them . The euros are shown to be real , and the vault in Paris is found to be empty of its recent shipment of euros . FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ) , and Interpol agent Alma Dray ( Mélanie Laurent ) , are then partnered to investigate the Horsemen . The two question the magicians but have no evidence to hold them . Dylan and Alma turn to Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ) , a former magician who now makes money by explaining the tricks behind magic acts . Thaddeus demonstrates how the Horsemen used a mock vault under the Las Vegas stage and says that the group must have stolen the money in Paris before it arrived at the bank , replacing it with flash paper that left no evidence . Dylan , Alma , and Thaddeus follow the Horsemen to their next show in New Orleans , where their final trick appears to transfer millions of dollars from Tressler 's private accounts to those in the audience , made up of people that were denied insurance claims by Tressler 's company in the wake of Hurricane Katrina . Dylan and Alma attempt to apprehend the four , but the magicians elude arrest . Tressler hires Thaddeus to expose the Horsemen in revenge for the loss of his money . Alma investigates the Horsemen and determines they are connected to a group called the Eye , a small group of magicians that claim to have access to real magic . She finds out one of the Eye 's members , Lionel Shrike , had previously been exposed by Thaddeus but died in a locked - safe escape trick he was performing in an attempt to regain his standing . Alma suspects a fifth person is aiding the Horsemen . Alma 's research leads the FBI to the New York City apartment . When they raid it , three of the Horsemen escape while Jack recovers numerous documents and then leads the authorities on a high - speed car chase . Jack loses control of his car , causing it to flip and catch fire . Dylan is unable to save Jack , but manages to recover the papers , pointing to the Horsemen 's next planned crime , stealing millions of dollars in cash out of a large safe of the Elkhorn company . Dylan , Alma , and Thaddeus find the safe has already been stolen , and when they track it down , its contents have been replaced with balloon animals . The Horsemen broadcast they will perform their final show that night at 5 Pointz , inviting the public to attend . The FBI and police converge on the scene and amid the chaos search for the Horsemen . The remaining Horsemen appear to the crowd , giving their fans a farewell and a message about an ulterior purpose , and then run to jump off a roof ; Dylan attempts to shoot them but Alma holds him back . The three jump , turning into a shower of money over the crowd . The money is counterfeit , but the audience 's race to collect it prevents the authorities from tracking the real Horsemen . After the show , Thaddeus walks to his car , only to find it full of the money stolen from the Elkhorn safe . Assumed to be the fifth Horseman , he is arrested . Dylan speaks to Thaddeus in jail , where Thaddeus slowly comes to realize that Alma 's theory was correct , and Dylan was the fifth Horseman . Dylan quietly walks away , leaving Thaddeus shouting `` Why ? '' . Elsewhere , the Horsemen ( including Jack , who had faked his death using a duplicate car and an already - dead body ) meet at the carousel in Central Park , and use their tarot cards to turn it on . Dylan arrives and welcomes the four to the Eye . Later , at the Pont des Arts , Dylan meets with Alma and reveals he is Shrike 's son . He brought the Horsemen together to get retribution for his father 's death : the Elkhorn Safe Company for providing a faulty safe that led to the accident ; Thaddeus for humiliating and impoverishing his father and forcing him to try the new trick to regain his standing ; and the Crédit Républicain and Tressler 's insurance companies for failing to pay out life insurance on Shrike afterwards . Alma , who has come into a romantic relationship with Dylan , decides not to turn him in . She takes a lock and a key that Dylan produces , attaching the lock among the other love locks on the railing and throwing the key into the Seine . Cast ( edit ) Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas / The Lover : An arrogant illusionist and street magician , and the ostensible leader of the Four Horsemen . Mark Ruffalo as Dylan Rhodes - Shrike , an FBI agent struggling to capture and bring the Four Horsemen to justice for their unique heist agenda . In the outcome , he is revealed to be an illusionist , a member of the Eye himself , Lionel Shrike 's son and the plotter of the entire heist mission . Mélanie Laurent as Alma Dray , a French Interpol agent who is partnered up with Dylan Rhodes to investigate the Four Horsemen . Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney / The Hermit : A hypnotist , mentalist , and a self - proclaimed psychic . Originally more famous in his youth , his manager brother absconded with all his money , leaving McKinney with a long hard trek back to his former glory . Middle - aged , McKinney is the oldest of the Four Horsemen . Isla Fisher as Henley Reeves / The High Priestess : An escapist and stage magician . She is also J. Daniel Atlas ' former assistant and ex-lover . Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley , an ex-magician who , for thirty years , has profited by revealing the secrets behind other magicians ' tricks . Dave Franco as Jack Wilder / Death : A sleight of hand illusionist , street magician , and a talented impressionist of other people 's voices . Additionally , he is a pickpocket , and is able to pick locks . In his early twenties , Wilder is the youngest of the Four Horsemen . Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler , an insurance magnate and the Four Horsemen 's sponsor . David Warshofsky as FBI Agent Cowan . Michael Kelly as Agent Fuller , an FBI agent who serves as Rhodes ' sidekick . Common as Agent Evans , Rhodes 's supervisor at the FBI . José Garcia as Étienne Forcier , the account holder at the Crédit Républicain de Paris . Caitriona Balfe as Jasmine Tressler , Arthur Tressler 's young wife . Elias Koteas as Lionel Shrike , a magician who drowned while performing an escape trick thirty years earlier . Dylan is revealed to be his son at the end of the movie . Conan O'Brien as himself Production ( edit ) On October 25 , 2011 , Summit Entertainment announced the release date for Now You See Me for July 18 , 2013 . On November 3 , 2011 , the company revealed the film 's first synopsis and teaser poster . Filming ( edit ) On January 16 , 2012 , shooting began in New Orleans , Louisiana , which lasted until March 26 , 2012 . Additional filming took place in New York City on February 13 and in Las Vegas from April 9 , 2012 to the following day . During filming of the scene where Henley Reeves tries to escape from a tank of water and piranhas , Isla Fisher came close to drowning . Fisher had become stuck and tried to alert the crew by banging on the window she was facing , but the cast and crew did not think anything of it because that was what the character was supposed to be doing . She was able to untangle the chain and get out of the tank safely . Music ( edit ) Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released May 28 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 51 : 21 Label Glassnote Records Producer Brian Tyler Brian Tyler soundtrack chronology Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Iron Man 3 2013 Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) Standing Up 2013 Singles from Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Entertainment '' Released : 19 February 2013 The official soundtrack , titled Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , for the film was composed by Brian Tyler and was released by Glassnote Records on May 28 , 2013 for physical purchase and digital download . The film 's soundtrack song `` Entertainment '' , performed by French rock band Phoenix , was featured in the film 's end credits . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Brian Tyler , except where noted . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Now You See Me '' Brian Tyler 5 : 26 2 . `` The Four Horsemen '' Brian Tyler 3 : 34 3 . `` Now You See Me ( Reprise ) '' Brian Tyler 1 : 49 4 . `` Sun '' ( Jesse Marco Remix ) Two Door Cinema Club 4 : 45 5 . `` Now You Do n't '' Brian Tyler 4 : 21 6 . `` Entertainment '' Phoenix 3 : 38 7 . `` Sleight of the Mind '' Brian Tyler 4 : 45 8 . `` Now You See Me '' ( Robert DeLong Remix ) Brian Tyler 3 : 40 9 . `` Welcome to the Eye '' Brian Tyler 5 : 49 10 . `` Codec '' Zedd 6 : 01 11 . `` Cineramascope '' ( featuring Trombone Shorty and Corey Henry ) Galactic 3 : 14 12 . `` Now You See Me '' ( Spellbound Remix ) Brian Tyler 4 : 19 Total length : 51 : 21 Release ( edit ) The film premiered in New York City on May 21 , 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31 , 2013 by Summit Entertainment . Home media ( edit ) Now You See Me was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 3 , 2013 through Lionsgate Home Entertainment . The Blu - ray release contains an extended version of the film featuring ten additional minutes . It also contains two featurettes : a behind - the - scenes and a `` History of Magic '' , plus 30 minutes of deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) By the end of its box office run , Now You See Me had grossed $117.7 million in the U.S. and Canada and $234 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $351.7 million , against a budget of $75 million . The film had a successful box office run , placing second behind Fast & Furious 6 and taking $29,350,389 on its opening weekend from 2,925 theaters . By the end of June , it had grossed double its production budget . The film stayed in the top 10 of the North American box office for six weeks after release . The biggest markets in other territories were France , China , Russia , South Korea , United Kingdom and Australia where the film grossed $25.7 million , $22.9 million , $21.2 million $17.1 million $16.8 million and $16.1 million , respectively . Critical response ( edit ) Now You See Me received mixed reviews from critics . The most common criticism is that various plot points were insufficiently resolved at the film 's conclusion , leaving some questions unanswered or answered unclearly ( although some suggested that this was intentional , leaving room for a sequel ) . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49 % , based on 152 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Now You See Me 's thinly sketched characters and scattered plot rely on sleight of hand from the director to distract audiences . '' Metacritic assigned the film a score of 50 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audience polls conducted by CinemaScore give the film a grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Hammond from Movieline wrote , `` Pure summer movie magic -- literally . More fun than Ocean 's 11 , 12 , and 13 combined . You wo n't believe your eyes -- and that 's the point . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient Result Ref ( s ) People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Favorite Thriller Movie Now You See Me Won Empire Awards 30 March 2014 Best Thriller Now You See Me Nominated Saturn Awards June 26 , 2014 Best Thriller Film Now You See Me Nominated Best Music Brian Tyler Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Now You See Me 2 On July 3 , 2013 , after the box office success of the film , Lionsgate 's CEO Jon Feltheimer confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film with production beginning in 2014 for an unspecified release date . Louis Leterrier stated that he would return to direct the sequel ; however , in September 2014 , it was confirmed that Jon M. Chu would replace Leterrier as director . Eisenberg , Ruffalo , Harrelson , Franco , Caine and Freeman were set to reprise their roles for the sequel . Fisher was unable to participate because of her third pregnancy and was replaced by Lizzy Caplan . The film was released on June 10 , 2016 , titled Now You See Me : The Second Act . On October 2 , 2014 , Michael Caine said in an interview that Daniel Radcliffe would be playing his son in the film . Filming began in late November . On May 22 , 2015 , Lionsgate revealed the details about the development of the sequel , when CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had `` already begun early planning for Now You See Me 3 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOW YOU SEE ME ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' to speed past ' After Earth ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . `` Now You See Me '' cost roughly $75 million ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Full Cast & Crew '' . imdb.com . IMDb . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ender 's Game ' Has A Release Date , So Does ' Red 2 , ' ' Now You See Me ' And Others '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` First Synopsis and Promo Poster for NOW YOU SEE ME Starring Jesse Eisenberg and Woody Harrelson '' . Collider . Jump up ^ `` Be on the lookout for Tom Cruise , Leonardo DiCaprio , Chris Evans , Tom Hanks , Jesse Eisenberg & more celebs filming in Louisianadate = December 21 , 2011 '' . On Location Vacations . Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ' filming in NYC tomorrow '' . On Location Vacations . February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ' , starring Jesse Eisenberg & Woody Harrelson , is filming in Las Vegas next week '' . On Location Vacations. April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Caroline ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' '' I feared that I was about to drown `` : Isla Fisher reveals moment daring underwater stunt went terrifyingly wrong '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Allmusic . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me Arrives on Blu - ray and DVD September 3 '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Judge -- International Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Now You See Me ' Starring Jesse Eisenberg , Woody Harrelson , Isla Fisher & Mark Ruffalo The Playlist '' . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' Pulls $28 Mil - Plus Rabbit , Beating ' After Earth ' With $27 Mil '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me - Movie Review '' . Youtube.com/user/MovielineNetwork . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Awards '' . imdb.com . IMDb . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' to get sequel '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Exclusive : Louis Leterrier Back for Now You See Me Sequel '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Sets Dates for Now You See Me 2 and Dirty Grandpa '' . ComingSoon.net . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to Play Michael Caine 's Son in NOW YOU SEE ME 2 '' . GeekTyrant.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Ruffalo . `` And so it begins ... Now You See Me ... again '' . Mark Ruffalo Facebook . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ′ in the Works at Lionsgate '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Now You See Me ( film ) Official website Now You See Me on IMDb Now You See Me at AllMovie Now You See Me at Box Office Mojo Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Now You See Me at Metacritic hide Films directed by Louis Leterrier The Transporter ( 2002 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Grimsby ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_(film)&oldid=845303747 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s crime thriller films American films American crime thriller films American heist films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Fiction with unreliable narrators Films scored by Brian Tyler Films about con artists Films about magic and magicians Films about revenge Films directed by Louis Leterrier Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in 2012 Films set in 2013 Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Orleans Films set in New York City Films set in Queens , New York Films set in Paris Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Paris Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Universal Pictures films 2010s heist films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 22 : 01 . 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who plays dylan in now you see me

A year later , the four have their first major performance as the Four Horsemen in an elaborate Las Vegas show funded by insurance magnate Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ) . Their final trick appears to transport one of the audience members to the vault of his bank , the Crédit Républicain in Paris , where stacks of new euro bills are stored . At the magicians ' command , the fans in the vault activate , drawing the bills into the vents and then showering the Las Vegas crowd with them . The euros are shown to be real , and the vault in Paris is found to be empty of its recent shipment of euros . FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ) , and Interpol agent Alma Dray ( Mélanie Laurent ) , are then partnered to investigate the Horsemen . The two question the magicians but have no evidence to hold them . Dylan and Alma turn to Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ) , a former magician who now makes money by explaining the tricks behind magic acts . Thaddeus demonstrates how the Horsemen used a mock vault under the Las Vegas stage and says that the group must have stolen the money in Paris before it arrived at the bank , replacing it with flash paper that left no evidence .

Philistine captivity of the ark - wikipedia Philistine captivity of the ark Jump to : navigation , search Fresco of the Philistine captivity of the ark , in the Dura - Europos synagogue . The Philistine captivity of the Ark was an episode described in the biblical history of the Israelites , in which the Ark of the covenant was in the possession of the Philistines , who had captured it after defeating the Israelites in a battle at a location between Eben - ezer , where the Israelites encamped , and Aphek ( probably Antipatris ) , where the Philistines encamped . The ark narrative does not include any mention of Samuel ; Bill Arnold suggests that it is `` in order to celebrate the power of Yahweh 's ark . '' Many scholars put 1 Samuel 4 - 6 together with 2 Samuel 6 and believe that it reflects an old source that was eventually incorporated into the History of David 's Rise or into the later Deuteronomistic History . According to 1 Samuel 4 , prior to the battle the Ark had been residing at the ancient sanctuary of Shiloh , but was brought out by the Israelites in hope of victory in the war . The Israelites suffered a significant defeat ; Hophni and Phinehas , sons of the High Priest Eli , were killed and the ark was captured . The news of the ark 's capture was such a shock to Eli that he fell off his chair and died , while Phinehas ' wife died in childbirth as she heard the news , giving birth to Ichabod , whose name means `` Where is the glory ? '' Robert Alter argues that 1 Samuel 4 : 22 should be translated as `` Glory is exiled from Israel , '' and that the story of the Philistine captivity of the ark is one of exile . Peter Leithart suggests that Israel deserved to go into exile , but the ark did so instead : `` Yahweh went into exile , taking on the curse of the covenant for His people , and while in exile He fought for them and defeated the gods of Philistia . '' Nicolas Poussin , The Plague of Ashdod . 1 Samuel 5 and 6 describe the Philistines as having to move the Ark to several parts of their territory , as tumours or hemorrhoids ( `` emerods '' ) afflicted the people in each town to which it was taken : Ashdod , then Gath , then Ekron . The Septuagint adds that `` mice sprang up in the midst of their country '' . Stirrup points out that the `` severity of the punishments increases through the passage '' : tumours in Ashdod ( vv. 6 - 8 ) , extensive tumours and panic in Gath , which had volunteered to take on the Ark ( vv. 9 , 10a ) , and tumours on those who did not die and deathly panic in Ekron , which was ' volunteered ' to take the Ark ( vv . 10b - 12 ) . The text explicitly ascribes the plague to `` Yahweh 's hand '' ( 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ) . In Ashdod , when the Ark was placed in the temple of Dagon , the statue of Dagon was found prostrate in front of the Ark the next morning ; after the statue of Dagon was restored to its place , it was again found prostrate the next morning , and this time its head and hands had also been broken off . Leithart provides a number of parallels between the Philistine captivity of the Ark and the Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus . The ark brings about plagues , humbles the gods of the Philistines and returns full of treasure . In fact , the Philistine diviners refer to the events of the Exodus in 1 Samuel 6 : 6 . On the advice of these diviners about how to end the plagues , the Philistines made a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five gold mice ( representing the five Philistine rulers ) . They then placed the gold along with the ark on a cart drawn by two milch cows , who head straight for Israel and do not waver . The ark stops at Beth Shemesh before finding a more permanent home at Kiriath - Jearim . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill T. Arnold , `` Samuel , Books of '' in Bill T. Arnold and Hugh G.M. Williamson ( eds . ) , Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press , 2005 ) , 867 . Jump up ^ K.L. Sparks , `` Ark of the Covenant '' in Bill T. Arnold and H.G.M. Williamson ( eds . ) , Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press , 2005 ) , 91 . Jump up ^ Robert Alter , The David Story ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2000 ) , 26 . Jump up ^ Peter Leithart , A Son to Me : An Exposition of 1 & 2 Samuel ( Moscow , Idaho : Canon Press , 2003 ) , 56 . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ( Brenton Septuagint Translation ) Jump up ^ A. Stirrup , `` ' Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines ? ' The question of the ark narrative , '' Tyndale Bulletin , 51 ( 2000 ) , 94 . Jump up ^ Peter Leithart , A Son to Me , 57 . Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark&oldid=777095355 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible events Books of Samuel Philistines Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017 , at 05 : 32 . About Wikipedia

where was the ark of the covenant taken

Leithart provides a number of parallels between the Philistine captivity of the Ark and the Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus . The ark brings about plagues , humbles the gods of the Philistines and returns full of treasure . In fact , the Philistine diviners refer to the events of the Exodus in 1 Samuel 6 : 6 . On the advice of these diviners about how to end the plagues , the Philistines made a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five gold mice ( representing the five Philistine rulers ) . They then placed the gold along with the ark on a cart drawn by two milch cows , who head straight for Israel and do not waver . The ark stops at Beth Shemesh before finding a more permanent home at Kiriath - Jearim .

List of highest points in London - wikipedia List of highest points in London 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Twenty of the twenty - one summits are clustered on six ridges . The exception , a large knoll ranking 13th , is Harrow on the Hill . The lowest two of the six ridges , with one peak over one hundred metres each , are Shooters Hill on the relatively small Blackheath ridge , and Orange Tree Hill in the heart of the old village of Havering - atte - Bower , between Brentwood and Chigwell , one of several in the North Weald Ridges and Valleys landscape . On opposite sides of London are the North Downs and the Grim 's Ditch ( Harrow ) ridge , which together have twelve sub-summits . This is a list of the highest natural points in Greater London , England . These are the 21 peaks at least 100 metres high . One is an isolated hill , a knoll , Harrow on the Hill , the rest are among the summits of modest hill ridges ( escarpments ) . London 's highest building , the Shard London Bridge , stands at 309 metres ( 1,014 ft ) tall a few metres above sea level . It exceeds the height of any natural rises in London and adjoining counties , the highest being Walbury Hill . Contents 1 List 2 Settlements 3 See also 4 References List ( edit ) Rank Name London borough OS grid reference Height Westerham Heights Bromley TQ436564 ( 51 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 36 '' E  /  51.288 ° N 0.060 ° E  / 51.288 ; 0.060 ) 245 metres ( 804 ft ) Sanderstead Plantation Croydon TQ343618 ( 51 ° 20 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.339 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.339 ; - 0.072 ) 175 metres ( 574 ft ) Stanmore Hill Harrow TQ164934 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 05 '' W  /  51.627 ° N 0.318 ° W  / 51.627 ; - 0.318 ) 152 metres ( 499 ft ) Big Wood peak north of Manor Hill / Corrigan Avenue Rec . Ground Sutton TQ282598 ( 51 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W  /  51.322 ° N 0.160 ° W  / 51.322 ; - 0.160 ) 150 metres ( 492 ft ) 5 Arkley Barnet TQ219956 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 42 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 17 '' W  /  51.645 ° N 0.238 ° W  / 51.645 ; - 0.238 ) 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 6 Highwood Hill / Moat Mount , Totteridge Fields Barnet TQ218941 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.632 ° N 0.240 ° W  / 51.632 ; - 0.240 ) 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 7 Harrow Weald Common Harrow TQ149931 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.624 ° N 0.340 ° W  / 51.624 ; - 0.340 ) 145 metres ( 475 ft ) 8 Hampstead Heath : West of Spaniards Road ‡ Camden TQ264869 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 01 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.567 ° N 0.177 ° W  / 51.567 ; - 0.177 ) 137 metres ( 449 ft ) 9 Shooter 's Hill Greenwich TQ438765 ( 51 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 16 '' E  /  51.469 ° N 0.071 ° E  / 51.469 ; 0.071 ) 132 metres ( 433 ft ) 10 Hillcrest , North Hill , Highgate Haringey TQ282878 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W  /  51.574 ° N 0.150 ° W  / 51.574 ; - 0.150 ) 129 metres ( 423 ft ) 11 Pinner Hill Harrow / Hillingdon TQ107916 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 04 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.401 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.401 ) 126 metres ( 413 ft ) 12 London part of Woodcock Hill north of Scratchwood Barnet TQ201953 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  51.643 ° N 0.264 ° W  / 51.643 ; - 0.264 ) 125 metres ( 410 ft ) 13 Harrow on the Hill ( occ . Harrow Hill ) Harrow TQ153874 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.573 ° N 0.336 ° W  / 51.573 ; - 0.336 ) 124 metres ( 408 ft ) 14 Bournwell Hill Barnet / Enfield TQ256976 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.663 ° N 0.184 ° W  / 51.663 ; - 0.184 ) 115 metres ( 377 ft ) 15 Sydenham Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Lewisham / Southwark TQ340721 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.432 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.432 ; - 0.072 ) 112 metres ( 367 ft ) 16 Westow Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth TQ337707 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.419 ° N 0.077 ° W  / 51.419 ; - 0.077 ) 110 metres ( 361 ft ) 17 Forest Hill Lewisham TQ350735 ( 51 ° 26 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W  /  51.446 ° N 0.063 ° W  / 51.446 ; - 0.063 ) 106 metres ( 348 ft ) 18 Orange Tree Hill , Havering - atte - Bower Havering TQ512930 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' E  /  51.615 ° N 0.184 ° E  / 51.615 ; 0.184 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 19 Muswell Hill Haringey TQ283896 ( 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.148 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.148 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 20 Woodcock Hill , Harefield Hillingdon TQ067915 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 32 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.459 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.459 ) 103 metres ( 338 ft ) 21 Ferny Hill ( Enfield Chase ) Enfield TQ280979 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  51.665 ° N 0.149 ° W  / 51.665 ; - 0.149 ) 102 metres ( 334 ft ) ‡ was the highest point of the County of London and highest point in Inner London . Settlements ( edit ) Grouped by London Borough , South Street , a hamlet in Bromley , is the highest at 220 metres ( 722 ft ) above sea level . It is at the edge of the Surrey Hills AONB which covers the Surrey part of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge . The six next highest are all near - neighbours : Horns Green ( 216 metres ( 709 ft ) ) , Berry 's Green and Biggin Hill ( both reaching 190 metres ( 623 ft ) ) , Aperfield and Single Street ( both 180 metres ( 591 ft ) ) , and Luxted at 177 metres ( 581 ft ) . Outside Bromley the highest settlements are Sanderstead and Selsdon ( reaching 170 metres ( 558 ft ) and five metres below that , respectively ) in Croydon . Arkley in Barnet is built up to 147 metres ( 482 ft ) . Lower neighbours are Monken Hadley and Chipping Barnet , both 131 metres ( 430 ft ) , and Barnet Gate 129 metres ( 423 ft ) . The Vale of Health is a micro-locality in Hampstead Heath in Camden at ( 130 metres ( 427 ft ) . Harrow on the Hill in Harrow ( 124 metres ( 407 ft ) ) and Shooters Hill in Greenwich ( 120 metres ( 394 ft ) ) also have high positions . Some have peaks or crests ( in the table above ) in their definitively built - up area ( e.g. Sanderstead , Harrow on the Hill and Shooters Hill ) . Blackheath , London is a minor ridge after a short dip reaching a peak at Shooter 's Hill in the east ; here the towers of central Lewisham and Croydon beyond to the south - west ( right ) . The backdrop is the long crest of the North Downs in the far south of Bromley and adjoining Surrey See also ( edit ) List of highest points in the United Kingdom List of tallest buildings and structures in London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Mountains of England and Wales -- London Borough Tops ^ Jump up to : `` The Physique of Middlesex '' . A History of the country of Middlesex . British History Online . 1969 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Search '' . Jump up ^ 1 : 10,560 Sheet TQ28NE , Ordnance Survey , 1968 : Spot height 340 ft , top of Fortis Green Jump up ^ Explorer Sheet 173 London North , Ordnance Survey : 105 metres ( 344 ft ) contour around grid reference TQ286896 ( ( / / tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php ? pagename = List_of_highest_points_in_London&params = 51.59 _N_0. 143_W_source : enwiki - osgb36 ( TQ286896 ) 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 35 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.143 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.143 ) ) but no spot height Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_points_in_London&oldid=848641507 '' Categories : Hills of London Geography of London Lists of highest points in the United Kingdom London - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 08 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

harrow on the hill height above sea level

Rank Name London borough OS grid reference Height Westerham Heights Bromley TQ436564 ( 51 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 36 '' E  /  51.288 ° N 0.060 ° E  / 51.288 ; 0.060 ) 245 metres ( 804 ft ) Sanderstead Plantation Croydon TQ343618 ( 51 ° 20 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.339 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.339 ; - 0.072 ) 175 metres ( 574 ft ) Stanmore Hill Harrow TQ164934 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 05 '' W  /  51.627 ° N 0.318 ° W  / 51.627 ; - 0.318 ) 152 metres ( 499 ft ) Big Wood peak north of Manor Hill / Corrigan Avenue Rec . Ground Sutton TQ282598 ( 51 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W  /  51.322 ° N 0.160 ° W  / 51.322 ; - 0.160 ) 150 metres ( 492 ft ) 5 Arkley Barnet TQ219956 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 42 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 17 '' W  /  51.645 ° N 0.238 ° W  / 51.645 ; - 0.238 ) 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 6 Highwood Hill / Moat Mount , Totteridge Fields Barnet TQ218941 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.632 ° N 0.240 ° W  / 51.632 ; - 0.240 ) 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 7 Harrow Weald Common Harrow TQ149931 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.624 ° N 0.340 ° W  / 51.624 ; - 0.340 ) 145 metres ( 475 ft ) 8 Hampstead Heath : West of Spaniards Road ‡ Camden TQ264869 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 01 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.567 ° N 0.177 ° W  / 51.567 ; - 0.177 ) 137 metres ( 449 ft ) 9 Shooter 's Hill Greenwich TQ438765 ( 51 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 16 '' E  /  51.469 ° N 0.071 ° E  / 51.469 ; 0.071 ) 132 metres ( 433 ft ) 10 Hillcrest , North Hill , Highgate Haringey TQ282878 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W  /  51.574 ° N 0.150 ° W  / 51.574 ; - 0.150 ) 129 metres ( 423 ft ) 11 Pinner Hill Harrow / Hillingdon TQ107916 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 04 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.401 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.401 ) 126 metres ( 413 ft ) 12 London part of Woodcock Hill north of Scratchwood Barnet TQ201953 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  51.643 ° N 0.264 ° W  / 51.643 ; - 0.264 ) 125 metres ( 410 ft ) 13 Harrow on the Hill ( occ . Harrow Hill ) Harrow TQ153874 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.573 ° N 0.336 ° W  / 51.573 ; - 0.336 ) 124 metres ( 408 ft ) 14 Bournwell Hill Barnet / Enfield TQ256976 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.663 ° N 0.184 ° W  / 51.663 ; - 0.184 ) 115 metres ( 377 ft ) 15 Sydenham Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Lewisham / Southwark TQ340721 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.432 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.432 ; - 0.072 ) 112 metres ( 367 ft ) 16 Westow Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth TQ337707 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.419 ° N 0.077 ° W  / 51.419 ; - 0.077 ) 110 metres ( 361 ft ) 17 Forest Hill Lewisham TQ350735 ( 51 ° 26 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W  /  51.446 ° N 0.063 ° W  / 51.446 ; - 0.063 ) 106 metres ( 348 ft ) 18 Orange Tree Hill , Havering - atte - Bower Havering TQ512930 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' E  /  51.615 ° N 0.184 ° E  / 51.615 ; 0.184 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 19 Muswell Hill Haringey TQ283896 ( 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.148 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.148 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 20 Woodcock Hill , Harefield Hillingdon TQ067915 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 32 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.459 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.459 ) 103 metres ( 338 ft ) 21 Ferny Hill ( Enfield Chase ) Enfield TQ280979 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  51.665 ° N 0.149 ° W  / 51.665 ; - 0.149 ) 102 metres ( 334 ft )

The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions . The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began . '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for , and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan . Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it . Upon learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular . The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she is an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ) , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ) , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States who is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss , the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder , an SS - Sturmbannführer working with John Smith Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ) , Joe Blake 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ) , a Japanese American Resistance member , Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ) , a mysterious friend of the Crains Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ) , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ) , a leading member of the Japanese military John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke 's wife Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason . The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . While Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City , the Kempeitai , who want to know her destination , arrest Frank in San Francisco . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children , but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed 's name , Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end his son Thomas 's life , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother . He crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas . While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information . While at Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two . Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz . '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building , '' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo . See also ( edit ) Fatherland , 1994 TV film SS - GB , 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . Amazon Video original programming Current Bosch ( since 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( since 2014 ) Transparent ( since 2014 ) The Man in the High Castle ( since 2015 ) Patriot ( since 2015 ) Sneaky Pete ( since 2015 ) The Collection ( since 2016 ) Fleabag ( since 2016 ) Goliath ( since 2016 ) The Grand Tour ( since 2016 ) The Tick ( since 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( since 2017 ) Comrade Detective ( since 2017 ) Lore ( since 2017 ) Britannia ( since 2018 ) The Dangerous Book for Boys ( since 2018 ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Ripper Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- 17 ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) Upcoming Homecoming ( 2018 ) The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Untitled Fred Armisen / Maya Rudolph comedy series ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) The Feed ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Too Old To Die Young ( 2019 ) Undone ( 2019 ) Cortes ( TBA ) Hanna ( TBA ) Lorena ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=834421755 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. 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who plays hitler in man in the high castle

Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 )

List of places on land with elevations below sea level - wikipedia List of places on land with elevations below sea level This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of places below mean sea level that are on land . Places in tunnels , mines , basements , dug holes ( also with open sky ) , under water , under ice , or existing temporarily as a result of ebbing of sea tide etc. are not included . Places where seawater and rainwater is pumped away are included . Fully natural places below sea level require a dry climate ; otherwise , rain would exceed evaporation and fill the area . All figures are in meters below sea level , arranged by depth , lowest first : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents 1 Africa 2 Antarctica 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 North America 6 Oceania 7 South America 8 Historic and ice - covered areas 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Africa ( edit ) Afar Depression Lake Assal , Djibouti , ( − 153 m ( − 502 ft ) ) lowest land in Africa Danakil Depression , Ethiopia , ( − 125 m ( − 410 ft ) ) Qattara Depression , Egypt , ( − 133 m ( − 436 ft ) ) Sebkha Tah , Western Sahara , in the Laâyoune - Boujdour - Sakia El Hamra region ( − 55 m ( − 180 ft ) ) Sabkhat Ghuzayyil , Libya ( − 47 m ( − 154 ft ) ) Chott Melrhir , Algeria , ( − 40 m ( − 131 ft ) ) Shatt al Gharsah , Tunisia , ( − 17 m ( − 56 ft ) ) Sebkhet Te - n - Dghamcha , Mauritania , ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Antarctica ( edit ) Deep Lake , Vestfold Hills , ( − 50 m ( − 164 ft ) ) Asia ( edit ) Jordan valley , Israel -- West Bank -- Jordan Neot HaKikar , Israel ( − 345 m ( − 1,132 ft ) ) , Israeli settlement just south of Dead Sea . 30 ° 55 ′ 59.15 '' N 35 ° 22 ′ 36.11 '' E  /  30.9330972 ° N 35.3766972 ° E  / 30.9330972 ; 35.3766972 Dead Sea , Jordan -- West Bank -- Israel ( − 430 m ( − 1,411 ft ) ) , lowest land in Asia and the world 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Jericho , West Bank ( − 258 m ( − 846 ft ) ) , lowest city in the world 31 ° 51 ′ N 35 ° 28 ′ E  /  31.85 ° N 35.46 ° E  / 31.85 ; 35.46 Bet She'an , Israel ( between Tiberias and Jericho ) ( − 122 m ( − 400 ft ) ) 32 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  32.50 ° N 35.50 ° E  / 32.50 ; 35.50 Sea of Galilee , Israel ( − 214 m ( − 702 ft ) ) 32 ° 48 ′ N 35 ° 36 ′ E  /  32.80 ° N 35.60 ° E  / 32.80 ; 35.60 Tiberias , Israel ( − 207 m ( − 679 ft ) ) 32 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 35 ° 32 ′ 09 '' E  /  32.7966 ° N 35.535717 ° E  / 32.7966 ; 35.535717 Turfan Depression , China ( − 154 m ( − 505 ft ) ) Caspian Basin Caspian Depression , Karagiye , Kazakhstan ( − 138 m ( − 453 ft ) ) Caspian Sea and its shores , Russia -- Kazakhstan -- Azerbaijan -- Iran -- Turkmenistan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Kuttanad , India ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Hachirogata , Japan ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Europe ( edit ) Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level ( right ) compared to dry land ( left ) . Caspian Depression Caspian Sea and its shores , Azerbaijan , Russia , and Kazakhstan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Baku , Azerbaijan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) , lowest lying national capital in the world Atyrau Airport , Kazakhstan ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) -- lowest international airport Netherlands , coastal provinces ( ( − 1 to − 7 m ) ( − 3 to − 23 ft ) ) Zuidplaspolder ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) Haarlemmermeer ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Wieringermeer ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Flevoland ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Amsterdam ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Belgium , parts of West Flanders ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Lammefjord , Denmark ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) The Fens , United Kingdom ( − 2.75 m ( − 9 ft ) ) Neuendorf - Sachsenbande , Germany ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Le Contane , Jolanda di Savoia , Italy ( − 3.44 m ( − 11.3 ft ) ) North Slob , County Wexford , Ireland ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Camargue , France ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Kristianstad , Sweden ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Żuławy Wiślane , Poland , Baltic delta of the Vistula River ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) North America ( edit ) Sea level sign ( 2 / 3 of the way up the cliff face ) above Badwater Basin , Death Valley National Park , USA Death Valley Badwater Basin , California , United States ( − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) ) lowest point in North America Salton Sink , United States ( − 66 m ( − 217 ft ) ) Bombay Beach , California , United States ( − 69 m ( − 226 ft ) ) Salton Sea Beach , California , United States ( − 67 m ( − 220 ft ) ) Desert Shores , California , United States ( − 61 m ( − 200 ft ) ) Calipatria , California , United States ( − 56 m ( − 184 ft ) ) Westmorland , California , United States ( − 48 m ( − 157 ft ) ) Niland , California , United States ( − 43 m ( − 141 ft ) ) Salton City , California , United States ( − 38 m ( − 125 ft ) ) Brawley , California , United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Thermal , California , United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Coachella , California , United States ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) Imperial , California , United States ( − 18 m ( − 59 ft ) ) Seeley , California , United States ( − 13 m ( − 43 ft ) ) El Centro , California , United States ( − 12 m ( − 39 ft ) ) Indio , California , United States ( − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) ) Heber , California , United States ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Holtville , California , United States ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Laguna Salada , Baja California , Mexico ( − 10 m ( − 33 ft ) ) Lake Enriquillo , Dominican Republic ( − 46 m ( − 151 ft ) ) , lowest place on an island country . Oceania ( edit ) Lake Eyre , Australia , − 16 m ( − 52 ft ) , lowest land in Australia Lake Frome , Australia , − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) Taieri Plain , New Zealand , − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) South America ( edit ) Laguna del Carbón , Argentina ( − 105 m ( − 344 ft ) ) lowest land in the Americas Bajo del Gualicho , Río Negro province , Argentina ( − 72 m ( − 236 ft ) ) Salina Grande and Salina Chica , Valdés Peninsula , Chubut Province , Argentina ( − 42 m ( − 138 ft ) ) Sechura Depression , Sechura Desert , Piura Region , Peru ( − 34 m ( − 112 ft ) ) Georgetown , Guyana ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Historic and ice - covered areas ( edit ) Deeper and larger than any of the trenches in the list above is the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica , at a depth of 2,540 m ( 8,330 ft ) . It is subglacial , meaning that it is permanently covered by the largest ice cap in the world . Therefore , it is not included in any list on the page . If the ice melted it would be covered by sea . The biggest dry land area below sea level that has been known to exist in the geological past , as measured by continuous volume of atmospheric air below sea level , was the dry bed of the Mediterranean Sea in the late Miocene period during the Messinian salinity crisis . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of Earth List of countries by lowest point List of submarine topographical features References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Earth portal `` Adjustable Sealevel Map '' . flood.firetree.net . `` Land Below Sea Level '' . geology.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level&oldid=865982979 '' Categories : Lists of places Geography - related lists Geology - related lists Physical geography Depressions ( geology ) Lowest points Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2009 All articles lacking sources Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

lowest city below sea level in the world

Neot HaKikar , Israel ( − 345 m ( − 1,132 ft ) ) , Israeli settlement just south of Dead Sea . 30 ° 55 ′ 59.15 '' N 35 ° 22 ′ 36.11 '' E  /  30.9330972 ° N 35.3766972 ° E  / 30.9330972 ; 35.3766972 Dead Sea , Jordan -- West Bank -- Israel ( − 430 m ( − 1,411 ft ) ) , lowest land in Asia and the world 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Jericho , West Bank ( − 258 m ( − 846 ft ) ) , lowest city in the world 31 ° 51 ′ N 35 ° 28 ′ E  /  31.85 ° N 35.46 ° E  / 31.85 ; 35.46 Bet She'an , Israel ( between Tiberias and Jericho ) ( − 122 m ( − 400 ft ) ) 32 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  32.50 ° N 35.50 ° E  / 32.50 ; 35.50 Sea of Galilee , Israel ( − 214 m ( − 702 ft ) ) 32 ° 48 ′ N 35 ° 36 ′ E  /  32.80 ° N 35.60 ° E  / 32.80 ; 35.60 Tiberias , Israel ( − 207 m ( − 679 ft ) ) 32 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 35 ° 32 ′ 09 '' E  /  32.7966 ° N 35.535717 ° E  / 32.7966 ; 35.535717

Rise of the Guardians - Wikipedia Rise of the Guardians This article is about the film . For the video game , see Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game . Rise of the Guardians Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Ramsey Produced by Christina Steinberg Nancy Bernstein Screenplay by David Lindsay - Abaire Based on The Guardians of Childhood by William Joyce Starring Chris Pine Alec Baldwin Hugh Jackman Isla Fisher Jude Law Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Joyce Arrastia Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $306.9 million Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film based on William Joyce 's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios . Peter Ramsey directed the film , while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher , and Jude Law . Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released on November 21 , 2012 . Set about 300 years after the book series , the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus , the Tooth Fairy , the Easter Bunny , and the Sandman , who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness . The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Video game 8 Possible sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia . Upon realizing no one can see or hear him , he disappears . Three hundred years later , Jack , as the young Spirit of Winter , enjoys delivering snow days to school kids , but resents that they do not believe in him . At the North Pole , the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares . He calls E. Aster Bunnymund , Sandy , and Tooth , to arms . They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian . Visiting Tooth 's world , Jack learns that each and every baby tooth contains childhood memories of the children who lost it , Jack 's teeth included . However , Pitch raids Tooth 's home , kidnapping all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth and stealing all the teeth , thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack 's memories and weakening children 's belief in Tooth . In order to thwart Pitch 's plan , the group decides to collect children 's teeth . During their journey , a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy , Jamie . Since he still believes , he can see everybody except for Jack . Pitch 's nightmares then attack , provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams . Jack tries to intervene , but Sandy is overwhelmed and killed by Pitch . As Easter approaches , the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund 's home . With the unexpected aid of Jamie 's little sister , Sophie , they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter . After Jack takes Sophie home , he is lured to Pitch 's lair by a voice . Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief , distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs , causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund . Losing his trust in the Guardians , Jack isolates himself in Antarctica , where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side . When Jack refuses , Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff , the source of his magic . He agrees , but Pitch breaks Jack 's staff and throws him down a chasm . Unlocking his memories , he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister . Inspired , Jack repairs his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies . In New York Due to Pitch , every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves , drastically weakening the Guardians . Finding Jamie 's belief wavering , Jack makes it snow in his room , renewing Jamie 's belief and letting him see Jack . Jack and Jamie gather the boy 's friends , whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch . Pitch threatens them , but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares , resulting in Sandy 's resurrection . Defeated and disbelieved in , Pitch tries to retreat , but his nightmares , sensing his own fears , turn on him and trap him in his lair . Afterward , Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun . Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Jack Frost , the spirit of winter . Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to use his staff to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun , but also wants to be believed in . At the end of the film , Jack became the Guardian of Fun . While he can not fly , per se , he can be carried on currents of wind , allowing him to span great distances . Alec Baldwin as Nicholas St. North ( Santa Claus ) , the leader of the guardians , and the Guardian of Wonder . He lives at the North Pole in the Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives , the Yetis ( who built the castle and workshop ) and the Christmas Elves . He carries a Russian accent / culture persona . Hugh Jackman as E. Aster Bunnymund ( Easter Bunny ) , the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope . He has an Australian accent . Isla Fisher as Tooth ( Tooth Fairy ) , the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories . Tooth is part human and part hummingbird . Assisted by mini fairies that are split - off extensions of herself , she collects the children 's teeth , which hold their most precious memories . Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most . She seems to have a crush on Jack , ( or more acurately , his pure white teeth ) . Jude Law as Pitch Black ( The Boogeyman ) , the essence of fear and the Nightmare King . Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett , a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians . Sandy ( The Sandman ) , the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon . He does not speak , but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head . Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett , Jamie 's little sister Dominique Grund as Cupcake Olivia Mattingly as Pippa Production ( edit ) In 2005 , William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture , Aimesworth Amusements , to produce CG - animated feature films , one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood , based on Joyce 's idea . The film was not realized , but they did create a short animated film , The Man in the Moon , directed by Joyce , which introduced the Guardians idea , and served as an inspiration for the film . Early in 2008 , Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation , after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process . In November 2009 , it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians , and playwright David Lindsay - Abaire to script . Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years , but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine , who died of a brain tumor . Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer , while Ramsey took over full directing , making him the first African American to direct a big - budget CG animated film . As with some previous DreamWorks films , Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer . Present almost from the beginning , he was able to help shape the story , character design , theme and structure of the film . He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film `` dark and moody and poetic , '' and expressed hope this might `` set a different tone for family movies , for entertainment movies . '' The final title , Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011 , along with the first cast . Roger Deakins , the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks ' film , How to Train Your Dragon , advised on the lighting to achieve its real look . He selected photographic references for color keys , and during the production gave notes on contrast , saturation , depth of field and light intensity . The film contains a lot of special effects , particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch . For this , DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB , a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data , like smoke and other amorphous materials . OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , and was released in August 2012 for free as an open - source project with a hope to become an industry standard . Although the film is based on the Joyce 's book series , it contains differences from the books . The book series , begun in 2011 , explains the origins of the characters , while the film takes place about 300 years after the books , and shows how the characters function in present time . Joyce explained , `` Because I do n't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go , ' Oh , I like the book better , ' and I also did n't want them to know what happens in the movie . And I also knew that during the progress of film production , a lot of things can change . So I wanted to have a sort of distance , so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie , but I did n't want them to be openly competitive to each other . '' The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce 's daughter , who asked him `` if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny . '' The film includes a dedication to her , as well a song , `` Still Dream , '' sung over the end credits . Originally , the film was set to be released on November 2 , 2012 , but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21 , 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar 's upcoming film Monsters University , which in turn had been pushed to November 2 , 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 . Monsters University was then pushed to June 21 , 2013 , with Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph taking its place . Soundtrack ( edit ) French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film , which was released on November 13 , 2012 by Varèse Sarabande . The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios , and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , with a choral contribution by London Voices . David Lindsay - Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end - credit song , `` Still Dream , '' which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming . Stravinsky 's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears . This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers ( mainly John Powell , Henry Jackman , Harry Gregson - Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson - Williams ) . Rise of the Guardians Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released November 13 , 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Score Length 67 : 47 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology Argo ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Track listing : No . Title Length 1 . `` Still Dream '' ( performed by Renée Fleming ) 3 : 12 2 . `` Calling the Guardians '' 2 : 06 3 . `` Alone in the World '' 2 : 04 4 . `` Fanfare of the Elves '' 0 : 53 5 . `` Wind Take Me Home ! '' 1 : 28 6 . `` Dreamsand '' 2 : 03 7 . `` Pitch on the Globe '' 0 : 57 8 . `` The Moon '' 1 : 32 9 . `` Snowballs '' 1 : 31 10 . `` Busy Workshop '' 1 : 33 11 . `` Sleigh Launch '' 1 : 45 12 . `` Nightmares Attack '' 7 : 17 13 . `` Tooth Collection '' 2 : 22 14 . `` Jamie 's Bedroom '' 2 : 31 15 . `` Jack & Sandman '' 4 : 18 16 . `` Memorial '' 1 : 21 17 . `` Guardians Regroup '' 0 : 58 18 . `` Easter '' 3 : 39 19 . `` Jack Betrays '' 3 : 20 20 . `` Kids Stop Believing '' 2 : 35 21 . `` Jack 's Memories '' 2 : 24 22 . `` Pitch at North Pole '' 2 : 00 23 . `` Jamie Believes '' 3 : 01 24 . `` Jack 's Center '' 4 : 52 25 . `` Sandman Returns '' 2 : 36 26 . `` Dreamsand Miracles '' 2 : 18 27 . `` Oath of the Guardians '' 3 : 11 Total length : 67 : 47 Release ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival : Christina Steinberg , producer ; Peter Ramsey , director ; Jeffrey Katzenberg , DreamWorks Animation 's CEO ; Nancy Bernstein , producer ; Bill Damaschke , DreamWorks Animation 's Chief Creative Officer Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10 , 2012 , at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley , California , followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13 , 2012 . Under distribution by Paramount Pictures , the film was released on November 21 , 2012 , in American theaters . Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters . It was the second film released in the firm Barco 's Auro 11.1 3D audio format , after Red Tails . The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos , a surround sound technology introduced in 2012 . Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount , as DreamWorks has signed a five - year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox , which started in 2013 with The Croods . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu - ray Disc ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on March 12 , 2013 . That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment , since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release . The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office , having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 `` the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases . '' In the first quarter of 2013 , it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide , and in the second quarter 0.9 million units , for a total of 4.1 million units . As of August 2013 , 2 million DVDs were sold domestically . It was re-released on DVD on November 5 , 2013 and comes with a wind - up marching elf toy . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Based on 148 reviews , the film holds a rating of 74 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , based on 151 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set , Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced , but it 's only so - so in the storytelling department . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews , or `` Mixed or average . '' The film earned an `` A '' from audiences polled by CinemaScore . Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and found the film 's characters to have `` a primal familiarity , as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney . '' Olly Richards of Empire wrote , `` It 's gorgeously designed , deftly written and frequently laugh - out - loud funny . For child or adult , this is a fantasy to get lost in . '' The Washington Post 's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said , `` Thoughts become things . That 's the message of Rise of the Guardians , a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real , or real enough . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review , `` There 's an audience for this film . It 's not me . I gather younger children will like the breakneck action , the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name . '' Though he did say , `` Their parents and older siblings may find the 89 - minute running time quite long enough . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes . '' Conversely , Justin Chang in Variety said , `` Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful , strenuous and hyperactive fantasy , which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film `` lacks a resonant center , '' and that the script , `` seems to have been written by committee , with members lobbying for each major character , and the action , set in vast environments all over the map , spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion . '' Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America , and $203,528,912 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $306,941,670 . In North America , the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five - day weekend , and with $23.8 million over the three - day weekend , it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 , Skyfall , and Lincoln . The film 's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away . While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget , it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs , forcing the studio to take an $83 million write - down . This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas . As a result of this combined with other factors , in February 2013 , the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company - wide restructuring . Accolades ( edit ) The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians . The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival , held on October 22 , 2012 . List of awards and nominations Award Recipients Result African - American Film Critics Association Best Animation Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Isla Fisher ( Tooth ) Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Joyce Arrastia Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects in an Animated Production Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , David Lipton Won Character Animation in a Feature Production David Pate Nominated Phillppe LeBrun Pierre Perifel Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Hanenberger , Max Boas , Jayee Borcar Woonyoung Jung , Perry Maple , Peter Maynez Stan Seo , Felix Yoon Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Johanne Matte Won Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jude Law Nominated Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Joyce Arrastia Critics Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Hollywood Film Festival Best Animated Feature Peter Ramsey Won International Film Music Critics Association Awards Film Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat , also for Argo , Moonrise Kingdom , Rust and Bone , and Zero Dark Thirty Nominated Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Alexandre Desplat Won Mill Valley Film Festival Audience Favorite Children 's Film Peter Ramsey Producers Guild of America Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , Christina Steinberg Nominated Satellite Awards 2012 Best Animated or Mixed Media Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , David Prescott , Peter Ramsey , Christina Steinberg Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture The North Pole : Eric Bouffard , Sonja Burchard , Andy Harbeck , Peter Maynez Nominated Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Last Stand : Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , Andrew Wheeler , Stephen Wood Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Family Film Rise of the Guardians -- tied with Life of Pi Won Video game ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20 , 2012 in North America , and released on November 23 , 2012 in Europe . It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch . The game is a 3D beat - em - up , where the player travels through each of the worlds : Burgess , North Pole , Bunnymund Valley , Tooth Palace , and Sandman 's Ship , to fight Pitch 's army of Nightmares . The player can switch between all five guardians at any time , and freely customize their powers , and they learn new special abilities as they level up . All the game versions support up to 4 - player gameplay . It is available on the Wii , Wii U , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . POSSIBLE sequel ( edit ) After the release of the film , the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A - Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word - of - mouth would gather support for the `` chance to make a sequel or two . '' Author and co-producer of the series , William Joyce , also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation : `` There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to Universal Pictures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grady , Pam ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mill Valley Film Fest : stars , new powers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATE : DreamWorks Animation Will Have Distribution Plan By Labor Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Globe , Golden ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Golden Globes 2013 : full list of nominations '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation To Fox For New 5 - Year Distribution Deal ; UPDATE : Paying Fees Of 8 % Theatrical And 6 % Digital '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Names All - Star Cast Featuring Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher and Jude Law for Rise of the Guardians on November 21 , 2012 '' . DreamWorksAnimation.com ( Press release ) . January 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians -- Yetis '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Natives of the North Pole , Yetis are the blue - collar workers in North 's toy factory . Not only did they build the Ice Castle and workshop for North , the Yetis would also do anything for him and serve him loyally . Jump up ^ Tooth ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` You remembered to floss , right ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Up - and - coming child actor Dakota Goyo will voice a character in DWAnimation 's RiseOfTheGuardians ! '' . DreamWorks Animation verified Twitter page . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know Sandman is the oldest of the Guardians ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandman ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sandman was the first Guardian chosen by the Man in the Moon '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Although he does n't speak , he communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head ... '' DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AIMESWORTH AMUSEMENTS , LTD '' . Business Profiles . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daly , Helen ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Hot House : Reel FX Creative Studios Ramps Up for Animated Fare '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Dreamworks Teaming Up With William Joyce For The Guardians of Childhood '' . / Film . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jardine , William ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : William Joyce , Moonbot Studios Co-Founder and Co-Director of Morris Lessmore '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . I was ( co-director ) ... and then there was a tragic thing , my daughter became ill in post-production , and we lost her , so I had to bow out of directing at that point . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' Unveiled , Rises to Top Tier of Animated Contenders ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` DreamWorks sets scribe for ' Guardians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tulich , Katherine ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' director a self - taught success '' . Glendale News - Press . Glendale , California . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks ' Rise of the Guardians ' and ' Pinocchio ' ; Hopes to Begin Voice Recording in Jan 2013 and Ron Perlman Will Play Stromboli '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro on his experience as executive producer of Rise of the Guardians '' . In The Works ( DreamWorks Animation official blog ) . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Director Peter Ramsey Talks RISE OF THE GUARDIANS , Roger Deakins , HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 , Working with David Fincher on FIGHT CLUB , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orden , Erica ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Releases Software Used in ' Guardians ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Releases Proprietary Volumetric Format OpenVDB to Open Source Community '' . DreamWorks Animation . August 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` AFI Fest : ' Rise Of The Guardians ' Tries To Stake Its Claim In Oscar Race And At Holiday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Shifts ' Monsters Inc. 2 , ' Drops Two Others '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Changes Dates For ' Monsters University ' , ' Reboot Ralph ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Soprano Renee Fleming Performs Original Single `` Still Dream '' With Music By Alexandre Desplat and Lyrics By David Lindsay - Abaire for DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . October 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : J. Lyman , Eric ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive New ' Vanity Fair ' Honor at Upcoming Rome Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Festival Internazionale del Film di Roma - Guide e Programma '' ( PDF ) . Roma Cinema Fest . p. 5 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise Of The Guardians ' To Play IMAX Nov. 21 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barco Auro 11.1 3D sound technology will be featured in global release of DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . Barco . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians , ' ' Gravity , ' ' Pacific Rim ' Will Be Mixed in Dolby Atmos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Blu - ray 3D Release Date , Details and Pre-Order '' . The HD Room . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation SKG Management Discusses Q2 2013 Results - Earnings Call Transcript '' . Seeking Alpha . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports First Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation . July 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Of-The-Guardians-Marching/dp/B00EDDUKGY/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1383683671&sr=8-7&keywords=rise+of+the+guardians Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( November 25 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Twilight , ' Bond Dominate Fruitful Thanksgiving '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Reviews Rise Of The Guardians Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians Scaring up Magic from Childhood Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians ( PG ) Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A Visionary Director 's Sumptuous ' Pi ' Retrieved February 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation facing jobs cuts after Rise of the Guardians tanks '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Lucas ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation to Lay Off 350 Employees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . The Glendale , Calif. - based company posted a loss of $83 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2012 due to development costs and the poor performance of its latest film , Rise of the Guardians . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive Animation Prize at 16th Hollywood Film Awards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Annie Award Winners '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' , ' Les Miserables ' , ' Silver Linings ' Top List Of Nominees For 18th Annual Critics Choice Movie Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Life Of Pi wins 35th Mill Valley Film Festival audience award '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominates 10 Films for Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 11th Annual VES Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Life Of Pi ' Wins 4 Including Feature , ' Brave ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' Other Big Winners '' . Deadline . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Zero Dark Thirty ' fares well with Women Film Critics Circle '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher reveals product details for ' Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ' '' . Bandai Namco . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher and DreamWorks Animation Announce Multi-Property Agreement for Next Three Animated Feature Films '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . February 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2012 : Rise of the Guardians annoncé '' . JeuxVideo.com . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ' Les versions PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS et 3DS sont attendues pour cet automne , et la déclinaison Wii U est déjà confirmée . / The PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS and 3DS are expected this autumn and the ... Wii U is already confirmed . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of Guardians ' Filmmakers Hoping to Make Sword - Wielding - Santa Sequels '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jami ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : AUTHOR / ILLUSTRATOR WILLIAM JOYCE TALKS ' RISE OF THE GUARDIANS ' BLU - RAY / DVD , AND A POSSIBLE SEQUEL '' . iamROGUE.COM . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rise of the Guardians . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rise of the Guardians Official website Rise of the Guardians on IMDb Rise of the Guardians at The Big Cartoon DataBase Rise of the Guardians at Rotten Tomatoes Rise of the Guardians at Box Office Mojo Links to related articles DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Antz ( 1998 ) The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon : The Hidden World ( 2019 ) Abominable ( 2019 ) Trolls World Tour ( 2020 ) The Croods 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Spooky Jack ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( since 2001 ) Madagascar ( since 2005 ) Kung Fu Panda ( since 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( since 2010 ) Tales of Arcadia ( since 2016 ) TV series Ended Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 02 ) Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 05 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- 18 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Turbo Fast ( 2013 -- 16 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- 17 ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- 18 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- 17 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- 17 ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- 18 ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 ) Current Dinotrux ( since 2015 ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( since 2016 ) Noddy , Toyland Detective ( since 2016 ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( since 2016 ) Spirit Riding Free ( since 2017 ) Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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( 1995 ) Fairy Tale about Father Frost , Ivan and Nastya ( 2000 ) Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ( 2012 ) Literature `` The Frost King '' The Runaway Shadows See also Jack Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature 1990s The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) 2000s Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) 2010s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Guardians&oldid=865931821 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2012 3D films 2012 animated films 2012 computer - animated films 2010s adventure films 2010s fantasy films American 3D films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated fantasy films American Christmas films American computer - animated films American fantasy adventure films American films Children 's fantasy films Animated Christmas films Crossover animation Crossover films Directorial debut films DreamWorks Animation animated films Easter films Films about fairies and sprites Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films about children Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films using computer - generated imagery IMAX films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Jack Frost Moon in film Santa Claus in film Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 03 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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who voiced jack in rise of the guardians

Chris Pine as Jack Frost , the spirit of winter . Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to use his staff to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun , but also wants to be believed in . At the end of the film , Jack became the Guardian of Fun . While he can not fly , per se , he can be carried on currents of wind , allowing him to span great distances . Alec Baldwin as Nicholas St. North ( Santa Claus ) , the leader of the guardians , and the Guardian of Wonder . He lives at the North Pole in the Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives , the Yetis ( who built the castle and workshop ) and the Christmas Elves . He carries a Russian accent / culture persona . Hugh Jackman as E. Aster Bunnymund ( Easter Bunny ) , the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope . He has an Australian accent . Isla Fisher as Tooth ( Tooth Fairy ) , the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories . Tooth is part human and part hummingbird . Assisted by mini fairies that are split - off extensions of herself , she collects the children 's teeth , which hold their most precious memories . Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most . She seems to have a crush on Jack , ( or more acurately , his pure white teeth ) . Jude Law as Pitch Black ( The Boogeyman ) , the essence of fear and the Nightmare King . Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett , a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians . Sandy ( The Sandman ) , the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon . He does not speak , but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head . Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett , Jamie 's little sister Dominique Grund as Cupcake Olivia Mattingly as Pippa

Ford Fusion Hybrid - Wikipedia Ford Fusion Hybrid Jump to : navigation , search Ford Fusion Hybrid Overview Manufacturer Ford Production 2008 -- present Model years 2010 -- present Assembly Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico Body and chassis Class Mid-size Body style 4 - door sedan Layout FF layout The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline - electric hybrid powered version of the mid-sized Ford Fusion sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford , now in its second generation . A plug - in hybrid version , the Ford Fusion Energi , was released in the U.S. in February 2013 . The first generation was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 for model year 2010 , together with its badge - engineered variants , the Mercury Milan Hybrid and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid . The second generation was launched under the Ford and Lincoln brands for model year 2013 , went on sale in the U.S. in October 2012 . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rated the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid at 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ) combined city / highway . The second generation hybrid improved the fuel economy rating to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) for combined city / highway driving . The EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 88 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.7 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ; 106 mpg ) . In hybrid operation ( charge - sustaining mode ) , the Energi has a combined fuel economy of 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) . The Fusion Hybrid has won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award , and the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year . As of December 2016 , over 285,000 units of the Fusion hybrid family have been sold in the United States since 2009 , including the plug - in hybrid variant . As of December 2016 , sales of the Fusion Energi totaled 43,327 units delivered in its main market , the U.S. Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation 1.1 History and development 1.2 Design and technology 1.3 Safety 1.4 Fuel economy and environmental performance 1.5 SmartGauge for eco driving 1.6 Tax credit 1.7 Other markets 2 Second generation 3 Ford Fusion Energi 4 Awards and recognitions 5 Sales 6 See also 7 References 8 External links First generation ( edit ) First generation Overview Production December 2008 -- 2012 Model years 2010 -- 2012 Body and chassis Platform Ford CD3 platform Related Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid Ford Fusion Powertrain Engine Gasoline : I4 2.5 L / 156 hp ( 116 kW ) Atkinson cycle Electric : Permanent Magnet AC Synchronous Motor 106 hp ( 79 kW ) @ 6,500 rpm , 275 volts Transmission Aisin power split device Dimensions Wheelbase 107.4 in ( 2,728 mm ) Length 190.6 in ( 4,841 mm ) Width 72.2 in ( 1,834 mm ) Height 56.9 in ( 1,445 mm ) Curb weight 3,720 lb ( 1,690 kg ) History and development ( edit ) The hybrid electric version of the Fusion was announced at the 2005 North American International Auto Show , along with the public introduction of the original 2006 Fusion . At that time Ford announced that the hybrid version was scheduled to be introduced in early 2009 for the 2010 model year , for a suggested retail price of US $27,270 . The new Fusion Hybrid and Fusion Sport officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2008 . The Fusion Hybrid is manufactured at Ford 's Hermosillo Stamping & Assembly plant , located in Sonora , Mexico . Ford set a modest sales target of about 25,000 vehicles a year for the Fusion Hybrid and the similar Mercury Milan . The Milan and Fusion hybrids share the same powertrain but feature different front and rear fascia designs , and distinct headlamps and taillights . The Fusion Hybrid was made available for press testing in December 2008 and launched to the U.S. market in March 2009 . During the same month two other new hybrid models also came on sale , the Honda Insight and the Mercury Milan . During the few days that were available to the public , Ford 's new Fusion and Milan hybrids sold a combined 451 units , representing 3.0 % of all Fusion and Milan models sold in March 2009 . The Fusion is the first new hybrid vehicle the Ford brand offered in five years , and is the second hybrid vehicle after the Ford Escape Hybrid . The Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids join the Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid for Mexican - built hybrid vehicles . The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid , launched in the U.S. market in September 2010 , shares the hybrid powertrain from the Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids , and delivers an estimated fuel economy of 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) . The MKZ Hybrid offers several improvements of Ford 's Smart Gauge with EcoGuide , first introduced in the 2010 Fusion Hybrid . Design and technology ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid is a `` full '' hybrid because both propulsion sources , an electric motor powered by a Sanyo supplied 275 V nickel - metal hydride battery , and a 2.5 L Atkinson cycle I4 156 hp 136 ft. lbs. gasoline engine with intake variable cam timing ( iVCT ) , have substantial power ratings and either can be used alone to propel the vehicle . When braking or decelerating , the Fusion 's hybrid system uses regenerative braking , where the electric drive motor becomes a generator , converting the vehicle 's momentum back to electricity for storage in the batteries . Ford claims that nearly 94 percent energy recovery is achieved by first delivering full regenerative braking followed by friction brakes during city driving . Under ideal conditions , Ford claims the Fusion Hybrid can cruise 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) at up to 47 miles per hour ( 76 km / h ) on battery power alone . Once perceived as a laggard in hybrid technology , Ford now claims nearly 500 hybrid patents that allow the Fusion Hybrid to achieve 41 MPG on the highway . According to Hybridcars.com , Ford has pointed to its talented inventors , making `` special mention of Ming Kuang who has helped Ford since 2000 to expand its portfolio of hybrid patents from just 10 patents when he began to 461 today . '' Quoted in Autotrader.com , the veteran engineer says `` it 's about helping make the world my children live in - and the world my children 's children will live in - a better place . '' Safety ( edit ) The Ford Fusion line - up was included in the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety 2010 `` Top Safety Pick 's '' rating for the mid-size category . As of June 2010 , Ford Fusion and Mercury Milan hybrids are the only two mid-size hybrid vehicles in the list . Due to the fact that Ford recently modified and strengthened the roof structure of the Flex , Fusion , and MKT vehicles , these 2010 ratings apply only to Lincoln MKZs , Mercury Milan and Fusions built after April 2010 . Fuel economy and Environmental performance ( edit ) The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has rated the fuel economy for the 2010 Fusion Hybrid at 41 miles per US gallon ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) city , 36 miles per US gallon ( 6.5 L / 100 km ; 43 mpg ) highway . The following table compares fuel economy , carbon footprint , and petroleum consumption between the hybrid version and other drivetrains of the Fusion family as estimated by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Energy : Economic and environmental performance comparison among the several Fusion powertrains available in the U.S. market Type of Powertrain Type of fuel Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Carbon footprint ( Ton / yr of CO ) Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Hybrid electric FWD Automatic ( variable gear ratios ) , 4 cyl , 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 41 36 $1,083 4.8 8.8 FWD Automatic 6 - spd , 4 cyl , 2.5 L Gasoline 2011 23 33 $1,629 7.2 13.2 FWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 20 28 $1,840 8.1 14.9 E85 flex - fuel 2011 14 21 $2,269 6.6 5.0 FWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.5 L Gasoline 2011 18 27 $2,013 8.9 16.3 AWD Automatic ( S6 ) , 6 cyl , 3.0 L Gasoline 2011 18 26 $2,115 9.3 17.1 E85 flex - fuel 2011 13 19 $2,421 7.1 5.3 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 45 % highway driving , 55 % city driving , and 15,000 annual miles . ( 2 ) Average U.S. prices : $2.82 / gallon for gasoline , and $2.42 / gallon for E85 fuel . E85 prices vary widely by region . As of early November 2010 the minimum price was $2.02 / gallon in Illinois and the maximum price was $2.99 / gallon in New York . ( 3 ) Direct carbon footprint only and does not account for any potential indirect land use change impacts of biofuels . The Ford Fusion Hybrid EPA 's fuel economy rating is better than the 2011 Toyota Camry Hybrid ( 32 miles per gallon city , 33 highway ) , the Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 35 miles per gallon city , 33 highway ) , and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid ( 26 miles per gallon city , 34 highway ) , considered its main competitors in the mid-size sedan segment . The newer 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE model ( 43 miles per gallon city , 39 highway ) now has an advantage over the 2012 Ford Fusion ( 41 miles per gallon city , 39 highway ) by a slight margin in the city . Economic and environmental performance comparison among the Fusion Hybrid and same class hybrid models available in the U.S. Vehicle Year model EPA City mileage ( mpg ) EPA Highway mileage ( mpg ) Annual fuel cost ( USD ) Tailpipe emissions ( grams per mile CO ) EPA Air Pollution Score Cal / Other Annual Petroleum Use ( barrel ) Toyota Prius ( 3rd gen ) 2010 / 11 / 12 51 48 $1,150 178 9 / 7 6.6 Honda Civic Hybrid 2012 44 44 $1,300 202 9 / 8 7.5 Toyota Prius v 2012 44 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Lexus CT 200h 2011 / 12 43 40 $1,350 212 8 / 7 7.8 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2012 41 41 $1,350 212 9 / 7 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 40 45 $1,350 212 9 / 8 7.8 Honda Civic Hybrid 2011 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Honda Insight ( 2nd gen ) 2010 / 11 40 43 $1,400 217 9 / 8 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE ( XV50 ) 2012 43 39 $1,400 217 9 / 7 8.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE ( XV50 ) 2012 40 38 $1,400 222 9 / 7 8.2 Ford Fusion Hybrid Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid 2010 / 11 / 12 2010 / 11 2011 / 12 41 36 $1,450 228 9 / 7 8.4 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Kia Optima Hybrid 2011 / 12 35 40 $1,550 240 8 / 8 8.9 Nissan Altima Hybrid 35 33 $1,650 261 9 9.7 Toyota Camry Hybrid 33 34 $1,650 261 9 / 7 9.7 Nissan Altima Hybrid 2011 33 33 $1,700 269 9 10.0 Toyota Camry Hybrid 2011 31 35 $1,700 269 9 / 7 10.0 Notes : ( 1 ) Estimates assumes 15,000 miles ( 24,000 km ) per year ( 45 % highway , 55 % city split ) using average fuel price $3.79 / gallon ( national average as of March 2012 ) . ( 2 ) Cal : California and Northeastern States ; Other : All states except California and Northeastern States . The Nissan Altima Hybrid was available only in California . Source : U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency In 2009 , Edmunds tested a Fusion Hybrid over two days of mixed city and highway driving against other hybrids or fuel efficient cars like the Toyota Prius , the Honda Insight , the Volkswagen Jetta TDI automatic and the MINI Cooper with manual transmission . The results are summarized in the following table : Edmunds comparison of the Fusion Hybrid with several hybrids and fuel efficient cars ( mpg ) Vehicle Back roads City loop Highway Overall EPA City / Hwy 2010 Toyota Prius 47.2 48.7 47.4 47.6 51 / 48 2010 Honda Insight 44.1 43.4 38.6 42.3 40 / 43 2009 Volkswagen Jetta TDI A6 41.2 31.6 40.6 38.1 29 / 40 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid 39.6 35.1 36.0 37.3 41 / 36 2009 MINI Cooper M6 38.5 30.1 33.3 34.5 28 / 37 Motor Trend found that their Fusion Hybrid delivered only 33.5 mpg ( 7.0 L / 100 km ; 40.2 mpg ) in 500 miles ( 800 km ) of mixed driving , 5 mpg off the EPA combined rating . Over another 160 miles ( 260 km ) of testing against a Toyota Camry Hybrid , the same car only achieved 31.8 mpg ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38.2 mpg ) , while the Camry Hybrid delivered 32.7 mpg ( 7.2 L / 100 km ; 39.3 mpg ) . `` If our early numbers hold up , the Fusion Hybrid would be a rare instance of the EPA relapsing into the world of mileage make - believe . '' However , they noted that when driven very conservatively , the EPA numbers could be achieved . `` In typical driving , you might as well throw the Fusion 's EPA numbers out the window . But if you decide to really work at it , they 're possible . '' Car and Driver also tested a Fusion Hybrid and achieved no more than 34 mpg ( 6.9 L / 100 km ; 41 mpg ) over 300 miles ( 480 km ) of driving , which was greater than the Camry Hybrid ( 31 miles per US gallon ( 7.6 L / 100 km ; 37 mpg ) ) or Nissan Altima Hybrid ( 32 miles per US gallon ( 7.4 L / 100 km ; 38 mpg ) ) though not by the margin indicated by the EPA ratings . The 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid promotional vehicle involved in the 1000 Mile Challenge According to Ford , the vehicle was built to have a fuel efficiency of 41 mpg in the city and 36 mpg on the highway by EPA standards . On December 2008 , Autoblog Green staff reported they had obtained in - city mileage of 43.1 mpg on the streets of Los Angeles . In addition , a Los Angeles Times reporter informed in December 2008 that he had obtained 52 mpg in mixed city - highway driving with little difficulty . On a single - tank publicity stunt conducted on April 2009 , a Fusion Hybrid managed 81.5 miles per US gallon ( 2.89 L / 100 km ; 97.9 mpg ) on a 1,445.7 mile trip . Edmunds ' InsideLine received a 2010 Fusion Hybrid as a long - term test car . Over 11,000 miles ( 18,000 km ) of driving , their vehicle had only averaged 31.3 mpg ( 7.5 L / 100 km ; 37.6 mpg ) , with a best tank of 37.7 mpg ( 6.24 L / 100 km ; 45.3 mpg ) and a worst tank of 24.4 mpg ( 9.6 L / 100 km ; 29.3 mpg ) . Payback time According to Edmunds.com , the price premium paid for the Fusion Hybrid takes 5 years to recover in fuel savings as compared to its non-hybrid sibling , and is one of the quickest payback periods among top selling hybrids as of February 2012 . Edmunds compared the hybrid version priced at US $27,678 with a comparably - equipped gasoline - powered Fusion priced at US $24,493 and found that the payback period is 6 years for gasoline at US $3 per gallon , 4 years at US $4 per gallon , and drops to 3 years with gasoline prices at US $5 per gallon . These estimates assume an average of 15,000 mi ( 24,000 km ) annual driving and vehicle prices correspond to Edmunds. com 's true market value estimates . For the same two vehicles , the U.S. EPA estimates the Fusion Hybrid annual fuel cost at US $1,431 while the gasoline - powered Fusion has an annual fuel cost of US $2,320 . EPA estimates are based on 45 % highway and 55 % city driving , over 15,000 annual miles , and gasoline price of US $3.72 per gallon , the national average as of February 2012 . The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid has no price premium . SmartGauge for eco driving ( edit ) Digital panels to keep track of eco driving style ( top ) and current drive propulsion ( bottom ) . The Fusion Hybrid comes with a SmartGauge with EcoGuide which features two 4.3 - inch high - resolution , full - color LCD screens on either side of the vehicle 's analog speedometer . The objective of these panel display is to coach drivers on how to optimize the performance of their hybrid by keeping track of their eco driving improvements . These screens can be configured to show different levels of driver information , including fuel and battery power levels , and average and instant fuel economy . When set in tutorial mode , the instrument panel in the right side `` grows '' leaves and vines on - screen to reward fuel - efficient driving . The more leaves and vines that appear , the more efficient the driving behavior is and the more fuel is being saved . Long - term fuel efficiency can be also be displayed as a traditional chart . The left side display shows when the car is in pure - electric mode , and shows the state of battery charge . The 2011 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid , launched in September 2010 , offers an improvement of Ford 's SmartGauge with EcoGuide introduced with the 2010 Fusion and Milan hybrids . In 2012 , with the introduction of the second generation Fusion , Ford redesigned its SmartGauge with EcoGuide system giving it a newer look and new customizable MyView features . One of the new features , Brake Coach , gives instant feedback on the driver 's braking habits and gives them advice to maximize the efficiency of the regenerative braking system . Other new features included , Inform , Enlighten , Engage , and Empower . Tax credit ( edit ) The Fusion Hybrid qualified for a maximum hybrid tax credit of US $3,400 if purchased by March 31 , 2009 . The credit dropped to US $1,700 if purchased by September 30 , 2009 , to US $850 if purchased from October 2009 and March 31 , 2010 , and phased out on April 1 , 2010 . Other markets ( edit ) The Brazilian version of the Fusion Hybrid was unveiled at the 2010 São Paulo International Auto Show . Sales began in November 2010 at a price of R $ 133,900 ( US $78,500 ) . The Fusion Hybrid was the first full hybrid car sold in Brazil . Imported from Mexico , the Fusion Hybrid engine performance and fuel system durability was tested with the Brazilian mandatory E20 to E25 ethanol blends . Second generation ( edit ) Second generation Overview Production 2012 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford Mondeo Lincoln MKZ Powertrain Engine 2.0 L I4 Transmission CVT , Ford HF35 ( hybrid and PHEV ) Battery 1.4 kWh lithium - ion Dimensions Wheelbase 112.2 in ( 2,850 mm ) Length 191.7 in ( 4,869 mm ) Width 72.9 in ( 1,852 mm ) Height 58.1 in ( 1,476 mm ) A complete redesign of the Ford Fusion lineup for the model year 2013 was unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show . The new lineup includes three optional engines for the conventional four - cylinder - only gasoline model , a next - generation hybrid version , and a plug - in hybrid version , the Ford Fusion Energi . The Ford Fusion became the first production sedan to offer these three powertrain options . In April 2012 Ford announced that an auto start - stop system will be available for the 1.6 - liter EcoBoost engine non-hybrid version , at a price of US $295 . The expected fuel economy was a combined 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ) . Sales of the gasoline - powered and hybrid version began in the U.S. in October 2012 . Sales in Europe and Asia , under the Ford Mondeo name , were planned to start in 2013 . Ford began taking orders of the Mondeo Hybrid in Germany in August 2014 . Production of the Mondeo Hybrid began at Ford 's Valencia , Spain , plant in November 2014 . The nickel - metal hydride batteries used in the hybrid first generation were replaced with lithium - ion batteries . The 2013 model year Fusion Hybrid is more fuel efficient than its predecessor , with a US Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) rating of 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) combined , 44 mpg ( 5.3 L / 100 km ; 53 mpg ) in city and 41 mpg ( 5.7 L / 100 km ; 49 mpg ) in highway driving . Initially , the second generation Fusion Hybrid was rated 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles . However , in June 2014 Ford announced that it was downgrading the EPA fuel economy ratings on six of its 2013 and 2014 model year vehicles , including all its C - Max , Fusion and MKZ full hybrids and its two plug - in Energi models . The ratings were lowered after an error was discovered in the company 's internal testing data . Ford is making a goodwill payments to around 200,000 customers affected by its mistake . After the ratings were lowered the 2013 / 14 Fusion Hybrid still slightly outperforms the 2012 / 2014 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE by 1 mpg - US city and 2 mpg - US highway , and the Camry XLE by 4 mpg - US city and 3 mpg - US highway . Ford Fusion Hybrid The second generation hybrid has a powertrain with a 2.0 - liter Atkinson - cycle inline - four -- downsized from the 2.5 - liter unit used in the first generation Fusion Hybrid . Total output is estimated at 185 hp ( 138 kW ) and 130 ft lb ( 180 N m ) , running to the front wheels via an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission . The lithium - ion battery pack saves weight and generates more power than previous NiMH batteries , and allows the second generation Fusion Hybrid to raise its maximum speed under electric - only power from 47 to 62 mph ( 76 to 100 km / h ) . The 2013 Fusion Hybrid includes driver assistance and technologies based on sensors , cameras and radar that enable the car to see and respond . Fusion can help drivers maintain proper lane position ( Lane Keeping System ) ; adjust vehicle speed to changing traffic conditions through adaptive cruise control ; active park assist to help identify suitable parking spaces and help park ; and Blind Spot Information System ( BLIS ) with cross-traffic alert , which consists of sensors in both rear quarter - panels that are able to detect traffic in a driver 's blind spot , providing both audible and visual warnings if traffic unseen by the driver is detected . BLIS technology enables cross-traffic alert , even aiding drivers backing out of parking space where visibility is obstructed . Lincoln MKZ Hybrid The 2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show During the 2012 North American International Auto Show Ford also unveiled the Lincoln MKZ concept model . Ford offers a hybrid option of the redesigned 2013 Lincoln MKZ , and like the previous MKZ generation , the MKZ Hybrid is available for the same price as the non-hybrid model . The EPA rated initially the 2013 MKZ Hybrid at 45 mpg ( 5.2 L / 100 km ; 54 mpg ) with the same rating for combined / city / highway cycles . After the ratings of six Ford models were downgraded in June 2014 , the MKZ was the model with the largest fuel economy reduction , 7 mpg in city / highway combined . The revised EPA ratings of 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid are 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) combined , 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) in city and 37 mpg ( 6.4 L / 100 km ; 44 mpg ) in highway driving . Despite sharing the same powertrain , the 2013 / 14 MKZ Hybrid is rated 4 mpg combined less than its sibling the second generation Ford Fusion Hybrid , and 6 mpg less in city driving . Ford Mondeo Hybrid The Mondeo Hybrid shares the same powertrain of the Fusion Hybrid combining a 2.0 - liter gasoline engine with an electric motor and 1.4 kilowatt - hour lithium - ion battery . Under the New European Driving Cycle the Mondeo is rated at 67.3 mpg ( 4.20 L / 100 km ; 56.0 mpg ) in combined driving , and 100.9 mpg ( 2.80 L / 100 km ; 84.0 mpg ) for urban driving , with CO emissions of 99 g / km . Ford set a pricing for the Mondeo Hybrid that is competitive with Mondeo diesel powertrain variants . Retail deliveries are scheduled to begin in the UK in December 2014 at a pricing starting at GB £ 24,995 . Controversy over fuel economy ratings This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2014 ) In December 2012 , Motor Trend reported that Consumer Reports and Green Car Reports have found that the 2013 Ford C - Max Hybrid and 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , which share the same powertrain , do not deliver their triple 47 mpg ( 5.0 L / 100 km ; 56 mpg ) EPA ratings in real - world use . After running both vehicles through Consumer Reports real - world tests , the magazine found that 2013 Fusion hybrid achieved a combined fuel economy average of 39 mpg ( 6.0 L / 100 km ; 47 mpg ) , with 35 and 41 mpg ( 6.7 and 5.7 L / 100 km ; 42 and 49 mpg ) for city and highway . Consumer Reports concluded that the overall fuel economy for the Fusion Hybrid is off by 8 mpg , representing a deviation of about 20 % . The consumer magazine said that their overall fuel economy results are usually close to the EPA 's combined - mpg estimate , and among current models tested , more than 80 % fall within 2 mpg margin . The largest discrepancy the magazine has previously found was 7 and 6 mpg for the Toyota Prius c and the Prius hatchback , respectively . A few days later the Environmental Protection Agency said it will review claims that two new Ford hybrid vehicles are not delivering the advertised 47 mpg . Linc Wehrly , Director of Light - duty Vehicle Center Compliance Division at EPA 's National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in Ann Arbor , Michigan commented that hybrids have far more variability in miles per gallon than a conventional vehicle . Most vehicles ' real - world gasoline mileage is less than the EPA sticker number , and can often be 20 % less than the sticker number depending on speed , temperature and other factors . The EPA explained that with hybrids the gap is much wider , as high as a 30 % drop . Ford responded in a statement , saying that , `` Early C - MAX Hybrid and Fusion Hybrid customers praise the vehicles and report a range of fuel economy figures , including some reports above 47 mpg . This reinforces the fact that driving styles , driving conditions , and other factors can cause mileage to vary . '' A Ford spokesman also said they followed EPA 's test guidelines and the company is standing by the ratings as determined by the current testing protocols . Nevertheless , they are working closely with the agency to determine if any changes are needed for the industry relative to hybrid vehicle testing . In July 2013 , Ford issued a voluntary software update for the 2013 model year Fusion , C - Max and MKZ Hybrid , that attempts to improve on the lower - than - expected MPG claims . Some of the changes include : Increasing the maximum pure electric speed from 62 to 85 mph ( 100 to 137 km / h ) , allowing increased use of electric - only mode on the highway Optimizing the use of Active Grille Shutters to reduce aerodynamic drag under more driving and temperature conditions including cold weather , during air conditioner use and when the engine coolant temperature is higher Reducing the electric fan speed as a function of coolant temperature to minimize the fan 's energy consumption Shortening engine warm - up time by up to 50 percent to enable electric - only driving and engine shutdown at stops sooner after cold starts Optimizing the climate control system to minimize use of the air conditioning compressor and reduce the energy used in cold weather operation . In August 2013 , and due to the criticism and after several lawsuits about the worse - than - expected fuel economy , Ford voluntarily lowered all three EPA ratings of the C - Max Hybrid and will pay about a rebate to some 32,000 C - Max owners . The revised fuel economy ratings for combined was lowered from to 47 to 45 mpg ( 5.0 to 5.2 L / 100 km ; 56 to 54 mpg ) . Ford has no plans to change the fuel economy ratings on the 2013 Fusion hybrid , because the company used the Fusion hybrid test to generate the fuel economy label for the C - Max Hybrid following EPA 's rules . Ford Fusion Energi ( edit ) Ford Fusion Energi Overview Manufacturer Ford Motor Company Production January 2013 -- present Model years 2013 -- present Body and chassis Class Mid-size car Body style 4 - door sedan Platform Ford CD4 platform Related Ford C - Max Energi Powertrain Engine 105 kW ( 141 hp ) 2.0 L I4 gasoline Electric motor 88 kW ( 118 hp ) Battery 7.6 kWh lithium - ion Electric range MY 2017 22 mi ( 35 km ) ( EPA ) MY 2013 / 2016 20 mi ( 32 km ) ( EPA ) The Fusion Energi is a plug - in hybrid unveiled at the 2012 North American International Auto Show , and retail sales in the U.S. began in February 2013 . Initially it was priced at US $39,495 , and in January 2014 the starting price was reduced to US $35,525 . Due to the capacity of its battery pack , the Energi qualifies for a federal tax credit up to US $3,750 and any applicable state and local incentives . Energi models purchased in or after 2010 are eligible for a $4,007 tax credit , which is based on the capacity of the battery used to fuel the vehicle . The 2013 Fusion Energi is eligible for access to California 's high - occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV ) with a solo driver , and also for a US $1,500 California state tax rebate . A refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi is scheduled to be released by mid-2016 . In addition to a new fascia and other technological upgrades , the 2017 model year has more efficient electric motors , allowing the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi to increase its all - electric range and to improve its EPA fuel economy ratings . As of December 2016 , over 43,700 units have been sold in North America , with 43,327 units delivered in the U.S. and about 386 units in Canada . Specs and range The Fusion Energi uses the same non-turbo 2 - liter 4 - cylinder engine supplements as the 2013 Fusion Hybrid to assist the electric motor . The Energi has a 7.6 kWh lithium - ion battery that powers the 88 kW ( 118 hp ) electric motor . The plug - in hybrid delivers total horsepower of 195 ( 145 kW ) with a fully charged battery and has an electric - only top speed of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) , 23 mph ( 37 km / h ) more than the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid . Charging port of the 2017 Ford Fusion Energi The Fusion Energi , model years 2013 through 2016 , has an official EPA all - electric range of 20 mi ( 32 km ) and the total range with a full tank of gasoline and a fully charged battery is 550 mi ( 890 km ) according to the EPA . The all - electric range of the refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi increases to 22 mi ( 35 km ) , and thanks to a better fuel economy , the total range increases to 610 mi ( 980 km ) . The EPA 's 2015 edition of the `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology , Carbon Dioxide Emissions , and Fuel Economy Trends '' presents utility factors for plug - in hybrids to represent the percentage of miles that will be driven using electricity by an average driver , in electric only or blended modes . Both the Fusion and C - Max Energi models have a utility factor in EV mode of 45 % , compared with 83 % for the BMW i3 REx , 66 / 65 % for the Chevrolet Volt / Cadillac ELR , 43 % for the McLaren P1 , 37 % for the BMW i8 , and 29 % for the Toyota Prius PHV . The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi improved its EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) . Hybrid 2.0 L gasoline powered - engine ( left ) and inverter system controller on top of the AC electric motor . In May 2016 , Ford reported , based on data collected from more than 610 million miles ( 976 million km ) logged by its electrified vehicles through its telematics system , that drivers of these vehicles run an average of 13,500 mi ( 21,700 km ) annually on their vehicles , with about half of those miles operating in all - electric mode . A break down of these figures show an average daily commute of 42 mi ( 68 km ) for Ford Energi plug - in hybrid drivers . Ford notes that with the enhanced electric range of the 2017 model year model , the average Fusion Energi commuter could go the entire day using no gasoline , if the car is fully charged both , before leaving for work and before leaving for home . According to Ford data , currently most customers are likely charging their vehicles only at home . Fuel economy Initially , the EPA rated the Energi 's combined city / highway fuel economy in all - electric mode at 100 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ) . Later , due to complaints from owners not achieving the sticker fuel economy , and following a technical review , the official EPA rating in EV mode was downgraded to 88 MPG - e ( 2.7 L / 100 km ) . The Fusion Energi combined fuel economy equivalent is the same as the 2013 Ford C - Max Energi . In a similar way , in hybrid operation , initially the Energi had an EPA combined city / highway fuel economy of 43 mpg ( 5.5 L / 100 km ; 52 mpg ) . It was later downgraded by the EPA to 38 mpg ( 6.2 L / 100 km ; 46 mpg ) . EPA 's rating for combined EV / hybrid operation is 51 MPG - e ( 4.6 L gasoline equivalent / 100 km ) , which allowed the Fusion Energi to rank at the time in sixth place , together with the C - Max Energi , among the top ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers since 1984 . The refreshed 2017 model year Fusion Energi has an increased EPA rated fuel economy in all - electric mode to 97 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent ( MPG - e ) ( 2.4 L / 100 km ) for combined city / highway driving , with an energy consumption of 35 kWh / 100 mi . The EPA rating in hybrid operation rose to 42 mpg ( 5.6 L / 100 km ; 50 mpg ) . A police pursuit version achieves 38 mpg , whereas the regular Interceptor gets 18 mpg . Awards and recognitions ( edit ) First generation In April 2009 , Kelley Blue Book included the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2009 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars '' . The 2009 U.S. News & World Report car ranking for best affordable mid-size cars is led by the 2010 Mercury Milan Hybrid followed by the 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid . The 2010 Toyota Prius is ranked No. 4 together with the 2010 Toyota Camry Hybrid , and the 2009 Nissan Altima Hybrid ranks No. 12 . In November 2009 , the entire 2010 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion Hybrid , was selected as the 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year . The 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year . In December 2009 , Car and Driver magazine listed the 2010 Fusion Hybrid among one of the `` 10 Best Cars '' . The magazine stated that the Fusion Hybrid was the most advanced of all the cars they tested . In December 2009 , Automobile Magazine named the Fusion Hybrid one of the 2010 Automobile All - Stars . In January 2010 , the Fusion Hybrid won the 2010 North American Car of the Year Award at the Detroit Auto Show . In February 2010 , Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2010 '' leading the Green Car category . In April 2010 , Kelley Blue Book again included the Ford Fusion Hybrid among its 2010 list of `` Top 10 Green Cars '' . In March 2010 , Mother Earth News included the 2010 Fusion Hybrid in its list of `` Best Green Cars of 2010 '' . In February 2011 , Consumer Reports included the Fusion Hybrid in the `` American Top Picks 2011 '' leading the Green Car category . Second generation In November 2012 , the entire 2013 Ford Fusion line - up , including the Fusion hybrid and plug - in variants , and the gasoline and EcoBoost engine options , won the 2013 Green Car of the Year awarded by the Green Car Journal at the Los Angeles Auto Show . Sales ( edit ) 2009 - 2012 During 2009 , the Fusion Hybrid sold in the U.S. market a total of 15,554 units and the Milan Hybrid 1,486 units , as reported by the manufacturers . Although the Fusion Hybrid helped Ford bypass Honda to become the second biggest seller of hybrids in the US market in the month of December 2009 , for the whole year of 2009 , Honda sold more hybrid vehicles ( 35,691 units ) than Ford ( 33,520 units ) and the 2010 Honda Insight also outsold the Fusion Hybrid , with 20,572 units . For the year 2010 , U.S. sales of Ford Fusion Hybrid reached of 20,816 units , helping the model to become the third best selling hybrid in 2010 after the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight . The Milan Hybrid sold 1,416 units in 2010 and its production was discontinued as part of Ford 's decision to phase out the entire Mercury brand . Purchases by the US Government at the behest of the Obama administration accounted for almost a third of the Ford Fusion Hybrids produced between 2009 and late 2010 . Ford reported that Fusion sales reached 151,004 units through July 2011 , of which , 7,780 were the hybrid version , representing a 5.1 % market share of all Fusion sales . During year 2011 , the Fusion Hybrid sold 11,286 units and the Lincoln MKZ Hybrid sold 5,739 units , ranking sixth and tenth correspondingly , in hybrid sales for calendar year 2011 . Fusion hybrid sales in 2012 increased 24.9 % over 2011 sales , and hybrid models represented a 5.8 % share of the 241,263 Fusion sold in 2012 . 2013 The introduction of the redesigned 2013 model year Fusion , with a more fuel efficient second generation powertrain , resulted in increased sales of the hybrid version , and by August 2013 , sales were up 275.2 % over the same period in 2012 . The Fusion Energi achieved record sales in August 2013 . Also during this month , the Fusion Hybrid recorded its best sales month ever in Washington , D.C. , San Francisco and Seattle , and its second best - selling month in Los Angeles , another key hybrid market . This rapid increase in sales contributed to Ford achieving its best August electric drive vehicle sales ever . The Fusion Hybrid sales increased 164.3 % from 2012 and ended 2013 as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. after the Prius liftback , the Prius c and the Toyota Camry Hybrid . The redesigned 2013 model year Lincoln MKZ hybrid also experienced somewhat stronger sales during 2013 . In July 2013 , Ford announced that for the 2014 model year MKZ hybrid it would increase the share of production allocated to the hybrid version , from 20 % for the 2013 model year to 40 % of the 2014 model year . The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is popular among consumers in part because it has the same base price as the non-hybrid MKZ . 2014 Sales of hybrid electric cars in the U.S. in 2014 declined 8.8 % from 2013 . Following the trend of the hybrid market , Fusion Hybrid sales were down 5.0 % from 2013 , and continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid continued its growth trend with sales up 34.3 % from a year earlier . The American plug - in hybrid market in 2014 was up 13.1 % from 2013 , while combined sales of both of Ford 's Energi models ( Fusion and C - Max ) increased by 50.9 % despite the reduction of their fuel economy ratings . Sales of the Fusion Energi were up 89.7 % from 2013 while C - Mx Energi sales were up only by 17.9 % . Frontal view of the refreshed 2017 Ford Fusion Hybrid 2015 The American hybrid electric segment continued to decline in 2015 , down 15 % from 2014 . Following the general U.S. trend , Fusion Hybrid sales were down 30.3 % from 2014 , and the Fusion continued to rank as the fourth top selling hybrid in the U.S. Sales of Lincoln MKZ Hybrid fell 16.2 % from a year earlier . The American plug - in hybrid market in 2015 was up 5.8 % from 2014 , however , sales of the Fusion Energi were down 15.6 % from 2014 , and C - Mx Energi sales were down by 10.0 % . The Fusion Energi ranked as the second top selling plug - in hybrid in the country after the Chevrolet Volt , up from third place in 2014 , and passing the Toyota Prius Plug - in Hybrid . Total US sales Since 2009 a total of 285,093 units of the Fusion hybrid family , including the Energi plug - in hybrid , have been sold in the United States through December 2016 . U.S. sales by year for each model and the share of hybrids out of total model sales are shown in the following table : Ford Fusion hybrid family sales in the U.S. 2009 - 2016 Year Ford Fusion Hybrid HEV share Mercuy Milan Hybrid HEV share Lincoln MKZ Hybrid HEV share Ford Fusion Energi PHEV share 2009 15,554 8.6 % 1,468 5.4 % 20,816 9.5 % 1,416 4.9 % 1,192 5.3 % 2011 11,286 4.5 % 5,739 20.8 % 2012 14,100 5.8 % 6,067 21.6 % 2013 37,270 12.6 % 7,469 23.1 % 6,089 2.1 % 2014 35,405 11.5 % 10,033 29.5 % 11,550 3.8 % 2015 24,681 8.2 % 8,403 27.2 % 9,750 3.2 % 2016 33,648 12.7 % 7,219 23.6 % 15,938 6.0 % Total sales 192,760 9.4 % 2,884 5.1 % 46,122 22.4 % 43,327 3.7 % See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Hybrid . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ford Fusion Energi . Ford CD2 platform Ford CD4 platform Ford Fusion ( regular non-hybrid version ) Ford Motor Company Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States List of hybrid vehicles List of modern production plug - in electric vehicles Plug - in electric vehicles in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jesse Sears ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi : Fuel Economy , Pricing and Release Date '' . Cars Direc . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jay Cole ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` February 2013 Plug - In Electric Vehicle Sales Report Card '' . Inside EVs . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Hybrid Sales in March 2009 Down 44 % Year - on - Year ; Monthly New Vehicle Market Share of 2.5 % '' . Green Car Congress . April 3 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` 2010 Fusion and 2009 Escape Hybrids Provide Buyers Top Tax Credits '' . Ford Motor Company . January 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Luís Guilherme Barrucho ( October 23 , 2010 ) . `` Fusão verde : o primeiro híbrido completo do Brasil '' . Veja ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Valor Econômico ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Sonho do carro elétrico está mais perto do brasileiro '' ( in Portuguese ) . Protec . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Josh Pihl ( January 2014 ) . `` Table 33 . Batteries for Selected Hybrid - Electric Vehicles , Model Years 2013 - 2014 '' . Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Ford . `` 2013 Fusion '' . Ford . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford prices Auto Start - Stop system in non-hybrid 2013 Fusion 1.6 L EcoBoost model at $295 '' . Green Car Congress . April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ford Press Release ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ford introduces new Fusion midsize sedan with new hybrid and Energi plug - in hybrid versions '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Jensen ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ford Adds Plug - In Hybrid to Fusion Arsenal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` First Order für den neuen Ford Mondeo '' ( First Order for the new Ford Mondeo ) . KFZ - betrieb ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Philippe Crowe ( 2014 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Ford Mondeo Hybrid Now In EU Production '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Cobb ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Ford Downgrades Hybrid Model MPG Ratings '' . HybridCars.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Brandon Turkus ( 2014 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Official : Ford lowers MPG ratings on six vehicles '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE - 2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE - 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Ewing ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion debuts along with 47 - MPG Fusion Hybrid , 100 - MPGe Fusion Energi '' . Autoblog Green . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Paul Stenquist ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` New Ford Fusion Will Warn Drivers Who Drift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jerry Garrett ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` MKZ Concept Is the Next Step in Lincoln 's Reinvention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Blanco ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Lincoln MKZ Hybrid rated at 45 mpg , below 47 - mpg Fusion Hybrid '' . Autoblog.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tamara Warren ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` In New York , Lincoln MKZ Makes a Proposition '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . `` Compare Side - by - Side : 2014 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid FWD - 2014 Ford Fusion Hybrid FWD '' . www.fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jake Holmes ( December 4 , 2012 ) . `` We Hear : 2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid , C - Max Hybrid Do n't Achieve EPA Fuel - Economy Ratings '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Consumer Reports ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tests show Ford Fusion , C - Max hybrids do n't live up to 47 - mpg claims '' . Consumer Reports . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ John Voelcker ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ford Hybrids ' Fuel Economy Failing To Live Up To EPA Ratings ? '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jerry Hirsch ( December 6 , 2012 ) . `` Consumer Reports says Ford Fusion , C - Max do n't achieve MPG claims '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : David Shepardson and Karl Henkel ( December 8 , 2012 ) . `` EPA will review Ford C - Max , Fusion 47 mpg claims '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ford stands behind fuel efficiency numbers for C - Max Hybrid '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's math on hybrid fuel economy ; standing by the C - MAX EPA ratings , acknowledging large real - world variance '' . Green Car Congress . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Further Improving On - Road Hybrid Fuel Economy and Hiring for Future , as Electrified Vehicle Share Quadruples '' ( Press release ) . U.S. : Ford . July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nick Bunkley , Bradford Wernle and Gabe Nelson ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Ford lowers fuel economy rating on C - Max hybrid 8.5 % to 43 mpg '' . Automotive News . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Sabatini ( June 2013 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi Titanium Plug - In Hybrid '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Jay ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Refreshed 2017 Fusion Energi Gets Range Bump , Better MPG '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2016 / 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Justin Berkowitz ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . `` 2013 Ford Fusion Energi ( You Know , the Plug - In Hybrid ) Priced at $39,495 '' . Car and Driver . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jay Cole ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Breaking : Ford Fusion Energi Gets A $4,000 Price Reduction To $34,700 '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Tax Credits for Plug - in Hybrids '' . US Department of Energy . Jump up ^ David Undercoffler ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Ford 's Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid granted carpool - lane access '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kane , Mark ( 2016 - 01 - 11 ) . `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi Gets New Look , Better MPG , Improved Electric Driving '' . InsideEVs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Klippenstein , Matthew ( February 2017 ) . `` Canadian Plug - in Electric Vehicle Sales '' . Green Car Reports . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Estimated sales . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Compare Side - by - Side - 2013 / 14 / 15 / 16 Ford Fusion Energi Plug - in Hybrid '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( December 2015 ) . `` Light - Duty Automotive Technology , Carbon Dioxide Emissions , and Fuel Economy Trends : 1975 Through 2015 '' ( PDF ) . EPA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 15 . See Table 7.2 - MY 2015 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Powertrain and Range . Jump up ^ Millikin , Mike ( 2016 - 05 - 27 ) . `` 2017 Ford Fusion Energi PHEV boosts total range to 610 miles '' . Green Car Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ford Motor Company ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) . `` Ford C - MAX Energi : Most Range , More Efficiency and Affordability Than Any Plug - in Hybrid '' . Media Ford . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . EPA ratings in MPG - e for combine , city and highway cycles . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` New Plug - in Hybrids '' . Fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mark Phelan ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Ford readies Fusion Energi plug - in hybrid for debut in 2013 '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy ( 2014 - 10 - 10 ) . `` Fueleconomy. gov 's Top Ten EPA - Rated Fuel Sippers ( 1984 to present ) - All Years '' . fueleconomy.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 11 . Excludes all - electric vehicles . Click on the tab `` EPA Rated - All Years . The 2013 - 2014 Fusion / C - Max Energi has a combined electric / hybrid fuel economy of 51 MPG - e , 55 MPG - e in city and 46 MPG - e in highway . Jump up ^ `` Ford 's First Hybrid Cop Car Is One Mean , Green Machine '' . Wired. 2017 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` KBB Green : Top 10 Green Cars for 2009 '' . Kelley Blue Book . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Car Rankings : Affordable Midsize Cars '' . U.S. News & World Report Rankings and Reviews : Automotive . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Matt Stone ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` 2010 Motor Trend Car of the Year : Ford Fusion '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Ford Fusion Hybrid -- 10Best Cars '' . Car and Driver . November 2009 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Automobile All - Stars '' . Automobile Magazine . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010 '' . Consumer Reports Cars Blog . February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KBB 's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI , Chevy Tahoe hybrid '' . USA Today . April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Best Green Cars '' . Mother Earth News . March 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . April -- May 2010 issue Jump up ^ `` Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011 '' . Consumer Reports . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Mercury Milan Hybrid '' . Edmunds.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott Doggett ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Obama Administration Buys Nearly 1 in 4 Hybrids as Consumer Market Slumps '' . Edmunds.com . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ford Motor Co. 's July Sales Up 9 Percent ; Ford Brand Utilities , Stronger Lincoln Lead the Way '' ( PDF ) . Ford Motor Company . August 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` July 2011 Dashboard : Hybrid Sales Show Signs of Recovery '' . HybridCars.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( September 2013 ) . `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Cobb ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . `` August 2013 Dashboard '' . HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ford Press Release ( 2013 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Ford Delivers Best August Hybrid Sales Ever with C - MAX Energi and Fusion Energi Achieving Record Sales '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Karl Henkel ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . `` Lincoln to double production of MKZ Hybrid '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Ford Fusion Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Mercury Milan Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Timothy Cain ( October 2014 ) . `` Lincoln MKZ Sales Figures '' . Good Car Bad Car . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . External links ( edit ) Ford 's Fusion Hybrid page ( Click on Green ) Fusion Hybrid timetable on tax credits Ford vehicles Ford Motor Company Current production models Cars B - Max C - Max / Grand C - Max Fiesta Figo Fusion / Mondeo Focus Ka Mustang Taurus SHO Police Interceptor Sedan Ford Taurus VII Pickup Trucks F - Series Ranger Super Duty Transit SUVs / Crossovers EcoSport Edge Escape / Kuga Expedition / Expedition EL / Max Explorer / Police Interceptor Utility Everest / Endeavour Flex Vans E-Series Econovan Galaxy S - Max Tourneo / Transit Courier Connect Custom Commercial Trucks Cargo Super Duty F - 350 / F - 450 / F - 550 F - 650 / F - 750 Former production models ( by date of introduction ) 1900s Model A / AC Model B Model C Model F Model K Model N Model R Model S Model T 1910s -- 1920s Model TT Model A Model AA 1930s -- 1940s Model B Model BB Model 18 Model 40 Model Y Köln Rheinland Model 48 Model C Ten Eifel Model CX 1937 Ford Model 7W Model 7Y E83W Prefect Anglia 1941 Ford Vedette Pilot Pygmy Soybean Car 1949 Ford Custom Transit Bus 1950s 1952 Ford 1955 Ford 1957 Ford C - Series Trucks Consul Country Sedan Country Squire Courier Crestline Del Rio Edsel ( Brand ) Fairlane FK Galaxie Mainline Parklane Popular Ranchero Squire Taunus Thunderbird Versailles Zephyr 1960s 1960 Ford Bronco Capri Corcel Corsair Cortina Escort ( Europe ) Executive Fairlane Thunderbolt Falcon ( Americas ) Falcon ( Australia ) GT40 H - Series Trucks LTD N - Series Trucks Torino W - Series Trucks XL 1970s Elite Fairmont Granada ( Europe ) Granada ( North America ) L - Series Trucks Landau ( Australia ) Maverick ( North America ) P100 Pinto 1980s Aerostar Bantam Bronco II Del Rey Durango Escort ( North America ) EXP Festiva Laser / Lynx / Tierra / Meteor LTD Crown Victoria Orion Probe Pronto Ford Ranger ( North America ) RS200 Scorpio Sierra Telstar Tempo Verona 1990s Aspire Contour Cougar Crown Victoria and Police Interceptor Maverick Puma Windstar ZX2 2000s Activa Courier Excursion Explorer Sport Trac Fairlane ( Australia ) Five Hundred Freestar Fusion ( Europe ) Freestyle / Taurus X GT Ikon i - Max ( Taiwan ) Maverick ( Europe ) Sportka / Streetka Territory 2010s SVT Raptor Ford Falcon Ute ( Australia ) Ford Falcon ( Australia ) Ford Territory ( Australia ) Other Concept vehicles List of Mercury vehicles List of Lincoln vehicles Tractors Trucks Commons `` previous -- Ford car timeline , United States & Canada , 1980 -- present Type 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 Subcompact Fiesta Festiva Aspire Fiesta Compact Pinto Escort Escort Escort Focus Focus Focus Fairmont Tempo Tempo Contour Granada Mid-size Granada LTD Fusion Fusion Taurus Taurus Taurus Taurus Full - size LTD LTD Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Crown Victoria Country Squire Five Hundred Taurus Taurus Personal luxury Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Thunderbird Sport compact EXP EXP Probe Probe Escort ZX2 ZX2 Fiesta ST Focus ST Focus RS Sports Mustang Mustang Mustang Mustang Supercar GT GT Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ford_Fusion_Hybrid&oldid=796683993 '' Categories : Ford vehicles 2010s automobiles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Mid-size cars Hybrid electric cars Plug - in hybrid vehicles Sedans Police vehicles Partial zero - emissions vehicles Cars introduced in 2009 Cars introduced in 2013 Ford Mondeo Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from May 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Português Edit links This page was last edited on 22 August 2017 , at 13 : 24 . 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what type of hybrid is the ford fusion

The Ford Fusion Hybrid is a gasoline - electric hybrid powered version of the mid-sized Ford Fusion sedan manufactured and marketed by Ford , now in its second generation . A plug - in hybrid version , the Ford Fusion Energi , was released in the U.S. in February 2013 .

United States - Wikipedia United States Jump to : navigation , search `` United States of America '' , `` America '' , `` US '' , and `` USA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W  /  40 ° N 100 ° W  / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States plus Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W  /  38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W  / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W  /  40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W  / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2015 ) 70.6 % Christian 22.8 % Unaffiliated 1.9 % Jewish 0.9 % Muslim 0.7 % Buddhist 0.7 % Hindu 1.8 % Other faiths Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence Speaker of the House Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,365,189 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 90.6 / sq mi ( 35.0 / km ) ( 180th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $57,220 ( 14th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $18.558 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $57,467 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2013 ) 41.1 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.920 very high 10th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone ( UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 ) Summer ( DST ) ( UTC − 4 to − 10 ) Date format mm / dd / yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us Website usa.gov The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . Paleo - Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the Civil War led to the outlawing of slavery . By the end of the century , the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race , culminating with the 1969 moon landing . The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The United States is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is the fastest - growing in the Americas and is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . Though its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , Americans hold 33.2 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The U.S. is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending . It is also a global leader in science and technology . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction Era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion , and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Education 10 Culture 10.1 Food 10.2 Literature , philosophy , and the arts 10.3 Music 10.4 Cinema 10.5 Sports 10.6 Media 11 Science and technology 12 Health 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Internet sources 17 External links Etymology See also : Naming of America , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere the Americas in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' '' . The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Pre-Columbian era and Colonial history of the United States Artist 's re-creation of the Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture , as it may have looked The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbour , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : European colonization of the Americas and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however , if unincorporated territories are accounted for , then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage . Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive , freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . During the Seven Years ' War ( in America , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez had entered and anchored in the inlet at Nootka Sound . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then north - east to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to the Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . Following the passage of the Lee Resolution , on July 2 , 1776 , which was the actual vote for independence , the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which proclaimed , in a long preamble , that humanity is created equal in their unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the Thirteen Colonies were independent states and had no allegiance to the British crown in the United States . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . Expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy sought to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship , although conflicts , including several of the largest Indian Wars , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . The Statue of Liberty in New York City , dedicated in 1886 , is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom , democracy and opportunity . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction Era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion over social order between northern and southern states in early United States society , particularly regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans , ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America , while the federal government maintained that secession was illegal . The ensuing war was at first for Union , then after 1863 as casualties mounted and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , a second war aim became abolition of slavery . The war remains the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . Following the Union victory in 1865 , three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution : the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited slavery , the Fourteenth Amendment provided citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensured that they had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the Southern states while ensuring the rights of the newly freed slaves . Southern white conservatives , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' took control after the end of Reconstruction . By the 1890 -- 1910 period Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . Racial minorities occasionally experienced vigilante violence . Further Immigration , expansion , and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . United States and its territories at their greatest extent from 1898 to 1902 The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this , and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics U.S. President Ronald Reagan at his `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech in Berlin , Germany on June 12 , 1987 . After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly - built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Sadaam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there is evidence it may have had a negative impact on small banks . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the contiguous United States is 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted and how the total size of the United States is measured : calculations range from 3,676,486 square miles ( 9,522,055.0 km ) to 3,717,813 square miles ( 9,629,091.5 km ) to 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,516.6 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , List of U.S. states by population density , and List of United States cities by population Population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2016 323,127,513 4.7 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 323,425,550 as of April 25 , 2016 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from about 76 million in 1900 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children , by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign born immigration has caused the US population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one third of the population increase . The foreign born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2015 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . According to a survey conducted by the Williams Institute , nine million Americans , or roughly 3.4 % of the adult population identify themselves as homosexual , bisexual , or transgender . A 2016 Gallup poll also concluded that 4.1 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . In a 2013 survey , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that 96.6 % of Americans identify as straight , while 1.6 % identify as gay or lesbian , and 0.7 % identify as being bisexual . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The US has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York 20,153,634 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,310,447 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,512,999 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,233,323 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,656,947 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,772,470 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Philadelphia 6,070,500 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 8 Miami 6,066,387 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 9 Atlanta 5,789,700 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,794,447 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 San Francisco 4,679,166 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 12 Phoenix 4,661,537 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,527,837 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,297,617 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,798,902 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,551,036 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,317,749 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,032,171 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,853,077 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 St. Louis 2,807,002 St. Louis MO -- IL MSA Midwest Based on 2015 population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan and Chamorro are recognized by American Samoa and Guam , respectively ; Carolinian and Chamorro are recognized by the Northern Mariana Islands ; Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States See also : History of religion in the United States , Freedom of religion in the United States , Separation of church and state in the United States , and List of religious movements that began in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christian 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Jewish 1.9 1.9 Muslim 0.9 0.9 Buddhist 0.7 0.7 Hindu 0.7 0.7 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligious 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . Christianity is by far the most common religion practiced in the U.S. , but other religions are followed , too . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . Experts , researchers and authors have referred to the United States as a `` Protestant nation '' or `` founded on Protestant principles , '' specifically emphasizing its Calvinist heritage . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans in particular are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults identified themselves as Christian , Protestant denominations accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholicism , at 20.8 % , was the largest individual denomination . The total reporting non-Christian religions in 2014 was 5.9 % . Other religions include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Islam ( 0.9 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) , Hinduism ( 0.7 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion , up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas and , in part , in the English Catholic Proprietary of Maryland , It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics with 40 percent of the total population . Lutheranism in the U.S. has its origin in immigration from Northern Europe and Germany . North and South Dakota are the only states in which a plurality of the population is Lutheran . Presbyterianism was introduced in North America by Scottish and Ulster Scots immigrants . Although it has spread across the United States , it is heavily concentrated on the East Coast . Dutch Reformed congregations were founded first in New Amsterdam ( New York City ) before spreading westward . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative Evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated for 2013 at 1.86 births per woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and eleven uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of Representatives is 435 , and delegate Members of Congress represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is currently serving as the 45th President of the United States . Current leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate currently consists of 52 Republicans , and 46 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council , and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . On October 25 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts , cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East , but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the U.S. Agency for International Development . Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget US federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , and is among the most progressive in the developed world . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 per cent increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and total prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2008 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate , and Maine the lowest . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $18.45 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) Real GDP growth 1.4 % ( Q2 2016 ) 2.6 % ( 2015 ) CPI inflation 1.1 % ( August 2016 ) Employment - to - population ratio 59.7 % ( August 2016 ) Unemployment 4.9 % ( August 2016 ) Labor force participation rate 62.8 % ( August 2016 ) Total public debt $19.808 trillion ( October 25 , 2016 ) Household net worth $89.063 trillion ( Q2 2016 ) United States export treemap ( 2011 ) : The U.S. is the world 's second - largest exporter . The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing in the Americas . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law currently does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . Income , Poverty and wealth A tract housing development in San Jose , California Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty today , up from one in seven in 1980 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million km ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles ( 91700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . Map showing current rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum. The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2012 , student loan debt exceeded one trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States See also : Alaska Natives § Cultures , Native American cultures in the United States , Culture of the Native Hawaiians , Social class in the United States , Public holidays in the United States , and Tourism in the United States The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These home grown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and the arts Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , Visual art of the United States , and American classical music Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Though little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main article : Music of the United States The Grammy Award is awarded to leading music artists . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , and Beyoncé as well as hip hop artists Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States Most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different , but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States . As of 2014 , the United States has won 2,400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 281 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular in other countries . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter lead to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of Fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This in turn led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States New York - Presbyterian Hospital in New York City is one of the world 's busiest hospitals . Pictured is the Weill Cornell facility ( white complex at center ) . The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease , cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . See also United States portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except American Samoa and the Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavours of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After the HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūkaʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenging the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 - Aug. 12 , 1998 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 10 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Changing Religious Landscape '' . Pew Research Center : Religion & Public Life . May 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . IMF . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Data refer to the year 2016 . ( 1 ) ( selecting all countries , GDP per capita ( current US $ ) , World Bank . Accessed on July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The New York Times 2007 , p. 670 . Jump up ^ Onuf 2010 , p. xvii . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80. -- and U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , p. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates - Geography - U.S. Census Bureau '' . State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition Biodiversity A-Z '' . Biodiversity A-Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 . `` 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity '' . Jump up ^ Erlandson , Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp. 352 -- 361 . Bender , Thomas ( 2006 ) . A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History . New York : Hill & Wang . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4 . `` Overview of the Early National Period '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series . ABC - CLIO . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 '' . Africans in America . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ) . Wallenfeldt , Jeffrey H. , ed . The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7 . Jump up ^ White , Donald W. ( 1996 ) . `` 1 : The Frontiers '' . The American Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 05721 - 0 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( June 4 , 2005 ) . With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4 . Richard J. Samuels ( December 21 , 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of United States National Security . SAGE Publications . p. 666 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3 . Paul R. Pillar ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy . Brookings Institution Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 0 . Gabe T. Wang ( January 1 , 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of South American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 2017 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing , value added ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Global Wealth Databook 2016 '' . Credit Suisse Research Institute . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages , 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices '' . OECD . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure , 2013 '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martone 2016 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Sider 2007 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ DeLear , Byron ( July 4 , 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America ' ? Mystery might have intriguing answer . `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan , Esq. , wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge , Mass. , during the Siege of Boston . The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge , with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence . '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston , MA ) . Jump up ^ Touba , Mariam ( November 5 , 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America ' ? You May Never Guess `` Here , on January 2 , 1776 , seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense , Stephen Moylan , an acting secretary to General George Washington , spells it out , ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause . '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay , John ( July 15 , 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society , Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America . '' But who was Stephen Moylan ? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia , '' by A PLANTER . Dixon and Hunter 's . April 6 , 1776 , Williamsburg , Virginia . Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives `` . 5 ( 1287 ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Safire 2003 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Mostert 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Brokenshire ( 1996 ) . Washington State Place Names . Caxton Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87004 - 562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greg 1892 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ G.H. Emerson , The Universalist Quarterly and General Review , Vol. 28 ( Jan. 1891 ) , p. 49 , quoted in Zimmer paper above . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06989 - 8 . Jump up ^ Roshen Dalal ( August 2011 ) . The Illustrated Timeline of the History of the World . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4488 - 4797 - 6 . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Who was first ? New info on North America 's earliest residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles County , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America ? '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . June 2004 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Washington , DC : Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. , ( 1979 ) ( 2017 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 44 : 55 -- 69 . JSTOR 279189 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science ( 315 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1126 / Science. 1127166 ( inactive 2017 - 09 - 29 ) . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 8 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( 17 June 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 188898 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade . pp. 1 -- 17 . JSTOR 2713432 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 88894 - 279 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1 - 57061 - 215 - 3 . Jump up ^ Alexander von Humboldt , Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain , translated by John Black , Vol. 2 , London , Longman , 1822 , translator 's note , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Paul Joseph ( 11 October 2016 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of War : Social Science Perspectives . SAGE Publications . p. 590 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4833 - 5988 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived February 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Arthur C. Aufderheide , Conrado Rodríguez - Martín , Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( 15 September 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( 17 December 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( 1 October 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( 4 February 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( 24 May 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( 30 March 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Smith ( 2001 ) , Grant , pp. 523 -- 526 Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 39559 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 351 , 385 Jump up ^ `` Toward a Market Economy '' . CliffsNotes . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish - American War , 1898 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Edward . Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy ( 1961 ed . ) . pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Zinn , 2005 Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ McDuffie , Jerome ; Piggrem , Gary Wayne ; Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2005 ) . U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway , NJ : Research & Education Association . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voris , Jacqueline Van ( 1996 ) . Carrie Chapman Catt : A Public Life . Women and Peace Series . New York City : Feminist Press at CUNY . p. vii . ISBN 1 - 55861 - 139 - 8 . Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56004 - 3 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . 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Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ US History.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily ; Aaron Klein ; Justin Schardin ( January 2017 ) . `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.7758 / RSF. 2017.3. 1.02 . Jump up ^ Lux , Marshall ; Robert , Greene ( 2015 ) . `` The State and Fate of Community Banking '' . Harvard Mossavar - Rahmani Center for Business and Government . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . Political Science Quarterly . 126 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 52 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165X. 2011. tb00693. x . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ; Schmidt , Michael S. ; Worth , Robert F. ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` In Baghdad , Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The JRTN Movement and Iraq 's Next Insurgency Combating Terrorism Center at West Point '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Al - Qaeda 's Resurgence in Iraq : A Threat to U.S. Interests '' . U.S Department of State . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Baker ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba , Erasing a Last Trace of Cold War Hostility '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ; Sanger , David E. ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Deal Reached on Iran Nuclear Program ; Limits on Fuel Would Lessen With Time '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Area '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . p. 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square miles ) Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . ( area given in square kilometers ) ^ Jump up to : `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ( area given in square kilometers ) Jump up ^ `` Geographic Regions of Georgia '' . Georgia Info . Digital Library of Georgia . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lew , Alan . `` PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE US '' . GSP 220 -- Geography of the United States . North Arizona University . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harms , Nicole . `` Facts About the Rocky Mountain Range '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Great Basin '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney , California '' . Peakbagger . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Find Distance and Azimuths Between 2 Sets of Coordinates ( Badwater 36 - 15 - 01 - N , 116 - 49 - 33 - W and Mount Whitney 36 - 34 - 43 - N , 118 - 17 - 31 - W ) '' . Federal Communications Commission . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Poppick , Laura . `` US Tallest Mountain 's Surprising Location Explained '' . LiveScience . Retrieved May 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Larry ( March 14 , 2005 ) . `` America 's Explosive Park '' . Discovery Channel . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ecoregions by country -- T '' . panda.org . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyden , Jennifer . `` Climate Regions of the United States '' . Travel Tips . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Map of Köppen − Geiger Climate Classification '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( May 11 , 2002 ) . `` Tornado Alley , USA '' . Science News . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Len McDougall ( 2004 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats : A Comprehensive Guide to the Trackable Animals of the United States and Canada . Lyons Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59228 - 070 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morin , Nancy . `` Vascular Plants of the United States '' ( PDF ) . Plants . National Biological Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Liz . `` Number of Native Species in United States '' . Current Results Nexus . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Numbers of Insects ( Species and Individuals ) '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x . Jump up ^ `` National Park Service Announces Addition of Two New Units '' ( Press release ) . National Park Service . February 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lipton , Eric ; Krauss , Clifford ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Giving Reins to the States Over Drilling '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gorte , Ross W. ; Vincent , Carol Hardy. ; Hanson , Laura A. ; Marc R. , Rosenblum . `` Federal Land Ownership : Overview and Data '' ( PDF ) . fas.org . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 : Federal Programs to Promote Resource Use , Extraction , and Development '' . doi.gov . U.S. Department of the Interior . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The National Atlas of the United States of America ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Forest Resources of the United States '' . Nationalatlas.gov . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2009 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States : 1952 to 1997 , With Projections to 2050 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Daynes & Sussman , 2010 , pp. 3 , 72 , 74 -- 76 , 78 Jump up ^ Hays , Samuel P. ( 2000 ) . A History of Environmental Politics since 1945 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robert W. ( 2006 ) . The Environmental Protection Agency : Cleaning Up America 's Act . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33341 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Turner , James Morton ( 2012 ) . The Promise of Wilderness Jump up ^ Endangered species Fish and Wildlife Service . General Accounting Office , DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 3997 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2016 , ( V2016 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` CT1970p2 - 13 : Colonial and Pre-Federal Statistics '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2004 . p. 1168 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 ... U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Abstract of the United States '' ( PDF ) . United States Census Bureau . 2005 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Summary : A Population Perspective of the United States '' . Population Resource Center . May 2000 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alesha E. Doan ( 2007 ) . Opposition and Intimidation : The abortion wars and strategies of political harassment . University of Michigan . p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` Changing Patterns in U.S. Immigration and Population '' . pewtrusts.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S. -- Pew Research Center '' . Pew Research Center 's Hispanic Trends Project . September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestry 2000 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Table 52 . Population by Selected Ancestry Group and Region : 2009 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Oleaga , Michael . `` Immigration Numbers Update : 13 Million Mexicans Immigrated to US in 2013 , But Chinese Migrants Outnumber Other Latin Americans '' . Latin Post . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Birth Rate '' . Central Intelligence Agency . The World Factbook. 2014 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Population growth ( annual % ) '' . United Nations Population Division . The World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Legal Permanent Residents : 2015 '' . Office of Immigration Statistics Annual Flow Report . Jump up ^ `` Immigrants in the United States , 2010 : A Profile of America 's Foreign - Born Population '' . Center for Immigrant Studies . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baker , Bryan ; Rytina , Nancy ( March 2013 ) . `` Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States : January 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Office of Immigration Statistics . Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES , 2015 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates , ( V2015 ) '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's official : Minority babies are the majority among the nation 's infants , but only just '' . Pew Research Center . June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age one now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Jump up ^ `` What percentage of the U.S. population is gay , lesbian or bisexual ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donaldson James , Susan ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Gay Americans Make Up 4 Percent of Population '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Somashekher , Sandhya ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health survey gives government its first large - scale data on gay , bisexual population '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Sieczkowski , Cavan ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health Survey : About 2 Percent Of Americans Are Gay Or Lesbian '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Painter , Kim ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Just over 2 % tell CDC they are gay , lesbian , bisexual '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Humes , Karen R. ; Jones , Nicholas A. ; Ramirez , Roberto R. ( March 2011 ) . `` Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin : 2010 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 29 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` B03001 . Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin '' . 2007 American Community Survey . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tables 41 and 42 -- Native and Foreign - Born Populations '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009 . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Vital Statistics Reports : Volume 61 , Number 1 . Births : Final Data for 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . August 2012 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau : `` U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Final State 2010 Census Population Totals for Legislative Redistricting '' see custom table , 2nd worksheet Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age one now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` An Older and More Diverse Nation by Midcentury '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the plummeting Hispanic birthrate means for the U.S. economy '' . Fusion . Jump up ^ `` United States -- Urban / Rural and Inside / Outside Metropolitan Area '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2008 Population : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau , Population Division . July 1 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 5 . Estimates of Population Change for Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Rankings : July 1 , 2007 to July 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 Population Estimates . U.S. Census Bureau . March 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Raleigh and Austin are Fastest - Growing Metro Areas '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Census Bureau . March 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix A. Census 2000 Geographic Terms and Concepts -- Figure A -- 3 . Census Regions , Census Divisions , and Their Constituent States '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . p. 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Estimates of Resident Population Change and Rankings : July 1 , 2015 to July 1 , 2016 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area ; and for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . March 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Language Spoken at Home by the U.S. Population , 2010 '' , American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau , in World Almanac and Book of Facts 2012 , p. 615 . Jump up ^ Welles , Elizabeth B. ( Winter -- Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning , Fall 2002 '' ( PDF ) . ADFL Bulletin . 35 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 7 . doi : 10.1632 / adfl. 35.2. 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2009 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Feder , Jody ( January 25 , 2007 ) . `` English as the Official Language of the United States : Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Ilw.com ( Congressional Research Service ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the State of Hawaii , Article XV , Section 4 '' . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau . November 7 , 1978 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alaska OKs Bill Making Native Languages Official April 21 , 2014 ; Bill Chappell ; NPR.org Jump up ^ Dicker , Susan J. ( 2003 ) . Languages in America : A Pluralist View . Clevedon , UK : Multilingual Matters . pp. 216 , 220 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 85359 - 651 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` California Code of Civil Procedure , Section 412.20 ( 6 ) '' . Legislative Counsel , State of California . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . `` California Judicial Council Forms '' . Judicial Council , State of California . Retrieved December 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Samoan '' . UCLA Language Materials Project . UCLA . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Frederick T.L. Leong ; Mark M. Leach ( April 15 , 2010 ) . Suicide Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups : Theory , Research , and Practice . Routledge . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 91680 - 0 . Robert D. Craig ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of Polynesia . Scarecrow Press . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 4237 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nessa Wolfson ; Joan Manes ( 1985 ) . Language of Inequality . Walter de Gruyter . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009946 - 1 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Lawrence J. Cunningham ; Janice J. Beaty ( January 2001 ) . A History of Guam . Bess Press . p. 203 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57306 - 047 - 9 . Eur ( 2002 ) . The Far East and Australasia 2003 . Psychology Press . p. 1137 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 133 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . 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Shankar , Sneha ( March 17 , 2015 ) . `` US Remains World 's Largest Exporter of Arms While India Leaps Ahead To Become Largest Importer : Study '' . International Business Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GDP by Industry '' . Greyhill Advisors . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Table B - 1 . Employees on nonfarm payrolls by industry sector and selected industry detail ( In thousands ) '' . bls.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Economy in Brief '' . U.S. Dept. of State , International Information Programs . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table 724 -- Number of Tax Returns , Receipts , and Net Income by Type of Business and Industry : 2005 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on February 9 , 2012 . Retrieved October 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony , LG , Wal - Mart among Most Extendible Brands '' . Cheskin . June 6 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . 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International Service for the Acquisition of Agri - Biotech Applications . p. 15 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Personal Consumption Expenditures ( PCE ) / Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) '' FRED Graph , Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( June 15 , 2005 ) . `` In the East , many EU work rules do n't apply '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in the United States '' . World Bank . 2006 . Retrieved June 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Isabelle Joumard ; Mauro Pisu ; Debbie Bloch ( 2012 ) . `` Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray , Rebecca ; Sanes , Milla ; Schmitt , John ( May 2013 ) . No - Vacation Nation Revisited . Center for Economic and Policy Research . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard . Tara Siegel ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` In Paid Family Leave , U.S. Trails Most of the Globe '' . 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Focus on Top Incomes and Taxation in OECD Countries : Was the crisis a game changer ? OECD , May 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saez , Emmanuel ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Striking it Richer : The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States '' . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page ( 2014 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 3 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . Larry Bartels ( 2009 ) . `` Economic Inequality and Political Representation '' ( PDF ) . The Unsustainable American State : 167 -- 196 . ISBN 9780195392135 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195392135.003. 0007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Thomas J. Hayes ( 2012 ) . `` Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality : The Case of the U.S. Senate '' . Political Research Quarterly . 66 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 599 . SSRN 1900856 . doi : 10.1177 / 1065912912459567 . Jump up ^ Winship , Scott ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Overstating the Costs of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs ( 15 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . `` Income Inequality in America : Fact and Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Manhattan Institute . May 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Brunner , Eric ; Ross , Stephen L ; Washington , Ebonya ( May 2013 ) . `` Does Less Income Mean Less Representation ? '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy . 5 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 76 . doi : 10.1257 / pol. 5.2. 53 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Feldstein , Martin ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Piketty 's Numbers Do n't Add Up : Ignoring dramatic changes in tax rules since 1980 creates the false impression that income inequality is rising . '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . 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( 2003 ) . `` Emerging European - Style Planning in the United States : Transit - Oriented Development '' ( PDF ) . Rutgers University . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Benfield , Kaid ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` NatGeo surveys countries ' transit use : guess who comes in last '' . Natural Resources Defense Council . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Intercity Passenger Rail : National Policy and Strategies Needed to Maximize Public Benefits from Federal Expenditures '' . U.S. Government Accountability Office . November 13 , 2006 . Retrieved June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Economist Explains : Why Americans Do n't Ride Trains '' . The Economist . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak Ridership Records '' . Amtrak . June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2013 , 2012 , 2011 , 2010 , 2009 , 2006 IEA October , crude oil p. 11 , coal p. 13 gas p. 15 Jump up ^ `` Diagram 1 : Energy Flow , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . EIA Annual Energy Review . U.S. Dept. of Energy , Energy Information Administration . 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Refined Petroleum Products -- Consumption '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy '' . British Petroleum . June 2007 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ames , Paul ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Could fracking make the Persian Gulf irrelevant ? '' . Salon . Retrieved May 30 , 2012 . Since November , the United States has replaced Saudi Arabia as the world 's biggest producer of crude oil . It had already overtaken Russia as the leading producer of natural gas . 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Jump up ^ `` Statistics About Non-Public Education in the United States '' . U.S. Dept. of Education , Office of Non-Public Education . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : AP ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. education spending tops global list , study shows '' . CBS . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosenstone , Steven J. ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` Public Education for the Common Good '' . University of Minnesota . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings '' . Topuniversities . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 200 -- The Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2010 -- 2011 '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2014 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Educational Attainment in the United States : 2003 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ For more detail on U.S. literacy , see A First Look at the Literacy of America 's Adults in the 21st century , U.S. Department of Education ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Indicators '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme , Human Development Reports . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Education at a Glance 2013 '' ( PDF ) . OECD . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Student Loan Debt Exceeds One Trillion Dollars . NPR , April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , J.Q. ; Strother - Adams , Pearlie ( 2001 ) . Dealing with Diversity . Chicago : Kendall / Hunt . ISBN 0 - 7872 - 8145 - X . Jump up ^ Thompson , William ; Hickey , Joseph ( 2005 ) . Society in Focus . Boston : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 205 - 41365 - X . 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Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International comparisons of charitable giving '' ( PDF ) . Charities Aid Foundation . November 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Jon ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` More Than 100 Million Worldwide Dream of a Life in the U.S. More than 25 % in Liberia , Sierra Leone , Dominican Republic want to move to the U.S. '' . Gallup . Retrieved January 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Family Affair : Intergenerational Social Mobility across OECD Countries '' ( PDF ) . Economic Policy Reforms : Going for Growth . OECD. 2010 . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Blanden , Jo ; Gregg , Paul ; Machin , Stephen ( April 2005 ) . `` Intergenerational Mobility in Europe and North America '' ( PDF ) . Centre for Economic Performance . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 23 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Gould , Elise ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. lags behind peer countries in mobility . '' Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . 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( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` What , When , and Where Americans Eat in 2003 '' . Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boslaugh , Sarah ( 2010 ) . `` Obesity Epidemic '' , in Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints , and Voices , ed . Roger Chapman . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe , pp. 413 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1761 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . `` Let 's Eat Out : Americans Weigh Taste , Convenience , and Nutrition '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Agriculture . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1999 . Emily Dickinson . Broomall , PA : Chelsea House . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 5106 - 4 . Jump up ^ Buell , Lawrence ( Spring -- Summer 2008 ) . `` The Unkillable Dream of the Great American Novel : Moby - Dick as Test Case '' . American Literary History . 20 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 132 -- 155 . ISSN 0896 - 7148 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajn005 . 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ISBN 0 - 89659 - 795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janson , Horst Woldemar ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 2003 ) . History of Art : The Western Tradition . Prentice Hall Professional . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 182895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Alma ( 1991 ) . The History of Photography : An Overview . UNM Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom ( 2004 ) . Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : an Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moran , Eugene V. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . A People 's History of English and American Literature . Nova Publishers . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 303 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Biddle , Julian ( 2001 ) . What Was Hot ! : Five Decades of Pop Culture in America . New York : Citadel , p. ix . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . Jump up ^ * `` Taylor Swift : Teen idol to ' biggest pop artist in the world ' '' . The Tennessean . September 24 , 2015 . Lynch , Gerald . `` Britney Spears is the most searched for celebrity of the decade '' . Tech Digest . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . `` Katy Perry : now the world 's richest ( famous ) woman '' . the Guardian . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Rosen , Jody . `` Beyoncé : The Woman on Top of the World '' . The New York Times . `` BBC -- Imagine -- Jay - Z : He Came , He Saw , He Conquered '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ Hartman , Graham ( January 5 , 2012 ) . `` Metallica 's ' Black album ' is Top - Selling Disc of last 20 years '' . Loudwire . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vorel , Jim ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles tribute band landing at Kirkland '' . Herald & Review . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith will rock Salinas with July concert '' . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banner , Lois ( August 5 , 2012 ) . `` Marilyn Monroe , the eternal shape shifter '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick , Jewell ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` John Wayne , an American Icon '' . University of Southern California . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greven , David ( January 2 , 2013 ) . Psycho - Sexual : Male Desire in Hitchcock , De Palma , Scorsese , and Friedkin . University of Texas Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74204 - 8 . Jump up ^ Morrison , James ( September 11 , 1998 ) . Passport to Hollywood : Hollywood Films , European Directors . SUNY Press . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 3938 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turow , Joseph ( September 22 , 2011 ) . Media Today : An Introduction to Mass Communication . Taylor & Francis . p. 434 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 86402 - 5 . Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? Football continues to trump baseball as America 's Favorite Sport '' ( PDF ) . Harris Interactive . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ; Grier , Kevin ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` What Would the End of Football Look Like ? '' . Grantland / ESPN . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hodgetts , Rob . `` Will U.S. learn to love rugby ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Streaming TV Services : What They Cost , What You Get '' . NY Times ; Associated Press . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV Fans Spill into Web Sites '' . eMarketer . June 7 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waits , Jennifer ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Number of U.S. Radio Stations on the Rise , Especially LPFM , according to New FCC Count '' . Radio Survivor . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brenda Shaffer ( 2006 ) . The Limits of Culture : Islam and Foreign Policy . MIT Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 19529 - 4 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1998 ) . Superman : The Complete History ( 1st ed . ) . Titan Books . p. 11 . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 988 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Top Sites in United States '' . Alexa. 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Newspapers in United States '' . W3newspapers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish Language Newspapers in the USA : Hispanic Newspapers : Periódiscos en Español en los EE. UU '' . Onlinenewspapers.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hounshell , David A. ( 1984 ) , From the American System to Mass Production , 1800 - 1932 : The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States , Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 2975 - 8 , LCCN 83016269 Jump up ^ `` Thomas Edison 's Most Famous Inventions '' . Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benedetti , François ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` 100 Years Ago , the Dream of Icarus Became Reality '' . Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Gordon ( 2012 ) . The Quantum Exodus : Jewish Fugitives , the Atomic Bomb , and the Holocaust . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959215 - 9 . Jump up ^ 10 Little Americans . Google Books . ISBN 9780615140520 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NASA 's Apollo technology has changed the history '' . Sharon Gaudin . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goodheart , Adam ( July 2 , 2006 ) . `` Celebrating July 2 : 10 Days That Changed History '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Silicon Valley : 110 Year Renaissance , McLaughlin , Weimers , Winslow 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Price ( 2004 ) . Roadmap to Entrepreneurial Success . AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8144 - 7190 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Robert Keith ( 2012 ) . Explaining Creativity : The Science of Human Innovation . Oxford University Press . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973757 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bennett , W. Lance ; Segerberg , Alexandra ( September 2011 ) . `` Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action '' . Information , Communication & Society . 14 ( 6 ) : 770 -- 799 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.579141 . Jump up ^ `` Computer and Internet Use Main '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Dept. of Commerce , Census Bureau . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cell phone ownership hits 91 % of adults '' . Pew Research Center . May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom on the Net 2014 '' . Freedom House . Jump up ^ `` Research and Development ( R&D ) Expenditures by Source and Objective : 1970 to 2004 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Donald ( March 21 , 2006 ) . `` Britain Second in World Research Rankings '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Life expectancy data by country '' . WHO. 2012 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Life Expectancy at Birth '' . The World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Christopher J.L. ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` The State of US Health , 1990 -- 2010 : Burden of Diseases , Injuries , and Risk Factors '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the American Medical Association . 310 ( 6 ) : 591 -- 608 . PMC 5436627 . PMID 23842577 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2013.13805 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Infant Mortality Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( August 13 , 2007 ) . `` US Tumbles Down the World Ratings List for Life Expectancy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Obesity Rate Surpasses The United States ' , Making It Fattest Country in the Americas '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Eric ( 2002 ) . Fast Food Nation . New York : Perennial . p. 240 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 093845 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults : United States , 2003 -- 2004 '' . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , National Center for Health Statistics . Retrieved June 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Food , Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance , and Obesity '' . Arteriosclerosis , Thrombosis , and Vascular Biology . American Heart Association . 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Teen Pregnancy '' . Center for Disease Control . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Glen ; Raad , Raymond . `` Bending the Productivity Curve : Why America Leads the World in Medical Innovation '' . The Cato Institute . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( October 5 , 2006 ) . `` Poor U.S. Scores in Health Care Do n't Measure Nobels and Innovation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Healthcare System : The Best in the World or Just the Most Expensive ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Maine . 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` In U.S. , Uninsured Rate Holds at 13.4 % '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ Abelson , Reed ( June 10 , 2008 ) . `` Ranks of Underinsured Are Rising , Study Finds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Blewett , Lynn A. ; et al. ( December 2006 ) . `` How Much Health Insurance Is Enough ? Revisiting the Concept of Underinsurance '' . Medical Care Research and Review . 63 ( 6 ) : 663 -- 700 . ISSN 1077 - 5587 . PMID 17099121 . doi : 10.1177 / 1077558706293634 . Jump up ^ Fahrenthold , David A. ( April 5 , 2006 ) . `` Mass . Bill Requires Health Coverage '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Health Care Law 54 % Favor Repeal of Health Care Law '' . Rasmussen Reports . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Debate on ObamaCare to intensify in the wake of landmark Supreme Court ruling '' . Fox News . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Bibliography Acharya , Viral V. ; Cooley , Thomas F. ; Richardson , Matthew P. ; Walter , Ingo ( 2010 ) . Regulating Wall Street : The Dodd - Frank Act and the New Architecture of Global Finance . Wiley . p. 592 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 76877 - 8 . Baptist , Edward E. ( 2014 ) . The Half Has Never Been Told : Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00296 - X . Barth , James ; Jahera , John ( 2010 ) . `` US Enacts Sweeping Financial Reform Legislation '' . Journal of Financial Economic Policy . 2 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 195 . doi : 10.1108 / 17576381011085412 . Berkin , Carol ; Miller , Christopher L. ; Cherny , Robert W. ; Gormly , James L. ( 2007 ) . Making America : A History of the United States , Volume I : To 1877 . Cengage Learning . p. 75 . ISBN 0618994858 . Bianchine , Peter J. ; Russo , Thomas A. ( 1992 ) . `` The Role of Epidemic Infectious Diseases in the Discovery of America '' . Allergy and Asthma Proceedings . OceanSide Publications , Inc. 13 ( 5 ) : 225 -- 232 . PMID 1483570 . doi : 10.2500 / 108854192778817040 . Retrieved September 9 , 2012 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. Jr. ; Kett , Joseph F. ; Salisbury , Neal ; Sitkoff , Harvard ; Woloch , Nancy ( 2007 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People . Cengage Learning . p. 588 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 80161 - 9 . , Book Calloway , Colin G. ( 1998 - 02 - 18 ) . New Worlds for All : Indians , Europeans , and the Remaking of Early America . JHU Press . p. 229 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5959 - 5 . Cobarrubias , Juan ( 1983 ) . Progress in Language Planning : International Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3358 - 4 . Davis , Kenneth C. ( 1996 ) . Do n't know much about the Civil War . New York : William Marrow and Co. p. 518 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 11814 - 3 . , Book Daynes , Byron W. ; Sussman , Glen ( eds . ) ( 2010 ) . White House Politics and the Environment : Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . Texas A&M University Press . p. 320 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60344 - 254 - 1 . Presidential environmental policies , 1933 -- 2009 CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , Book Erlandson , Jon M ; Rick , Torben C ; Vellanoweth , Rene L ( 16 September 2008 ) . A Canyon Through Time : Archaeology , History , and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area , Santa Barbara County , California . University of Utah Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87480 - 879 - 7 . Feldstein , Sylvan G. ; Fabozzi , Frank J. , CFA . The Handbook of Municipal Bonds . John Wiley & Sons , January 13 , 2011 . p. 1376 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 04494 - 0 . , Book Gold , Susan Dudley ( 2006 ) . United States V. Amistad : Slave Ship Mutiny . Marshall Cavendish . p. 144 . 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New York : Harper - Collins . p. 682 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016280 - 5 . , Book Martone , Eric ( 12 December 2016 ) . Italian Americans : The History and Culture of a People . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 995 - 2 . Leffler , Melvyn P. ( 2010 ) . `` The emergence of an American grand strategy , 1945 -- 1952 '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume 1 : Origins ( pp. 67 -- 89 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Lemon , James T. ( 1987 ) . `` Colonial America in the 18th Century '' . In Robert D. Mitchell ; Paul A. Groves . North America : the historical geography of a changing continent . Rowman & Littlefield . , PDF Lien , PhD , Arnold Johnson ( 1913 ) . Studies in History , Economics , and Public Law , Volume 54 . Longmans , Green & Co. , Agents , London ; Columbia University , New York . p. 604 . Karen Woods Weierman ( 2005 ) . One Nation , One Blood : Interracial Marriage In American Fiction , Scandal , And Law , 1820 -- 1870 . University of Massachusetts Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 483 - 1 . , Book Levenstein , Harvey ( 2003 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press , Berkeley , Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23439 - 1 . Mann , Kaarin ( 2007 ) . `` Interracial Marriage in Early America : Motivation and the Colonial Project '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Journal of History . University of Michigan ( Fall ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 15 , 2013 . George McKenna ( 2007 ) . The Puritan Origins of American Patriotism . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10099 - X . The New York Times ( 30 October 2007 ) . The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge , Second Edition : A Desk Reference for the Curious Mind . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 37659 - 8 . Mostert , Mary ( 2005 ) . The Threat of Anarchy Leads to the Constitution of the United States . CTR Publishing , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9753851 - 4 - 2 . Onuf , Peter S. ( 3 August 2010 ) . The Origins of the Federal Republic : Jurisdictional Controversies in the United States , 1775 - 1787 . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 0038 - 1 . Price , David A. ( 2003 ) . Love and Hate in Jamestown : John Smith , Pocahontas , and the Start of a New Nation . Random House . eBook version Quirk , Joel ( 2011 ) . The Anti-Slavery Project : From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 344 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 4333 - 8 . , Book Ranlet , Philip ( 1999 ) . Alden T. Vaughan , ed . New England Encounters : Indians and Euroamericans Ca . 1600 -- 1850 . North Eastern University Press . Rausch , David A. ( 1994 ) . Native American Voices . Baker Books , Grand Rapids . p. 180 . ISBN 9780801077739 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2007 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 134111 - 3 . Richter , Daniel K. , and James H. Merrell , eds. ( 2003 ) . Beyond the Covenant Chain : the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America , 1600 -- 1800 . University Park , Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02299 - X . Ripper , Jason ( 2008 ) . American Stories : To 1877 . M.E. Sharpe . p. 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2903 - 6 . , Book Russell , John Henderson ( 1913 ) . The Free Negro in Virginia , 1619 -- 1865 . Johns Hopkins University . p. 196 . , E'Book Safire , William ( 14 May 2003 ) . No Uncertain Terms : More Writing from the Popular `` On Language '' Column in The New York Times Magazine . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 4955 - 3 . Samuel , Bunford ( 1920 ) . Secession and Constitutional Liberty : In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union . Neale publishing Company . Schneider , Dorothy ; Schneider , Carl J. ( 2007 ) . Slavery in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 554 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0813 - 1 . , Book Schultz , David Andrew ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution . Infobase Publishing . p. 904 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2677 - 7 . , Book Sider , Sandra ( 2007 ) . Handbook to Life in Renaissance Europe . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533084 - 7 . Simonson , Peter ( 2010 ) . Refiguring Mass Communication : A History . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07705 - 0 . 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Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . , Book Nick Hayes ( November 6 , 2009 ) . `` Looking back 20 years : Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War ? '' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . `` 59e . The End of the Cold War '' . U.S. History.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Levy , Peter B. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years . ABC - CLIO . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3 . Census Bureau , US ( 2016 ) . `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . Wallander , Celeste A. ( 2003 ) . `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . 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The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. ) or America ( / əˈmɛrɪkə / ) , is a federal republic composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) and with over 324 million people , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and the third-most populous . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico . The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries .

Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone - wikipedia Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( disambiguation ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( Illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone is the first novel in the Harry Potter series and J. K. Rowling 's debut novel , first published in 1997 by Bloomsbury . It was published in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone by Scholastic Corporation in 1998 . The plot follows Harry Potter , a young wizard who discovers his magical heritage as he makes close friends and a few enemies in his first year at the Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . With the help of his friends , Harry faces an attempted comeback by the dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who killed Harry 's parents , but failed to kill Harry when he was just 15 months old . The novel won most of the British book awards that were judged by children and other awards in the US . The book reached the top of the New York Times list of best - selling fiction in August 1999 and stayed near the top of that list for much of 1999 and 2000 . It has been translated into at least seventy three other languages and has been made into a feature - length film of the same name , as have all six of its sequels . Most reviews were very favourable , commenting on Rowling 's imagination , humour , simple , direct style and clever plot construction , although a few complained that the final chapters seemed rushed . The writing has been compared to that of Jane Austen , one of Rowling 's favourite authors , Roald Dahl , whose works dominated children 's stories before the appearance of Harry Potter , and the Ancient Greek story - teller Homer . While some commentators thought the book looked backwards to Victorian and Edwardian boarding school stories , others thought it placed the genre firmly in the modern world by featuring contemporary ethical and social issues . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , along with the rest of the Harry Potter series , has been attacked by several religious groups and banned in some countries because of accusations that the novels promote witchcraft , but other religious commentators have written that the book exemplifies important viewpoints , including the power of self - sacrifice and the ways in which people 's decisions shape their personalities . The series has been used as a source of object lessons in educational techniques , sociological analysis and marketing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Plot 1.2 Main characters 2 Development , publication and reception 2.1 Development 2.2 Publication and reception in the United Kingdom 2.3 U.S. publication and reception 2.4 Translations 3 Style and themes 4 Legacy 4.1 Sequels 4.2 Illustrated Version 4.3 Film version 4.4 Video games 4.5 Uses in education and business 5 Release history 6 Footnotes 6.1 Notes 6.2 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Plot ( edit ) As the main title suggests , the plot centres on a legendary alchemical substance which is believed by some to give immortality The most evil and powerful dark wizard in history , Lord Voldemort , murders James and Lily Potter but mysteriously disappears after failing to kill their infant son , Harry . While the wizarding world celebrates Voldemort 's apparent downfall , Professor Dumbledore , Professor McGonagall and half - giant Rubeus Hagrid place the one - year - old orphan in the care of his surly and cold Muggle uncle and aunt , Vernon and Petunia Dursley and their spoilt and bullying son , Dudley . For ten years , living at number Four Privet Drive , Harry is treated by the Dursleys more like a servant than a member of the family and is forced to live in a cupboard under the stairs . Shortly before his eleventh birthday , a series of letters addressed to Harry arrive , but Uncle Vernon destroys them before Harry can read them , leading to an influx of more and more letters . To evade the pursuit of these letters , Vernon first takes the family to a hotel , but when the letters arrive there too , he hires a boat out to a hut on a small island . It is Harry 's eleventh birthday and at midnight , Hagrid bursts through the door to deliver the letter and to tell Harry what the Dursleys have kept from him : Harry is a wizard and has been accepted into Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , where Hagrid is groundskeeper and Dumbledore is Headmaster . Hagrid takes Harry to a hidden London street called Diagon Alley , where he is surprised to discover how famous he is among the witches and wizards , who refer to him as `` the boy who lived . '' He also finds that his parents ' inheritance is waiting for him at Gringotts Wizarding Bank . Guided by Hagrid , he buys the equipment he will need for his first year at Hogwarts and as a birthday gift Harry receives a pet owl from Hagrid ( which he names `` Hedwig '' ) . A month later , Harry leaves the Dursleys ' home to catch the Hogwarts Express from King 's Cross railway station . There he meets the Weasley family , who show him how to pass through the magic wall to Platform 93⁄4 , where the train that will take them to Hogwarts is waiting . While on the train , Harry meets two fellow first years , Ron Weasley , who immediately becomes his friend , and Hermione Granger , with whom the ice is a bit slower to break . Harry also makes an enemy of yet another first - year , Draco Malfoy . Draco offers to advise Harry , but Harry dislikes Draco for his arrogance and prejudice and rejects his offer of `` friendship '' . At Hogwarts , the first - years are assigned by the magical Sorting Hat to houses that best suit their personalities . While Harry is being sorted , the Hat suggests that he be placed into Slytherin which is known to house potential dark witches and wizards , but when Harry objects , the Hat sends him to Gryffindor . Ron and Hermione are also sorted into Gryffindor . Draco is sorted into Slytherin , like his whole family before him . Harry starts classes at Hogwarts School , with lessons including Transfiguration with head of Gryffindor , Minerva McGonagall , Herbology with Head of Hufflepuff , Pomona Sprout , Charms with Head of Ravenclaw Filius Flitwick , and Defence Against the Dark Arts with Quirinus Quirrell . Harry 's least favourite class is Potions , taught by Severus Snape , the vindictive Head of Slytherin who seems to loathe Harry . Harry , Ron , and Hermione become far more interested by extracurricular matters within and outside the school , particularly after they discover that a huge three - headed dog is standing guard over a trap door in a forbidden corridor . They also become suspicious of Snape 's behaviour and become convinced that he is looking for ways to get past the trapdoor to whatever it 's hiding . Harry discovers an innate talent for flying on broomsticks and is appointed as Seeker on his House 's Quidditch team , a wizards ' sport played in the air . His first game goes well until his broomstick wobbles in mid-air and almost throws him off . Ron and Hermione suspect foul play from Snape , whom they saw behaving oddly . For Christmas , Harry receives an invisibility cloak from an anonymous source and begins exploring the school at night and investigating the hidden object further . He discovers the Mirror of Erised ( backwards for `` desire '' ) , in which the viewer sees his or her deepest desires becoming true . Thanks to an indiscretion from Hagrid , Harry and his friends work out that the object kept at the school is a Philosopher 's Stone , made by an old friend of Dumbledore named Nicolas Flamel , which grants its user immortality , as long as it 's constantly used . Harry is also informed by a centaur he meets in the forest that a plot to steal the Philosopher 's Stone is being orchestrated by none other than Voldemort himself , who would use it to be restored to his body and come back to power . When Dumbledore is lured from Hogwarts under false pretences , Harry and his friends fear that the theft is imminent and descend through the trapdoor themselves . They encounter a series of obstacles , each of which requires unique skills possessed by one of the three , and one of which requires Ron to sacrifice himself in a life - sized game of wizard 's chess . In the final room , Harry , now alone , finds Quirrell , who admits that he had tried to kill Harry at his Quidditch match against Slytherin . He also admits that he let a troll into Hogwarts . Snape had been trying to protect Harry all along rather than to kill him , and his suspicious behaviour came from his own suspicions about Quirrell . Quirrell is one of Voldemort 's followers , and is now partly possessed by him : Voldemort 's face has sprouted on the back of his own head , hidden by his turban . Voldemort needs Harry 's help to get past the final obstacle : the Mirror of Erised . When stood in front of it , the Mirror recognises Harry 's lack of greed for the Stone and surreptitiously deposits it in his pocket . Quirrell promptly tries to seize the Stone , but his flesh burns on contact with Harry , proving lethal for Quirrell . Harry passes out and awakens in the school hospital , where Dumbledore explains to him that he survived because his mother sacrificed her life to protect him , and this left a powerful protective charm on him . It is also revealed that the invisibility cloak was left by his father for Dumbledore to keep and give to Harry . Voldemort left Quirrell to die and is likely to return by some other means . The Stone has now been destroyed . The school year ends at the final feast , during which Gryffindor wins the House Cup . Harry returns to the Dursleys ' for the summer holiday but does not tell them that under - age wizards are forbidden to use magic outside of Hogwarts . Main characters ( edit ) Harry Potter is an orphan whom Rowling imagined as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard . '' She developed the series ' story and characters to explain how Harry came to be in this situation and how his life unfolded from there . Apart from the first chapter , the events of this book take place just before and in the year following Harry 's eleventh birthday . Voldemort 's attack left a lightning bolt - shaped scar on Harry 's forehead , which produces stabbing pains whenever Voldemort is present . Harry has a natural talent for Quidditch and became the first person in decades to get on their team in their first year . Ronald Weasley is Harry 's age and Rowling describes him as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him . '' He is freckled , red - haired and quite tall . He grew up in a fairly large pure - blood family as the sixth born of seven children . Although his family is quite poor , they still live comfortably and happily . His loyalty and bravery in the face of a game of Wizards Chess plays a vital part in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . Hermione Granger , the daughter of an all - Muggle family , is a bossy girl who has apparently memorised most of the textbooks before the start of term . Rowling described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Despite her nagging efforts to keep Harry and Ron out of trouble , she becomes a close friend of the two boys after they save her from a troll , and her magical and analytical skills play an important role in finding the Philosopher 's Stone . She has bushy brown hair and rather large front teeth . Neville Longbottom is a plump , diffident boy , so forgetful that his grandmother gives him a Remembrall , although he can not remember why . Neville 's magical abilities are weak and appeared just in time to save his life when he was eight . Despite his timidity , Neville will fight anyone after some encouragement or if he thinks it is right and important . Rubeus Hagrid , a half - giant nearly 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) tall , with tangled black hair and beard , was expelled from Hogwarts and his wand was snapped in half ( resulting in him never to use a wand again ) , however Professor Dumbledore let him stay on as the school 's gamekeeper , a job which enables him to lavish affection and pet names on even the most dangerous of magical creatures . Hagrid is fiercely loyal to Dumbledore and quickly becomes a close friend of Harry , Ron and , later , Hermione , but his carelessness makes him unreliable . Professor Albus Dumbledore , a tall , thin man who wears half - moon spectacles and has silver hair and a beard that tucks into his belt , is the headmaster of Hogwarts , and thought to be the only wizard Voldemort fears . Dumbledore , while renowned for his achievements in magic , he shrugs off praise , he is aware of his own brilliance . Rowling described him as the `` epitome of goodness '' . Professor Minerva McGonagall , a tall , severe - looking woman with black hair tied in a tight bun , teaches Transfiguration , and sometimes transforms herself into a cat . She is Deputy Headmistress , and Head of Gryffindor House and , according to the author , `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' . Petunia Dursley , the sister of Harry 's mother Lily , is a thin woman with a long neck that she uses for spying on the neighbours . She regards her magical sister as a freak and tries to pretend that she never existed . Vernon Dursley is the husband of Petunia Dursley , is a heavily built man whose irascible bluster covers a narrow mind and a fear of anything unusual . Dudley Dursley is an overweight , spoiled bully , and cousin of Harry Potter ( who uses Harry as his punching bag ) . Draco Malfoy is a slim , pale boy who speaks in a bored drawl . He is arrogant about his skill in Quidditch , and despises anyone who is not a pure - blood wizard -- and wizards who do not share his views . His parents had supported Voldemort , but changed sides after the dark wizard 's disappearance , claiming they had been bewitched . Draco avoids direct confrontations , and tries to get Harry and his friends into trouble . Oliver Wood is Harry 's Quidditch captain for the Gryffindor Quidditch team . He plays as keeper . Professor Quirrell is a twitching , stammering man who teaches Defence Against the Dark Arts . Reputedly he was a brilliant scholar , but his nerve was shattered by an encounter with vampires . Quirrell wears a turban to conceal the fact that he is voluntarily possessed by Voldemort , whose face appears on the back of Quirrell 's head . Professor Severus Snape , who has a hooked nose , sallow complexion and greasy black hair , teaches Potions , but would prefer to teach Defence Against the Dark Arts . Snape praises pupils in Slytherin , his own House but seizes every opportunity to humiliate others , especially Harry . Several incidents , beginning with the shooting pain in Harry 's scar during the start - of - term feast , lead Harry and his friends to think Snape is a follower of Voldemort . Argus Filch , the school caretaker who knows the school 's secret passages better than anyone else except , possibly , the Weasley twins . His cat , Mrs. Norris , aids his constant hunt for misbehaving pupils . Other members of staff include the dumpy Herbology teacher and Head of Hufflepuff House Professor Sprout , Professor Flitwick , the tiny and excitable Charms teacher , and Head of Ravenclaw House , the soporific History of Magic teacher , Professor Binns , a ghost who does not seem to have noticed his own death ; and Madam Hooch , the Quidditch coach , who is strict , but a considerate and methodical teacher . The poltergeist Peeves wanders around the castle causing trouble wherever he can . In the book , Rowling introduces an eclectic cast of characters . The first character to be introduced is Vernon Dursley , Harry 's uncle . Most of the actions centre on the eponymous hero Harry Potter , an orphan who escapes his miserable childhood with the Dursley family . Rowling imagined him as a `` scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did n't know he was a wizard '' , and says she transferred part of her pain about losing her mother to him . During the book , Harry makes two close friends , Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger . Ron is described by Rowling as the ultimate best friend , `` always there when you need him '' . Rowling has described Hermione as a `` very logical , upright and good '' character with `` a lot of insecurity and a great fear of failure beneath her swottiness '' . Rowling also imagined a supporting cast of adults . The headmaster of Hogwarts is the powerful , but kind wizard Albus Dumbledore , who becomes Harry 's confidant ; Rowling described him as `` epitome of goodness '' . His right hand is severe Minerva McGonagall , who according to the author `` under that gruff exterior '' is `` a bit of an old softy '' , the friendly half - giant Rubeus Hagrid , who saved Harry from the Dursley family , and the sinister Severus Snape . Professor Quirrell is also featured in the novel . The main antagonists are Draco Malfoy , an elitist , bullying classmate and Lord Voldemort , the most powerful evil wizard who becomes disembodied when he tries to kill baby Harry . According to a 1999 interview with Rowling , the character of Voldemort was created as a literary foil for Harry , and his backstory was intentionally not fleshed - out at first : The basic idea ... Harry , I saw Harry very very very clearly . Very vividly . And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard . ( ... ) And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was . ( ... ) When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him . ( ... ) And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . Development , publication and reception ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The book , which was Rowling 's debut novel , was written between approximately June 1990 and some time in 1995 . In 1990 Jo Rowling , as she preferred to be known , wanted to move with her boyfriend to a flat in Manchester and in her words , `` One weekend after flat hunting , I took the train back to London on my own and the idea for Harry Potter fell into my head ... A scrawny , little , black - haired , bespectacled boy became more and more of a wizard to me ... I began to write Philosopher 's Stone that very evening . Although , the first couple of pages look nothing like the finished product . '' Then Rowling 's mother died and , to cope with her pain , Rowling transferred her own anguish to the orphan Harry . Rowling spent six years working on Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and after it was accepted by Bloomsbury , she obtained a grant of £ 8,000 from the Scottish Arts Council , which enabled her to plan the sequels . She sent the book to an agent and a publisher , and then the second agent she approached spent a year trying to sell the book to publishers , most of whom thought it was too long at about 90,000 words . Barry Cunningham , who was building a portfolio of distinctive fantasies by new authors for Bloomsbury Children 's Books , recommended accepting the book , and the eight - year - old daughter of Bloomsbury 's chief executive said it was `` so much better than anything else '' . Publication and reception in the United kingdom ( edit ) Imitation of the fictional Platform 93⁄4 at the real King 's Cross railway station , with a luggage trolley apparently halfway through the magical wall Bloomsbury accepted the book , paying Rowling a £ 2,500 advance , and Cunningham sent proof copies to carefully chosen authors , critics and booksellers in order to obtain comments that could be quoted when the book was launched . He was less concerned about the book 's length than about its author 's name , since the title sounded like a boys ' book to him , and he believed boys preferred books by male authors . Rowling therefore adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling just before publication . In June 1997 , Bloomsbury published Philosopher 's Stone with an initial print - run of 500 copies in hardback , three hundred of which were distributed to libraries . Her original name , `` Joanne Rowling '' , can be found in small print on the copyright page of this first British edition . ( The 1998 first American edition would remove reference to `` Joanne '' completely . ) The short initial print run was standard for first novels , and Cunningham hoped booksellers would read the book and recommend it to customers . Examples from this initial print run have sold for as much as US $33,460 in a 2007 Heritage Auction . Lindsey Fraser , who had supplied one of the blurb comments , wrote what is thought to be the first published review , in The Scotsman on 28 June 1997 . She described Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as `` a hugely entertaining thriller '' and Rowling as `` a first - rate writer for children '' . Another early review , in The Herald , said , `` I have yet to find a child who can put it down . '' Newspapers outside Scotland started to notice the book , with glowing reviews in The Guardian , The Sunday Times and The Mail on Sunday , and in September 1997 Books for Keeps , a magazine that specialised in children 's books , gave the novel four stars out of five . The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' ; a view echoed by the Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' and The Scotsman said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' . In 1997 the UK edition won a National Book Award and a gold medal in the 9 to 11 year - olds category of the Nestlé Smarties Book Prize . The Smarties award , which is voted for by children , made the book well - known within six months of publication , while most children 's books have to wait for years . The following year , Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the other major British awards that were decided by children . It was also shortlisted for children 's books awards adjudicated by adults , but did not win . Sandra Beckett comments that books which were popular with children were regarded as undemanding and as not of the highest literary standards -- for example the literary establishment disdained the works of Roald Dahl , an overwhelming favourite of children before the appearance of Rowling 's books . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 22 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won two publishing industry awards given for sales rather than literary merit , the British Book Awards Children 's Book of the Year and the Booksellers ' Association / Bookseller Author of the Year . By March 1999 UK editions had sold just over 300,000 copies , and the story was still the UK 's best - selling title in December 2001 . A Braille edition was published in May 1998 by the Scottish Braille Press . Platform 93⁄4 , from which the Hogwarts Express left London , was commemorated in the real - life King 's Cross railway station with a sign and a trolley apparently passing through the wall . US publication and reception ( edit ) Original U.S. cover of Sorcerer 's Stone UK to American translation examples UK American mum , mam mom sherbet lemon lemon drop motorbike motorcycle chips fries crisp chip jelly Jell - O jacket potato baked potato jumper sweater Scholastic Corporation bought the U.S. rights at the Bologna Book Fair in April 1997 for US $105,000 , an unusually high sum for a children 's book . They thought that a child would not want to read a book with the word `` philosopher '' in the title and , after some discussion , the American edition was published in September 1998 under the title Rowling suggested , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone . Rowling claimed that she regretted this change and would have fought it if she had been in a stronger position at the time . Philip Nel has pointed out that the change lost the connection with alchemy , and the meaning of some other terms changed in translation , for example from `` crumpet '' to `` muffin '' . While Rowling accepted the change from both the British English `` mum '' and Seamus Finnigan 's Irish variant `` mam '' to `` mom '' in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , she vetoed this change in the later books , which was then reversed in later editions of Philosopher 's Stone . However , Nel considered that Scholastic 's translations were considerably more sensitive than most of those imposed on British English books of the time , and that some other changes could be regarded as useful copyedits . Since the British editions of early titles in the series were published a few months earlier than the American versions , some American readers became familiar with the British English versions after buying them via the Internet . At first the most prestigious reviewers ignored the book , leaving it to book trade and library publications such as Kirkus Reviews and Booklist , which examined it only by the entertainment - oriented criteria of children 's fiction . However , more penetrating specialist reviews ( such as one by Cooperative Children 's Book Center Choices , which pointed out the complexity , depth and consistency of the world Rowling had built ) attracted the attention of reviewers in major newspapers . Although The Boston Globe and Michael Winerip in The New York Times complained that the final chapters were the weakest part of the book , they and most other American reviewers gave glowing praise . A year later the US edition was selected as an American Library Association Notable Book , a Publishers Weekly Best Book of 1998 , and a New York Public Library 1998 Best Book of the Year , and won Parenting Magazine 's Book of the Year Award for 1998 , the School Library Journal Best Book of the Year , and the American Library Association Best Book for Young Adults . In August 1999 , Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone topped the New York Times list of best - selling fiction , and stayed near the top of the list for much of 1999 and 2000 , until the New York Times split its list into children 's and adult sections under pressure from other publishers who were eager to see their books given higher placings . Publishers Weekly 's report in December 2001 on cumulative sales of children 's fiction placed Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone 19th among hardbacks ( over 5 million copies ) and 7th among paperbacks ( over 6.6 million copies ) . In May 2008 , Scholastic announced the creation of a 10th Anniversary Edition of the book that was released on 1 October 2008 to mark the tenth anniversary of the original American release . For the fifteenth anniversary of the books , Scholastic re-released Sorcerer 's Stone , along with the other six novels in the series , with new cover art by Kazu Kibuishi in 2013 . Translations ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter in translation By mid-2008 , official translations of the book had been published in 67 languages.By September 11 , 2017 , official translations of the book had been published in 74 languages . Bloomsbury have published translations in Latin and in Ancient Greek , and the latter was described as `` one of the most important pieces of Ancient Greek prose written in many centuries '' . Style and themes ( edit ) See also : Harry Potter influences and analogues Philip Nel highlighted the influence of Jane Austen , whom Rowling has greatly admired since the age of twelve . Both novelists encourage re-reading , because details that look insignificant foreshadow important events or characters much later in the story - line -- for example Sirius Black is briefly mentioned near the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , and then becomes a major character in the third to fifth books . Like Austen 's heroines , Harry often has to re-examine his ideas near the ends of books . Some social behaviour in the Harry Potter books is remininiscent of Austen , for example the excited communal reading of letters . Both authors satirise social behaviour and give characters names that express their personalities . However in Nel 's opinion Rowling 's humour is more based on caricature and the names she invents are more like those found in Charles Dickens 's stories , and Amanda Cockrell noted that many of these express their owners ' traits through allusions that run from ancient Roman mythology to eighteenth - century German literature . Rowling , like the Narnia series ' author C.S. Lewis , thinks there is no rigid distinction between stories for children and for adults . Nel also noted that , like many good writers for children , Rowling combines literary genres ‍ -- ‌ fantasy , young adult fiction , boarding school stories , Bildungsroman and many others . Some reviewers compared Philosopher 's Stone to the stories of Roald Dahl , who died in 1990 . Many writers since the 1970s had been hailed as his successor , but none had attained anything near his popularity with children and , in a poll conducted shortly after the launch of Philosopher 's Stone , seven of the ten most popular children 's books were by Dahl , including the one in top place . The only other really popular children 's author of the late 1990s was an American , R.L. Stine . Some of the story elements in Philosopher 's Stone resembled parts of Dahl 's stories ; for example , the hero of James and the Giant Peach lost his parents and had to live with a pair of unpleasant aunts‍ -- ‌one fat and one thin rather like Mr. and Mrs. Dursley , who treated Harry as a servant . However Harry Potter was a distinctive creation , able to take on the responsibilities of an adult while remaining a child inside . Librarian Nancy Knapp and marketing professor Stephen Brown noted the liveliness and detail of descriptions , especially of shop scenes such as Diagon Alley . Tad Brennan commented that Rowling 's writing resembles that of Homer : `` rapid , plain , and direct in expression . '' Stephen King admired `` the sort of playful details of which only British fantasists seem capable '' and concluded that they worked because Rowling enjoys a quick giggle and then moves briskly forward . Nicholas Tucker described the early Harry Potter books as looking back to Victorian and Edwardian children 's stories : Hogwarts was an old - style boarding school in which the teachers addressed pupils formally by their surnames and were most concerned with the reputations of the houses with which they were associated ; characters ' personalities were plainly shown by their appearances , starting with the Dursleys ; evil or malicious characters were to be crushed rather than reformed , including Filch 's cat Mrs Norris ; and the hero , a mistreated orphan who found his true place in life , was charismatic and good at sports , but considerate and protective towards the weak . Several other commentators have stated that the books present a highly stratified society including many social stereotypes . However Karin Westerman drew parallels with 1990s Britain : a class system that was breaking down but defended by those whose power and status it upheld ; the multi-ethnic composition of Hogwarts ' students ; the racial tensions between the various intelligent species ; and school bullying . Susan Hall wrote that there is no rule of law in the books , as the actions of Ministry of Magic officials are unconstrained by laws , accountability or any kind of legal challenge . This provides an opportunity for Voldemort to offer his own horrific version of order . As a side - effect Harry and Hermione , who were brought up in the highly regulated Muggle world , find solutions by thinking in ways unfamiliar to wizards . For example , Hermione notes that one obstacle to finding the Philosopher 's Stone is a test of logic rather than magical power , and that most wizards have no chance of solving it . Nel suggested that the unflattering characterisation of the extremely conventional , status - conscious , materialistic Dursleys was Rowling 's reaction to the family policies of the British government in the early 1990s , which treated the married heterosexual couple as the `` preferred norm '' , while the author was a single mother . Harry 's relationships with adult and juvenile wizards are based on affection and loyalty . This is reflected in his happiness whenever he is a temporary member of the Weasley family throughout the series , and in his treatment of first Rubeus Hagrid and later Remus Lupin and Sirius Black as father - figures . Legacy ( edit ) Sequels ( edit ) The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , was originally published in the UK on July 2 , 1998 and in the US on June 2 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on July 8 , 1999 and in the US on September 8 , 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on June 21 , 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on July 16 , 2005 and sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on July 21 , 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies within 24 hours of its release : 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Illustrated version ( edit ) An illustrated version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in October 2015 , with illustrations by Jim Kay . The book carries over 100 illustrations and will be followed by illustrated versions of all seven books from the series by the same artist . Film version ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( film ) In 1999 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books . After extensive casting , filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London , with production ending in July 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001 . Reviewers ' comments were positive , as reflected by an 80 % Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes and by a score of 64 % at Metacritic , representing `` generally favourable reviews '' . Video games ( edit ) Main article : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( video game ) Five unique video games by different developers were released between 2001 and 2003 by Electronic Arts , loosely based on the film and book : Developer Release date Platform Genre GameRankings Metacritic Notes KnowWonder 15 November 2001 Microsoft Windows Adventure / puzzle 67.35 % 65 / 100 Argonaut PlayStation Action - adventure 66.98 % 64 / 100 Griptonite Game Boy Color Role - playing game 73 % N / A Game Boy Advance Action puzzle 68.37 % 64 / 100 Aspyr 28 February 2002 Mac OS X Adventure / puzzle N / A N / A Port of Windows version Warthog 9 December 2003 GameCube Action - adventure 63.31 % 62 / 100 PlayStation 2 57.90 % 56 / 100 Xbox 61.82 % 59 / 100 Uses in Education and business ( edit ) Writers on education and business subjects have used the book as an object lesson . Writing about clinical teaching in medical schools , Jennifer Conn contrasted Snape 's technical expertise with his intimidating behaviour towards students ; on the other hand Quidditch coach Madam Hooch illustrated useful techniques in the teaching of physical skills , including breaking down complex actions into sequences of simple ones and helping students to avoid common errors . Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Stephen Brown noted that the early Harry Potter books , especially Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , were a runaway success despite inadequate and poorly organised marketing . Brown advised marketing executives to be less preoccupied with rigorous statistical analyses and the `` analysis , planning , implementation , and control '' model of management . Instead he recommended that they should treat the stories as `` a marketing masterclass '' , full of enticing products and brand names . For example , a real - world analogue of Bertie Bott 's Every Flavour Beans was introduced under licence in 2000 by toymaker Hasbro . Release history ( edit ) Country Release date Edition ( Hardback / Paperback ) Publisher Pages Canada 1 December 1998 Hardback Children 's Edition Raincoast 223 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 1 November 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 31 August 2000 Paperback Children 's Edition 16 October 2002 Paperback Magic Edition 4 October 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 12 January 2011 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) Bloomsbury 223 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) United Kingdom 26 June 1997 Hardback Children 's Edition Paperback Children 's Edition 11 September 1998 Paperback Adult Edition ( Original ) 27 September 1999 Hardback Signature Special Edition 8 October 2001 Paperback Special Edition 10 July 2004 Hardback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 4 October 2004 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 223 1 November 2010 Paperback Harry Potter Signature Edition 18 July 2013 Paperback Adult Edition ( Re-issue with new cover ) 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 United States 1 September 1998 Hardback Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic 309 8 September 1999 Paperback 1 November 2000 Hardback Collector 's Edition 1 November 2001 Mass Market Paperback 400 September 2008 Paperback ( Exclusive Scholastic School Market Edition ) 309 1 October 2008 Hardback 10th Anniversary Edition 27 August 2013 Paperback ( Re-issue with new cover ) 336 6 October 2015 Hardcover Illustrated Edition ( Illustrated by Jim Kay ) 256 Footnotes ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ J.K. Rowling was christened Joanne Rowling , without a middle name , and adopted the nom de plume J.K. Rowling for publication . She says that she was always known as `` Jo '' The book 's copyright page gives her name as `` Joanne Rowling '' . Jump up ^ The Children 's Book Award , The Young Telegraph Paperback of the Year Award , the Birmingham Cable Children 's Book Award and the Sheffield Children 's Book Award . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : J.K. Rowling : Bloomsbury Childrens '' . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling Official Site : Biography '' . J.K. Rowling. 2007 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2008 . Retrieved 11 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Rowling , J.K. ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Interview with J.K. Rowling '' . The Diane Rehm Show ( Interview ) . Interview with Diane Rehm . Washington : Accio Quote . Retrieved 2 March 2009 -- via WAMU . I saw Harry very very very clearly ... And I knew he did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry ... but for some mysterious reason , the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt - shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , Voldemort , who has been in hiding ever since . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and Me '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser , Lindsey ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Evan ( 13 July 2000 ) . `` J.K. Rowling Interview '' . CBCNewsWorld Hot Type . Accio Quote . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Scholastic.com . Accio Quote. 16 October 2000 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Riccio , Heather ( 1995 -- 2009 ) . `` Interview with JK Rowling , Author of Harry Potter '' . Hilary Magazine . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lydon , Christopher . J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection ( WBUR Radio ) . Accio Quote. 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Lydon , Christopher ( 12 October 1999 ) . `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . Accio Quote . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC `` Red Nose Day '' Online Chat Transcript `` . BBC . MuggleNet. 12 March 2001 . Archived from the original on 14 December 2013 . Retrieved 2 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Shelagh ( 23 October 2000 ) . `` Interview : J.K. Rowling '' . This Morning . Accio Quote . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 1997 ) . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Bloomsbury . p. copyright notice . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3274 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kirk , Connie Ann ( 1 January 2003 ) . `` Early Career '' . J.K. Rowling : A Biography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 62 . ISBN 0313322058 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Revealed : the eight - year - old girl who saved Harry Potter '' . The Independent . London . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Lawless , John ( 29 May 2005 ) . `` Nigel Newton '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . McGraw - Hill . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Elisco , Lester . `` The Phenomenon of Harry Potter '' . TomFolio.com . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Mystery of the Author 's Name '' . Cotsen Children 's Library . Princeton University . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling : The Rare True First Edition of the First Harry Potter Book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . '' . Heritage Auctions. 26 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2001 ) . `` Reviews of the Novels '' . J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter novels : a reader 's guide . Continuum International . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5232 - 9 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Knapp , N.F. ( 2003 ) . `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Arthur A. Levine Books . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , Sandra L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' . Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved 12 December 2013 Jump up ^ `` Children 's Books : Bestsellers '' . The Independent . UK . 27 March 1999 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jury , J. ( 22 December 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter hides fall in number of books sold a downturn in book sales '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 7 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Scott ( 2007 ) . The Making of the Potterverse : A Month - by - Month Look at Harry 's First 10 Years . ECW Press . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 55022 - 763 - 7 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Platform alteration for Hogwarts Express as King 's Cross upgrade steps up a gear '' . London : Network Rail. 17 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Nel , Philip ( 2004 ) . `` You Say `` Jelly '' , I Say `` Jell - O '' ? `` . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 261 -- 269 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in the UK and US Versions of Four Harry Potter Books '' . University of Tampere. 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . The Harry Potter Lexicon. 2 April 2006 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Author J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Magic Stock ; A Children 's Book Series Helps Rejuvenate a British Publisher '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Unsworth , John M. `` 20th - Century American Bestsellers '' . UIUC Graduate School of Library and Information Science . Archived from the original on 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Winerip , Michael ( 14 February 1999 ) . `` Children 's Books '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York Times Best Seller Number Ones Listing Fiction By Date '' . Hawes Publications . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All - Time Bestselling Children 's Books '' . Publishers Weekly . 248 ( 51 ) . 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 22 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scholastic Reveals Sorcerer 's Stone Anniversary Edition '' . MuggleNet. 20 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , 10th Anniversary Edition '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` '' Harry Potter '' gets new book covers for 15th anniversary `` . CBS News . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Reveals New Book Cover For ' Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . The Huffington Post . AOL Lifestyle. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu , Jonathan ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` New Harry Potter Covers by Kazu Kibuishi '' . Wired Magazine . Archived from the original on 5 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling ' makes £ 5 every second ' '' . BBC . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Dammann , Guy ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks 400m in sales '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Needham , P. ( 2003 ) . Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis ( in Latin ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 825 - 1 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ; Wilson , A. ( 2004 ) . Άρειος Ποτηρ καὶ ἡ τοῦ φιλοσόφου λίθος ( in Ancient Greek ) . Bloomsbury USA Children 's Books . ISBN 1 - 58234 - 826 - X . ^ Jump up to : Brennan , Tad ( 7 August 2005 ) . `` J.K. Rowling , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . Translated into Ancient Greek by Andrew Wilson '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Bryn Mawr College . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cockrell , Amanda ( 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Secret Password '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Stephen ( 2002 ) . `` Marketing for Muggles : The Harry Potter way to higher profits '' . Business Horizons . 45 ( 1 ) : 6 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / S0007 - 6813 ( 02 ) 80004 - 0 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Nicholas ( December 1999 ) . `` The Rise and Rise of Harry Potter '' . Children 's Literature in Education . 30 ( 4 ) : 221 -- 234 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022438704330 . ^ Jump up to : Fields , Joyce W. ( 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter , Benjamin Bloom , and the Sociological Imagination '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education . 19 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 177 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Westman , Karin E. ( 2004 ) . `` Specters of Thatcherism '' . In Whited , Lana A . The ivory tower and Harry Potter . University of Missouri Press . pp. 306 -- 308 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hall , Susan ( 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Rule of Law '' . In Anatol , Giselle Liza . Reading Harry Potter . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 147 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 22 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed - reading after lights out '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Amy ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassy , John ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the hottest day of summer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` July date for Harry Potter book '' . BBC . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling unveils last Potter date '' . BBC . 1 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.jimkay.co.uk/home/harry-potter/ Jump up ^ Vera , Ruel S. De . `` Illustrated edition offers ' Harry Potter ' fans a unique reading experience '' . lifestyle.inquirer.net . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . Accio Quote. 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . UK . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures ' ' Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ' '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Casts Spell at World Premiere '' . BBC News . 15 November 2001 . Retrieved 23 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( 17 May 2000 ) . `` Bewitched Warner Bros. Delays Potter '' . IGN . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 20 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PC ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PSX ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Game Boy Advance '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( GBA ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Mac ) '' . Future Publishing Limited . 15 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for GameCube '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Cube ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for PlayStation 2 '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( PS2 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for Xbox '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 7 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Xbox ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Jennifer J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . PMID 12472752 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . Jump up ^ `` Hasbro Wins Wide Range of Rights for Harry Potter from Warner Bros. Consumer Products '' . Burbank , California : Time Warner . 11 February 2000 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone British Children 's Cloth Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone : Deluxe Gift Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Children 's Paperback Edition '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Magic Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( Canada ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Philosopher 's Stone '' . 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Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter Signature Edition ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Harry Potter 1 Adult Cover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( Illustrated Hardcover ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Kirkus Reviews . 1 September 1998 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter And The Sorcerer 's Stone ( mm ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New cover for Sorcerer 's Stone paperback edition '' . MuggleNet. 29 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( Book 1 ) '' . Amazon.com ( US ) , Amazon.com , Inc . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Harry Potter -- Wikipedia book Quotations related to Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone at Wikiquote Background information and storylines from the Harry Potter Lexicon Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. 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Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. 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Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Cover for one of the earliest UK editions Author J.K. Rowling Illustrator Thomas Taylor ( UK Edition ) Jonny Duddle ( 2014 UK Edition ) Mary GrandPré ( US Edition ) Kazu Kibuishi ( 2013 US Edition ) Jim Kay ( Illustrated edition ) Series Harry Potter Release number 1st in series Genre Fantasy Publisher Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) Publication date 26 June 1997 ( UK ) 1 September 1998 ( US ) Pages 223 ( UK Edition ) 332 ( 2014 UK Edition ) 309 ( US Edition ) 336 ( 2013 US Edition ) 256 ( Illustrated Edition ) ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3269 - 9 Followed by Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets

Montgomery Ward - wikipedia Montgomery Ward Jump to : navigation , search Montgomery Ward Montgomery Ward retailer logo , also the store 's 1982 -- 1995 and 2004 -- present logo Former type Private -- Original incarnation , mail order and department store Current incarnation , online retailer and catalog merchant Industry Retail Fate Bankruptcy in 2000 ; Full liquidation in 2001 namesake retailer launched in 2004 after purchase of trademarks Founded 1872 ; 146 years ago ( 1872 ) ( as mail order company and later department store , defunct 2001 ) 2004 ( as current online retailer ) Defunct June 2001 ( original company ) Headquarters Original company in Chicago , Illinois , United States 2004 to 2008 : namesake company Monroe , Wisconsin , United States Key people Original company : 1872 founder , Aaron Montgomery Ward namesake company : John Baumann , president of parent company Swiss Colony Products Clothing , footwear , bedding , furniture , jewelry , beauty products , appliances , housewares , tools , and electronics . Brands Riverside Airline Powr - Kraft Divisions Electric Avenue Wards Kids Montgomery Ward Catalog Montgomery Wards Auto Express Website www.wards.com Montgomery Ward is the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises . It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer , which operated between 1872 and 2001 , or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) 1.1 Company origins 1.2 Expansion into retail outlets 1.3 Government seizure 1.4 Decline 1.5 Bankruptcy , restructuring , and liquidation 1.6 Termination of pension plan 1.7 Distribution centers 2 As online retailer 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Original Montgomery Ward ( 1872 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) Company origins ( edit ) `` Progress Lighting the Way for Commerce '' , designed for Montgomery Ward by sculptor J. Massey Rhind , appeared as a medallion on many of their stores Montgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward in 1872 . Ward had conceived of the idea of a dry goods mail - order business in Chicago , Illinois , after several years of working as a traveling salesman among rural customers . He observed that rural customers often wanted `` city '' goods , but their only access to them was through rural retailers who had little competition and did not offer any guarantee of quality . Ward also believed that by eliminating intermediaries , he could cut costs and make a wide variety of goods available to rural customers , who could purchase goods by mail and pick them up at the nearest train station . Ward started his business at his first office , either in a single room at 825 North Clark Street , or in a loft above a livery stable on Kinzie Street between Rush and State Streets . He and two partners used $1,600 they had raised in capital and issued their first catalog in August 1872 . It consisted of an 8 in × 12 in ( 20 cm × 30 cm ) single - sheet price list , listing 163 items for sale with ordering instructions for which Ward had written the copy . His two partners left the following year , but he continued the struggling business and was joined by his future brother - in - law , George Robinson Thorne . In the first few years , the business was not well received by rural retailers . Considering Ward a threat , they sometimes publicly burned his catalog . Despite the opposition , however , the business grew at a fast pace over the next several decades , fueled by demand primarily from rural customers who were inspired by the wide selection of items that were unavailable to them locally . Customers were also inspired by the innovative company policy of `` satisfaction guaranteed or your money back '' , which Ward began in 1875 . Ward turned the copy writing over to department heads , but he continued poring over every detail in the catalog for accuracy . In 1883 , the company 's catalog , which became popularly known as the `` Wish Book '' , had grown to 240 pages and 10,000 items . In 1896 , Wards encountered its first serious competition in the mail order business , when Richard Warren Sears introduced his first general catalog . In 1900 , Wards had total sales of $8.7 million , compared to $10 million for Sears , and both companies would struggle for dominance during much of the 20th century . By 1904 , the company had expanded such that it mailed three million catalogs , weighing 4 lb ( 1.8 kg ) each , to customers . In 1908 , the company opened a 1.25 - million - square - foot ( 116,000 m ) building stretching along nearly one - quarter mile of the Chicago River , north of downtown Chicago . The building , known as the Montgomery Ward & Co . Catalog House , served as the company headquarters until 1974 , when the offices moved across the street to a new tower designed by Minoru Yamasaki . The catalog house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1978 and a Chicago historic landmark in May 2000 . In the decades before 1930 , Montgomery Ward built a network of large distribution centers across the country in Baltimore , Fort Worth , Kansas City , St. Paul , Portland , and Oakland . In most cases , these reinforced concrete structures were the largest industrial structures in their respective locations . The Baltimore Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 . 1968 -- 1982 Montgomery Ward logo 1995 -- 1997 Montgomery Ward logo Expansion into retail outlets ( edit ) Ward died in 1913 , after 41 years running the catalog business . The company president , William C. Thorne ( the eldest son of the co-founder ) , died in 1917 , and was succeeded by Robert J. Thorne . Robert Thorne retired in 1920 due to ill health . In 1926 , the company broke with its mail - order - only tradition when it opened its first retail outlet store in Plymouth , Indiana . It continued to operate its catalog business while pursuing an aggressive campaign to build retail outlets in the late - 1920s . In 1928 , two years after opening its first outlet , it had opened 244 stores . By 1929 , it had more than doubled its number of outlets to 531 . Its flagship retail store in Chicago was located on Michigan Avenue between Madison and Washington streets . In 1930 , the company declined a merger offer from its rival chain Sears . Losing money during the Great Depression , the company alarmed its major investors , including J.P. Morgan . In 1931 , Morgan hired Sewell Avery as president who cut staff levels and stores , changed lines , hired store rather than catalog managers and refurbished stores . These actions caused the company to become profitable before the end of the 1930s . Wards was very successful in its retail business . `` Green awning '' stores dotted hundreds of small towns across the country . Larger stores were built in the major cities . By the end of the 1930s , Montgomery Ward had become the country 's largest retailer and Sewell Avery became the company 's chief executive officer . In 1939 , as part of a Christmas promotional campaign , staff copywriter Robert L. May created the character and illustrated poem of `` Rudolph , the Red - Nosed Reindeer . '' The store distributed six - million copies of the storybook in 1946 and actor and singer Gene Autry popularized the song nationally . Vacant Montgomery Ward store , Regency Mall , Augusta , GA Former Montgomery Ward store , Huntington Center , Huntington Beach , CA , demolished in 2010 `` Electric Avenue '' logo on closed store in Panorama City , California ( 2010 ) In 1946 , the Grolier Club , a society of bibliophiles in New York City , exhibited the Wards catalog alongside Webster 's Dictionary as one of 100 American books chosen for their influence on life and culture of the people . The brand name of the store became embedded in the popular American consciousness and was often called by the nickname Monkey Ward ( a bastardization of Mont'gy Ward ) , both affectionately and derisively . Government seizure ( edit ) In April 1944 , four months into a nationwide strike by the company 's 12,000 workers , U.S. Army troops seized the Chicago offices of Montgomery Ward & Company . The seizure was ordered because Avery refused to settle the strike as requested by the Roosevelt administration because of its adverse effect on the delivery of needed goods in wartime . Avery had refused to comply with a War Labor Board order to recognize the unions and institute the terms of a collective bargaining agreement . Eight months later , with Montgomery Ward continuing to refuse to recognize the unions , President Roosevelt issued an executive order seizing all of Montgomery Ward 's property nationwide , citing the War Labor Disputes Act as well as his power under the Constitution as commander - in - chief . In 1945 , Truman ended the seizure and the Supreme Court ended the pending appeal as moot . Decline ( edit ) After World War II , Sewell Avery believed the country would fall back into a recession or even a depression . He decided to not open any new stores , and did not even permit expenditure for paint to freshen the existing stores . His plan was to bank profits to preserve liquidity when the recession or depression hit , and then buy up his retail competition . However , without new stores or any investment back into the business , Montgomery Ward declined in sales volume compared to Sears ; many have blamed the conservative decisions of Avery , who seemed to not understand the changing economy of the postwar years . As new shopping centers were built after the war , it was Sears that got the best locations , and Wards was shut out of any opportunity to expand . Nonetheless , for many years Wards was still the nation 's third - largest department store chain . In 1955 , investor Louis Wolfson waged a high - profile proxy fight to obtain control of the board of Montgomery Ward . The new board forced the resignation of Avery . This fight led to a state court decision that Illinois corporations are not entitled to stagger election of their board members under that state 's laws , as well as to tax litigation over whether the costs of a proxy fight are an `` ordinary and necessary business expense . '' In time , it helped inspire new Securities and Exchange Commission rules concerning proxies . Meanwhile , throughout the 1950s , the company was slow to respond to the general movement of the American middle class to suburbia . While its competitors Sears , JCPenney , Macy 's , Gimbels , and Dillard 's established new anchor outlets in the growing number of suburban shopping malls , Avery and succeeding top executives had been reluctant to pursue such expansion . They stuck to their downtown and main street stores until the company had lost too much market share to compete with its rivals . After Avery 's departure in 1955 , it took two years before the first new store since the 1930s was opened in 1957 . Wards tried to become more aggressive with store opening , but it was too late : competition had already taken the best locations . As the existing stores looked worn and disheveled , malls would often not allow Wards to build there . Its catalog business had also begun to slip by the 1960s . In 1961 then president John Barr hired Robert Elton Brooker to lead Montgomery Ward as president in its turnaround . Brooker brought with him a number of key new management people , including Edward Donnell , former manager of Sears ' Los Angeles stores . Wards new management team achieved the turnaround reducing the number of suppliers from 15,000 to 7,000 and the number of brands being carried dropped from 168 to 16 . Ward 's private brands were given 95 percent of the volume compared with 40 percent in 1960 . The results of these changes were lower handling costs and higher quality standards . Buying was centralized but store operations were decentralized , under a new territory system modeled after Sears . In 1966 , Ed Donnell was named President of Montgomery Ward . Brooker continued as Chairmen and Chief Executive Officer until the mid 1970s . In 1968 as Brooker helped engineer a friendly merger with the Container Corporation of America ; the new company was named MARCOR . In 1974 , Mobil oil company bought MARCOR . During the 1970s , the company continued to struggle . In 1973 , its 102nd year in business , it purchased a small discount store chain , the Miami - based Jefferson Stores , Inc . It renamed the stores Jefferson Ward . In 1976 Mobil , flush with cash from the recent rise in oil prices , acquired Montgomery Ward . By 1980 , Mobil realized that the Montgomery Ward stores were doing poorly in comparison to the Jefferson stores , and decided that high quality discount units , along the lines of Dayton Hudson Company 's Target stores , would be the retailer 's future . Within 18 months , management quintupled the size of the operation , now called Jefferson Ward , to more than 40 units and planned to convert one - third of Montgomery Ward 's existing stores to the Jefferson Ward model . The burden of servicing the new stores fell to the tiny Jefferson staff , who were overwhelmed by the increased store count , had no experience in dealing with some of the product lines they now carried , and were unfamiliar with buying for northern markets . Almost immediately , Jefferson had turned from a small moneymaker into a large drain on profits . The company sold the chain 's 18 - store northern division to Bradlees , a division of Stop & Shop , in 1985 . The remaining stores closed . In 1985 , the company closed its catalog business after 113 years and began an aggressive policy of renovating its remaining stores . It restructured many of the store layouts in the downtown areas of larger cities and affluent neighborhoods into boutique - like specialty stores , as these were drawing business from traditional department stores . In 1988 , the company management undertook a successful $3.8 billion leveraged buyout , making Montgomery Ward a privately held company . In 1987 , the company began a push into consumer electronics , using the `` Electric Avenue '' name . Montgomery Ward greatly expanded its electronics presence by shifting from a predominantly private label mix to an assortment dominated by major brands such as Sony , Toshiba , Hitachi , Panasonic , JVC , and others . Vice President Vic Sholis , later president of the Tandy Name Brand Retail Group ( McDuff , VideoConcepts , and Incredible Universe ) , led this strategy . In 1994 , revenues increased 94 % largely due to Montgomery Ward 's tremendously successful direct - marketing arms . For a short period , the company reentered the mail - order business , through `` Montgomery Ward Direct '' , a mail order business licensed to the catalog giant Fingerhut . However , by the mid-1990s , sales margins eroded in the competitive electronics and appliance hardlines , which traditionally were Montgomery Ward 's strongest lines . In 1989 , Jim Hamilton who headed the Small Electronics department ( later known as the Father of Computer Retailing ) ran an aggressively priced PC in Montgomery Ward advertising . The low promotional price was $1499 , unheard of at the time . The Computer promotion was a huge success . ( Hamilton , with the cooperation of Packard Bell , later , for the first time ever , broke the $999 PC price point floor for a `` back to school '' promotion . ) After the successful promotion , Hamilton developed a business plan to launch the first National Branded Computer Product Department in the world . Executives approved the plan and allocated space in three Sacramento stores to create the SOHO ( Small Office Home Office ) department . Since many of the brands , like Hewlett Packard and Panasonic would not disrupt their dealer channel and sell direct to Montgomery Ward . Hamilton had to create relationships with many distributors to pull together the branded department . When the Sacramento stores opened the shelves included brands like Hewlett Packard Printers , OkiData Printers and others that had never been in a National Retailer . The test was a major success and the SOHO department was rolled out to all Montgomery Ward locations . Montgomery Ward was one of the first retailers to carry consumer products from IBM , Apple , Compaq , Hewlett Packard , Western Digital and many others . The SOHO Department was carved into a separate division of the company and quickly became Montgomery Ward 's largest revenue producing division , with over $4 Billion in revenues . In 1994 , Wards acquired the now - defunct New England retail chain Lechmere . Bankruptcy , restructuring , and liquidation ( edit ) In 1997 , the logo was changed to simply `` Wards '' which was used until the chain liquidated in 2001 . By the 1990s , however , even its rivals began to lose ground to low - price competition from Kmart , Wal - Mart , and especially Target , which eroded even more of Montgomery Ward 's traditional customer base . In 1997 , it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy , emerging from protection by the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Northern District of Illinois in August 1999 as a wholly owned subsidiary of GE Capital , which was by then its largest shareholder . As part of a last - ditch effort to remain competitive , the company closed over 100 retail locations in 30 U.S. states ( including all the Lechmere stores ) , abandoned the specialty store strategy , renamed and rebranded the chain as simply Wards ( although unrelated , Wards was the original name for the now - defunct Circuit City ) , and spent millions of dollars to renovate its remaining outlets to be flashier and more consumer - friendly . However , GE Capital reneged on promises of further financial support of Montgomery Ward 's restructuring plans . On December 28 , 2000 , after lower - than - expected sales during the Christmas season , the company announced it would cease operating , close its remaining 250 retail outlets , and lay off its 37,000 employees . All stores closed within weeks of the announcement . The subsequent liquidation was at the time the largest retail Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation in American history ( this would be later surpassed by the 2009 liquidation of Circuit City and the 2018 liquidation of Toys ' R ' Us ) . Roger Goddu , Montgomery Ward 's CEO , received an offer from JCPenney to become CEO , but he declined under pressure from GE Capital . One of the last stores to close was the Salem , Oregon , location in which the human resources division was located . All of Montgomery Ward was liquidated by the end of May 2001 , ending a 130 - year enterprise . Termination of pension plan ( edit ) In 1999 , Montgomery Ward completed a standard termination of its $1.1 billion employee pension plan ( Wards Retirement Plan WRP and Retired / Terminated Associate Plan RTAP ) , which at that time had an alleged estimated surplus of $270 million . The termination of the pension plan included 30,000 Wards retirees and 22,000 active employees who were employed by Wards in 1999 . According to tax rules at that time ( to avoid paying a 50 % federal excise tax on the plan 's termination ) , Wards then placed 25 % of the plan 's surplus into a replacement pension plan , and paid federal tax of just 20 % on the balance of the surplus . The final result : the estimated remaining $25 to $50 million of the employee pension plan surplus went to Wards free of income taxes , because the company , which was in Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings , had huge operating losses . In reality , Wards received an alleged estimated $25 to $50 million for ending the employee pension plan and avoided paying hundreds of thousands in yearly pension premiums to the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation . Employees and retirees vested in the pension plan were given a choice of receiving an annuity from an insurance company or a lump sum payment . Distribution centers ( edit ) Four of the six massive catalog distribution centers Montgomery Ward built between 1921 and 1929 remain . Three have been subject to renovations for adaptive reuse and the buildings are perhaps the most tangible legacy of Montgomery Ward . Two others have been demolished for various types of redevelopment . In Baltimore , the 1925 warehouse , an eight - story , 1.3 - million - square - foot ( 120,000 m ) building at 1800 Washington Blvd . southwest of downtown Baltimore , now known as Montgomery Park , has been restored for office use . It has a green building with a green roof , storm water reutilization systems , and extensive use of recycled building materials . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 as the Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store . The eight - story Fort Worth facility at West 7th St and Carroll was built in 1928 to replace the previous operation in a former Chevrolet assembly plant across the street . In its history , the warehouse survived a flood in 1949 that reached the second floor and a direct hit from a tornado in 2000 . After the demise of the company , developers renovated the structure as a mixed - use condominium project and retail center known as Montgomery Plaza . The Portland , Oregon , center at NW 27th and Vaughn , ceased operation as a warehouse in 1976 . A developer purchased the property in 1984 and renamed it Montgomery Park , converting it for offices making it the second - largest office building in Portland . The Kansas City distribution center at St. John Street and North Belmont Boulevard houses the Super Flea flea market . The St. Paul , Minnesota , center at 1450 University Ave West was the fourth of the distribution centers to be built and employed up to 2,500 employees in the 1920s . It had nearly 1.2 million square feet ( 110,000 m ) or approximately 27 acres under roof , making it the largest building in St. Paul at the time . The last remaining section of the original building was demolished in 1996 . The site was redeveloped as a shopping center called Midway Marketplace . The Oakland , California , facility , constructed in 1923 , was an eight - story 950,000 - square - foot ( 88,000 m ) structure of reinforced concrete frame that was the largest industrial building in Oakland . After years of community organizing that urged city leaders to either demolish or re-purpose the site , despite opposition by preservation groups , the building at 2875 International Boulevard was demolished in 2003 . It has been replaced by the Cesar Chavez Education Center , an elementary school . As online retailer ( edit ) At its height , the original Montgomery Ward was one of the largest retailers in the United States . After its demise , the familiarity of its brand meant its name , corporate logo , and advertising were still considered valuable intangible assets . In 2004 , catalog marketer Direct Marketing Services Inc . ( DMSI ) , an Iowa - based direct marketing company , purchased much of the intellectual property assets of the former Wards , including the `` Montgomery Ward '' and `` Wards '' trademarks , for an undisclosed amount of money . DMSI applied the brand to a new online and catalog - based retailing operation , with no physical stores , headquartered in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . DMSI then began operating under the Montgomery Ward branding and managed to get it up and running in three months . The new firm began operations in June 2004 , selling essentially the same categories of products as the former brand , but as a new , smaller catalog . The DMSI version of Montgomery Ward was not the same company as the original . The company did not honor obligations of the previous company , such as gift cards and items sold with a lifetime guarantee . David Milgrom , then president of the firm , said in an interview with the Associated Press : `` We 're rebuilding the brand , and we want to do it right . '' In July 2008 , DMSI announced it was on the auction block , with sale scheduled for the following month . Catalog retailer Swiss Colony purchased DMSI August 5 , 2008 . Swiss Colony -- which changed its name to Colony Brands Inc. on June 1 , 2010 -- announced it would keep the Montgomery Ward catalog division open . The website launched September 10 , 2008 , with new catalogs mailing in February 2009 . A month before the catalog 's launch , Swiss Colony President John Baumann told United Press International the retailer might also resurrect Montgomery Ward 's Signature and Powr - Kraft store brands . To augment its vast selection , Montgomery Ward started promoting several exclusive new brands in July 2012 in its Early Fall 2012 catalog and on its website , including Devonshire Collection , Apothecarie Collection and Elysian Forest Collection furniture , Chef Tested kitchen products , Comfort Creek towels and sheets , Freshica shoes , Sleep Connection bedding , and Color Connection window treatments . See also ( edit ) Montgomery Ward Building ( disambiguation ) ( numerous buildings ) Montgomery Ward Company Complex References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( November 8 , 2011 ) . Robertson 's Book of Firsts : Who Did What For the First Time . New York City : Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1596915794 . Jump up ^ `` A. Montgomery Ward Park '' . Chicago Park District . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Montgomery Ward . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward & Co . Catalog House '' . City of Chicago . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2008 - 04 - 15 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Warehouse and Retail Store '' . Maryland Historical Trust . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Horne , Louther ( April 30 , 1944 ) . `` Montgomery Ward Seizure Stirs Wide Criticism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The seizure by troops on Wednesday of the Chicago units of Montgomery Ward Co. , second largest of the country 's merchandising corporations , has raised a Central West storm of criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's action among business and industrial leaders and the usual Republican denouncers of the national Administration . Jump up ^ `` This Day in History - December 27 , 1944 : FDR seizes control of Montgomery Ward '' . History Channel . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Frank D. ( January 1 , 1956 ) . `` Congressional Investigation of Proxy Regulation : A Case Study of Committee Exploratory Methods and Techniques '' . Villanova Law Review . Villanova University . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GENERAL MERCHANDISE RETAILING IN AMERICA : '' , American National Business Hall of Fame , 25 October 2014 . Retrieved on 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobil Corporation '' , Encyclopedia Britannica , Retrieved on 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Talley , Jim ; Herzog , Carl ( July 12 , 1985 ) . `` Jefferson Ward Store Closed '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , Dave . `` It 's the Montgomery , Not the Ward '' . Pleasant Family Shopping . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talley , Jim ( November 1 , 1985 ) . `` Jefferson Closes Stores '' . Sun Sentinel . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company News ; Montgomery Ward Emerges From Bankruptcy '' . The New York Times . August 3 , 1999 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ TELEVISIONARCHIVES ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Montgomery Ward going out of business commercial '' . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward to close doors '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . December 29 , 2000 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1800 Washington Blvd , Baltimore , MD - street view '' . Google maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Park ushers in a new era of entrepreneurial spirit '' . Montgomery Park . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` W 7th & Carroll Street , Ft . Worth , TX - Street view '' . Google maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trinity River flood of May 17 , 1949 covered most of near west side '' . Fort Worth Architecture . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Retail Store & Warehouse '' . Fort Worth Architecture . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Montgomery Plaza : Now '' . Montgomery Plaza . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NW Vaughn St & NW 27th Ave , Portland , OR - street view '' . Google Maps . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Oregon Historical Quarterly Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Projects : Montgomery Park '' . Naito Development . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Our Location '' . Super Flea . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Millett , Larry ( September 15 , 1996 ) . Twin Cities Then and Now . Minnesota Historical Society Press . ASIN 0873513274 . ISBN 978 - 0873513272 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward Company '' . Oakland Public Library . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ League for Protection of Oakland 's Architectural and Historic Resources v. Oakland , 52 Cal. App. 4th 896 A074348 ( February 10 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Cesar Chavez Education Center '' . Collaborative for High Performance Schools . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Dave ( December 10 , 2006 ) . `` Revival on Internet puts Montgomery Ward back in business '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tierney , Jim ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` Swiss Colony Acquires DMSI '' . Multichannel Merchant . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Gerry ( January 14 , 2009 ) . `` Montgomery Ward catalog to return '' . United Press International . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Montgomery Ward '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Boorstin , Daniel J. `` A. Montgomery Ward 's Mail - Order Business , '' Chicago History ( 1973 ) 2 # 3 pp 142 -- 152 . Latham , Frank B. 1872 -- 1972 : A Century of Serving Consumers . The Story of Montgomery Ward ( 1972 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Montgomery Ward . 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when did montgomery ward's go out of business

Montgomery Ward is the name of two historically distinct American retail enterprises . It can refer either to the defunct mail order and department store retailer , which operated between 1872 and 2001 , or to the current catalog and online retailer also known as Wards .

The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) - wikipedia The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Great British Bake Off ( series 7 ) Starring Mel Giedroyc Sue Perkins Mary Berry Paul Hollywood Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 10 Release Original network BBC One Original release 24 August ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) -- 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 6 Next → Series 8 The seventh series of The Great British Bake Off aired from 24 August 2016 , with twelve contestants competing to be crowned the series 7 winner . This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One , as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4 . It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , as they decided to leave as presenters of the show . It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners - up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bakers 2 Results summary 3 Episodes 3.1 Episode 1 : Cake 3.2 Episode 2 : Biscuits 3.3 Episode 3 : Bread 3.4 Episode 4 : Batter 3.5 Episode 5 : Pastry 3.6 Episode 6 : Botanical 3.7 Episode 7 : Desserts 3.8 Episode 8 : Tudor 3.9 Episode 9 : Pâtisserie ( semi-final ) 3.10 Episode 10 : Royal picnic ( final ) 4 Christmas specials 4.1 Episode 1 4.2 Episode 2 5 Controversies 6 Ratings 6.1 Specials 7 References Bakers ( edit ) Baker Age Occupation Hometown Links Andrew Smyth 25 Aerospace engineer Derby / Holywood , County Down Benjamina Ebuehi 23 Teaching assistant South London Candice Brown 31 PE teacher Barton - Le - Clay , Bedfordshire Jane Beedle 61 Garden designer Beckenham Kate Barmby 37 Nurse Brooke , Norfolk Lee Banfield 67 Pastor Bolton Louise Williams 46 Hairdresser Cardiff Michael Georgiou 20 Student Durham Rav Bansal 28 Student support Erith Selasi Gbormittah 30 Client service associate London Tom Gilliford 26 Project engagement manager Rochdale Valerie `` Val '' Stones 66 Semi-retired , Substitute teacher Yeovil Results summary ( edit ) Elimination chart Baker 5 6 7 8 9 10 Candice SB SB SB WINNER Andrew SB SB Runner Up Jane SB Runner Up Selasi OUT Benjamina SB OUT Tom SB SB OUT Rav OUT Val OUT Kate OUT Michael OUT Louise OUT Lee OUT Colour key : Baker was one of the judges ' least favourite bakers that week , but was not eliminated . Baker was one of the judges ' favourite bakers that week , but was not the Star Baker . Baker got through to the next round . Baker was eliminated . Baker was the Star Baker . Baker was a series runner - up . Baker was the series winner . Episodes ( edit ) Baker eliminated Star Baker Winner Episode 1 : cake ( edit ) For the first challenge , the bakers were given two hours to make a drizzle cake , the brief being that the cake be moist and well permeated with the drizzle . For the technical challenge , the bakers were instructed to make Mary 's recipe for twelve jaffa cakes . The recipe used a whipped fatless sponge , orange jelly and tempered chocolate with a design of sorts . For the final challenge , the bakers were instructed to make a mirror glaze cake . The cake had to have a genoise sponge and have a very shiny , mirror - like top , covering the cake entirely . Baker Signature ( Drizzle Cake ) Technical ( 12 Jaffa Cakes ) Showstopper ( Mirror Glaze Cake ) Andrew Lemon and Rosemary Drizzle Cake 12th ' Ultimate Indulgence ' Mirror Glaze Cake Benjamina Pistachio , Cardamom and Lemon Drizzle Cake 6th White Chocolate Mirror Glaze with Salted Praline Buttercream Candice Raspberry and Rhubarb Drizzle Custard Bundt Cake 5th Mirror Mirror On The Wall , Who Is The Shiniest Cake Of Them All ? Jane Lemon and Poppy Seed Drizzle Cake 7th Chocolate Orange Mirror Cake Kate Berry Best Apple and Bramble Drizzle Cake 4th One Swallow Does Not Make A Summer Cake Lee St Clements Orange and Lemon Drizzle Cake 11th Strawberry Surprise Mirror Cake Louise Orange Liqueur and Lemonade Drizzle Cake 9th White Chocolate Trifle Mirror Glaze Cake Michael Lime , Ginger and Honey Drizzle Cake 3rd Matcha Tea Chocolate Mirror Glaze Rav Ginger Spice Yuzu Drizzle Cake 8th Colombian Mocha Mirror Glaze Cake Selasi Citrus and Spice Drizzle Cake 1st Raspberry , Sloe and White Chocolate Mirror Glaze Cake Tom G&T Drizzle Cake 2nd Black Forest Broken Mirror Val Mum 's Orange & Lemon Drizzle 10th Chocolate Sponge with Four Fruit Frosting Episode 2 : biscuits ( edit ) For the Signature Challenge , the bakers were given two and a half hours to make 24 iced biscuits ( cookies ) . The biscuits had to be crisp and uniform . Viennese Whirls were set as the technical challenge . To be completed in an hour and a half , they had to be filled with buttercream and jam , and had have a defined shape . For the showstopper , a gingerbread scene was set as the challenge , the only brief being it that it had to be 30 cm high , and contain eight characters or objects . The bakers had four hours for this challenge . Host Sue Perkins did not appear in the episode . Baker Signature ( 24 Iced Biscuits ) Technical ( 12 Viennese Whirls ) Showstopper ( Gingerbread 3D Scene ) Andrew Beehive Biscuits 4th Punting in Cambridge Benjamina Bouquet Biscuits 3rd New York , New York Candice Salted Caramel , Chocolate Iced Shiny Hearts 8th Gingerbread Pub with Sticky Ginger Carpet Jane Flower Pot Iced Biscuits 2nd Hastings Old Town Fishing Net Shops and Boat Kate `` A Biscuit for the Broads '' 1st `` I Promise I will do my best '' Louise Baa Bara Brith Biscuits 10th Gingerbread Wedding Michael Malt , Chocolate and Orange Iced `` Beer '' Biscuits 9th Trip to See Santa in Lapland Rav Union Jack Bunting Biscuits 6th Gingerbread Christmas Fairground Selasi `` Wheelie Hot Iced Biscuits '' 11th Stained Glass Window Gingerbread Church Tom Chai Frappelatteccino Biscuits 7th Tom and Pod 's Near Death Experience Val Sunday Treat Iced Ice Cream Cone Biscuits 5th From Holland to New York via Yorkshire Episode 3 : bread ( edit ) For the bakers ' first challenge , they had to make a chocolate loaf in two and a half hours . The loaf had to contain chocolate in some form , whether it be cocoa powder or actual pieces of chocolate . For the technical challenge , the bakers were required to make twelve Dampfnudel , a recipe Paul called `` notoriously difficult '' . In two hours , the bakers had to make twelve steamed bread rolls with two types of sauce . A savoury plaited ( braided ) centrepiece was set as the showstopper . In four hours , bakers had to make a centrepiece using at least three flours . Baker Signature ( Chocolate Loaf ) Technical ( Dampfnudel ) Showstopper ( Savoury Plaited ( Braided ) Centrepiece ) Andrew Chocolate Barmbrack Bread 2nd Braided Harvest Bread Basket Benjamina Chocolate , Tahini and Almond Babka 6th Braided Bread Heart Candice Chocolate , Salted Caramel & Pecan Brittle Brioche Loaf 3rd Italian Light and Dark Rye Twist Jane Chocolate and Cranberry Couronne 9th Chorizo and Chilli Flower with Parmesan and Pesto Centre Kate Cobbled Loaf 8th The Corn Maiden Michael Chocolate and Chilli Swirl Plait 7th Cypriot Dove and Olive Branch Plaited Loaf with Houmous Rav Chocolate , Cardamom and Hazelnut Loaf 10th Three Tier Diwali Bread Centrepiece Selasi Chocolate , Orange and Cinnamon Bread 5th Bedouin Escape Tear and Share Bread Tom Chocolate Orange and Chilli Swirl Bread 4th Jörmungandr and Mjölnir Val Double Chocolate Cinnamon Twist Loaf 1st `` And They All Went Into The Ark To Get Out Of The Rain '' Episode 4 : batter ( edit ) The first task was to make Yorkshire puddings , which involved the standard recipe filled with a variety of ingredients and flavours . The technical challenge was to make 12 heart - shaped `` lace '' pancakes , which required the bakers to draw a heart - shaped design with the batter . The showstopper challenge was to make 36 churros . Baker Signature ( Filled Yorkshire Puddings ) Technical ( 12 Heart - Shaped Lace Pancakes ) Showstopper ( Churros ) Andrew Yorkshire ' Tapas ' Puddings 4th Churros Window Box Benjamina Red Onion Chutney , Brie and Bacon Yorkshire Puddings 1st Tropical Churros Candice Yorkshire Wellingtons 2nd Two - Way Peanut Butter Churros Jane Meat and Two Veg Yorkshires 3rd Pistachio and White Chocolate Churros Kate Christmas Dinner Compromise 7th Hot Cross Bunny Churros Rav Thai Tofu Panang Yorkshires 9th Three Dip Matcha Pistachio Churros Selasi Perfect Sunday Roast Accompaniment 8th Lemon and Anise Churros Tom West Yorkshire Fusion Puddings 5th Fennel Churros Snake In The Grass Val Mum 's Chilli Yorkshire Puddings 6th Chocolate Orange Churros Episode 5 : pastry ( edit ) For the signature bake , bakers were tasked with baking 24 breakfast pastries . Two different batches of 12 pastries were to be made . The technical challenge required the bakers to make one feathered Bakewell tart . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were challenged to make 48 filled filo amuse - bouche ; 24 with a savoury filling and 24 with a sweet filling . Baker Signature ( 24 breakfast pastries ) Technical ( Bakewell tart ) Showstopper ( 48 filo amuse - bouche ) Andrew Mum and Dad 's Breakfast Pastries 6th Spicy Chorizo Squash Parcels & Baklava Bites Benjamina ' Good Morning America ' Swirls & Peanut Butter and Banana Pinwheels 5th Plantain and Spinach Samosas & Chai Pear Cups Candice Danish Pastry Croque Monsieur Kites & Cinnamon Apple , Vanilla Créme Rose Danish 2nd Sausage , Black Pudding and Apple Rounds & Banoffee Whiskey Cups Jane Orange Pain aux Raisins Secs , Raspberry , Chocolate and Almond Danish 1st Roquefort , Fig and Walnut Parcels & Cherry and Chocolate Cones Rav Cinnamon Swirls & Pecan , Walnut and Maple Plaits 8th Chinese - Style Prawn Filo Tartlets & Spiced White Chocolate and Hazelnut Samosas Selasi Rhubarb , Mango and Ginger Plait & Pineapple and Coconut Pinwheels 3rd Parma Ham , Asparagus and Cheese Filo Cigars & Coffee Cream Filo Cups Tom Mega Breakfast Bonanzas ; Granola Spirals & Wheat Foldovers 4th Yin and Yang Amuse - bouche Val Pecan and Maple Syrup Pinwheels & Apple , Sultana and Cinnamon Swirls 7th Caramelised Red Onion , Goat 's Cheese Tartlets & Mincemeat and Apple Spiced Parcels Episode 6 : botanical ( edit ) In the signature , the seven remaining bakers were asked to create a meringue pie containing citrus fruit , such as orange , grapefruits and lemons . In the technical , the contestants had to create two leaf - shaped herb fougasses . In the showstopper , the contestants were asked to create a three - tier cake with a flower theme . All the tiers could be the same flavour , or each one a different flavour , and the cakes could be decorated with flowers . Baker Signature ( Citrus Meringue Pie ) Technical ( 2 Herb Fougasse ) Showstopper ( Three - Tier Flower Cake ) Andrew Tangy Lime and Ginger Meringue Pie 6th Spring Elderflower Trio Benjamina Grapefruit and Ginger Meringue Pie 2nd Floral Tea Cake Candice Lime , Coconut and Lemongrass Sugar Meringue Pie 5th Four Seasons Cake Jane Lime and Coconut Meringue Pie 4th Three - Tier Orange Cake with a Floral Chocolate Collar Rav Mandarin Margarita Meringue Pie 3rd Blossom Cake Selasi Grapefruit , Orange and Mint Meringue Pie 7th Three - Tiered Ombré Floral Cake Tom Blood Orange Halloween Pumpkin Pie 1st Floral Tea Cake Episode 7 : desserts ( edit ) The Signature challenge required the bakers to make a family - sized roulade . The judges were looking for a light sponge cake , even layers of filling , and a clean swirl . The technical challenge was for a Marjolaine or dacquoise , an unusual layered cake made with meringue , decorated with ganache and nuts . The showstopper challenge tasked the bakers with making 24 mini mousse cakes in two flavours ( 12 of each ) . Baker Signature ( Family - Sized Roulade ) Technical ( Marjolaine ) Showstopper ( 24 Mini Mousse Cakes ) Andrew Tropical Holiday Roulade 1st Childhood Ice Cream Mousse Cakes Benjamina Piña Colada Roulade 3rd Apple Crumble Mousse Cake and Chocolate Coffee Mousse Cake Candice Crowd Pleaser Roulade 2nd Blackberry and Raspberry Bubbles and After Dinner Mousse Jane Chocolate and Hazelnut Roulade 4th Chocolate , Coffee and Vanilla Joconde Cake s and Blackcurrant and Vanilla Ombré Mousse s Selasi Summer Picnic Roulade 6th Lemon , Strawberry and Passionfruit and Chocolate and Mint Mini Mousse Cakes Tom Millionaire 's Roulade 5th Hipster Picnic Episode 8 : Tudor ( edit ) Week eight featured the show 's first Tudor theme , featuring food common in the 16th century . During the signature challenge , the five remaining bakers were asked to bake a shaped pie with Tudor flavours . The pie could be any type of pastry and they could use whichever fillings they wanted . In the technical , the contestants were asked to produce a dozen jumbles -- six knot balls and six Celtic knots . In the showstopper challenge , the contestants were asked to bake a marchpane ( marzipan ) cake in a three - dimensional shape . However , all of the cakes had to be Tudor - themed . Baker Signature ( Shaped Savoury Pies ) Technical ( 12 Jumbles ) Showstopper ( 3D Marchpane Cake ) Andrew Da Vinci Inspired Geared Pies 2nd Jousting Knights Marchpane Benjamina Mexican Adventure 4th Tudor Garden Candice Cheesy Cheeky Fish Pies 1st Peacock Jane Tudor Rose Pies 5th Swans Selasi Bouquet of Flowers 3rd Fruity Tudor Marchpane Episode 9 : pâtisserie ( semi-final ) ( edit ) The first task for pastry or pâtisserie week required the remaining four contestants to bake 24 palmiers , with two different savoury fillings and shapes . The technical challenge was to make a Savarin , a liqueur - soaked yeast cake , which none of the contestants had made before . The final challenge was to make 36 fondant fancies . Baker Signature ( 24 savoury palmiers ) Technical ( Savarin ) Showstopper ( 36 fondant fancies ) Andrew Cheesy Elephant Ears & Herby Treble Clefs 2nd Philharmonic Fondants Candice Red Onion , Cambozola and Walnut Palmiers & Walnut , Streaky Bacon and Mushroom Palmiers 3rd Chocolate Praline Fondant Fancies & Cherry Bakewell Fondant Fancies Jane Pesto and Sundried Tomato Palmiers & Goat Cheese , Olive and Parma Ham Palmiers 1st Pistachio and Raspberry Fondant Fancies & Lemon Curd Surprise Fondant Fancies Selasi Sundried Tomato , Onion , Peppers and Parmesan Palmiers & Salmon , Spinach and Mushroom Palmiers 4th Lime and Ginger Fondant Fancies & Pink Velvet and Raspberry Prosecco Fondant Fancies Episode 10 : royal picnic ( final ) ( edit ) In the final signature challenge , the bakers had to make a filled meringue crown , which had to contain at least three layers of meringue , in three hours . In the technical , the judges decided to make a familiar bake challenging : the bakers had to make a Victoria sandwich , with no recipe or method given , in 90 minutes . The final showstopper involved the largest number of bakes ever requested in a challenge . The bakers were given five hours to make a picnic fit for the Queen , including one chocolate celebration cake , 12 sausage rolls , 12 mini quiches , 12 savoury scones and 12 fruit and custard tarts . Baker Signature ( Meringue crowns ) Technical ( Victoria sandwich with no recipe ) Showstopper ( Picnics ) Andrew Crunchy Caramel Cassis Crown 1st Family and Friends ' Favourites Picnic Candice Queen Victoria 's Mango and Strawberry Crown 2nd Picnic for Pearly Kings and Queens Jane Red , White and Blue Meringue Crown 3rd Family Favourites Feast Christmas specials ( edit ) The Masterclass episodes were replaced by two Christmas specials , which featured eight contestants from the series 2 -- 5 . The two Christmas specials were the last to be aired on BBC before the channel move , and thus featured the last appearances of hosts Mel Giedroyc and Sue Perkins and judge Mary Berry . Judge Paul Hollywood would then followed the channel move . The first Christmas special featured Mary - Anne Boermans ( Series 2 ) , Cathryn Dresser ( Series 3 ) , Ali Imdad ( Series 4 ) and Norman Calder ( Series 5 ) . The competition was won by Mary - Anne Boermans . The second Christmas special featured Janet Basu ( Series 2 ) , James Morton ( Series 3 ) , Howard Middleton ( Series 4 ) and Chetna Makan ( Series 5 ) . The competition was won by Chetna Makan . Episode 1 ( edit ) The signature challenge required the bakers to create 2 batches of edible Christmas tree decorations , 12 of each type , using biscuits . The technical challenge , set by Mary , tasked the bakers to make a choux wreath consisting of 36 choux buns , filled and decorated festively with chocolate . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make a Christmas scene cake , which must be at least three tiers . Baker Signature ( 24 edible biscuit tree decorations ) Technical ( choux wreath ) Showstopper ( Christmas scene cake ) Ali Rose & Fennel Henna - Inspired Biscuits and Date & Orange Ma'amoul Bauble Biscuits 1st Celebration of Jesus Cake Cathryn Chocolate Peppermint Candy Canes and Clementine , Cranberry & Rosemary Holly Leaf Biscuits 2nd Our Christmas Eve Mary - Anne Christmas Pudding and Christmas Wreath Biscuits 3rd My Christmas Cakey Bakey Norman Orange & Cinnamon Dufrickies and Whisky Shortbread Ding Dangs 4th Gâteau De Joyeux Noël Episode 2 ( edit ) The bakers were tasked to make 24 savoury Christmas canapés , 12 of two types in the signature challenge . The technical challenge was set by Paul , in which the bakers were tasked of baking a Kanellängd , a spiced Scandinavian celebratory Christmas loaf with the meaning of `` cinnamon length '' . For the showstopper challenge , the bakers were required to make 36 sweet Christmas miniatures , 12 each of three types , arranged as a celebratory centerpiece . Baker Signature ( 24 savoury Christmas canapés ) Technical ( Kanellängd ) Showstopper ( 36 sweet Christmas miniatures ) Chetna Aubergine & Tomato Canapés and Spiced Potato Canapés 3rd Family Favourites ( Baked Alaska , Bûche de Noël and Ginger & Citrus Cheesecake ) Howard Smoked Trout Trees with Pea Pastry and Partridge & Pear Treats 2nd Camp as Christmas Trio ( Cranberry Sherry Glass Trifle , Gingerbread `` House - and - Garden '' Cheesecake and Stollen ) James Mackerel Mousse Mille - feuille and Red Onion & Goats Cheese Swirls 1st Merry Extravaganza ( Apple Pie & Custard Doughnut , Chocolate - orange Macaron and Christmas Cake ) Janet Crab Pâté Gougère Barguettes and Mushroom & Chicken Liver Tartlets 4th Festive Friends ( Tri-coloured Petit Four , Mont Blanc and Chocolate & Orange Dome ) Controversies ( edit ) Before the series had begun , some viewers complained of the `` gendered '' icing in preview pictures of the bakers . In the promo shots of the bakers , the male bakers were given blue icing while the female bakers were given pink icing , whereas the previous year , every baker was given the same colour regardless . As a result , the BBC altered the colouring of the icing . Ratings ( edit ) The opening episode had an average viewing figure of 10.4 million according to overnight ratings , an improvement over the figure of 9.3 million for the corresponding episode in 2015 . This made it the most watched TV show of 2016 so far , with the official figure also making it the most watched TV show since the 2015 Bake Off Final . Its run on the BBC ended with an average overnight viewing figure of 14 million for the final , peaking at 14.8 million , which is a record for the show . The series dominated the list of most - watched programmes in 2016 , with nine of the top ten being episodes of the show . Its finale was watched by 15.9 million viewers ( 7 days cumulative figure ) , the most popular of the year . Official episode viewing figures are from BARB . Episode no . Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking Weekly ranking all channels BBC iPlayer requests 24 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 24 ) 13.58 13.86 1,989,000 31 August 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) 13.45 13.74 1,949,000 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 13.01 13.38 2,314,000 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 13.29 13.88 2,291,000 5 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 13.12 13.33 1,984,000 6 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 13.13 13.41 1,397,000 7 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 13.45 13.72 2,154,000 8 12 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 13.26 13.45 1,957,000 9 19 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) 13.44 13.65 1,901,000 10 26 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 15.90 16.03 1,602,000 Specials ( edit ) Episode no . Airdate 7 day viewers ( millions ) 28 day viewers ( millions ) BBC One weekly ranking BBC iPlayer requests The Great British Bake Off , Class of 2015 27 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) 4.28 4.45 25 N / A The Great Christmas Bake Off 25 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 25 ) 8.21 8.35 853,000 26 December 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 26 ) 6.37 6.52 15 N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 : everything you need to know -- Olympics will delay new series '' . Telegraph . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 start date : BBC One show delayed thanks to the Rio Olympics '' . The Independent . 5 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Sillito , David ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Why did The Great British Bake Off move to Channel 4 ? '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mel and Sue to quit as hosts '' . BBC . 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : Mary Berry leaves but Paul Hollywood stays '' . BBC . 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : which ones are on Twitter ? Rav , Tom , Candice , Jane , Lousie , Andrew , Selasi , Michael , Benjamani Jump up ^ BBC 's Great British Bake Off 2016 line up is revealed Daily Mail Online Jump up ^ Norfolk nurse vying to be star baker in new series of The Great British Bake Off -- Going Out -- Eastern Daily Press Jump up ^ `` Andrew Smyth on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` GBBO : How Andrew Smyth kept the result a secret '' . BBC . 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Benjamina Ebuehi on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Candice Brown on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off Final : Bedfordshire 's Candice crowned winner of baking competition '' . Bedfordshire On Sunday . October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Beedle on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Barmby on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ Long , Jessica ( 18 August 2016 ) . `` Norfolk 's Great British Bake Off hopeful Kate Barmby reveals her baking secrets '' . Jump up ^ Hannah Furness , Alice Shaw ( 20 August 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off contestant Reverend Lee Banfield has God on his side '' . The Daily Telegraph . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Louise Williams on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Michael Georgiou on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Rav Bansal on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Selasi Gbormittah on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Tom Gilliford on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Val Stones on Instagram '' . Jump up ^ `` Sue Perkins will be missing from tonight 's Great British Bake Off episode '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Why is Sue Perkins not presenting The Great British Bake Off episode 2 ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wright , Alice ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off : What happened during Batter Week ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Newall , Sally ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 episode seven recap '' . The Independent . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 6 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : how a ' millennium wheel of lard ' stole the show -- plus the rest of the action from Dessert Week '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off : Tudor Week proved to be unexpectedly tricky -- with an even more unexpected ending '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Samadder , Rhik ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off 2016 semi-final -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off semi-final : Selasi is eliminated , Andrew named Star Baker but Candice is favourite '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Newall , Sally ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Our recap of The Great British Bake Off 2016 final '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( 27 October 2016 ) . `` The Great British Bake Off final review -- equal parts flour , butter , sugar , eggs and tears '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Michelle ( 28 October 2016 ) . `` When are the Great British Bake Off 2016 Christmas specials and who are the contestants ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ The Great British Bake Off in sexism storm as viewers get heated over ' gendered ' icing -- Mirror Online Jump up ^ BBC accused of sexism over ' gendered ' Great British Bake Off icing Jump up ^ Great British Bake Off 2016 contestants : Promo shots spark controversy with ' backward ' gendered icing Jump up ^ `` The BBC has digitally altered Great British Bake Off icing colours following outrage '' . 2016 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Great British Bake Off : More than 10 million tune in to first episode '' . BBC . 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Great British Bake Off reaches record audience '' . BBC . 27 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Great British Bake Off hands BBC clean sweep of top 10 most - viewed shows of 2016 -- but how will the corporation cope next year ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Lambert , Laura ( 21 December 2016 ) . `` Bake Off dominates the list of the most watched TV shows of 2016 with nine episodes in the top ten -- so how WILL the BBC replace it ? '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 Programmes '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-nov16.pdf Jump up ^ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/iplayer/iplayer-performance-dec16.pdf ( hide ) The Great British Bake Off Series 5 6 7 8 Winners Edd Kimber Joanne Wheatley John Whaite Frances Quinn Nancy Birtwhistle Nadiya Hussain Candice Brown Sophie Faldo Other contestants James Morton Glenn Cosby Ali Imdad Beca Lyne - Pirkis Ruby Tandoh Martha Collison Related topics List of Star Bakers Junior Bake Off The Great British Bake Off : An Extra Slice Bake Off : The Professionals International versions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada France Ireland United States 2013 2015 - present Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_British_Bake_Off_(series_7)&oldid=843637192 '' Categories : The Great British Bake Off BBC Television programmes British cooking television programmes 2016 in British television English - language television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use British English from August 2016 Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with links needing disambiguation Articles with links needing disambiguation from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 58 . 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who won series 7 of great british bake off

This series was the last to be broadcast on BBC One , as the production company Love Productions opted to move the show to Channel 4 . It was also the last series on the show for Sue Perkins and Mel Giedroyc , as they decided to leave as presenters of the show . It is also the last series of the show to feature Mary Berry as a judge . This series was won by Candice Brown , with Andrew Smyth and Jane Beedle finishing as runners - up .

Crank Yankers - Wikipedia Crank Yankers Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Crank Yankers Created by Adam Carolla Daniel Kellison Jimmy Kimmel Starring Tony Barbieri Adam Carolla Jim Florentine Jimmy Kimmel Tracy Morgan Kevin Nealon Sarah Silverman Wanda Sykes Biz Markie Theme music composer Adam Schlesinger Steven Gold Opening theme Adam Schlesinger , Steven Gold Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 70 Production Running time 21 -- 22 minutes Release Original network Comedy Central ( 2002 -- 05 ) MTV2 ( 2007 ) Original release June 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 03 ) -- March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) External links Website www.mtv2.com # crank_yankers / Crank Yankers is an American television show produced by Adam Carolla , Jimmy Kimmel and Daniel Kellison that featured actual crank calls made by show regulars and celebrity guests , and re-enacted onscreen by puppets for a visual aid to show the viewer what is happening in the call . The show premiered in 2002 on Comedy Central and returned to MTV2 on February 9 , 2007 , running again until March 30 , 2007 . The show screened in Australia on SBS Television and The Comedy Channel between 2003 and 2008 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Behind the scenes 2 Regular characters 3 Performers 4 Episodes 4.1 Series overview 4.2 Season 1 ( 2002 ) 4.3 Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 4.4 Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) 4.5 Season 4 ( 2007 ) 5 DVD releases 6 CD releases 7 References 8 External links Behind the scenes ( edit ) The performers are given a basic outline of a premise by the writers , and call telephone numbers from a list of selected targets ( known as `` marks '' ) . Using the basic premises , the performers improvise most of their lines , playing off of the responses of their marks , with the intention to keep them on the phone as long as possible . With the exception of a few outside sources ( including previous material from Jim Florentine and the Touch - Tone Terrorists ) , all the calls are made from Nevada . The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 makes it illegal in most states to record telephone calls without both parties ' consent . Under Nevada law , only one of the parties has to give consent ( i.e. , the caller ) , so prank calls can be recorded without the consent of the prank victims . One result of this was the series ' schedule of creating and airing new episodes was fairly sporadic due to most of the celebrities living in Los Angeles , having Los Angeles - based jobs , and so were only periodically able to go to Las Vegas to make calls . Adam Carolla , for example , took his radio program to Las Vegas once or twice a year , and while there would record new calls for the program . The puppets are then constructed based on the various marks ' voices , and , along with a series of stock characters ( such as `` Niles Standish '' , `` Bobby Fletcher '' , and `` Special Ed '' ) based on the performers ' character voices , the calls are re-enacted for the skits . The main character puppets for the first season were constructed by Bob Flanagan 's company Den Design with additional puppets built by BJ Guyer , Carol Binion , Rick Lyon , Ron Binion , Jim Kroupa , and Artie Esposito . An in - house puppet shop was set up for the following seasons to accommodate the fast - paced schedule of the show and the sheer volume of puppet characters required for each episode . The puppets are puppeteered by Ronald Binion , Rick Lyon , BJ Guyer , Victor Yerrid , Paul McGinnis , Alice Dinean Vernon , and Artie Esposito . Originally , the show was titled Prank Puppets ; it was renamed after Comedy Central lawyers deemed that it implied malice . Regular characters ( edit ) Karl Malone : Jimmy Kimmel 's impression of then - NBA star Karl Malone . He regularly refers to himself in the third - person . `` Do n't hang up on Karl Malone . '' Gladys Murphy ( Wanda Sykes ) : A boisterous black woman who makes embarrassing announcements , generally of a scatological or sexual nature . Her many children do things like gluing her buttocks to the toilet and stealing money from a malfunctioning bank machine . Niles Standish ( Tony Barbieri ) : The British Earl of Yankerville , he is a rich and eccentric middle - aged pervert with homosexual tendencies . He frequently calls various services and asks for their price , then orders them to `` double it . '' ( Once even confusing someone by telling them to `` cut it in half , and double it ! '' ) . Special Ed ( Jim Florentine ) : Bobby Fletcher 's mentally challenged younger cousin who constantly repeats himself , makes random comments , and shouts his catchphrase `` Yay ! '' until the other caller gets frustrated . He makes a cameo in one of Bobby 's prank calls , the `` Let Me Put My Brother on the Phone '' call . In two prank calls of his own ( one to a movie theater and one to a video store ) , Ed reveals that his favorite movie is Air Bud . In the video - store call , he works in several references to The Shining . Dick Birchum ( Adam Carolla ) : A psychotic Vietnam War veteran whose hobbies include carpentry , Shotokan karate , spying on women in their beds or bathrooms by drilling holes or a hidden camera , and gun ownership . He has a 600 - pound wife and conjoined twin daughters . He lost part of his right leg in the war and 3 right - hand fingers in a carpentry accident . He frequently refers to his time in Vietnam and `` smoking hash out of a human skull . '' Jimmy ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A Kimmel - based grown man who lives with his mother . He also has 2 young children who use foul language and play juvenile pranks . Bobby Fletcher ( Jim Florentine ) : Ed 's drug - using underachiever older cousin . He is extremely rude and insulting , and known for generating copious amounts of gas and belching into the phone . Elmer Higgins ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : A crabby , long - winded stereotype of an elderly man ( based on Kimmel 's grandfather ) . He makes complaint calls and frequently goes off on unrelated , long - winded tangents about his younger days and various irrelevant subjects . He frequently blames the situations he 's complaining about on his gay grandson , Terrance Catheter . Helen Higgins ( Susie Essman ) : Elmer 's beautiful wife of over 60 years , she is an elderly Jewish woman who likes to proposition young men . Her son gave her a pet parrot who is well - versed in curse words . In a late - in - the - series sketch about Elmer wanting driving lessons , he mentions that she has died . Landalious `` The Truth '' Truefeld ( David Alan Grier ) : A former football player who likes to rap . Spoonie Luv ( Tracy Morgan ) : A smooth - talking African American hip hop - type character who makes lewd and suggestive comments . He often refers to himself as `` Spoonie Luv from Up Above . '' In one particularly noteworthy prank call , he attempts to sell a video store tapes of himself masturbating . Hadassah Guberman ( Sarah Silverman ) : A Jewish female college student who works various part - time jobs , including conducting surveys for O magazine . She frequently asks intrusive questions and makes veiled passive - aggressive insults . Her sexuality and sanity seem highly questionable . Terrence Catheter ( Jimmy Kimmel ) : Elmer Higgins ' grandson is an effeminate redhead who acts as spokesperson for various celebrities , such as Tom Cruise , Bill Cosby , Jared Fogle , J.K. Rowling , Mr. T , and the Olsen twins . He calls various places of business to book appearances and asks them to comply with the celebrities ' ridiculous demands . Tony Deloge ( Bob Einstein ) : A loud - mouthed , fast - paced politician who calls random people to pander for votes as `` district selectman . '' He occasionally tries to use his political power to get things for free . Cammie Smith ( Lisa Kushell ) : An oversexed , conceited , condescending 22 - year - old exotic dancer . Boomer and the Nudge ( Jimmy Kimmel and Patton Oswalt ) : Two obnoxious morning - radio disc jockeys who call people to make `` on - air dares . '' Junkyard Willie ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : An obstructionist in the form of a gravelly - voiced black man who is actually an import from the Touch - Tone Terrorists where he is a regular character . He appears in two sketches as a supervisor at YPS ( `` Yankerville Package Service '' ) . Jim Bob the Handicapped Hillbilly ( Touch - Tone Terrorists ) : A mentally challenged hillbilly who works with Junkyard Willie at YPS . Sav Macauley ( Dane Cook ) : The overly enthusiastic host of a phone game show , `` The Phone Zone , '' where he calls people and asks ridiculous random trivia questions for cash prizes and interjects his own sound effects . OCD Ken ( Kevin Nealon ) : An accountant with obsessive - compulsive disorder who prefers cleanliness and even numbers . He often requests people to press the pound key as part of his disorder . Danny ( David Alan Grier ) : A man who repeatedly gets nervous or disgusted causing him to vomit over the phone . The vomit is depicted as an Exorcist - like liquid shooting out of the puppet 's throat . Chip Douglas ( Fred Armisen ) : A Mexican immigrant who is perpetually building a house with minimal supplies and poor command of the English language . He makes two prank calls to newspaper offices , one to attempt to sell cartoons and the other ( a prank call in Spanish ) to inform a Spanish - language newspaper that he has not received that day 's edition . Katie ( Katie Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's daughter made occasional appearances from 2003 , initially with a few short lines but later making entire crank calls herself ( notably pretending to be a drunken 9 - year - old trying to order alcohol by phone ) . Kevin ( Kevin Kimmel ) : Jimmy Kimmel 's son made occasional appearances from 2003 , including as Elmer Higgins ' grandson . Foreign Guy ( Dane Cook ) : A nameless immigrant who calls various places looking for assistance or to purchase something . To confuse the person he calls , he frequently switches between speaking in extremely broken English in an incomprehensible accent to speaking fluently , with no accent . The switch is demonstrated visually by having the puppet move between the two halves of a room across a clear dividing line . Gene Winterbuck ( Dane Cook ) : A wheelchair - bound young man who calls libraries requesting books with titles referring to disabilities , such as `` Johnny NoodleLegs '' . Lou Vilman ( Kevin Nealon ) : An easily impressed guy who responds `` Wow ! '' to everything . Dick Rogers ( Seth MacFarlane ) : A stereotypical fast - talking 1940s detective whose sketches appear in black - and - white . He 'll often call to complain about issues that would make someone from the 1940s uncomfortable , such as being hit on by men at a gay bar or getting a haircut from a female hairdresser . He also calls the YMCA for help with his alcohol problem . Performers ( edit ) Jimmy Kimmel Adam Carolla Drew Carey Dave Chappelle Dane Cook David Cross Eminem Tracy Morgan Sarah Silverman Tony Barbieri Jeff Goldblum Jamie Kennedy Jack Black Tom Kenny Kyle Gass Susie Essman Jim Florentine Touch - Tone Terrorists Fred Armisen Nicole Sullivan Kevin Nealon Super Dave Osborne David Alan Grier Rick Rosner Wanda Sykes Snoop Dogg Ludacris Jack Osbourne Sharon Osbourne Billy West Lisa Kushell Stephen Colbert Patton Oswalt Denis Leary Biz Markie Chamillionaire Seth MacFarlane Mitch Hedberg Dr. Drew Pinsky Wu - Tang Clan Seth Green Lil ' Jon Andy Milonakis Steve - O Ryan Dunn Nick Cannon Kenan Thompson Robert Smigel Josh Gardner Good Charlotte Jonathan Kimmel Gilbert Gottfried Bobcat Goldthwait Bob Odenkirk Chief artists working for the show include : Xavier Corby Chris Davis Todd Hulin Shane Klein David Kolodny - Nagy Dutch Merrick Kristie Moore Brook Shafer Jason Tyne Mark Walbaum Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 June 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) 30 March 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) April 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) 22 July 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) March 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) 8 February 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 02 ) `` Denis Leary & Sarah Silverman '' June 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 09 ) `` Wu - Tang Clan '' June 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 16 ) `` Jimmy Kimmel & Wanda Sykes '' June 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 23 ) 5 5 `` David Alan Grier & Dave Attell '' June 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 30 ) 6 6 `` Susie Essman & Jim Florentine '' July 7 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 07 ) 7 7 `` Sarah Silverman & Tracy Morgan '' July 14 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 14 ) 8 8 `` Kevin Nealon & Super Dave Osborne '' July 21 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 21 ) 9 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' July 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 28 ) 10 10 `` Dane Cook & Sarah Silverman '' August 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 08 - 04 ) Season 2 ( 2003 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Sarah Silverman '' March 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 04 ) 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Robert Schimmel '' March 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 11 ) 13 `` Snoop Dogg & Kevin Nealon '' March 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 18 ) 14 `` Jeff Garlin & Gilbert Gottfried '' March 25 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 25 ) 15 5 `` Fred Armisen & Kevin Nealon '' April 1 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) 16 6 `` Wanda Sykes & Bobcat Goldthwait '' April 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 08 ) 17 7 `` Adam Carolla & Jim Florentine '' April 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 15 ) 18 8 `` Adam Carolla & Dr. Drew Pinsky '' April 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 22 ) 19 9 `` Jimmy Kimmel & David Alan Grier '' April 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 29 ) 20 10 `` Fred Armisen & Sarah Silverman '' May 6 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 06 ) 21 11 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' September 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 16 ) 22 12 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 23 13 `` Adam Carolla & Kevin Kimmel '' September 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 30 ) 24 14 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Gilbert Gottfried '' October 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 25 15 `` David Alan Grier & Super Dave Osborne '' October 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 14 ) 26 16 `` Robert Smigel & Adam Carolla '' October 21 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 21 ) 27 17 `` David Alan Grier & Jeff Garlin '' October 28 , 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 28 ) 28 18 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' November 4 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 04 ) 29 19 `` Bob Odenkirk & Fred Armisen '' November 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 11 ) 30 20 `` Jim Florentine & Kathy Griffin '' November 18 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 18 ) 31 21 `` Sarah Silverman & David Alan Grier '' February 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 10 ) 32 22 `` Kevin Nealon & Wanda Sykes '' February 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 17 ) 33 23 `` Jamie Kennedy & David Alan Grier '' February 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 - 24 ) 34 24 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' March 2 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 02 ) 35 25 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' March 9 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 09 ) 36 26 `` Sarah Silverman & Jeff Goldblum '' March 16 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 16 ) 37 27 `` Seth Green & Jamie Kennedy '' March 23 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 23 ) 38 28 `` Wanda Sykes & Adam Carolla '' March 30 , 2004 ( 2004 - 03 - 30 ) 39 29 `` Kevin Nealon & Sarah Silverman '' April 6 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 06 ) 40 30 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Fred Armisen '' April 13 , 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 13 ) Season 3 ( 2004 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 41 `` Eminem & Tracy Morgan '' July 20 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 20 ) 42 `` Jack & Sharon Osbourne '' July 27 , 2004 ( 2004 - 07 - 27 ) 43 `` Andy Richter & Sarah Silverman '' August 3 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 03 ) 44 `` Bob Odenkirk & Adam Carolla '' August 10 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 10 ) 45 5 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Kevin Nealon '' August 17 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 17 ) 46 6 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Adam Carolla '' August 24 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 24 ) 47 7 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' August 31 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 31 ) 48 8 `` Adam Carolla & David Alan Grier '' September 7 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 07 ) 49 9 `` Dane Cook & Kevin Nealon '' September 14 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 14 ) 50 10 `` Tracy Morgan & Adam Carolla '' September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 51 11 `` Wanda Sykes & Kevin Nealon '' December 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 21 ) 52 12 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' January 12 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 12 ) 53 13 `` Ludacris & Drew Carey '' January 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 19 ) 54 14 `` Bob Odenkirk & Tracy Morgan '' February 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) 55 15 `` Drew Carey & Jeff Goldblum '' February 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 09 ) 56 16 `` Jason Schwartzman & David Alan Grier '' February 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 16 ) 57 17 `` Wanda Sykes & Sarah Silverman '' February 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 23 ) 58 18 `` Tracy Morgan & Jimmy Kimmel '' March 2 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 02 ) 59 19 `` Ludacris & Kevin Nealon '' March 9 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 09 ) 60 20 `` Holiday Special '' March 16 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 16 ) 61 21 `` Best - of Special 1 '' March 23 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) 62 22 `` Best - of Special 2 '' March 30 , 2005 ( 2005 - 03 - 30 ) Season 4 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date 63 `` Lil Jon & Sarah Silverman '' February 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 09 ) 64 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Steve - O '' February 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 16 ) 65 `` Dane Cook & Chamillionaire '' February 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 02 - 23 ) 66 `` Good Charlotte & Lil Jon '' March 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 02 ) 67 5 `` Dave Chappelle & Seth Green '' March 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) 68 6 `` Andy Milonakis & Ryan Dunn '' March 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 16 ) 69 7 `` Adam Carolla & Dane Cook '' March 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 23 ) 70 8 `` Jimmy Kimmel & Nick Cannon '' March 30 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 30 ) Dvd releases ( edit ) DVD Name Release Date Ep # Additional Information Season 1 Uncensored September 28 , 2004 10 `` Dial ' T ' for Torment : Mini-Documentary , Two Unaired Calls . Season 2 Volume 1 Uncensored April 26 , 2005 15 Unaired Calls . Season 2 Volume 2 Uncensored November 29 , 2005 15 4 exclusive audio calls from Fred Armisen , Eminem , Jim Florentine , and Jimmy Kimmel . The Best of Crank Yankers December 4 , 2007 N / A Includes 58 favorite calls . There are currently no plans for a DVD release for seasons 3 & 4 CD releases ( edit ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 1 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 2 ( 2002 ) The Best Uncensored Crank Calls , Volume 3 ( 2003 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Crank Yankers '' at IMDB Jump up ^ `` The Adam Carolla Show : Matt Atchity ( January 6 , 2012 ) '' . Podcast . ACE Broadcasting . January 6 , 2012 . Retrieved 7 January 2012 . @ 31 : 00min : Crank Yankers was originally called ' Prank Puppets ' and the pussy fucking lawyers said ... External links ( edit ) Official website from Comedy Central Crank Yankers on IMDb Adam Carolla Audio The Adam Carolla Show ( radio ) The Adam Carolla Show ( podcast ) Television The Man Show Crank Yankers Too Late with Adam Carolla The Adam Carolla Project Catch a Contractor Film The Hammer Road Hard Winning : The Racing Life of Paul Newman No Safe Spaces Related Carolla Digital Jackhole Productions 4535 Adamcarolla Comedy Central original programming Former 1990s debuts Alan King : Inside the Comedy Mind ( 1991 ) Afterdrive ( 1991 ) Clash ! 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who does the voice of special ed on crank yankers

Special Ed ( Jim Florentine ) : Bobby Fletcher 's mentally challenged younger cousin who constantly repeats himself , makes random comments , and shouts his catchphrase `` Yay ! '' until the other caller gets frustrated . He makes a cameo in one of Bobby 's prank calls , the `` Let Me Put My Brother on the Phone '' call . In two prank calls of his own ( one to a movie theater and one to a video store ) , Ed reveals that his favorite movie is Air Bud . In the video - store call , he works in several references to The Shining .

Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) - wikipedia Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ministry of Trade and Industry Agency overview Formed March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Jurisdiction Government of Singapore Employees 2,932 ( 2015 est . ) Annual budget $3.05 billion SGD ( 2015 est . ) Ministers responsible Chan Chun Sing , Minister Chee Hong Tat , Senior Minister of State Koh Poh Koon , Senior Minister of State Tan Wu Meng , Senior Parliamentary Secretary S Iswaran , Minister In Charge of Trade Relations Agency executives Loh Khum Yean , Permanent Secretary Lee Ark Boon , Deputy Secretary ( Trade ) Ngiam Shih Chun , Deputy Secretary ( Industry ) Child agencies A * STAR Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore Economic Development Board Energy Market Authority Enterprise Singapore Hotel Licensing Board JTC Corporation Sentosa Development Corp . Singapore Tourism Board Website www.mti.gov.sg The Ministry Of Trade and Industry ( Abbreviation : MTI ; Malay : Kementerian Perdagangan dan Perusahaan ; Chinese : 贸 工 部 ; Tamil : வர்த்தக , தொழில் அமைச்சு ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore that directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore . Contents 1 Departments & Statutory boards 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Departments & statutory boards ( edit ) The ministry oversees a department and 9 statutory boards . These are : Singapore Department of Statistics Agency for Science , Technology and Research ( A * STAR ) Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore ( CCCS ) Economic Development Board ( EDB ) Energy Market Authority ( EMA ) Hotel Licensing Board ( HLB ) JTC Corporation ( JTC ) Sentosa Development Corporation ( SDC ) Singapore Tourism Board ( STB ) Enterprise Singapore See also ( edit ) Government of Singapore References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Head V : Ministry of Trade and Industry '' ( PDF ) . Budget 2015 : Revenue and Expenditure Estimates . Ministry of Finance . February 2015 . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ministry of Trade and Industry ( Singapore ) . 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what does the ministry of trade and industry do

The Ministry Of Trade and Industry ( Abbreviation : MTI ; Malay : Kementerian Perdagangan dan Perusahaan ; Chinese : 贸 工 部 ; Tamil : வர்த்தக , தொழில் அமைச்சு ) is a ministry of the Government of Singapore that directs the formulation of policies related to the development of trade and industry in Singapore .

Yanny or Laurel - wikipedia Yanny or Laurel `` Yanny '' redirects here . For the Greek musician , see Yanni . For other uses , see Yanni ( disambiguation ) . `` Yanny or Laurel '' This low quality recording of the pronunciation of `` Laurel '' , which went viral on Twitter , enhances the illusion according to Brad Story . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Yanny or Laurel '' is an auditory illusion of a re-recording of a vocabulary word plus added background sounds , also mixed into the recording , which became popular in May 2018 . In the brief audio recording , 53 % of over 500,000 people answered on a Twitter poll that they heard a man saying the original word `` Laurel '' , while 47 % reported hearing a voice saying the name `` Yanny '' . Analysis of the sound frequencies has confirmed that both sets of sounds are present in the mixed recording , but some users focus on the higher frequency sounds in `` Yanny '' and can not seem to hear the lower sounds of the word `` Laurel '' . When the audio clip has been slowed to lower frequencies , then the word `` Yanny '' has been heard by more listeners , while faster playback loudens `` Laurel '' ( see below : Pitch - shifted versions ) . Contents 1 Background 2 Pop culture 3 Scientific analysis 3.1 Pitch - shifted versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Background ( edit ) The mixed re-recording was created by students who played the sound of the word `` laurel '' ( a laurel wreath ) , while re-recording the playback amid background noise in the room . The audio clip of the main word `` laurel '' originated in 2007 from a recording of Jay Aubrey Jones , an opera singer , who spoke the word `` laurel '' as one of 200,000 reference pronunciations produced and published by vocabulary.com in 2007 . The clip was made at Jones ' home using a laptop and microphone , with surrounding foam to help soundproof the recording . The discovery of the ambiguity phenomenon is attributed to Katie Hetzel , a 15 - year - old freshman at Flowery Branch High School , near Atlanta , Georgia , who posted a description publicly on Instagram on May 11 , 2018 . The illusion reached further popularity when the student 's friend posted it on Reddit the next day . It was picked up by YouTuber Cloe Feldman on her Twitter account . Pop culture ( edit ) Notable individuals who responded to the auditory illusion included Ellen DeGeneres , Stephen King , and Chrissy Teigen . Laurel Halo and Yanni , whose names are similar to those given in the auditory illusion , also responded . In a video released by the White House , various members of the Trump administration reacted to the meme , and President Donald Trump said , `` I hear covfefe '' , as a reference to his `` covfefe '' tweet the previous year . According to The Guardian , the clip was the most divisive subject on the internet since the gold / blue dress controversy in 2015 . Several days after the clip became viral , the team at Vocabulary.com added a separate entry for the word `` Yanny '' , which contained an audio clip identical to `` Laurel '' . Its definition is about the Internet trend . Scientific analysis ( edit ) On May 16 , 2018 , a report in The New York Times noted a spectrogram analysis confirmed how the extra sounds for `` yanny '' can be graphed in the mixed re-recording . The sounds also were simulated by combining syllables of the same Vocabulary.com voice saying the words `` Yangtze '' and `` uncanny '' as a mash - up of sounds which gave a similar spectrogram as the extra sounds graphed in the laurel re-recording . Benjamin Munson , a professor of audiology at the University of Minnesota , suggested that `` Yanny '' can be heard in higher frequencies while `` Laurel '' can be heard in lower frequencies . Older people , whose ability to hear higher frequencies is more likely to have degraded , usually hear `` Laurel '' . Kevin Franck , the director of audiology at the Boston hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear says that the clip exists on a `` perceptual boundary '' and compared it to the Necker Cube illusion . Professor David Alais from the University of Sydney 's school of psychology also compared the clip to the Necker Cube or the face / vase illusion , calling it a `` perceptually ambiguous stimulus '' . Brad Story , a professor of speech , language , and audiology at the University of Arizona said that the low quality of the recording creates ambiguity . Dr. Hans Rutger Bosker , psycholinguist and phonetician at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics , showed that it is possible to make the same person hear the same audio clip differently by presenting it in different acoustic contexts : if one hears the ambiguous audio clip after a lead - in sentence without any high frequencies ( > 1000 Hz ) , this makes the higher frequencies in the following ambiguous audio clip stand out more , making people report `` Yanny '' where they previously maybe heard `` Laurel '' . Pitch - shifted versions ( edit ) `` Yanny or Laurel '' ( pitch shifted higher ) By pitch shifting the original audio by 20 % , `` Laurel '' is clearer Problems playing this file ? See media help . By pitch shifting the original audio to higher or lower frequencies , the same listener can report different interpretations . The New York Times released an interactive tool on their website that changes the pitch of the recording in real - time . The interactive slider allows the recording to be played back at any pitch between 3 semitones higher ( to help the listener hear `` Laurel '' ) , and 6 semitones lower ( to help the listener hear `` Yanny '' ) . This change in volume of frequencies has a similar effect in the `` brainstorm - green needle '' auditory illusion . See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Internet portal List of Internet phenomena Malapropism McGurk effect Mondegreen Optical illusion The dress References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jackson , Amanda ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What science has to say '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Jen ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Why you hear `` Laurel '' or `` Yanny '' in that viral audio clip , explained `` . Vox . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salam , Maya ; Victor , Daniel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny ? What We Heard From the Experts '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Katz ; Jonathan Corum and Jon Huang ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` We Made a Tool So You Can Hear Both Yanny and Laurel '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 01 . playing the `` laurel '' clip over speakers and re-recording it introduced noise and exaggerated the higher frequencies . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Voice behind That ' Laurel ' ( or ' Yanny ' ) Clip That 's Driving Everyone Nuts '' . Time.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Laurel '' at vocabulary.com Archived May 16 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Matsakis , Louise ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The True History of ' Yanny ' and ' Laurel ' '' . WIRED . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Virginia ( May 27 , 2018 ) . `` We Got To The Bottom Of A Geeky Conspiracy Theory About Yanny And Laurel '' . BuzzFeed News . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2018 . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Katie Hetzel , 15 yr old Flowery Branch High Freshman interview with Francesca Amiker on 11alive.com Archived May 29 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . ( published to YouTube on May 18 , 2018 ) Jump up ^ Hoggatt , Aja ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Is your favorite celeb a Yanny or a Laurel ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Caitlin ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny vs. Laurel : What do you hear ? '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gray , Julia ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Yanny Or Laurel : Yanni And Laurel Halo Weigh In '' . Stereogum . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Laurel , Yanny or ... covfefe ? White House joins in on debate '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump weighs in on the Yanny or Laurel debate '' . YouTube . Guardian News . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Watson , Chloe ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` Laurel or Yanny debate : why do some people hear a different word ? '' . the Guardian . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why you 're hearing `` Yanny '' -- and why it 's technically `` Laurel '' `` . CBS News . May 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yanny - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com '' . www.vocabulary.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ducharme , Jamie ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` An Audiologist Explains Why You Hear ' Yanny ' or ' Laurel ' -- Or Both '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Psychology of Laurel and Yanny '' . Psychology Today . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gutman , Rachel ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Linguist Explains Why ' Laurel ' Sounds Like ' Yanny ' '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` We Ca n't Trust Our Ears Anymore Now The ' Brainstorm ' / ' Green Needle ' Auditory Illusion Is Breaking Our Brains '' . digg.com . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Vocabulary.com definition for `` yanny '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yanny_or_Laurel&oldid=854724227 '' Categories : 2007 works 2018 in science Auditory illusions Internet memes Internet memes introduced in 2018 May 2018 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from August 2018 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Français Հայերեն Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 10 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the meaning of yanny and laurel

`` Yanny or Laurel '' is an auditory illusion of a re-recording of a vocabulary word plus added background sounds , also mixed into the recording , which became popular in May 2018 . In the brief audio recording , 53 % of over 500,000 people answered on a Twitter poll that they heard a man saying the original word `` Laurel '' , while 47 % reported hearing a voice saying the name `` Yanny '' . Analysis of the sound frequencies has confirmed that both sets of sounds are present in the mixed recording , but some users focus on the higher frequency sounds in `` Yanny '' and can not seem to hear the lower sounds of the word `` Laurel '' . When the audio clip has been slowed to lower frequencies , then the word `` Yanny '' has been heard by more listeners , while faster playback loudens `` Laurel '' ( see below : Pitch - shifted versions ) .

Cigarettes After Sex - wikipedia Cigarettes After Sex Jump to : navigation , search Cigarettes After Sex Origin El Paso , Texas , US Genres Dream pop shoegaze ambient pop slowcore Years active 2008 -- present Labels Partisan Website cigarettesaftersex.com Members Greg Gonzalez Jacob Tomsky Phillip Tubbs Randall Miller Past members Greg Leah Steve Herrada Emily Davis Cigarettes After Sex is an American ambient pop band from El Paso , Texas , formed in 2008 by Greg Gonzalez . The band 's debut EP , I. , was released in 2012 with the singles `` Affection '' and `` K . '' following in 2015 and 2016 , respectively . Their first full - length record , Cigarettes After Sex , was released on June 9 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Musical style and influences 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Extended plays 4.3 Singles 4.4 Demos 5 References History ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex was formed in El Paso , Texas , in 2008 . Gonzalez recorded the first EP , I. , in a four - story stairway at his alma mater , University of Texas at El Paso , calling the experience `` basically an accident ; kind of an experiment '' . `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' , `` I 'm a Firefighter '' , `` Dreaming of You '' , and `` Starry Eyes '' were recorded for I . Gonzalez relocated to Brooklyn , New York , where the band 's single `` Affection '' was recorded and released in 2015 along with a cover of REO Speedwagon 's `` Keep On Loving You '' . Through music recommendations , Cigarettes After Sex has gained millions of views on YouTube , leading to live performances across Europe , Asia , and the US . Cigarettes After Sex released their self - titled debut studio album on June 9 , 2017 . `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' was featured in episode 7 of the first season of The Handmaid 's Tale. , episode 7 of The Sinner , and episode 9 of the eighth season of Shameless . Musical style and influences ( edit ) In a feature for Noisey by Vice , Christina Cacouris describes Cigarettes After Sex as `` elemental , hazy and romantic , but with a noir edge underneath Gonzalez 's androgynous voice '' as well as `` sweet and sentimental '' . `` As the band 's name suggests , it 's reminiscent of lying in bed , but its ambient qualities do n't prevent it from being music you can dance to . '' Gonzalez cites Françoise Hardy as his favorite singer and Miles Davis as having great impact . The band also includes The Cowboy Junkies ' album The Trinity Session , Julee Cruise , and Cocteau Twins as influences . The music blog Eardrums Music describes the band as `` slow , dreamy and beautiful with gorgeous , tender vocals and very good lyrics . '' and compares it to Mazzy Star Music bloggers behind Swell Tone describe Cigarettes After Sex as a band producing `` melancholy , slow pop that will sweetly rock any listener into a listless stupor . '' Reviewing Affection for Independentmusicnews.com , Jae Pyl concludes that `` there 's just such an intimacy to Cigarettes After Sex 's sound that it 's impossible to not let it into the pit of your belly . '' Members ( edit ) Since inception in 2008 , the group has included a number of different members and collaborators led by Greg Gonzalez : Current members : Greg Gonzalez -- founder , lead vocals , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , bass Phillip Tubbs -- keyboards , electric guitar Randall Miller -- bass Jacob Tomsky -- drums Previous members : Greg Leah -- drums Steve Herrada -- keyboards Emily Davis -- acoustic guitar Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( 2017 ) Extended plays ( edit ) I. ( 2012 ) Singles ( edit ) `` Affection '' ( 2015 ) `` K . '' ( 2016 ) `` Apocalypse '' ( 2017 ) `` Each Time You Fall in Love '' ( 2017 ) `` Sweet '' ( 2017 ) Demos ( edit ) Cigarettes After Sex ( Romans 13 : 9 ) ( 2011 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cook , Cameron ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ BrushedRed ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` New Cigarettes After Sex Album '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lathan , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex : Cigarettes After Sex '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hadi , Eddino Abdul ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` The slow burn of Cigarettes After Sex 's debut album '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Dave ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Cigarettes After Sex review -- breathtaking ambient - pop enigmas '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarettes After Sex - Tickets - The Echo - Los Angeles , California - April 27th , 2016 '' . The Echo and Echoplex . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Diehard Romanticism of Cigarettes After Sex NOISEY '' . NOISEY . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records '' . Cigarettes After Sex . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review / Cigarettes After Sex / Affection '' . Independent Music News . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.cigarettesaftersex.com/ Jump up ^ `` Cigarettes After Sex - 10 New Artists You Need to Know : January 2016 '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale - S1 E7 The Other Side '' . tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The End Credits Song In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 9 Epitomizes Moira 's Spirit '' . BUSTLE . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Sinner ' Soundtrack : Listen to the Killer Playlist for USA 's Addictive Murder Mystery '' . Indiewire . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Shameless - S8 E9 The Fugees '' . tunefind . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Music : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' `` . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tune : Cigarettes After Sex -- `` Affection '' `` . Swell Tone . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarettes_After_Sex&oldid=830598611 '' Categories : 2008 establishments in Texas Dream pop musical groups Musical groups established in 2008 Musical groups from Brooklyn Musical groups from Texas Musical quartets Partisan Records artists Sadcore and slowcore groups Shoegazing musical groups Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 March 2018 , at 20 : 30 . About Wikipedia

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Cigarettes After Sex was formed in El Paso , Texas , in 2008 . Gonzalez recorded the first EP , I. , in a four - story stairway at his alma mater , University of Texas at El Paso , calling the experience `` basically an accident ; kind of an experiment '' . `` Nothing 's Gonna Hurt You Baby '' , `` I 'm a Firefighter '' , `` Dreaming of You '' , and `` Starry Eyes '' were recorded for I .

Manna - wikipedia Manna Jump to : navigation , search For the Polynesian word , see mana . For other uses , see Manna ( disambiguation ) . The Gathering of the Manna by James Tissot Manna ( Hebrew : מָן ‎ mān , Greek : μάννα ; Arabic : المَنّ ‎ , Persian : گزانگبین ‎ ) , sometimes or archaically spelled mana , is an edible substance which God provided for the Israelites during their travels in the desert during the forty - year period following the Exodus and prior to the conquest of Canaan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Biblical / canonical description 1.2 Manna in the New Testament 1.3 Manna in the Qurʾān 1.4 Identification 1.5 Potential discrepancies 2 Origin 3 Use and function 4 Gathering 4.1 Sabbath 5 Duration of supply 6 Later cultural references 7 Further reading 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) Biblical / canonical description ( edit ) Manna is described as having the appearance of bdellium . Manna is described as white and comparable to hoarfrost in color . Hoarfrost on grass lawn . According to the book of Exodus , manna is like a coriander seed in size but which is white ( this is explained by ancient commentaries as a comparison to the round shape of the coriander seed ) . In the Hebrew Bible , manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it , and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative . In the description in the Book of Exodus , manna is described as being `` a fine , flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground . It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night . Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color , similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun , and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color . Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium , adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes , which were then baked , resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil . Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey . The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day . Stored manna `` bred worms and stank '' : the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath ( Preparation Day ) , when twice the amount of manna was gathered . This manna did not spoil overnight , because , Exodus 16 : 23 -- 24 states : This is what the Lord commanded : `` Tomorrow is to be a day of rest , a holy Sabbath to the Lord . So bake what you want to bake and boil what you want to boil . Save whatever is left and keep it until morning . '' So they saved it until morning , as Moses commanded , and it did not stink or get maggots in it . Manna in the New Testament ( edit ) In the Bread of Life Discourse in John 's Gospel , the evangelist refers three times to the manna which the Jews ' ancestors ate in the desert : the Jews refer to the manna given to them by Moses as a sign of God 's promised covenant , and Jesus asserts that the manna was from God and not from Moses , and that the people who ate it were nourished on their journey but ultimately died . In contrast , according to the gospel , Jesus offered living bread , and whoever ate this bread would never die . Manna in the Qurʾān ( edit ) The word mana appears three times in the Qurʾān , in Quran 2 : 57 , 7 : 160 and 20 : 80 . It is narrated in the hadith Sahih Muslim that the Prophet Mohammad said `` Truffles are part of the ' manna ' which Allah sent to the people of Israel through Moses , and its juice is a medicine for the eye . '' Identification ( edit ) Some scholars have proposed that manna is cognate with the Egyptian term mennu , meaning `` food '' , a term that has never been attested to in history . At the turn of the twentieth century , Arabs of the Sinai Peninsula were selling resin from the tamarisk tree as man es - simma , roughly meaning `` heavenly manna '' . Tamarisk trees ( particularly Tamarix gallica ) were once comparatively extensive throughout the southern Sinai , and their resin is similar to wax , melts in the sun , is sweet and aromatic ( like honey ) , and has a dirty - yellow color , fitting somewhat with the Biblical descriptions of manna . However , this resin is mostly composed of sugar , so it would be unlikely to provide sufficient nutrition for a population to survive over long periods of time , and it would be very difficult for it to have been compacted into cakes . Other researchers have believed manna to be a form of lichen - a plant colony that often has a low mass per unit volume density and a large `` sail area . '' In particular , Lecanora esculenta has been postulated . Known natural aerial falls of various lichens have been described as occurring in accounts separate from that in the bible . `` In some parts of Asia Lecanora esculenta covers the soil to such a degree that , according to Parrot , it forms beds 15 to 20 centimetres thick . '' Pine branch with Marchalina hellenica honeydew In the Biblical account , the name manna is said to derive from the question man hu , seemingly meaning `` What is it ? '' ; this is perhaps an Aramaic etymology , not a Hebrew one . Man is possibly cognate with the Arabic term man , meaning plant lice , with man hu thus meaning `` this is plant lice '' , which fits one widespread modern identification of manna , the crystallized honeydew of certain scale insects . In the environment of a desert , such honeydew rapidly dries due to evaporation of its water content , becoming a sticky solid , and later turning whitish , yellowish , or brownish ; honeydew of this form is considered a delicacy in the Middle East , and is a good source of carbohydrates . In particular , there is a scale insect that feeds on tamarisk , the Tamarisk manna scale ( Trabutina mannipara ) , which is often considered to be the prime candidate for biblical manna . Another type is turkey oak manna , also called Persian gezengevi - gezo , men , Turkish Kudret helvasi , man - es - simma , also Diarbekir manna , or Kurdish manna . It is formed by aphids and appears white . It was common in western Iran , northern Iraq and eastern Turkey . When dried it forms into crystalline lumps which are hard and look like stone . They are pounded before inclusion in breads . Psilocybe cubensis A tamarisk tree in the Negev Desert A number of ethnomycologists , including Terence McKenna , have suggested that most characteristics of manna are similar to that of Psilocybe cubensis mushrooms , notorious breeding grounds for insects , which decompose rapidly . These peculiar fungi naturally produce a number of molecules that resemble human neurochemicals , and first appear as small fibres ( mycelia ) that resemble hoarfrost . Psilocybin , the primary psychoactive molecule in the `` Psilocybe cubensis '' mushroom , has been shown to produce spiritual experiences , with `` personal meaning and spiritual significance '' when test subjects were evaluated 14 months later . Other minority identifications of manna are that it was a kosher species of locust , or that it was the sap of certain succulent plants ( such as those of the genus Alhagi , which have an appetite - suppressing effect ) . Potential discrepancies ( edit ) Some form critics posit conflicting descriptions of manna as derived from different lore , with the description in Numbers being from the Jahwist tradition , and the description in Exodus being from the later Priestly tradition . The Babylonian Talmud states that the differences in description were due to the taste varying depending on who ate it , with it tasting like honey for small children , like bread for youths , and like oil for the elderly . Similarly , classical rabbinical literature rectifies the question of whether manna came before or after dew , by holding that the manna was sandwiched between two layers of dew , one falling before the manna , and the other after . Origin ( edit ) Manna is from Heaven , according to the Hebrew Bible and to Jesus in the New Testament , but the various identifications of manna are naturalistic . In the Mishnah , manna is treated as a natural but unique substance , `` created during the twilight of the sixth day of Creation '' , and ensured to be clean , before it arrives , by the sweeping of the ground by a northern wind and subsequent rains . According to classical rabbinical literature , manna was ground in a heavenly mill for the use of the righteous , but some of it was allocated to the wicked and left for them to grind themselves . Use and function ( edit ) Until they reached Canaan , the Israelites are implied by some passages in the Bible to have eaten only manna during their desert sojourn , despite the availability of milk and meat from the livestock with which they traveled , and the references to provisions of fine flour , oil , and meat , in parts of the journey 's narrative . As a natural food substance , manna would produce waste products ; but in classical rabbinical literature , as a supernatural substance , it was held that manna produced no waste , resulting in no defecation among the Israelites until several decades later , when the manna had ceased to fall . Modern medical science suggests the lack of defecation over such a long period of time would cause severe bowel problems , especially when other food later began to be consumed again . Classical rabbinical writers say that the Israelites complained about the lack of defecation , and were concerned about potential bowel problems . Many Christian vegetarians say that God had originally intended man would not eat meat because plants can not move and killing them would not be sinful : manna , a nonmeat substance , is used to support this theory . Further , when the people complained and wished for quail , God gave it to them , but they apparently still complained and some greedily gathered the quail . `` While the meat was still between their teeth , before it was chewed , the anger of the Lord was kindled against the people . '' Food was not manna 's only use ; one classical rabbinical source states that the fragrant odor of manna was used in an Israelite perfume . Gathering ( edit ) The Gathering of the Manna , c. 1460 - 1470 . Exodus says each day one omer of manna was gathered per family member ( about 3.64 litres ) , and may imply this was regardless of how much effort was put into gathering it ; a midrash attributed to Rabbi Tanhuma remarks that although some were diligent enough to go into the fields to gather manna , others just lay down lazily and caught it with their outstretched hands . The Talmud states that this factor was used to solve disputes about the ownership of slaves , since the number of omers of manna each household could gather would indicate how many people were legitimately part of the household ; the omers of manna for stolen slaves could be gathered only by legitimate owners , and therefore legitimate owners would have spare omers of manna . According to the Talmud , manna was found near the homes of those with strong belief in God , and far from the homes of those with doubts ; indeed , one classical midrash says that manna was intangible to Gentiles , as it would inevitably slip from their hands . The Midrash Tanhuma holds that manna melted , formed liquid streams , was drunk by animals , flavored the animal flesh , and was thus indirectly eaten by Gentiles , this being the only way that Gentiles could taste manna . Despite these hints of uneven distribution , classical rabbinical literature expresses the view that manna fell in very large quantities each day . It holds that manna was layered out over 2,000 cubits square , between 50 and 60 cubits in height , enough to nourish the Israelites for 2,000 years and to be seen from the palaces of every king in the East and West . This is probably a metaphorical statement . Sabbath ( edit ) According to Exodus , Shabbat ( Sabbath ) was reinstituted the first week manna appeared . It states that twice as much manna as usual was available on the sixth morning of the week , and none at all could be found on the seventh day ; although manna usually rotted and became maggot - infested after a single night , that which had been collected on the sixth day remained fresh until the second night . Moses stated that the double portion of Preparation Day was to be consumed on Shabbat ; and that God instructed him that no one should leave his place on Shabbat , so that the people could rest during it . Form critics regard this part of the manna narrative to be spliced together from the Yahwist and Priestly traditions , with the Yahwist tradition emphasizing rest during Shabbat , while the Priestly tradition merely states that Shabbat exists , implying that the meaning of `` Shabbat '' was already known . These critics regard this part of the manna narrative as an etiological supernature story designed to explain the origin of Shabbat observance , which in reality was probably pre-Mosaic . Duration of supply ( edit ) Exodus states that the Israelites consumed the manna for forty years , starting from the fifteenth day of the second month ( Iyar 15 ) , but that it then ceased to appear once they had reached a settled land , and once they had reached the borders of Canaan ( inhabited by the Canaanites ) . Form critics attribute this variation to the view that each expression of the manna ceasing derives from different lore ; the `` settled land '' is attributed to the Priestly tradition , and `` Canaan 's borders '' to the Yahwist tradition , or to a hypothetical later redaction to synchronize the account with that of the Book of Joshua , which states that the manna ceased to appear on the day after the annual Passover festival ( Nisan 14 ) , when the Israelites had reached Gilgal . The duration from Iyar 15 to Nisan 14 , taken literally , is forty years less one month . There is also a disagreement among classical rabbinical writers as to when the manna ceased , particularly in regard to whether it remained after the death of Moses for a further forty days , seventy days , or fourteen years ; indeed , according to Joshua ben Levi , the manna ceased to appear at the moment that Moses died . Despite the eventual termination of the supply of manna , Exodus states that a small amount of it survived within an omer - sized pot or jar , which was kept facing the Testimony ( possibly , adjacent to the Ark of the Covenant ) ; it indicates that God instructed this of Moses , who delegated it to Aaron . The Epistle to the Hebrews states that the pot was stored inside the Ark . Classical rabbinical sources believe the pot was made of gold ; some say it was only there for the generation following Moses , and others that it survived at least until the time of Jeremiah . However , the First Book of Kings states that it was absent earlier than Jeremiah , during Solomon 's reign in the tenth century B.C. Form critics attribute the mention of the pot to the Priestly tradition , concluding that the pot existed in the early sixth century B.C. Later cultural references ( edit ) Manna ash By extension , `` manna '' has been used to refer to any divine or spiritual nourishment . At the Basilica of Saint Nicholas in Bari , Italy , there is an annual ceremony of collecting a clear liquid from the tomb of Saint Nicholas ; legend credits the pleasant perfume of this liquid with warding off evil , and it is sold to pilgrims as `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas '' . The liquid gradually seeps out of the tomb , but it is unclear whether it originates from the body within the tomb , or from the marble itself ; since the town of Bari is a harbor , and the tomb is below sea level , there are several natural explanations for the manna fluid , including the transfer of seawater to the tomb by capillary action . In the seventeenth century , a woman marketed a clear , tasteless product as a cosmetic , `` the Manna of Saint Nicholas of Bari '' . After the deaths of some 600 men , Italian authorities discovered that the alleged cosmetic was a preparation of arsenic , used by their wives . In a modern botanical context , manna is often used to refer to the secretions of various plants , especially of certain shrubs and trees , and in particular the sugars obtained by evaporating the sap of the manna ash , extracted by making small cuts in the bark . The manna ash , native to southern Europe and southwest Asia , produces a blue - green sap , which has medicinal value as a mild laxative , demulcent , and weak expectorant . The names of both the sugar mannose and its hydrogenated sugar alcohol , mannitol , are derived from manna . Robert Nozick references `` manna from heaven '' in a thought experiment about distributive justice . Further reading ( edit ) Arthur , James ( 2000 ) . Mushrooms and Mankind : The Impact of Mushrooms on Human Consciousness and Religion . Escondido , CA : Book Tree . ISBN 1 - 58509 - 151 - 0 . Heinrich , Clark ( 2002 ) . Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 997 - 9 . Merkur , Dan ( 2000 ) . The Mystery of Manna : The Psychedelic Sacrament of the Bible . Rochester , VT : Park Street Press . ISBN 0 - 89281 - 772 - 0 . McKenna , Terence ( 1993 ) . Food of the Gods : The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge , A Radical History of Plants , Drugs , and Human Evolution . New York , NY : Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 37130 - 4 . See also ( edit ) Food portal Ambrosia Golden Calf Psilocybe cubensis and Psilocybe , `` flesh of the Gods '' / teonanacatl Soma and Haoma , sacraments of the Rigveda and Zoroastrian canons , respectively References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rashi on Exodus 16 : 31 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 14 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 9 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 21 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 31 Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 7 However , commentators such as John Gill prefer to interpret the word translated `` bdellium '' as `` bdeloah '' , meaning a white precious stone ( John Gill , Commentary on Numbers 11 : 7 ) . Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 8 ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 20 Jump up ^ New International Version Jump up ^ John 6 : 30 -- 58 Jump up ^ Rippin , Andrew ( 24 April 2017 ) . Wiley Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an . John Wiley & Sons . p. 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 96480 - 4 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 23 : 5084 Jump up ^ George Ebers , Durch Gosen zum Sinai , p. 236 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia ^ Jump up to : Cheyne and Black , Encyclopedia Biblica ^ Jump up to : Peake 's commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/diyarbakir-manna.html Jump up ^ https://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/case-studies/manna-lichens.html Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 15 ^ Jump up to : `` Manna Sinai '' . Jump up ^ `` tamarisk manna scale - insect '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sherbet&Spice : The complete story of Turkish sweets & deserts '' by Mary Isin , publisher I.B. Tauris , ISBN 9781848858985 Jump up ^ `` Manna From Heaven '' . deoxy.org . Archived from the original on 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Roland R. `` Mystical - type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later '' . Jump up ^ `` Pancakes or Locusts '' . gottnotes.com . Jump up ^ Peake 's Commentary on the Bible Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' , `` Book of Numbers '' Jump up ^ Yoma 75b Jump up ^ Psalm 78 : 24 - 25 , 105 : 40 Jump up ^ John 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Pirkei Avot 5 : 9 Jump up ^ Mekhilta , Beshalah , Wayassa , 3 Jump up ^ Numbers 21 : 5 ^ Jump up to : Sifre ( on Numbers ) 87 - 89 Jump up ^ Soler , Jean , The Semiotics of Food in the Bible , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Numbers 11 : 4 - 11 : 35 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 16 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 17 - 18 Jump up ^ Tanhuma , Beshalah 22 ^ Jump up to : Yoma 75a Jump up ^ Midrash Abkir ( on Exodus ) 258 Jump up ^ Midrash Tanhuma Jump up ^ Yoma 76a ^ Jump up to : Exodus 16 : 23 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 5 , 16 : 22 , 16 : 26 - 27 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 24 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 27 - 29 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 30 ^ Jump up to : Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Book of Exodus '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 35 Jump up ^ Joshua 5 : 10 - 12 Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia , `` Manna '' Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 34 Jump up ^ Exodus 16 : 32 - 33 Jump up ^ Hebrews 9 : 4 Jump up ^ 1 Kings 8 : 9 Jump up ^ Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas , St. Nicholas Center Jump up ^ Carroll , Rory , 2000 - 12 - 22 , Bones of contention , The Guardian Jump up ^ Girling , Richard , 2004 - 12 - 12 , Talking Point : Now do you believe in Santa Claus ? , The Times ^ Jump up to : Manna , Time magazine , 1927 - 08 - 29 Jump up ^ Rushforth , K. , 1999 , Trees of Britain and Europe , Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 220013 - 9 Jump up ^ Grieve , Mrs. M. , Ash , Manna Jump up ^ Cooley 's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts , 6th ed. ( 1880 ) Jump up ^ Feser , Edward . `` Robert Nozick ( 1938 -- 2002 ) '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . External links ( edit ) Media related to Manna at Wikimedia Commons Jewish Encyclopedia , Manna chabad.org , The Manna Catholic Encyclopedia , Manna Devotion and Use of the Manna of Saint Nicholas Lycaeum , Manna as a mushroom ( psilocybe ) ( hide ) Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manna&oldid=843094733 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Mythological substances Breads Fungi and humans Book of Exodus Book of Numbers Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Greek - language text Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Українська اردو ייִדיש 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 59 . 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where in the bible does it talk about manna from heaven

In the Hebrew Bible , manna is described twice : once in Exodus 16 : 1 -- 36 with the full narrative surrounding it , and once again in Numbers 11 : 1 -- 9 as a part of a separate narrative . In the description in the Book of Exodus , manna is described as being `` a fine , flake - like thing '' like the frost on the ground . It is described in the Book of Numbers as arriving with the dew during the night . Exodus adds that manna was comparable to hoarfrost in color , similarly had to be collected before it was melted by the heat of the sun , and was like a coriander seed in size but white in color . Numbers describes it as having the appearance of bdellium , adding that the Israelites ground it and pounded it into cakes , which were then baked , resulting in something that tasted like cakes baked with oil . Exodus states that raw manna tasted like wafers that had been made with honey . The Israelites were instructed to eat only the manna they had gathered for each day . Stored manna `` bred worms and stank '' : the exception being that stored the day before the Sabbath ( Preparation Day ) , when twice the amount of manna was gathered . This manna did not spoil overnight , because , Exodus 16 : 23 -- 24 states :

Trade winds - wikipedia Trade winds This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows ) The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses . Contents 1 History 2 Cause 3 Weather effects 4 See also 5 References History ( edit ) A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Africa , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 ° S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 . The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all . Edmond Halley 's map of the trade winds , 1686 By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans . Cause ( edit ) 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds As part of the Hadley cell , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 ° in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion . The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums . As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean . Weather effects ( edit ) Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America . During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s . See also ( edit ) Intertropical Convergence Zone Volta do mar Westerly wind burst Winds in the Age of Sail References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 -- 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 -- 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr ; Frank Morton McMurry ; Almon Ernest Parkins ( 1909 ) . Advanced geography . State Printing . p. 246 . Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus ( 2004 ) . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 . Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 . 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winds that blow predominantly from the northeast and the southeast are the

The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled colonial expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .

Symbolic link - wikipedia Symbolic link Jump to : navigation , search For the Microsoft data exchange format , see SYmbolic LinK ( SYLK ) . In computing , a symbolic link ( also symlink or soft link ) is the nickname for any file that contains a reference to another file or directory in the form of an absolute or relative path and that affects pathname resolution . Symbolic links were already present by 1978 in minicomputer operating systems from DEC and Data General 's RDOS . Today they are supported by the POSIX operating system standard , most Unix - like operating systems such as FreeBSD , Linux , and Mac OS X . Limited support also exists in Windows operating systems such as Windows Vista , Windows 7 and to some degree in Windows 2000 and Windows XP in the form of shortcut files . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 POSIX and Unix - like operating systems 2.1 Storage of symbolic links 2.2 Mac OS aliases 3 Microsoft Windows 3.1 NTFS symbolic link 3.2 NTFS junction points 3.3 Shortcuts 3.4 Folder shortcuts 3.5 Shell objects 3.6 Cygwin symbolic links 3.7 Summary 4 Amiga 5 OS / 2 6 Variable symbolic links 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) A symbolic link contains a text string that is automatically interpreted and followed by the operating system as a path to another file or directory . This other file or directory is called the `` target '' . The symbolic link is a second file that exists independently of its target . If a symbolic link is deleted , its target remains unaffected . If a symbolic link points to a target , and sometime later that target is moved , renamed or deleted , the symbolic link is not automatically updated or deleted , but continues to exist and still points to the old target , now a non-existing location or file . Symbolic links pointing to moved or non-existing targets are sometimes called broken , orphaned , dead , or dangling . Symbolic links are different from hard links . Hard links do not link paths on different volumes or file systems , whereas symbolic links may point to any file or directory irrespective of the volumes on which the link and target reside . Hard links always refer to an existing file , whereas symbolic links may contain an arbitrary path that does not point to anything . Symbolic links operate transparently for many operations : programs that read or write to files named by a symbolic link will behave as if operating directly on the target file . However , they have the effect of changing an otherwise hierarchical filesystem from a tree into a directed graph , which can have consequences for such simple operations as figuring out the current directory of a process . Even the Unix ... convention for navigating to a directory 's parent directory no longer works reliably in the face of symlinks . Some shells heuristically try to uphold the illusion of a tree - shaped hierarchy , but when they do , this causes them to produce different results from other programs that manipulate pathnames without such heuristic , relying on the operating system instead . Programs that need to handle symbolic links specially ( e.g. , shells and backup utilities ) thus need to identify and manipulate them directly . Some Unix as well as Linux distributions use symbolic links extensively in an effort to reorder the file system hierarchy . This is accomplished with several mechanisms , such as variant , context - dependent symbolic links . This offers the opportunity to create a more intuitive or application - specific directory tree and to reorganize the system without having to redesign the core set of system functions and utilities . POSIX and Unix - like operating systems ( edit ) In POSIX - compliant operating systems , symbolic links are created with the symlink system call . The ln shell command normally uses the link system call , which creates a hard link . When the ln - s flag is specified , the symlink ( ) system call is used instead , creating a symbolic link . Symlinks were introduced in 4.2 BSD Unix from U.C. Berkeley . The following command creates a symbolic link at the command - line interface ( shell ) : ln - s target_path link_path target_path is the relative or absolute path to which the symbolic link should point . Usually the target will exist , although symbolic links may be created to non-existent targets . link_path is the path of the symbolic link . After creating the symbolic link , it may generally be treated as an alias for the target . Any file system management commands ( e.g. , cp , rm ) may be used on the symbolic link . Commands which read or write file contents will access the contents of the target file . The rm ( delete file ) command , however , removes the link itself , not the target file . The POSIX directory listing application , ls , denotes symbolic links with an arrow after the name , pointing to the name of the target file ( see following example ) , when the long directory list is requested ( - l option ) . When a directory listing of a symbolic link that points to a directory is requested , only the link itself will be displayed . In order to obtain a listing of the linked directory , the path must include a trailing directory separator character ( ' / ' , slash ) . Note : In Below Example do not create `` three '' directory before creation of link in / tmp directory . $ mkdir - p / tmp / one / two $ echo `` test_a '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ echo `` test_b '' > / tmp / one / two / b $ cd / tmp / one / two $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd / tmp $ ln - s / tmp / one / two three $ ls - l three lrwxrwxrwx 1 user group 12 Jul 22 10 : 02 / tmp / three - > / tmp / one / two $ ls - l three / - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cd three $ ls - l - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 a - rw - r -- r -- 1 user group 7 Jan 01 10 : 01 b $ cat a test_a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_a $ echo `` test_c '' > / tmp / one / two / a $ cat / tmp / one / two / a test_c $ cat a test_c Storage of symbolic links ( edit ) Early implementations of symbolic links stored the symbolic link information as data in regular files . The file contained the textual reference to the link 's target , and an indicator denoting it as a symbolic link . This method was slow and an inefficient use of disk - space on small systems . An improvement , called fast symlinks , allowed storage of the target path within the data structures used for storing file information on disk ( inodes ) . This space normally stores a list of disk block addresses allocated to a file . Thus , symlinks with short target paths are accessed quickly . Systems with fast symlinks often fall back to using the original method if the target path exceeds the available inode space . The original style is retroactively termed a slow symlink . It is also used for disk compatibility with other or older versions of operating systems . Although storing the link value inside the inode saves a disk block and a disk read , the operating system still needs to parse the path name in the link , which always requires reading additional inodes and generally requires reading other , and potentially many , directories , processing both the list of files and the inodes of each of them until it finds a match with the link 's path components . Only when a link points to a file in the same directory do `` fast symlinks '' provide significantly better performance than other symlinks . The vast majority of POSIX - compliant implementations use fast symlinks . However , the POSIX standard does not require the entire set of file status information common to regular files to be implemented for symlinks . This allows implementations to use other solutions , such as storing symlink data in directory entries . The file system permissions of a symbolic link are not used , the access modes of the target file are controlled by the target file 's own permissions . Some operating systems , such as FreeBSD , offer the ability to modify file permissions and filesystem attributes of a symbolic link , through lchmod and lchflags system calls respectively . The reported size of a symlink is the number of characters in the path it points to . Mac OS aliases ( edit ) Main article : Alias ( Mac OS ) In Mac OS , applications or users can also employ aliases , which have the added feature of following the target , even if it is moved to another location on the same volume . This is not to be confused with the shell command alias . Microsoft Windows ( edit ) NTFS symbolic link ( edit ) Main article : NTFS symbolic link NTFS 3.1 introduced support symbolic links for any type of file . It was included with Windows XP , but was only enabled by default for kernel mode programs ; Windows Vista and later versions of Windows enabled support for symbolic links to user mode applications , as well , and supplied the command line utility mklink for creating them . Third - party drivers are required to enable support for NTFS symbolic links in Windows XP . Unlike junction points , a symbolic link can also point to a file or remote Server Message Block ( SMB ) network path . Additionally , the NTFS symbolic link implementation provides full support for cross-filesystem links . However , the functionality enabling cross-host symbolic links requires that the remote system also support them . Symbolic links are designed to aid in migration and application compatibility with POSIX operating systems . Microsoft aimed for Windows Vista 's symbolic links to `` function just like UNIX links '' . However , the implementation varies from Unix symbolic links in several ways . For example , Windows Vista users must manually indicate when creating a symbolic link whether it is a file or a directory . Windows 7 and Vista support a maximum of 31 reparse points ( and therefore symbolic links ) for a given path ( i.e. any given path can have at most 31 indirections before Windows gives up ) . Only users with the new Create Symbolic Link privilege , which only administrators have by default , can create symbolic links . If this is not the desired behavior , it must be changed in the Local Security Policy management console . Additionally , NTFS symbolic links to files are distinct from NTFS symbolic links to directories and therefore can not be used interchangeably , unlike on POSIX where the same symbolic link can refer to either files or directories . In Windows Vista and later , when the working directory path ends with a symbolic link , the current parent path reference , ... , will refer to the parent directory of the symbolic link rather than that of its target . This behaviour is also found at the shell level in at least some POSIX systems , including Linux , but never in accessing files and directories through operating system calls . For instance , bash builtin commands pwd and cd operate on the current logical directory . pwd is often used in scripts to determine the actual current working directory . When any path is used with a system call , any use of ... will use the actual filesystem parent of the directory containing the ... pseudo-directory entry . So , cd ... ; cat something and cat ... / something may return completely different results . Example : mklink / D `` C : \ Users \ < yourusername > \ Appdata \ Local \ Plex Media Server '' `` G : \ Plex Media Server '' NTFS junction points ( edit ) Main article : NTFS junction point The Windows 2000 version of NTFS introduced reparse points , which enabled , among other things , the use of Volume Mount Points and junction points . Junction points are for directories only , and moreover , local directories only ; junction points to remote shares are unsupported . The Windows 2000 and XP Resource Kits include a program called linkd to create junction points ; a more powerful one named Junction was distributed by Sysinternals ' Mark Russinovich . Not all standard applications support reparse points . Most noticeably , Backup suffers from this problem and will issue an error message 0x80070003 when the folders to be backed up contain a reparse point . Shortcuts ( edit ) Shortcuts , which are supported by the graphical file browsers of some operating systems , may resemble symbolic links but differ in a number of important ways . One difference is what type of software is able to follow them : Symbolic links are automatically resolved by the file system . Any software program , upon accessing a symbolic link , will see the target instead , whether the program is aware of symbolic links or not . Shortcuts are treated like ordinary files by the file system and by software programs that are not aware of them . Only software programs that understand shortcuts ( such as the Windows shell and file browsers ) treat them as references to other files . Another difference are the capabilities of the mechanism : Microsoft Windows shortcuts normally refer to a destination by an absolute path ( starting from the root directory ) , whereas POSIX symbolic links can refer to destinations via either an absolute or a relative path . The latter is useful if both the location and destination of the symbolic link share a common path prefix , but that prefix is not yet known when the symbolic link is created ( e.g. , in an archive file that can be unpacked anywhere ) . Microsoft Windows application shortcuts contain additional metadata that can be associated with the destination , whereas POSIX symbolic links are just strings that will be interpreted as absolute or relative pathnames . Unlike symbolic links , Windows shortcuts maintain their references to their targets even when the target is moved or renamed . Windows domain clients may subscribe to a Windows service called Distributed Link Tracking to track the changes in files and folders to which they are interested . The service maintains the integrity of shortcuts , even when files and folders are moved across the network . Additionally , in Windows 9x and later , Windows shell tries to find the target of a broken shortcut before proposing to delete it . Folder shortcuts ( edit ) Almost like shortcuts , but transparent to the Windows shell . They are implemented as ordinary folders ( which need to have the read only and / or system attribute ) containing a shortcut named target. lnk which refers to the target and a ( hidden ) desktop. ini with ( at least ) the following contents : (. ShellClassInfo ) CLSID2 = ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) Folder shortcuts are created and used from the Windows shell in the network neighborhood for example . Shell objects ( edit ) The shell objects or shell folders are defined in the Windows registry and can be used to implement a sort of symbolic link too . Like folder shortcuts , they are transparent to the Windows shell . A minimal implementation is ( the CLSID ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) is used as a placeholder ) : ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) ) @ = `` display name '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ DefaultIcon ) @ = `` ... '' ; path to icon ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ InProcServer32 ) @ = `` % SystemRoot % \ \ System32 \ \ ShDocVw. Dll '' `` ThreadingModel '' = `` Apartment '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ Instance ) `` CLSID '' = `` ( 0AFACED1 - E828 - 11D1 - 9187 - B532F1E9575D ) '' ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ Instance \ InitPropertyBag ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 15 , 00 , 00 , 00 `` Target '' = `` ... '' ; absolute ( WITHOUT `` TargetKnownFolder '' or `` TargetSpecialFolder '' only ) ; or relative path to target `` TargetKnownFolder '' = `` ( guidguid - guid - guid - guid - guidguidguid ) '' ; GUID of target folder , Windows Vista and later `` TargetSpecialFolder '' = `` 0x00xy '' ; CSIDL of target ( HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT \ CLSID \ ( 00000000 - 0000 - 0000 - 0000 - 000000000000 ) \ ShellFolder ) `` Attributes '' = hex : 00 , 00 , 00 , 00 The My Documents folder on the Desktop as well as the Fonts and the Administrative Tools folders in the Control Panel are examples of shell objects redirected to file - system folders . Cygwin symbolic links ( edit ) Cygwin simulates POSIX - compliant symbolic links in the Microsoft Windows file system . It uses identical programming and user utility interfaces as Unix ( see above ) , but creates Windows shortcuts (. lnk files ) with additional information used by Cygwin at the time of symlink resolution . Cygwin symlinks are compliant with both Windows and the POSIX standard . Additionally , Cygwin can be set up to support native Windows symbolic links which can be used out of Cygwin without restrictions . This requires : Editing CYGWIN variable ( or use another way to set Cygwin option ) ; Running the Cygwin with elevated rights because Windows restricts the creation of symbolic links to privileged users Some differences exist , however . Cygwin has no way to specify shortcut - related information -- such as working directory or icon -- as there is no place for such parameters in ln - s command . To create standard Microsoft . lnk files Cygwin provides the mkshortcut and readshortcut utilities The Cygwin User 's Guide has more information on this topic . Summary ( edit ) Property / Action Symbolic link Junction Hard link When the link is deleted Target remains unchanged Target is deleted ( except when using special tools ) Reference counter is decremented ; when it reaches 0 , the target is deleted When target is moved Symbolic link becomes invalid Junction becomes invalid Hard link remains valid Relative path Allowed Not allowed ( on saving , becomes an absolute path ) N / A Crossing filesystem boundaries Supported Supported Not supported ( target must be on same filesystem ) Windows For files Windows Vista and later ( administrator rights required ) No Yes For folders Yes No Unix For files Yes N / A Yes For directories Yes N / A Partial Amiga ( edit ) The command creating symbolic links is makelink , which is also used for hard links . Internally the dos. library returns an error code indicating that a target is a soft link if you try to perform actions on it that are only legal for a file , and applications that wish to follow the symbolic link then needs to explicitly make a call to follow the link and retry the operation . The AmigaDOS shell will follow links automatically . OS / 2 ( edit ) In the OS / 2 operating system , symbolic links somewhat resemble shadows in the graphical Workplace Shell . However , shadows , due to the fully object - oriented System Object Model , are considerably more powerful and robust than a simple link . For example , shadows do not lose their capabilities when renamed or when either the object or subject of the link is relocated . Variable symbolic links ( edit ) Symbolic links may be implemented in a context - dependent or variable fashion , such that the link points to varying targets depending on a configuration parameter , run - time parameter , or other instantaneous condition . A variable or variant symbolic link is a symbolic link that has a variable name embedded in it . This allows some flexibility in filesystem order that is not possible with a standard symbolic link . Variables embedded in a symbolic link may include user and environment specific information . Operating systems that make use of variant symbolic links include FreeBSD , NetBSD , DragonFly BSD , Domain / OS . Tru64 uses a context dependent symbolic link where the context is the cluster member number . Pyramid Technology 's OSx Operating System implemented conditional symbolic links which pointed to different locations depending on which universe a program was running in . The universes supported were AT&T 's SysV. 3 and the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD 4.3 ) . For example : if the ps command was run in the att universe , then the symbolic link for the directory / bin would point to /. attbin and the program /. attbin / ps would be executed . Whereas if the ps command was run in the ucb universe , then / bin would point to /. ucbbin and /. ucbbin / ps would be executed . Similar Conditional Symbolic Links were also created for other directories such as / lib , / usr / lib , / usr / include . See also ( edit ) Symlink race -- a security - vulnerability caused by symbolic links freedup -- generates links between identical data automatically References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pathname resolution , POSIX . Jump up ^ Pike , Rob ( 2000 ) . Lexical file names in Plan 9 or getting dot - dot right ( PDF ) . Proc. USENIX Annual Tech . Conf . Jump up ^ symlink , symlinkat . IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 Edition . Jump up ^ link , linkat . IEEE Std 1003.1 , 2013 Edition . Jump up ^ `` lchmod ( 2 ) '' . Manual pages for FreeBSD 11 . Jump up ^ `` lchflags ( 2 ) '' . Manual pages for FreeBSD 11 . Jump up ^ `` Link Shell Extension website '' . Link Shell Extension website . Jump up ^ Symbolic Links , MSDN Library , Win32 and COM Development , 2008 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ CreateSymbolicLink Function , MSDN Library , Win32 and COM Development Jump up ^ Symbolic Link Programming Considerations , MSDN Jump up ^ Mark Russinovich : Inside the Windows Vista Kernel : Part 1 -- File - based symbolic links , Microsoft Technet , February 2007 . Jump up ^ Sysinternals Junction documentation Jump up ^ http://support.microsoft.com/kb/973455 Jump up ^ `` Distributed Link Tracking and Object Identifiers '' . Microsoft Developers Network . Microsoft Corporation . 20 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Specifying a Namespace Extension 's Location Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Unable to remove Read - Only attribute from folder Jump up ^ Creating Shell Extensions with Shell Instance Objects . msdn.microsoft.com Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Cygwin User 's Guide , Cygwin . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Microsoft . lnk files in Cygwin Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Cygwin User 's Guide , Cygwin . Jump up ^ The Windows implementation is not POSIX compliant Jump up ^ POSIX permits hard links on directories but does not require them Jump up ^ ( 5 ) What 's new for FreeBSD 10 External links ( edit ) Q & A : The difference between hard and soft links as applied to Linux Junction : maintain NTFS junction points ( for Windows 2000 and above ) FSUtil Hardlink : Microsoft Technet page on using the command - line tool FSUtil to create hardlinks ( for Windows 2000 and above ) Link Shell Extension : Windows Explorer context menu , overlay icons and property sheet handler to maintain hardlinks , NTFS junction points , symbolic links etc . Symbolic Drivers for Windows XP ( in Japanese ) : file system drivers to enables Symbolic Links for Windows XP ( also mirrored on Link Shell Extension site ) . Sources available . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Linux commands This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later . ( hide ) Computer files Types Binary file / Text file File format List of file formats File signatures Magic number Metafile Sidecar file Sparse file Swap file System file Temporary file Zero - byte file Properties Filename 8.3 filename Long filename Filename mangling Filename extension List of filename extensions File attribute Extended file attributes File size Hidden file / Hidden directory Organisation Directory / Folder NTFS junction point Temporary folder Directory structure File sequence File system Filesystem Hierarchy Standard Path Operations Open Close Read Write Linking Alias File descriptor Hard link Shadow Shortcut Symbolic link Management File comparison File compression File manager Comparison of file managers File system permissions File transfer File sharing File verification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symbolic_link&oldid=798992027 '' Categories : Computer file systems Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Read Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 00 : 54 . 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what is the use of symbolic link in linux

Some Unix as well as Linux distributions use symbolic links extensively in an effort to reorder the file system hierarchy . This is accomplished with several mechanisms , such as variant , context - dependent symbolic links . This offers the opportunity to create a more intuitive or application - specific directory tree and to reorganize the system without having to redesign the core set of system functions and utilities .

Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) - wikipedia Time After Time ( Cyndi Lauper song ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Time After Time ( disambiguation ) . `` Time After Time '' Front sleeve for European releases Single by Cyndi Lauper from the album She 's So Unusual B - side `` I 'll Kiss You '' Released January 27 , 1984 Format 12 '' 7 '' Recorded June 1983 Studio The Record Plant ( New York City , New York ) Genre Soft rock Length 4 : 01 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Cyndi Lauper Rob Hyman Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff Cyndi Lauper singles chronology `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( 1983 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 1984 ) `` She Bop '' ( 1984 ) Alternative release A-side label of U.S. vinyl release Music video `` Time After Time '' on YouTube `` Time After Time '' is the second single by American singer - songwriter Cyndi Lauper from her debut studio album , She 's So Unusual ( 1983 ) , with Rob Hyman ( co-writer and founding member of the rock band The Hooters ) contributing backing vocals . The track was produced by Rick Chertoff and released as a single on January 27 , 1984 . The song became Lauper 's first number 1 hit in the U.S. The song was written in the album 's final stages , after `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' had been written . The writing began with the title , which Lauper had seen in TV Guide magazine , referring to the science fiction film Time After Time ( 1979 ) . `` Time After Time '' is composed of simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock - ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , it is a love song of devotion . Music critics gave the song positive reviews , with many commending the song for being a solid and memorable love song . The song has been selected as one of the Best Love Songs of All Time by many media outlets , including Rolling Stone , Nerve , MTV and many others . `` Time After Time '' was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 1985 edition . The song was a success on the charts , becoming her first number - one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on June 9 , 1984 , and remaining there for two weeks . The song reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and number six on the ARIA Singles Chart . The song is also known for its numerous covers by a wide range of artists , including Miles Davis , who recorded an instrumental version for his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest , and Eva Cassidy , whose cover of the song appears on her posthumous album of the same name . R&B singer Lil Mo also covered the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . An acoustic version was sung by Lauper with Sarah McLachlan on her 2005 album The Body Acoustic . Lauper has performed the song live with Patti LaBelle twice in 1985 and 2004 and with Sarah McLachlan at the American Music Awards of 2005 , as well as with rapper Lil ' Kim in 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 3.1 Accolades 3.2 Awards and nominations 3.2. 1 Lists of best songs 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) 8.3 US Re-release ( 2014 ) 8.4 Year - end charts 8.5 Certifications 9 Cover versions 9.1 INOJ version 9.1. 1 Weekly charts 9.1. 2 Year - end charts 9.1. 3 Certifications 9.2 Novaspace version 9.2. 1 Weekly charts 9.2. 2 Year - end charts 9.3 Quietdrive version 9.3. 1 Weekly charts 9.3. 2 Certifications 9.4 Javier Colon version 9.4. 1 Weekly charts 10 Other versions and samples 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Rob Hyman ( pictured ) co-wrote and sings background vocals on the track . While writing for her debut studio album , in the spring of 1983 , Cyndi Lauper was introduced to American musician Rob Hyman , who was recommended by Rick Chertoff , the album 's producer . Lauper had already recorded the majority of the album , including the songs `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' , `` She Bop '' and `` All Through the Night '' , but Chertoff insisted that she and Hyman needed to record just `` one more song '' . Therefore , she and Hyman sat at a piano and started working on `` Time After Time '' . The inspiration for the song came after both songwriters were going through similar situations in their respective relationships ; he was coming out of a relationship , while she was having difficulties with her boyfriend , David Wolff . One of the first lines Rob wrote was `` suitcase of memories '' , which according to Lauper , `` struck her '' , claiming it was a `` wonderful line '' , while other lines came from Lauper 's life . The song 's title was inspired after Lauper started writing for the song and needed a fake title as a placeholder for the time being . Thus , Lauper was looking in the TV Guide and saw a lot of movie titles , with the 1979 science fiction movie Time After Time being chosen . Although trying to remove the title later , Lauper claimed she could n't take it out without the song falling apart . Initially , Epic Records wanted `` Time After Time '' as the album 's lead single . However , Lauper felt that releasing a ballad first defines an artist in a certain way , noting that she could have been known as a balladeer and that it could have killed her career . Her manager Dave Wolff was convinced that `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' could be an anthem , and ultimately her label agreed and released it as the lead single . `` Time After Time '' eventually became the album 's second single , being released on January 27 , 1984 . Composition and lyrics ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper and Rob Hyman and produced by Rick Chertoff , `` Time After Time '' is built over simple keyboard - synth chords , bright , jangly guitars , clock ticking percussion , and elastic bassline . Lyrically , the track is a love song of devotion . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics speculates that , `` In ' Time After Time , ' Lauper believes she is a difficult person , unworthy of love . She runs away and shuts people out . However , her devoted boyfriend who loves her unconditionally is willing to help her through anything . The relationship is given depth . The couple 's intimacy and history is apparent . They 've been together for a long time . They love and have seen each other through every tough part of their life . '' `` Time After Time '' is written in the key of C major with a tempo of 130 beats per minute in common time . Lauper 's vocals span from G to C in the song . Critical reception ( edit ) The song received critical acclaim : Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine praised the track , calling it `` the album 's finest moment , if not Lauper 's greatest moment period . '' Susan Glen of PopMatters also called it a standout track , naming it `` gorgeous '' . Bryan Lee Madden of Sputnikmusic simply called it `` a masterpiece '' and `` the best and most significant song she ever wrote or recorded . '' Brenon Veevers of Renowned for Sound labeled it `` sentimental '' and `` gorgeous '' . Pam Avoledo of Blogcritics described the song as `` a sure - fire classic '' . Scott Floman , music critic for Goldmine magazine , described the song as `` gorgeously heartfelt '' and `` one of the decade 's finest ballads '' . Chris Gerard of Metro Weekly summarized the song as a `` beautiful and bittersweet ballad . '' Accolades ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' has entered many lists of `` Best Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Best Ballads from the 80 's '' and others . Steve Peake of About.com listed the song at number 6 on her `` Top Songs of the ' 80s '' , writing that the song `` stands tall among the music of the entire rock era as one of its all - time great timeless ballads , '' noting that `` it probably still functions impeccably as a properly emotionally wrenching slow - dance favorite . '' Bill Lamb , also from About.com , placed the song at number 21 on his `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' list . On Nerve 's list of `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' , `` Time After Time '' was placed at number 5 , being called `` Lauper 's most enduring masterpiece hits at the very essence of commitment , '' with the article pointing out that `` she captures real romance in the most simple and straightforward of lines : ' If you 're lost , you can look and you will find me , time after time ' . '' The song also entered the Rolling Stone & MTV 's `` 100 Greatest Pop Songs '' at number 66 . The song also entered VH1 's `` 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years and `` 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s '' lists , at numbers 22 and 19 respectively . The song was also present on NME 's 100 Best Songs of the 1980s , being ranked at number 79 . The website declared that `` ' Time After Time ' was a change in tack for Lauper , whose musical persona had previously been unstoppably light and frothy . ' Time After Time ' was demoed quickly in time for inclusion on her debut ' She 's So Unusual ' , and ended up being a key song for both Lauper 's career and the decade itself . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Won 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Female Performance 1984 -- American Video Awards for Best Pop Video 1984 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award 1984 -- Billboard Awards for Best Female Performance 1985 -- Pro Canada Awards for Most Performed Foreign Song 2008 -- BMI Millionaire Award for 5 Million Spins on US Radio 2009 -- BMI Awards for Pop Award Nominations 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video 1984 -- MTV Video Music Award for Best Direction 1985 -- Grammy Award for Song of the Year Lists of best songs ( edit ) Year By List Work Ranked 2000 Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Pop Songs `` Time After Time '' # 66 MTV 2003 VH1 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years `` Time After Time '' # 22 2006 VH1 100 Greatest Songs of the 80s `` Time After Time '' # 19 Chart performance ( edit ) `` Time After Time '' became Lauper 's first number - one single on the Billboard charts , reaching the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart in June 1984 . It also reached the top of the Adult Contemporary and Canadian Singles Chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Time After Time '' first peaked at number 54 on March 24 , 1984 , while peaking later at number 3 , on June 16 , 1984 . In New Zealand , the song reached number 3 , in Austria it reached number 5 , in Switzerland it reached number 7 , in France it peaked at number 9 and in Sweden it reached a peak of number 10 . Music video ( edit ) Morristown , NJ , train station , seen at the end of the video . The video for `` Time After Time '' was directed by Edd Griles , and its storyline is about a young woman leaving her lover behind when she becomes homesick and worried about her mother . Lauper 's mother , brother , and then - boyfriend , David Wolff , appear in the video , and Lou Albano , who played her father in the `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' video , can be seen as a cook . Portions of the video were filmed at the now - closed Tom 's Diner in Roxbury Township , New Jersey , the intersection of Route 46 and Route 10 and at the Morristown train station . Portions of the video were also shot in front of Betty 's Department Store in Wharton , NJ , which was a staple of the community in the 1970s . According to Lauper , `` It was important to me that we were natural and human in the video . I wanted to convey somebody who walked her own path and did not always get along with everyone and did not always marry the guy . '' The video opens with Lauper watching the 1936 film The Garden of Allah and the final scene , where she gets on the train and waves goodbye to David , has Lauper crying for real . Track listing ( edit ) European single `` Time After Time '' ( 12 '' version ) -- 5 : 02 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Rob Hyman ) `` I 'll Kiss You '' -- 4 : 12 ( Cyndi Lauper ; Jules Shear ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( extended version ) -- 6 : 08 ( Robert Hazard ) `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' ( instrumental ) -- 7 : 10 ( Robert Hazard ) US Vinyl , 7 `` , Single `` Time After Time '' `` I 'll Kiss You '' Personnel ( edit ) Written by Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman Produced by Rick Chertoff Executive producer : Lennie Petze Associate producer : William Wittman Engineered by William Wittman Arranged by Cyndi Lauper , Rick Chertoff , Rob Hyman , Eric Bazilian Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( CHUM ) France ( SNEP ) 9 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 5 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 5 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 10 US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 56 Featuring Sarah McLachlan ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 14 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) 20 US Re-release ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 40 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 38 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 46 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 44 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 20 UK Singles ( Official Single Charts ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Cash Box Top 100 18 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` The Longest Time '' by Billy Joel Billboard Adult Contemporary number one single 2 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Believe in Me '' by Dan Fogelberg Preceded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 9 June 1984 - 16 June 1984 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` The Reflex '' by Duran Duran Cash Box Top 100 number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` Hello '' by Lionel Richie RPM Top Singles number one single 9 June 1984 - 23 June 1984 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Let 's Hear It for the Boy '' by Deniece Williams Preceded by `` Do n't Answer Me '' by The Alan Parsons Project RPM Adult Contemporary number - one single 9 June 1984 ( 1 week ) Cover versions ( edit ) American R&B singer INOJ recorded the song in 1998 . Her version peaked at number six on Billboard Hot 100 Charts in the U.S. The music video of this version first aired on BET and The Box . Novaspace : The German Eurodance project covered the song on their album Novaspace ( 2002 ) . It reached number 6 in Germany , number 7 in Austria and # 15 in Australia . American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006 . The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow . The cover is their only charting song , hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown . The cover was certified gold by the RIAA . In April 2011 , on the premiere of the American version of the reality competition television series The Voice , Javier Colon performed an acoustic version of the song during the `` blind audition '' phase . The studio recording of his cover peaked at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart , number 41 on the Digital Songs chart , number 16 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart , and number 4 on the Top Heatseekers chart . INOJ version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 10 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 64 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Novaspace version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 15 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 33 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 67 Chart ( 2003 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 42 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 29 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 62 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 82 Quietdrive version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 35 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 25 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 73 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Javier Colon version ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Heatseekers Songs ( Billboard ) US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 16 Other versions and samples ( edit ) Kids Incorporated covered `` Time After Time '' in 1984 in the Season 1 episode `` X Marks the Spot '' and in 1987 in the Season 4 episode `` You 've Got the Wrong Date '' . American Dance / Hi NRG artist Paul Parker released a cover of `` Time After Time '' in 1985 . Miles Davis recorded the song on his 1985 album You 're Under Arrest . Tuck & Patti recorded a version of the song on their first album Tears of Joy in 1988 . New Zealand singer Mark Williams and Australian actress / singer Tara Morice recorded the song as a duet for the soundtrack of the movie Strictly Ballroom in 1992 . Everything But The Girl included a cover of the song on their acoustic album Acoustic ( Everything but the Girl album ) Eva Cassidy 's version of the song was published on her album Time After Time in 2000 , four years after her death in 1996 . American R&B Duo Changing Faces recorded the song as an album track for their 1997 Album `` All Day , All Night '' . Their version was not released as a single . American girl group Blaque covered `` Time After Time '' on their debut album Blaque in 1999 . American R&B singer Lil Mo recorded the song for her 2001 debut album Based on a True Story . English garage act Distant Soundz recorded a version of the song in 2002 featuring Robbie Beaumont , which reached number 20 in the UK charts . Willie Nelson covered the song on his album The Great Divide in 2002 . French singer Nolwenn Leroy covered the song for her 2007 live album Histoires Naturelles Tour . Irish singer / songwriter Ronan Keating rendered the song in 2008 . The rendition is the first single released from Keating 's fifth solo album , Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) . The single was released on February 8 , 2009 , and became Keating 's first single to be released in three years . The song was produced by Keating himself . The song peaked at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart . Actress and singer , Anna Kendrick performed a cover of the song on the soundtrack to the film Up in the Air , in which she starred . In June 2016 , Ben Weighill covered the song in an advert for bed company Dreams . The Lovelocks , a Canadian CCMA ® nominated female roots - country duo consisting of Ali Raney and Zoe Neuman released their cover of `` Time After Time '' in July , 2016 U96 : `` Heaven '' ( 1996 ) . It reached # 2 in Austria , # 7 in Finland , # 4 in Germany , # 15 in the Netherlands , # 5 in Norway , # 5 in Sweden and # 16 in Switzerland . In 2006 , Alison Pill covered this song in the seventh episode of the short lived NBC series The Book of Daniel ( TV series ) . In 2008 , American actress / singer Ashley Tisdale covered this song as a promotion for Degree Girl antiperspirant . Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen performed a cover of the song at Lauper 's induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2015 . Sung by Chrissy Metz on the This Is Us episode `` Kyle . '' American singer - songwriter and pianist Merry Ellen Kirk covered this song on her 2015 album , We are the Dreamers . Iron & Wine recorded a version of the song for a McDonald 's commercial in 2016 . American singer - songwriter Mariah Carey sampled the song in her track `` Inseparable '' , included on her album Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel in 2009 . See also ( edit ) List of RPM number - one singles of 1984 List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1984 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Toto Eclipse of the Heart : The Best of Eighties Soft Rock '' . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Marc ( 1 December 2015 ) . `` How Cyndi Lauper Wrote Her First No. 1 Hit , ' Time After Time ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City , NY , U.S . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stone & MTV : 100 Greatest Pop Songs : 51 -- 100 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Song of the Year - 27th Grammy Awards '' . The Recording Academy . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moser , John J. ( December 3 , 2005 ) . `` Time after time , Cyndi Lauper ready to defend her body of work '' . The Morning Call . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Returns '' . IGN Music . September 15 , 2005 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster , . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lescharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 29 September 2003 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Peake , Steve . `` Top Cyndi Lauper Songs of the ' 80s '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Avoledo , Pam ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Single Review : Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' `` . Blogcritics . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BPM for ' time - after - time ' by cyndi - lauper songbpm.com '' . songbpm.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi . `` Cyndi Lauper `` Time After Time '' Sheet Music in C Major ( transposable ) - Download & Print `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Glen , Susan . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual PopMatters '' . PopMatters . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Madden , Bryan Lee ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper : She 's So Unusual ( album review ) '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Veevers , Brendon ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` Album Review : Cyndi Lauper -- She 's So Unusual ( A 30th Anniversary Celebration ) '' . Renowned for Sound . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Album Reviews '' . Sfloman.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Chris ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Cyndi Lauper 's `` She 's So Unusual '' 30 Years Later `` . Metro Weekly . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Top 100 Best Love Songs Of All Time '' . About.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest Love Songs of All Time '' . Nerve . February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Best Songs of the Past 25 Years : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` VH1 : 100 Greatest Songs of the 80 's : 1 -- 50 '' . Rock On The Net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1980s NME '' . NME . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lauper , Cyndi. `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6753 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austriancharts.at -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 7 '' . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuste . ISBN 9781471114274 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time ( US Single ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 2016 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 2 Top 30 '' . Top 30 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 6749 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHART NUMBER 1432 -- Saturday , June 09 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on 7 November 2006 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Time After Time '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia '' . HitParadeItalia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 26 , 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 Acts L '' . The South African Rock Encyclopedia . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 9 , 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Cyndi Lauper . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary - January 14 , 2006 '' . Billboard Adult Contemporary . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cyndi Lauper Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forum -- ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' . Ultratop 50 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 9638 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 1984 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Jaaroverzichten Single 1984 '' . Single Top 100 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' . Dutch Top 40 ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official New Zealand Music Chart - End of Year Charts 1984 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1984 '' . Swiss Singles Chart ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ 1984 in British music # Best - selling singles ^ Jump up to : `` Volume 96 No. 51 , DECEMBER 22 . 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 22 December 1984 . p . TA - 19 , TA - 25 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Cash Box magazine . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . Enter Time After Time in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 September 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Hay , Carly ( March 20 , 1999 ) . `` Popular Uprisings : Billboard 's Weekly Coverage of Hot Prospects for the Heatseekers Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Javier Colon -- Chart history '' . Billboard Heatseekers Songs . for Javier Colon . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj -- Chart history '' . Billboard Canadian Digital Songs . for Inoj . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inoj Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DECEMBER 26 . 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . New York , NY , USA . 26 December 1998 . p . YE - 44 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 February 2015 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Inoj -- Time After Time '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Novaspace -- Time After Time '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 33 , 2002 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 7 , 2003 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade Singles 2002 '' . Ö3 Austria Top 40 ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts 2002 '' . GfK Entertainment Charts ( in German ) . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Quietdrive -- Time After Time '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Quietdrive Chart History ( Digital Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nolwenn Leroy - Histoires Naturelles Tour ( Album ) '' ( in French ) . Lescharts.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ChartArchive -- Ronan Keating -- Time After Time '' . Chartstats.com. 2009 - 03 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dreams unveils latest Replace Every Eight campaign - Furniture News Magazine '' . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Jump up ^ The Lovelocks ( 15 July 2016 ) . `` The Lovelocks - Time After Time ( Official HD ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` hitparade.ch U96 -- Heaven '' . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Annual Induction and Awards Ceremony '' . Songwriters Hall of Fame . June 19 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen 's cover of Cyndi Lauper 's ' Time After Time ' is totally ' 80s '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Lauper , Cindy ( 2012 ) . Cyndi Lauper : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781439147856 . Myers , Marc ( 2016 ) . Anatomy of a Song : The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock , R&B and Pop . Atlantic Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61185 - 959 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Video on VH1 Classic website Cyndi Lauper -- Time After Time -- Uploaded by CyndiLauperVEVO on YouTube `` Time after Time '' Songfacts Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cyndi Lauper singles She 's So Unusual `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' `` Time After Time '' `` She Bop '' `` All Through the Night '' `` Money Changes Everything '' `` When You Were Mine '' True Colors `` True Colors '' `` Change of Heart '' `` What 's Going On '' `` Boy Blue '' `` Maybe He 'll Know '' A Night to Remember `` I Drove All Night '' `` My First Night Without You '' `` A Night to Remember '' `` Heading West '' `` Primitive '' `` Unconditional Love '' Hat Full of Stars `` Who Let In the Rain '' `` That 's What I Think '' `` Sally 's Pigeons '' `` Hat Full of Stars '' Twelve Deadly Cyns ... and Then Some `` Hey Now ( Girls Just Want to Have Fun ) '' `` I 'm Gonna Be Strong '' `` Come on Home '' Sisters of Avalon `` You Do n't Know '' `` Sisters of Avalon '' `` Ballad of Cleo and Joe '' Merry Christmas ... Have a Nice Life `` Early Christmas Morning '' Shine `` Shine '' At Last `` At Last '' `` Walk On By '' The Body Acoustic `` Time After Time '' Bring Ya to the Brink `` Set Your Heart '' `` Same Ol ' Story '' `` Into the Nightlife '' Memphis Blues `` Just Your Fool '' Detour `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Funnel of Love '' Other singles `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` We Are the World '' `` The Goonies ' R ' Good Enough '' `` Hole in My Heart ( All the Way to China ) '' `` Another Brick in the Wall '' `` The World Is Stone '' `` Disco Inferno '' `` A Christmas Duel '' `` Girls Just Wanna Set Your Heart '' The Hooters Eric Bazilian Rob Hyman David Uosikkinen John Lilley Fran Smith , Jr . Tommy Williams Bobby Woods John Kuzma Rob Miller Andy King Mindy Jostyn Studio albums Amore Nervous Night One Way Home Zig Zag Out of Body Time Stand Still Live albums The Hooters Live Both Sides Live Compilations Greatest Hits Hooterization : A Retrospective Video releases The Ultimate Clip Collection Mark Williams Studio albums Mark Williams Sweet Trials Taking It All In Stride Life After Dark Mark Williams ZNZ Mind over Matter Compilations Greatest Hits The Very Best of Singles `` Yesterday Was Just the Beginning of My Life '' `` Sweet Wine '' `` If It Rains '' `` Taking It All in Stride '' `` It Does n't Matter Anymore '' `` A House for Sale '' `` Home and Away '' `` Show No Mercy `` Fix of Love `` Time After Time '' Related articles Dragon Ronan Keating Discography Studio albums Ronan ( 2000 ) Destination ( 2002 ) Turn It On ( 2003 ) Bring You Home ( 2006 ) Fires ( 2012 ) Time of My Life ( 2016 ) Cover albums Songs for My Mother ( 2009 ) Winter Songs ( 2009 ) Duet ( 2010 ) When Ronan Met Burt ( 2011 ) Compilation albums 10 Years of Hits ( 2004 ) Singles `` When You Say Nothing at All '' `` Life Is a Rollercoaster '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` In This Life '' `` Lovin ' Each Day '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' `` I Love It When We Do '' `` We 've Got Tonight '' `` The Long Goodbye '' `` Lost for Words '' `` She Believes ( In Me ) '' `` Last Thing on My Mind '' `` I Hope You Dance '' `` Father and Son '' `` Baby Can I Hold You '' `` All Over Again '' `` Iris '' `` Time After Time '' `` This Is Your Song '' `` Stay '' `` It 's Only Christmas '' `` Believe Again '' `` What The World Needs Now '' `` Fires '' `` Wasted Light '' Related articles Boyzone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_After_Time_(Cyndi_Lauper_song)&oldid=842843840 '' Categories : 1984 singles 1980s ballads Rock ballads 2009 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Cyndi Lauper songs INOJ songs Ronan Keating songs Mark Williams ( singer ) songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Cyndi Lauper Songs written by Rob Hyman Willie Nelson songs The Hooters songs Nana Mouskouri songs 1983 songs Epic Records singles Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Billboarddigitalsongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 01 : 44 . 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time after time song was in what movie

American alternative rock / pop punk band Quietdrive covered the song for their debut album When All That 's Left Is You in 2006 . The cover version was featured in the 2006 romantic comedy film John Tucker Must Die starring Jesse Metcalfe and Brittany Snow . The cover is their only charting song , hitting number 25 on the American Top 40 Countdown . The cover was certified gold by the RIAA .

Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged . The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching . Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series . Production ( edit ) `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . '' -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . '' In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined . Reception ( edit ) Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' . The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story . In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) `` Flight '' at ABC.com `` Flight '' on IMDb `` Flight '' at TV.com ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=800008425 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2012 American television episodes Hidden categories : Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 03 : 08 . 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when did the plane crash happen in greys anatomy

`` Flight '' Grey 's Anatomy episode Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident . Episode no . Season 8 Episode 24 Directed by Rob Corn Written by Shonda Rhimes Featured music `` Featherstone '' `` Graveyard '' Original air date May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren James LeGros as Jerry Episode chronology ← Previous `` Migration '' Next → `` Going , Going , Gone '' Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes

I 'm the One Mama Warned You About - Wikipedia I 'm the One Mama Warned You About Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' Single by Mickey Gilley from the album Too Good to Stop Now B - side `` You Can Lie to Me Tonight '' Released January 28 , 1985 Genre Country Length 2 : 50 Label Epic Songwriter ( s ) Mickey James , Gayle Zeiler Producer ( s ) John Boylan Mickey Gilley singles chronology `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` Too Good to Stop Now '' ( 1984 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' ( 1985 ) `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' ( 1985 ) `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' is a song written by Mickey James and Gayle Zeiler , and recorded by American country music artist Mickey Gilley . It was released in January 1985 as the second and final single from his album Too Good to Stop Now . The song reached number 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Canadian RPM Country Tracks 10 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mickey Gilley Billboard Singles Jump up ^ `` Mickey Gilley Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Mickey Gilley Albums Too Good to Stop Now Invitation Only Notable singles `` Room Full of Roses '' `` I Overlooked an Orchid '' `` City Lights '' `` Window Up Above '' `` Bouquet of Roses '' `` Overnight Sensation '' `` Do n't the Girls All Get Prettier at Closing Time '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` Lawdy Miss Clawdy '' `` She 's Pulling Me Back Again '' `` Honky Tonk Memories '' `` Chains of Song '' `` The Power of Positive Drinkin ' '' `` Here Comes the Hurt Again '' `` The Song We Made Love To '' `` Just Long Enough to Say Goodbye '' `` My Silver Lining '' `` True Love Ways '' `` Stand by Me '' `` That 's All That Matters '' `` A Headache Tomorrow ( Or a Heartache Tonight ) '' `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Lonely Nights '' `` Tears of the Lonely '' `` Put Your Dreams Away '' `` Talk to Me '' `` Fool for Your Love '' `` Your Love Shines Through '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Too Good to Stop Now '' `` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' `` You 've Got Something on Your Mind '' `` Your Memory Ai n't What It Used to Be '' `` Doo - Wah Days '' `` Full Grown Fool '' `` She Reminded Me of You '' `` There I 've Said It Again '' Guest singles `` Paradise Tonight '' ( with Charly McClain ) Related articles Discography Playboy Records Epic Records Jerry Lee Lewis Jimmy Swaggart Barbi Benton Ray Charles Gilley 's Club This 1985 country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_the_One_Mama_Warned_You_About&oldid=760805330 '' Categories : 1985 singles 1985 songs Mickey Gilley songs Song recordings produced by John Boylan ( record producer ) Epic Records singles 1985 country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart called without song All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 January 2017 , at 04 : 46 . About Wikipedia

who sings i'm the one your mother warned you about

`` I 'm the One Mama Warned You About '' is a song written by Mickey James and Gayle Zeiler , and recorded by American country music artist Mickey Gilley . It was released in January 1985 as the second and final single from his album Too Good to Stop Now . The song reached number 10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and number 10 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada .

Foreign official - wikipedia Foreign official Jump to : navigation , search Foreign official or foreign public official refers to a person who acts in an official capacity for a foreign government . The term is chiefly used in connection with international conventions and national laws against corruption in international trade . Contents ( hide ) 1 International law 2 National jurisdictions 2.1 US Department of Justice definition 3 Risks of business with foreign officials 4 See also 5 References International law ( edit ) Members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD ) agreed the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention in 1999 and this treaty has been ratified by 39 countries . The document defines a foreign public official as follows : `` Foreign public official '' means any person holding a legislative , administrative or judicial office of a foreign country , whether appointed or elected ; any person exercising a public function for a foreign country , including for a public agency or public enterprise ; and any official or agent of a public international organisation And expands the definition as such : `` Public function '' includes any activity in the public interest , delegated by a foreign country , such as the performance of a task delegated by it in connection with public procurement . A `` public agency '' is an entity constituted under public law to carry out specific tasks in the public interest . A `` public enterprise '' is any enterprise , regardless of its legal form , over which a government , or governments , may , directly or indirectly , exercise a dominant influence . This is deemed to be the case , inter alia , when the government or governments hold the majority of the enterprise 's subscribed capital , control the majority of votes attaching to shares issued by the enterprise or can appoint a majority of the members of the enterprise 's administrative or managerial body or supervisory board . The definition of a foreign official defined in the OECD agreement is now referenced in enforcement actions by the United States Department of Justice . National jurisdictions ( edit ) US department of Justice definition ( edit ) According to the US Department of Justice , the term `` foreign official '' is defined as : any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department , agency , or instrumentality thereof , or of a public international organization , or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such government or department , agency , or instrumentality , or for or on behalf of any such public international organization . -- The intent of the law is to stop the bribing of foreign officials so that the actual providing of funds to foreign governments directly would not constitute a violation . The FCPA applies to US companies and foreign organisations or persons doing business within the borders of the United States . This definition also applies to issuers of publicly traded securities ( companies traded on US stock exchanges and in other US markets ) . Risks of business with foreign officials ( edit ) The process of recognising if an entity is doing business with an individual who would be considered a foreign official is not only necessary from a compliance perspective , but also necessary when evaluating the risks in a company 's business model . This process can be very simple or may be quite complex depending on how many relationships an entity has in place . The process of identifying foreign officials is typically carried out by the comparisons of client or third - party lists with lists of foreign officials that contain the names and positions of such officials , as well as unique identifiers such as dates of birth , photos , and contact numbers . The term foreign official should not be confused with the term `` politically exposed person '' , as this term relates to the financial sector and its clients . The term `` foreign official '' relates to all industries . See also ( edit ) Bribery Act 2010 ( United Kingdom ) Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act ( Canada ) OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Politically Exposed Person References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Russia - OECD Anti-Bribery Convention , OECD Jump up ^ CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS and Related Documents , OECD Jump up ^ `` ' Majority ' Report - The FCPA Blog - The FCPA Blog '' . Jump up ^ http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/fraud/fcpa/opinion/1997/9702.html Jump up ^ http://www.worldcompliance.com/global-pep-list.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_official&oldid=749332099 '' Categories : United States foreign relations legislation Corruption in the United States Regulatory compliance Hidden categories : All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 November 2016 , at 20 : 17 . About Wikipedia

who is considered a foreign official under fcpa

any officer or employee of a foreign government or any department , agency , or instrumentality thereof , or of a public international organization , or any person acting in an official capacity for or on behalf of any such government or department , agency , or instrumentality , or for or on behalf of any such public international organization .

London Bridge is falling down - wikipedia London Bridge is falling down `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' Illustration from Walter Crane 's A Baby 's Bouquet ( c. 1877 ) . Play ( help info ) Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' ( also known as `` My Fair Lady '' or `` London Bridge '' ) is a traditional English nursery rhyme and singing game , which is found in different versions all over the world . It deals with the depredations of London Bridge and attempts , realistic or fanciful , to repair it . It may date back to bridge rhymes and games of the Late Middle Ages , but the earliest records of the rhyme in English are from the seventeenth century . The lyrics were first printed in close to their modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular , particularly in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century . The modern melody was first recorded in the late nineteenth century and the game resembles arch games of the Middle Ages , but seems to have taken its modern form in the late nineteenth century . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 502 . Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme and the identity of the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . The rhyme is one of the best known in the world and has been referenced in a variety of works of literature and popular culture . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Melody 3 The game 4 Origins 5 Meaning 5.1 Viking attack theory 5.2 Child sacrifice theory 5.3 Age and damage theory 5.4 `` Fair lady '' identity 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References Lyrics ( edit ) London Bridge Is Falling Down Tune for London Bridge Is Falling Down Problems playing this file ? See media help . London Bridge ( 1616 ) by Claes Van Visscher A prospect of Old London Bridge in 1710 . New London Bridge in the late nineteenth century . The reconstructed New London Bridge in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . The modern concrete London Bridge . There is considerable variation in the lyrics of the rhyme . The most frequently used first verse is : London Bridge is falling down , Falling down , falling down . London Bridge is falling down , My fair lady . In the version quoted by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951 the first verse is : London Bridge is broken down , Broken down , broken down . London Bridge is broken down , My fair lady . The rhyme is constructed of quatrains in trochaic tetrameter catalectic , ( each line made up of four metrical feet of two syllables , with the stress falling on the first syllable in a pair ; the last foot in the line missing the unstressed syllable ) , which is common in nursery rhymes . In its most common form it relies on a double repetition , rather than a rhyming scheme , which is a frequently employed device in children 's rhymes and stories . The Roud Folk Song Index , which catalogues folk songs and their variations by number , classifies the song as 502 . Melody ( edit ) The melody now most associated with the rhyme . A melody is recorded for `` London Bridge '' in an edition of John Playford 's The Dancing Master published in 1718 , but it differs from the modern tune and no lyrics were given . An issue of Blackwood 's Magazine in 1821 noted the rhyme as a being sung to the tune of `` Nancy Dawson '' , now better known as `` Nuts in May '' and the same tune was given in Richard Thomson 's Chronicles of London Bridge ( 1827 ) . Another tune was recorded in Samuel Arnold 's Juvenile Amusements in 1797 . E.F. Rimbault 's Nursery Rhymes ( 1836 ) has the same first line , but then a different tune . The tune now associated with the rhyme was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H. Rosewig 's Illustrated National Songs and Games . The game ( edit ) Girls playing `` London Bridge '' in 1898 . The rhyme is often used in a children 's singing game , which exists in a wide variety of forms , with additional verses . Most versions are similar to the actions used in the rhyme `` Oranges and Lemons '' . The most common is that two players hold hands and make an arch with their arms while the others pass through in single file . The `` arch '' is then lowered at the song 's end to `` catch '' a player . In the United States it is common for two teams of those that have been caught to engage in a tug of war . In England until the nineteenth century the song may have been accompanied by a circle dance , but arch games are known to have been common across late medieval Europe . Five of nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who has stolen a watch and chain . This may be a late nineteenth century addition from another game called `` Hark the Robbers '' , or `` Watch and Chain '' . This rhyme is sung to the same tune and may be an offshoot of `` London Bridge '' or the remnant of a distinct game . In one version the first two verses have the lyrics : Who has stole my watch and chain , Watch and chain , watch and chain ; Who has stole my watch and chain , My fair lady ? Off to prison you must go , You must go , you must go ; Off to prison you must go , My fair lady . This 1904 column from the Tacoma Times describes various alternate verses and their accompanying gestures Origins ( edit ) Detail from Philippe Pigouchet 's Heures a lusaige de Paris ( 1497 ) , showing an arch game similar to that known to be associated with the rhyme from the late nineteenth century . The cover of the third edition of Dumpling and Pudding , which contains Henry Carey 's satire `` Namby Pamby '' ( 1725 ) , one of the earliest surviving works to refer to the rhyme . Similar rhymes can be found across Europe , pre-dating the records in England . These include `` Knippelsbro Går Op og Ned '' from Denmark , `` Die Magdeburger Brück '' from Germany , `` pont chus '' from sixteenth - century France ; and `` Le porte '' , from fourteenth - century Italy . It is possible that the rhyme was acquired from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England . One of the earliest references to the rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres , printed in 1657 , but probably written about 1636 , in which the dairy woman Curds states that she had `` danced the building of London - Bridge '' at the Whitsun Ales in her youth , although no words or actions are mentioned . Widespread familiarity with the rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in his satire Namby Pamby ( 1725 ) , as : Namby Pamby is no Clown , London Bridge is broken down : Now he courts the gay Ladee Dancing o'er The Lady - Lee . The oldest extant version could be that recalled by a correspondent to the Gentleman 's Magazine in 1823 , which he claimed to have heard from a woman who was a child in the reign of Charles II ( r . 1660 -- 85 ) and had the lyrics : London Bridge is broken down , Dance over the Lady Lea ; London Bridge is broken down , With a gay lady ( la - dee ) . The earliest printed English version is in the oldest extant collection of nursery rhymes , Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book , printed by John Newbery in London ( c. 1744 ) , beginning with the following text : The first page of the rhyme from an 1815 edition of Tommy Thumb 's Pretty Song Book ( c. 1744 ) . James Ritson , whose Gammer Gurton 's Garland contains one of the earliest versions of the rhyme ( Engraving by James Sayers , published in 1803 ) . London Bridge Is Broken down , Dance over my Lady Lee . London Bridge Is Broken down With a gay Lady . A version from James Ritson 's Gammer Gurton 's Garland ( 1784 ) is similar but replaces the last verse with : Build it up with stone so strong , Dance o'er my Lady lee , Huzza ! ' twill last for ages long , With a gay lady . Meaning ( edit ) Cnut the Great 's men on the London bridge , under attack by Olaf II of Norway from a Victorian children 's book published in 1894 . The meaning of the rhyme is not certain . It may simply relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames , but a number of alternative theories have been put forward . Viking attack theory ( edit ) One theory of origin is that the rhyme relates to the supposed destruction of London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 ( or 1009 ) . The nineteenth - century translation of the Norse saga the Heimskringla , published by Samuel Laing in 1844 , included a verse by Óttarr svarti , that looks very similar to the nursery rhyme : London Bridge is broken down . -- Gold is won , and bright renown . Shields resounding , War - horns sounding , Hild is shouting in the din ! Arrows singing , Mail - coats ringing -- Odin makes our Olaf win ! However , modern translations make it clear that Laing was using the nursery rhyme as a model for his very free translation , and the reference to London Bridge does not appear at the start of the verse and it is unlikely that this is an earlier version of the nursery rhyme . Some historians have raised the possibility that the attack never took place . However , the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what would be a famous event in a highly populated area , leading the majority of historians to conclude that the account is at least relatively accurate . While it might or might not be the origin of the rhyme , this would make King Olaf 's victory the only historically recorded incidence of London Bridge `` falling down . '' Child sacrifice theory ( edit ) Detail of the Great Fire of London 1666 by an unknown painter . The Tower of London is on the right and London Bridge on the left . The theory that the song refers to the burying , perhaps alive , of children in the foundations of the bridge was first advanced by Alice Bertha Gomme ( later Lady Gomme ) in The Traditional Games of England , Scotland and Ireland ( 1894 -- 1898 ) and perpetuated by the usually sceptical Iona and Peter Opie . This was based around the idea that a bridge would collapse unless the body of a human sacrifice were buried in its foundations and that the watchman is actually a human sacrifice , who will then watch over the bridge . However , there is no archaeological evidence for any human remains in the foundations of London Bridge . Age and damage theory ( edit ) Until the mid-eighteenth century the Old London Bridge was the only crossing on the Thames in London . It was damaged in a major fire in 1633 , but in the fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the flames from further damaging the bridge and crossing to the south side of the Thames . With its 19 narrow arches , it impeded river traffic and flow . Central piers were removed to create a wider navigational span . Widening and the removal of its houses was completed in 1763 , but it remained relatively narrow and needed continual and expensive repairs . In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with a new construction . New London Bridge was opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972 . It was then transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City , Arizona . `` Fair lady '' identity ( edit ) The seal of Matilda of Scotland , one of the candidates for the `` fair lady '' of the refrain . Several attempts have been made to identify the ' fair lady ' , ' lady gay ' , or lady ' lee / lea ' of the rhyme . They include : Matilda of Scotland ( c. 1080 -- 1118 ) Henry I 's consort , who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the building of the series of bridges that carried the London - Colchester road across the River Lea and its side streams between Bow and Stratford . Eleanor of Provence ( c. 1223 -- 91 ) , consort of Henry III who had custody of the bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281 . A member of the Leigh family of Stoneleigh Park , Warwickshire , who have a family story that a human sacrifice lies under the building . The River Lea , which is a tributary of the Thames . Legacy ( edit ) Since the late nineteenth century the rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and well known in the English - speaking world . It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture . It was used by T.S. Eliot at the climax of his poem The Waste Land ( 1922 ) . The final line of the verse was probably the inspiration for the title of Lerner and Loewe 's 1956 musical My Fair Lady . The musical unicorn - in - glass - dome ornament bought by William Foster in the 1993 movie Falling Down plays the tune of the nursery rhyme `` London Bridge is falling down '' . ( So the movie title is evidently derived from this old nursery rhyme . ) The tune is often used by English football supporters as the basis for chants . In 1982 was sampled as `` Halloween Montage '' by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat . Tommy Lee Wallace , for the Film Halloween III : Season of the Witch , who was used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Dong , Dong , Dongdaemun , a similar Korean nursery rhyme . References ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : London Bridge Is Falling Down Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Bridge Is Falling Down . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Singing Game ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) , ISBN 0192840193 , pp. 61 -- 72 . ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , ISBN 0198600887 , pp. 270 -- 6 . Jump up ^ A.L. Lazarus , A. MacLeish , and H.W. Smith , Modern English : a Glossary of Literature and Language ( London : Grosset & Dunlap , 1971 ) , ISBN 0448021315 , p. 194 Jump up ^ L. Turco , The Book of Forms : a Handbook of Poetics ( Lebanon , NH : University Press of New England , 3rd edn. , 2000 ) , ISBN 1 - 58465 - 022 - 2 , pp. 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ R.B. Browne , Objects of Special Devotion : Fetishism in Popular Culture ( Madison , WI : Popular Press , 1982 ) , ISBN 087972191X , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Searchable database , English Folk Song and Dance Society , retrieved 12 July 2012 . Jump up ^ J.J. Fuld , The Book of World - famous Music : Classical , Popular , and Folk ( London : Courier Dover , 2000 ) , ISBN 0486414752 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ S. Roud , The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions ( New York City , NY : Random House , 2010 ) , ISBN 1905211511 , pp. 270 -- 1 . Jump up ^ W. Carew Hazlitt , A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays ( London : Ayer Publishing , 1966 ) , ISBN 0833716298 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ M. Gibson , The Vikings ( London : Wayland , 1972 ) , ISBN 0 - 85340 - 164 - 0 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : J. Clark , ' London bridge archaeology of a nursery rhyme ' , London Archaeologist , 9 ( 2002 ) , pp. 338 -- 40 ; for the original Old Norse see Wikisource Jump up ^ J.R. Hagland and B. Watson , ' Fact or folklore : the Viking attack on London Bridge ' , London Archaeologist , 12 ( 2005 ) , pp. 328 -- 33 . Jump up ^ E. Monsen ' Heimskringla or the Lives of the Norse Kings ' , Dover Publications , Inc ( 1 ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26366 - 3 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Brown , Bridges : Three Thousand Years of Defying Nature ( St. Paul , MN : MBI , 2001 ) , ISBN 0760312346 , pp. 52 -- 55 . Jump up ^ C. Raine , T.S. Eliot ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , ISBN 0195309936 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ W.E. Studwell , The National and Religious Song Reader : Patriotic , Traditional , and Sacred Songs from Around the World ( London : Routledge , 1996 ) , ISBN 0789000997 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ `` '' Not Economically Viable `` '' . YouTube . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ G. Robson , No One Likes Us , We Do n't Care : The Myth and Reality of Millwall Fandom ( Berg , 2000 ) , ISBN 1859733727 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ D. Russell , Looking North : Northern England And The National Imagination ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 2004 ) , ISBN 0719051789 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ The repeated notes of `` London Bridge is Falling Down '' ( where the Silver Shamrock song comes from ) add to a already disturbing scene . hide Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Bridge_Is_Falling_Down&oldid=846148472 '' Categories : English folklore Children 's songs Singing games Songs about London English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Tagalog 粵語 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 17 : 29 . 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who made the song london bridge is falling down

`` London Bridge Is Falling Down '' Illustration from Walter Crane 's A Baby 's Bouquet ( c. 1877 ) . Play ( help info ) Nursery rhyme Published c. 1744 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown

Love , Simon - wikipedia Love , Simon Jump to : navigation , search Love , Simon Theatrical release poster Directed by Greg Berlanti Produced by Marty Bowen Wyck Godfrey Isaac Klausner Pouya Shahbazian Screenplay by Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Based on Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli Starring Nick Robinson Josh Duhamel Jennifer Garner Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography John Guleserian Edited by Harry Jierjian Production company Fox 2000 Pictures Temple Hill Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) ( Mardi Gras Film Festival ) March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) ( United States ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $26.2 million Love , Simon is a 2018 American romantic comedy - drama film directed by Greg Berlanti , written by Isaac Aptaker and Elizabeth Berger , and based on the novel Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda by Becky Albertalli . The film stars Nick Robinson , Josh Duhamel , and Jennifer Garner . It centers around Simon Spier , a closeted gay teenage boy in high school who is forced to balance his friends , his family , and the blackmailer threatening to out him to the entire school , while simultaneously attempting to discover the identity of the anonymous classmate whom he has fallen in love with online . Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and was released in the United States on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox . Critics praised the film for its `` big heart , diverse and talented cast , and revolutionary normalcy '' , describing it as an `` instant classic '' that is `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' and a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' that is `` funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming '' , with many comparing it to the romantic comedy - drama films of John Hughes . It is the first major studio film to focus on a gay teenage romance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Charts 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Simon Spier is a closeted gay teenage boy attending high school in a suburb of Atlanta , Georgia . He has a close and loving family : parents Emily and Jack , and sister Nora , as well as three best friends : Nick and Leah , who he has known most of his life , and newcomer Abby . One day , Leah informs Simon about an online confession of a closeted gay student at their high school , known only by the pseudonym `` Blue '' . Simon then proceeds to reach out to him under his own alias , `` Jacques '' . They confide very personal details , and soon he and Blue form a genuine connection . However , their emails are discovered by another student , Martin , who is infatuated with Simon 's friend Abby . After learning his secret , Martin blackmails Simon and forces him to help him win over Abby . Simon begins to suspect that one of his classmates , Bram , is Blue . At a halloween party , he attempts to connect with Bram , however Simon walks in on him and a female student making out . Simon gets drunk at the party , and Leah walks him home and sleeps over . She speaks vaguely about feeling she is fated to love one person very intensely , and Simon believes she is referring to their friend , Nick . Later , Simon meets with Abby and Martin at a local diner after Simon convinces them to run lines together for an upcoming musical . While there , Simon bonds with their server , a classmate named Lyle , and believes that Lyle is Blue . Martin and Abby start to grow closer . Later that night , Simon comes out to Abby , and is encouraged when she reacts positively . At a school football game , he runs into Lyle and tries to ask him out . Before he has the chance to , Simon finds out Lyle has a romantic interest in Abby . An upset Simon tells a pestering Martin to either `` Go big or go home '' with Abby . During the national anthem at the football game , Martin , dressed as the school mascot , seizes the microphone and declares his feelings for Abby in front of the entire stadium , but she admits she does not feel the same way . A humiliated Martin becomes the subject of intense ridicule . On Christmas Eve , Martin impulsively posts the screenshots of Blue and Simon 's emails on the school gossip site , outing Simon by name . His younger sister Nora reports the abuse and the emails are taken down , but not before they are seen by most of the students . Nora tries to comfort her brother , but Simon shuts her out , and does not return his friends ' frantic texts . On Christmas morning , Simon comes out to his parents , much to their surprise but acceptance . Later , Blue tells Simon that the two should stop speaking , and he closes his email account . After Christmas , Nick and Abby discover that Simon was manipulating Abby to try and get her to date Martin , and angrily confront him about the lies he has been telling . Leah confesses she was in love with Simon , not Nick , and is upset he came out to Abby first . At school , Simon tries to determine Blue 's identity to no avail . In the cafeteria , Simon and another openly gay student , Ethan , are publicly humiliated . Ethan and Simon bond about the difficulties they have faced coming out . After school , Martin tries to apologize to Simon , who angrily rejects the attempt . After his parents reach out and comfort him , Simon apologizes to Leah , admitting he is in love with Blue . Leah helps him make amends with Nick and Abby , who are now a couple . Simon then posts a confession seeking out Blue and asking him to come forward . Waiting for Blue at the school carnival , Simon rides the Ferris wheel , drawing a large crowd of peers , until he runs out of tickets . Martin then comes forward and , to make amends , buys him one last ride . It is revealed then that Bram is Blue ; the kiss Simon saw with the female student was a drunk misunderstanding . Simon and Bram ride the Ferris wheel together and kiss . Simon 's life gradually returns to normal as Simon reconnects with his family and friends , and begins a relationship with Bram . Cast ( edit ) Nick Robinson as Simon Spier Bryson Pitts as 10 - year - old Simon Spier Nye Reynolds as 5 - year - old Simon Spier Josh Duhamel as Jack Spier , Simon 's father Jennifer Garner as Emily Spier , Simon 's mother Katherine Langford as Leah Burke , one of Simon 's best friends Alexandra Shipp as Abby Suso , one of Simon 's best friends Jorge Lendeborg Jr. as Nick Eisner , one of Simon 's best friends Keiynan Lonsdale as Abraham `` Bram '' Greenfeld , one of Simon 's classmates Miles Heizer as Cal Price , one of Simon 's friends and classmates Logan Miller as Martin Addison , one of Simon 's classmates who blackmails him Talitha Bateman as Nora Spier , Simon 's sister Skye Mowbray as 6 - year - old Nora Spier Tony Hale as Mr. Worth , the vice principal of the school Simon attends Natasha Rothwell as Ms. Albright , Simon 's drama teacher Drew Starkey as Garrett Laughlin , one of Simon 's classmates Clark Moore as Ethan , one of Simon 's classmates who is openly gay Joey Pollari as Lyle , a flirty server at a local diner Mackenzie Lintz as Taylor , one of Simon 's classmates Production ( edit ) Principal photography began on March 6 , 2017 in Atlanta , Georgia . Filming officially ended on April 23 , 2017 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 16 , 2018 Genre Soundtrack Length TBA Label Sony Music Entertainment Singles from Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Love Lies '' Released : 14 February 2018 The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers , Troye Sivan , Amy Shark , Brenton Wood , The 1975 , Normani and Khalid , among others . The first track released from the soundtrack was `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' by Bleachers . Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Performed by Length 1 . `` Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) '' Jack Antonoff Ilsey Juber Harry Styles Bleachers 3 : 01 2 . `` Rollercoaster '' Antonoff John Hill Bleachers 3 : 12 3 . `` Never Fall in Love '' Antonoff Karen Marie Ørsted Jack Antonoff and MØ 4 . `` Strawberries & Cigarettes '' Troye Sivan Antonoff Alex Hope Troye Sivan 3 : 21 5 . `` Sink In '' Ben Berger Julia Michaels Ryan McMahon Amy Shark 4 : 35 6 . `` Love Lies '' Khalid Robinson Normani Charlie Handsome Jamil `` Digi '' Chammas Taylor Parks Khalid and Normani 3 : 23 7 . `` The Oogum Boogum Song '' Alfred Smith Brenton Wood 3 : 07 8 . `` Love Me '' Adam Hann George Daniel Matthew Healy Ross MacDonald The 1975 3 : 42 9 . `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' George Merrill Shannon Rubicam Whitney Houston 4 : 50 10 . `` Someday at Christmas '' Ron Miller Bryan Wells Jackson 5 2 : 44 11 . `` Wings '' Nini Fabi Benjamin Gebert Haerts 4 : 58 12 . `` Keeping a Secret '' Bleachers 3 : 25 13 . `` Wild Heart '' Antonoff Hill Bleachers 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 82 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 24 US Billboard 200 37 Release ( edit ) Love , Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27 , 2018 , and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival . The film was released in the United States and Canada on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox , and is scheduled to be released internationally on various dates throughout 2018 . Home video ( edit ) The film became available to pre-order on home video on January 17 , 2018 , and is expected to be released in June 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Love , Simon held early preview screenings on March 9 , a week before its official release , and grossed $800,000 from 927 theaters , which Deadline Hollywood considered `` strong . '' In the United States and Canada , the film was released alongside Tomb Raider and I Can Only Imagine , and was projected to gross $10 -- 12 million from 2,401 theaters in its opening weekend . The film made $4.6 million on its first day ( including $850,000 from Thursday previews at 2,125 theaters ) . The film went on to debut at $11.8 million , finishing fifth at the box office ; 58 % of its opening weekend audience was female and 59 % was under 25 . In its second weekend the film dropped 33 % to $7.8 million , finishing 7th . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 91 % , based on 115 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Love , Simon hits its coming - of - age beats more deftly than many entries in this well - traveled genre -- and represents an overdue , if not entirely successful , milestone of inclusion . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to earn such a score . Benjamin Lee of The Guardian gave the film 4 / 5 stars , calling it a `` hugely charming crowd - pleaser '' . Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 / 5 stars , stating that audiences `` are guaranteed to fall in love with this sweet , funny coming - of - age film '' . Molly Freeman of Screen Rant gave the film 4 / 5 stars or an Excellent rating , stating that `` Love , Simon is a funny , heartfelt , and truly touching teen romantic comedy that instantly becomes a modern classic for today 's generation . '' Josh Winning of GamesRadar+ gave the film 4 / 5 stars , describing it as a `` warm , sensitive and engaging coming - out - of - ager '' and `` one of the freshest teen - coms in ages '' . Meredith Goldstein of The Boston Globe gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and stated , `` Love , Simon is a sweet , modern romantic comedy that manages to channel the teen movie classics of the late John Hughes , but only the good stuff . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film 3 / 4 stars and wrote , `` If John Hughes had gone on to make a smart LGBT coming - of - age charmer , most likely it would resemble this . '' Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star gave the film 3 / 4 stars , stating `` The casting is high quality , the script - with a tantalizing mystery at its heart - is particularly well - crafted and the story hits all the right emotional notes in delivering a funny , warm - hearted and life - affirming tale . '' Kevin Scott of the Exclaim ! gave the film a 7 out of 10 score , noting that the film has the `` expected amount of sentimentality that effectively tugs at the heartstrings . '' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars and wrote , `` Young and old , jocks and nerds , geeks and freaks , and everyone in between should be able to find something to adore in Love , Simon . '' Joyce Slaton of Common Sense Media gave the film 4 / 5 stars and described it as `` tender , sweet , and affecting '' , with the film also receiving The Common Sense Seal , which recognizes movies that offer families an exceptional media experience . MJ Franklin of Mashable wrote that `` Love , Simon feels like an instant classic that you 're going to want to watch again and again . '' Peter Debruge of Variety , while stating that the film is average in execution , praised the content as `` groundbreaking on so many levels , not least of which is just how otherwise familiar it all seems '' . Jesse Hassenger of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ and wrote that the film `` is touching as a gesture '' , but as entertainment `` it 's nothing Degrassi has n't done better '' . Becky Albertalli , the author of the book , watched an early cut and praised the film , stating : `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and so romantic . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Poised to Shatter a Hollywood Myth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' : What the critics are saying '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Your first look at 2018 's major studio gay teen romance '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Stars Say Gay Teen Romance Will Save Lives '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ' Simon vs. The Homo Sapiens Agenda ' Open Casting Call '' . ProjectCasting.com . January 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shipp , Alexandra ( @ AlexShipppp ) ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a beautiful wrap on # simonvthehomosapiensagenda such a pleasure working with people I looooooove and respect '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Bleachers Release ' Alfie 's Song ( Not So Typical Love Song ) ' From ' Love , Simon ' Soundtrack : Listen '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` Love , Simon ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) by Various Artists '' , Apple Music , March 16 , 2018 , retrieved January 17 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 465 '' . auspOp . March 24 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Albums : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard 200 : March 31 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simon vs the Homo Sapiens Agenda '' . ComingSoon.net. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love , Simon ' : Cast , Release Date , Trailer , Soundtrack And Everything You Need To Know '' . PopBuzz . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon DVD Release Date '' . DVDsReleaseDates . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Gay Teen Romance Pic ' Love , Simon ' Posts Strong Sneak Previews '' . ( Deadline Hollywood ) ) . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Will ' Tomb Raider ' Be the Movie to Finally Knock ' Black Panther ' From Box Office Perch ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Tomb Raider ' Rings Up $2.1 M On Thursday -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Keeps B.O. Treasure From ' Tomb Raider ' ; How ' I Can Only Imagine ' Hit A $17 M High Note '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Love , Simon Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Benjamin ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon review - coming - out comedy is a landmark teen classic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Winning Comedy About Gay High Schooler Is One From The Heart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : A Modern Teen Rom - Com Classic '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winning , Josh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon Review : `` Honest and Good - Natures Without Ever Being Patronising '' . GamesRadar+ . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Meredith ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' says a lot , and it 's all good '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Covert , Colin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Sweet teen comedy ' Love , Simon ' offers a lot to love '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Demara , Bruce ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon turns teen ' coming out ' story into a funny , sweet journey '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Kevin ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Love , Simon ' charms by giving gay teen romance the John Hughes treatment '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Slaton , Joyce . `` Love , Simon Movie Review '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Common Sense Seal '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , MJ ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' is the comforting coming out hug every gay teen wishes they had '' . Mashable . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Love , Simon ' Review : Ground - Breaking Romcom Features Gay Protagonist '' . Variety . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassenger , Jessie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Love , Simon often plays like sweetly progressive , second - rate TV '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` It 's funny and relevant and timeless and charming and honest and painful and SO ROMANTIC , THERE IS KISSING AND IT IS NOT HALF - ASSED '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Albertalli , Becky ( @ beckyalbertalli ) ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` But I do know that you guys are going to lose your shit over this one . It is so special . It says exactly what I wanted the book to say '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . External links ( edit ) Official website Love , Simon on IMDb Love , Simon at AllMovie Love , Simon at Box Office Mojo Love , Simon at Metacritic Love , Simon at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Greg Berlanti Films Directed The Broken Hearts Club : A Romantic Comedy Life as We Know It Love , Simon Written only Green Lantern Wrath of the Titans Television series created Everwood Jack & Bobby Eli Stone No Ordinary Family Political Animals Arrow The Tomorrow People The Flash Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow GND : 1145176739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love,_Simon&oldid=833221281 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films 2010s comedy - drama films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s high school films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s romantic comedy films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s teen comedy films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films American comedy - drama films American coming - of - age films American high school films American romantic comedy films American romantic drama films American teen comedy films American teen drama films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Coming - of - age comedy films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films based on American novels Films based on young adult literature Gay - related films LGBT romance films LGBT - related comedy - drama films LGBT - related coming - of - age films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 Duration without hAudio microformat Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 09 : 35 . 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when does love simon come out in canada

The film was released in the United States and Canada on March 16 , 2018 , by 20th Century Fox , and is scheduled to be released internationally on various dates throughout 2018 .

Gun laws in Texas - wikipedia Gun laws in Texas Location of Texas in the United States Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale , possession , and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas . Contents 1 Summary table 2 Firearms possession 3 Firearms carry 3.1 License to Carry 3.2 College Carry Laws 3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry 3.3. 1 30.06 signage 3.4 Open Carry 3.4. 1 30.07 signage 4 Castle Doctrine 4.1 Stand Your Ground 4.2 Civil Immunity 5 Motorists Protection Act 6 National Firearms Act 7 State preemption of local laws 8 See also 9 References Summary table ( edit ) Subject / Law Long guns Handguns Relevant Statutes Notes State permit required to purchase ? No No Firearm registration ? No No Owner license required ? No No Assault weapon law ? No No Magazine capacity restriction ? No No Carry license required ? No Yes GC Ch . 411.172 Licensed carry of a handgun requires a `` shall - issue '' license , and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed . People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21 , felons , fugitives , people who are `` chemically dependent '' or `` incapable of exercising sound judgment '' , and those in arrears for taxes or child support . Open carry ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon ( including handgun ) open carry is not forbidden by law , unless in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm . '' Effective January 1 , 2016 , individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly , per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session . Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law . Concealed carry on college campus ? No Yes May carry in parking lots , parking garages , outdoor walkways on campus . Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . State preemption of local restrictions ? Yes Yes LGC § 229.001 . State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership , transfer , storage , or licensing of firearms , ammunition , or accessories . Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms ( such as for noise , nuisance or public safety ) , but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm . NFA weapons restricted ? No No PC 46.01 , PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that `` explosive weapons '' , `` machine guns '' , `` short - barrel firearms '' , and `` firearm silencers '' , as defined in Section 46.01 , be `` registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice '' . Prior to May 22nd 2015 , Section 46.05 called `` registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act '' a `` defense to prosecution '' . Peaceable journey laws ? Yes Yes PC 46.02 , PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control . The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft , and 46.02 , which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft , is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling , pursuant to said activities . 46.15 ( b ) ( 2 ) . Castle doctrine / stand your ground law ? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful , forceful intrusion into their dwelling , or to prevent an unlawful , forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling , or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson . There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be . Background checks required for private sales ? No No A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin , Texas prohibits concealed handguns . This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required , and is no longer enforceable under current law . Firearms possession ( edit ) Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age , without felony convictions ; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law . A person of any age , except certain Felons , can possess a firearm such as at a firing range . Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older , and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers . However , a private citizen may sell , gift , lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen . NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions ; no State regulations exist . Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden ( preempted ) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution , which gives the Texas Legislature ( and it alone ) the power to `` regulate the wearing of arms , with a view to prevent crime '' . Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute . Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof , but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force . In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole , whichever is later . A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm . Under Texas Penal Code § § 12.33 , 46.04 , the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000 . Firearms carry ( edit ) There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public . License to carry ( edit ) The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a `` Concealed Handgun License '' or CHL . This has changed on Jan 1 . 2016 to LTC `` License To Carry '' and at the same time the laws changed to include `` Open Carry '' . Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ( `` shall - issue '' ) basis to all eligible , qualified applicants . Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states , not including Vermont ( which is an `` unrestricted '' state and neither issues nor requires permits ) , most of these having some residency restrictions ( the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state ) . Texas recognizes an additional 11 states ' concealed - carry permits unilaterally ; those states do not recognize Texas ' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction , usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own . The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met . For example , an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws ( including an age restriction of 21 ) , however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over . Additionally , a number of factors may make a person ineligible ( temporarily or permanently ) to obtain a license , including : felony convictions ( permanent ) and Class A or B misdemeanors ( 5 years , permanent in cases of domestic violence ) , including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication ; pending criminal charges ( indefinite until resolved ) ; chemical or alcohol dependency ( defined as 2 convictions for substance - related offenses in a 10 - year period ; 10 - year ban from the date of the first conviction ) ; certain types of psychological diagnoses ( indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission ) ; protective or restraining orders ( indefinite until rescinded ) ; or defaults on taxes , student loans , child support and / or other governmental fees ( indefinite until resolved ) . This last category , though having little to do with a person 's ability to own a firearm , is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing ; those who are delinquent or in default on State - regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State - issued license ( including driver licenses ) , as an incentive to settle those debts . `` Information regarding any psychiatric , drug , alcohol , or criminal history '' is required only from new users . Renewals are required every five years , but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information . An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC ( formerly CHL ) must take a State - set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours , covering topics such as applicable laws , conflict resolution , criminal / civil liability , and handgun safety , and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun . The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1 , 2017 . Such courses vary in cost , but are typically around $100 -- $125 for new applicants ( usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies ; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition ) . They may then apply , providing a picture , fingerprints , other documentation , and a $40 application fee ( as of September 1 , 2017 ; previously $140 and $70 for renewals ) , -- active and discharged military are eligible for discounts -- to the DPS , which processes the application , runs a federal background check , and if all is well , issues the permit . Permits are valid for five years , and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states ( nonresidents may carry in all but four of those ) , due to reciprocity agreements . Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military ( through one year after discharge ) , to $25 for military veterans . College carry laws ( edit ) Public four - year universities ( as of August 1 , 2016 ) and public two - year colleges ( as of August 1 , 2017 ) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well . Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as `` gun free zones '' ; these will be subject to legislative analysis . Restrictions on licensed carry ( edit ) While a permitted resident of Texas ( or a nonresident holding a recognized permit ) is generally authorized to carry in most public places , there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations . These include : Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law . It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location , and possession of a State - issued concealed firearms permit is no defense . Such places commonly encountered include post offices , Federal courts , and offices of the IRS , FBI , Justice Department , Department of Energy , USDA , FDA , etc . A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management ; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas . However , Army Corps of Engineers properties ( including all reservoir lakes and included park areas ) are still off - limits . Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03 : `` A person commits an offense if the person intentionally , knowingly , or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm , illegal knife , club , or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05 ( a ) : ... on the physical premises of a school or educational institution , any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted , or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution , whether the school or educational institution is public or private , unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution ( emphasis added ) . '' The age / grade level , funding type or for - profit status of the school does not matter . Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted ; as defined by TPC 46.035 ( f ) ( 3 ) , `` premises '' refers only to a building or part of a building , and does not refer to driveways , streets , sidewalks , parking lots , parking garages , or privately owned vehicles . Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1 , 2017 . Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event , unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm ( i.e. a target shooting competition ) . Businesses posting a compliant `` 51 % sign '' - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51 % of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on - premises consumption ( colloquially `` bars '' , `` nightclubs '' , `` taverns '' , `` saloons '' , etc . ) . A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage , as required by the Government Code section 411.204 . The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders , but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry , and a background containing a red `` 51 % '' to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders . Correctional facilities - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building generally termed a `` jail '' or `` prison '' . Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19 , Code of Criminal Procedure , on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that : ( A ) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited ; or ( B ) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited . Courts or court offices - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal , state or federal court for official business . Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices , such as judges , attorneys , baliffs , and law enforcement officials . Election polling places - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal , state and / or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway . This is significant , as a local business or other generally public building , which would normally not prohibit concealed carry , may offer their facilities for use as a polling place . A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs , even if the polls are not open at the time , and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote . Racetracks - It is a felony , whether licensed or not , to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack ( horse or dog ) . While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated ( Penal Code 46.035 . ) , defined as : ( a ) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol , a controlled substance , a drug , a dangerous drug , a combination of two or more of those substances , or any other substance into the body ; or ( B ) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more ( Penal Code 49.01 . ) 30.06 signage ( edit ) TPC section 30.06 covers `` Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun '' . It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed . It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage . As of January 1 , 2016 , the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor , unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor . This is a significant difference , in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years , this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor . Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called `` 30.06 signs '' or `` 30.06 signage '' . The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06 , but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec . 30.06 ( c ) ( 3 ) ( B ) is not binding . The law states a compliant sign must be : In contrasting colors ; With block letters ; Having text 1 '' or greater in height ; Containing `` identical '' text to the following : Pursuant to Section 30.06 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a concealed handgun In both English and Spanish ; Posted conspicuously and `` clearly visible to the public '' . Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility : License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization , under TPS 46.035 ( b ) ( 4 ) . An amendment in 2007 added paragraph ( i ) to the same section , stating that ( b ) ( 4 ) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice ( oral or written communication , including posting of a sign , under TPC 30.06 ) of the prohibition . But , a hospital may be a `` teaching hospital '' and considered a school , where firearms carry is prohibited , under TPC 46.03 ( a ) ( 1 ) . It may also be a VA or military hospital , and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry . All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204 ( b ) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony . It is unknown , given the amendments to 46.035 , whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying , as it would not constitute `` effective notice under section 30.06 '' and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder . Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing , inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property . Open carry ( edit ) As of January 1 , 2016 , holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions . Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster . Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license . New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns . Exceptions to Open Carry Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway , street , sidewalk or walkway , parking lot , parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform 30.07 signage ( edit ) This law took effect January 1 , 2016 , and covers the new Open Carry law . Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry . TPC section 30.07 covers `` Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun '' This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun . An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor , unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart , in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor . The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property . ( In both cases the sign must be `` clearly visible to the public '' . ) The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property , or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner , or by written communication . Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below , or a sign posted on the property . Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following ( 30.07 notice ) : `` Pursuant to section 30.07 , Penal Code ( trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun ) , a person licensed under Subchapter H , Chapter 411 , Government Code ( handgun licensing law ) , may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly '' Additionally , signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations : Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish Must appear in contrasting colors Must be in block letters at least one inch in height Must be `` displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property '' Castle Doctrine ( edit ) On March 27 , 2007 , Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law , making Texas a `` Castle Doctrine '' state which came into effect September 1 , 2007 . Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who `` unlawfully , and with force , enters or attempts to enter the dwelling '' , or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling , or who commits or attempts to commit a `` qualifying '' felony such as `` aggravated kidnapping , murder , sexual assault , aggravated sexual assault , robbery , or aggravated robbery '' ( TPC 9.32 ( b ) ) . Stand your Ground ( edit ) Senate Bill 378 also contains a `` Stand Your Ground '' clause ; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he / she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no `` duty to retreat '' before being justified in shooting . The `` trier of fact '' ( the jury in a jury trial , otherwise the judge ) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting ( TPC 9.32 ( c , d ) ) . Civil immunity ( edit ) In addition , two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force . Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person , including the firing of a weapon . Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used . This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified , such as a bystander hit by an errant shot . This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force . The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code . Motorists protection act ( edit ) Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature , a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident 's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit . The bill revised Chapter 46 , Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not `` Unlawful Carry of a Weapon '' , as defined by the statute , for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control , or to carry while heading directly from the person 's home to that car . However , lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers : ( 1 ) the weapon must not be in plain sight ( in Texas law , `` plain sight '' and `` concealed '' are mutually exclusive opposing terms ) ; ( 2 ) the carrier can not be involved in criminal activities , other than Class C traffic misdemeanors ; ( 3 ) the carrier can not be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm ; and ( 4 ) the carrier can not be a member of a criminal gang . Previous legislation ( H.B. 823 ) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ( `` Non-Applicability '' ) to include the `` traveller assumption '' ; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was `` travelling '' under a pre-existing provision of 46.15 , and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply , absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity , a member of a gang , or prohibited from possessing a firearm . However , attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption , leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815 . National firearms act ( edit ) Possession of destructive devices , automatic firearms ( machine guns ) , short - barrel shotguns ( SBS ) , short - barrel rifles ( SBR ) , suppressors , smoothbore pistols and other such NFA - restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item ( s ) into the NFA registry . This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms , processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE . State preemption of local laws ( edit ) Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law . In 2015 , the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law . Furthermore , Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county ( i.e. county legislative body ) is not authorized to regulate the transfer , ownership , possession , or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale , transfer , ownership , possession , etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7 , Subtitle A , Chapter 229 , Subchapter A Further Attorney General decisions also exist . For example , in August 1995 under DM - 0364 , Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun : `` ... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks '' Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm . See also ( edit ) Gun violence and gun control in Texas Law of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Government Code - Section 411.172 '' . Texas Constitution and Statutes . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas '' . ammoland.com. 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NRA / ILA Firearms Laws for Texas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws '' ( PDF ) . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23. ) Jump up ^ `` Welcome License To Carry A Handgun Texas.gov '' . Txapps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Texas : Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ NRA - ILA . `` NRA - ILA Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16 , Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation '' . NRA - ILA . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas CCW information '' ( PDF ) . Handgunlaw.us . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS -- Agreements with other states '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program '' . Txdps.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` TEX PE . CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06 : TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing '' . www.dps.texas.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30 . BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS '' . www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Legislature Online -- History of Senate Bill 378 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86 . LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83 . USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas H.B. 1815 '' . Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46 . WEAPONS '' . Statutes.legis.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on '' . Usacarry.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DA warns handgun law wo n't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle '' . Chron.com. 2005 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas '' . Texasgunlaws.org. 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.411.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.235.htm Jump up ^ https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.229.htm Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1995/pdf/dm0364.pdf Jump up ^ https://texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/48morales/op/1991/pdf/dm0071.pdf Gun laws in the United States by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Texas&oldid=865009765 '' Categories : Texas law United States gun laws by state Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 02 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what do you need to open carry in texas

There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun ( pre-1899 black powder weapons , and replicas of such , are not legally firearms in Texas ) . However , if the firearm is displayed in a manner `` calculated to cause alarm , '' then it is `` disorderly conduct '' . Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas , except when the carrier was on property he / she owned or had lawful control over , was legally hunting , or was participating in some gun - related public event such as a gun show . However , the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly . The bill was signed into law on June 13 , 2015 , and took effect on January 1 , 2016 . A License to Carry ( LTC ) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public .

American System ( economic plan ) - Wikipedia American System ( economic plan ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series about Henry Clay Early life Legal career Speaker of the House War of 1812 American System Missouri Compromise Second Bank of the United States Bid for the Presidency ( 1824 ) Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Charlotte Dupuy U.S. Senator from Kentucky Nullification Crisis Bid for the Presidency ( 1832 ) Whig Party Bid for the Presidency ( 1844 ) Compromise of 1850 Death Lying in State The Monkey System or Every One For Himself Henry Clay says `` Walk in and see the new improved grand original American System ! '' The cages are labeled : `` Home , Consumption , Internal , Improv '' . This 1831 cartoon ridiculing Clay 's American System depicts monkeys , labeled as being different parts of a nation 's economy , stealing each other 's resources ( food ) with commentators describing it as either great or a humbug . The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the `` American School '' ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan `` consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for agriculture '' . Congressman Henry Clay was the plan 's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the `` American System '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Main points 3 Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) 4 See also 5 Further reading 5.1 Modern Books 5.2 Other / older Books 6 Sources and Notes History ( edit ) A plan to strengthen and unify the nation , the American System , was advanced by the Whig Party and a number of leading politicians including Henry Clay , John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams . The System ran counter to federalism and included : Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks Development of a system of internal improvements ( such as roads and canals ) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales Clay protested that the West , which opposed the tariff , should support it since urban factory workers would be consumers of western foods . In Clay 's view , the South ( which also opposed high tariffs ) should support them because of the ready market for cotton in northern mills . This last argument was the weak link . The South never strongly supported the American System and had access to plenty of markets for its cotton exports . Portions of the American System were enacted by the United States Congress . The Second Bank of the United States was rechartered in 1816 for 20 years . High tariffs were first suggested by Alexander Hamilton in his 1791 Report on Manufactures but were not approved by Congress until the Tariff of 1816 . Tariffs were subsequently raised until they peaked in 1828 after the so - called Tariff of Abominations . After the Nullification Crisis in 1833 , tariffs remained the same rate until the Civil War . However , the national system of internal improvements was never adequately funded ; the failure to do so was due in part to sectional jealousies and constitutional squabbles about such expenditures . The American System did not enjoy universal success , however ; in 1830 , President Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville , Washington , Paris , and Lexington Turnpike Road Company , which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River , the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky . Jackson 's Maysville Road veto was due to both his personal conflict with Clay and his ideological objections . Main points ( edit ) The establishment of a protective tariff , a 20 % -- 25 % tax on imported goods , would protect a nation 's business from foreign competition . Congress passed a tariff in 1816 which made European goods more expensive and encouraged consumers to buy relatively cheap American - made goods . The establishment of a national bank would promote a single currency , making trade easier , and issue what was called sovereign credit , i.e. , credit issued by the national government , rather than borrowed from the private banking system . In 1816 , Congress created the Second Bank of the United States . The improvement of the country 's infrastructure , especially transportation systems , made trade easier and faster for everyone . Poor roads made transportation slow and costly . This program became the leading tenet of the Whig Party of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . It was opposed by the Democratic Party of Andrew Jackson , Martin Van Buren , James K. Polk , Franklin Pierce , and James Buchanan prior to the Civil War , often on the grounds that the points of it were unconstitutional . Among the most important internal improvements created under the American System was the Cumberland Road . Henry Clay 's `` American System , '' devised in the burst of nationalism that followed the War of 1812 , remains one of the most historically significant examples of a government - sponsored program to harmonize and balance the nation 's agriculture , commerce , and industry . This `` System '' consisted of three mutually reenforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other `` internal improvements '' to develop profitable markets for agriculture . Funds for these subsidies would be obtained from tariffs and sales of public lands . Clay argued that a vigorously maintained system of sectional economic interdependence would eliminate the chance of renewed subservience to the free - trade , laissez - faire `` British System . '' -- United States Senate website Annual Message of 1815 ( Seven Points ) ( edit ) Funds for national defense Frigates for the Navy A standing army and federal control of the militia Federal aid for building roads and canals A protective tariff to encourage manufacturers Re-establishing the National Bank Federal assumption of some state debt See also ( edit ) American School ( economics ) Friedrich List , German - American economist Import substitution industrialization , a key feature of the American System adopted in much of the Third World during the twentieth century Lincoln 's expansion of the federal government 's economic role National Policy , a similar economic plan used by Canada circa 1867 -- 1920s Further reading ( edit ) Modern Books ( edit ) Michael , Diaz , The Promise of American Life ( 2005 - reprint ) Joseph Dorfman . The Economic Mind in American Civilization , 1606 - 1865 ( 1947 ) 2 vol Eckes , Jr . Alfred E. `` Opening America 's Market - U.S. Foreign Trade Policy Since ( 1995 ) University of North Carolina Press Foner , Eric . Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ( 1970 ) Gill , William J. Trade Wars Against America : A History of United States Trade and Monetary Policy ( 1990 ) Carter Goodrich , Government Promotion of American Canals and Railroads , 1800 - 1890 ( Greenwood Press , 1960 ) Goodrich , Carter . `` American Development Policy : the Case of Internal Improvements , '' Journal of Economic History , 16 ( 1956 ) , 449 - 60 . in JSTOR Goodrich , Carter . `` National Planning of Internal Improvements , '' Political Science Quarterly , 63 ( 1948 ) , 16 - 44 . in JSTOR John Lauritz Larson . Internal Improvement : National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States ( 2001 ) Lively , Robert A . `` The American System , a Review Article , '' Business History Review , XXIX ( March , 1955 ) , 81 - 96 . recommended starting point Lind , Michael Hamilton 's Republic : Readings in the American Democratic Nationalist Tradition ( 1997 ) Lind , Michael What Lincoln Believed : The Values and Convictions of America 's Greatest President ( 2004 ) Remini , Robert V. Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union , 1991 Edward Stanwood , American Tariff Controversies in the 19th Century ( 1903 ; reprint 1974 ) , 2 vols. , favors protectionism Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun : Nationalist , 1782 - 1828 ( 1944 ) Other / older Books ( edit ) G.B. Curtiss , Protection and Prosperity : an ; W.H. Dawson , Protection in Germany ( London , 1904 ) Alexander Hamilton , Report on the Subject of Manufactures , communicated to the House of Representatives , 5 December 1791 H.C. Carey , Principles of Social Science ( 3 vols. , Philadelphia , 1858 -- 1859 ) , Harmony of Interests Agricultural , Manufacturing and Commercial ( Philadelphia , 1873 ) Friedrich List , Outlines of American Political Economy ( 1980 - reprint ) Friedrich List , National System of Political Economy ( 1994 - reprint ) A.M. Low , Protection in the United States ( London , 1904 ) ; H. 0 . Meredith , Protection in France ( London , 1904 ) Ellis H. Roberts , Government Revenue , especially the American System , an argument for industrial freedom against the fallacies of free trade ( Boston , 1884 ) J.P. Young , Protection and Progress : a Study of the Economic Bases of the American Protective System ( Chicago , 1900 ) Clay , Henry . The Papers of Henry Clay , 1797 - 1852 . Edited by James Hopkins Sources and notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Classic Senate Speeches : Henry Clay In Defense of the American System at the US Senate website The American System : Speeches on the Tariff Question and Internal Improvements by Congressman Andrew Stewart John Quincy Adams United States House of Representatives , 1831 -- 1848 6th President of the United States , 1825 -- 1829 8th U.S. Secretary of State , 1817 -- 1825 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1814 -- 1817 1st U.S. Minister to Russia , 1809 -- 1814 Massachusetts State Senate , 1803 -- 1808 U.S. Minister to Prussia , 1797 -- 1801 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1794 -- 1797 Presidency Inauguration American System Internal improvements Tariff of 1828 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien Treaty of Fond du Lac Treaty of Limits United States Naval Observatory Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori State of the Union Address , 1825 1827 1828 Federal judiciary appointments Other events Monroe Doctrine , author Treaty of Ghent Adams -- Onís Treaty Treaty of 1818 Smithsonian Institution United States v . The Amistad Mendi Bible President , American Academy of Arts and Sciences President , Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences Writings Lifelong diary Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Life and homes Early life Abigail Adams Cairn John Quincy Adams and abolitionism Adams National Historical Park Birthplace and family home Peacefield Presidential Library United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election , 1824 Corrupt Bargain United States presidential election , 1828 Legacy Adams Memorial Adams House at Harvard University U.S. Postage stamps Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1957 book 1965 television series ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Mutiny on the Amistad ( 1987 book ) Amistad ( 1997 film ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Adams family Quincy family Louisa Adams ( wife ) George W. Adams ( son ) Charles Adams Sr. ( son ) John Adams II ( son ) Henry Adams ( grandson ) Brooks Adams ( grandson ) John Quincy Adams II ( grandson ) John Adams father presidency Abigail Adams mother First Lady Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( sister ) Charles Adams ( brother ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( brother ) John Adams Sr. ( paternal grandfather ) Susanna Boylston ( paternal grandmother ) Elihu Adams ( paternal uncle ) John Quincy ( great - grandfather ) Related National Republican Party Republicanism Quincy Patriot ← James Monroe Andrew Jackson → Alexander Hamilton Senior Officer of the United States Army , 1799 -- 1800 1st Secretary of the Treasury , 1789 -- 1795 Delegate , Congress of the Confederation , 1782 -- 1783 , 1788 -- 1789 United States founding events A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( 1775 ) Delegate , 1786 Annapolis Convention Delegate , 1787 Constitutional Convention Initiated , main author , The Federalist Papers written by Hamilton Founding Father Secretary of the Treasury First Bank of the United States Revenue Marine ( United States Coast Guard ) United States Customs Service Hamiltonian economic program Residence Act Compromise of 1790 `` First Report on the Public Credit '' , 1790 Funding Act of 1790 `` Operations of the Act Laying Duties on Imports '' , 1790 `` Second Report on Public Credit '' , a.k.a. `` Report on a National Bank '' , 1790 `` Report On Manufactures '' , 1791 Tariff of 1790 Tariff of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Whiskey Rebellion Jay Treaty Military career New York Provincial Company of Artillery In the Revolutionary War Battles : Harlem Heights White Plains Trenton General Washington 's Aide - de-Camp Princeton Brandywine Germantown Monmouth Siege of Yorktown Other events Burr -- Hamilton duel Founder , Federalist Party Federalist Era Founder , Bank of New York Bank of North America Advisor , George Washington 's Farewell Address President - General of the Society of the Cincinnati Founder , New - York Evening Post Hamilton -- Reynolds sex scandal Rutgers v. Waddington Relationship with slavery Depictions and memorials Alexander Hamilton ( Fraser statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Ceracchi bust ) Alexander Hamilton ( Conrads statue ) Alexander Hamilton ( Trumbull portrait ) Alexander Hamilton Bridge Alexander Hamilton High School ( Los Angeles ) Fort Hamilton Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hamilton Hall ( Columbia University ) Hamilton Hall ( Salem , Massachusetts ) Hamilton Heights , Manhattan Hamilton , Ohio Hamilton - Oneida Academy Postage stamps Trinity Church Cemetery United States ten - dollar bill Media and popular culture Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) Hamilton ( 1917 play ) Alexander Hamilton ( 1931 film ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) Related Age of Enlightenment American Enlightenment American Philosophical Society Liberty Hall ( New Jersey ) New York Manumission Society African Free School `` American System '' economic plan American School American Revolution patriots Family Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton wife Schuyler family Philip Hamilton ( oldest son ) Angelica Hamilton ( daughter ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( son ) James Alexander Hamilton ( son ) John Church Hamilton ( son ) William S. Hamilton ( son ) Eliza Hamilton Holly ( daughter ) Philip Hamilton ( youngest son ) Schuyler Hamilton ( grandson ) Alexander Hamilton Jr. ( grandson ) Allan McLane Hamilton ( grandson ) Robert Ray Hamilton ( great - grandson ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_System_(economic_plan)&oldid=806745023 '' Categories : Economic history of the United States Great Triumvirate Henry Clay Political history of the United States Presidency of John Quincy Adams Economic nationalism United States economic policy United States public land law Hidden categories : All Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed Wikipedia articles needing words , phrases or quotes attributed from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 22 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what were the major components of clays american system

The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century . Rooted in the `` American School '' ideas of Alexander Hamilton , the plan `` consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts : a tariff to protect and promote American industry ; a national bank to foster commerce ; and federal subsidies for roads , canals , and other ' internal improvements ' to develop profitable markets for agriculture '' . Congressman Henry Clay was the plan 's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as the `` American System '' .

Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides - Wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides Jump to : navigation , search `` Pirates 4 '' redirects here . For the 3D short film , see Pirates 4 - D. For the soundtrack , see Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Theatrical release poster Directed by Rob Marshall Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Based on On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Penélope Cruz Ian McShane Kevin R. McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by David Brenner Wyatt Smith Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) ( Disneyland Resort ) May 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $410.6 million ( gross ) $378.5 million ( net ) Box office $1.045 billion Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film , the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World 's End ( 2007 ) . It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski , being replaced by Rob Marshall . Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer . The film is technically a stand - alone sequel to the previous installments . In the film , which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers , Captain Jack Sparrow ( Johnny Depp ) is joined by Angelica ( Penélope Cruz ) in his search for the Fountain of Youth , confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard ( Ian McShane ) . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20 , 2011 . It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and IMAX 3D formats . Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio first learned of Powers ' novel On Stranger Tides during the back - to - back production of Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) and At World 's End , and considered it a good starting point for a new movie in the series . Pre-production started after the end of the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , with Depp collaborating with the writers on the story design . Principal photography rolled for 106 days between June and November 2010 , with locations in Hawaii , the United Kingdom , Puerto Rico and California . Filming employed 3D cameras similar to those used in the production of the 2009 film Avatar , and ten companies were involved with the film 's visual effects . Following inflated production costs it is currently noted as the most expensive film ever made with a net budget of $379 million . On Stranger Tides broke many box office records upon release , and it stands as the 23rd - highest - grossing film of all time worldwide when not adjusting for inflation . Critical reviews were mixed , with the film receiving criticism over its writing , directing , excessiveness and lack of originality ; positive mentions were given on the acting , action sequences , music , visuals and the running time for being much shorter than the previous two films . A sequel , titled Dead Men Tell No Tales , was released in 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Effects 3.6 Music 4 Release 4.1 Promotion 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1. 2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) This film 's story occurs in 1750 , set roughly sixteen years after At World 's End ( and six after its post-credits scene ) After a failed attempt to rescue his first mate , Joshamee Gibbs , in London , Captain Jack Sparrow is brought before King George II . The king wants Jack to guide an expedition to the Fountain of Youth before King Ferdinand and the Spanish Navy can locate it . Jack 's old nemesis , Captain Hector Barbossa , now a privateer in service to the British Navy after losing his leg and ship , the Black Pearl , which he says was sunk , is heading the expedition . Jack refuses the offer and escapes . He meets up with his father , Captain Teague , who warns Jack about the Fountain 's rituals . Jack learns someone is impersonating him to recruit a crew to find the Fountain . The impostor is Angelica , Jack 's former lover , and the daughter of the ruthless pirate Blackbeard , who practices voodoo magic and wields the mythical `` Sword of Triton '' that controls his ship , the Queen Anne 's Revenge . While Jack is shanghaied aboard Blackbeard 's ship , Gibbs escapes execution by memorizing and destroying Jack 's map showing the Fountain 's location , forcing Barbossa to take him along . Meanwhile , after a failed mutiny aboard the Queen Anne 's Revenge , Jack is forced to guide the crew to the Fountain . Blackbeard seeks the Fountain 's power to circumvent his predestined fatal encounter with a `` one - legged man '' , who happened to be Barbossa . Jack must find two silver chalices aboard Juan Ponce de León 's missing flagship , the Santiago . The Fountain 's water must simultaneously be drunk by two people from the chalices . Drinking from one chalice containing a mermaid 's tear will extend life ; the second person dies , their remaining years of life transferred to the other drinker . Jack also discovers that the Black Pearl was captured and shrunk before being added to Blackbeard 's collection of other shrunken ships in bottles . The Queen Anne 's Revenge heads for Whitecap Bay to find and harvest mermaid tears . After managing to lure in a mermaid named Tamara , she summons other mermaids to attack the crew before Jack causes an explosion that scares them away . A mermaid named Syrena is caught , but Philip Swift , a captive missionary , falls in love with her . Reaching Ponce de León 's ship on an uncharted island , Angelica and Blackbeard coerce Jack into retrieving both chalices . Jack locates the grounded , decaying vessel , only to find Barbossa there . Both guess that the Spanish have taken the chalices , after they are nowhere to be found on the vessel . Jack and Barbossa team up to sneak into the Spanish camp and steal the chalices . Barbossa reveals he only wants revenge against Blackbeard for attacking the Black Pearl , and his leg being amputated . Jack and Barbossa escape with the chalices . Meanwhile , Syrena , reciprocating Philip 's love , is tricked into shedding a tear . Blackbeard collects it , leaving her to die of dehydration while Philip is forced to go with them . Jack returns with the chalices and bargains with Blackbeard for Angelica 's safety , Jack 's confiscated magical compass ( which they took from him before sending him to get the chalices ) , and Gibbs ' release . In return , Jack vows to give Blackbeard the chalices and lead him to the Fountain ; Blackbeard agrees , and Gibbs is set free with the compass . At the Fountain , Blackbeard 's crew is confronted by Barbossa and his men and they battle while Barbossa and Blackbeard fight . The Spanish suddenly arrive , intending to destroy the Fountain , believing its power an abomination against God . They crush the chalices and throw them in the swamp . When Barbossa stabs Blackbeard with a poisoned sword , Angelica pulls it out but is cut and poisoned . Jack notices Angelica is poisoned and begins frantically searching the swamp for the chalices . Barbossa obtains Blackbeard 's magic sword and gains control of the Queen Anne 's Revenge and her crew . Despite resistance from Blackbeard 's crew , the Spanish successfully pull down a pillar , crushing the Fountain of Youth . The Spanish army leaves once the fountain is in ruins . Philip is mortally wounded , but he returns to free Syrena . She helps Jack retrieve the missing chalices and gives them to him , telling him not to waste her tear . Syrena goes back to the dying Philip . She says she can save him if he asks her to . When he asks for her forgiveness , she kisses him and takes him underwater . With Blackbeard and Angelica both nearing death , Jack retrieves the last remaining drops of water from the destroyed fountain and puts the tear in one of them . Knowing that one of them must be sacrificed , he wants Angelica to drink from the chalice containing the tear . Instead , Blackbeard drinks it , asking his daughter to save him . Angelica agrees and drinks from the second chalice . Jack is upset to lose Angelica , but reveals that he made a mistake about which chalice contained the tear . Neither of the two are happy , and they both believe Jack deliberately tricked them . Angelica 's wounds are healed as the Fountain fatally consumes Blackbeard 's body . Eventually , Jack and Angelica admit their love for each other , yet he distrusts her intentions ( aware that she may try to avenge her father ) and strands her on a cay . Now wielding Blackbeard 's magical sword , Barbossa captains the Queen Anne 's Revenge and returns to piracy . Jack finds Gibbs , who had used the compass to locate the Revenge . He reclaims the shrunken Black Pearl and the other conquered ships in bottles , carrying them in a gunny sack . The two leave , hoping to revert the Black Pearl to its original size and continue living the pirates life . In a post-credits scene , a voodoo doll of Jack crafted by Blackbeard washes ashore and is found by Angelica , who then smiles . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : Former captain of the Black Pearl . Penélope Cruz as Angelica : Jack 's former love interest , and daughter of Blackbeard . Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : Jack 's former - rival - turned - ally , and former captain of the Black Pearl . Ian McShane as Captain Blackbeard : Legendary pirate , and captain of the Queen Anne 's Revenge . Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Jack 's friend , and former first mate . Sam Claflin as Philip Swift : A missionary , kept prisoner aboard Blackbeard 's ship . Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey as Syrena : A mermaid captured by Blackbeard , and love interest of Swift . Stephen Graham as Scrum : A self - serving member of Blackbeard 's crew . Greg Ellis as Lt. Cmdr . Theodore Groves : Barbossa 's second - in - command , former second - in - command of Cutler Beckett and James Norrington 's crew . Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gillette , Barbossa 's third - in - command , former second - in - command of James Norrington . Óscar Jaenada as The Spaniard : King Ferdinand 's most trusted agent . Richard Griffiths as King George II Keith Richards as Captain Edward Teague : Jack 's father , former Pirate Lord of Madagascar , and keeper of the code of the Bretheren Court . Gemma Ward as Tamara : A mermaid . Judi Dench as Society Lady Ian Mercer as the Quartermaster : A psychic who foresees Blackbeard 's death . Robbie Kay as the Cabin Boy Christopher Fairbank as Ezekiel Yuki Matsuzaki as Ghareg Bronson Webb as The Cook Steve Evets as Purser Derek Mears as the Master - at - Arms DeObia Oparei as the Gunner Sebastian Armesto as King Ferdinand of the Spanish Empire Anton Lesser as Lord John Carteret , Viscount Carteret , Baron Carteret of Hawnes , 2nd Earl of Granville Roger Allam as Prime Minister Henry Pelham Paul Bazely as Salaman : An Indian crew member of the Queen Anne 's Revenge Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Shortly before the premiere of At World 's End , Jerry Bruckheimer stated it was the end of the trilogy , but the idea of a spin - off was still possible . After the film 's successful opening weekend , Dick Cook , then Chairman of the Walt Disney Studios , said he was interested in a fourth installment . Los Angeles Times also reported that rights to a book were bought . Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio had started working on a script in 2007 , but they were interrupted by the 2007 -- 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and only resumed in mid-2008 . In June 2009 , Bruckheimer indicated Disney would prefer the fourth installment of Pirates to be released before The Lone Ranger film , which he , Johnny Depp , Ted Elliott , and Terry Rossio had been working on for release on May 20 , 2011 . He hoped Gore Verbinski would return to direct the fourth film , as his BioShock film adaptation had been put on hold . As Verbinski was unavailable due to his commitment with Rango the same year , Bruckheimer suggested Rob Marshall , who he considered a `` premiere filmmaker '' , stating that `` Every film ( Marshall ) made I thought was unique and different . '' On July 21 , 2009 , Marshall accepted the job , because of the `` whole new story line and set of characters . It felt new , and that was important to me . '' Marshall said the film provided him a long - awaited opportunity to work with Depp , and that his directing was helped by his experience as a choreographer -- `` the action sequences felt like big production numbers . '' On September 11 , 2009 , at Disney 's D23 convention during a Disney event , Cook and Johnny Depp , in full Captain Jack Sparrow costume , announced that a fourth Pirates film was in development . The title was announced as Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Marshall visited the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland for inspiration , eventually paying homage with a skeleton holding a magnifying glass in Ponce de León 's ship . An appearance of `` Old Bill '' , the pirate who tries to share his rum with a cat , was also filmed but cut . Pintel and Ragetti were originally supposed to make an appearance , but director Rob Marshall opted out of the idea as he feared their roles would be cut . Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years . Depp 's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation , with Depp explaining that `` There 's a fissure , a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment . It was all born in that office '' . Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow : `` When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character , Dick was there from the first moment . He trusted me '' . Writing ( edit ) During production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End , writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio discovered Tim Powers ' 1987 novel On Stranger Tides , which they considered a good foundation on which to base `` a new chapter '' in the Pirates series . Disney bought the rights to the novel in April 2007 . Rossio stated that he and Elliot had considered using Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth in the story before reading the book , `` but whenever you say those words , Powers ' novel comes to mind . There was no way we could work in that field without going into territory Tim had explored . '' However , they denied that it would be a straight version of the novel : `` Blackbeard came from the book , and in the book there is a daughter character , too . But Jack Sparrow is not in the book , nor is Barbossa . So I would n't call this an adaptation . '' Rossio declared the script was written to be a standalone film , `` kind of a James Bond sort of thing '' , instead of the `` designed to be a trilogy '' structure of the previous installments . They hoped to `` design a story that would support new characters , '' as characters such as Will Turner would not return . Bruckheimer added that there was a decision to `` streamline the story a little bit , make it a little simpler and not have as many characters to follow '' , as the number of characters and subplots in At World 's End caused the film to have an unwieldy length . The duo decided to employ another sea myth alluded in the previous episodes : mermaids , which are briefly referenced in the book . The mermaids ' role expanded in the script , which included a vast attack sequence . Depp was deeply involved with the story design , frequently meeting the writers to show what he was interested in doing , and in the words of Rossio , being `` involved in coming up with story lines , connecting characters , creating moments that we would then fashion , shape and then go back . '' Among Depp 's suggestions were turning Phillip into a missionary and having a Spanish contingent following the protagonists . Afterwards , Rob Marshall and executive producer John DeLuca met Rossio and Elliot , and did alterations of their own , including building the female lead . Casting ( edit ) Top to bottom : Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , and Kevin McNally who reprised their roles from the previous films as Captain Jack Sparrow , Captain Hector Barbossa , and Joshamee Gibbs respectively . Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008 , saying that he would come back if the script was good . Almost a year later , Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role , realizing that without him the franchise would be `` dead and buried . '' Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa , and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence . Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg , as he considered the disability made him `` angrier , more forceful and resilient as a character '' , and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch , particularly during sword fighting scenes . While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush 's leg , the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally , with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk . Three other actors from the previous films returned , Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs , Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves , and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette . Keith Richards also had a cameo , reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World 's End ; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder . Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles , as they wanted to be involved in different films . They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could . On August 1 , 2009 , Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones , who died in the previous film , saying the possibility to resurrect the character , but at the end , his inclusion was scrapped . On February 5 , 2010 , Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti , stating , `` They have n't asked me . But actually I do n't mind that at all . I 'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we 've made is great . I 'd almost like them to leave it there . '' New cast members include Ian McShane , who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film , Blackbeard , and Penélope Cruz , who plays Angelica , Jack Sparrow 's love interest . According to Marshall , McShane was chosen because `` he can play something evil but there 's always humor behind it as well '' and the actor accepted the job due to both the `` very funny and charming '' script and the opportunity to work with Marshall . The beard took one hour and a half to get applied , and McShane likened the character 's costume to `` a real biker pirate -- it 's all black leather . '' Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role , as she fit the description as `` an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him , but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way . She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful '' , and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine . The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role . During filming , Cruz discovered she was pregnant , leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic , and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes . Depp recommended Stephen Graham , who worked with him in Public Enemies , to play Scrum , a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow , and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II , as Depp was a fan of Griffiths ' work on Withnail and I. Sam Claflin , a recent drama school graduate with television experience , was chosen to play the missionary Philip , and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast . Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors : Cruz , Bergès - Frisbey , Óscar Jaenada , and Juan Carlos Vellido . Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz . Casting for mermaids required the actresses to have natural breasts -- no implants . As Bruckheimer explained to EW , `` I do n't think they had breast augmentation in the 1700s , ( ... ) So it 's natural for casting people to say , ' We want real people . ' '' Marshall invited Spanish - French actress Àstrid Bergès - Frisbey to play Syrena after seeing her in a French magazine article on up - and - coming actresses . Bergès - Frisbey had to take lessons of English , swimming and breath control for the role . The rest of the mermaid portrayers , such as Australian supermodel Gemma Ward , were chosen for having `` exotic sense , an otherworldly sensibility , but also under those layers a deadly quality '' , according to Marshall , and had to take swimming lessons to learn movements such as the dolphin and eggbeater kicks . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack . After the joint production of Dead Man 's Chest and At World 's End cost over $300 million , Disney decided to give a lower budget to the fourth installment . Many costs had to be cut , including moving primary production to Hawaii and London , where tax credits are more favorable , and having a shorter shooting schedule and fewer scenes featuring special effects compared to At World 's End . The tighter schedule -- according to Bruckheimer , `` We had a 22 - week post , and for a picture like this , with almost 1,200 visual effects shots , it 's usually 40 weeks '' -- meant that Marshall supervised editing of sequences during filming . The British financial statements of the film revealed total expenditures of £ 240.7 million ( $410.6 million ) by 2013 , with Disney receiving a rebate of $32.1 million from the British government , making Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides the most expensive film ever made to date . Bruckheimer said the decision to film in 3D was made due to its being `` immersive filmmaking ; I think it makes you part of the actual filming because you 're part of the screen . '' Bruckheimer described it as the first major `` exterior movie '' to be shot in 3D , as Avatar was mostly done in sound stages . At first Marshall was not much interested in 3D , but the director eventually considered it a film that could benefit from the format . `` You are on an adventure and with the 3D experience you are inside that adventure . '' While the original plan was to add 3D effects during post-production , the decision was made to shoot digitally with 3D cameras . Only one sequence was shot conventionally and needed a 3D conversion . The cameras were improved versions of the ones James Cameron developed for Avatar , which were made more compact for extra mobility . This meant the cameras could be brought into locations such as the Hawaiian jungle . The Queen Anne 's Revenge was built atop the Sunset , the same ship used to depict the Black Pearl in previous installments . On February 2010 , the Sunset was sailed from Long Beach to a shipyard in Hawaii for the reforms , where a big concern was to make it imposing , with three stories , without sacrificing actual seakeeping . Given Blackbeard was meant to be the meanest pirate to appear in the series , the look for the Queen Anne 's Revenge was ominous , with sails dyed blood red , various elements on fire , and a decoration based on skulls and bones ( drawing inspiration from the Sedlec Ossuary in Czech Republic ) . Damage from cannon fire was also added to show that `` not only Blackbeard was a dying man , but his ship is also a dying ship '' . The ship 's figurehead also drew inspiration from Blackbeard 's pirate flag . The replica ship HMS Surprise was used for Barbossa 's ship , the HMS Providence , and all the scenes aboard the Providence were shot on the Long Beach shore as the Surprise could not be sailed to Hawaii . Over 50 designs were considered for the Fountain of Youth , with the final one representing a temple built by an ancient civilization around the Fountain , which itself was located in a round rocky structure to represent `` the circle of life '' . The locations leading up to the Fountain were shot in the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu , but the Fountain itself was built at the 007 Stage on Pinewood . Effects ( edit ) On Stranger Tides employed 1,112 shots of computer - generated imagery , which were done by ten visual effects companies . Cinesite visual effects supervisor Simon Stanley - Clamp claimed that the most difficult part was doing the effects in 3D : `` Rotoscoping is tricky . Cleaning up plates is double the work , and tracking has to be spot on . '' The lead companies , with over 300 effects each , were Industrial Light & Magic -- responsible for , among others , the mermaids and most water effects -- and Moving Picture Company , who created digital ships and environment extensions , such as changing weather and designing cliffs and waterfalls . Filming the mermaids involved eight model - actresses , who portrayed them outside the water , as well as 22 synchronized swimming athletes and a group of stuntwomen , both of whom wore motion capture suits to be later replaced by digital mermaids . Mermaid corpses were depicted by plaster models . The design tried to avoid the traditional representations of mermaids in paintings and literature , instead going for a scaly body with a translucent membrane inspired by both jellyfish and the fabric employed in ballet tutus . To make the mermaids more menacing underwater , the faces of the actresses had some digital touch - ups on the underwater scenes , adding sharper teeth and a shimmery fish scale quality on the skin . ILM also handled Blackbeard 's death , where Ian McShane 's actual performance was covered by digital doubles which turned him into a `` boiling mass of blood and clothing '' , and a hurricane - like formation that represented `` the waters of the Fountain taking his life '' . Cinesite handled the recreation of London and Barbossa 's peg leg , CIS Hollywood did 3D corrections and minor shots , and Method Studios created matte paintings . Music ( edit ) Main article : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( soundtrack ) The film 's score was written by Hans Zimmer , who had worked in all of the previous entries in the franchise ; being the main composer for the second and third installments . Zimmer said that he tried to incorporate a rock n ' roll sound , as he felt `` pirates were the rock ' n ' rollers of many , many years ago '' , and Spanish elements , which led to a collaboration with Mexican guitarists Rodrigo y Gabriela and a tango song written by Penélope Cruz 's brother Eduardo . American composer Eric Whitacre contributed several choir - based cues , as well as regular assistant Geoff Zanelli . Release ( edit ) Penélope Cruz and Johnny Depp promoting the film at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival . On January 6 , 2010 , Disney announced that the film would be released in the United States and Canada on May 20 , 2011 , following Columbia Pictures ' announcement of a delay in the Spider - Man reboot and Paramount Pictures slating Thor for May 6 , 2011 . The film was released in IMAX 3D , as well as traditional 2D and IMAX format , with Dolby 7.1 surround sound . This film was also the first film to be released in the 4DX motion theaters in Mexico and in the Western Hemisphere , featuring strobe lights , tilting seats , blowing wind and fog and odor effects . It is available exclusively at select Cinépolis cinemas . The world premiere of On Stranger Tides was on May 7 , 2011 , at a premium ticket screening at Disneyland in Anaheim , California , home of the original Pirates of the Caribbean ride that inspired the film series . Many of the film 's stars were in attendance . Two other early screenings followed , one in Moscow on May 11 , and another during the Cannes International Film Festival on May 14 . The international release dates fell within May 18 and 20 , with opening dates in the United Kingdom on May 18 , in Australia on May 19 , and in North America on May 20 . The film was released on a then - record 402 IMAX screens , 257 screens in North America , and 139 in other territories . The total number of theaters was 4,155 in North America and 18,210 worldwide . Promotion ( edit ) Disney 's marketing president , MT Carney , said that the film 's advertising campaign was intended `` to remind people of why they fell in love with Jack Sparrow in the first place and also introduce new elements in a way that was elegant '' . Sony Pictures ' former marketing president , Valerie Van Galder , was hired as a consultant . The first footage from the film appeared on Entertainment Tonight on December 4 , 2010 . Three trailers were released , one in December , which had a 3D version included with the release of Tron : Legacy and broadcast by ESPN 3D ; a Super Bowl XLV spot on February 2011 , which was later released online in an extended version ; and a final trailer in March that focused more on the plot than the previous trailer and commercials . Promotional tie - ins included Lego Pirates of the Caribbean toy sets and a related video game , a cell phone app by Verizon Wireless , a special edition of Pirate 's Booty , lines of nail polish by OPI , clothing from Hot Topic , and jewelry from Swarovski . Goldline International produced replicas of the `` Pieces of Eight '' coins from the movies and gold Mexican Escudo coins , which were given in sweepstakes at the El Capitan Theatre . At Disney California Adventure Park , the Pirates of the Caribbean segment of the World of Color show was extended to include visual clips and music from On Stranger Tides . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on September 12 , 2011 in the UK , topping both the Blu - ray and DVD sales charts during its first two weeks . The film had its high - definition home release on October 18 , 2011 in the United States and Canada . Three different physical packages were made available : a 2 - disc combo pack ( Blu - ray and DVD ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( 2 - disc Blu - ray , 1 - disc Blu - ray 3D , 1 - disc DVD , and 1 - disc Digital Copy ) , and a 15 - disc collection featuring all four Pirates movies . On Stranger Tides was also released as a movie download in both high definition and 3D . The regular DVD edition came out on December 6 . In its first week of release , it sold 1.71 million Blu - ray units and generated $48.50 million , topping the weekly Blu - ray chart . However these results were quite skewed due to the one - month delay of its DVD - only release . It sold 3.20 million Blu - ray units ( $83.46 million ) after 11 weeks . It has also sold 1.12 million DVD units ( $19.32 million ) . Upon its television premiere on December 29 , 2013 in the UK on BBC One , it was watched by a total of 5.4 million viewers , making it the third-most watched program that night , according to overnight figures . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) On Stranger Tides earned $241,071,802 in the North America and $804,642,000 in other countries for a worldwide total of $1,045,713,802 . It is the 22nd highest - grossing film worldwide , the third - highest - grossing 2011 film , the second-most successful installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean series , the eleventh - highest - grossing Disney feature and the second - highest - grossing fourth film in a franchise ( behind Transformers : Age of Extinction ) . On its worldwide opening weekend , it grossed $350.6 million , surpassing At World 's End 's $344 million opening as best in the series and ranking as the seventh - highest worldwide opening . It scored an IMAX worldwide opening - weekend record with $16.7 million ( first surpassed by Transformers : Dark of the Moon ) . It set records for the least time to reach $500 , $600 , and $700 million worldwide ( in 10 , 12 and 16 days , respectively ) . The first of these records was first surpassed by Dark of the Moon and the other two by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . After 46 days in theaters ( July 2 , 2011 ) , it became the eighth film in cinema history and the fourth film released by Walt Disney Studios to cross the $1 - billion - mark . It set a record for the fastest Disney - distributed film to reach the milestone ( first surpassed by Marvel 's The Avengers ) and it is the fifth - fastest film overall to achieve this . North America ( edit ) During its Thursday - midnight showings , On Stranger Tides earned $4.7 million from 2,210 theaters , and $34,860,549 in total on its opening day . It earned $90,151,958 on its opening weekend , topping the weekend box office , but earning much less than its two immediate predecessors ( At World 's End -- $114.7 million and Dead Man 's Chest -- $135.6 million ) and the directly preceding Johnny Depp spectacle ( Alice in Wonderland -- $116.1 million ) . 3D showings accounted for only 46 % of its opening - weekend gross . It closed on September 29 , 2011 , with a $241.1 million gross , ranking as the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2011 and the least profitable film of the franchise . However , it was the top - grossing movie during May 2011 ( with $166.8 million by May 31 ) . Outside North America ( edit ) Outside North America , On Stranger Tides is the sixth - highest - grossing film , the third - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing 2011 film and the highest - grossing film of the Pirates of the Caribbean series . It is the highest - grossing Pirates film in at least 58 territories . During its opening day ( Wednesday , May 18 , 2011 ) , On Stranger Tides made $18.5 million from 10 territories . It added 37 territories and $25.7 million on Thursday , for a two - day total of $44.2 million , and on Friday , it expanded to almost all countries , earning $46.2 million for a three - day total of $92.1 million . On its five - day opening weekend as a whole , it earned a then - record $260.4 million from 18,210 screens in more than 100 territories , in all which it reached first place at the box office . The record debut was surpassed later in the same summer season by Deathly Hallows Part 2 . Earnings originating from 3 - D showings accounted for 66 % of the weekend gross , which was a much greater share than in North America . Its highest - grossing countries during its first weekend were Russia and the CIS ( $31.42 million including previews ) , China ( $22.3 million ) and Germany ( $20.53 million ) . It dominated for three weekends at the overseas box office despite competition from The Hangover Part II , Kung Fu Panda 2 , and X-Men : First Class . It reached the $300 , $400 and $500 - million - mark at the box office outside North America in record time ( 7 , 11 and 14 days respectively ) , records first surpassed by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . On Stranger Tides set opening day records in both Russia ( including the CIS ) and Sweden . Subsequently , it set opening - weekend records in Latin America , the Middle East , Russia , Norway , Ukraine and Turkey , still retaining the record in Russia ( $26.8 million ) and Ukraine ( $2.15 million ) . Its highest - grossing market after North America is Japan ( $108.9 million ) , followed by China ( $71.8 million ) and Russia and the CIS ( $63.7 million ) . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Russia and the CIS , Austria , Ukraine , Greece , Portugal and Angola , South Africa , Romania , Bulgaria , Egypt , Estonia , and Latvia . Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 33 % based on 259 reviews , with an average rating of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` It 's shorter and leaner than the previous sequel , but this Pirates runs aground on a disjointed plot and a non-stop barrage of noisy action sequences . '' Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , gives the film an average score of 45 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . CinemaScore polls reported that the average grade moviegoers gave the film was a `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert gave On Stranger Tides two out of four stars , saying that although the removal of Knightley and Bloom as well as the addition of Cruz were positive aspects , the film in general was `` too much of a muchness '' for him . Tom Long of The Detroit News gave a D+ , saying that Jack Sparrow had `` worn out his welcome '' . Despite the more linear plot , `` the movie is still ridiculous '' . He found On Stranger Tides to be `` precisely what you 'd expect of the fourth installment of a movie based on an amusement park ride : a whole lot of noise , plenty of stunts and complete silliness . '' British film critic Mark Kermode gave the film an overwhelmingly negative review on his 5 Live show , saying `` it 's not as staggeringly misjudged as the third part , because it is just nothing , it is just a big empty nothing , whereas part three I think was an active atrocity , it 's just nothing at all '' . As with the previous films , the plot was criticized as incoherent and confusing . The Arizona Republic critic Bill Goodykoontz rated the film two out of five , stating that `` the movie is a series of distractions tossed together in the hopes that they will come together in a coherent story . That never really happens . '' Online reviewer James Berardinelli considered the script `` little more than a clothesline from which to dangle all of the obligatory set pieces '' , and USA Today 's Claudia Puig found On Stranger Tides `` familiar and predictable ... often incoherent and crammed with pointless details . '' Mike Scott from The Times - Picayune mentions that `` while this latest chapter is n't quite sharp enough to restore the sense of discovery that made that first outing so darn exciting , it 's enough to make up for most of the missteps that made the third one so darn arrgh - inducing . '' Writing for The A.V. Club , Tasha Robinson described On Stranger Tides as `` a smaller film than past installments , by design and necessity '' , and felt that `` the series has needed this streamlining '' as the film `` feels lightweight , but that 's still better than bloated . '' On Stranger Tides also had positive reviews ; some critics found the film to be entertaining and well - made . Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ , describing it as `` the most fun installment since the first '' , calling the story `` pure cartoon , but a lot easier to follow than the other sequels '' , and summing as `` the franchise is getting tired , but Penelope energizes it . '' Along the same lines , Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film three out of four stars , writing that it `` feels as fresh and bracingly exhilarating as the day Jack Sparrow first swashed his buckle , infusing new reckless energy into a franchise that shows no signs of furling its sails '' . She said that Marshall `` swiftly and without fuss delivers the action set pieces and eye - popping escapism '' and praised Depp , Cruz , and McShane 's performances . Ray Bennett from The Hollywood Reporter considered that Marshall `` shows terrific flair with all the usual chases and sword fights , and he handles the 3D well '' , and welcomed Penélope Cruz 's character , saying she `` brings her Oscar - winning vivacity '' and had `` lively sexual tension '' with Depp . Writing for The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen found the action scenes to range from `` merely competent to tritely cluttered '' , but he was pleased with the overall result , calling McShane a `` fresh villain '' whose `` stentorian tones are welcome anywhere '' . Variety 's Andrew Barker considered the film derivative , but accessible . `` It has nary an original idea and still does n't make much sense , but it 's lost all pretensions that it should '' . He praised Geoffrey Rush , stating that he `` not only gets the funniest lines and reaction shots , but also starts to siphon away much of the roguish charm that used to be Depp 's stock and trade . '' Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for four Teen Choice Awards : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actor , Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress , and Villain . Its trailer and TV spot were nominated for Golden Trailer Awards . The film won Best Movie for Mature Audiences Award at the 2012 Movieguide Awards . Sequel ( edit ) Further information : Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales On May 29 , 2013 , it was announced that Kon - Tiki directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg would be directing Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales . While earlier reports stated Dead Men Tell No Tales would be released between 2015 and 2016 , Disney announced in 2014 that the film would enter theaters on July 2017 . Production began in late February 2015 in Australia . See also ( edit ) Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . 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Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp Provides Updates on Dark Shadows , The Tourist and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Mackenzie Crook : More than just the Office boy '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides production notes '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McShane talks Pirates 4 '' . Total Film . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` La armada invencible española viaja a ' Piratas del Caribe 4 ' '' . El País ( in Spanish ) . June 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Packing for two , Penelope ? Pregnant star leaves London with a LOT of luggage '' . The Daily Mail . November 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Graham sails with ' Pirates 4 ' crew '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shennan , Paddy . `` This is England star Stephen Graham on why he 's celebrating Halloween in Liverpool this year '' Archived January 19 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Liverpool Echo ( October 22 , 2010 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Claflin Added to Cast of Walt Disney Pictures ' / Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' Epic Adventure Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Savvas , George ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` New ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Cast Members Find Inspiration at Disneyland Park '' . Walt Disney Parks and Resorts . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rull , Carles ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Cuatro españoles en ' Piratas del Caribe 4 '' . 20 minutos . Multiprensa & Mas S.L. Archived from the original on November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Óscar Jaenada , a punto de ser un ' pirata del Caribe ' '' . El Periódico de Catalunya ( in Spanish ) . June 10 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' : Jerry Bruckheimer explains why you need real breasts to play a mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Leigh ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Astrid Berges - Frisbey Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ JMO and Elle ( June 13 , 2010 ) . `` Pirate tale for Gemma Ward '' . The Sunday Telegraph . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Under the Scene : Bringing Mermaids to Life . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Bruckheimer , Jerry ( June 14 , 2010 ) . `` Announcement of initial shooting '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney open casting calls for ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' in Los Angeles '' . Disney Feature Film Casting . July 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Puerto Rico boosts tax incentives for bigger Hollywood role '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Debra ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Behind the Lens : A look at VFX in Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Creative COW Magazine . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Pirates of the Caribbean epic to film '' . Pinewood Studios Group . August 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' spokesman lets the wind out of the sails of New Orleans fans '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smart , Gordon . `` Impersonator gets on to Pirates of the Caribbean 4 set dressed as Captain Jack '' Archived December 10 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Sun . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Fourth try aims to stir high ' Tides ' at B.O. '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Chmielewski , Dawn C. ( May 3 , 2010 ) . `` Not even Bruckheimer movies can escape budget cuts '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` The New 3D Technology Behind ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Last Sail / First Voyage . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Art of Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . Disney Editions . ISBN 1 - 4231 - 3946 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : In Search of the Fountain . Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Blu - ray : Walt Disney Home Entertainment . 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` A Splash of Mermaids for Fourth Pirates '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` MPC 's pirates & their ships sail on Stranger Tides '' . fxguide . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Houston , Kimberly ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` INTERVIEW : PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN VFX Art Director Aaron McBride on Creating the Film 's Mermaids '' . The Daily BLAM ! . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` CIS Hollywood and Method Studios Discuss On Stranger Tides '' . Animation World Network . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Soundtrack Sets Sail With Oscar ® - Winning Composer Hans Zimmer at the Helm With Acclaimed Guitar Duo Rodrigo y Gabriela '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Records . May 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . 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Retrieved July 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean Teaser Trailer with TRON : Legacy '' Archived October 12 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... ComingSoon.net . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean , ' ' Kung Fu Panda 2 ' to Use Dolby 7.1 Surround Sound '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ García Sánchez , Rubén ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Cinépolis presenta sus salas más costosas '' . El Economista . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` Mexico 's Cinepolis Going First - class in the U.S. '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates ' set for first Russian bow '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's ' Pirates 4 ' headed for Cannes Film Festival '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown Read more : UPDATE : Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Teaser Shown '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . OK Magazine Australia . January 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides An IMAX 3D Experience '' . IMAX . IMAX . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides ' to Be Released on a Record 402 Imax Screens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box office report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' posts year 's best opening with $90.1 mil '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Segers , Frank ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates ' Makes $260.4 Million Overseas , Largest Offshore Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Disney hires new marketing guru for `` Pirates 4 '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . 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Jump up ^ `` Discover a Treasure Trove of Color with New BRIGHTS by OPI , Inspired by Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer Film 's Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Walt Disney Corporation . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Hot Topic Present Treasure - Filled `` Pirates Day '' Fan Events to Celebrate Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films ' `` Pirates of the Caribbean : on Stranger Tides '' '' ( Press release ) . Walt Disney Pictures . May 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swarovski -- Swarovski 's Collaboration with Disney Continues with `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' Collection `` . Swarovski . December 10 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Goldline Coin Giveaway '' . Goldline International . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Disney 's ' Pirates ' $346 million Opening Fourth Biggest Worldwide Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( July 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Transformers : Dark of the Moon ' Scores Third - Best Global Bow Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 27 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Hangover 2 ' No. 1 With $30 Mil '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 29 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ' Sails Past $700 Mil Mark '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' Transformers ' Blowing Up Worldwide Records '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Pirates '' treasure mounts to $1 billion worldwide `` . Reuters . July 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . 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Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Young , John . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' : Why did n't more American moviegoers opt to see Jack Sparrow in 3 - D ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` May Posts Record Gross '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . 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Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Gray ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Booty Grows , ' Hangover , ' ' Panda ' Sequels Open Strongly '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 5 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Brief : ' Pirates ' Out - Class ' X-Men ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ray , Subers ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Potter ' Still Magic Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 25 , 2011 ) . `` Disney 's ' Pirates of the Caribbean ' Hits $400 Million Worldwide in Less Than a Week '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RUSSIA -- CIS ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UKRAINE ALL TIME OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : Christian Bale 's ' Flowers of War ' Already Top - Grossing Chinese Film of 2011 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ukraine Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal and Angola Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa ( Entire Region ) Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romania Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Estonia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Latvia Yearly Box Office '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Tom . `` Review : Fourth ' Pirates ' movie makes little sense but a lot of noise '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Kermode savages new Pirates Of The Caribbean film '' . BBC . May 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodykoontz , Bill ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides , ' 2 stars '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' Pirates : On Stranger Tides ' in precarious position '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Scott , Mike ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . ReelzChannel . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Andrew ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Ray ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Groen , Rick ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Pirates of the Caribbean 4 : Ahoy me hearties , there 's treasure amid the bloat '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Marianne ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Nominees Announced '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 12th Annual Golden Trailer Awards ® Posts Nominations for Best Movie Promos of 2011 : Live Gala Award Show Will be Held June 29 at the Music Box Theatre in L.A. '' . Golden Trailer Awards.com . June 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Movieguide Awards Winners '' . Movieguide Awards . 1 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` ' Kon - Tiki ' Helmers Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg Land ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Title Revealed ! '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5 ' Delayed Beyond Summer 2015 '' . the Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . 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where was pirates of the carribean on stranger tides filmed

Principal photography began on June 14 , 2010 , in Hawaii . Filming was moved to California in August 2010 , primarily at the Long Beach shore and a recreation of Whitecap Bay done in the Universal Studios backlot , as the original Hawaiian location on Halona Cove was plagued with strong tides . After a brief shoot in Puerto Rico , with locations in both Palomino Island and the Fort of San Cristóbal in San Juan , production moved to the United Kingdom in September , where principal photography wrapped on November 18 after 106 days of shooting . Locations included Hampton Court Palace in London , Knole House in Kent , and Old Royal Naval College at Greenwich . Interiors were shot at London 's Pinewood Studios , and a replica of an 18th - century London street was built on the backlot alongside the soundstages . The producers also considered using New Orleans as a location . In October , security was breached at the UK site when a celebrity impersonator gained access to filming at the Old Royal Naval College by dressing up as Captain Jack .

I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) - wikipedia I Wan'na Be like You ( the monkey song ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' is a song from Walt Disney 's 1967 film The Jungle Book . The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima . Richard Sherman said he and his brother aimed for a jazz sound , with a Dixieland - like melody . He added that `` When we first got an idea for ' I Wan'na Be Like You , ' we said an ape swings from a tree , and he 's the king of apes . We 'll make him ' the king of the swingers . ' That 's the idea , we 'll make him a jazz man . '' Once Prima was invited to do the song , he mockingly responded to the Shermans with `` You want to make a monkey out of me ? You got me ! '' The instrumentals were originally recorded by Prima -- who also played the trumpet -- and his band , Sam Butera & The Witnesses , but the music was replaced by one written by the film 's composer , George Bruns , and orchestrated by Walter Sheets . The `` scat dialogue '' between Baloo and King Louie was the result of two recording sessions . Louis Prima recorded first , with the intent that Baloo -- played in his recording by Butera -- would simply repeat what Louie scatted , but Phil Harris decided not to imitate Prima 's recording and made up his own . The song was released the same date as the motion picture itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cover versions 2 Robbie Williams version 2.1 Weekly charts 3 Uses in popular culture 4 See also 5 References Cover versions ( edit ) Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen released a single of `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( without an apostrophe in the title ) in 1968 and it also featured on their 1969 album King of the Swingers . Pinky and Perky recorded a version for their Film Parade album in 1970 and also released the song as a single . On the 1990 collection Stay Awake : Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films , the song appears on `` Medley Two '' as recorded by Los Lobos , who play the song occasionally in their live shows . On 5 April 1994 Phish performed a truly Phish - styled version at The Metropolis Concert Hall in Montreal , Quebec . Big Bad Voodoo Daddy did a cover of the song on the Swingers soundtrack , even though the song does not appear in the film . The band later released the song on their 1999 album This Beautiful Life . Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a ska version of the song for the 2002 Japanese - exclusive album Dive into Disney . The Jungle Book 2 , released in 2003 , featured the band Smash Mouth playing the song during the end credits of the film ; the song also appeared on the film 's soundtrack . In the Australian version , Nikki Webster covers the song , which is also featured on her Best of album . The 2005 album En Vivo by Gabriel Ríos contains a cover of the song . In 2007 , a pop rock cover was recorded by the Jonas Brothers for Disneymania 5 . British pop singer Paolo Nutini performed `` I Wan'na Be like You '' at the 2007 Glastonbury Festival . On 23 October 2010 , X Factor contestant Katie Waissel pleased the judges with her surprise selection of the song . Craig David sang a cover of the song for an award ceremony in the UK ; the video is on YouTube . In November 2013 , The Overtones recorded a cover of the song as a mix with `` The Bare Necessities '' for their album Saturday Night at the Movies . In 2015 , Fall Out Boy recorded a cover version of the song for the compilation album We Love Disney . Christopher Walken performs the song as King Louie in the 2016 live - action adaptation , with new lyrics written by Richard M. Sherman to reflect the character of Louie being depicted as a Gigantopithecus . J - pop band Little Glee Monster recorded a Japanese cover of the song titled ' Kimi no yō ni naritai ` ( 君 の よう に なりたい ) . The Fun Songs version is performed in a 1994 Disney Sing - Along Songs home video : Let 's Go to the Circus . In it , Toby Scott Ganger imagines what it would be like if he and his friends were all monkeys in the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus show . Robbie Williams version ( edit ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' Song by Robbie Williams featuring Olly Murs from the album Swings Both Ways Length 3 : 31 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Richard Sherman Robert Sherman Producer ( s ) Guy Chambers Swings Both Ways track listing `` Go Gentle '' ( 2 ) `` I Wanna Be like You '' ( 3 ) `` Swing Supreme '' ( 4 ) `` I Wan'na Be like You '' was covered by British recording artist Robbie Williams featuring British recording artist Olly Murs for his tenth studio album Swings Both Ways ( 2013 ) . Production of their rendition was handled by Guy Chambers . However , in the liner notes Robbie Williams incorrectly attributes the original to Phil Harris , and says how much he admires Harris ( p. 4 of notes in Deluxe Edition ) . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 55 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 85 Ireland ( IRMA ) 64 Uses in popular culture ( edit ) In 2009 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was used in a British anti-smoking public information film . It showed children copying everything their parents did ( for example , boys putting shaving cream on their faces , girls dressing up in their mothers ' best clothes and both genders washing the car ) , and `` I Wanna Be like You '' is playing throughout the advertisement , but it stops when a girl puts a crayon to her mouth in imitation of her mother smoking . It stops with the voice - over saying , `` If you smoke , your children are more likely to . '' The Robbie Williams / Olly Murs collaborative cover appears in season 3 , episode 9 of the TV drama Stella . In 2015 , `` I Wanna Be like You '' was featured in season 1 , episode 7 of the TV drama Aquarius . See also ( edit ) I Wanna Be Loved by You References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) -- Soundtracks from Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard . The Jungle Book audio commentary . The Jungle Book -- Platinum Edition Jump up ^ I Wan'na Be like You : Richard Sherman shares story behind writing famous Jungle Book song Jump up ^ Kenny Ball 45rpm Discography at www.45rpm.org.uk Jump up ^ Kenny Ball -- King Of The Swingers ( 1969 ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jungle Book ' director Jon Favreau keeps the 19th century Kipling tone but updates the classic for modern times '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Robbie Williams feat . Olly Murs -- I wan na Be like You '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 48 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 23 January 2014 . hide Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Mowgli 's First Adventure : In Search of the Elephant Eye Diamond ( 1998 ) Mowgli ( 2018 ) Television Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wan%27na_Be_like_You_(The_Monkey_Song)&oldid=823436479 '' Categories : Songs about animals Songs from The Jungle Book 1967 songs Songs written by the Sherman Brothers Jazz songs Swing music Robbie Williams songs Olly Murs songs Fall Out Boy songs Jonas Brothers songs Los Lobos songs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 06 : 30 . About Wikipedia

who sings i wanna be like you jungle book

`` I Wan'na Be like You '' is a song from Walt Disney 's 1967 film The Jungle Book . The song was written by songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman and was performed by Louis Prima .

Epistle to the Philippians - wikipedia Epistle to the Philippians Jump to : navigation , search For the Russian sect , see Filippians . `` Philippians '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with Philippines . Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians , often referred to simply as Philippians , is the eleventh book in the New Testament . Paul and Timothy first visited Philippi in Greece during Paul 's second missionary journey , which occurred between approximately 49 and 51 AD . Philippi was the location of the first Christian community established in Europe . Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus . The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD , about 10 years after Paul 's first visit to Philippi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical background 2 Authorship 3 Outline 4 Composition 5 Christology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Historical background ( edit ) The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources : informative internal data from the letter itself , and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon , especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles . Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul 's association with Philippi , its political and economical setting , and its social and religio - philosophical context . According to the document itself , the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus , their envoy ( `` messenger ( apostolon ) and minister ( leitourgon ) '' Phil 2 : 25 ) , with contributions as an expression of their `` partnership '' and `` concern '' to meet the needs of Paul ( Phil 1 : 3 -- 5 , Phil 2 : 30 , and Phil 4 : 10 -- 19 ) . During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their `` gift '' ( Phil 4 : 17 ) , Epaphroditus contracted some life - threatening debilitating illness ( esthenese , cf . Phil 2 : 26 -- 27 ) . At some point he recovers . It is at this time , whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle , various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus ( Phil 1 : 27 -- 30 , Phil 2 : 19 -- 24 , Phil 3 : 2 -- 3 , Phil 3 : 17 -- 20 , Phil 4 : 2 -- 3 , and Phil 4 : 9 ) . Upon Epaphroditus ' return to health , Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death ( 1 : 18b -- 26 ) , along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one 's circumstances ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) . Moreover , Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians ( 3 : 1 -- 21 ) , and conflicts within their fellowship ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) . Lastly , he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus ' heroism ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) and the arrival of `` the gift '' ( 4 : 10 ) , along with his promise of a divine accounting ( 4 : 17 -- 20 ) . Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul 's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry ( 3 : 19 -- 23 ) , and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit ( 2 : 24 ) . With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey ( 2 : 28 -- 29 ) . There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter ( and therefore the date of the letter 's composition ) . Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody ( Philippians 1 : 7 , 13 ) , but which period of imprisonment is highly debated . Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts ( chapter 28 : 30 , 31 ) . Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment ( Acts 23 -- 26 ) . Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again , and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul 's lengthy stay in that city ( Acts 19 ) . Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment ( after the end of the book of Acts , but attested to in the writings of early church fathers ) . Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article . The main reasons suggested for a later date , include : The letter 's highly developed Ecclesiology An impending sense of death permeating the letter The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke 's home church ( when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment ) A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy . This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community . Authorship ( edit ) The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure , with author -- or senders -- first , then recipients with a greeting ( Phil . 1.1 -- 2 ) . The address and the greeting is clear : `` Paul and Timothy , servants of Christ Jesus . To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi , with the overseers and deacons. Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ . '' ( English Standard Version ) Outline ( edit ) I. Preface ( 1 : 1 -- 11 ) A. Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) B. Thanksgiving for the Philippians ' Participation in the Gospel ( 1 : 3 -- 8 ) C. Prayer for the Philippians ' Discerning Love to Increase until the Day of Christ ( 1 : 9 -- 11 ) II . Paul 's Present Circumstances ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) A. Paul 's Imprisonment ( 1 : 12 -- 13 ) B . The Brothers ' Response ( 1 : 14 -- 17 ) C. Paul 's Attitude ( 1 : 18 -- 26 ) III . Practical Instructions in Sanctification ( 1 : 27 -- 2 : 30 ) A. Living Boldly as Citizens of Heaven ( 1 : 27 -- 1 : 30 ) B. Living Humbly as Servants of Christ ( 2 : 1 -- 11 ) 1 . The Motivation to Live Humbly ( 2 : 1 -- 4 ) 2 . The Model of Living Humbly ( 2 : 5 -- 11 ) a . Christ 's Emptying ( 2 : 5 -- 8 ) b . Christ 's Exaltation ( 2 : 9 -- 11 ) C. Living Obediently as Children of God ( 2 : 12 -- 18 ) 1 . The Energizing of God ( 2 : 12 -- 13 ) 2 . The Effect on the Saints ( 2 : 14 -- 18 ) D. Examples of Humble Servants ( 2 : 19 -- 30 ) 1 . The Example of Timothy ( 2 : 19 -- 24 ) 2 . The Example of Epaphroditus ( 2 : 25 -- 30 ) IV . Polemical Doctrinal Issues ( 3 : 1 -- 4 : 1 ) A . The Judaizers Basis : The Flesh ( 3 : 1 -- 6 ) B. Paul 's Goal : The Resurrection ( 3 : 7 -- 11 ) C. Perfection and Humility ( 3 : 12 -- 16 ) D. Paul as an Example of Conduct and Watchfulness ( 3 : 17 -- 4 : 1 ) V. Postlude ( 4 : 2 -- 23 ) A. Exhortations ( 4 : 2 -- 9 ) 1 . Being United ( 4 : 2 -- 3 ) 2 . Rejoicing without Anxiety ( 4 : 4 -- 7 ) 3 . Thinking and Acting Purely ( 4 : 8 -- 9 ) B. A Note of Thanks ( 4 : 10 -- 20 ) 1 . Paul 's Contentment ( 4 : 10 -- 13 ) 2 . The Philippians ' Gift ( 4 : 14 -- 18 ) 3 . God 's Provision ( 4 : 19 -- 20 ) C. Final Greetings ( 4 : 21 -- 23 ) Composition ( edit ) Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus , who , although He existed in the form of God , did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped , but emptied Himself , taking the form of a bond - servant , and being made in the likeness of men . Being found in appearance as a man , He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death , even death on a cross . For this reason also , God highly exalted Him , and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name , so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow , of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth , and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord , to the glory of God the Father . The letter was written to the church at Philippi , one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe . They were very attached to Paul , just as he was very fond of them . Of all the churches , their contributions ( which Paul gratefully acknowledges ) are among the only ones he accepts . ( Acts 20 : 33 -- 35 ; 2 Cor. 11 : 7 -- 12 ; 2 Thess. 3 : 8 ) . The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously ( Phil . 4 : 15 ) . `` This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions , as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove . It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were , as a class , very poor ( 2 Cor. 8 : 2 ) , though the very first converts were of all classes ( Acts 16 ) ; and the parallel facts , their poverty and their open - handed support of the great missionary and his work , are deeply harmonious . '' ( Moule ) . As with all epistles , the original was composed in Greek . Christology ( edit ) Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology , specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2 : 5 -- 6 . Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3 : 10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ . While Paul 's opening prayer is for love ( 1 : 9 ) , based on knowledge of Christ , his final prayer is for the peace of God ( 4 : 7 ) , which surpasses all understanding . Thus the concepts of love , knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle . See also ( edit ) Textual variants in the Epistle to the Philippians Cupio dissolvi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible . Palo Alto : Mayfield. 1985 . Jump up ^ Frederick F. Bruce , 1989 , Philippians , NIBC , NT Series , edited by W. Ward Gasque ( Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Wayne Jackson , 1987 , The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study ( Abilene , Tex. : Quality Publications ) , 13 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Clement of Rome ( late 1st century ) makes a reference to the ministry of Paul after the end of Acts . Clement , To the Corinthians , 5 . In J.B. Lightfoot ( ed ) , The Apostolic Fathers ( Michigan : Baker Book House , 1978 ) 15 . The author of the Muratorian Canon ( late 2nd century ) says that Luke recorded mostly that which he himself witnessed and therefore that is why he did not include ' the journey of Paul , when he went from the city -- Rome -- to Spain . ' The Muratoriun Canon . 2 . The apocryphal Acts of Peter makes reference to the tradition that Paul reached Spain . Paul is described in prison in Rome , receiving a vision from God that he would go to Spain . Acts of Peter , Verscelli Acts 1 and 3 . Eusebius ( early 300 's ) recorded that Paul did more ministry after his first jail time in Rome . Eusebius , Ecclesiastical History , II , 22 , 1 -- 8 , in Philip Schaff and Henry Wace ( editors ) , A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church 2nd series . Vol. 1 . Eusebius : Church History , Life of Constantine the Great , and Oration in Praise of Constantine ( Edinburgh : Eerdmans , 1997 ) 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Jim Reiher , `` Could Philippians have been written from the Second Roman Imprisonment ? '' Evangelical Quarterly . Vol . LXXXIV . No. 3 July 2012 . pp. 213 -- 233 . This article summarises the other theories , and offers examples of different scholars who adhere to different theories , but presents a different option for consideration Jump up ^ Ronald Russell , 1982 , `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians , '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 297 -- 298 . Jump up ^ `` 11 . Philippians : Introduction , Argument , and Outline '' . Bible.org . Jump up ^ Philippians 2 : 5 -- 11 : Scripture taken from the New American Standard Bible , Copyright © 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1977 , 1995 by The Lockman Foundation . Used by permission . Jump up ^ Section X . Testimonies to the Canonical Authority of the Fourteen Epistles of Paul . Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained , or The Bible Complete without the Apocrypha and Unwritten Traditions . Alexander , Archibald ( 1772 -- 1851 ) . Jump up ^ Where Christology began : essays on Philippians 2 by Ralph P. Martin , Brian J. Dodd 1998 ISBN 0 - 664 - 25619 - 8 pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 5 -- 17 Jump up ^ The knowledge of Christ Jesus by Veronica Koperski 1996 ISBN 90 - 390 - 0132 - 4 pp. 291 -- 293 References ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . Further Reading ( edit ) Abrahamsen , Valerie ( March 1988 ) . `` Christianity and the Rock Reliefs at Philippi '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 51 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 3210038 . JSTOR 3210038 . Barclay , William . 1975 . The Letters to the Philippians , Colossians , and Thessalonians. Rev. ed . Daily Bible Study Series . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster . Barnes , Albert . 1949 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians . Enlarged type edition . Edited by Robert Frew . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker . Black , David A. 1995 . `` The Discourse Structure of Philippians : A Study in Textlinquistics . '' Novum Testamentum 37.1 ( Jan . ) : 16 -- 49 Blevins , James L. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Review and Expositor 77 ( Sum . ) : 311 -- 325 . Brooks , James A. 1980 . `` Introduction to Philippians . '' Southwestern Journal of Theology 23.1 ( Fall ) : 7 -- 54 . Bruce , Frederick F. 1989 . Philippians . New International Biblical Commentary . New Testament Series . Edited by W. Ward Gasque . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2002 . Burton , Ernest De Witt. 1896 . `` The Epistles of the Imprisonment . '' Biblical World 7.1 : 46 -- 56 . Elkins , Garland. 1976 . `` The Living Message of Philippians . '' pp. 171 -- 180 in The Living Messages of the Books of the New Testament . Edited by Garland Elkins and Thomas B. Warren . Jonesboro , Ark. : National Christian . Garland , David E. 1985 . `` The Composition and Unity of Philippians : Some Neglected Literary Factors . '' Novum Testamentum 27.2 ( April ) : 141 -- 173 . Hagelberg , Dave . 2007 . Philippians : An Ancient Thank You Letter -- A Study of Paul and His Ministry Partners ' Relationship . English ed . Metro Manila : Philippine Challenge . Hawthorne , Gerald F. 1983 . Philippians . Word Biblical Commentary 43 . Edited by Bruce Metzger . Nashville , Tenn. : Nelson . Herrick , Greg . `` Introduction , Background , and Outline to Philippians . '' Bible.org . Jackson , Wayne . 1987 . The Book of Philippians : A Grammatical and Practical Study . Abilene , Tex. : Quality . Kennedy , H.A.A. 1900 . `` The Epistle to the Philippians . '' Expositor 's Greek Testament . Vol. 3 . Edited by W. Robertson Nicoll . New York , NY : Doran . Lenski , Richard C.H. 1937 . The Interpretation of St. Paul 's Epistles to the Galatians , to the Ephesians , and to the Philippians . Repr . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , 2001 . Lipscomb , David and J.W. Shepherd. 1968 . Ephesians , Philippians , and Colossians. Rev. ed . Edited by J.W. Shepherd . Gospel Advocated Commentary . Nashville , Tenn. : Gospel Advocate . Llewelyn , Stephen R. 1995 . `` Sending Letters in the Ancient World : Paul and the Philippians . '' Tyndale Bulletin 46.2 : 337 -- 356 . Mackay , B.S. 1961 . `` Further Thoughts on Philippians . '' New Testament Studies 7.2 ( Jan . ) : 161 -- 170 . Martin , Ralph P. 1959 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . Tyndale New Testament Commentaries . Ed . By R.V.G. Tasker . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1977 . Martin , Ralph P. 1976 . Philippians . New Century Bible Commentary . New Testament . Edited by Matthew Black . Repr . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans . McAlister , Bryan . 2011 . `` Introduction to Philippians : Mindful of How We Fill Our Minds . '' Gospel Advocate 153.9 ( Sept . ) : 12 -- 13 Mule , D.S.M. ( 1981 ) . The Letter to the Philippians . Cook Book House . Müller , Jacobus J. 1955 . The Epistle of Paul to the Philippians . New International Commentary on the New Testament . Ed . By Frederick F. Bruce . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Eerdmans , 1991 . Pelaez , I.N. ( 1970 ) . A Epistle on the Philippians . Angel & Water ; reprint , Angels new books , ed . Michael Angelo . ( 1987 ) . Peabody , MA : Hendrickson . Dictionary of Paul and His Letters , s.v. `` Philippians , Letter to the '' Reicke , Bo. 1970 . `` Caesarea , Rome , and the Captivity Epistles . '' pp. 277 -- 286 in Apostolic History and the Gospel : Biblical and Historical Essays Presented to F.F. Bruce . Edited by W. Ward Gasque and Ralph P. Martin . Exeter : Paternoster Press . Roper , David . 2003 . `` Philippians : Rejoicing in Christ . '' BibleCourses.com . Accessed : 3 Sept. 2011 . Russell , Ronald . 1982 . `` Pauline Letter Structure in Philippians . '' Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 25.3 ( Sept . ) : 295 -- 306 . Sanders , Ed . 1987 . `` Philippians . '' pp. 331 -- 339 in New Testament Survey . Edited by Don Shackelford . Searcy , Ark. : Harding University . Sergio Rosell Nebreda , Christ Identity : A Social - Scientific Reading of Philippians 2.5 -- 11 ( Göttingen , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 2011 ) ( Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments , 240 ) . Swift , Robert C. 1984 . `` The Theme and Structure of Philippians . '' Bibliotheca Sacra 141 ( July ) : 234 -- 254 . Synge , F.C. 1951 . Philippians and Colossians . Torch Bible Commentaries . Edited by John Marsh , David M. Paton , and Alan Richardson . London : SCM , 1958 . Thielman , Frank . 1995 . Philippians . NIV Application Commentary . General Editor . Terry Muck . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan . Vincent , Marvin R. 1897 . The Epistle to the Philippians and to Philemon . International Critical Commentary . Ed . By Samuel R. Driver , Alfred Plummer , Charles A. Briggs . Edinburgh : Clark , 1902 . Vincent , Marvin R. Vincent 's Word Studies in the New Testament . 4 vols . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson , n.d. Wallace , Daniel B. `` Philippians : Introductions , Argument , and Outline . '' Bible.org . Walvoord , John F. 1971 . Philippians : Triumph in Christ . Everyman 's Bible Commentary . Chicago , Ill. : Moody . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Philippians Online translations of the Epistle to the Philippians : Online Bible at GospelHall.org Bible : Philippians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Online Study of Philippians : Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( Tyndale Seminary ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( BiblicalStudies.org.uk ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( NTGateway.com ) Letter to the Philippians Online Reading Room : Commentaries and other resources ( TextWeek.com ) Related articles : Bible.org introduction to Philippians Sermons on Philippians Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Epistle to the Philippians '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . 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who wrote the book of philippians in the bible

Biblical scholars are in general agreement that the letter was indeed written by Paul of Tarsus . The estimated date of the letter is 62 AD , about 10 years after Paul 's first visit to Philippi .

List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states - wikipedia List of American Idol alumni album sales in the united states Jump to : navigation , search This article provides a list of albums recorded by alumni of the popular American televised singing competition American Idol in the post-Idol career . It only lists main albums released in the alumni 's post-Idol career . American Idol compilations , individual artist 's pre-Idol recordings , EPs , and compilation albums are not listed here , however , the numbers in parentheses may include sales from these releases . For complete list of releases including those not listed here for each artist , please see their individual discography pages ( linked here in the total number in parentheses ) . Sales figure listed are for U.S. only . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artists with RIAA certified albums 2 Artists without RIAA certified albums 3 References 4 External links Artists with RIAA certified albums ( edit ) This first list only includes contestants with at least one certified album for units shipped in U.S. ( Gold , Platinum , and / or Multi-platinum ) . Total albums sold listed in this pages for each artist is shown first . The numbers in parentheses are for sales for all albums including EPs and compilations which may not be listed here . Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,214,000 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 64,000 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBD ( 2017 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,165,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,490,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A ^ Note 1 Aiken 's album , Tried & True was re-packaged and re-released by Decca under the new name , Steadfast , concurrent with his appearance on The Celebrity Apprentice in 2012 Artists without RIAA certified albums ( edit ) The following is a list of other American Idol alumni album sales and reflects that commercial success can be achieved through association with American Idol and with post-Idol promotion , although the degree of success varies considerably . This list only includes contestants who have numbers available , and again does not include EPs , American Idol compilations , or pre-Idol recordings , numbers in parentheses however may include sales from these releases : Rank Former Contestant Total Sales Albums 19 . Mandisa ( season 5 , 9th place ) 928,000 True Beauty ( 2007 ) # 43 -- 226,000 It 's Christmas ( 2008 ) # 85 -- 64,000 Freedom ( 2009 ) # 83 -- 152,000 What If We Were Real ( 2011 ) # 66 -- 270,000 Overcomer ( 2013 ) # 29 - 140,000 20 . Katharine McPhee ( season 5 , runner - up ) 475,000 Katharine McPhee ( 2007 ) # 2 -- 381,000 Unbroken ( 2010 ) # 27 -- 45,000 Christmas Is the Time ... To Say I Love You ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 23,000 Hysteria ( 2015 ) did not chart 21 . Lauren Alaina ( season 10 , runner - up ) 454,000 Wildflower ( 2011 ) # 5 -- 303,000 Road Less Traveled ( 2016 ) # 31 -- 29,100 22 . Bucky Covington ( season 5 , 8th place ) did not chart 436,000 Bucky Covington ( 2007 ) # 4 -- 433,000 Good Guys ( 2012 ) # 178 -- 3,000 23 . Blake Lewis ( season 6 , runner - up ) 413,000 A.D.D. ( Audio Day Dream ) ( 2007 ) # 10 -- 350,000 Heartbreak on Vinyl ( 2009 ) # 135 -- 10,000 Portrait of a Chameleon ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 2,000 24 . Kris Allen ( season 8 , winner ) 401,600 Kris Allen ( 2009 ) # 11 -- 346,000 Thank You Camellia ( 2012 ) # 26 -- 35,000 Horizons ( 2014 ) # 80 -- 4,000 Letting You In ( 2016 ) 25 . William Hung ( Season 3 , Auditioner ) 242,000 Inspiration ( 2004 ) # 34 -- 200,000 Hung for the Holidays ( 2004 ) did not chart -- 35,000 Miracle : Happy Summer from William Hung ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 7,000 26 . Kimberley Locke ( season 2 , 3rd place ) 241,000 One Love ( 2004 ) # 16 -- 212,000 Based on a True Story ( 2007 ) # 160 -- 22,000 Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 3,000 27 . Crystal Bowersox ( season 9 , runner - up ) 230,000 Farmer 's Daughter ( 2010 ) # 28 -- 205,000 All That For This ( 2013 ) # 71 -- 8,000 28 . Danny Gokey ( season 8 , 3rd place ) 204,000 My Best Days ( 2010 ) # 4 -- 204,000 Hope in Front of Me ( 2014 ) # 40 29 . James Durbin ( season 10 , 4th place ) 194,000 Memories of a Beautiful Disaster ( 2011 ) # 36 -- 123,000 Celebrate ( 2014 ) # 83 30 . Lee DeWyze ( season 9 , winner ) 178,000 Live It Up ( 2010 ) # 19 -- 153,000 Frames ( 2013 ) # 116 -- 3,000 Oil & Water ( 2016 ) 31 . Diana DeGarmo ( Season 3 , Runner - Up ) 168,000 Blue Skies ( 2004 ) # 52 32 . Justin Guarini ( season 1 , runner - up ) 146,000 Justin Guarini ( 2003 ) # 20 -- 146,000 Stranger Things Have Happened ( 2005 ) did not chart 33 . Haley Reinhart ( season 10 , 3rd place ) 143,500 Listen Up ! ( 2012 ) # 17 -- 77,000 Better ( 2016 ) did not chart -- 7,500 34 . Colton Dixon ( season 11 , 7th place ) 128,000 A Messenger ( 2013 ) # 15 -- 100,000 Anchor ( 2014 ) # 23 -- 28,000 The Calm Before the Storm ( 2015 ) did not chart 35 . Tamyra Gray ( season 1 , 4th place ) 123,000 The Dreamer ( 2004 ) # 23 36 . Jason Castro ( Season 7 , 4th Place ) 105,000 Jason Castro ( 2010 ) # 18 -- 54,000 Who I Am ( 2010 ) # 198 -- 18,000 Only a Mountain ( 2013 ) did not chart -- 20,000 37 . Allison Iraheta ( Season 8 , 4th Place ) 103,000 Just Like You ( 2009 ) # 35 38 . Melinda Doolittle ( season 6 , 3rd place ) 091,000 Coming Back to You ( 2009 ) # 58 39 . Casey James ( season 9 , 3rd place ) 077,000 Casey James ( 2012 ) # 23 40 . Chris Sligh ( season 6 , 10th place ) 064,000 Running Back to You ( 2008 ) # 190 -- 54,000 The Anatomy of Broken ( 2010 ) did not chart -- 10,000 41 . LaToya London ( Season 3 , 4th Place ) 058,000 Love & Life ( 2005 ) # 82 42 . Phil Stacey ( season 6 , 6th place ) 058,000 Phil Stacey ( 2008 ) # 43 -- 40,000 Into the Light ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 18,000 43 . Mario Vazquez ( season 4 , Top 12 ) 056,000 Mario Vazquez ( 2006 ) # 80 44 . George Huff ( season 3 , 5th place ) 52,000 Miracles ( 2005 ) did not chart -- 29,000 George Huff ( 2009 ) did not chart -- 4,000 45 . Brooke White ( season 7 , 5th place ) 048,000 High Hopes & Heartbreak ( 2009 ) # 50 -- 29,000 Gemini ( 2011 ) did not chart -- 2,000 46 . Carly Smithson ( as a part of We Are the Fallen ) ( Season 7 , 6th Place ) 041,000 Tear the World Down ( 2010 ) # 33 47 . Jessica Sanchez ( Season 11 , Runnerup ) 38,000 Me , You & the Music ( 2013 ) # 26 -- 17,000 48 . Kristy Lee Cook ( season 7 , 7th place ) 032,000 Why Wait ( 2008 ) # 49 49 . Candice Glover ( Season 12 , Winner ) 027,000 Music Speaks ( 2014 ) # 14 50 . Casey Abrams ( season 10 , 6th place ) 27,000 Casey Abrams ( 2012 ) # 101 51 . Constantine Maroulis ( season 4 , 6th place ) 25,000 Constantine ( 2007 ) # 75 52 . Caleb Johnson ( season 13 , winner ) 024,000 Testify ( 2014 ) # 24 53 . Paris Bennett ( season 5 , 5th place ) 22,300 Princess P ( 2007 ) # 133 -- 22,000 A Royal Christmas ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 300 54 . R.J. Helton ( season 1 , 5th place ) 022,000 Real Life ( 2004 ) did not chart 55 . John Stevens ( Season 3 , 6th Place ) 021,000 Red ( 2005 ) did not chart 56 . Michael Johns ( season 7 , 8th place ) 020,000 Hold Back My Heart ( 2009 ) # 97 57 . Jasmine Trias ( season 3 , 3rd place ) 014,000 Jasmine Trias ( 2005 ) did not chart 58 . Ace Young ( season 5 , 7th place ) 010,000 Ace Young ( 2008 ) # 160 59 . LaKisha Jones ( season 6 , 4th place ) 00 7,000 So Glad I 'm Me ( 2009 ) did not chart 60 . Nick Fradiani ( season 14 , winner ) 00 5,000 Hurricane ( 2016 ) # 121 61 . Danny Noriega ( season 7 , semi ) 00 5,000 Till Death Do Us Party ( 2014 ) # 59 62 . Jim Verraros ( season 1 , 9th place ) 00 4,300 Rollercoaster ( 2005 ) did not chart Do Not Disturb ( 2011 ) did not chart 63 . Carmen Rasmusen ( season 2 , 6th place ) 00 3,100 Nothin ' Like the Summer ( 2007 ) did not chart 64 . Kimberly Caldwell ( season 2 , 7th place ) 00 3,000 Without Regret ( 2011 ) did not chart 65 . Ayla Brown ( season 5 , Top 16 ) 00 3,000 Forward ( 2006 ) did not chart 66 . Corey Clark ( season 2 , 9th place ) 00 2,600 Corey Clark ( 2005 ) did not chart 67 . Tim Halperin ( Season 10 , Semifinal ) 00 2,000 Rise and Fall ( 2011 ) did not chart 68 . Jon Peter Lewis ( Season 3 , 8th Place ) 00 1,600 Stories from Hollywood ( 2006 ) did not chart -- 1,100 Break the Silence ( 2008 ) did not chart -- 500 69 . Michael Sarver ( season 8 , 10th place ) 00 1,000 Michael Sarver ( 2010 ) did not chart 70 . Josiah Leming ( season 7 , Hollywood round ) 00 1,000 Come On Kid ( 2010 ) did not chart 71 . Kree Harrison ( season 12 , 2nd place ) 000 900 This Old Thing ( 2016 ) did not chart References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Kelly Clarkson 's Career Sales & ' Wild Thoughts ' About Rihanna '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele 's ' 25 ' Hits 5 Million Sold in U.S. Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Some Hearts '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Chart Beat 's ' Piano Man ' Returns ! '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Carnival Ride '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Play On '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top Country Catalog Album Sales Chart : April 18 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Blown Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 24 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Chart : April 24 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Carrie Underwood -- Storyteller '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Thankful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Breakaway '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- My December '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Stronger '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Kelly Clarkson -- Wrapped in Red '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Chesney 's ' Live in No Shoes Nation ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idols Top 10 Selling Performers of All Time '' . Billboard . Facebook . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Daughtry ^ Jump up to : Masley , Ed ( Jan 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hotlist : Best - selling ' American Idol ' albums '' . Jump up ^ Norman Byrd ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Daughtry fans get ' Baptized ' just before the holidays '' . AXS . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Daughtry -- Break the Spell '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Phillips Takes Idol Title '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Clay Aiken Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 12 - 29 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 01 - 12 - 2011 numbers posted in comments section of Idol chatter 01 - 19 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson 's ' Stronger ' hits the half - million mark '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Fantasia Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Fantasia Moves Forward Despite Personal Challenges Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/7461832/dj-khaled-earns-his-first-no-1-album-on-billboard-200-album-chart-major-key ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Ruben Studdard ^ Jump up to : Ruben Studdard Reconnects With ' Love Is ' Jump up ^ Does Winning Idol Even Matter Any More Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalists : From Sanjaya to Taylor Hicks , Where Are They Now ? '' . The Daily Beast. 2012 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rauly Ramirez ( February 13 , 2014 ) . `` Toni Braxton & Babyface 's Triumphant No. 1 Return to Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Scotty 's new single , more '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Clear as Day '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 18 , 2013 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of December 18 , 2013 : Garth Brooks , Duck Dynasty , Cassadee Pope , Parmalee , & Scotty McCreery '' . Roughstock . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Scotty McCreery -- Christmas with Scotty McCreery '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Country Album Chart Report For April 15 , 2015 '' . Roughstock . Sales figure given here ^ Jump up to : Wade Jessen ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Kellie Pickler Debuts in Top Five On Top Country Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Kellie Pickler Jump up ^ Matt Bjorke ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Country Album Chart News : The Week of January 22 , 2013 : Jennifer Nettles , Jon Pardi , Rosanne Cash Debut In Top 5 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Cook Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2013 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Chart Watch : Eminem Returns to # 1 , Gaga Sinks to # 8 '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Phillip Phillips -- The World from the Side of the Moon '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : Lynch , Joe ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` 9 Albums That Flopped in 2014 ( Or Did They ? ) '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Keveney ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TV singing shows fail to create stars '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post 05 - 23 - 2011 ^ Jump up to : RIAA Search - Jennifer Hudson Archived 2013 - 02 - 01 at Archive.is Jump up ^ Elysa Gardner ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Hudson is happy to be ' this real girl ' '' . USA TODAY . ^ Jump up to : `` American Idol 's All Time Top 24 ( 2012 ) '' . Billboard.com . February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search -- Jordin Sparks Archived 2015 - 09 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling American Idols '' . Arizona Central . July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Lambert Will Tour as Solo Artist ' If People Like This Record ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ RIAA search - Adam Lambert Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CUVjID_UYAEKt7B.png ^ Jump up to : Chart Watch 02 - 20 - 2011 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - David Archuleta Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2011 Jump up ^ Brian Mansfield ( Aug 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Idol ' album sales : Underwood , Clarkson , McCreery '' . Idol Chatter . USA today . Retrieved Aug 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) . `` Colton Dixon 's sales soar after ' Idol ' performance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 12 - 08 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Josh Gracin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 03 - 2011 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Daughtry 's 129,000 sales ' Spell ' a top - ten debut '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Taylor Hicks Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Bo Bice ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Idol sales : Cook returns to top 10 at year 's end '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 09 - 22 - 2010 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ RIAA Search - Elliott Yamin Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 1 - 16 - 2008 ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 03 - 12 - 2009 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 04 - 18 ) . `` James Durbin sales up 520 perfect after ' Idol ' appearance '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MANDISA 'S YEAR KICKS OFF WITH FIRST GRAMMY ® AWARD MAKING HER ONE OF ONLY FIVE AMERICAN IDOL ALUMNI TO WIN COVETED GRAMOPHONE '' . Star Radio . January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 30 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` Kelly Clarkson : One Million ' Stronger ' '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . January 2 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chatter 04 - 27 - 2011 '' Jump up ^ `` Mandisa : Overcomer '' . Capitol Music . Jump up ^ Timothy Yap ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Mandisa Gets the Remix Treatment with `` Get Up : The Remixes '' `` . Hallels . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Phillip Philips ' album sales rise '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : August 7 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Phillip Phillips ' ' Home ' expansion '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol 's ' Blake Lewis Signs With Republic , Lands Microsoft Campaign '' . Billboard . February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The best - selling Idol albums from 2009 '' . Idol Chatter. 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Blake Lewis Signs To Republic Records , Teases New Tune '' . Reality Rocks . Feb 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shirley Halperin ( 2012 - 09 - 19 ) . `` ' American Idol ' Kris Allen and RCA Records Part Ways ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) . `` ' Ask Billboard : KRIS ALLEN SALES ) '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Idol ' Hits New Low '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Will ' The Voice ' ever find a Kelly Clarkson or Carrie Underwood ? Chart '' . EW.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Samantha ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` American Idol 's William Hung : Where Is He Now ? '' . TIME Magazine . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 01 - 10 ) . `` The Ultimate SoundScan Sales / Download Checklist '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 7 - 30 - 2008 Jump up ^ American Idol : With Scotty McCreery 's Successful Debut , Did Universal Learn From Sony 's Mistakes ? Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 03 - 16 - 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' American Idol ' Finalist JAMES DURBIN 's Collaboration With QUIET RIOT Guitarist ALEX GROSSI : ' Roads ' Lyric Video '' . BLABBERMOUTH.NET . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` Lee DeWyze 's ' Frames ' : Exclusive Album Premiere '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Moves : The Beatles Beat Backstreet Boys ; Tedeschi Trucks Band 's Best Week '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Chart Watch Extra : The American Idol Alumni Association Archived 2009 - 03 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ole Label Services Soars with Anthem '' . ole Majorly Indie. 2016 - 05 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) . `` ' Idol ' sales : Seven singers in the Billboard 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 11 - 09 - 2010 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Chris Brown , Jennifer Hudson debut in The Billboard 200 's two top spots '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance boosts Fantasia sales '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Idol ' albums in the Top 40 this week '' . USA Today . August 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Idol Chatter 01 - 15 - 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 10 - 14 - 2009 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 02 - 23 - 2011 Jump up ^ Billboard 20 Jan 2007 Jump up ^ Bonus sales numbers -- and free downloads , too Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2011 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Four Season 10 Idols stay in the top 200 '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved August 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WE ARE THE FALLEN : First Episode Of ' Interrogation Video Blog ' - Sep. 7 , 2010 Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 01 - 07 - 2009 Jump up ^ Andy Graham . `` SoundScanner : Beck And Kid Cudi Crash The Charts '' . VH1 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) . `` ' Idol ' performance puts Casey Abrams on the charts '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 5 - 21 - 2008 Jump up ^ Max Willens ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' These Were The Biggest Flops ' American Idol ' Has Ever Produced '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 11 - 2008 archived post Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' American Idol ' Reaches New Low for Winner 's Debut Albumd '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Adore Delano Sets ' Drag Race ' Record '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 6 - 25 - 2008 Jump up ^ Mansfield , Brian ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` The Billboard 200 : Where are the Idols ? '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Ken ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Steady week for Idols on album chart '' . Idol Chatter . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Idol Chatter 08 - 04 - 2010 Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Top 10 Country Albums Sales Chart : July 21 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . External links ( edit ) Idol chatter ( hide ) American Idol Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Finalists Winners Kelly Clarkson Ruben Studdard Fantasia Barrino Carrie Underwood Taylor Hicks Jordin Sparks David Cook Kris Allen Lee DeWyze Scotty McCreery Phillip Phillips Candice Glover Caleb Johnson Nick Fradiani Trent Harmon Runners - up Justin Guarini Clay Aiken Diana DeGarmo Bo Bice Katharine McPhee Blake Lewis David Archuleta Adam Lambert Crystal Bowersox Lauren Alaina Jessica Sanchez Kree Harrison Jena Irene Clark Beckham La'Porsha Renae Winners ' singles `` A Moment Like This '' `` Flying Without Wings '' `` I Believe '' `` Inside Your Heaven '' `` Do I Make You Proud '' `` This Is My Now '' `` The Time of My Life '' `` No Boundaries '' `` Beautiful Day '' `` I Love You This Big '' `` Home '' `` I Am Beautiful '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beautiful Life '' `` Falling '' Concert tours 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Related programming Idol ( series ) American Juniors Idol Christmas Idol Extra Idol Gives Back Idol Rewind World Idol Related articles Alumni album sales Alumni awards and nominations Alumni in film , television and theater Alumni single sales Compilation series Controversies Discography Finalists Hot 100 singles `` Judge Me Tender '' The American Idol Experience Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_American_Idol_alumni_album_sales_in_the_United_States&oldid=818964797 '' Categories : American Idol Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 16 : 43 . 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who sold more albums carrie underwood vs kelly clarkson

Contestant Total sales First album Second album Third album Fourth album Fifth album Sixth album Seventh album Eighth album 1 . Carrie Underwood ( season 4 , winner ) 16,389,000 Some Hearts ( November 15 , 2005 ) Arista Nashville 7,450,000 8x Platinum Peak : # 2 Carnival Ride ( October 23 , 2007 ) Arista Nashville 3,400,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Play On ( November 3 , 2009 ) Arista Nashville 2,300,000 3x Platinum Peak : # 1 Blown Away ( May 1 , 2012 ) Arista Nashville 1,794,800 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Storyteller ( October 23 , 2015 ) Arista Nashville 752,100 Platinum Peak : # 2 2 . Kelly Clarkson ( season 1 , winner ) 14,214,000 Thankful ( April 15 , 2003 ) RCA 2,800,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Breakaway ( November 30 , 2004 ) RCA 6,355,000 6x Platinum Peak : # 3 My December ( June 26 , 2007 ) RCA 858,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 All I Ever Wanted ( March 10 , 2009 ) RCA 1,004,000 N / A Peak : # 1 Stronger ( October 24 , 2011 ) RCA 1,129,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 Wrapped in Red ( October 29 , 2013 ) RCA 942,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 Piece by Piece ( March 3 , 2015 ) RCA 284,000 Gold Peak : # 1 Meaning of Life ( October 27 , 2017 ) Atlantic 64,000 N / A Peak : # 2 3 . Chris Daughtry ( as Daughtry ) ( season 5 , 4th place ) 7,352,000 Daughtry ( November 21 , 2006 ) RCA 5,040,000 4x Platinum Peak : # 1 Leave This Town ( July 14 , 2009 ) RCA 1,357,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Break the Spell ( November 21 , 2011 ) RCA 513,000 Gold Peak : # 8 Baptized ( November 19 , 2013 ) RCA 270,000 N / A Peak : # 6 TBD ( 2017 ) RCA 4 . Clay Aiken ( season 2 , runner - up ) 5,069,000 Measure of a Man ( October 14 , 2003 ) RCA 2,786,000 2x Platinum Peak : # 1 Merry Christmas with Love ( November 16 , 2004 ) RCA 1,416,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 A Thousand Different Ways ( September 19 , 2006 ) RCA 531,000 Gold Peak : # 2 On My Way Here ( May 6 , 2008 ) RCA 165,000 N / A Peak : # 4 Tried and True / Steadfast ( June 1 , 2010 ) / ( March 26 , 2012 ) Decca / Universal 80,000 N / A Peak : # 9 / # 120 5 . Fantasia Barrino ( season 3 , winner ) 3,332,000 Free Yourself ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 1,839,000 Platinum Peak : # 8 Fantasia ( December 12 , 2006 ) J Records 530,000 Gold Peak : # 19 Back to Me ( August 24 , 2010 ) J Records 490,000 N / A Peak : # 2 Side Effects of You ( April 23 , 2013 ) RCA 300,000 Peak : # 2 The Definition Of ... ( July 28 , 2016 ) RCA 32,000 Peak : # 6 6 . Ruben Studdard ( season 2 , winner ) 2,644,000 Soulful ( December 9 , 2003 ) J Records 1,792,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 I Need an Angel ( November 23 , 2004 ) J Records 483,000 Gold Peak : # 20 The Return ( October 17 , 2006 ) J Records 238,000 N / A Peak : # 8 Love Is ( May 19 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 50,000 N / A Peak : # 36 Letters from Birmingham ( March 13 , 2012 ) Shanachie 17,000 N / A Peak : # 150 Unconditional Love ( February 4 , 2014 ) The Verve Music Group 6,000 N / A Peak : # 46 7 . Scotty McCreery ( season 10 , winner ) 2,165,000 Clear as Day ( October 4 , 2011 ) Mercury Nashville 1,166,000 Platinum Peak : # 1 Christmas With Scotty McCreery ( October 16 , 2012 ) Mercury Nashville 382,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See You Tonight ( October 15 , 2013 ) Mercury Nashville 269,900 N / A Peak : # 6 8 . Kellie Pickler ( season 5 , 6th place ) 1,557,000 Small Town Girl ( October 31 , 2006 ) BNA 900,000 Gold Peak : # 9 Kellie Pickler ( September 30 , 2008 ) BNA 470,000 N / A Peak : # 9 100 Proof ( January 24 , 2012 ) BNA 90,000 N / A Peak : # 7 The Woman I Am November 11 , 2013 Black River Entertainment 47,000 N / A Peak : # 19 9 . David Cook ( season 7 , winner ) 1,510,000 David Cook ( November 18 , 2008 ) RCA 1,380,000 Platinum Peak : # 3 This Loud Morning ( June 28 , 2011 ) RCA 133,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Digital Vein ( September 18 , 2015 ) InGrooves Music 11,000 N / A Peak : # 35 10 . Phillip Phillips ( season 11 , winner ) 1,490,000 The World from the Side of the Moon ( November 19 , 2012 ) Interscope 1,033,000 Platinum Peak : # 4 Behind the Light ( May 19 , 2014 ) Interscope 123,000 N / A Peak : # 7 11 . Jennifer Hudson ( season 3 , 7th place ) 1,446,000 Jennifer Hudson ( September 30 , 2008 ) Arista 839,000 Gold Peak : # 2 I Remember Me ( March 22 , 2011 ) Arista 459,000 Gold Peak : # 2 JHUD ( September 23 , 2014 ) RCA 61,000 N / A Peak : # 10 12 . Jordin Sparks ( season 6 , winner ) 1,313,000 Jordin Sparks ( November 20 , 2007 ) Jive 1,056,000 Platinum Peak : # 10 Battlefield ( July 21 , 2009 ) Jive 190,000 N / A Peak : # 7 Right Here , Right Now ( August 21 , 2015 ) Louder Than Life N / A Peak : # 161 13 . Adam Lambert ( season 8 , runner - up ) 1,291,000 For Your Entertainment ( November 23 , 2009 ) RCA 863,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Trespassing ( May 15 , 2012 ) RCA 197,000 N / A Peak : # 1 The Original High ( June 16 , 2015 ) Warner Bros Records 52,000 N / A Peak : # 3 14 . David Archuleta ( season 7 , runner - up ) 1,156,000 David Archuleta ( November 11 , 2008 ) Jive 765,000 Gold Peak : # 2 Christmas from the Heart ( October 13 , 2009 ) Jive 246,000 N / A Peak : # 30 The Other Side of Down ( October 5 , 2010 ) Jive 67,000 N / A Peak : # 13 Begin . ( August 7 , 2012 ) Highway Records 14,000 N / A Peak : # 28 No Matter How Far ( 2013 ) E1 Music 5,000 N / A Peak : # 110 15 . Josh Gracin ( season 2 , 4th place ) 804,000 Josh Gracin ( June 15 , 2004 ) Lyric Street 703,000 Gold Peak : # 11 We Were n't Crazy ( April 1 , 2008 ) Lyric Street 86,000 N / A Peak : # 33 Redemption ( November 8 , 2011 ) Average Joe 's 4,000 N / A Peak : N / A 16 . Taylor Hicks ( season 5 , winner ) 768,000 Taylor Hicks ( December 12 , 2006 ) Arista 705,000 Platinum Peak : # 2 The Distance ( March 10 , 2009 ) Modern Whomp 52,000 N / A Peak : # 58 17 . Bo Bice ( season 4 , runner - up ) 757,000 The Real Thing ( December 13 , 2005 ) RCA 673,000 Gold Peak : # 4 See the Light ( October 23 , 2007 ) StratArt 62,000 N / A Peak : # 150 ( May 18 , 2010 ) Saguaro Road 11,000 N / A Peak : # 154 18 . Elliott Yamin ( season 5 , 3rd place ) 696,000 Elliott Yamin ( March 20 , 2007 ) Hickory Records RED Distribution 527,000 Gold Peak : # 3 Sounds of the Season ( October 14 , 2007 ) Hickory Records 81,000 N / A Peak : # 32 My Kind of Holiday ( October 7 , 2008 ) TRP Records , Fontana Distribution 27,000 N / A Peak : # 162 Fight For Love ( May 5 , 2009 ) Hickory Records 49,000 N / A Peak : # 26 Let 's Get to What 's Real ( March 27 , 2012 ) E1 / Purpose Music Group 2,000 N / A Peak : N / A

Queen Sugar - wikipedia Queen Sugar This article is about the television series . For the novel from which it is adapted , see Queen Sugar ( novel ) . Queen Sugar Genre Drama Created by Ava DuVernay Based on Queen Sugar by Natalie Baszile Starring Rutina Wesley Dawn - Lyen Gardner Kofi Siriboe Tina Lifford Omar Dorsey Dondre Whitfield Bianca Lawson Timon Kyle Durrett Nicholas L. Ashe Ethan Hutchison Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 40 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ava DuVernay Melissa Carter Oprah Winfrey Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Horizon Television Harpo Films Forward Movement Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Oprah Winfrey Network Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Queen Sugar is an American drama television series created and executive produced by Ava DuVernay , with Oprah Winfrey serving as an executive producer . DuVernay also directs many episodes . The series is based on the novel of the same name by Natalie Baszile . The series airs on Oprah Winfrey Network ( OWN ) and premiered on September 6 , 2016 . The series follows the life of three siblings : two sisters , Nova Bordelon ( played by Rutina Wesley ) , a formidable journalist and activist from New Orleans , and Charley Bordelon ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , a working wife and mother , who , with her teenaged son Micah , leaves her upscale home in Los Angeles and moves to the heart of Louisiana to claim an inheritance from her recently departed father -- an 800 - acre sugarcane farm ; and their brother , Ralph Angel Bordelon ( Kofi Siriboe ) , a single parent struggling with unemployment and raising his son alone after his father 's death . Queen Sugar has been speculated to be the first television show to feature female directors for every episode of the series . Critics have highlighted that the show 's predominantly Black cast does not preclude storylines that tackle universal issues like culture , class , and gender . The mainstream themes in the series often go hand in hand with episodes on racial profiling , the inheritance of chattel slavery , and other issues related to African Americans . In August 2018 , OWN renewed the series for a fourth season . Contents 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Seasons 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 5 Novel 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Rutina Wesley as Nova Bordelon , the eldest Bordelon child , a journalist , activist and herbal healer Dawn - Lyen Gardner as Charlotte `` Charley '' Bordelon West , the middle Bordelon child - half sibling to Nova and Ralph Angel , a sports manager , mother of Micah and ex-wife of Davis Kofi Siriboe as Ralph Angel Bordelon , the youngest Bordelon child , the face - forward brother of Bordelon sisters looking to better himself after recently being released from prison Tina Lifford as Violet Bordelon , Ernest 's younger sister , aunt to the Bordelon children , and Hollywood 's girlfriend Omar Dorsey as Hollingsworth `` Hollywood '' Desonier , Violet 's much younger oil rig worker boyfriend and friend of the Bordelon family Dondre Whitfield as Remy Newell , an irrigation specialist who was a friend and confidante to Ernest who soon becomes a helping hand to Ernest 's children and soon becomes Charley 's love interest Bianca Lawson as Darla , Ralph Angel 's ex-girlfriend and Blue 's mother , seeking to reconnect with them both as she is in recovery from a drug addiction Nicholas L. Ashe as Micah West , Charley 's and Davis 's teenage son Ethan Hutchison as Blue Bordelon , Ralph Angel and Darla 's 6 - year - old son Henry G. Sanders as Prosper Denton , a lifelong friend to Ernest and fellow farmer ( Season 3 ; Recurring Seasons 1 - 2 ) Timon Kyle Durrett as Davis West , Charley 's charismatic star basketball player ex-husband , client , and Micah 's father whose involvement in a sex scandal leads to the dissolution of their marriage ( Seasons 1 - 3 ) Greg Vaughan as Calvin , a married police officer and Nova 's longtime secret lover ( Season 1 ; Guest Season 2 ) Marycarmen Lopez as Reyna Velez , Blue 's elementary school teacher ( Season 1 ) Recurring ( edit ) Glynn Turman as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the Bordelon family and older brother of Violet ( season 1 ) True O'Brien as Stella , Micah 's girlfriend before he leaves Los Angeles ( season 1 ) Reagan Gomez - Preston as Chantal Williams , Nova 's friend Issac White as Devonte `` Too Sweet '' Bonclair , a teen who after being falsely imprisoned becomes the main focus of Nova 's current crusade on how the parish DA has been railroading African - Americans ( season 1 ; guest , season 3 ) Tanyell Waivers as Keke Raymond , a teenage friend of the family who Micah sets his sights on after meeting her at a family cook - out Deja Dee as Sierra , Nova 's college roommate Sharon Lawrence as Lorna Prescott , Charley 's mother Michael Michele as Darlene , Darla 's mother Roger Guenveur Smith as Quincy , Darla 's father Alimi Ballard as Dr. Robert Dubois , an activist , who becomes Nova 's love interest briefly in the second season Lea Coco as Jacob Boudreaux , a member of the Landry family who takes a special interest in Charley David Jensen as Samuel Landry , the owner of the most popular mill , the Landry mills , in the county who Charley and Ralph - Angel go up against Walter Perez as Romero , a doctor and love interest to Charley ( season 3 ) Vivien Ngô as Trinh Phan , a young woman who returns to help her parents with their seafood plant who becomes Ralph Angel 's love interest . ( season 3 ) Tony Aidan Vo as Khanh Phan , the younger brother to Trinh and son of Mrs. Phan ( season 3 ) Elyse Dinh McCrillis as Mrs. Phan , a Vietnamese American refugee and the mother to Khanh and Trinh ; also Ralph Angel 's boss at the seafood plant ( season 3 ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On February 2 , 2015 , it was announced that Oprah Winfrey Network had ordered a straight - to - series TV drama based on Queen Sugar , the novel by Natalie Baszile . Ava DuVernay and Oprah Winfrey , who worked on the 2014 film Selma , co-created the series , while DuVernay was set to write and direct the initial episodes . The first season began filming in February 2016 and contained 13 episodes . DuVernay announced on January 27 , 2016 that the series would feature an all - women directorial team . On February 15 , 2016 , Neema Barnette joined the series as director and producer . Award - winning director Tina Mabry is a producer and will also direct two episodes , and Anthony Sparks , an award - winning TV writer and professor , is a co-executive producer for the series . It was later announced that singer - songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello would provide the score for the series . Casting ( edit ) On January 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Rutina Wesley would play the role of Nova Bordelon . Further casting was announced January 27 , 2016 . Dawn - Lyen Gardner , Kofi Siriboe , and Omar Dorsey , who co-starred in Selma , were all announced in leading roles . On February 1 , 2016 , it was announced that Emmy Award - winner Glynn Turman will guest - star as Ernest Bordelon , the patriarch of the family who died in the first episode . On February 16 , 2016 , it was announced that Tina Lifford , Dondre Whitfield , Timon Kyle Durrett and Nicholas L. Ashe were cast as series regulars . On February 23 , 2016 , Bianca Lawson and Greg Vaughan joined the cast as regulars , while Henry G. Sanders joined in a recurring role . Meanwhile , Oprah Winfrey Network said that Oprah Winfrey , who earlier was announced as a recurring character , would not have an onscreen role . On March 11 , 2016 , it was announced that Marycarmen Lopez also was cast as regular . Seasons ( edit ) On August 1 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season ahead of its television premiere which aired in a two - night premiere on June 20 and June 21 , 2017 . The second season premiered on OWN in a two episode special on June 20 and 21 , 2017 . The show was renewed for a third season on July 26 , 2017 . The third season premiered in a two - night special on May 29 and May 30 , 2018 . On August 8 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season . Following the renewal co-executive producer Anthony Sparks was revealed to be the new showrunner , replacing the current showrunner Kat Candler . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 16 June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 13 May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) August 22 , 2018 Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` First Things First '' Ava DuVernay Ava DuVernay September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 2.69 The estranged Bordelon siblings Nova ( Rutina Wesley ) , Charley ( Dawn - Lyen Gardner ) , and Ralph Angel ( Kofi Siriboe ) must come together to save their family 's ailing sugarcane farm in Louisiana . Charley leaves her upscale L.A. lifestyle to return to her family home in Louisiana after her dad suffers a stroke and she receives unwelcome news about her husband . `` Evergreen '' Ava DuVernay Tina Mabry September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 2.14 The siblings plan the funeral , but Charley and Nova disagree about how best to honor their father ; and Ralph Angel and Aunt Violet are at odds over whether it 's okay for his young son to attend the funeral service . In other events , Charley faces the fallout from the news about her husband and also learns there are things they do n't know about their father 's farm . `` Thy Will Be Done '' Neema Barnette Jason Wilborn September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 2.00 Charley , Nova and Ralph Angel learn the contents of their father 's will and contemplate running the farm together ; someone attempts to repossess one of the father 's possessions ; and the family considers a low offer for the land from a local buyer . `` The Darker Sooner '' So Yong Kim Kay Oyegun September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 1.52 The Bordelon siblings return to their everyday lives : Ralph Angel struggles to run the family farm ; Charley resumes managing her husband 's basketball career ; and Nova seeks justice for a friend 's son who she believes was wrongfully imprisoned . 5 5 `` By Any Chance '' Victoria Mahoney Anthony Sparks September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 1.59 Nova 's relationship suffers because of her pursuit of justice ; Charley confronts her husband 's accuser ; Ralph Angel faces a moral quandary ; and Hollywood resumes contact with someone from his past . 6 6 `` As Promised '' Tanya Hamilton Melissa Carter October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 1.44 Nova and Charley clash over Nova 's comments regarding Charley 's marriage ; Ralph Angel wants out of an illegal arrangement ; and Charley discovers what Davis did on the night in question . 7 7 `` In No Uncertain Terms '' Neema Barnette Denise Harkavy October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) 1.68 Charley faces up to the state of her marriage ; Ralph Angel wants to farm full time ; and Aunt Violet uncovers information about Hollywood that jeopardizes their relationship . 8 8 `` Where With All '' Kat Candler Tina Mabry October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) 1.71 The family prepares for a hurricane ; Remy questions Charley 's treatment of her staff ; Aunt Violet worries about Nova 's safety ; and Ralph Angel quarrels with Darla . 9 9 `` Next to Nothing '' Kat Candler Jason Wilborn November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) 1.69 The siblings find two dead bodies on the property while repairing damage caused by the storm . In other events , Ralph Angel continues to push for custody of Blue . 10 10 `` So Far '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Anthony Sparks November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) 1.50 Charlie searches for a new mill ; and realizes that there 's more to the story of the land than originally thought . In other events , Hollywood again tries to mend his relationship with Aunt Violet . 11 11 `` All Good '' Salli Richardson - Whitfield Kay Oyegun November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) 1.64 The siblings search for a new mill ; Charley is prepared to put her past with Davis behind her ; Ralph Angel and Darla help Blue with issues at school ; and Aunt Violet makes changes to the diner . 12 12 `` Far Too Long '' Tina Mabry Melissa Carter & Ali Gordon - Goldstein November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) 1.50 Charley makes a cunning decision as a result of the siblings ' quest for a new mill ; Ralph Angel locks heads with Charley ; Hollywood and Aunt Violet 's relationship hits a roadblock ; and Nova 's ex , Calvin , returns . 13 13 `` Give Us This Day '' Tina Mabry Ava DuVernay November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) 1.91 In the Season 1 finale , Charley goes all out to secure an investor ; Nova and Calvin reunite , but not everyone is pleased ; Davis attempts to repair his relationship with Micah ; Aunt Violet tries to make amends with Hollywood ; and Ralph Angel makes a shocking discovery . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` After the Winter '' Kat Candler Monica Macer June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 2.31 Charley and Davis remain entangled ; Ralph Angel tries to find his footing on the family farm ; Aunt Violet confronts her feelings for Hollywood ; and Micah has a dangerous encounter with a police officer . In other events , Nova deals with the loss of her relationship with Calvin and later holds a community fundraiser . 15 `` To Usward '' Cheryl Dunye Jason Wilborn June 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 21 ) 1.69 Ralph Angel has an idea for the farm ; Charley is blindsided during her final divorce mediation with Davis ; Nova holds a community fundraiser ; and Aunt Violet learns that Hollywood might have been involved in a life - threatening accident . 16 `` What Do I Care For Morning '' Aurora Guerrero Anthony Sparks June 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) 1.55 Micah finds solace at Nova 's place ; Charley confronts Davis about their custody arrangement ; Aunt Violet 's time with Hollywood might be short - lived ; Nova meets someone at a symposium ; and Ralph Angel confronts Jacob Boudreaux about spying on his property . 17 `` My Soul 's High Song '' Maryam Keshavarz Ava DuVernay July 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 05 ) 1.46 Charley searches for a more permanent home for Micah ; a whitefly infestation threatens the farm ; Nova adjusts to a new editor who wants her to change her approach ; and Darla makes a decision that has serious consequences . 18 5 `` Caroling Dusk '' Amanda Marsalis Davita Scarlett July 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 12 ) 1.52 Charley 's therapist appointment brings to light childhood issues ; Nova reunites with Dr. Robert Dubois ; Davis meets an intriguing singer ; Ralph Angel meets an old friend during a high - pressured situation ; and Darla finds an unexpected job . 19 6 `` Line of Our Elders '' DeMane Davis Mimi Won Techentin July 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) 1.56 Charley 's opening celebration of the Queen Sugar Mill suffers a setback ; Nova learns something surprising about her late father ; and Ralph Angel has a run - in with someone he previously robbed and later makes a huge confession to his sisters . 20 7 `` I Know My Soul '' Kat Candler Maria Elena Rodriguez July 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 26 ) 1.57 Ralph Angel 's confession continues to cause unrest and his appeal to Darla for emotional support conflicts with Charley 's wishes . Plus , Nova learns something surprising about Violet . 21 8 `` Freedom 's Plow '' Amanda Marsalis Anthony Sparks August 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 02 ) 1.59 In the mid-season finale , Darla celebrates her two - year sober anniversary ; Violet has a health issue ; Nova and Dr. Robert Dubois ' reunion hits a roadblock ; Micah finally comes to terms with his emotions ; Charley confesses her feelings for Remy ; and Ralph Angel makes a life - changing confession to Darla . 22 9 `` Yet Do I Marvel '' Julie Dash Jason Wilborn October 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 03 ) 1.74 In the mid-season premiere , Darla reaches out to her family to share her engagement news ; Violet 's condition worsens ; Nova 's Zika story causes concern in the community ; Micah tells his family about the police incident ; and Charley receives an unexpected visit from her mother , and the two have an honest conversation about Charley 's upbringing . 23 10 `` Drums at Dusk '' Julie Dash Valerie Chu October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1.20 An unexpected encounter creates issues between Ralph Angel and Darla . Meanwhile , the presence of Charley 's mother , Lorna gives rise to old tensions in the family ; and Violet finally sees a doctor about her recurring symptoms . 24 11 `` Fruit of the Flower '' Cheryl Dunye Dana Greenblatt October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1.31 Nova and Robert 's relationship begins to shift ; Ralph Angel feels humiliated by Remy ; Hollywood and Violet clash over Hollywood 's new friend ; and Lorna finally reveals the true history of her relationship with Nova and Ralph Angel 's father . 25 12 `` Live in the All Along '' Garrett Bradley Mimi Won Techentin October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1.14 Nova and Robert 's relationship hits a major setback ; Darla and Ralph Angel plan their upcoming wedding ; Davis offers Charley help with her harvest festival and they both realize they have moved on in new relationships ; Davis attempts to make amends . 26 13 `` Heritage '' Liesl Tommy Monica Macer & Davita Scarlett October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1.34 Charley and Remy discuss their future ; Violet receives a life changing diagnosis ; Nova and Calvin come face - to - face for the first time in months ; Darla reunites with her parents , and reveals a devastating secret to Ralph Angel . 27 14 `` On These I Stand '' Christina Voros Jason Wilborn & Anthony Sparks November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 1.28 Ralph Angel is left devastated by Darla 's news ; Charley 's business is threatened ; Micah has an issue with his school ; Nova receives a new opportunity ; and Violet reveals her diagnosis to Hollywood . 28 15 `` Copper Sun '' DeMane Davis Monica Macer & Dana Greenblatt November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1.22 Charley fires Darla after learning that she 's lied to her family ; Micah gets suspended from school ; Hollywood promises to fulfill Violet 's wish list ; and Jacob Boudreaux suggests he and Charley form a partnership . 29 16 `` Dream Variations '' Kat Candler Ava DuVernay November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 1.33 In the Season 2 finale , Charley 's shocking plan to save her business puts her relationship with Remy in jeopardy ; Hollywood proposes to Violet ; Nova and Remy share an unexpected moment ; and Ralph Angel decides if he can forgive Darla . Note : This episode is 90 minutes . Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` A Rock , a River , a Tree '' DeMane Davis Kat Candler May 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.48 31 `` Of Their Sojourn Here '' Patricia Cardoso Anthony Sparks May 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 1.04 32 `` Your Distant Destiny '' Lauren Wolkstein Erika L. Johnson June 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 0.92 33 `` No Haven in My Shadow '' Maria Govan Mike Flynn June 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.13 34 5 `` A Little Lower Than Angels '' Shaz Bennett Chloé Hung June 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.14 35 6 `` Delicate and Strangely Made '' Christina Choe Channing Godfrey Peoples June 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.17 36 7 `` Study War No More '' DeMane Davis Anthony Sparks July 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.20 37 8 `` Come , Clad in Peace '' DeMane Davis Erika L. Johnson July 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.01 38 9 `` The Tree and Stone Were One '' Nijla Mumin Anthony Sparks July 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.05 39 10 `` Here Beside the River '' TBA TBA August 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.02 40 11 `` Your Passages Have Been Paid '' TBA TBA August 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.05 41 12 `` The Horizon Leans Forward '' TBA TBA August 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.05 42 13 `` From on the Pulse of Morning '' TBA TBA August 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.01 Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the first season , with an average rating of 7.4 / 10 based on 41 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` With an authenticity of culture and place and strong performances throughout , Queen Sugar rises above melodrama in this alluring , unhurried and powerful portrait of a fractious black American family . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 75 out of 100 based on 25 critics for the season , indicating what the website considers to be `` generally favorable reviews '' . A 100 % approval rating for the second season was reported by Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 8.03 / 10 based on 7 reviews . Novel ( edit ) Main article : Queen Sugar ( novel ) UCLA graduate Natalie Baszile started writing Queen Sugar , the novel , in the early 1990s , but the text was only completed ten years later . She first presented the manuscript to publishers in 2009 but without any success . After revising the book for another two years , she resubmitted the text , with one agent agreeing to represent her . Baszile took part in a women writer 's retreat in Hedgebrook . A friend of hers who was also at the retreat , the novelist Sarah Manyika , suggested that she read part of Queen Sugar to fellow residents . Leigh Haber , O , The Oprah Magazine 's book editor was attending and loved the novel and passed it to people at Oprah 's Harpo Productions . A few months after that , Harpo called to say they wanted to option the book for a project . The book was published by Penguin in 2014 as Baszile 's debut novel and , a few months later , OWN negotiated the deal to turn the book into a television series . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipient ( s ) Result 2017 48th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Won Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series Ava DuVernay ( for `` First Things First '' ) Won Anthony Sparks ( for `` By Any Chance '' ) Nominated 2017 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Meshell Ndegeocello Nominated 2018 49th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Drama Series Queen Sugar Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Kofi Siriboe Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series Rutina Wesley Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Dondre Whitfield Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Tina Lifford Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey To Co-Star In & Co-Create With ' Selma ' Filmmaker Ava DuVernay ' Queen Sugar ' OWN Drama Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jagernauth , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Ava DuVernay Reteams With Oprah Winfrey For Drama Series '' . The Playlist . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay & Oprah Winfrey 's ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Fall Premiere Date On OWN '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay and Queen Sugar Look Like the Future of Television '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Racha Penrice , Ronda ( 20 June 2018 ) . `` Oprah Winfrey Network 's ' Queen Sugar ' has quietly become one of TV 's most racially progressive shows '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Adrienne ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Queen Sugar Deepens Its Complex Family Portrait '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Renewed For Season 4 By OWN With New Showrunner Anthony Sparks '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bowe , Jillian ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` True O'Brien Joins Former DAYS Co-Star on OWN 's Queen Sugar '' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/queen-sugar-recap-season-1-episode-9.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Desk , TV News . `` OWN 's QUEEN SUGAR Announces Remaining All - Female Directorial Line - Up for Season 3 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Unveils Final Set Of Directors For All - Female - Helmed Season 3 Of Oprah Winfrey - Ava DuVernay Drama '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Oprah , DuVernay creating new drama for OWN '' . USA Today . 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Jump up ^ Laura Prudom . `` Queen Sugar : Glynn Turman Cast in OWN Series from Ava DuVernay - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Tina Lifford , Dondré Whitfield Among Four Cast In ' Queen Sugar ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` ' Queen Sugar ' Adds Bianca Lawson , Greg Vaughan & Henry G. Sanders - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski . `` Erik Stocklin Joins Colleen Ballinger - Evans In ' Haters Back Off ' - Deadline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Ava DuVernay - Directed ' Queen Sugar ' Gets Season 2 Pickup From OWN -- TCA '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` OWN Gives ' Queen Sugar ' an Early 16 - Episode Second Season Renewal + A New Trailer '' . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Sugar ' scores Season 3 renewal on OWN '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Updated with Broadcast : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.7. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.21. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.28. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.5. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.12. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.26. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.2. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.9. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.16. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.23. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.30. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . 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World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more ... ) Participants Allies Axis Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) ... further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss 1938 Munich crisis 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . Supplied by the Soviet Union , from late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , the Balkan Campaign as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic . On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council . The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon . It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 per cent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement . From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords . In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War Italian soldiers recruited in 1935 , on their way to fight the Second Italo - Abyssinian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco . The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during Second World War but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war . Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy . In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it . In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig , 1 September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east . The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war . Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it . View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war . They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner . The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences . Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals . Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops . This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East . The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset . On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes . Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups . In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front . The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Russian city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security . In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge . Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran . The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province . Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south . In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history . Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May . In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call . In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR . In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 . Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 . Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties , War crimes during World War II , War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II , German war crimes , War crimes of the Wehrmacht , Italian war crimes , Japanese war crimes , Allied war crimes during World War II , and Soviet war crimes World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered . Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs . Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 . Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Lebensraum , Untermensch , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate . Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably . Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat . This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were utilised . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel . See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Nazis in fiction Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Documentaries See also : List of World War II documentary films The World Wars ( miniseries ) The World Wars is a three - part , six - hour event miniseries by the History Channel that premiered on Monday , 26 May 2014 , ( Memorial Day ) airing for three consecutive nights . An extended version of the series with never before seen footage was subsequently broadcast on H2 and in more than 160 countries on 22 June 2014 Apocalypse : The Second World War ( 2009 ) , a six - part French documentary by Daniel Costelle and Isabelle Clarke about World War II Battlefield , a documentary television series initially issued in 1994 -- 5 , that explores many important World War II battles BBC History of World War II , a television series , initially issued from 1989 to 2005 . The World at War ( 1974 ) , a 26 - part Thames Television series that covers most aspects of World War II from many points of view . It includes interviews with many key figures including Karl Dönitz , Albert Speer , and Anthony Eden . Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' . ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 . Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 . ^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp. 213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p. 9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 : `` On September 3 , as Allied forces landed in Italy , Badoglio agreed to a secret armistice in the hope the Allies would land a major force north of Rome and save his government and the king . But when this did n't happen he desperately attempted to call off his bargain with Eisenhower , who cut short the matter on 8 September by announcing news of its existence . The next day the hero of Abyssinia , his king , and a small retinue deserted Rome for the southeast tip of Italy , leaving most of Italy to the Nazis . '' Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp. 406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 . Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . Retrieved 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robert Gellately . Lenin , Stalin , and Hitler : The Age of Social Catastrophe . Knopf , 2007 ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4005 - 1 p. 391 Jump up ^ Terror from the Sky : The Bombing of German Cities in World War II . Berghahn Books . 2010 . p. 167 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 844 - 3 . Jump up ^ Institute of National Remembrance , Polska 1939 -- 1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami . Materski and Szarota. page 9 `` Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000 '' . ^ Jump up to : Marek , Michael ( 27 October 2005 ) . `` Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers '' . dw-world.de . Deutsche Welle . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2003 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1994 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Overy 2004 , pp. 568 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens . Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . Jump up ^ Harrison 1998 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bernstein 1991 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Quest : Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II . DIANE Publishing . p. 203 . ISBN 1 - 58566 - 069 - 8 . Jump up ^ Overy 1994 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ BBSU 1998 , p. 84 ; Lindberg & Todd 2001 , p. 126 ... Jump up ^ Unidas , Naciones ( 2005 ) . World Economic And Social Survey 2004 : International Migration . United Nations Pubns . p. 23 . ISBN 92 - 1 - 109147 - 0 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Levine 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Klavans , Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997 ; Ward 2010 , pp. 247 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Chris ; Chant , Chris ( 2004 ) . Aircraft Carriers : The World 's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft . Wigston , Leics : Silverdale Books . p. 7 . ISBN 1 - 84509 - 079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , H. Avery ; Nihart , Brooke ( 2005 ) . Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ `` Infantry Weapons Of World War 2 '' . Grey Falcon ( Black Sun ) . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . These all - purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle 's long range is much longer than needed , since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range . The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun , having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle , combined with the rapid - rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun . Thanks to these combined advantages , assault rifles such as the American M - 16 and the Russian AK - 47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Ratcliff 2006 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenherr , Steven ( 2007 ) . `` Code Breaking in World War II '' . History Department at the University of San Diego . Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Macintyre , Ben ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory '' . The Times . London . p. 27 . 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JSTOR 260931 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200948702200202 . Stueck , William ( 2010 ) . `` The Korean War '' . In Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad , eds. , The Cambridge History of the Cold War , Volume I : Origins ( pp. 266 -- 287 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83719 - 4 . Sumner , Ian ; Baker , Alix ( 2001 ) . The Royal Navy 1939 -- 45 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 195 - 4 . Swain , Bruce ( 2001 ) . A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939 -- 45 . Crows Nest : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86508 - 352 - 0 . Swain , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` The Cominform : Tito 's International ? '' . The Historical Journal . 35 ( 3 ) : 641 -- 663 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026017 . Tanaka , Yuki ( 1996 ) . Hidden Horrors : Japanese War Crimes in World War II . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 2717 - 4 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . 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ISBN 1 - 57607 - 999 - 6 . Umbreit , Hans ( 1991 ) . `` The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe '' . In P. S. Falla , ed. , Germany and the Second World War , Volume 2 : Germany 's Initial Conquests in Europe ( pp. 227 -- 326 ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 822885 - 1 . United States Army ( 1986 ) ( 1953 ) . The German Campaigns in the Balkans ( Spring 1941 ) . Washington , DC : Department of the Army . Waltz , Susan ( 2002 ) . `` Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . Third World Quarterly . 23 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 448 . JSTOR 3993535 . doi : 10.1080 / 01436590220138378 . Ward , Thomas A. ( 2010 ) . Aerospace Propulsion Systems . Singapore : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 82497 - 9 . Watson , William E. ( 2003 ) . Tricolor and Crescent : France and the Islamic World . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97470 - 7 . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . ; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe : The Emergence and Development of East - West Conflict , 1939 -- 1953 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wiest , Andrew ; Barbier , M.K. ( 2002 ) . Strategy and Tactics : Infantry Warfare . St Paul , MN : MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1401 - 2 . Williams , Andrew ( 2006 ) . Liberalism and War : The Victors and the Vanquished . Abingdon & New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35980 - 1 . Wilt , Alan F. ( 1981 ) . `` Hitler 's Late Summer Pause in 1941 '' . Military Affairs . 45 ( 4 ) : 187 -- 91 . JSTOR 1987464 . doi : 10.2307 / 1987464 . Wohlstetter , Roberta ( 1962 ) . Pearl Harbor : Warning and Decision . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 0597 - 4 . Wolf , Holger C. ( 1993 ) . `` The Lucky Miracle : Germany 1945 -- 1951 '' . In Rudiger Dornbusch , Wilhelm Nölling and Richard Layard , eds. , Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ( pp. 29 -- 56 ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04136 - 2 . Wood , James B. ( 2007 ) . Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War : Was Defeat Inevitable ? . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5339 - 2 . Yoder , Amos ( 1997 ) . The Evolution of the United Nations System ( 3rd ed . ) . London & Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 1 - 56032 - 546 - 1 . Zalampas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines , 1923 -- 1939 . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 462 - 5 . Zaloga , Steven J. ( 1996 ) . Bagration 1944 : The Destruction of Army Group Centre . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 478 - 7 . -- -- -- ( 2002 ) . Poland 1939 : The Birth of Blitzkrieg . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 408 - 5 . Zeiler , Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois , eds . A Companion to World War II ( 2 vol 2013 ) , 1030pp ; comprehensive overview by scholars Zeiler , Thomas W. ( 2004 ) . Unconditional Defeat : Japan , America , and the End of World War II . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2991 - 9 . Zetterling , Niklas ; Tamelander , Michael ( 2009 ) . Bismarck : The Final Days of Germany 's Greatest Battleship . Drexel Hill , PA : Casemate . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935149 - 04 - 0 . Further reading Aksar , Yusuf ( 2004 ) . Implementing Intnl Humanitaria : From the AD Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court . London and New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5584 - 0 . Beevor , Antony ( 2006 ) . The Battle for Spain : The Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 1939 . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84832 - 5 . Budiansky , Stephen ( 2004 ) . Air Power : The Men , Machines , and Ideas that Revolutionized War , from Kitty Hawk to Gulf War II . London : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 03285 - 3 . Chaney , Otto Preston ( 1996 ) . Zhukov ( Revised ed . ) . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 2807 - 8 . Coox , Alvin D. ( 1990 ) . Nomonhan : Japan Against Russia , 1939 . Palo Alto , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . JSTOR 20444365 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . 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when did second world war start and end

Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day )

Steatoda nobilis - wikipedia Steatoda nobilis Steatoda nobilis Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Arachnida Order : Araneae Family : Theridiidae Genus : Steatoda Species : S. nobilis Binomial name Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) Steatoda nobilis is a spider in the genus Steatoda , known in the United Kingdom as the noble false widow and often referred to as the false widow . As the common name indicates , the spider superficially resembles and is frequently confused for the black widow and other spiders in the genus Latrodectus , which can have medically significant venom . Steatoda nobilis is native to Madeira and the Canary Islands from where it allegedly spread to Europe , and arrived in England before 1879 , perhaps through cargo sent to Torquay . In England it has a reputation as one of the few local spider species which is capable of inflicting a painful bite to humans , with most bites resulting in symptoms similar to a bee or wasp sting . It has also been found in California and Chile . Contents 1 Description 2 Distribution , habitat and ecology 2.1 Population expansion in UK and Ireland 3 Medical significance 4 Media reaction 4.1 Alleged incidents 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull . The legs are reddish - orange . Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size , while males are 7 to 11 mm . Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship , by scraping 10 - 12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace . Male with swollen pedipalps Distribution , habitat and ecology ( edit ) The spider is an introduced species across Europe , plus parts of North Africa , and likely spreading . It was found for the first time in 2011 in Cologne , Germany . It is originally from the Canary Islands and Madeira . In England it has been reported mostly in southern counties , but its range appears to be expanding northwards . In 2011 , the spider was reported as an established invasive species in the USA , in Ventura County , California . In January 2016 , it was reported that Steatoda nobilis had been found in Chile , the first time that the species had been recorded in the southern hemisphere . As with other members of the family Theridiidae , Steatoda nobilis constructs a cobweb which is an irregular tangle of sticky silken fibres . Its ' scaffold web ' differs from others of the genus in the exceptional strength of the silk , and in the tubular retreat that is at least partly concealed in a deep crack or hole . They have poor eyesight and depend mostly on vibrations reaching them through their webs to orient themselves to prey or warn them of larger animals that could injure or kill them . Population expansion in UK and Ireland ( edit ) Steatoda nobilis , Hampshire , England The distribution of Steatoda nobilis is expected to increase northwards in the UK , due to , at least partly , mild winters in recent years . This prediction was reported by Stuart Hine of the Natural History Museum , and is substantiated by the National Recording Scheme . The spider is reported to be an established species in Ireland . Medical significance ( edit ) Female of Steatoda nobilis in Hampshire Like almost all spiders , Steatoda nobilis is venomous , but its bite is almost exclusively of mild effect on humans , without the severe consequences that can occur with black widow spiders . It is often alleged to be one of the spiders whose bite involves venom medically significant for humans , even though the few recorded bites do not typically present long - lasting effects . The symptoms of a bite are typically similar to a bee or wasp sting . The bite of this spider , along with others in the genus Steatoda , can produce a set of symptoms known as steatodism . Symptoms of bites include intense pain radiating from the bite site , along with feverishness or general malaise . Male bites are less severe than those of females . Media reaction ( edit ) Sensationalised stories about the bite of Steatoda nobilis have featured in UK newspaper articles . Stuart Hine from the Natural History Museum , London responded on the naturenet blog , stating , `` Of course I also explain the great value of spiders and how rare the event of spider bite in the UK actually is . I also always explain that up to 12 people die from wasp / bee stings in the UK each year and we do not panic so much about wasps and bees -- but this never makes it past editing . '' Steven Falk , an entomologist , cautioned that without `` hard evidence '' , it is difficult to know how many of the bites reported in the media have been caused by false widow spiders . The arrival of Steatoda nobilis in Chile in 2016 led to a similar media reaction . Alleged incidents ( edit ) In 2006 a Dorchester man spent three days in Dorset County Hospital with symptoms of heart seizure , after suffering a spider bite believed to be caused by Steatoda nobilis . In 2013 a man in Sidcup , Kent was allegedly bitten in his sleep , reporting that his hand had turned black and yellow . His hand remained swollen for five weeks until doctors gave him a course of antibiotics . In October 2013 , it was reported that a man from Romford in Essex had been allegedly bitten by a false widow . He was treated for bacterial infection with antibiotics and needed to have his leg drained of pus . In October 2013 , a British school in the Forest of Dean was closed for a day for fumigation as a result of a dense population of Steatoda nobilis on the site . In 2014 , a woman from County Durham had her left index finger amputated after contracting the flesh - eating bug necrotising fasciitis following a claimed bite from a false widow spider . In October 2014 , an Irish man went into cardiac arrest and spent a day in intensive care after being bitten three times by what was claimed as a false widow , on the hip , side and shoulder . Notes ( edit ) a . The correct and full English name for Steatoda nobilis is `` Noble false widow '' . Media coverage usually abbreviates this to `` false widow '' , although Steatoda nobilis is strictly speaking one of the false widows . Steatoda grossa and Steatoda paykulliana are other examples of false widow spiders . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Snazell , R. & Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The theridiid spider Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Britain '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 9 ( 5 ) : 164 -- 167 . Jump up ^ Jones , D. ( 1993 ) . `` The Return of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell ) '' . Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society . 49 : 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kulczycki , A. , Legittimo , C.M. , Simeon , E. and Di Pompeo , P. ( 2012 ) . `` New records of Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Araneae , Theridiidae ) , an introduced species on the Italian mainland and in Sardinia '' . Bulletin British Arachnological Society . 15 ( 8 ) : 269 -- 272 . doi : 10.13156 / arac. 2012.15. 1.269 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Octavius Pickard - Cambridge ( 1879 ) . `` On some new and rare British spiders , with characters of a new genus '' . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 5 ( 4 ) : 109 -- 215 . ^ Jump up to : David Sapsted ( 17 November 2006 ) . `` Watch out , the black widow 's sister is ready to bite you '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider , Steatoda nobilis '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Salek ( 24 September 2013 ) . `` More sightings of the false widow spider , as Britain 's ' most venomous arachnid ' , with orange legs and white skull markings spotted in Essex '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Noble false widow spider marches north in the UK '' . Natural History Museum . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Observation by C Wieczorrek '' . 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Distribution Map of S. Nobilis '' . British Arachnological Society . Sep -- Oct 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ Harvey , P.R. ; Nellist , D.R. ; M.G. Telfer , eds. ( 2002 ) . Provisional Atlas of British spiders ( Arachnida , Araneae ) . 1 &2 . Huntingdon : Biological Records Centre . ^ Jump up to : `` Summary for Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae ) '' . British Arachnological Society : National Recording Scheme. 2010 -- 2012 . Retrieved 22 Nov 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biting spider widens its web '' . BBC News . 2001 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` European Spider , Steatoda nobilis Theridiidae '' . University of California , Riverside . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steatoda nobilis ( Araneae : Theridiidae ) in South America : a new alien species for Chile '' . 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Primer registro de una mordedura de Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) en Chile ( First record of a Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) ( Arachnida : Araneae : Theridiidae ) bite from Chile ) '' ( in Spanish ) . 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Ranger 's Blog : The truth about Steatoda nobilis - is it the UK 's most dangerous spider ? '' . 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 22 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Poisonous false widow spiders spread across Ireland '' . Irish Independent . 18 October 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Warrell , D.A. , Shaheen , J. , Hillyard , P.D. & D. Jones ( 1991 ) . `` Neurotoxic envenoming by an immigrant spider ( Steatoda nobilis ) in southern England '' . Toxicon. 29 ( 10 ) : 1263 -- 1265 . doi : 10.1016 / 0041 - 0101 ( 91 ) 90198 - Z . PMID 1801319 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Williams , Rob ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Killer spiders on the loose ! ( or not really ) - a guide to the really quite harmless false widow '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spiders are n't out to get us -- and their bite is n't dangerous '' . The Guardian . 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider bites footballer Steve Harris '' . BBC News . 10 October 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faúndez , E.I , & Téllez , F. ( 2016 ) . Considerations about Steatoda nobilis ( Thorell , 1875 ) in Chile . Biodiversity And Natural History , 2 ( 1 ) , 13 - 15 '' ( in Spanish ) . 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Salek , Sebastian ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Bites reported across London and Kent as south east sees influx of Britain 's most poisonous spider '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Collier Row dad faced losing leg after false widow spider bite '' . Romford Recorder. 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` False widow spider outbreak shuts Forest of Dean school '' . BBC News . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woman ' loses finger after being bitten by a spider ' '' . Sunderland Echo. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` County Durham mum loses finger after spider bite causes flesh - eating bug '' . ChronicleLive. 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A young father - of - one has told how he almost died when he was attacked and bitten by a lethal false widow spider '' . Irish Independent . 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The truth about false widow spiders Natural History Museum . Jump up ^ False widow spider , Steatoda paykulliana Natural History Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Steatoda nobilis . World Spider Catalog : Family Theridiidae UKSafari.com : False widow spiders Steatoda nobilis images PatientPlus : Spider bites BBC video of Steatoda nobilis https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299281813_Primer_registro_de_una_mordedura_de_Steatoda_nobilis_Thorell_1875_Arachnida_Araneae_Theridiidae_en_Chile Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q1313475 ADW : Steatoda_nobilis Araneae : 891 BioLib : 234294 BugGuide : 697702 EoL : 1187785 Fauna Europaea : 353410 GBIF : 2157203 iNaturalist : 366894 IRMNG : 11078613 ITIS : 867551 NBN : NBNSYS0000039460 uBio : 2028799 WSC : urn : lsid : nmbe.ch : spidersp : 008093 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steatoda_nobilis&oldid=853592828 '' Categories : Steatoda Tangle - web spiders of Europe Spiders of the Canary Islands Spiders of Macaronesia Arthropods of Madeira Venomous spiders Spiders described in 1875 Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cebuano Español Français Nederlands Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 21 : 05 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

a spider with a skull on its back

Steatoda nobilis has a brown bulbous abdomen with cream coloured markings that are often likened to the shape of a skull . The legs are reddish - orange . Females range in size from about 9.5 to 14 mm in size , while males are 7 to 11 mm . Males are able to produce stridulation sounds during courtship , by scraping 10 - 12 teeth on the abdomen against a file on the rear of the carapace .

Devendra Fadnavis - Wikipedia Devendra Fadnavis Jump to : navigation , search The Honourable Devendra Fadnavis 18th Chief Minister of Maharashtra Incumbent Assumed office 31 October 2014 Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao Preceded by President 's Rule Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur South West Incumbent Assumed office 2009 Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur West In office 1999 -- 2009 Preceded by Vinod Gudadhe Patil Succeeded by Sudhakar Shamrao Deshmukh Mayor of Nagpur In office 1997 -- 2001 Personal details ( 1970 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1970 ( age 47 ) Nagpur , Maharashtra , India Nationality Indian Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Spouse ( s ) Amruta Fadnavis Children Residence Dharampeth , Nagpur Alma mater Nagpur University , Free University of Berlin Website www.devendrafadnavis.in Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis ( born 22 July 1970 ) is an Indian politician and 18th , incumbent Chief Minister of Maharashtra holding the office from 31 October 2014 . A member of Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh , at the age of 44 , he became the second youngest Chief Minister of Maharashtra after Sharad Pawar . Fadnavis represents the Nagpur South West constituency in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 2.1 Positions held 2.1. 1 Within BJP 2.1. 2 Legislative 3 Personal life 4 Controversies 5 See also 6 References Early life and education ( edit ) Fadnavis was born on 22 July 1970 in Nagpur . His father , Gangadhar Fadnavis , served as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Council from Nagpur . His mother Sarita Fadnavis , who is a descendant of the Kaloti family of Amravati , was the former Director of Vidarbha Housing Credit Society . Fadnavis received his initial schooling from Indira Convent , named after then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi . During the Emergency , Fadnavis ' father , Gangadhar , a member of the Jan Sangh , was incarcerated for participating in anti-government protests . Fadnavis subsequently refused to continue his schooling at Indira Convent , because he did not want to attend a school named after the Prime Minister he held responsible for jailing his father . He then transferred to the Saraswati Vidyalaya school , where he received most of his schooling . After completing ten years of schooling , Fadnavis attended Dharampeth Junior College for his intermediate . After completing his 12th standard , he enrolled at Government Law College , Nagpur , for a five - year integrated law degree , and graduated in 1992 . Fadnavis also has a post-graduate degree in Business Management and a diploma in Methods and Techniques of Project Management from DSE ( German Foundation for International Development ) , Berlin . Political career ( edit ) As a college student , Fadnavis was an active member of ABVP . In the ABVP , he started as a grassroots worker . He won his first municipal election from Ram Nagar ward . Five years later Fadnavis became the youngest mayor of the Nagpur Municipal Corporation and became the second youngest mayor in the history of India . In 1999 , he was elected to the Maharashtra state assembly for the first time . He is currently serving his fourth term as MLA as of 2014 . Fadnavis , was selected the legislative party leader by the new BJP MLAs in a meeting at Vidhan Bhavan in the presence of party 's central observers , Union Home minister Rajnath Singh and party 's national general secretary Jagat Prakash Nadda . Fadnavis was sworn in as the chief minister of Maharashtra from the BJP on 31 October 2014 . His government won a confidence motion by voice vote on 12 November 2014 allowing it to govern . Positions held ( edit ) Within BJP ( edit ) Ward President , BJYM ( 1989 ) Office Bearer , Nagpur ( west ) BJP ( 1990 ) Nagpur President , BJYM ( 1992 ) State Vice President , BJYM ( 1994 ) National Vice President , BJYM ( 2001 ) General Secretary , BJP , Maharashtra ( 2010 ) President , BJP Maharashtra ( 2013 ) Legislative ( edit ) Devendra was born in Nagpur Mayor , City of Nagpur -- ( 1997 to 2001 ) Member , Maharashtra Legislative Assembly - 4 consecutive terms , since 1999 Chief Minister of Maharashtra ( 2014 -- incumbent ) Personal life ( edit ) Fadnavis is married to Amruta Fadnavis . The couple have one daughter , Divija Fadnavis . Controversies ( edit ) In April 2016 , while addressing a rally in Nashik , Fadnavis said that , every Indian will have to chant ' Bharat Mata ki Jai ' and those who refuse to chant the slogan should not live in the country instead go to Pakistan or China . , Day after he said that all Indians to chant ' Bharat Mata ki Jai ' , Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis issued clarification after he found himself embroiled in a controversy over the issue See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devendra Fadnavis . Devendra Fadnavis ministry ( 2014 -- ) Make in Maharashtra References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis sworn is as 27th Chief Minister of Maharashtra '' . Daily News and Analysis . Diligent Media Corporation Ltd . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis Biography - About family , political life , awards won , history '' . www.elections.in . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Devendra Fadnavis ? '' . NDTV.com . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kid who protested Emergency - Nagpur 's Mr Popular set to don CM mantle '' . The Telegraph . ABP Group . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All you need to know about Devendra Fadnavis '' . Daily News and Analysis . Diligent Media Corporation Ltd . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis is known for keeping his word '' . Yahoo India News . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis elected BJP chief in Maharashtra '' . NDTV. 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis , the CM : City 's gift to Mah '' . The Hitavada . Progressive Writers and Publishers . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis named Maharashtra BJP president '' . The Times of India . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fadnavis 4th CM from Vidarbha '' . The Times of India . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra 's BJP chief is RSS - backed scholar who wants Vidarbha state '' . The Indian Express . 12 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Devendra Fadnavis takes oath as CM to lead first ever BJP govt in Maha '' . Firstpost . Network 18 . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maharashtra : How Devendra Fadnavis led BJP government won trust vote ... '' Daily News and Analysis . Deepak Rathi. 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress , Shiv Sena create ripples , but Devendra Fadnavis sails through trust vote '' . The Indian Express . Indian Express Group . 12 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meet Devendra Fadnavis : The Mr Clean of Maharashtra politics '' . The Economic Times . 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Divija spotted with father Devendra Fadnavis at Umang 2017 '' . mid-day . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/those-who-dont-say-bharat-mata-ki-jai-have-no-right-to-stay-in-india-fadnavis/article8429147.ece Jump up ^ http://m.indiatoday.in/story/bharat-mata-ki-jai-controversy-devendra-fadnavis-clarifies-says-there-is-a-limit-to-appeasement/1/634312.html Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Yashwantrao Chavan Marotrao Kannamwar P.K. Sawant Vasantrao Naik Shankarrao Chavan Vasantdada Patil Sharad Pawar A.R. Antulay Babasaheb Bhosale Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar Sudhakarrao Naik Manohar Joshi Narayan Rane Vilasrao Deshmukh Sushilkumar Shinde Ashok Chavan Prithviraj Chavan Devendra Fadnavis Chief Ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party Arunachal Pradesh Gegong Apang Pema Khandu ( incumbent ) Assam Sarbananda Sonowal ( incumbent ) Chhattisgarh Raman Singh ( incumbent ) Delhi Madan Lal Khurana Sahib Singh Verma Sushma Swaraj Goa Manohar Parrikar ( incumbent ) Laxmikant Parsekar Gujarat Keshubhai Patel Suresh Mehta Narendra Modi Anandiben Patel Vijay Rupani ( incumbent ) Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar ( incumbent ) Himachal Pradesh Shanta Kumar Prem Kumar Dhumal Jharkhand Babulal Marandi Arjun Munda Raghubar Das ( incumbent ) Karnataka B.S. Yeddyurappa D.V. Sadananda Gowda Jagadish Shettar Madhya Pradesh Sunder Lal Patwa Uma Bharti Babulal Gaur Shivraj Singh Chouhan ( incumbent ) Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis ( incumbent ) Manipur N. Biren Singh ( incumbent ) Rajasthan Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Vasundhara Raje ( incumbent ) Uttarakhand Nityanand Swami Bhagat Singh Koshyari B.C. Khanduri Ramesh Pokhriyal Trivendra Singh Rawat ( incumbent ) Uttar Pradesh Kalyan Singh Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Yogi Adityanath ( incumbent ) Bharatiya Janata Party Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Virbhadra Singh Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka Siddaramaiah Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Mukul Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland T.R. Zeliang Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrasekhar Rao Tripura Manik Sarkar Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Bharatiya Janata Party Party Presidents Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 1980 -- 86 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1986 -- 91 ) Murli Manohar Joshi ( 1991 -- 93 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 1993 -- 98 ) Kushabhau Thakre ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Bangaru Laxman ( 2000 -- 01 ) Jana Krishnamurthi ( 2001 -- 02 ) Venkaiah Naidu ( 2002 -- 04 ) Lal Krishna Advani ( 2004 -- 06 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2006 -- 09 ) Nitin Gadkari ( 2009 -- 13 ) Rajnath Singh ( 2013 -- 14 ) Amit Shah ( 2014 -- present ) Current vice presidents Avinash Rai Khanna Prabhat Jha Dr. Vinay Sahasrabuddhe Renu Devi Om Prakash Mathur Shyam Jaju Other prominent leaders Sushma Swaraj Arun Jaitley Bhairon Singh Shekhawat Sunderlal Patwa Ravi Shankar Prasad Pramod Mahajan Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi Sushil Kumar Modi Himanta Biswa Sarma Ram Naik Prime ministers Atal Bihari Vajpayee Narendra Modi Current chief ministers Vijay Rupani Vasundhara Raje Shivraj Singh Chouhan Raman Singh Manohar Parrikar Manohar Lal Khattar Devendra Fadnavis Raghubar Das Sarbananda Sonowal Pema Khandu N. Biren Singh Trivendra Singh Rawat Yogi Adityanath Spokespersons Syed Shahnawaz Hussain Dr. Sudhanshu Trivedi M.J. Akbar Meenakshi Lekhi Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri Siddharth Nath Singh Nalin Kohli Sambit Patra Anil Baluni G.V.L. Narsimha Rao Gopal Krishna Agarwal Siddhartha Bhattacharya Gaurav Bhatia Shaina NC Nupur Sharma General secretaries P. Muralidhar Rao Ram Madhav Saroj Pandey Bhupender Yadav Kailash Vijayvargiya Anil Jain Dr. Arun Singh Ram Lal Political wings Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha BJP Mahila Morcha BJP SC Morcha BJP ST Morcha BJP OBC Morcha BJP Minority Morcha BJP Kisan Morcha Related organisations Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Bharatiya Jana Sangh Janata Party Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Others Hindutva Integral humanism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devendra_Fadnavis&oldid=815500279 '' Categories : People from Nagpur Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Living people Mayors of Nagpur Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra Maharashtra MLAs 2009 -- 14 1970 births University of Pune alumni Maharashtra MLAs 2014 -- Chief Ministers of Maharashtra Chief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party Hidden categories : Use Indian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from June 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 05 : 36 . 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where does the chief minister of maharashtra live

The Honourable Devendra Fadnavis 18th Chief Minister of Maharashtra Incumbent Assumed office 31 October 2014 Governor C. Vidyasagar Rao Preceded by President 's Rule Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur South West Incumbent Assumed office 2009 Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for Nagpur West In office 1999 -- 2009 Preceded by Vinod Gudadhe Patil Succeeded by Sudhakar Shamrao Deshmukh Mayor of Nagpur In office 1997 -- 2001 Personal details ( 1970 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1970 ( age 47 ) Nagpur , Maharashtra , India Nationality Indian Political party Bharatiya Janata Party Spouse ( s ) Amruta Fadnavis Children Residence Dharampeth , Nagpur Alma mater Nagpur University , Free University of Berlin Website www.devendrafadnavis.in

Public holidays in France - Wikipedia Public holidays in France Part of a series on the Culture of France History ( show ) France in the Middle Ages Early Modern France Ancien Régime French Wars of Religion Louis XIV of France French Revolution Napoleonic wars French Third Republic France in the 20th century People Languages ( show ) French Alsatian Breton Catalan Corsican Gallo Languages of New Caledonia Occitan Tahitian Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Radio Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms France portal French etching from 1789 depicting the storming of the Bastille , commemorated as Bastille Day There are 11 official public holidays in France . The Alsace region and the Moselle department observe 2 additional days ... Contrary to most countries , these holidays do not shift when they fall during a week - end , which means that the average number of observed public holidays falling on weekdays is 8.7 and ranges from 7 to 10 . Most Asian countries and all North American countries observe between 2 and 10 more public holidays per year on weekdays . Public holidays in France are : Date English name Local name Remarks 1 January New Year 's Day Nouvel an / Jour de l'an / Premier de l'an moveable Good Friday Vendredi saint Friday before Easter Sunday . Alsace and Moselle only . moveable Easter Monday Lundi de Pâques Monday after Easter Sunday ( one day after Easter Sunday ) 1 May May Day / Labour Day Fête du Travail / Fête des Travailleurs 8 May Victory in Europe Day Fête de la Victoire End of hostilities in Europe in World War II moveable Ascension Day Ascension Thursday , 39 days after Easter Sunday moveable Whit Monday Lundi de Pentecôte Monday after Pentecost ( 50 days after Easter ) , observed only in some businesses , see notes 14 July Bastille Day Fête Nationale French National Day , commemorates the Feast of the Federation 15 August Assumption of Mary to Heaven Assomption 1 November All Saints ' Day Toussaint 11 November Armistice Day Armistice de 1918 End of World War I 25 December Christmas Day Noël 26 December Saint Stephen 's Day Deuxième jour de Noël Alsace and Moselle only . Notes ( edit ) See Fêtes et jours fériés en France ( Wikipedia page in French ) , to have all the dates ( French Overseas Departments ( DOM ) added ) . Note : French law dictates that work should stop , but be paid , only for the Fête du Travail ( May Day , 1 May ) , except in industries where it is infeasible to stop working . The rest of the public holidays are listed in statute law , but law does not dictate that work should stop ; however a leave from work may be granted by the employer or by convention collective ( agreement between employers ' and employees ' unions ) . In 2005 , French prime minister Jean - Pierre Raffarin removed Pentecost Monday 's status as a public holiday . This decision was eventually overruled by French courts in 2008 . Employers are free to de 2008 - 351 ) < / ref > References ( edit ) Jump up ^ French labor law , L3133 - 3 Jump up ^ French labor law , IDCC 1686 Jump up ^ . French labor law , IDCC 1686 Jump up ^ French wikipédia Jump up ^ Employee holiday entitlement around the world , Mercer Jump up ^ `` France Public Holidays 2017 '' . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French holidays : French national holidays and important dates 2017 '' . Expatrica . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays in France in 2017 '' . Office Holidays . officeholidays.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in France 2017 '' . french-property.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` France Public Holidays 2017 '' . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` French holidays : French national holidays and important dates 2017 '' . Expatrica . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays in France in 2017 '' . Office Holidays . officeholidays.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in France 2017 '' . french-property.com . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 4 Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 6 Jump up ^ Code du Travail , L3133 - 1 France topics History Periods Timeline Prehistory Celtic Gaul Roman Gaul Kingdom of the Visigoths Francia West Francia Middle Ages Early modern era Long nineteenth century Revolutionary era Napoleonic era Belle Époque Twentieth century Regimes Absolute monarchy Ancien Régime First Republic First Empire Constitutional monarchy Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second Republic Second Empire Government of National Defense Third Republic France during the Second World War Free France Vichy France Provisional Government of the French Republic Fourth Republic Fifth Republic Geography Administrative divisions Cities Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Constitution Elections presidential Foreign relations Government Human rights Intersex LGBT Judiciary Law enforcement Military Parliament Political parties Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Euro Exports Franc ( former currency ) French subdivisions by GDP Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health care People Poverty Religion Social class Welfare Culture Architecture Art Cinema ( comedy ) Cuisine Cultural icons Fashion Gardens Language Literature Media Music Philosophy Public holidays Sport Symbols Theatre Outline Book Portal WikiProject Public holidays in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_holidays_in_France&oldid=854899925 '' Categories : Lists of public holidays by country French society French culture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from June 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Deutsch Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Nederlands Português Русский ไทย Українська 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 15 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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Date English name Local name Remarks 1 January New Year 's Day Nouvel an / Jour de l'an / Premier de l'an moveable Good Friday Vendredi saint Friday before Easter Sunday . Alsace and Moselle only . moveable Easter Monday Lundi de Pâques Monday after Easter Sunday ( one day after Easter Sunday ) 1 May May Day / Labour Day Fête du Travail / Fête des Travailleurs 8 May Victory in Europe Day Fête de la Victoire End of hostilities in Europe in World War II moveable Ascension Day Ascension Thursday , 39 days after Easter Sunday moveable Whit Monday Lundi de Pentecôte Monday after Pentecost ( 50 days after Easter ) , observed only in some businesses , see notes 14 July Bastille Day Fête Nationale French National Day , commemorates the Feast of the Federation 15 August Assumption of Mary to Heaven Assomption 1 November All Saints ' Day Toussaint 11 November Armistice Day Armistice de 1918 End of World War I 25 December Christmas Day Noël 26 December Saint Stephen 's Day Deuxième jour de Noël Alsace and Moselle only .

Waltz - wikipedia Waltz Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Waltz ( disambiguation ) . Waltz Music An early moving picture demonstrates the waltz Genre Ballroom dance Time signature Detail from frontispiece to Thomas Wilson 's Correct Method of German and French Waltzing ( 1816 ) , showing nine positions of the Waltz , clockwise from the left ( the musicians are at far left ) . At that time , the waltz was a relatively new dance in England , and the fact that it was a couples dance ( as opposed to the traditional group dances ) , and that the gentleman clasped his arm around the lady 's waist , gave it a dubious moral status in the eyes of some . The waltz ( from German : `` Walzer '' pronounced ( ˈvalt͡sɐ̯ ) ) is a ballroom and folk dance , normally in triple ( help info ) time , performed primarily in closed position . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Variants 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) Main article : Seikilos epitaph Typical waltz rhythm Melody sung in an approximation of Koine Greek pronunciation and in modern popular vocal style . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Seikilos epitaph God Pan and a Maenad dancing . Ancient Greek red - figured olpe from Apulia , ca . 320 -- 310 BCE . Pan 's right hand fingers are in a snapping position . Play media Waltz There are several references to a sliding or gliding dance that would evolve into the waltz that date from 16th century Europe , including the representations of the printmaker Hans Sebald Beham . The French philosopher Montaigne wrote of a dance he saw in 1580 in Augsburg , where the dancers held each other so closely that their faces touched . Kunz Haas ( of approximately the same period ) wrote , `` Now they are dancing the godless Weller or Spinner '' . `` The vigorous peasant dancer , following an instinctive knowledge of the weight of fall , utilises his surplus energy to press all his strength into the proper beat of the bar , thus intensifying his personal enjoyment in dancing '' . The peasants of Bavaria , Tyrol , and Styria began dancing a dance called Walzer , a dance for couples , around 1750 . The Ländler , also known as the Schleifer , a country dance in 3 4 time , was popular in Bohemia , Austria , and Bavaria , and spread from the countryside to the suburbs of the city . While the eighteenth century upper classes continued to dance the minuet , bored noblemen slipped away to the balls of their servants . In the 1771 German novel Geschichte des Fräuleins von Sternheim by Sophie von La Roche , a high - minded character complains about the newly introduced waltz among aristocrats thus : `` But when he put his arm around her , pressed her to his breast , cavorted with her in the shameless , indecent whirling - dance of the Germans and engaged in a familiarity that broke all the bounds of good breeding -- then my silent misery turned into burning rage . '' Describing life in Vienna ( dated at either 1776 or 1786 ) , Don Curzio wrote , `` The people were dancing mad ... The ladies of Vienna are particularly celebrated for their grace and movements of waltzing of which they never tire . '' There is a waltz in the second act finale of the opera `` Una Cosa Rara '' written by Martin y Soler in 1786 . Soler 's waltz was marked Andante con moto , or `` at a walking pace with motion '' , but the flow of the dance was sped - up in Vienna leading to the Geschwindwalzer , and the Galloppwalzer . In the transition from country to town , the hopping of the Ländler , a dance known as Langaus , became a sliding step , and gliding rotation replaced stamping rotation . In the 19th century , the word primarily indicated that the dance was a turning one ; one would `` waltz '' in the polka to indicate rotating rather than going straight forward without turning . The Viennese custom is to slightly anticipate the second beat of each bar , making it sound as if the third is late and creating a certain buoyancy . The younger Strauss ( Johann Strauss II ) would sometimes break up the one - two - three of the melody with a one - two pattern in the accompaniment along with other rhythms , maintaining the 3 4 time while causing the dancers to dance a two - step waltz . The metronome speed for a full bar varies between 60 and 70 , with the waltzes of the first Strauss ( Johann Strauss I ) often played faster than those of his sons . Shocking many when it was first introduced , the waltz became fashionable in Vienna around the 1780s , spreading to many other countries in the years to follow . According to contemporary singer Michael Kelly , it reached England in 1791 , . During the Napoleonic Wars , infantry soldiers of the King 's German Legion introduced the dance to the people of Bexhill , Sussex from 1804 . It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period , having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven , wife of the Russian ambassador . Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that `` No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813 '' . In the same year , a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published ( written the previous autumn ) . Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals , Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816 . Almack 's , the most exclusive club in London , permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered `` riotous and indecent '' as late as 1825 . Ann Bronte in ' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for , declaring `` No , no , I do n't allow that ! Come , it 's time to be going home '' . The waltz , and especially its closed position , became the example for the creation of many other ballroom dances . Subsequently , new types of waltz have developed , including many folk and several ballroom dances . Variants ( edit ) Waltz ( rhythm ) . Jazz waltz rhythm . In the 19th and early 20th century , numerous different waltz forms existed , including versions performed in 3 4 , 3 8 or 6 8 ( sauteuse ) , and 5 4 time ( 5 4 waltz , half and half ) . In the 1910s , a form called the `` Hesitation Waltz '' was introduced by Vernon and Irene Castle . It incorporated `` hesitations '' and was danced to fast music . A hesitation is basically a halt on the standing foot during the full waltz bar , with the moving foot suspended in the air or slowly dragged . Similar figures ( Hesitation Change , Drag Hesitation , and Cross Hesitation ) are incorporated in the International Standard Waltz Syllabus . The Country Western Waltz is mostly progressive , moving counter clock wise around the dance floor . Both the posture and frame are relaxed , with posture bordering on a slouch . The exaggerated hand and arm gestures of some ballroom styles are not part of this style . Couples may frequently dance in the promenade position , depending on local preferences . Within Country Western waltz , there is the Spanish Waltz and the more modern ( for the late 1930s - early 1950s ) Pursuit Waltz . At one time it was considered ill treatment for a man to make the woman walk backwards in some locations . In California the waltz was banned by Mission priests until after 1834 because of the `` closed '' dance position . Thereafter a Spanish Waltz was danced . This Spanish Waltz was a combination of dancing around the room in closed position , and a `` formation '' dance of two couples facing each other and performing a sequence of steps . `` Valse a Trois Temps '' was the `` earliest '' waltz step , and the Rye Waltz was favoured as a couple dance . In contemporary ballroom dance , the fast versions of the waltz are called Viennese Waltz as opposed to the Slow waltz . In traditional Irish music , the waltz was taught by travelling dancing masters to those who could afford their lessons during the 19th century . By the end of that century , the dance spread to the middle and lower classes of Irish society and traditional triple - tune tunes and songs were altered to fit the waltz rhythm . During the 20th century , the waltz found a distinctively Irish playing style in the hands of Céilidh musicians at dances . Waltz , by Camille Claudel ( 1893 ) International Standard Waltz has only closed figures ; that is , the couple never breaks the embrace . The American Style Waltz , part of the American Smooth ballroom dance syllabus , in contrast to the International Standard Waltz , involves breaking contact almost entirely in some figures . For example , the Syncopated Side - by - Side with Spin includes a free spin for both partners . Open rolls are another good example of an open dance figure , in which the follower alternates between the lead 's left and right sides , with the lead 's left or right arm ( alone ) providing the lead . Waltzes were the staple of many American musicals and films , including `` Waltz in Swing Time '' sung by Fred Astaire . The Scandinavian Waltz , performed as a part of Scandinavian folk dance , can be fast or slow , but the dancers are always rotating . The Peruvian Waltz is called and recognised in Peru as vals criollo . The Mexican Waltz ( vals mexicano ) follows the same basic rhythmic pattern as the standard waltz , but the melodies reflect a strong Spanish influence . Mexico 's Juventino Rosas wrote `` Sobre las Olas '' or `` Over the Waves '' , commonly known in the U.S. as a circus song played during a trapeze show . The Cajun Waltz is danced progressively around the floor , and is characterised by the subtle swaying of the hips and step very close to ordinary walking . It is danced entirely in the closed position . The Cuban ( or Tropical ) Waltz follows the pattern of the standard waltz throughout the song . The Venezuelan waltz provided a basis for distinctive regional musical composition . The Contra Waltz ( Freeform Waltz ) , included in most contra dance evenings , uses both open and closed positions , and incorporates moves from other dances such as swing , modern jive and salsa . Basically the dancers progress around the dance floor with a waltz step , but with no constraints on what moves they can use . The Valse Musette , a form of waltz popular in France , started in the late 19th century . The cross-step waltz ( French Valse Boston ) developed in France in the early 20th century and is popular in social waltz groups today . In folk dance from the Alsace region , waltzes in odd metres such as 5 4 , 8 4 and 11 4 are found . In modern bal folk , waltzes in even higher metres are played and danced . Estonian folk dance Labajalavalss ( flat of the foot waltz ) performed in 3 4 time . Today both the faster Viennese Waltz , made forever popular by the Strauss family , and the slower American and International style waltzes are extremely popular with dancers of all ages . Sama'i ( also known as usul semai ) is a vocal piece of Ottoman Turkish music composed in 6 / 8 metres . This form and metre ( usul in Turkish ) is often confused with the completely different Saz Semaisi , an instrumental form consisting of three to four sections , in 10 / 8 metre , or usul aksak semai ( broken semai in Turkish ) . Semai is one of the most important forms in Ottoman Turkish Sufi music . The Tsamikos ( Greek : Τσάμικος , Tsamikos ) or Kleftikos ( Greek : Κλέφτικος ) is a popular traditional folk dance of Greece , done to music of 3 / 4 metre . References ( edit ) Man and woman dancing a waltz by Eadweard Muybridge. 1887 . Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. page 211 Jump up ^ Nettl , Paul . Birth of the Waltz , in Dance Index vol 5 , no . 9 . 1946 New York : Dance Index - Ballet Caravan , Inc. pages 208 , 211 Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan Jump up ^ The History of Lady Sophia Sternheim , trans . Christa Baguss Britt ( State University of New York Press , 1991 ) , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Jacob , H.E. ( 2005 ) . Johann Strauss : Father and Son a Century of Light Music . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 1 - 4179 - 9311 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company. page 49 , 50 ) Jump up ^ A Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( A.D. 1450 -- 1880 ) By George Grove , Sir George Grove , John Alexander Fuller - Maitland , Adela Harriet Sophia ( Bagot ) Wodehouse . Published 1889 . Macmillan. page 385 Jump up ^ The Waltz Emperors . Wechsberg. 1973 . C. Tinling & Company . pages 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Gutman , Robert W. ( 1999 ) . Mozart : A Cultural Biography . Harcourt . pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Template : Scholes , Percy , The Oxford Companion to Music , 10th edition 1991 , page 1110 Jump up ^ Template : Sussex Weekly Advertiser 21 January 1805 Jump up ^ Hilton , Boyd ( 2006 ) . A Mad , Bad , and Dangerous People ? England 1783 -- 1846 . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Raikes , Thomas ( 1856 ) . A Portion of the Journal Kept by Thomas Raikes from 1831 to 1847 : Comprising Reminiscences of Social and Political Life in London and Paris During that Period . pp. 240 -- 243 . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to ' The Waltz ' '' . Readbookonline.net . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Childers , William ( 1969 ) . `` Byron 's `` Waltz '' : The Germans and Their Georges `` . Keats - Shelley Journal . Keats - Shelley Association of America , Inc. 18 : 81 -- 95 . JSTOR 30212687 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Susannah ( 2012 ) . A dance with Jane Austen : how a novelist and her characters went to the ball ( 1st Frances Lincoln ed . ) . London , England : Frances Lincoln Ltd . pp. 110 -- 111 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3245 - 7 . Jump up ^ Template : Penguin edition 1964 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Blatter , Alfred ( 2007 ) . Revisiting music theory : a guide to the practice . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97440 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Ballroom Dance in America '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Lloyd ( 1939 ) . Cowboy Dances . The Caxton Printers . pp. 101 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Czarnoski , Lucile K ( 1950 ) . Dances of Early California Days . Pacific Books . p. 121 . Jump up ^ `` Information on Styles of Waltz include American , International , C&W , Viennese Waltz and others ! '' . Dancetime.com. 2012 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Vallely , F. ( 1999 ) . The Companion to Traditional Irish Music . New York : New York University Press . pp. 431 -- 433 . Jump up ^ `` Rhythm Definitions - Irish Traditional Music Tune Index '' . Irishtune.info. 2012 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Whirling Dervishes '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Review by James Manheim '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` yamahamusicsoft '' . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waltz . Waltz video example Waltz The Waltz Dance Steps & Moves Music regarding : Waltz within traditional dances of the County of Nice ( France ) Scroll to `` Five Step Waltz '' for notes about probable 1847 origin and associated music published the same year . Thomas Wilson 's 1816 Waltz Manual The Dance of Death at Project Gutenberg ( 1877 Book critical of the Waltz ) The Regency Waltz Waltzes under CreativeCommons licence on BalLibre.org Dance Did you know ? 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Scales Aeolian mode Dorian mode Ionian mode Mixolydian mode Pentatonic scale Relations Cape Breton fiddling Folk music of England Folk music of Scotland Folk music of Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waltz&oldid=806218912 '' Categories : Waltz Austrian folk dances German folk dances Triple time dances Forms of Ottoman classical music Greek folk music Greek dances Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Greek - language text Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 14 : 45 . 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when did the waltz become popular in england

It became fashionable in Britain during the Regency period , having been made respectable by the endorsement of Dorothea Lieven , wife of the Russian ambassador . Diarist Thomas Raikes later recounted that `` No event ever produced so great a sensation in English society as the introduction of the waltz in 1813 '' . In the same year , a sardonic tribute to the dance by Lord Byron was anonymously published ( written the previous autumn ) . Influential dance master and author of instruction manuals , Thomas Wilson published A Description of the Correct Method of Waltzing in 1816 . Almack 's , the most exclusive club in London , permitted the waltz though the entry in the Oxford English Dictionary shows that it was considered `` riotous and indecent '' as late as 1825 . Ann Bronte in ' The Tenant of Wildfell Hall ' has a scene set in 1827 where the local vicar Reverend Milward tolerates quadrilles and country dances but intervenes decisively when a waltz is called for , declaring `` No , no , I do n't allow that ! Come , it 's time to be going home '' .

Defecation - wikipedia Defecation Jump to : navigation , search See also Defecation ( band ) , defector , and defalcation . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Anatomy of the anus and rectum Defecation is the final act of digestion , by which organisms eliminate solid , semisolid , or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus . Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly . Waves of muscular contraction ( known as peristalsis ) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter through the digestive tract towards the rectum . Undigested food may also be expelled this way , in a process called egestion . Open defecation , the practice of defecating outside without using a toilet of any kind , is still widespread in some developing countries , for example in India . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Physiology 1.2 Voluntary and involuntary control 2 Posture 3 Health aspects 4 Society and culture 4.1 Anal cleansing after defecation 4.2 Mythology and tradition 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Description Physiology The rectum ampulla ( anatomically also : ampulla recti ) temporarily stores fecal waste . As the waste fills the rectum and expands the rectal walls , nervous system stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate . This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles , relaxation of the internal anal sphincter , and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter . If the urge is not acted upon , the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis , where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon . If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden , resulting in constipation . If defecation occurs too fast , before excess liquid is absorbed , diarrhea may occur . When the rectum is full , an increase in intra-rectal pressure forces apart the walls of the anal canal , allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal . The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum . The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces . Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis ( Valsalva maneuver ) . This contraction of expiratory chest muscles , diaphragm , abdominal wall muscles , and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract . Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure . Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases . Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots ( see thrombosis ) . Also , in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls ; this , coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet , can result in a blackout . During defecation , the external sphincter muscles relax . The anal and urethral sphincter muscles are closely linked . Experiments by Harrison Weed at the Ohio State University Medical Center have shown they can only be contracted together , not individually , and that both show relaxation during urination . This explains why defecation is frequently accompanied by urination . Voluntary and involuntary control Defecation may be involuntary or voluntary . Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training . Once trained , loss of control , called fecal incontinence , may be caused by physical injury , nerve injury , prior surgeries ( such as an episiotomy ) , constipation , diarrhea , loss of storage capacity in the rectum , intense fright , inflammatory bowel disease , psychological or neurological factors , childbirth , or death . Posture Main article : Human defecation postures The positions and modalities of defecation are culture - dependent . Squat toilets are used by the vast majority of the world , including most of Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . The use of sit - down toilets in the Western world is a relatively recent development , beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing . Health aspects Attempting forced expiration of breath against a closed airway ( the valsalva maneuver ) is sometimes practiced to induce defecation while on a toilet . Cardiac arrest and other cardiovascular complications can in rare cases occur due to attempting to defecate using the valsalva maneuver . Valsalva retinopathy is another pathological syndrome associated with the Valsalva maneuver . Society and culture Anal cleansing after defecation Main article : Anal cleansing The anus and buttocks may be cleansed after defecation with toilet paper , similar paper products , or other absorbent material . In many cultures , such as Hindu and Muslim , water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , either in addition to using toilet paper or exclusively . When water is used for anal cleansing after defecation , toilet paper may be used for drying the area afterwards . Mythology and tradition The caganer is a defecating figurine in Spanish Nativity scenes Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role . For example : In an Alune and Wemale legend from the island of Seram , Maluku Province , Indonesia , the mythical girl Hainuwele defecates valuable objects . One of the traditions of Catalonia ( Spain ) relates to the Caganer , a figurine depicting the act of defecation which appears in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture . The exact origin of the Caganer is lost , but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century . See also Artist 's Shit Constipation Hemorrhoid Rectal tenesmus - a feeling of incomplete defecation Shit References This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Jump up ^ WHO and UNICEF ( 2017 ) Progress on Drinking Water , Sanitation and Hygiene : 2017 Update and SDG Baselines . Geneva : World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the United Nations Children 's Fund ( UNICEF ) , 2017 Jump up ^ NIH . `` Bowel Movement '' . Medline . Retrieved 13 September 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Cardio - vascular Events at Defecation : Are They Unavoidable ? - Medical Hypotheses , Jul 1990 , 32 ( 3 ) : 231 - 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Fecal incontinence - Causes '' . Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research . Retrieved 9 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kira , Alexander ( 1976 ) . The Bathroom ( 2 . ed . New and expanded ed . ) . New York , N.Y. : Viking Pr . pp. 115 -- 116 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 00612 - 2 . Jump up ^ A History of Technology , Vol. IV : The Industrial Revolution , 1750 - 1850 . ( C. Singer , E Holmyard , A Hall , T. Williams eds ) Oxford Clarendon Press , pps. 507 - 508 , 1958 Jump up ^ Fisher - Hubbard AO , Kesha K , Diaz F , Njiwaji C , Chi P , Schmidt CJ ( 2016 ) . `` Commode Cardia - Death by Valsalva Maneuver : A Case Series '' . Journal of Forensic Sciences . 61 ( 6 ) : 1541 -- 1545 . PMC 3526029 . PMID 22961088 . doi : 10.1111 / 1556 - 4029.13196 . Jump up ^ Ikeda T , Oomura M , Sato C , Anan C , Yamada K , Kamimoto K ( 2016 ) . `` Cerebral infarction due to cardiac myxoma developed with the loss of consciousness immediately after defecation - a case report '' . Rinsho Shinkeigaku ( Clinical Neurology ) . 56 ( 5 ) : 328 -- 333 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.5692 / clinicalneurol. cn - 000856 . Jump up ^ Gibran , SK ; Kenawy , N ; Wong , D ; Hiscott , P ( 2007 ) . `` Changes in the retinal inner limiting membrane associated with Valsalva retinopathy '' . British Journal of Ophthalmology. 91 ( 5 ) : 701 -- 2 . PMC 1954736 . PMID 17446519 . doi : 10.1136 / bjo. 2006.104935 . Jump up ^ Connor AJ ( 2010 ) . `` Valsalva - related retinal venous dilation caused by defaecation '' . Acta Ophthalmologica. 88 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 33 . PMID 27151226 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1755 - 3768.2009. 01624. x . Jump up ^ `` Hainuwele '' . The Oxford Companion to World Mythology . ISBN 9780195156690 . Jump up ^ `` A traditional Nativity scene , Catalan - style '' . BBC News . 23 December 2010 . Retrieved 23 December 2010 . Further reading This article lacks ISBNs for the books listed in it . Please make it easier to conduct research by listing ISBNs . If the ( ( Cite book ) ) or ( ( citation ) ) templates are in use , you may add ISBNs automatically , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) Deeb , Benjamin ( 2004 ) . Healthy to the Core : How to Measure Effective Defecation . Greenwood Press . Widmaier , Raff & Strang ( 2006 ) . Vanders ' Human Physiology , the mechanisms of body function . Chapter 15 . McGraw Hill . Symptoms and signs : digestive system and abdomen ( R10 -- R19 , 787,789 ) Upper Nausea Vomiting Heartburn Aerophagia Dysphagia oropharyngeal esophageal Odynophagia Halitosis Xerostomia Hypersalivation Burping Wet burp Defaecation Flatulence Fecal incontinence Encopresis Blood : Fecal occult blood Rectal tenesmus Constipation Obstructed defecation Diarrhea Rectal discharge Psoas sign Obturator sign Rovsing 's sign Hamburger sign Heel tap sign Aure - Rozanova 's sign Dunphy sign Alder 's sign Lockwood 's sign Rosenstein 's sign Abdomen Abdominal pain Acute abdomen Colic Baby colic Abdominal guarding Rebound tenderness Abdominal distension Bloating Ascites Tympanites Shifting dullness Bulging flanks Fluid wave test Abdominal mass Hepatosplenomegaly Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Jaundice Mallet - Guy sign Puddle sign Toilets Equipment Automatic toilet paper dispenser Ballcock Bidet Bidet shower Brush Cistern Electronic bidet Flushometer Roll holder Seat Seat cover Self - cleaning toilet bowl Self - cleaning toilet seat Toilet paper Trap ( U-bend ) Types Aircraft Accessible Arborloo Bedpan Blair Board Bucket Cathole Chemical Composting Container - based Dry Dual flush Dunny Flush Freezing Head ( boat ) Hudo ( Scouting ) Incinerating Latrine Low - flush Passenger train Pay Pit Pig Portable Public Sanisette ( self - cleaning ) Space Squat Treebog Unisex public Urine - diverting dry Washlet Cultural aspects Adult diaper Bathroom privileges Feminine hygiene Flying toilet Honeywagon Incontinence pad Islamic toilet etiquette Istinja Latrinalia Manual scavenging Outhouse Privatization of public toilets Rest area Scatology Shit Museum Slopping out Toilet ( room ) Toilet god Toilet humor Toilet paper orientation Toileting Toilet training Toilet - related injuries and deaths Toilets in Japan Toilet Twinning Urinary segregation Washroom attendant Urine - related aspects Female urination device Interactive urinal Pissoir Pollee Urination Urinal Urinal ( health care ) Urine collection device Urine diversion Feces - related aspects Anal cleansing Defecation postures Fecal sludge management Open defecation Historical terms Aphedron Chamber pot Close stool Commode Garderobe Gong farmer Groom of the stool Pail closet Privy midden Reredorter See also History of water supply and sanitation Sanitation Sewage treatment World Toilet Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defecation&oldid=801936491 '' Categories : Digestive system Colorectal surgery Medical signs Feces Excretion Symptoms and signs : Digestive system and abdomen Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles lacking ISBNs Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 21 : 50 . 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what is expelled out of the body as faeces through the anus

Defecation is the final act of digestion , by which organisms eliminate solid , semisolid , or liquid waste material from the digestive tract via the anus .

Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade - wikipedia Template : chief guests in Republic Day parade Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras ( Chennai ) . 2. ^ For the first time , the President of India ( S. Radhakrishnan ) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill - health . Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January . References These references will appear in the article , but this list appears only on this page . Jump up ^ `` Republic Day celebrations : President Pranab Mukherjee tweets images from 1950 onwards '' . 25 July 2017 -- via The Economic Times . Jump up ^ India , President of ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` King Tribhuvan of Nepal was the guest of honour for the Republic Day in 1951 # 26Januarypic.twitter.com/piqaZUKolr '' . Jump up ^ `` Selected works of Jawaharlal Nehru '' ( PDF ) . claudearpi.net . Jump up ^ http://web.archive.org/web/20050205163551/http://www.dawn.com/2005/01/31/fea.htm Jump up ^ Rajan , Mannaraswamighala Sreeranga ( 1964 ) . `` India in world affairs , 1954 -- 56 '' . Jump up ^ The Times of India , News Service . ( 1956 , Jan 22 ) . REPUBLIC DAY IN DELHI . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/501661043 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Zhukov At India 's National Day Aka Zhukov -- India ( 1957 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Deepak , B. R ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . India & China , 1904 -- 2004 : A century of peace and conflict . ISBN 9788178271125 . Jump up ^ `` In India , they have been celebrating Republic Day . After the parade ... '' . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2547?000 Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Duke Popular Everywhere ( 1959 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Prasad , Rajendra ( 1984 ) . Dr. Rajendra Prasad : Correspondence and Select Documents . ISBN 9788170230021 . Jump up ^ `` Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru , News Photo , Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth be '' . Timescontent.com. 1961 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2488?000 Jump up ^ Indian Information . 1962 . Jump up ^ British Pathé ( 13 April 2014 ) . `` Republic Celebration ( 1964 ) '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2555?000 Jump up ^ `` visit to New Delhi of Mr Kosygin on the occasion of Republic Day -- Google zoeken '' . Google.com. 2013 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 1969 . Jump up ^ http://mealib.nic.in/?pdf2558?000 Jump up ^ Link : Indian Newsmagazine. 25 July 1970 . Jump up ^ `` India '' . 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Record '' . 1972 . Jump up ^ Reed , Sir Stanley ( 1974 ) . `` The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who 's who '' . Jump up ^ `` Indian and Foreign Review '' . 1973 . Jump up ^ Lok Sabha ( 1975 ) . `` Lok Sabha Debates '' . Jump up ^ http://www.ambafrance-au.org/france_australie/spip.php?article1521 Jump up ^ `` The Eastern Economist '' . 1977 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick J. Hillery '' . Clarelibrary.ie . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bilateral Visits '' . Hcindia-au.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` MEA MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad '' . Mealib.nic.in. 2013 - 09 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India Argentina Relations '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2000 -- 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Mea.gov.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` meacommunity.org '' . meacommunity.org . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/choosing-rday-chief-guest-behind-the-warm-welcome-a-cold-strategy/571348/6 ^ Jump up to : `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` General South African History timeline '' sahistory.org.za Accessed on 13 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing R - Day chief guest : Behind the warm welcome , a cold strategy '' . Indian Express . 2010 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . News.rediff.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesian President next R - Day parade chief guest -- Rediff.com India News '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ New Delhi , 2 Dec ( IANS ) ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Thai PM to be chief guest on India 's Republic Day '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` India invites King of Bhutan as chief guest at Republic Day celebrations '' . Ibnlive.in.com. 2013 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` India likely to Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as Republic Day chief guest : India , News -- India Today '' . Indiatoday.intoday.in . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Obama in India joins Modi at Delhi Republic Day parade '' . 26 January 2015 -- via www.bbc.com . Jump up ^ `` French President Hollande invited as Republic Day guest '' . 22 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Abu Dhabi Crown Prince to be chief guest on Republic Day '' . Jump up ^ `` India to invite heads of 10 Asean nations for Republic Day celebrations -- Times of India '' . Jump up ^ DANISH PREMIER TO VISIT INDIA. ( 1962 , Jan 04 ) . The Times of India ( 1861 - Current ) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/365725781 Jump up ^ `` Asian Recorder '' . 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Asian Almanac '' . V.T. Sambandan. 25 July 1967 -- via Google Books . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Chief_guests_in_republic_day_parade&oldid=792888349 '' Hidden categories : Templates needing substitution checking Talk Template Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 11 : 25 . About Wikipedia

who was the chief guest of the official ceremony in the republic day

Year Guest name Country Note 1950 President Sukarno Indonesia 1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah Nepal 1952 1953 1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck Bhutan 1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath 1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer R.A. Butler United Kingdom Two guests Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka Japan 1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov Soviet Union 1958 Marshall Ye Jianying China 1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip United Kingdom 2nd invitation 1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov Soviet Union 2nd invitation 1961 Queen Elizabeth II United Kingdom 3rd invitation 1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann Denmark Note 1963 King Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia 1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten United Kingdom 4th invitation 1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid Pakistan 2nd invitation 1966 1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah Afghanistan Note 1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov Bulgaria 1970 King of the Belgians Baudouin Belgium Attended only the Beating Retreat 1971 President Julius Nyerere Tanzania 1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius 1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko Zaire President Josip Broz Tito Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike Sri Lanka President Kenneth Kaunda Zambia 1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac France 1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek Poland 1978 President Patrick Hillery Ireland 1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser Australia 1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing France 2nd invitation 1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo Mexico 1982 King Juan Carlos I Spain President Shehu Shagari Nigeria 1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 2nd invitation 1985 President Raúl Alfonsín Argentina 1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou Greece President Alan Garcia Peru President J.R. Jayewardene Sri Lanka 2nd invitation General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh Vietnam Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth Mauritius 2nd invitation 1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Maldives President Mário Soares Portugal Prime Minister John Major United Kingdom 5th invitation Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Singapore 1995 President Nelson Mandela South Africa President Fernando Henrique Cardoso Brazil Prime Minister Basdeo Panday Trinidad and Tobago 1998 President Jacques Chirac France 3rd invitation 1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev Nepal 2nd invitation 2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo Nigeria 2nd invitation President Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria 2002 President Cassam Uteem Mauritius 3rd invitation 2003 President Mohammed Khatami Iran President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva Brazil 2nd invitation 2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck Bhutan 3rd invitation 2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al - Saud Saudi Arabia 2007 President Vladimir Putin Russia 4th invitation 2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy France 4th invitation 2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan President Lee Myung Bak South Korea 2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Indonesia 2nd invitation 2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra Thailand 2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Bhutan 4th invitation 2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Japan 2nd invitation 2015 President Barack Obama United States 2016 President François Hollande France 5th invitation 2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates 2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah Brunei Ten guests ( Heads of ASEAN states ) Prime Minister Hun Sen Cambodia 2nd invitation President Joko Widodo Indonesia 3rd invitation Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith Laos Prime Minister Najib Razak Malaysia President Htin Kyaw Myanmar President Rodrigo Roa Duterte Philippines Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Singapore 2nd invitation Prime Minister Prayuth Chan - ocha Thailand 2nd invitation Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc Vietnam 2nd invitation

The Practice of the Presence of God - wikipedia The Practice of the Presence of God `` The Practice of the Presence of God '' is also the title of a section of Jeremy Taylor 's Holy Living The Practice of the Presence of God Author Brother Lawrence ( Nicholas Herman 1605 -- 91 ) Compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort Language French Genre Christian literature The Practice of the Presence of God is a book of collected teachings of Brother Lawrence ( born Nicholas Herman ) , a 17th - century Carmelite monk , compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort . The compilation includes letters , as well as records of his conversations kept by Brother Lawrence 's interlocutors . The basic theme of the book is the development of an awareness of the presence of God . Contents ( hide ) 1 About Brother Lawrence 2 Theme 3 References 4 External links About Brother Lawrence ( edit ) The first conversation in the book recounts Brother Lawrence 's conversion to a deeper commitment to his Christian faith at 18 years old : `` ... in the winter , seeing a tree stripped of its leaves , and considering that within a little time , the leaves would be renewed , and after that the flowers and fruit appear , he received a high view of the Providence and Power of God , which has never since been effaced from his soul . '' At the age of 24 , Brother Lawrence joined the Order of Discalced Carmelites in Paris , taking the religious name `` Lawrence of the Resurrection '' . He spent the rest of his life with this order , dying on 12 February 1691 . During his time as a friar he was much preoccupied with the cultivating a keen sensitivity to the presence of God in everyday life . Theme ( edit ) The text attempts to explain Lawrence 's method of acquiring the presence of God . A summary of his approach can be gleaned from the following passages . `` That he had always been governed by love , without selfish views ; and that having resolved to make the love of GOD the end of all his actions , he had found reasons to be well satisfied with his method . That he was pleased when he could take up a straw from the ground for the love of GOD , seeking Him only , and nothing else , not even His gifts . '' `` That in order to form a habit of conversing with GOD continually , and referring all we do to Him ; we must at first apply to Him with some diligence : but that after a little care we should find His love inwardly excite us to it without any difficulty . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Herman , Nicholas , The Practice of the Presence of God , The Christian Classics Ethereal Library . External links ( edit ) The Practice of the Presence of God ( full text and audio ) , Christian Classics Ethereal Library . The Practice of the Presence of God at Project Gutenberg . The Practice of the Presence of God public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Practice of the Presence of God ( free online text ) . The Practice of the Presence of God ( online book ) , The corner stone . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Practice_of_the_Presence_of_God&oldid=787786273 '' Categories : Books about Christianity 17th - century Christian texts Carmelite spirituality Christian devotional literature Discalced Carmelite Order Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2017 , at 14 : 48 . About Wikipedia

who wrote the practice of the presence of god

The Practice of the Presence of God is a book of collected teachings of Brother Lawrence ( born Nicholas Herman ) , a 17th - century Carmelite monk , compiled by Father Joseph de Beaufort . The compilation includes letters , as well as records of his conversations kept by Brother Lawrence 's interlocutors . The basic theme of the book is the development of an awareness of the presence of God .

United States Capitol - Wikipedia United States Capitol Not to be confused with Washington , D.C. . For the legislature , see United States Congress . United States Capitol United States Capitol , west front Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all General information Architectural style American neoclassicism Town or city Capitol Hill , Washington , D.C. Country United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 23.3 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 32.6 '' W  /  38.889806 ° N 77.009056 ° W  / 38.889806 ; - 77.009056 Construction started September 18 , 1793 Completed 1800 Client Washington administration Technical details Floor count 5 Floor area 16.5 acres ( 6.7 ha ) Design and construction Architect William Thornton , designer ( see Architect of the Capitol ) Website www.capitol.gov www.aoc.gov/us-capitol-building The United States Capitol , often called the Capitol Building , is the home of the United States Congress , and the seat of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government . It is located on Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall in Washington , D.C. Though no longer at the geographic center of the Federal District , the Capitol forms the origin point for the District 's street - numbering system and the District 's four quadrants . The original building was completed in 1800 and was subsequently expanded , particularly with the addition of the massive dome , and expanded chambers for the bicameral legislature , the House of Representatives in the south wing and the Senate in the north wing . Like the principal buildings of the executive and judicial branches , the Capitol is built in a distinctive neoclassical style and has a white exterior . Both its east and west elevations are formally referred to as fronts , though only the east front was intended for the reception of visitors and dignitaries . Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.1. 1 Name 1.2 Design competition 1.3 Construction 1.4 Early religious use 1.5 War of 1812 1.6 The House and Senate Wings 1.7 Capitol dome 1.8 Later expansion 2 Interior 2.1 Art 2.2 Crypt 2.3 Features 2.4 Height 2.5 House Chamber 2.6 Old Supreme Court Chamber 2.7 Senate Chamber 2.8 Floor plans 3 Exterior 3.1 Grounds 3.2 Flags 4 Major events 5 Security 6 Capitol Visitor Center 7 See also 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) The east front of the United States Capitol ( 2013 view ) The Capitol at night ( 2013 view ) Background ( edit ) See also : History of Washington , D.C. and List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. Prior to establishing the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , the United States Congress and its predecessors had met in Philadelphia ( Independence Hall and Congress Hall ) , New York City ( Federal Hall ) , and a number of other locations ( York , Pennsylvania ; Lancaster , Pennsylvania ; Maryland State House in Annapolis , Maryland ; and Nassau Hall in Princeton , New Jersey ) . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress brought together delegates from the colonies in Philadelphia , followed by the Second Continental Congress , which met from May 1775 to March 1781 . After adopting the Articles of Confederation in York , Pennsylvania , the Congress of the Confederation was formed and convened in Philadelphia from March 1781 until June 1783 , when a mob of angry soldiers converged upon Independence Hall , demanding payment for their service during the American Revolutionary War . Congress requested that John Dickinson , the Governor of Pennsylvania , call up the militia to defend Congress from attacks by the protesters . In what became known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 , Dickinson sympathized with the protesters and refused to remove them from Philadelphia . As a result , Congress was forced to flee to Princeton , New Jersey , on June 21 , 1783 , and met in Annapolis , Maryland , and Trenton , New Jersey , before ending up in New York City . The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4 , 1789 . New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790 , when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital . The decision to locate the capital was contentious , but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War , in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River . As part of the legislation , Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years ( until December 1800 ) , until the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , would be ready . Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant was given the task of creating the city plan for the new capital city . L'Enfant chose Jenkin 's Hill as the site for the `` Congress House '' , with a `` grand avenue '' ( now Pennsylvania Avenue , NW ) connecting it with the President 's House , and a public space containing a broader `` grand avenue '' ( now the National Mall ) stretching westward to the Potomac River ( see : L'Enfant Plan ) . Name ( edit ) In reviewing L'Enfant's plan , Thomas Jefferson insisted the legislative building be called the `` Capitol '' rather than `` Congress House '' . The word `` Capitol '' comes from Latin and is associated with the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill , one of the seven hills of Rome . The connection between the two is not , however , crystal clear . In addition to coming up with a city plan , L'Enfant had been tasked with designing the Capitol and President 's House ; however , he was dismissed in February 1792 over disagreements with President George Washington and the commissioners , and there were no plans at that point for the Capitol . Design competition ( edit ) Design for the U.S. Capitol , `` An Elevation for a Capitol '' , by James Diamond was one of many submitted in the 1792 contest , but not selected . In spring 1792 , United States Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson proposed a design competition to solicit designs for the Capitol and the `` President 's House '' , and set a four - month deadline . The prize for the competition was $500 and a lot in the Federal City . At least ten individuals submitted designs for the Capitol ; however the drawings were regarded as crude and amateurish , reflecting the level of architectural skill present in the United States at the time . The most promising of the submissions was by Stephen Hallet , a trained French architect . However , Hallet 's designs were overly fancy , with too much French influence , and were deemed too costly . A late entry by amateur architect William Thornton was submitted on January 31 , 1793 , to much praise for its `` Grandeur , Simplicity , and Beauty '' by Washington , along with praise from Thomas Jefferson . Thornton was inspired by the east front of the Louvre , as well as the Paris Pantheon for the center portion of the design . Thornton 's design was officially approved in a letter dated April 5 , 1793 , from Washington , and Thornton served as the first Architect of the Capitol ( and later first Superintendent of the United States Patent Office ) . In an effort to console Hallet , the commissioners appointed him to review Thornton 's plans , develop cost estimates , and serve as superintendent of construction . Hallet proceeded to pick apart and make drastic changes to Thornton 's design , which he saw as costly to build and problematic . In July 1793 , Jefferson convened a five - member commission , bringing Hallet and Thornton together , along with James Hoban ( winning architect of the `` President 's Palace '' ) to address problems with and revise Thornton 's plan . Hallet suggested changes to the floor plan , which could be fitted within the exterior design by Thornton . The revised plan was accepted , except that Secretary Jefferson and President Washington insisted on an open recess in the center of the East front , which was part of Thornton 's original plan . The original design by Thornton was later modified by the famous British - American architects Benjamin Henry Latrobe , Sr. , and then Charles Bulfinch . The current cast - iron dome and the House 's new southern extension and Senate new northern wing were designed by Thomas U. Walter and August Schoenborn , a German immigrant , in the 1850s , and were completed under the supervision of Edward Clark . Construction ( edit ) The Capitol when first occupied by Congress ( painting circa 1800 by William Russell Birch ) L'Enfant secured the lease of quarries at Wigginton Island and along Aquia Creek in Virginia for use in the foundations and outer walls of the Capitol in November 1791 . Surveying was under way soon after the Jefferson conference plan for the Capitol was accepted . On September 18 , 1793 , President George Washington , along with eight other Freemasons dressed in masonic regalia , laid the cornerstone , which was made by silversmith Caleb Bentley . Construction proceeded with Hallet working under supervision of James Hoban , who was also busy working on construction of the `` President 's House '' ( also later known as the `` Executive Mansion '' ) . Despite the wishes of Jefferson and the President , Hallet went ahead anyway and modified Thornton 's design for the East Front and created a square central court that projected from the center , with flanking wings which would house the legislative bodies . Hallet was dismissed by Secretary Jefferson on November 15 , 1794 . George Hadfield was hired on October 15 , 1795 , as Superintendent of Construction , but resigned three years later in May 1798 , because of his dissatisfaction with Thornton 's plan and quality of work done thus far . The Senate ( north ) wing was completed in 1800 . The Senate and House shared quarters in the north wing until a temporary wooden pavilion was erected on the future site of the House wing which served for a few years for the Representatives to meet in , until the House of Representatives ( south ) wing was finally completed in 1811 , with a covered wooden temporary walkway connecting the two wings with the Congressional chambers where the future center section with rotunda and dome would eventually be . However , the House of Representatives moved early into their House wing in 1807 . Though the Senate wing building was incomplete , the Capitol held its first session of the United States Congress with both chambers in session on November 17 , 1800 . The National Legislature was moved to Washington prematurely , at the urging of President John Adams , in hopes of securing enough Southern votes in the Electoral College to be re-elected for a second term as President . Early religious use ( edit ) For several decades , beginning when the federal government moved to Washington in the fall of 1800 , the Capitol building was used for Sunday religious services as well as for governmental functions . The first services were conducted in the `` hall '' of the House in the north wing of the building . In 1801 the House moved to temporary quarters in the south wing , called the `` Oven '' , which it vacated in 1804 , returning to the north wing for three years . Then , from 1807 to 1857 , they were held in the then - House Chamber ( now called Statuary Hall ) . When held in the House chamber , the Speaker 's podium was used as the preacher 's pulpit . According to the U.S. Library of Congress exhibit Religion and the Founding of the American Republic : It is no exaggeration to say that on Sundays in Washington during the administrations of Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) and of James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) the state became the church . Within a year of his inauguration , Jefferson began attending church services in the chamber of the House of Representatives . Madison followed Jefferson 's example , although unlike Jefferson , who rode on horseback to church in the Capitol , Madison came in a coach and four . Worship services in the House -- a practice that continued until after the Civil War -- were acceptable to Jefferson because they were nondiscriminatory and voluntary . Preachers of every Protestant denomination appeared . ( Catholic priests began officiating in 1826 . ) As early as January 1806 a female evangelist , Dorothy Ripley , delivered a camp meeting - style exhortation in the House to Jefferson , Vice President Aaron Burr , and a `` crowded audience '' . War of 1812 ( edit ) See also : Burning of Washington The Capitol after the August 1814 burning of Washington , D.C. , by the British , during the War of 1812 ( painting 1814 by George Munger ) Not long after the completion of both wings , the Capitol was partially burned by the British on August 24 , 1814 , during the War of 1812 . George Bomford and Joseph Gardner Swift , both military engineers , were called upon to help rebuild the Capitol . Reconstruction began in 1815 and included redesigned chambers for both Senate and House wings ( now sides ) , which were completed by 1819 . During the reconstruction , Congress met in the Old Brick Capitol , a temporary structure financed by local investors . Construction continued through to 1826 , with the addition of the center section with front steps and columned portico and an interior Rotunda , rising above the first low dome of the Capitol . Latrobe is principally connected with the original construction and many innovative interior features ; his successor , Bulfinch , also played a major role , such as the design of the first low dome covered in copper . The House and Senate wings ( edit ) Daguerreotype of east side of the Capitol in 1846 , by John Plumbe By 1850 , it became clear that the Capitol could not accommodate the growing number of legislators arriving from newly admitted states . A new design competition was held , and President Millard Fillmore appointed Philadelphia architect Thomas U. Walter to carry out the expansion . Two new wings were added -- a new chamber for the House of Representatives on the south side , and a new chamber for the Senate on the north . When the Capitol was expanded in the 1850s , some of the construction labor was carried out by slaves `` who cut the logs , laid the stones and baked the bricks '' . The original plan was to use workers brought in from Europe ; however , there was a poor response to recruitment efforts , and African Americans , some free and some enslaved , composed the majority of the work force . Capitol dome ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol dome Inauguration of Abraham Lincoln in 1861 , before the partially complete Capitol dome The 1850 expansion more than doubled the length of the Capitol , dwarfing the original , timber - framed , copper - sheeted , low dome of 1818 , designed by Charles Bulfinch and no longer in proportion with the increased size of the building . In 1855 , the decision was made to tear it down and replace it with the `` wedding - cake style '' cast - iron dome that stands today . Also designed by Thomas U. Walter , the new dome would stand three times the height of the original dome and 100 feet ( 30 m ) in diameter , yet had to be supported on the existing masonry piers . Like Mansart 's dome at `` Les Invalides '' ( which he had visited in 1838 ) , Walter 's dome is double , with a large oculus in the inner dome , through which is seen `` The Apotheosis of Washington '' painted on a shell suspended from the supporting ribs , which also support the visible exterior structure and the tholos that supports The `` Statue of Freedom '' , a colossal statue that was raised to the top of the dome in 1863 . This statue was cast by a slave named Philip Reid . The weight of the cast iron for the dome has been published as 8,909,200 pounds ( 4,041,100 kg ) . Later expansion ( edit ) The Washington Depot with the U.S. Capitol in the distance ( 1872 view ) When the Capitol 's new dome was finally completed , its massive visual weight , in turn , overpowered the proportions of the columns of the East Portico , built in 1828 . The East Front of the Capitol building was rebuilt in 1904 , following a design of the architects Carrère and Hastings , who also designed the Russell Senate and Cannon House office buildings . Bird 's - eye view of Washington toward the west and northwest with The Capitol -- 1871 The next major expansion to the Capitol started in 1958 , with a 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) extension of the East Portico . During this project , in 1960 the dome underwent a restoration . A marble duplicate of the sandstone East Front was built 33.5 feet ( 10.2 m ) from the old Front . ( In 1962 , a connecting extension incorporated what had been an outside wall as an inside wall . ) In the process , the Corinthian columns were removed . It was not until 1984 that landscape designer Russell Page created a suitable setting for them in a large meadow at the U.S. National Arboretum in northeast Washington as the National Capitol Columns , where they are combined with a reflecting pool in an ensemble that reminds some visitors of the ruins of Persepolis , in Persia . Besides the columns , hundreds of blocks of the original stone were removed and are stored behind a National Park Service maintenance yard in Rock Creek Park . National Capitol Columns at the National Arboretum ( 2008 view ) The United States Capitol , with scaffolding erected to facilitate restoration work on the dome ( November 2014 view ) On December 19 , 1960 , the Capitol was declared a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service . The building was ranked # 6 in a 2007 survey conducted for the American Institute of Architects ' `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' list . The Capitol draws heavily from other notable buildings , especially churches and landmarks in Europe , including the dome of St. Peter 's Basilica in the Vatican and St. Paul 's Cathedral in London . On the roofs of the Senate and House Chambers are flagpoles that fly the U.S. flag when either is in session . On September 18 , 1993 , to commemorate the Capitol 's bicentennial , the Masonic ritual cornerstone laying with George Washington was reenacted . U.S. Senator Strom Thurmond was one of the Freemason politicians who took part in the ceremony . On June 20 , 2000 , ground was broken for the Capitol Visitor Center , which opened on December 2 , 2008 . From 2001 through 2008 , the East Front of the Capitol ( site of most presidential inaugurations until Ronald Reagan began a new tradition in 1981 ) was the site of construction for this massive underground complex , designed to facilitate a more orderly entrance for visitors to the Capitol . Prior to the center being built , visitors to the Capitol had to line up in the basement of the Cannon House Office Building or the Russell Senate Office Building . The new underground facility provides a grand entrance hall , a visitors theater , room for exhibits , and dining and restroom facilities , in addition to space for building necessities such as an underground service tunnel . A large - scale Capitol dome restoration project , the first extensive such work since 1959 -- 1960 , began in 2014 , with completion scheduled before the 2017 presidential inauguration . As of 2012 , $20 million in work around the skirt of the dome had been completed , but other deterioration , including at least 1,300 cracks in the brittle iron that have led to rusting and seepage inside , needed to be addressed . Before the August 2012 recess , the Senate Appropriations Committee voted to spend $61 million to repair the exterior of the dome . The House wanted to spend less on government operations , but in late 2013 , it was announced that renovations would take place over two years , starting in spring 2014 . Extensive scaffolding was erected in 2014 , enclosing and obscuring the dome . All exterior scaffolding was removed by mid-September 2016 . With the increased use of technologies such as the internet , a bid tendering process was approved in 2001 / 2002 for a contract to install the multidirectional radio communication network within the Capitol Building and annexes , followed by the new Capitol Visitor Center . The winning bidder was an Israeli company called Foxcom which has since changed its name and been acquired by Corning Incorporated . Interior ( edit ) Main article : United States Capitol rotunda See also : United States Capitol subway system Capitol Rotunda ( 2013 view ) The Capitol building is marked by its central dome above a rotunda in the central section of the structure ( which also includes , the older original smaller center flanked by the two original ( designed 1793 , occupied 1800 ) smaller two wings ( inner north ) and inner south ) containing the two original smaller meeting chambers for the Senate and the House of Representatives ( between 1800 and late 1850s ) and then flanked by two further extended ( newer ) wings , one also for each chamber of the larger , more populous Congress : the new north wing is the Senate chamber and the new south wing is the House of Representatives chamber . Above these newer chambers are galleries where visitors can watch the Senate and House of Representatives . It is an example of the neoclassical architecture style . Underground tunnels and internal subways connect the Capitol building with the Congressional office buildings in the Capitol Complex . All rooms in the Capitol are designated as either S ( for Senate ) or H ( for House ) , depending on whether they are in the Senate or House wing of the Capitol . Art ( edit ) The 1865 fresco painted by Constantino Brumidi on the interior of the Capitol 's dome is titled The Apotheosis of Washington . ( 2005 view ) Carlo Franzoni 's 1819 sculptural chariot clock , the Car of History , depicting Clio , the Greek muse of history . National Statuary Hall . ( 2006 view ) The Capitol has a long history in art of the United States , beginning in 1856 with Italian / Greek American artist Constantino Brumidi and his murals in the hallways of the first floor of the Senate side of the Capitol . The murals , known as the Brumidi Corridors , reflect great moments and people in United States history . Among the original works are those depicting Benjamin Franklin , John Fitch , Robert Fulton , and events such as the Cession of Louisiana . Also decorating the walls are animals , insects and natural flora indigenous to the United States . Brumidi 's design left many spaces open so that future events in United States history could be added . Among those added are the Spirit of St. Louis , the Moon landing , and the Space Shuttle Challenger shuttle crew . Brumidi also worked within the Rotunda . He is responsible for the painting of The Apotheosis of Washington beneath the top of the dome , and also the famous Frieze of American History . The Apotheosis of Washington was completed in 11 months and painted by Brumidi while suspended nearly 180 feet ( 55 m ) in the air . It is said to be the first attempt by the United States to deify a founding father . Washington is depicted surrounded by 13 maidens in an inner ring with many Greek and Roman gods and goddesses below him in a second ring . The frieze is located around the inside of the base of the dome and is a chronological , pictorial history of the United States from the landing of Christopher Columbus to the Wright Brothers 's flight in Kitty Hawk , North Carolina . The frieze was started in 1878 and was not completed until 1953 . The frieze was therefore painted by four different artists : Brumidi , Filippo Costaggini , Charles Ayer Whipple , and Allyn Cox . The final scenes depicted in the fresco had not yet occurred when Brumidi began his Frieze of the United States History . Capitol Rotunda ( 2005 view ) Within the Rotunda there are eight large paintings about the development of the United States as a nation . On the east side are four paintings depicting major events in the discovery of America . On the west are four paintings depicting the founding of the United States . The east side paintings include The Baptism of Pocahontas by John Gadsby Chapman , The Embarkation of the Pilgrims by Robert Walter Weir , The Discovery of the Mississippi by William Henry Powell , and The Landing of Columbus by John Vanderlyn . The paintings on the west side are by John Trumbull : Declaration of Independence , Surrender of General Burgoyne , Surrender of Lord Cornwallis , and General George Washington Resigning His Commission . Trumbull was a contemporary of the United States ' founding fathers and a participant in the American Revolutionary War ; he painted a self - portrait into Surrender of Lord Cornwallis . Declaration of Independence ( 1819 ) , by John Trumbull First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln hangs over the west staircase in the Senate wing . National Statuary Hall Collection viewed from the south The Capitol also houses the National Statuary Hall Collection , comprising two statues donated by each of the fifty states to honor persons notable in their histories . One of the most notable statues in the National Statuary Hall is a bronze statue of King Kamehameha donated by the state of Hawaii upon its accession to the union in 1959 . The statue 's extraordinary weight of 15,000 pounds ( 6,800 kg ) raised concerns that it might come crashing through the floor , so it was moved to Emancipation Hall of the new Capitol Visitor Center . The 100th , and last statue for the collection , that of Po'pay from the state of New Mexico , was added on September 22 , 2005 . It was the first statue moved into the Emancipation Hall . Crypt ( edit ) Capitol Crypt On the ground floor is an area known as the Crypt . It was intended to be the burial place of George Washington , with a ringed balustrade at the center of the Rotunda above looking down to his tomb . However , under the stipulations of his last will , Washington was buried at Mount Vernon . The Crypt houses exhibits on the history of the Capitol . A compass star inlaid in the floor marks the point at which Washington , D.C. is divided into its four quadrants and is the basis for how addresses in Washington , D.C. , are designated ( NE , NW , SE , or SW ) . However , due to the retrocession of the Virginia portions of the District , the geographic center of the city lies near the White House . Within the Crypt is Gutzon Borglum 's massive Abraham Lincoln Bust . The sculptor had a fascination with large - scale art and themes of heroic nationalism , and carved the piece from a six - ton block of marble . Borglum carved the bust in 1908 , and it was donated to the Congress by Eugene Meyer , Jr. , and accepted by the Joint Committee on the Library , in the same year . The pedestal was specially designed by the sculptor and installed in 1911 . The bust and pedestal were on display in the Rotunda for many years until 1979 when , after a rearrangement of all sculpture in the Rotunda , they were placed in the Crypt . Borglum was a patriot ; believing that the `` monuments we have built are not our own , '' he looked to create art that was `` American , drawn from American sources , memorializing American achievement '' , according to a 1908 interview article . Borglum 's depiction of Lincoln was so accurate , that Robert Todd Lincoln , the president 's son , praised the bust as `` the most extraordinarily good portrait of my father I have ever seen . '' Supposedly , according to legend , the marble head remains unfinished ( missing a left ear ) to symbolize Lincoln 's unfinished life . Features ( edit ) At one end of the room near the Old Supreme Court Chamber is a statue of John C. Calhoun . On the right leg of the statue , a mark from a bullet fired during the 1998 shooting incident is clearly visible . The bullet also left a mark on the cape , located on the back right side of the statue . Eleven presidents have lain in state in the Rotunda for public viewing , most recently Gerald Ford . The tomb meant for Washington stored the catafalque which is used to support coffins lying in state or honor in the Capitol . The catafalque is now on display in the Capitol Visitors Center for the general public to see when not in use . The Hall of Columns is located on the House side of the Capitol , home to twenty - eight fluted columns and statues from the National Statuary Hall Collection . In the basement of the Capitol building in a utility room are two marble bathtubs , which are all that remain of the once elaborate Senate baths . These baths were a spa - like facility designed for members of Congress and their guests before many buildings in the city had modern plumbing . The facilities included several bathtubs , a barbershop , and a massage parlor . A steep , metal staircase , totaling 365 steps , leads from the basement to an outdoor walkway on top of the Capitol 's dome . The number of steps represents each day of the year . Also in the basement , the weekly Jummah prayer is held on Fridays by Muslim staffers . Height ( edit ) For more details , see Heights of Buildings Act of 1910 ; The Height of Buildings Act of 1899 ; and List of tallest buildings in Washington , D.C. Contrary to a popular myth , D.C. building height laws have never referred to the height of the Capitol building , which rises to 289 feet ( 88 m ) . Indeed , the Capitol is only the fifth - tallest structure in Washington . House chamber ( edit ) The House of Representatives Chamber has 448 permanent seats . Unlike Senators , Representatives do not have assigned seats . The chamber is large enough to accommodate members of all three branches of the federal government and invited guests for joint sessions of Congress such as the State of the Union speech and other events . It is adorned with relief portraits of famous lawmakers and lawgivers throughout history . The United States national motto `` In God We Trust '' is written over the tribune below the clock and above the United States flag . Of the twenty - three relief portraits only Moses is sculpted from a full front view and is located across from the dais where the Speaker of the House ceremonially sits . President George W. Bush delivering the annual State of the Union address in the House chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber ( 2007 view ) US Senate chamber ( circa 1873 view ) In order clockwise around the chamber : George Mason Robert Joseph Pothier Jean Baptiste Colbert Edward I of England Alfonso X of Castile Pope Gregory IX Louis IX of France Justinian I Tribonian Lycurgus of Sparta Hammurabi Moses Solon Aemilius Papinianus Gaius Maimonides Suleiman the Magnificent Pope Innocent III Simon de Montfort , 6th Earl of Leicester Hugo Grotius William Blackstone Napoleon Thomas Jefferson There is also a quote etched in the marble of the chamber , as stated by venerable statesman Daniel Webster : `` Let us develop the resources of our land , call forth its powers , build up its institutions , promote all its great interests , and see whether we also , in our day and generation , may not perform something worthy to be remembered . '' Old Supreme Court chamber ( edit ) Main article : Old Supreme Court Chamber From 1800 to 1806 , this room served as the Senate Chamber and from 1806 until 1860 , the room was used as the Supreme Court Chamber . In 1860 , the Supreme Court began using the newly vacated Old Senate Chamber . Since 1935 , the Supreme Court has met in the United States Supreme Court Building . Senate chamber ( edit ) Main article : United States Senate Chamber The current Senate Chamber opened in 1859 and is adorned with white marble busts of the former Presidents of the Senate ( Vice Presidents ) . Floor plans ( edit ) Floor plans of the United States Capitol Basement , Terrace , and Courtyard Floor First ( Ground ) Floor Second ( Primary ) Floor Third ( Gallery ) Floor Fourth ( Attic ) Floor Layout and room numbers as of 1997 Exterior ( edit ) A 2007 aerial view of the Capitol Grounds from the west Grounds ( edit ) Capitol Plaza ( 2013 view ) See also : United States Capitol Complex The Capitol Grounds cover approximately 274 acres ( 1.11 km2 ) , with the grounds proper consisting mostly of lawns , walkways , streets , drives , and planting areas . Several monumental sculptures used to be located on the east facade and lawn of the Capitol including The Rescue and George Washington . The current grounds were designed by noted American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , who planned the expansion and landscaping performed from 1874 to 1892 . In 1875 , as one of his first recommendations , Olmsted proposed the construction of the marble terraces on the north , west , and south sides of the building that exist today . Olmsted also designed the Summer House , the open - air brick building that sits just north of the Capitol . Three arches open into the hexagonal structure , which encloses a fountain and twenty - two brick chairs . A fourth wall holds a small window that looks onto an artificial grotto . Built between 1879 and 1881 , the Summer House was intended to answer complaints that visitors to the Capitol had no place to sit and no place to obtain water for their horses and themselves . Modern drinking fountains have since replaced Olmsted 's fountain for the latter purpose . Olmsted intended to build a second , matching Summer House on the southern side of the Capitol , but congressional objections led to the project 's cancellation . Flags ( edit ) Up to four U.S. flags can be seen flying over the Capitol . Two flagpoles are located at the base of the dome on the East and West sides . These flagpoles have flown the flag day and night since World War I . The other two flagpoles are above the North ( Senate ) and South ( House of Representatives ) wings of the building , and fly only when the chamber below is in session . The flag above the House of Representatives is raised and lowered by House pages . The flag above the United States Senate is raised and lowered by Senate Doorkeepers . To raise the flag , Doorkeepers access the roof of the Capitol from the Senate Sergeant at Arms 's office . Several auxiliary flagpoles , to the west of the dome and not visible from the ground , are used to meet congressional requests for flags flown over the Capitol . Constituents pay for U.S. flags flown over the Capitol to commemorate a variety of events such as the death of a veteran family member . Major events ( edit ) See also : State funerals in the United States and United States presidential inauguration The body of former President Ronald Reagan lying in state in 2004 The Capitol , as well as the grounds of Capitol Hill , have played host to major events , including presidential inaugurations held every four years . During an inauguration , the front of the Capitol is outfitted with a platform and a grand staircase . Annual events at the Capitol include Independence Day celebrations , and the National Memorial Day Concert . Exterior of the Capitol prior to the 2015 visit by Pope Francis The general public has paid respect to a number of individuals lying in state at the Capitol , including numerous former presidents , senators , and other officials . Other Americans lying in honor include Officers Jacob Chestnut and John Gibson , the two officers killed in the 1998 shooting incident . Chestnut was the first African American ever to lie in honor in the Capitol . The public also paid respect to Rosa Parks , an icon of the civil rights movement , at the Capitol in 2005 . She was the first woman and second African American to lie in honor in the Capitol . In February 2018 , the evangelical Rev. Billy Graham became the fourth private citizen to lie in honor in the Rotunda . On September 24 , 2015 , Pope Francis gave a joint address to Congress , the first Pope to do so . Security ( edit ) See also : United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1954 ) , 1983 United States Senate bombing , United States Capitol shooting incident ( 1998 ) , and United States Capitol shooting incident ( 2013 ) In 1922 , the US Post Office featured the US Capitol on a US Postage stamp . On January 30 , 1835 , what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the United States Capitol . When President Andrew Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after the funeral of South Carolina Representative Warren R. Davis , Richard Lawrence , an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England , either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired . Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired . It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring . Lawrence was then restrained , with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane , prompting his aides to restrain him . Others present , including Davy Crockett , restrained and disarmed Lawrence . On July 2 , 1915 , prior to the United States ' entry into World War I , Eric Muenter ( aka Frank Holt ) , a German professor who wanted to stop American support of the Allies of World War I , exploded a bomb in the reception room of the U.S. Senate . The next morning he tried to assassinate J.P. Morgan , Jr. , son of the financier , at his home on Long Island , New York . In a letter to the Washington Evening Star published after the explosion , Muenter , writing under an assumed name , said he hoped that the detonation would `` make enough noise to be heard above the voices that clamor for war . '' J.P. Morgan 's company served as Great Britain 's principal U.S. purchasing agent for munitions and other war supplies . The Capitol at night ( 2006 view ) In 1954 , Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on members of Congress from the visitors ' gallery , injuring five representatives . On March 1 , 1971 , a bomb exploded on the ground floor of the Capitol , placed by the radical left domestic terrorist group , the Weather Underground . They placed the bomb as a demonstration against U.S. involvement in Laos . On November 7 , 1983 , a group called the Armed Resistance Unit claimed responsibility for a bomb that detonated in the lobby outside the office of Senate Minority Leader Robert Byrd . Six people associated with the John Brown Anti-Klan Committee were later found in contempt of court for refusing to testify about the bombing . In 1990 , three members of the Armed Resistance Unit were convicted of the bombing , which they claimed was in response to the invasion of Grenada . On July 24 , 1998 , Russell Eugene Weston Jr. burst into the Capitol and opened fire , killing two Capitol Police officers . The Capitol is believed to have been the intended target of the hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 on September 11 , 2001 , before it crashed near Shanksville in Somerset County , Pennsylvania , after passengers tried to take over control of the plane from hijackers . Since the September 11 attacks , the roads and grounds around the Capitol have undergone dramatic changes . The United States Capitol Police have also installed checkpoints to inspect vehicles at specific locations around Capitol Hill , and have closed a section of one street indefinitely . The level of screening employed varies . On the main east - west thoroughfares of Constitution and Independence Avenues , barricades are implanted in the roads that can be raised in the event of an emergency . Trucks larger than pickups are interdicted by the Capitol Police and are instructed to use other routes . On the checkpoints at the shorter cross streets , the barriers are typically kept in a permanent `` emergency '' position , and only vehicles with special permits are allowed to pass . All Capitol visitors are screened by a magnetometer , and all items that visitors may bring inside the building are screened by an x-ray device . In both chambers , gas masks are located underneath the chairs in each chamber for members to use in case of emergency . Structures ranging from scores of Jersey barriers to hundreds of ornamental bollards have been erected to obstruct the path of any vehicles that might stray from the designated roadways . In 2004 the capitol was briefly evacuated after a plane carrying the then governor of Kentucky strayed into restricted airspace over the district . A shooting incident occurred in March 2016 . One female bystander was wounded by police but not seriously injured ; a man pointing a gun was shot and arrested , in critical but stable condition . The city police of Washington D.C. described the shooting incident as `` isolated '' . Capitol Visitor Center ( edit ) The opening ceremony of the Capitol Visitor Center in December 2008 . The plaster cast model of the Statue of Freedom is in the foreground . Main article : United States Capitol Visitor Center The United States Capitol Visitor Center ( CVC ) , located below the East Front of the Capitol and its plaza , between the Capitol building and 1st Street East , opened on December 2 , 2008 . The CVC provides a single security checkpoint for all visitors , including those with disabilities , and an expansion space for the US Congress . The complex contains 580,000 square feet ( 54,000 m ) of space below ground on three floors , and offers visitors a food court , restrooms , and educational exhibits , including an 11 - foot scale model of the Capitol dome . It also features skylights affording views of the actual dome . Long in the planning stages , construction began in the fall of 2001 , following the killing of two Capitol police officers in 1998 . The estimated final cost of constructing the CVC was $ 621 million . See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Apotheosis of Democracy by Paul Wayland Bartlett , a pediment on the east front of the House of Representatives Portico . Congressional Prayer Room The Capitol is pictured on the back of the United States fifty - dollar bill . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The United States Capitol : An Overview of the Building and Its Function '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ See List of capitals in the United States Jump up ^ Crew , Harvey W. ; William Bensing Webb ; John Wooldridge ( 1892 ) . Centennial History of the City of Washington , D.C. Dayton , Ohio : United Brethren Publishing House . p. 66 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 4 -- 7 Jump up ^ L'Enfant identified himself as `` Peter Charles L'Enfant '' during most of his life , while residing in the United States . He wrote this name on his `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States ... '' ( Washington , D.C. ) and on other legal documents . However , during the early 1900s , a French ambassador to the U.S. , Jean Jules Jusserand , popularized the use of L'Enfant's birth name , `` Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . ( Reference : Bowling , Kenneth R ( 2002 ) . Peter Charles L'Enfant : vision , honor , and male friendship in the early American Republic . George Washington University , Washington , D.C. ISBN 978 - 0 - 9727611 - 0 - 9 ) . The United States Code states in 40 U.S.C. § 3309 : `` ( a ) In General. -- The purposes of this chapter shall be carried out in the District of Columbia as nearly as may be practicable in harmony with the plan of Peter Charles L'Enfant . '' The National Park Service identifies L'Enfant as `` Major Peter Charles L'Enfant '' and as `` Major Pierre ( Peter ) Charles L'Enfant '' on its website . ^ Jump up to : Kornwolf , James D ; Kornwolf , Georgiana Wallis ( 2002 ) . `` The Creation of the Federal City : Washington '' . Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America : Vol. 3 . Baltimore , Maryland : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 1552 . ISBN 0801859867 . OCLC 45066419 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . A final legacy of Jefferson 's vision of the city is found in correspondence between him and L'Enfant . Jefferson consistently called the building to house Congress , the `` Capitol , '' whereas L'Enfant just as consistently referred to it as `` Congress House . '' At Google Books . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) L'Enfant , Peter Charles ( 1791 ) . `` Plan of the city intended for the permanent seat of the government of t ( he ) United States : projected agreeable to the direction of the President of the United States , in pursuance of an act of Congress passed the sixteenth day of July , MDCCXC , `` establishing the permanent seat on the bank of the Potowmac '' : ( Washington , D.C. ) `` . Photocopy of annotated facsimile created by U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey , Washington , D.C. ( 1887 ) . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . ( 2 ) `` Enlarged image of central portion of The L'Enfant Plan for Washington '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 23 . ( 3 ) Vlach , John Michael ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Mysterious Mr. Jenkins of Jenkins Hill '' . Capitol History : The Capitol Dome . United States Capitol Historical Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 14 . ( 4 ) Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Capitol '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hodgkins , George W. ( 1960 ) . `` Naming the Capitol and the Capital '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society , Washington , D.C. 60 / 62 : 36 -- 53 . JSTOR 40067217 . Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 11 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 13 -- 15 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 19 Jump up ^ `` William Thornton ( 1759 -- 1828 ) '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 33 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 34 -- 35 ^ Jump up to : Allen ( 2001 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 17 , 1793 ) . `` Letter : Jefferson to Washington '' . Thomas Jefferson and the National Capital . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 36 Jump up ^ `` United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. : East Front Elevation , Rendering '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert O. ( June 2003 ) . `` Under the Capitol Dome '' . Mechanical Engineering Magazine . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Construction History of the Capitol '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved December 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Morgan , J.D. ( 1899 ) . `` Maj . Pierre Charles L'Enfant '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 2 : 120 . Jump up ^ Hazelton ( 1907 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Allen , William C. ( 1995 ) . In the Greatest Solemn Dignity : The Capitol 's Four Cornerstones . Government Printing Office . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 37 -- 39 Jump up ^ Frary ( 1969 ) , p. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ Carter II , Edward C. ( 1971 -- 1972 ) . `` Benjamin Henry Latrobe and the Growth and Development of Washington , 1798 -- 1818 '' . Records of the Columbia Historical Society : 139 . Jump up ^ `` Religion and the Founding of the American Republic '' . U.S. Library of Congress . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of the United States Capitol '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol slave labor studied '' . The Washington Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Dome '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Steinhauer , Jennifer ( August 24 , 2012 ) . `` Dome Is Imperiled by 1,300 Cracks and Partisan Rift '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jule Banville , `` Stone - Cold Whodunit '' ( April 24 , 2009 ) , Washington City Paper Jump up ^ `` Stones from US Capitol in Rock Creek Park '' ( July 25 , 2011 ) , Rock Creek Runner Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia -- Inventory of Historic Sites '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia : Office of Planning . Government of the District of Columbia . September 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Favorite Architecture '' . Harris Interactive . American Institute of Architects. 2007 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Architecture Images - U.S. Capitol '' . American-architecture.info . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitors Center FAQ '' . Architect Of the Capitol . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Capitol Dome Restoration Project Overview '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol 's historic dome set for 2 - year renovation '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dome Restoration Project Updates '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2007/02/house-ends-cell-phone-licensing-deal-002910 Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/homenews/news/10545-hastert-rebuffs-pelosi-on-investigation-request Jump up ^ `` AOC.gov '' . AOC.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frieze of American History '' . Aoc.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Art & History Home , First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of Presid '' . Senate.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abraham Lincoln Bust '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 365 Steps to the Top of Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . August 10 , 1997 . Section 1 , Page 22 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logan , Mrs. John A. ( Mary Simmerson ) ( 1901 ) . Thirty Years in Washington ; or , Life and Scenes in Our National Capital . Hartford , Connecticut : A.D. Worthington & Co. p. 78 . OCLC 29540458 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Bridget ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Muslim on Capitol Hill : Staffers Look to Rebuild '' . Roll Call . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthew Gilmore . `` H - DC Discussion Network '' . H-net.org . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Chamber '' . Jump up ^ `` Napoleon I '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carrier , Thomas J. ( 2000 ) . The White House , the Capitol , and the Supreme Court : historic self - guided tours . Images of America . Charleston , South Carolina : Arcadia Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 0 - 7385 - 0557 - 9 . OCLC 44503337 . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber 1859 -- 2009 '' . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Senate Chamber : Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection '' . United States Senate . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Graham Will Be the Fourth Private Citizen Ever to Lie in Honor at the U.S. Capitol '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Apostolic Journey - United States of America : Visit to the Congress of the United States of America ( Washington D.C. , 24 September 2015 ) Francis '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Jon Grinspan . `` Trying to Assassinate Andrew Jackson '' . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved November 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Ronald ( November 9 , 1983 ) . `` Capitol Bombing : Group Hit Other Targets , FBI Believes '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Seppy , Tom ( February 12 , 1985 ) . `` Judge Finds Four in Contempt in Bombing Probe '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Rowley , James ( September 7 , 1990 ) . `` Three Leftists Plead Guilty to Bombing the U.S. Capitol '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Al - Jazeera offers accounts of 9 / 11 planning '' . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2006 . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Report of the 9 / 11 Commission Archived December 6 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , US Govt Printing Office Jump up ^ `` Increased Security on Capitol Grounds '' ( Press release ) . United States Capitol Police . August 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Lyndsey Layton and Manny Fernandez ( August 3 , 2004 ) . `` Street Closing Irks D.C. Leaders : Checkpoints Set Up Near World Bank , IMF and Capitol '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Post Store ( January 29 , 2006 ) . `` WashingtonPost.com '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael S. Schmidt ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` U.S. Capitol on Lockdown After Reports of Gunshots '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Capitol shooting : Gunman wounds Capitol police officer '' . BBC News Online . 28 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Architecture -- U.S. Capitol Visitor Center '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip Kopper `` A Capitol Attraction , '' American Heritage , Spring 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center : Project Information '' . Architect of the Capitol . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2008 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Congress ' Newest Member : The US Capitol Visitor Center '' . Washingtonian magazine . 2008 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Visitor Center Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Architect of the Capitol . Spring 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 31 , 2008 . Retrieved November 14 , 2008 . References ( edit ) Allen , William C. ( 2001 ) . History of the United States Capitol -- A Chronicle of Design , Construction , and Politics . Government Printing Office . ISBN 0160508304 . OCLC 46420177 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2002 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . Brown , Glenn ( 1998 ) . Architect of the Capitol for The United States Capitol Preservation Commission , ed . History of the United States Capitol ( Annotated Edition in Commemoration of The Bicentennial of the United States Capitol ed . ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Frary , Ihna Thayer ( 1969 ) . They Built the Capitol . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8369 - 5089 - 5 . Guy Gugliotta ( 2012 ) . Freedom 's Cap : The United States Capitol and the Coming of the Civil War . Farrar , Straus and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4681 - 2 . Hazelton , George Cochrane ( 1907 ) . The National Capitol . J.F. Taylor & Co . Further Reading ( edit ) Aikman , Lonnelle . We , the People : the Story of the United States Capitol , Its Past and Its Promise . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Capitol Historical Society , in cooperation with the National Geographic Society , 1964 . Bordewich , Fergus M. ( December 2008 ) . `` A Capitol Vision From a Self - Taught Architect '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Ovason , David , The Secret Architecture of our Nation 's Capital : the Masons and the building of Washington , D.C. , New York City , New York : Harper Collins , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 019537 - 1 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Capitol . Geographic data related to United States Capitol at OpenStreetMap Official website Capitol Visitors Center United States Capitol Historical Society Architect of the Capitol Capitol History Project -- documentary and website by C - SPAN . Temple of Liberty : Building the Capitol for a New Nation , Library of Congress U.S. Capitol Police `` Book Discussion on Freedom 's Cap '' , C - SPAN , March 20 , 2012 Committee for the Preservation of the National Capitol Records , 1949 - 1958 . Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library , Columbia University . 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The United States Congress was established upon ratification of the United States Constitution and formally began on March 4 , 1789 . New York City remained home to Congress until July 1790 , when the Residence Act was passed to pave the way for a permanent capital . The decision to locate the capital was contentious , but Alexander Hamilton helped broker a compromise in which the federal government would take on war debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War , in exchange for support from northern states for locating the capital along the Potomac River . As part of the legislation , Philadelphia was chosen as a temporary capital for ten years ( until December 1800 ) , until the nation 's capital in Washington , D.C. , would be ready .

Pokhran - II - Wikipedia Pokhran - II Jump to : navigation , search Pokhran - II Operation Shakti A cylindrical shaped nuclear bomb , Shakti I , prior to its detonation . Information Country India Test site Pokhran Test Range , Rajasthan Period 11 -- 13 May 1998 Number of tests 5 Test type Underground tests Device type Fission / fusion Max . yield 43 -- 45 kilotons of TNT ( 180 -- 190 TJ ) tested Test chronology ← Pokhran - I ( Operation Smiling Buddha ) Pokhran - II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second Indian nuclear test ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 . Pokhran - II consisted of five detonations , of which the first was a fusion bomb and the remaining four were fission bombs . These nuclear tests resulted in a variety of sanctions against India by a number of major states , including Japan and the United States . On 11 May 1998 , Operation Shakti ( Pokhran - II ) was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and two fission bombs ; the word `` Shakti '' ( Devanagari : शक्ति ) means `` power '' in Sanskrit . On 13 May 1998 , two additional fission devices were detonated , and the Indian government led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee shortly convened a press conference to declare India a full - fledged nuclear state . Many names are attributed to these tests ; originally they were called Operation Shakti -- 98 ( Power -- 98 ) , and the five nuclear bombs were designated Shakti - I through Shakti - V. More recently , the operation as a whole has come to be known as Pokhran II , and the 1974 explosion as Pokhran - I . Contents ( hide ) 1 India 's nuclear bomb project 1.1 Post-Smiling Buddha 2 Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 2.1 1998 Indian general elections 2.2 Preparations for the test 3 Nuclear weapon designs and development 3.1 Development and test teams 3.2 Movement and logistics 3.3 Nuclear bombs and detonations 4 Reactions to the tests 4.1 Reactions in India 4.2 International reactions 4.2. 1 United States 4.2. 2 Canada , Japan , and other states 4.2. 3 China 4.2. 4 Pakistan 4.3 U.N. sanctions 4.3. 1 Effects on Indian economy 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links India 's nuclear bomb project ( edit ) Efforts towards building the nuclear bomb , infrastructure , and research on related technologies has been undertaken by India since World War II . Origins of India 's nuclear program dates back to 1944 when nuclear physicist Homi Bhabha began persuading the Indian Congress towards harnessing of the nuclear energy -- a year later he established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) . In 1950s , the preliminary studies were carried out at the BARC and plans were developed to produce plutonium and other bomb components . In 1962 , India and China engaged in the disputed northern front , and was further intimidated with Chinese nuclear test in 1964 . Direction towards militarisation of the nuclear program slowed down when Vikram Sarabhai became its head and little interest of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1965 . After Indira Gandhi became Prime Minister in 1966 , the nuclear program was consolidated when physicist Raja Ramanna joined the efforts . Another nuclear test by China eventually led to India 's decision toward building nuclear weapons in 1967 and conducted its first nuclear test , Smiling Buddha , in 1974 . Post-smiling Buddha ( edit ) Responding to Smiling Buddha , the Nuclear Suppliers Group severely affected the India 's nuclear program . The world 's major nuclear powers imposed technological embargo on India and Pakistan , which was technologically racing to meet with India 's challenge . The nuclear program struggled for years to gain credibility and its progress crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependent on imported technology and technical assistance . At IAEA , Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declared that India 's nuclear program was not militarising despite authorising preliminary work on the hydrogen bomb design . As an aftermath of the state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi 's government , the nuclear program was left with a vacuum of political leadership and even basic management . Work on the hydrogen bomb design continued under M. Srinivasan , a mechanical engineer , but progress was slow . The nuclear program received little attention from Prime Minister Morarji Desai who was renowned for his peace advocacy . In 1978 , Prime Minister Desai transferred physicist Ramanna to Indian MoD , and his government was not entirely without progress in nuclear program and had the program continue to grow at a desirable rate . Disturbing news came from Pakistan when the world discovered the Pakistan 's clandestine atomic bomb program . Contrary to India 's nuclear program , Pakistan 's atomic bomb program was akin to United States 's Manhattan Project , it was under military oversight with civilian scientists in charge of the scientific aspects of the program . The Pakistani atomic bomb program was well funded and organised by then ; India realised that Pakistan was likely to succeed in its project in matter of two years . In 1980 , the general elections marked the return of Indira Gandhi and the nuclear program began to gain momentum under Ramanna in 1981 . Requests for additional nuclear tests were continued to be denied by the government when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi saw Pakistan began exercising the brinkmanship , though the nuclear program continued to advance . Initiation towards hydrogen bomb began as well as the launch of the missile programme began under Late president Dr. Abdul Kalam , who was then an aerospace engineer . Political momentum : 1988 -- 1998 ( edit ) During the 1998 Indian general election , BJP 's Atal Bihari Vajpayee promised to carry out nuclear tests . In 1989 , the general elections witnessed the Janata Dal , the right - wing party led by V.P. Singh , forming the government . Prime Minister V.P. Singh down played the relations with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto whose Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) won the general elections in 1988 . Foreign relations between India and Pakistan began to severely worsen when India began charging Pakistan of supporting the militancy in Jammu and Kashmir . During this time , the missile program succeeded in the development of the Prithvi missiles . Successive governments in India decided to observe this temporary moratorium for fear of inviting international criticism . The Indian public had been supportive towards the nuclear tests which ultimately led Prime Minister Narasimha Rao deciding to conduct further tests in 1995 . Plans were halted after American spy satellites picked up signs of preparations for nuclear testing at Pokhran Test Range in Rajasthan . President Bill Clinton and his administration exerted enormous pressure on Prime Minister Narasimha Rao to stop the preparations . Responding to India , Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto issued harsh and severe statements against India on Pakistan 's news channels ; thus putting stress on the relations between two countries . Diplomatic tension escalated between two countries when Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto raised the Kashmir issue at the United Nations in 1995 . In a speech delivered by then - Speaker National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani , stressed the `` Kashmir issue '' as continue to endanger the peace and security in the region . The Indian delegation headed by Atal Bihari Vajpayee at the United Nations , reiterated that the `` UN resolutions only call upon Pakistan -- the occupying force to vacate the `` Jammu and Kashmir Area . '' 1998 Indian general elections ( edit ) Main articles : Indian general election , 1998 ; Bharatiya Janata Party ; Indian economy ; and Indian politics The BJP , came to power in 1998 general elections with an exclusive public mandate . BJP 's political might have been growing steadily in strength over the past decade over several issues . In Pakistan , the similar conservative force , the PML ( N ) , was also in power with an exclusive mandate led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif who defeated the leftist PPP led by Benazir Bhutto in general elections held in 1997 . During the BJP campaign , Atal Bihari Vajpayee indulged in grandstanding -- such as when he declared on 25 February that his government would `` take back that part of Kashmir that is under Pakistan 's control . '' Before this declaration , the BJP platform had clear intention to `` exercise the option to induct nuclear weapons '' and `` India should become an openly nuclear power to garner the respect on the world stage that India deserved . '' By 18 March 1998 , Vajpayee had publicly begun his lobbying for nuclear explosion and declared that `` there is no compromise on national security ; all options including the nuclear options will be exercised to protect security and sovereignty . '' Consultation began between Prime Minister Vajpayee , Dr. Abdul Kalam , R. Chidambaram and officials of the Indian DAE on nuclear options . Chidambaram briefed Prime Minister Vajpayee extensively on the nuclear program ; Abdul Kalam presented the status of the missile program . On 28 March 1998 , Prime Minister Vajpayee asked the scientists to make preparations in the shortest time possible , and preparations were hastily made . It was time of tense atmosphere when Pakistan , at a Conference on Disarmament , offered a peace rhetoric agreement with India for `` an equal and mutual restraint in conventional , missile and nuclear fields . '' Pakistan 's equation was later reemphasised on 6 April and the momentum in India for nuclear tests began to build up which strengthened Vajpayee 's position to order the tests . Preparations for the test ( edit ) Main articles : CIA activities in India , ISI activities in India , and Indo - US Relations The US Marine Intelligence maps showing the Indian test site , 1997 . Unlike Pakistan 's weapon -- testing laboratories , there was very little that India could do to hide its activity at Pokhran . Contrary to high - altitude granite mountains in Pakistan , the bushes are sparse and the dunes in the Rajasthan Desert do n't provide much cover from probing satellites . The Indian intelligence had been aware of United States spy satellites and the American CIA had been detecting Indian test preparations since 1995 ; therefore , the tests required complete secrecy in India and also needed to avoid detection by other countries . The 58th Engineer Regiment of Indian Army 's Corps of Engineers was commissioned to prepare the test sites without being probed by the United States spy satellites . The 58th Engineer 's commander Colonel Gopal Kaushik supervised the test preparations and ordered his `` staff officers take all measures to ensure total secrecy . '' Extensive planning was done by a very small group of scientists , senior military officers and senior politicians to ensure that the test preparations would remain secret , and even senior members of the Indian government did n't know what was going on . The chief scientific adviser and the director of DRDO , Dr. Abdul Kalam , and Dr. R. Chidambaram , the director of the DAE , were the chief coordinators of this test planning . The scientists and engineers of the BARC , the AMDER , and the DRDO were involved in the nuclear weapon assembly , layout , detonation and obtaining test data . A very small group of senior scientists were involved in the detonation process , all scientists were required to wear army uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests . Since 1995 , the 58th Engineer Regiment had learned to avoid satellite detection . Work was mostly done during night , and equipment was returned to the original place to give the impression that it was never moved . Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug - out sand was shaped like shaped dunes . Cables for sensors were covered with sand and concealed using native vegetation . Scientists would not depart for Pokhran in groups of two or three . They travelled to destination other than Pokhran under pseudonyms , and were then transported by the army . Technical staff at the test range wore military uniform , to prevent detection in satellite images . Nuclear weapon designs and development ( edit ) Development and test teams ( edit ) The main technical personnel involved in the operation were : Project Chief Coordinators Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( later , President of India ) , Scientific Adviser to the prime minister and Head of the DRDO . Dr. R. Chidambaram , Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Atomic energy . Defence Research & Development Organization ( DRDO ) Dr. K. Santhanam ; Director , Test Site Preparations . Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research Dr. G.R. Dikshitulu ; Senior Research Scientist B.S.O.I Group , Nuclear Materials Acquisition Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Dr. Anil Kakodkar , Director of BARC . Dr. Satinder Kumar Sikka , Director ; Thermonuclear Weapon Development . Dr. M.S. Ramakumar , Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group ; Director , Nuclear Component Manufacture . Dr. D.D. Sood , Director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group ; Director , Nuclear Materials Acquisition . Dr. S.K. Gupta , Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group ; Director , Device Design & Assessment . Dr. G. Govindraj , Associate Director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group ; Director , Field Instrumentation . Movement and logistics ( edit ) Main articles : Military logistics and Indian Army Corps of Engineers The Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan where the nuclear site , the Pokhran Test Range , is located . Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing , testing and producing components for the bombs , including the advanced detonators , the implosion and high - voltage trigger systems . These were also responsible for weaponising , systems engineering , aerodynamics , safety interlocks and flight trials . The bombs were transported in four Indian Army trucks under the command of Colonel Umang Kapur ; all devices from BARC were relocated at 3 : 00Hrs on 1 May 1998 . From the Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , the bombs were flown in an Indian Air Force 's AN - 32 plane to the Jaisalmer army base . They were transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks , and this required three trips . The devices were delivered to the device preparation building , which was designated as ' Prayer Hall ' . The test sites was organised into two government groups and were fired separately , with all devices in a group fired at the same time . The first group consisted of the thermonuclear device ( Shakti I ) , the fission device ( Shakti II ) , and a sub-kiloton device ( Shakti III ) . The second group consisted of the remaining two sub-kiloton devices Shakti IV and V. It was decided that the first group would be tested on 11 May and the second group on 13 May . The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ' White House ' , which was over 200 m deep , the fission bomb was placed in a 150 m deep shaft code named ' Taj Mahal ' , and the first sub-kiloton device in ' Kumbhkaran ' . The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May , and the first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device in the ' Kumbhkaran ' shaft , which was sealed by the army engineers by 8 : 30 pm . The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed into the ' White House ' shaft by 4 am , and the fission device being placed in the ' Taj Mahal ' shaft was sealed at 7 : 30 am , which was 90 minutes before the planned test time . The shafts were L - shaped , with a horizontal chamber for the test device . The timing of the tests depended on the local weather conditions , with the wind being the critical factor . The tests were underground , but due to a number of shaft seal failures that had occurred during tests conducted by the United States , the Soviet Union , and the United Kingdom , the sealing of the shaft could not be guaranteed to be leak - proof . By early afternoon , the winds had died down and the test sequence was initiated . Dr. K. Santhanam of the DRDO , in charge of the test site preparations , gave the two keys that activated the test countdown to Dr. M. Vasudev , the range safety officer , who was responsible for verifying that all test indicators were normal . After checking the indicators , Vasudev handed one key each to a representative of BARC and the DRDO , who unlocked the countdown system together . At 3 : 45 pm the three devices were detonated . Nuclear bombs and detonations ( edit ) Five nuclear devices were detonated during Operation Shakti . All devices were weapon - grade plutonium and they were : Shakti I -- A thermonuclear device yielding 45 kt , but designed for up to 200 kt . Shakti II -- A plutonium implosion design yielding 15 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile . It was an improvement of the device detonated in the 1974 Smiling Buddha ( Pokhran - I ) test of 1974 , developed using simulations on the PARAM supercomputer . Shakti III -- An experimental linear implosion design that used `` non-weapon grade '' plutonium , but which likely omitted the material required for fusion , yielding 0.3 kt . Shakti IV - A 0.5 kt experimental device . Shakti V -- A 0.2 kt experimental device . An additional , sixth device ( Shakti VI ) is suspected to have been present but not detonated . At 3 : 43 pm IST ; three nuclear bombs ( specifically , the Shakti I , II and III ) were detonated simultaneously , as measured by international seismic monitors . On 13 May , at 12.21 p.m. IST 6 : 51 UTC , two sub-kiloton devices ( Shakti IV and V ) were detonated . Due to their very low yield , these explosions were not detected by any seismic station . On 13 May 1998 , India declared the series of tests to be over after this . Reactions to the tests ( edit ) Reactions in India ( edit ) Following the Pokhran - II tests , India became the sixth country to join the nuclear club . Shortly after the tests , a press meet was convened at the Prime Minister 's residence in New Delhi . Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement : `` Today , at 15 : 45 hours , India conducted three underground nuclear tests in the Pokhran range . The tests conducted today were with a fission device , a low yield device and a thermonuclear device . The measured yields are in line with expected values . Measurements have also confirmed that there was no release of radioactivity into the atmosphere . These were contained explosions like the experiment conducted in May 1974 . I warmly congratulate the scientists and engineers who have carried out these successful tests . '' News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large - scale approval by society in India . The Bombay Stock Exchange registered significant gains . Newspapers and television channels praised the government for its bold decision ; editorials were full of praise for the country 's leadership and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country 's armed forces . The Indian opposition , led by Congress Party criticised the Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests . The Congress Party spokesman , Salman Khursheed , accused the BJP of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country 's national security . By the time India had conducted tests , the country had a total of $44 bn in loans in 1998 , from IMF and the World Bank . The industrial sectors of the Indian economy such as the chemicals industry , were likely to be hurt by sanctions . The Western consortium companies , which has invested heavily in India , especially in construction , computing and telecoms , were generally the one who were harmed by the sanctions . In 1998 , Indian government announced that it had already allowed for some economic response and was willing to take the consequences . International reactions ( edit ) United States ( edit ) The United States issued a strong statement condemning India and promised that sanctions would follow . The American intelligence community was embarrassed as there had been `` a serious intelligence failure of the decade '' in detecting the preparations for the test . In keeping with its preferred approach to foreign policy in recent decades , and in compliance with the 1994 anti-proliferation law , the United States imposed economic sanctions on India . The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid , banning the export of certain defence material and technologies , ending American credit and credit guarantees to India , and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India . From 1998 -- 99 , the United States held series of bilateral talks with India over the issue of India becoming party of the CTBT and NPT . In addition , the United States also made an unsuccessful attempt of holding talks regarding the rollback of India 's nuclear program . India took a firm stand against the CTBT and refusing to be signatory party of it despite under pressure by the US President Bill Clinton , and noted the treaty as it was not consistent with India 's national security interest . Canada , Japan , and other States ( edit ) Strong criticism was drawn from Canada on India 's actions and its High Commissioner . Sanctions were also imposed by Japan on India and consisted of freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid to India . Some other nations also imposed sanctions on India , primarily in the form of suspension of foreign aid to India and government - to - government credit lines . However , the United Kingdom , France , and Russia refrained from condemning India . China ( edit ) On 12 May the Chinese Foreign Ministry stated : `` The Chinese government is seriously concerned about the nuclear tests conducted by India , '' and that the tests `` run counter to the current international trend and are not conducive to peace and stability in South Asia . '' . The next day the Chinese Foreign Ministry issued the statement clearly stating that `` it shocked and strongly condemned '' the Indian nuclear tests and called for the international community to `` adopt a unified stand and strongly demand that India immediate stop development of nuclear weapons '' . China further rejected India 's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as `` totally unreasonable '' . In a meeting with Masayoshi Takemura of Democratic Party of Japan , Foreign Minister of the People 's Republic of China Qian Qichen was quoted as saying that India 's nuclear tests were a `` serious matter , '' particularly because they were conducted in light of the fact that more than 140 countries have signed the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty . `` It is even more unacceptable that India claims to have conducted the tests to counter what it called a `` China threat '' . On 24 November 1998 , the Chinese Embassy , New Delhi issued a formal statement : ( sic ) ... But regrettably , India conducted nuclear tests last May , which has run against the contemporary historical trend and seriously affected peace and stability in South Asia . Pakistan also conducted nuclear tests later on . India 's nuclear tests have not only led to the escalation of tensions between India and Pakistan and provocation of nuclear arms races in South Asia , but also dealt a heavy blow to international nuclear disarmament and the global nonproliferation regime . It is only natural that India 's nuclear tests have met with extensive condemnation and aroused serious concern from the international community . -- Chinese Embassy , New Delhi Pakistan ( edit ) Main article : India - Pakistan relations The most vehement and strong reaction to India 's nuclear explosion was from a neighbouring country , Pakistan . Great ire was raised in Pakistan , which issued a severe statement blaming India for instigating a nuclear arms race in the region . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif vowed that his country would give a suitable reply to India . The day after the first tests , Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan indicated that Pakistan was ready to conduct a nuclear test . He stated : `` Pakistan is prepared to match India , we have the capability ... We in Pakistan will maintain a balance with India in all fields '' , he said in an interview . `` We are in a headlong arms race on the subcontinent . '' On 13 May 1998 , Pakistan bitterly condemned the tests , and Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub was quoted as saying that Indian leadership seemed to `` have gone berserk ( sic ) and was acting in a totally unrestrained way . '' Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was much more subdued , maintaining ambiguity about whether a test would be conducted in response : `` We are watching the situation and we will take appropriate action with regard to our security '' , he said . Sharif sought to mobilise the entire Islamic world in support of Pakistan and criticised India for nuclear proliferation . Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif had been under intense pressure regarding the nuclear tests by President Bill Clinton and Opposition leader Benazir Bhutto at home . Initially surprising the world , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif authorised nuclear testing program and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ( PAEC ) carried out nuclear testings under the codename Chagai - I on 28 May 1998 and Chagai - II on 30 May 1998 . These six underground nuclear tests at the Chagai and Kharan test site were conducted fifteen days after India 's last test . The total yield of the tests was reported to be 40 kt ( see codename : Chagai - I ) . Pakistan 's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation from the United States . American President Bill Clinton was quoted as saying `` Two wrongs do n't make a right '' , criticising Pakistan 's tests as reactionary to India 's Pokhran - II . The United States and Japan reacted by imposing economic sanctions on Pakistan . According to the Pakistan 's science community , the Indian nuclear tests gave an opportunity to Pakistan to conduct nuclear tests after 14 years of conducting only cold tests ( See : Kirana - I ) . Pakistan 's leading nuclear physicist and one of the top scientists , Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , held India responsible for Pakistan 's nuclear test experiments in Chagai . UN sanctions ( edit ) Main article : United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 The reactions from abroad started immediately after the tests were advertised . On 6 June , the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1172 condemning the test and that of Pakistan 's . China issued a vociferous condemnation calling upon the international community to exert pressure on India to sign the NPT and eliminate its nuclear arsenal . With India joining the group of countries possessing nuclear weapons , a new strategic dimension had emerged in Asia , particularly South Asia . Effects on Indian economy ( edit ) Overall , the effect of international sanctions on Indian economy was minimal ; the technological progress was marginal . Most nations did not call for embargoes against India as the exports and imports together constituted only 4.0 % of its GDP , with United States trade accounting for only 10.0 % of this total . Far more significant were the restrictions on lending imposed by the United States and its representatives on international finance bodies . Most of the sanctions were lifted within five years . Legacy ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in India The Indian government has officially declared the 11 May as National Technology Day in India to commemorate the first of the five nuclear tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998 . It was officially signed by then - Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1998 and the day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology . See also ( edit ) A.P.J. Abdul Kalam R. Chidambaram Anil Kakodkar India and weapons of mass destruction Pokhran - I -- First nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 Chagai - I -- Pakistan 's nuclear test on 28 May 1998 Chagai - II -- Pakistan 's second nuclear test on 30 May 1998 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program -- Operation Shakti : 1998 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org. 30 March 2001 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : CNN India Bureau ( 17 May 1998 ) . `` India releases pictures of nuclear tests '' . CNN India Bureau , 1998 . CNN India Bureau . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official press release by India '' . meadev.gov.in/ . Ministry of External Affairs , 1998 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` US imposes sanctions on India '' . BBC America . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : et . al . `` The nuclear politics : The 1998 Election '' . Nuclear weapon archives . Nuclear politics . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Bates , Crispin ( 2007 ) . Subalterns and Raj : South Asia Since 1600 . Routledge . p. 343 . ISBN 978 - 0415214841 . ^ Jump up to : Sublette , Carey . `` The Long Pause : 1974 -- 1989 '' . nuclearweaponarchive.org . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Chengappa , Raj ( 2000 ) . Weapons of peace : the secret story of India 's quest to be a nuclear power . New Delhi : Harper Collins Publishers , India . pp. 219 -- 220 . ISBN 81 - 7223 - 330 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : weapon archive . `` The Momentum builds '' . Nuclear weapon Archive . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN ( 4 January 1996 ) . `` India wants to divert attention from N - test plan '' . Dawn Archives . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Masood Haider ( 5 September 1995 ) . `` Pakistan 's raising of Kashmir issue upsets India '' . Dawn . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ See : Pakistani general elections , 1997 Jump up ^ ( PTI ) , Press Trust of India . `` Pokhran II row : Sethna slams Kalam , Iyengar says tests were done in haste '' . DNA News . dna news . Retrieved 15 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Books : Weapons of Peace -- How the CIA was Fooled '' . India Today . Jump up ^ `` Forces gung - ho on N - arsenal '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Note : While the plutonium used in Shakti III has been reported in some sources as `` reactor - grade '' , it may have been fuel - grade , which is intermediate between the former and weapons - grade ; cf . Why You Ca n't Build a Bomb From Spent Fuel Jump up ^ Press Release ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Planned Series of Nuclear Tests Completed '' . Indian Government < http://www.indiagov.org/news/official/19980516/official.htm > . Ministry of External Affairs . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ BBC Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Asia 's nuclear challenge : Third World joins the nuclear club '' . BBC India 1998 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister 's announcement of India 's three underground nuclear tests '' . Fas.org . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lyon , David ( 31 May 1998 ) . `` India detonates two more bombs '' . BBC India , 1998 ( Follow up ) . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Reports ( 1 June 1998 ) . `` India -- will sanctions bite ? '' . BBC Economic review . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Weiner , T. ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Nuclear anxiety : The Blunders ; U.S. Blundered On Intelligence , Officials Admit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. imposes sanctions on India '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Chandrasekharan , S. `` CTBT : where does India stand ? '' . southasiaanalysis.org/ . South Asia analysis . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clarifying India 's Nascent Nuclear Doctrine '' . armscontrol.org/ . arms control interview . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-sundaymagazine/east-meets-far-east/article6365598.ece Jump up ^ `` U.S. lifts final sanctions on Pakistan '' . CNN . 29 October 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Charan D. Wadhva ( 27 June -- 3 July 1998 ) . `` Costs of Economic Sanctions : Aftermath of Pokhran II '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 33 ( 26 ) : 1604 -- 1607 . JSTOR 4406922 . Jump up ^ `` China is ' Seriously Concerned ' But Restrained in Its Criticism , '' . New York Times , 13 May 1998 . 13 May 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Resources on India and Pakistan ( 1999 ) . `` China 's Reaction to India 's Nuclear Tests '' . CNS Center for Nonproliferation Studies Monterey Institute of International Studies . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Active Correspondents ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` India - China Claim ' active approach '' . The Hindu , 24 / xi - 1998 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Special Report ( 13 May 1998 ) . `` Pakistan condemns India 's nuclear tests '' . BBC Pakistan . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gertz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Betrayal : How the Clinton Administration Undermined American Security . Washington DC : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1621571378 . Jump up ^ See Chagai - I Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's tests '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoodbhoy , PhD ( Nuclear Physics ) , Pervez Amerali ( 23 January 2011 ) . `` Nuclear Bayonet '' . Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy , Doctor of Philosophy ( Nuclear Physics ) , Professor of Nuclear and High - Energy Physics at the Quaid - e-Azam University and Senior academic research scientist at the National Center for Nuclear Physics . Dr. Prof. Pervez Amerali Hoodbhoy and The Herald . ^ Jump up to : Dittmer , L. , ed. ( 2005 ) . South Asia 's nuclear security dilemma : India , Pakistan , and China . Armonk , NY : Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0765614193 . ^ Jump up to : Press Information Bureau ( 11 May 2008 ) . `` National technology day celebrated '' . Department of Science and Technology . Retrieved 9 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) Nuclear Weapons Archive : Operation Shakti India aborted nuclear bomb plans in 1994 Sumit Ganguly ( Spring 1999 ) . `` India 's Pathway to Pokhran II : The Prospects and Sources of New Delhi 's Nuclear Weapons Program '' . International Security . 23 ( 4 ) : 148 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / isec. 23.4. 148 . JSTOR 2539297 . Chengappa , Raj . How the CIA was Fooled written by Raj Chengappa ( Weapons of peace ) . India Today . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Coordinates : 27 ° 04 ′ 44 '' N 71 ° 43 ′ 20 '' E  /  27.07884 ° N 71.722113 ° E  / 27.07884 ; 71.722113 Pokhran - II ( Operation Shakti ) Sites 58th Regiment of the Army Engineering Corps Pokhran CIRUS reactor Department of Atomic Energy Rajasthan Trombay Research Institutes Defence Research and Development Organisation ( DRDO ) Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory ( TBRL ) High Energy Materials Research Laboratory ( HEMRL ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Administrators Atal Bihari Vajpai George Fernandes Brajesh Mishra Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Ved Prakash Malik Jaswant Singh Saleem Iqbal Shervani K. Subrahmanyam Scientists Raja Ramanna Homi Sethna A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Satinder Kumar Sikka K. Santhanam Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan P.K. Iyengar Rajagopala Chidambaram Ravi Grover Anil Kakodkar M.P. Parameswaran Srikumar Banerjee D.D. Sood M.S. Ramkumar Related articles India and weapons of mass destruction History of nuclear weapons Pokhran - I Trinity expolsion Tsar Bomba Operation Shakti Chagai - I Test No. 6 See also : Nuclear power in India Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhran-II&oldid=808403593 '' Categories : Indian nuclear weapons testing 1998 in India Pokaran Vajpayee administration initiatives Underground nuclear weapons testing Code names 1998 in science Political history of India Nuclear history of India Politics of India A.P.J. Abdul Kalam May 1998 events Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা 한국어 हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी 日本 語 සිංහල Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did india conduct the nuclear test at pokhran

Pokhran - II was the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by India at the Indian Army 's Pokhran Test Range in May 1998 . It was the second Indian nuclear test ; the first test , code - named Smiling Buddha , was conducted in May 1974 .

List of NHL records ( individual ) - wikipedia List of NHL records ( individual ) Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of individual records recognized by the National Hockey League through the end of the 2016 -- 17 NHL season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seasons 2 Games 3 Stanley Cup 4 NHL Awards 5 Goals 6 Assists 7 Points 8 Plus / minus 9 Power - play goals 10 Shorthanded goals 11 Overtime 12 Goals / assists / points by position 13 Records by a rookie 14 Points / goals / assists per game average 15 Milestone goal seasons 16 Hat trick or better games 17 Goal / assist / point streaks 18 Fastest goals 19 Shots 20 Hits 21 Blocked Shots 22 Penalty Shots 23 Penalty minutes 24 Goaltending 25 Shootout 26 See also 27 References 28 Sources Seasons ( edit ) Most seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1946 -- 47 to 1970 -- 1971 ; 1979 -- 1980 ) and Chris Chelios ( 1983 -- 84 to 2009 -- 10 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 26 Most playoff seasons : Chris Chelios , 24 ( 1983 -- 84 to 2008 -- 09 , except for 1997 -- 98 and the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out year ) Most consecutive playoff seasons : Larry Robinson , ( 1972 -- 73 to 1991 -- 92 ) and Nicklas Lidstrom , ( 1991 -- 92 to 2011 -- 12 , except for the 2004 -- 05 NHL lock - out ) , 20 Games ( edit ) Most games : Gordie Howe , 1,767 Most games , including playoffs : Mark Messier , 1,992 Most playoff games : Chris Chelios , 266 Most games played in a single NHL season , not including playoffs : Jimmy Carson ( 1992 -- 93 ) and Bob Kudelski ( 1993 -- 94 ) , 86 Most consecutive games : Doug Jarvis ( October 8 , 1975 -- October 10 , 1987 ) , 964 Most consecutive games by a defenceman : Jay Bouwmeester , 737 Oldest player to play a game : Gordie Howe , 52 years , 11 days Most games by a coach in the Stanley Cup Final : Dick Irvin ( Chicago ( 5 ) , Toronto ( 29 ) , Montreal ( 43 ) ) , 77 Most games played in the Finals : Red Kelly ( Detroit ( 37 ) , Toronto ( 28 ) ) , Henri Richard ( Montreal ) , 65 Most games won by a coach in the Stanley Cup Finals : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal ( 20 ) , Pittsburgh ( 4 ) , Detroit ( 12 ) ) , 36 Stanley Cup ( edit ) Most Stanley Cup wins , as a player : Henri Richard Montreal Canadiens , ( 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 73 ) 11 Most Stanley Cup wins , as a non-player : Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 14 Most Stanley Cup wins , combined player or non-player : Jean Beliveau , Montreal Canadiens ( Player : 1956 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 ; Sr. Vice President : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 86 , 93 ) , 17 Won the Stanley Cup with the highest number of different teams Player - Jack Marshall ( Winnipeg Victorias 1901 , Montreal AAA 1902 , 1903 , Montreal Wanderers 1907 , 1910 , Toronto Blueshirts 1914 ) and Hap Holmes ( Toronto Blueshirts 1914 , Seattle Metropolitans 1917 , Toronto Arenas 1918 , Victoria Cougars 1925 ) , 4 Player / Non-Player - Al Arbour ( Player : Detroit 1954 , Chicago 1961 , Toronto 1962 , 1964 ; Coach : New York Islanders 1980 , 81 , 82 , 83 ) , 4 Non-Player - Tommy Gorman ( Ottawa Senators : 1920 , 1921 , 1923 ( Manager ) ; Chicago : 1934 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Maroons : 1935 ( Manager / Coach ) ; Montreal Canadiens : 1944 , 1946 ( Manager ) and Scotty Bowman ( Montreal : 1973 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ( Coach ) ; Pittsburgh : 1991 ( Director of Player Development - Recruitment ) , 1992 ( Head Coach ) ; Detroit : 1997 , 98 , 2002 ( Head Coach ) , 2008 ( Consultant ) ; Chicago : 2010 , 13 , 15 ( Sr. Advisor ) 4 NHL Awards ( edit ) Most Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive Hart Memorial Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 8 Most Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive Ted Lindsay Awards : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most Conn Smythe Trophies : Patrick Roy 3 Most consecutive Conn Smythe Trophies : Bernie Parent , Mario Lemieux , and Sidney Crosby : 2 Most James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most consecutive James Norris Trophies : Bobby Orr , 8 Most Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 6 Most consecutive Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophies : Alexander Ovechkin , 4 Most Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most consecutive Art Ross Trophies : Wayne Gretzky , 7 Most Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey and Patrice Bergeron , 4 Most consecutive Frank J. Selke Trophies : Bob Gainey 4 Most Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher , 7 Most consecutive Lady Byng Trophies : Frank Boucher and Pavel Datsyuk , 4 Most William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy , Martin Brodeur , 5 Most consecutive William M Jennings Trophies : Patrick Roy and Brian Hayward , 3 Most Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 7 Most consecutive Vezina Trophies : Jacques Plante , 5 Most Jack Adams Awards : Pat Burns , 3 Most consecutive Jack Adams Awards : Jacques Demers , 2 Goals ( edit ) Most goals career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals playoffs career ; Wayne Gretzky , 122 Most goals career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 1,016 Most goals , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 ‐ 82 ) , 92 Most goals , in playoffs one season : Reggie Leach ( 1976 ) and Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 19 Most goals , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 100 Most goals , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 12 Most goals in a Stanley Cup Final : Cyclone Taylor ( 1918 , five games ) , Frank Foyston ( 1919 , five games ) , Babe Dye ( 1922 , five games ) , 9 Most goals in the Finals , career : Maurice Richard , 34 Most goals , 50 games from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 61 Fastest 50 goals from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 30 , 1981 ) , 39 games Most goals , one regular season game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season home game : Joe Malone ( January 31 , 1920 ) , 7 Most goals , one regular season road game : Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , 6 Most goals , one playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one home playoff game : Maurice Richard ( March 23 , 1944 ) , Darryl Sittler ( April 22 , 1976 ) , Reggie Leach ( May 6 , 1976 ) , and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 5 Most goals , one road playoff game : Newsy Lalonde ( March 1 , 1919 ) , 5 Most goals , one period : Max Bentley ( January 28 , 1943 ) , Busher Jackson ( November 20 , 1934 ) , Clint Smith ( March 4 , 1945 ) , Red Berenson ( November 7 , 1968 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( February 18 , 1981 ) , Grant Mulvey ( February 3 , 1982 ) , Bryan Trottier ( February 13 , 1982 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Al Secord ( January 7 , 1987 ) , Joe Nieuwendyk ( January 11 , 1989 ) , Peter Bondra ( February 5 , 1994 ) , Mario Lemieux ( January 26 , 1997 ) , and Patrick Marleau ( January 23 , 2017 ) , 4 Most goals in one period during the Finals : Busher Jackson ( April 5 , 1932 ) , Ted Lindsay ( April 5 , 1955 ) , Maurice Richard ( April 6 , 1957 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( May 25 , 1985 ) , Dirk Graham ( June 1 , 1992 ) , and Peter Forsberg ( June 6 , 1996 ) , 3 Most game - winning goals in a season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 and 1971 -- 72 ) and Michel Goulet ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 16 Most game - winning goals in playoffs one season : Brad Richards ( 2004 ) , 7 Most game - winning goals in a playoff series : Mike Bossy ( six - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 4 Most game - winning goals career : Jaromir Jagr , 135 Most game - winning goals playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky and Brett Hull , 24 Most goals in first game career : Auston Matthews ( 2016 ) , 4 Assists ( edit ) Most assists regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky 260 Most assists career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 2,223 Most assists , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most assists , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1987 -- 88 ) , 31 Most assists , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 174 Most assists , playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( six - game series ) ( 1985 ) , 14 Most assists , one game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , December 11 , 1985 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one home game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 , and February 14 , 1986 ) , 7 Most assists , one road game : Billy Taylor ( March 16 , 1947 ) and Wayne Gretzky ( December 11 , 1985 ) , 7 Most assists , one playoff game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one playoff home game : Mikko Leinonen ( April 8 , 1982 ) , and Wayne Gretzky ( April 9 , 1987 ) , 6 Most assists , one period : Dale Hawerchuk ( March 6 , 1984 ) , 5 Points ( edit ) Most points regular season career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points playoff career : Wayne Gretzky , 382 Most points career , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky , 3,239 Most points , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Fastest 100 points from the start of a season : Wayne Gretzky ( December 27 , 1981 ) , 34 games Most points , one season , including playoffs : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , 255 Most points , one game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one home game : Darryl Sittler ( February 7 , 1976 ) , 10 Most points , one road game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny , ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one playoff home game : Patrik Sundstrom ( April 22 , 1988 ) and Mario Lemieux ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 8 Most points , one period : Bryan Trottier ( December 23 , 1978 ) , 6 Most points , one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 ) , 47 Most points , one playoff series : Rick Middleton ( seven - game series ) ( 1983 ) , 19 Most points in the Final , one series : Wayne Gretzky ( 1988 ) , 13 Most points in the Final , career : Jean Beliveau , 62 Plus / minus ( edit ) Best ± rating , regular season career : Larry Robinson , + 730 Best ± rating one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , + 124 Best ± rating one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 , 11 - 1 game against the Cleveland Barons ) , + 10 Worst ± rating , season : Bill Mikkelson ( 1974 -- 75 ) , - 82 Worst ± rating , game : Doug Wilson ( February 10 , 1993 against the Calgary Flames ) and Chris Butler , ( January 5 , 2012 against the Boston Bruins ) , - 7 Worst ± rating , regular season career : Robert Stewart , - 260 Best ± ratings playoffs career : Charlie Huddy , + 94 Best ± ratings one playoff season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1984 -- 85 ) , + 28 Power - play goals ( edit ) Most power - play goals , career : Dave Andreychuk , 274 Most power - play goals , one season : Tim Kerr ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 34 Most power - play goals , one season for a defenceman : Sheldon Souray ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 19 Most power - play goals , career playoffs : Brett Hull 38 , Most power - play goals , one playoff season : Mike Bossy , ( 1981 ) , and Cam Neely , ( 1991 ) , 9 Most power - play goals , one playoff series : Chris Kontos ( seven - game series ) , ( 1989 ) , 6 Most power - play goals , one playoff game : Syd Howe ( March 23 , 1939 ) , Sid Smith ( April 10 , 1949 ) , Phil Esposito ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Johnny Bucyk ( April 2 , 1969 ) , Denis Potvin ( April 17 , 1981 ) , Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , Jari Kurri ( April 3 , 1987 ) , Mark Johnson ( April 22 , 1988 ) , Dino Ciccarelli ( April 29 , 1993 , May 11 , 1995 ) and Valeri Kamensky ( April 24 , 1997 ) , Jonathan Toews ( May 7 , 2010 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , one playoff game period : Tim Kerr ( April 13 , 1985 ) , 3 Most power - play goals , rookie Joe Nieuwendyk ( 1987 - 88 ) 31 Shorthanded goals ( edit ) Most shorthanded goals , career : Wayne Gretzky , 73 Most shorthanded goals , career playoffs : Mark Messier , 14 Most shorthanded goals , one season : Mario Lemieux ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 13 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff season : Derek Sanderson ( 1969 ) , Bill Barber ( 1980 ) , Lorne Henning ( 1980 ) , Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 ) , Wayne Presley ( 1989 ) , and Todd Marchant ( 1997 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one playoff series : Bill Barber ( five - game series ) ( 1980 ) and Wayne Presley ( six - game series ) ( 1989 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , one game : Theoren Fleury ( March 9 , 1991 ) , 3 Most shorthanded goals , rookie : Jordan Staal ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 7 Most two - man shorthanded goals , career : Mike Richards , 3 Overtime ( edit ) Most overtime goals , career : Alexander Ovechkin , 22 Most playoff overtime goals , career : Joe Sakic , 8 Most overtime assists , career : Mark Messier , 18 Most overtime points , career : Sergei Fedorov , 27 Most overtime goals , season : Steven Stamkos ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Jonathan Toews ( 2015 -- 16 ) , and Alex Galchenyuk ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 5 Most overtime goals by a rookie , season : Shayne Gostisbehere , 4 Most overtime goals , playoffs season : Mel Hill and Maurice Richard 3 Most overtime goals , one playoff series : Mel Hill , 3 Most consecutive overtime goals : Andrew Cogliano ( 2007 -- 08 ) and Nathan Horton ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 3 Goals / assists / points by position ( edit ) Most goals by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 894 Most goals by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 ) , 92 Most assists by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 1,963 Most assists by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 163 Most points by a centre , career : Wayne Gretzky , 2,857 Most points by a centre , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 215 Most goals by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 668 Most goals by a left wing , one season : Alexander Ovechkin ( 2007 -- 08 ) , 65 Most assists by a left wing , career : John Bucyk , 813 Most assists by a left wing , one season : Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most points by a left wing , career : Luc Robitaille , 1,394 Most points by a left wing , one season : Luc Robitaille ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 125 Most goals by a right wing , career : Gordie Howe , 801 Most goals by a right wing , one season : Brett Hull ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 86 Most assists by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,149 Most assists by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 87 Most points by a right wing , career : Jaromir Jagr , 1,914 Most points by a right wing , one season : Jaromir Jagr ( 1995 -- 96 ) , 149 Most goals by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 410 Most goals by a defenceman , one season : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 48 Most goals by a defenceman , one game : Ian Turnbull ( February 2 , 1977 ) , 5 Most assists by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1,169 Most assists by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 102 Most assists by a defenceman , one game : Babe Pratt ( January 8 , 1944 ) , Pat Stapleton ( March 30 , 1969 ) , Bobby Orr ( January 1 , 1973 ) , Ron Stackhouse ( March 8 , 1975 ) , Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , and Gary Suter , ( April 4 , 1986 ) , 6 Most points by a defenceman , career : Ray Bourque , 1579 Most points by a defenceman , one season : Bobby Orr ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 139 Most points by a defenceman , one game : Tom Bladon ( December 11 , 1977 ) and Paul Coffey ( March 14 , 1986 ) , 8 Most points by a defenceman , one playoff year : Paul Coffey ( 1985 ) , 37 Most goals by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur ( February 15 , 2000 & March 21 , 2013 ) , 2 Most goals by a goaltender in the playoffs : Ron Hextall ( April 11 , 1989 ) and Martin Brodeur ( April 17 , 1997 ) , 1 Most goals by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur , 3 Most assists by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 Most assists by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 Most assists by a goaltender , playoffs career : Grant Fuhr , 14 Most assists by a goaltender , career , including playoffs : Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most assists by a goaltender , one game Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 Most points by a goaltender , one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 Most points by a goaltender regular season career : Tom Barrasso , 48 - all assists Most points by a goaltender regular season one season : Grant Fuhr ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 14 - all assists Most points by a goaltender career , including playoffs Grant Fuhr ( 46 regular season , 14 playoffs ) , 60 Most points by a goaltender regular season one game : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Most points by a goaltender playoffs one season Martin Brodeur ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 4 - all assists Most points by a goaltender , one period : Jeff Reese ( February 10 , 1993 ) , 3 - all assists Records by a rookie ( edit ) Most goals by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 76 Most goals by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 , January 12 , 1918 and February 2 , 1918 ) , Howie Meeker ( January 8 , 1947 ) and Don Murdoch ( October 12 , 1976 ) , 5 Most goals by a player in his first NHL game : Joe Malone ( December 19 , 1917 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie in his first NHL game : Auston Matthews ( October 12 , 2016 ) , 4 Most assists by a rookie , one season : Peter Stastny ( 1980 -- 81 ) and Joe Juneau ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 70 Most assists by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Wayne Gretzky ( February 15 , 1980 ) , 7 Most assists by a player in his first NHL game : Dutch Reibel ( October 8 , 1953 ) , 4 Most points by a rookie , one season : Teemu Selanne ( 1992 -- 93 ) , 132 Most goals by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , 14 Most assists by a rookie , one playoff season : Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , 14 Most points by a rookie , one playoff season : Dino Ciccarelli ( 1981 ) , Ville Leino ( 2010 ) , and Jake Guentzel ( 2017 ) , 21 Most points by a player in his first NHL season , one game : Peter Stastny and Anton Stastny ( February 22 , 1981 ) , 8 Most points by a player in his first NHL game : Al Hill ( February 14 , 1977 ) , 5 Most goals by a rookie defenceman , one season : Brian Leetch ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 23 Most assists by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 60 Most points by a rookie defenceman , one season : Larry Murphy ( 1980 -- 81 ) , 76 Longest goal scoring streak in his first NHL Season : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest point streak by a rookie , one season : Paul Stastny ( February 3 , 2007 -- March 17 , 2007 ) , 20 games Longest point streak by an eighteen - year - old : Nathan MacKinnon ( January 10 , 2014 -- March 6 , 2014 ) , 13 games Longest point streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( January 19 , 2016 -- February 20 , 2016 ) , 15 games Points / goals / assists per game average ( edit ) Highest goals - per - game average , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mike Bossy , . 762 Highest goals - per - game average including playoffs , career ( among players with 200 - or - more goals ) : Mario Lemieux , . 749 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 20 - or - more goals ) : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 2.20 Highest goals - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more goals ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 1.18 Highest assists - per - game average , career ( among players with 300 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.320 Highest assists - per - game average , one season ( among players with 35 - or - more assists ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 2.04 Highest points - per - game average , career ( among players with 500 - or - more points ) : Wayne Gretzky , 1.921 Highest points - per - game average , one season ( among players with 50 - or - more - points ) : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 2.77 Milestone goal seasons ( edit ) Most 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe , 22 Most consecutive 20 - or - more goal seasons : Gordie Howe ( 1949 -- 1971 ) , 22 Most 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner , 17 Most consecutive 30 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Gartner ( 1979 -- 1994 ) and Jaromir Jagr ( 1991 -- 2007 ) , 15 Most 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 12 Most consecutive 40 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1979 -- 1991 ) , 12 Most 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 9 Most consecutive 50 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy ( 1977 -- 1986 ) , 9 Most 60 - or - more goal seasons : Mike Bossy and Wayne Gretzky , 5 Most consecutive 60 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 - 1984 ) , 4 Most 70 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 4 Most consecutive 70 - or more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 1984 ) , 4 Most 80 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 2 Most 90 - or - more goal seasons : Wayne Gretzky , 1 Hat trick or better games ( edit ) Most three - or - more goal games , career : Wayne Gretzky , 50 Most three - or - more goal games , playoffs career : Wayne Gretzky , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1981 -- 82 and 1983 -- 84 ) , 10 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoffs season : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 4 Most three - or - more goal games , one playoff series : Jari Kurri ( 1985 ) , 3 Most four - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 5 Most five - or - more goal games , one season : Joe Malone ( 1917 - 18 ) , 3 Goal / assist / point streaks ( edit ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak from start of NHL career : Joe Malone ( 1917 -- 18 ) , 14 games Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak : Punch Broadbent , 16 games ( 1921 -- 22 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak , one playoff season : Reggie Leach 10 games ( 1976 ) Longest consecutive goal - scoring streak by a defenceman : Mike Green ( 2008 -- 09 ) , 8 games Longest consecutive assist - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1990 -- 91 ) , 23 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak , one playoff season : Bryan Trottier ( 1981 ) , 18 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak from start of season : Wayne Gretzky ( 1983 -- 84 ) , 51 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman from start of season : John - Michael Liles ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 9 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a defenceman : Paul Coffey ( 1985 -- 86 ) , 28 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie forward : Paul Stastny ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 20 games Longest consecutive point - scoring streak by a rookie defenceman : Shayne Gostisbehere ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 15 games Fastest goals ( edit ) Fastest goal from start of game : Doug Smail ( December 20 , 1981 ) , Bryan Trottier ( March 22 , 1984 ) , and Alexander Mogilny ( December 21 , 1991 ) , 5 seconds Fastest goal from start of game , playoffs : Don Kozak ( April 17 , 1977 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal from start of period : Claude Provost ( November 9 , 1957 ) , Denis Savard ( January 12 , 1986 ) , and James van Riemsdyk ( March 28 , 2014 ) , 4 seconds Fastest goal from start of period , playoffs : Pelle Eklund ( April 25 , 1989 ) , 6 seconds Fastest goal by a player in his first NHL game : Dave Christian ( March 2 , 1980 ) , 7 seconds Fastest two goals from start of game : Mike Knuble , 27 seconds ( February 14 , 2003 ) Fastest two goals from start of game , playoffs : Dick Duff ( April 9 , 1963 ) , 68 seconds Fastest two goals : Nels Stewart ( January 3 , 1931 ) and Deron Quint ( December 15 , 1995 ) , 4 seconds Fastest two goals , playoffs : Norm Ullman ( April 11 , 1965 ) , 5 seconds Fastest three goals : Bill Mosienko ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest three assists : Gus Bodnar ( March 23 , 1952 ) , 21 seconds Fastest regular season overtime goal : Mats Sundin , Alexander Ovechkin , William Nylander , David Legwand , and Andreas Athanasiou , 6 seconds Fastest playoff overtime goal : Brian Skrudland ( May 18 , 1986 ) , 9 seconds Fastest goal after being scored on : Doug Gilmour ( December 19 , 1987 ) , and Mikael Granlund ( January 5 , 2016 ) , 2 seconds Shots ( edit ) Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14 Hits ( edit ) Most hits , one season : Matt Martin ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 382 Most hits , one playoff season : Dustin Brown ( 2014 ) , 125 Most hits , regular season career : Zdeno Chara , 3502 Most hits , playoff career : Brooks Orpik , 499 Most hits , one game : Brenden Morrow , 19 Most hits , one regular season game : Gary Roberts ( March 10 , 1999 ) and Zdeno Chara ( November 3 , 1999 ) 17 Most hits , one playoff game : Brenden Morrow ( May 4 , 2008 ) , 19 Blocked Shots ( edit ) Most blocked shots , one season : Kris Russell ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 283 Most blocked shots , one playoff season : Anton Volchenkov ( 2007 ) , 80 Most blocked shots , career : Zbynek Michalek , 1719 Most blocked shots , playoffs career : Chris Pronger , 374 Most blocked shots , one game : Kris Russell ( March 5 , 2015 ) , 15 Most blocked shots , one playoff game : Richard Matvichuk ( May 1 , 2001 ) , 13 Penalty Shots ( edit ) Most penalty shot goals , career : Pavel Bure , 7 Most penalty shot goals , playoffs career : Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot goals , one season : Pavel Bure , 3 Most penalty shot attempts , career : Vincent Lecavalier , 13 Most penalty shot attempts , playoffs career : Mats Sundin and Michael Frolik , 2 Most penalty shot attempts , one season : Erik Cole , 5 Most penalty shot attempts , one game : Erik Cole ( November 9 , 2005 ) , Max Pacioretty ( February 6 , 2009 ) , and Auston Matthews ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 21 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 5 Most penalty shots faced by a goaltender , one game : Ben Bishop ( October 8 , 2015 ) , Miikka Kiprusoff ( March 4 , 2011 ) , Roberto Luongo ( February 6 , 2014 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( November 3 , 2017 ) , 2 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , career : Marc - Andre Fleury , 15 Most penalty shots stopped by a goaltender , playoffs career : Dominik Hasek , 4 Most penalty shots allowed by a goaltender , career : Tomas Vokoun , 8 Penalty minutes ( edit ) Most penalty minutes , career : Tiger Williams , 3,966 Most penalty minutes , playoffs career : Dale Hunter , 729 Most penalty minutes , career , including playoffs : Tiger Williams , 4,421 Most penalty minutes , one season : Dave Schultz ( 1974 -- 75 ) , 472 Most penalties , one game : Chris Nilan ( March 31 , 1991 ) , 10 Most penalties , one playoff game : Forbes Kennedy ( April 2 , 1969 ) and Kim Clackson ( April 20 , 1980 ) , 8 Most penalty minutes , one game : Randy Holt ( March 11 , 1979 ) , 67 Most penalty minutes , one playoff game : Dave Schultz ( April 22 , 1976 ) and Deryk Engelland ( April 17 , 2015 ) , 42 Most penalty minutes , career , in the Stanley Cup Final : Gordie Howe , 94 Goaltending ( edit ) Most wins by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 691 Most wins by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 151 Most wins by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Martin Brodeur 804 Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 250 played ) : Ken Dryden . 740 in 397 games played Best Winning Percentage ( minimum 500 games played ) : Jacques Plante . 610 in 837 games played Most wins by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) and Braden Holtby ( 2015 -- 16 ) , 48 Most wins by a goaltender , career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante , 25 Most wins by a goaltender , expansion team season : Ron Tugnutt ( 2000 -- 01 Columbus Blue Jackets ) , 22 Most ties , career : Terry Sawchuk , 172 Most shutouts regular season career : Martin Brodeur 125 Most shutouts playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 24 Most shutouts , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur 149 Most shutouts , one regular season : George Hainsworth ( 1928 -- 29 ) , 22 Most shutouts , one playoff season : Martin Brodeur ( 2002 -- 03 ) , 7 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career regular season : Martin Brodeur , 1,265 Most games appeared in by a goaltender , career playoffs : Patrick Roy , 247 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , including playoffs Martin Brodeur , 1,470 Most games appeared in by a goaltender career , in the Finals : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 38 ) , St. Louis ( 3 ) ) , 41 Most consecutive complete games by a goaltender : Glenn Hall , 502 ( 1955 -- 1962 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one regular season : Grant Fuhr , 79 ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most games appeared in by a goaltender , one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) and Jonathan Quick ( 2013 -- 14 ) , 26 Most minutes played by a goaltender , career : Martin Brodeur , 74,380 Most minutes played by a goaltender , one season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 4,697 Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender : Alec Connell ( 7 games , 2 periods ) ( 1927 -- 28 ) , 461 minutes , 29 seconds Longest continuous shutout by a goaltender at start of NHL career : Matt Hackett ( December 6 & 8 , 2011 ) , 102 minutes , 48 seconds Longest winning streak by a goaltender , one season : Gilles Gilbert ( 1975 -- 76 ) , 17 games Longest winning streak to start a season : Carey Price ( 2016 -- 17 ) , 10 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender , one season : Gerry Cheevers ( 24 wins , 8 ties 1971 -- 72 ) , 32 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender in his first NHL season : Grant Fuhr ( 15 wins , 8 ties 1981 -- 82 ) , 23 games Longest undefeated streak by a goaltender from start of career : Patrick Lalime ( 14 wins , 2 ties 1996 -- 97 ) , 16 games Most 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender Martin Brodeur , 16 Most consecutive 20 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) and Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2017 ) , 12 Most 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 14 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 1995 -- 2008 ) , 12 Most consecutive 30 - or - more win seasons to start a career : Henrik Lundqvist ( 2005 -- 2012 ) , 7 Most 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur 8 Most consecutive 40 - or - more win seasons by a goaltender : Martin Brodeur ( 2005 -- 2008 ) and Evgeni Nabokov ( 2007 -- 10 ) , 3 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his rookie season : Bill Durnan ( 1943 -- 44 ) , 10 Most consecutive wins by a goaltender in his first NHL season : George Hainsworth ( 1926 -- 27 ) , 11 Most losses by a goaltender regular season career : Martin Brodeur , 397 Most losses by a goaltender , one season : Gary Smith ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 48 Most home games played by a goaltender , one season : Roberto Luongo ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 41 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 83 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2005 -- 06 ) , 2,488 Most shots faced by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender career : Martin Brodeur , 28,928 Most saves by a goaltender playoffs career : Patrick Roy , 6,561 Most saves by a goaltender , including playoffs career : Martin Brodeur , 33,758 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season game : Sam LoPresti ( March 4 , 1941 ) , 80 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff game : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoffs overtime game shutout : Normie Smith ( March 24 , 1936 ) , 92 Most saves by a goaltender , in a regular season shutout : Ben Scrivens ( January 29 , 2014 ) , 59 Most saves by a goaltender , in a season : Roberto Luongo ( 2003 -- 04 ) , 2,303 Most saves by a goaltender , in a playoff run : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 798 Most saves by a goaltender , in a Stanley Cup finals series : Tim Thomas ( 2011 ) , 238 Highest save percentage , in a regular season : Craig Anderson ( 2013 ) , . 941 Highest save percentage , playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Jonathan Quick ( 2012 ) , . 946 Lowest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : George Hainsworth , 0.92 Lowest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Frank Brimsek , 1.25 Highest goals - against average in a season ( minimum 20 games ) : Frank Brophy , 7.11 Highest goals - against average playoffs ( minimum 10 games ) : Murray Bannerman , 4.77 Most overtime wins : Roberto Luongo , 49 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender regular season career : Ron Hextall , 584 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender playoffs career : Ron Hextall , 115 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender career , including playoffs : Ron Hextall ( 584 regular season , 115 playoffs ) , 699 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one season Ron Hextall ( 1988 -- 89 ) , 113 Most penalty minutes by a goaltender one playoff season Ron Hextall ( 1986 -- 87 ) , 43 Youngest goaltender to win 50 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 22 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 100 regular - season games : Patrick Roy 23 yrs Youngest goaltender to win 200 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 26 yrs. , 1 mos Youngest goaltender to win 300 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 29 yrs. , 7 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 31 yrs. , 10 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 500 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 35 yrs. , 6 mos . Youngest goaltender to win 600 regular - season games : Martin Brodeur 37 yrs. , 11 mos . Quickest goaltender to win 400 regular - season games : Henrik Lundqvist 727 Most Stanley Cup finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal : 8 ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) ; St. Louis : 2 ( 1969 , 70 ) ) , 10 Most Stanley Cup consecutive finals series played by a goaltender : Jacques Plante ( Montreal ( 1953 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ) , 8 Least saves required in a win : Ryan Miller ( Anaheim Jan. 25 , 2018 ) 11 : 40 min ; Antti Niemi ( Dallas , Dec. 12 , 2015 ) 6 : 43 min ; Richard Bachman ( Dallas Mar. 29 , 2013 ) 2 : 32 min ; Craig Billington ( Colorado Dec. 21 , 1998 ) 1 : 52 min , ( Colorado Dec. 31 , 1996 ) 0 : 12 sec ; Steve Weeks ( NY Rangers Mar. 24 , 1982 ) 0 : 17 sec 0 Shootout ( edit ) Most shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 11 Most game - deciding shootout goals in one season : Ilya Kovalchuk ( 2011 -- 12 ) , 7 Most shootout goals career : Radim Vrbata , 45 Most game - deciding shootout goals career : Frans Nielsen and T.J. Oshie , 19 Highest shootout percentage ( Minimum 15 attempts ) : Vyacheslav Kozlov , 58.7 % ( 27 / 46 ) Most shootout attempts in a season : Radim Vrbata , 18 Most shootout attempts career : Radim Vrbata , 104 Most shootout games played by a goaltender in a season : Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , 16 Most shootout games played by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 107 Most shootout wins by a goaltender in a season : Ryan Miller and Martin Brodeur ( 2006 -- 07 ) , Mathieu Garon ( 2007 -- 08 ) , and Jonathan Quick ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 10 Most shootout wins by a goaltender career : Ryan Miller , 57 Most shootout losses by a goaltender in a season : Tomas Vokoun ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Tuukka Rask ( 2014 -- 15 ) , 9 Most shootout losses by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 55 Most goals allowed in a shootout by a goaltender career : Roberto Luongo , 123 Most saves in a shootout by a goaltender career : Henrik Lundqvist , 265 See also ( edit ) List of NHL records ( team ) List of NHL statistical leaders List of NHL statistical leaders by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Individual All Time Career Records ( 1918 - 2011 ) '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay Bouwmeester '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hart Memorial Trophy '' . National Hockey League . July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Lindsay Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conn Smythe Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Norris Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maurice Richard Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Ross Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Frank J. Selke Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Byng Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` William M. Jennings Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vezina Trophy '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Adams Award '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NHL Player Defensive Statistics '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) NHL Official Guide and Record Book , 2016 www.nhl.com List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game 300 wins , goaltender Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Franchise records of the National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals League records : Individual records Team records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NHL_records_(individual)&oldid=828160682 '' Categories : National Hockey League statistical records National Hockey League lists Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 28 . 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nhl record for shots on goal in a game

Most shots on goal , career : Ray Bourque , 6,206 Most shots on goal , playoffs career : Ray Bourque , 812 Most shots on goal , one season : Phil Esposito ( 1970 -- 71 ) , 550 Most shots on goal , one playoff season : Henrik Zetterberg , 116 Most shots on goal , one game : Ray Bourque ( March 21 , 1991 ) , 19 Most shots on goal , one playoff game : Daniel Briere ( April 22 , 2006 ) , 14

Sagging ( fashion ) - wikipedia Sagging ( fashion ) Jump to : navigation , search A sagger in New York City . Sagging is a manner of wearing trousers or jeans which sag so that the top of the trousers or jeans are significantly below the waist , sometimes revealing much of the underwear . Sagging is predominantly a male fashion . Women 's wearing of low - rise jeans to reveal their G - string underwear ( the `` whale tail '' ) is not generally described as sagging . A person wearing sagging trousers is sometimes called a `` sagger '' , and in some countries this practice is known as `` low - riding '' . It has become popular since the popularity of wearing brightly colored and patterned `` boxer shorts '' . Sagging first peaked in popularity during the 1990s and remained popular into the mid 2000s , but it has recently made a comeback in the 2010s , with celebrities like Justin Bieber , Liam Payne , Ross Lynch and more bringing back the fashion trend . Sagging in the 1990s usually focused on baggy trousers with plaid boxers , but in the 2010s sagging has become popular with skinny jeans and branded boxer - briefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Reaction 3 Music videos 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origin ( edit ) The style was popularized by skaters and hip - hop artists in the 1990s . It later became a symbol of freedom and cultural awareness among some youths or a symbol of their rejection of the values of mainstream society . It is often claimed the style originated from the United States prison system where belts are sometimes prohibited and there can be a lack of appropriately sized clothing . Reaction ( edit ) Two male Detroiters sagging their pants in 2007 During the first decade of the 21st century , many North American local governments , school systems , transit agencies , and even airlines passed laws and regulations against the practice of wearing sagging pants , although no state or federal laws have been enacted banning the practice . US presidential candidate Barack Obama , speaking just before the 2008 US Presidential Election , appeared on MTV and said that laws banning the practice of wearing low - slung pants that expose one 's underwear were `` a waste of time ... Having said that , brothers should pull up their pants . You are walking by your mother , your grandmother , your underwear is showing . What 's wrong with that ? Come on . Some people might not want to see your underwear . I 'm one of them . '' In June 2007 the Town Council of Delcambre , Louisiana , passed an indecent exposure ordinance , which prohibited intentionally wearing trousers in such a way as to show underwear . In March 2008 the Hahira , Georgia City Council passed a controversial clothing ordinance , in the name of public safety , that bans citizens from wearing pants with top below the waist that reveal skin or undergarments . The council was split 2 -- 2 , but the tie was broken by the mayor . Benetta Standly , statewide organizer for the American Civil Liberties Union of Georgia stated , `` In Atlanta , we see this as racial profiling ... It 's going to target African - American male youths . There 's a fear with people associating the way you dress with crimes being committed . '' The interim police chief of Flint , Michigan ordered the arrest of saggers for disorderly conduct ; however , as of August 2008 , only warnings had been issued . The local chapter of the ACLU threatened legal action in response , saying that sagging did not violate the Flint disorderly conduct ordinance and a Florida judge threw out a case brought under a similar rule , as being unconstitutional . Sagging clothing is a violation of some school dress codes , and the prohibition has been supported in the court system . Two weeks after the `` Pants on the Ground '' video became popular thanks to American Idol ( see below ) , a billboard campaign against the style of sagging pants was launched in the Dallas , Texas , area . The billboards feature Big Mama Joseph from the 1997 film Soul Food saying , `` Pull ' Em Up ! '' and asks youngsters to `` Keep it a secret ! '' The campaign is the brainchild of Dallas Mayor Pro Tem Dwaine R. Caraway , and uses advertising space donated by Clear Channel Outdoor . Another billboard campaign against sagging pants was launched in Brooklyn , New York by New York State Senator Eric Adams on March 28 , 2010 . In May 2010 New York State Senate President Malcolm Smith used US $ 2,200 from his campaign fund to launch a similar campaign in Queens . At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Japanese snowboarder Kazuhiro Kokubo was barred from participating in the opening ceremonies due to dressing sloppily , including a loosened tie , shirt hanging out , and sagging pants . In the fall of 2010 at Westside Middle School in Memphis , Tennessee , the policy on handling sagging pants is for students to pull them up or get `` Urkeled '' , a reference to the character Steve Urkel of the 1990s television show Family Matters . In this practice , teachers would pull their pants up and attach them there using zip ties . Students would also have their photo taken and posted on a board in the hallway , for all of their classmates to see . In an interview with WMC - TV , Principal Bobby White stated that the general idea is to fight pop culture with pop culture . One teacher at the school claimed to have `` Urkeled '' up to 80 students per week , although after five weeks students got the message , and the number dropped to 18 . On November 23 , 2010 , Albany , Georgia passed a city ordinance that banned the wearing of pants or skirts with top more than three inches below the top of the hips , and imposed a fine of $25 for the first offense , increasing to up to $250 for subsequent offenses . By September 2011 , City Attorney Nathan Davis reported that 187 citations had been issued and fines of $3,916 collected . On December 8 , 2010 , the city of Opa - locka , Florida voted unanimously on a $250 fine or 10 hours of community service for individuals who did not pull their pants up . In Fort Worth , Texas , the local transportation authority implemented a policy in June 2011 that prohibited any passenger from boarding a bus while wearing sagging pants that exposes their underwear or buttocks . Signs were posted on buses saying , `` Pull ' em up or find another ride '' , and one City Council member was looking for funds for a billboard campaign . The communications manager for the Fort Worth Transportation Authority said that on the first day the policy was enforced , 50 people were removed from buses for wearing improper pants . Some complained about the policy , but the overall response was positive . A state law went into effect in Florida for the 2011 -- 2012 school year banning the practice of sagging while at school . Pupils found in violation receive a verbal warning for the first offense , followed by parental notification by the principal for the second offense , which will require the parent to bring a change of clothing to school . Students would then face in - school suspension for subsequent violations . University of New Mexico football player Deshon Marman was removed from a U.S. Airways flight bound for Albuquerque , New Mexico for wearing sagging pants . A few months later Green Day singer Billie Joe Armstrong was removed from a Southwest Airlines flight from Oakland to Burbank , California for the same reason . In April 2012 Alabama County Circuit Judge John Bush sentenced 20 - year - old LaMarcus Ramsey to three days in jail for appearing in court with sagging blue jeans that exposed his underwear , telling him , `` You are in contempt of court because you showed your butt in court . '' On June 12 , 2013 , the Town Council of Wildwood , New Jersey , located on the Jersey Shore , voted unanimously to ban sagging pants from the town 's boardwalk . In Ocala , FL , a law was passed against sagging jeans , violators face a $500 fine or up to six months in jail . Something similar was done in Wildwood , NJ . On July 5 , 2016 an ordinance was passed in Timmonsville , SC that punishes sagging pants . If the law is violated , offenders could face up to a $600 fine . Music videos ( edit ) American rapper Travis Scott sagging his pants while performing in 2015 . Sagging has been ridiculed in music videos , first , in the 1996 song `` Back Pockets on the Floor '' performed by The Green Brothers of Highland Park , Michigan . Another song in 2007 by Dewayne Brown of Dallas , Texas entitled `` Pull Your Pants Up '' has a similar message . On January 13 , 2010 , `` General '' Larry Platt performed `` Pants on the Ground '' during auditions for the ninth season of American Idol in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2012 a 9 - year - old rapper named Amor `` Lilman '' Arteaga wrote a song titled `` Pull Ya Pants Up , '' and made a music video with an appearance by Brooklyn president Marty Markowitz . See also ( edit ) Wide leg jeans References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` In Pictures : Sagging Pants '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lung , Haha ( 2008 ) . Mind Fist : The Asian Art of the Ninja Masters . Kensington Publishing Corp. p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 3062 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Low - riding cool dudes told to hitch ' em high '' , Jun 30 , 2000 , Angela Gregory , NZ Herald Jump up ^ `` Undie - exposed for the beach '' , Jan 1 , 2002 , Patrick Gower , NZ Herald ^ Jump up to : Koppel , Niko ( August 30 , 2007 ) . `` Are Your Jeans Sagging ? Go Directly to Jail . '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Teens ' Sagging Jeans Not Just for ' Gangstas . ' '' , Jennifer Skordas , Salt Lake Tribune . 15 October 1995 ( p . B1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Forsyth , Jim ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` Saggy pants mean no ride on one Texas bus system . '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Westbury , Anthony ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Saggy pants symbolize what 's gone wrong in black community , kids say '' . TCPalm . Florida . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian , Margena A. ( May 7 , 2007 ) . `` The facts behind the saggin ' pants craze '' . Jet . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ( October 15 , 2005 ) . `` Sag Harbored '' . Snopes . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert Murray ( 2008 ) . What schools ban and why . Westport , CT : Praeger Publishers . p. 85 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35298 - 0 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Haberman , Clyde ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` Can Obama Help Kill Baggy Pants Look ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( June 14 , 2007 ) . `` US town bans saggy pants '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Malynda ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Hahira passes clothing ordinance '' . Valdosta Daily Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Crackdown ! - Cities begin to belt wearers of saggy pants -- but do laws violate rights ? '' . Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jessica ; Mary Chapman ( 18 August 2008 ) . `` Fashion Police : Flint Cracks Down on Sagging '' . Newsweek . Retrieved November 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judge rules saggy pants law unconstitutional / '' , 9 / 17 / 2008 , NBC Jump up ^ Board Approves Dress Code Changes , Fresno Unified School District , 1993 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Central Unified School District Dress Code , Central Unified School District , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Anderson Union High School District Dress Code Guidelines , Anderson Union High School district , 2008 - 08 - 20 , retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 Jump up ^ Brunsma , David L. ( 2004 ) . The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education : a symbolic crusade . Scarecrow Education . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 57886 - 125 - X . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Heinz , Frank ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` City Begins Battle Against Saggy Drawers '' . www.nbcdfw.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pearson , Jake ( March 28 , 2010 ) . `` Sen. Eric Adams fights ' crack ' epidemic by launching ads urging youth to pull up saggy pants . '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Ad Campaign Asks Queens Bus Riders to Pull Up Their Pants '' . The Wall Street Journal . Metropolis ( blog ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japan rider apologises for hip - hop dress attire '' . AFP . February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bruce , Becky ( December 7 , 2010 ) . `` Threat of ' Urkel ' solves sagging pants problem '' . KSL.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Students get ' Urkeled ' for baggy pants '' . ABC2 . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved December 8 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` City Makes Thousands From Sagging Pants . '' . WYFF - TV . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pull Your Pants Up , ' City Officials Say '' . WPLG Local 10 . December 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ Valero , Marc ( August 2 , 2011 ) . `` Droopy drawers ' law is mixed bag . '' . The Tampa Tribune . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong Kicked Off Plane for Saggy Pants . '' . US Magazine . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Judge Slaps Saggy Pants - Wearing Man With Jail Sentence . '' . NewsOne. April 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcius , Chelsia Rose ; Stephen Rex Brown ; Daniel Beekman ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' Crack - down ' in NJ town bans saggy pants , too - short skirts , other fashion flubs '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Demby , Gene . `` Sagging Pants and the Long Histor of ' Dangerous ' Street Fashion . '' npr.org. 11 Sept. 2014 . Web . 11 Apr. 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Cross July 5 , 2016 `` South Carolina town passes ordinance banning sagging pants '' http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/32378388/south-carolina-town-passes-ordinance-banning-sagging-pants?clienttype=generic&sf30338757=1 Jump up ^ `` ' Pants on the Ground ' similar to ' Back Pockets on the Floor ? ' '' . USA Today . January 26 , 2010 . Retrieved January 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodwyn , Wade ( October 24 , 2007 ) . `` In Dallas , a Hip - Hop Plea : Pull Your Pants Up '' . NPR . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jonsson , Patrik ( January 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pants on the ground ' goes viral : Top five Larry Platt covers '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flatbush rapper Amor Arteaga , 9 , is creative force behind music video titled : ' Pull Ya Pants Up ' '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sagging . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagging_(fashion)&oldid=802875367 '' Categories : 2000s fashion 2010s fashion African - American - related controversies Clothing controversies Hip hop fashion History of clothing ( Western fashion ) Trousers and shorts Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 00 : 46 . About Wikipedia

where does the sagging pants trend come from

Sagging first peaked in popularity during the 1990s and remained popular into the mid 2000s , but it has recently made a comeback in the 2010s , with celebrities like Justin Bieber , Liam Payne , Ross Lynch and more bringing back the fashion trend . Sagging in the 1990s usually focused on baggy trousers with plaid boxers , but in the 2010s sagging has become popular with skinny jeans and branded boxer - briefs .

NBA Finals - wikipedia NBA Finals Jump to : navigation , search NBA Finals Status Active Genre Sporting event Date ( s ) June Frequency Annual Country United States Inaugurated 1947 ( 1947 ) The NBA Finals is the championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The entrants are determined by the victors of the Eastern and Western conferences , who engage in a best - of - seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A. Brown Trophy in 1983 . Prior to the 1949 - 50 season , the series was named the BAA Finals , before seeing alteration following the merger between the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and the National Basketball League ( NBL ) which created the modern NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1982 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . The NBA Finals was initially structured to harbor a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format until 2013 , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home - court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . This was then altered , because teams with the home - court advantage went 21 -- 8 in all Finals appearances . The competition is currently structured under a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , where the first two games are played at home for the higher - seeded team , and the following two at the home of the lower - seeded team . The following three are played at each team 's home arena respectively . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals . The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories , having won the competition 17 times , as well as winning the competition the most times in a row , winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966 . The Los Angeles Lakers have been runners - up the most times , winning 16 finals . The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions , with 38 wins from ten franchises , while the Western Conference have 32 , from nine franchises . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1947 -- 56 : Beginnings and Lakers dynasty 1.2 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty 1.3 1970 -- 79 : Decade of parity 1.4 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys 1.5 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty 1.6 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance 1.7 2011 -- 14 : Rise of the Heat 1.8 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry 2 Team records 2.1 Finals appearances 2.2 Active franchises with no Finals appearances 2.3 Most common matchups 2.4 Individual games records 3 Player records 3.1 Individual 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of NBA champions 1947 -- 56 : beginnings and Lakers dynasty ( edit ) During the first decade of the NBA , the Minneapolis Lakers had the first NBA dynasty , winning five championships in six years under Hall of Fame head coach John Kundla . The team also featured George Mikan , one of the greatest players in NBA history . 1957 -- 69 : Celtics dynasty ( edit ) Bill Russell ( off ball ) was a member of one of the first dynasties in the NBA , winning eight straight titles while contending against Wilt Chamberlain ( on ball ) . The Boston Celtics went 11 -- 1 in the NBA Finals during 13 seasons ( 1956 -- 57 to 1968 -- 69 ) . They won eight straight NBA championships from 1959 through 1966 . This period marks the largest stretch of seasons that a single team made up over 65 % of Finals appearances , and also includes the only ever time the NBA Finals was decided in double overtime . With the establishment of the Celtics dynasty in 1957 spearheaded by center Bill Russell , the team would see great success , only ever encountering difficulty when up against teams led by Wilt Chamberlain . However , for most of the late 1950s and 1960s , the Celtics and Russell managed to have an upper hand on teams led by Chamberlain . In 1964 , Chamberlain , who had moved to the state of California alongside his team , led the San Francisco Warriors to a Western Conference championship , but again failed to conquer the Celtics . The following season , he returned to the Eastern Conference to join the Philadelphia 76ers , who were the former Syracuse Nationals that had relocated to the city to cover the vacancy created with the departure of the Warriors . The first clash between the two stars in the playoffs was in 1966 , with Boston winning the series 4 -- 1 . In the following season , Philadelphia coach Alex Hannum instructed Chamberlain to provide an increased focus on playing a team game , to avoid drawing the double - teams that troubled Chamberlain during the Finals . This tactical change brought the team to a new record of 68 wins the following season , as well as defeating the Celtics before winning the Finals . In 1968 , Boston overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against Philadelphia to once again arrive in the Finals . They went on to defeat the Los Angeles Lakers in the Finals to again become NBA Champions . In 1969 , the Celtics faced great difficulty entering the postseason , as they had an aging team and multiple injuries to a number of players . They qualified for the playoffs as the fourth and final seed in the East , while the Lakers , who in the added Chamberlain in the offseason to join stars Jerry West and Elgin Baylor . The Lakers won the West and were prohibitive favorites to become Champions for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . Despite holding a 2 - 1 advantage going into Game 4 , the Lakers led 87 -- 86 and had the ball with 10 seconds to play . But after a turnover , Sam Jones scored to give the Celtics a narrow 88 -- 87 win and tying the series . The series was eventually tied 3 - 3 going into Game 7 in Los Angeles , with Lakers owner Jack Cooke hanging balloons in the arena in anticipation of a Lakers victory . West also picked up injuries to his thigh and hamstring during the series , however , returned to play for the final game . Russell utilized this newly lacking mobility in West to organize fast breaks at every opportunity for the Celtics , which allowed them to gain an early lead . They held off a furious Lakers comeback to win 108 -- 106 and win the series , and win their eleventh championship in 13 years . As many stars either declined or retired following this win , it is largely recognized as the last NBA Finals conducted by the Celtics dynasty . 1970 -- 79 : decade of parity ( edit ) The 1970s saw eight different teams win the title , with the Celtics and New York Knicks winning twice . In 1970 , a classic final featured the Knicks against the Lakers . In the waning moments of Game 3 , with the series tied , Jerry West hit a basket from 60 feet to tie the game , a shot which became one of the most famous ever . However , the Knicks won in overtime and continued their momentum for a 4 -- 3 win , becoming the first team after the Celtics dynasty to win an NBA championship . The Milwaukee Bucks also won their first franchise title , defeating the Baltimore Bullets in 1971 . Two seasons after losing in the Finals , the Lakers got a measure of revenge by winning 33 straight games , the longest such streak in NBA history . By season 's end , they broke the record for most wins in a season with 69 , one more than the 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers , before taking home the championship for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles . The Knicks returned to win the championship again a season later to record their second ever victorious season . Despite the rise of the Knicks , the 1974 championship returned to the Celtics , as a newly formed cohort of players led by Dave Cowens demonstrated excellent teamwork and resilience to win in seven games to secure another title . Following the success of the Lakers , the 1970s were characterized by a major breakthrough of the league 's western franchises . In 1975 , after compiling a 48 -- 34 regular - season record , the Golden State Warriors swept the heavily favored Washington Bullets 4 -- 0 in the 1975 NBA Finals . In 1976 , the Phoenix Suns , who only enjoyed eight years of existence as a franchise , overcame a losing record early in the season to build a remarkable win streak to finish 42 -- 40 . The events culminated in upset victories over the Seattle SuperSonics and the Warriors , before facing Boston in the Finals . The teams split the first four games , before Game 5 went into three overtimes before Boston won 128 -- 126 . The Celtics managed to secure their 13th championship quickly after , defeating the Suns 87 -- 80 in Game 6 . Other western franchises that secured their first titles in the 1970s included the Portland Trail Blazers in 1977 , and the Washington Bullets defeating the SuperSonics in 1978 . The SuperSonics managed to exact revenge in the following season , however , as they secured their first franchise title in 1979 . 1980 -- 90 : Lakers -- Celtics rivalry and the Bad Boys ( edit ) The 1980s saw a renewal in the rivalry between the Boston Celtics ( green ) and the Los Angeles Lakers ( gold ) , combining to win eight titles . Between 1980 and 1990 , the Celtics , 76ers , Lakers , or the Detroit Pistons won every NBA Finals . The Lakers won five titles from 1980 to 1990 ( 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , and 1988 ) ; the Celtics won three ( 1981 , 1984 , and 1986 ) ; the Pistons won twice ( 1989 and 1990 ) ; and the 76ers won once ( 1983 ) . The 1979 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Game featured Magic Johnson 's Michigan State University team facing off against Larry Bird 's Indiana State University team . This meeting has been immortalized as the beginning of the Lakers and Celtics rivalry of the 1980s , which saw each team being represented by either player respectively . The game also attracted the largest ever TV rating for an NCAA Championship game , with 38 percent of all television viewers that night tuned to the game . Bird had actually been drafted the year before , but later decided to stay an additional year , and the two superstars both entered the league in 1979 , leading their respective teams to dazzling heights . Johnson and the Showtime Lakers reached the 1980 NBA Finals against the 76ers , which was also led by NBA superstar Julius Erving . The Lakers took a 3 -- 2 lead , but Kareem Abdul - Jabbar could not play in Game 6 due to injury . Johnson , a natural point guard , was shifted to center , and ended up playing every position on the court during the game , scoring 42 points , while also attaining 15 rebounds and 7 assists to win his first championship while being awarded his first NBA Finals MVP ; a remarkable performance in the annals of the sport . Boston reached the 1981 NBA Finals led by the `` Big Three '' of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale , and Robert Parish . During the 1980 NBA draft , the Celtics traded two first round picks to the Warriors for Parish and a first round pick later spent on McHale . Considered to be one of the best front courts of all time , all three players would later make the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . They met the Houston Rockets in the 1981 Finals , practically single - handedly carried by Moses Malone , who upset the Lakers and Johnson in the first round . The Rockets were only the second team in NBA history to make the Finals after posting a losing record in the regular season , and the Celtics had an NBA best record of 62 -- 20 . The Celtics would later win the Finals in 6 games . The Lakers returned to the NBA Finals in 1982 , time time led by new coach Pat Riley , in a rematch against the 76ers . The 76ers defeated the Celtics in the Eastern Conference finals in a 7 - game series , but were defeated by Lakers in 6 games , with Johnson being named Finals MVP . Upon losing their past three NBA Finals appearances , the 76ers decided that they needed one more piece to become champions , and enlisted Malone as their premier target . On September 15 , 1982 , they traded for Malone , who was also the league 's reigning MVP . With the new duo of Malone and Erving , the 76ers won the 1983 NBA Finals , losing only once in the entire playoffs , as well as sweeping the Lakers . However , the 1984 NBA Finals was conducted by the Celtics and Lakers , who faced each other for the first time since 1969 . After an inspired performance from Bird , the Celtics toppled the Lakers 4 -- 3 . The final game of this series attracted the largest ever TV audience for an NBA game , and the second - largest ever for a basketball game , with only the game between the two stars played five years earlier having a larger audience . It was the last NBA Finals played in the 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , until 2014 . In the 1985 NBA Finals , the Lakers made amends for their previous eight losses to the Celtics by defeating them in six games . Even though the Lakers lost the first game by 34 points in the Memorial Day Massacre , they won 4 of the next 5 games , including Game 6 at the Boston Garden , to finally end the long years of frustration of failing to defeat the Celtics . These finals were the first to be played in the 2 -- 3 -- 2 format , which was suggested by Boston coach Red Auerbach to NBA commissioner David Stern , as he hoped to cut back on the frequent traveling from Boston to Los Angeles . The 1986 NBA Finals saw the Celtics face off against the Rockets , with Boston winning in six games , as well as securing their 16th title . Bird was also named Finals MVP for the second time . In 1987 , the Lakers and Celtics met again , with both sides holding a win in the Finals apiece . With the third being contested , it is regarded as a rubber match between the two dynasties . The Lakers won the first two games , but Boston won Game 3 . In Game 4 , Johnson hit an sky - hook with two seconds left to give the Lakers a 107 -- 106 win and a 3 -- 1 series lead . The Lakers would lose Game 5 , but would eventually win Game 6 to clinch the series , and a 2 - 1 all time win against the Celtics . Johnson was also named Finals MVP for the third time . In the following two seasons , the aging Celtics failed to reach the Finals , becoming overshadowed by the rise of the Detroit Pistons . The Lakers would manage to defend their title in the 1988 Finals , winning the series in 7 games against the Pistons . They then became the first team to win back - to - back NBA titles since 1969 . Seeking a three - peat in 1989 , the Lakers were swept by the Pistons in a rematch of the previous year 's Finals . In 1990 , the Pistons then went back - to - back after defeating the Blazers in five games , attaining the nickname `` Bad Boys '' due to its rough , physical play . Led by a Hall of Fame back court in Joe Dumars and Isiah Thomas and a rugged front court in Dennis Rodman and Bill Laimbeer , the Pistons were attained great success . 1991 -- 98 : Bulls dynasty ( edit ) Michael Jordan combined with coach Phil Jackson to win six NBA championships . The majority of the 1990s was marked by the supremacy of the Chicago Bulls , which saw them appear in six Finals . Coached by Phil Jackson and led by NBA superstar Michael Jordan , the Bulls won a title in every single appearance to the Finals from 1991 to 1998 . Jordan was also the Finals MVP every time . The only other team to win championships during this period was the Houston Rockets , who went back - to - back in 1994 and 1995 during Jordan 's initial retirement from professional basketball . The first championship came at the expense of the Los Angeles Lakers , which also saw the last appearance in the Finals for Magic Johnson . Billed as a showdown between the aging Johnson and the upstart Jordan , the Lakers won the first game , 93 -- 91 . For the rest of the series , Pippen guarded Johnson , allowing Jordan to attain a free scoring role to lead Chicago to ultimately taking the next four games . The Bulls returned to the Finals in the next year , pitted against Clyde Drexler and the Portland Trail Blazers . Throughout the 1991 -- 1992 season , Jordan and Drexler led their teams to the best records in their respective conferences , leading to several comparisons between the two players in anticipation of a postseason match - up . Chicago defeated the Trail Blazers in Game 1 by 33 points , a game notable for Jordan breaking the record for the most three - pointer in a first half , with six . Game 2 went into overtime , with the Trail Blazers outscoring the Bulls 18 -- 7 in the final period to run away with the win . Game 3 and 4 were split between Chicago and Portland , respectively , but the Bulls took the final two games , clinching their second championship . In 1993 , Jordan was matched against close friend Charles Barkley , who was the league 's reigning MVP at the Phoenix Suns . The Bulls won the first two games in Phoenix , with 100 -- 92 and 111 -- 108 as the final scores , respectively . The Suns , rallying behind Barkley , won Game 3 , 129 -- 121 , in Chicago in triple overtime . The Bulls took Game 4 , 111 -- 105 , with Jordan scoring 55 points and tying Rick Barry for the second-most points in an NBA Finals game . The Suns won Game 5 , 108 -- 98 , sending the series back to Phoenix . Chicago won the series clincher in Game 6 , 99 -- 98 , on John Paxson 's three - pointer , as the Bulls became the third team in history to three - peat . After this win , Jordan would retire from basketball to pursue a career in baseball . Following Jordan 's departure , the Houston Rockets , led by Hakeem Olajuwon , won the 1994 and 1995 NBA titles . During this period , Olajuwon became the only player in history to win the NBA MVP , NBA Defensive Player of the Year and Finals MVP awards in the same season . That was the only year that both the NBA and NHL finals went to seven games while involving teams from the same city , with the Rockets facing the New York Knicks in 1994 . With their win in Game 7 , the Rockets denied New York from winning both the NBA and NHL titles in the same year , as the New York Rangers won the 1994 Stanley Cup Finals . After trading for Drexler midseason , the Rockets later swept an Orlando Magic team consisting of Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway in the 1995 Finals ; Olajuwon was again named Finals MVP , and the Rockets became the fifth franchise to win back - to - back titles and became the first 6th - seeded team to win the title without enjoying home court advantage on any of their playoff series . After his short stint in baseball , Jordan returned to basketball late in the 1994 -- 95 season . Although he did not lead the Bulls to the Finals , he returned to pre-retirement form the next year while the team acquired perennial rebounding champion Dennis Rodman . The 1995 -- 96 Bulls finished the regular season 72 -- 10 , attaining , at the time , the best regular season record in NBA history ( Later surpassed by the Golden State Warriors in the 2015 - 16 season with a record of 73 - 9 ) . They dominated in the playoffs , with series records of 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 1 and 4 -- 0 , before facing the Seattle SuperSonics in the NBA Finals . After the Bulls took a 3 -- 0 series lead , Seattle won the next two games after coach George Karl switched point guard Gary Payton onto Jordan , leading to a sixth game . However , Jordan altered his game to accommodate the advances of Payton , and the Bulls won Game 6 to win their fourth title . In 1997 and 1998 , the Bulls met the Utah Jazz in the Finals twice . Led by Olympians John Stockton and Karl Malone , the Jazz were defeated in both Finals by the Bulls in six games . In both series , Chicago won by hitting winning shots in the sixth and deciding game -- the first by Steve Kerr in 1997 in Chicago , and the second by Jordan in Utah in 1998 . This saw Chicago winning their sixth NBA championship , and managing their second three - peat . However , prior to the 1999 season , Jackson decided to retire , which set off a chain reaction that resulted in most of the team , including Jordan and Pippen , requesting to leave the Bulls . With no foundation of youth to build upon , the Bulls became a lottery - bound team for the next six seasons . 1999 -- 2010 : Lakers ' and Spurs ' dominance ( edit ) Kobe Bryant was a member of the Los Angeles Lakers that won five NBA championships from 2000 - 2010 . The Los Angeles Lakers and San Antonio Spurs combined to win nine NBA Championships during this period . The Spurs were responsible for winning four championships during this period , in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , and 2007 . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs finished with a 15 -- 2 mark , including sweeps of the Blazers and Lakers . With a defensive squad led by David Robinson and Tim Duncan , San Antonio 's 84.7 points allowed per game was the fewest average points allowed in the post-season in the last 30 years . In the Finals that year , the Spurs held the New York Knicks , the first # 8 seed team to reach the finals in NBA history , to an average of 79.8 points per game . During the 2003 NBA Finals , the Spurs defeated the Nets in 6 games , which also marked the first championship contested between two former ABA teams . In Game 6 , Duncan was two blocks short of recording the first quadruple - double in NBA Finals history , finishing with 21 points , 20 rebounds , 10 assists , and 8 blocks . The Spurs went on to defeat the Detroit Pistons 4 -- 3 in the 2005 NBA Finals , as well as sweeping the LeBron James - led Cleveland Cavaliers in the 2007 NBA Finals . Duncan won the Finals MVP in 1999 , 2003 and 2005 . In 2007 , Tony Parker was named MVP , becoming the first European - born player to win the award . Tim Duncan won five championships with the San Antonio Spurs from 1999 - 2014 . From 2000 to 2002 , the Lakers , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant , won three straight NBA Championships . O'Neal won the finals MVP all three times . Their first championship came at the expense of the Indiana Pacers , whom the Lakers defeated in 6 games . During their 2001 postseason run , the Lakers swept their first 3 series and won the Finals in 5 games , finishing with an unprecedented 15 -- 1 record , the best postseason record in NBA history . Their opponent in the Finals that year were the Philadelphia 76ers , led by Allen Iverson . In the 2002 NBA Finals , the Lakers swept the New Jersey Nets , leading almost the entire time in each game ; only for a short while after the beginning of Game 4 did the New Jersey Nets gain any significant lead in any game . In the 2003 offseason , veteran stars Gary Payton and Karl Malone signed with the Lakers . Along with Bryant and O'Neal , they formed what many expected to be one of the best teams in NBA history , and were the favorites to win the championship in 2004 . However , the Detroit Pistons , under coach Larry Brown , upset the Lakers in 5 games . Chauncey Billups was named the Finals MVP . Now established as one of the premier powerhouses of the East , the Pistons would return to the NBA Finals in the following year , bowing out to the Spurs in seven games . The 2006 NBA Finals were the only Finals during this period not to feature the Spurs or Lakers , instead featuring the Miami Heat and Dallas Mavericks . It was the first NBA Finals since 1971 that had both Western and Eastern Conference champions making their first Finals appearance in franchise history . The Mavericks won the first two games at home , but the turning point of the series was in Game 3 , when the Heat overcame a 13 - point deficit with less than 6 minutes left in the fourth quarter to win 98 -- 96 . The comeback was led by Dwyane Wade 's 12 points in the final six minutes and a clutch outside jumpshot by Gary Payton , who was appearing in his third NBA finals . Miami swept all three of their home games , two of which were sparked by fourth quarter comebacks led by Wade ; the Heat would win their first ever championship in game six . The Lakers returned to the finals in 2008 , against the Boston Celtics . Renewing the teams ' fierce rivalry , this marked the 11th time that these two teams met in the Finals , the last such meeting happening in 1987 . The Celtics , who defeated the Lakers 4 -- 2 , were led by their `` Big Three '' superstars of Ray Allen , Kevin Garnett , and Paul Pierce , who was also named Finals MVP . The Lakers bounced back from their 2008 loss and returned to the Finals in 2009 , where they faced the Orlando Magic , led by Defensive Player of the Year Dwight Howard in 2009 . The Lakers would defeat Orlando in five games , with Bryant earning the Finals MVP award . The Lakers met the Celtics once again in 2010 , trailing 3 -- 2 before winning the last two at home , marking the first time in the history of the Celtics that they lost a Game 7 in the NBA Finals . Bryant was also named Finals MVP , with the triumphs in 2009 and 2010 becoming Phil Jackson 's 10th and 11th NBA titles . With these championship victories , Jackson surpassed both Red Auerbach 's record for most NBA titles of all time and National Hockey League coach Scotty Bowman 's record for most titles as head coach in any major American professional sport . 2011 -- 14 : rise of the Heat ( edit ) LeBron James ( left ) joined Dwyane Wade ( center ) and Chris Bosh ( right ) at the Miami Heat to form the Big Three . During the 2010 offseason , the Miami Heat re-signed team captain Dwyane Wade and added free agents Chris Bosh and LeBron James to form the Big Three . The Heat were then considered the favorites by many to win multiple championships , appearing in the next four finals , and winning two , in 2012 and 2013 . James has also later represented the Eastern Conference in the NBA Finals in every year since 2011 . The second appearance by the Heat in a Finals came in 2011 , where they were pitted against the Dallas Mavericks in a rematch of the finals from five years earlier . The Mavericks , who were led by Dirk Nowitzki , Jason Terry , Tyson Chandler , and Jason Kidd , won the series 4 -- 2 , with Nowitzki being named the Finals MVP . The Heat returned to the finals in the following year against the young upstart Oklahoma City Thunder team , in a series that pitted reigning league MVP James and 3 - time NBA scoring leader Kevin Durant against each other , neither of whom had won a championship at the time . After the Thunder took Game 1 at home , the Heat won four straight games to win the series 4 -- 1 becoming the first team to win a championship after trailing in three different series . Winning his first championship , James was unanimously named NBA Finals MVP . The Heat repeated as champions in 2013 , this time over the San Antonio Spurs , with the finals being the first since 1987 to feature four former Finals MVPs in a Finals ; with Tim Duncan ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) and Tony Parker ( 2007 ) for the Spurs , and Wade ( 2006 ) and James ( 2012 ) for the Heat . The Spurs were up 3 -- 2 in the series going into Game 6 in Miami . With seconds remaining in regulation , Ray Allen scored a game - tying three - pointer to send the game into overtime , and the Heat would prevail 103 -- 100 . The game is considered by some to have been one of the greatest playoff games in NBA history . The Heat would win Game 7 , 95 -- 88 , to clinch the title . James was again named the Finals MVP for the second straight year . Looking for a 3 - peat , the Heat dominated the 2014 postseason , going 12 -- 3 in the first three rounds . They reached the 2014 NBA Finals and faced the Spurs in a rematch of the 2013 Finals . With James limited in Game 1 due to leg cramps , the Spurs ended the game on a 31 -- 9 run , winning the game 110 -- 95 . The Heat would win Game 2 , but that would be their only win of the series , as the Spurs would win Games 3 , 4 , and 5 to win the Championship , their first since 2007 and the fifth and final title of Duncan 's career . Kawhi Leonard was named Finals MVP , becoming the third - youngest Finals MVP after Duncan and Magic Johnson . 2015 -- present : Cavaliers -- Warriors rivalry ( edit ) The rivalry between these two teams began when they faced each other in the 2015 NBA Finals . Stephen Curry led the Golden State Warriors to the best regular season record in NBA history , and the 2015 and 2017 championship . After the 2014 Finals , LeBron James became a free agent and returned to the Cleveland Cavaliers where he teamed up with Kyrie Irving . The Cavs also traded for Kevin Love to form a new Big Three in Cleveland as they led the Cavs to the 2015 NBA Finals . In the 2015 postseason , 2014 finalist Miami Heat did not qualify in the playoffs after losing James to free agency and due to mediocrity stemming from brutal injuries all season , and the former defending champions , the San Antonio Spurs , were eliminated in a Game 7 battle against the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round . This allowed Cleveland to conquer the East . Golden State , spearheaded by reigning MVP , Stephen Curry , achieved a 67 -- 15 record and were able to take the West . Entering the 2015 Finals , James and current Cavalier and former Heat teammate James Jones made their fifth straight finals appearance -- the first two players to do this since the 1960s Celtics . The Warriors managed to defy conventional wisdom and traditionalist ideas by winning the championship with a small - ball , three - point shooting , fast - paced team . The Warriors won Game 1 in overtime , with the Cavaliers losing Irving to injury in the process . The Cavaliers would win Games 2 and 3 , however , the Warriors won the next three games after coach Steve Kerr made the adjustment of inserting sixth man Andre Iguodala into the starting lineup in place of center Andrew Bogut , thus achieving the desired small - ball offense . The Warriors defeated the Cavaliers 4 -- 2 , with Iguodala becoming the first player to not start in any regular season game to win the Finals MVP award . During the 2015 -- 16 season , the Warriors broke the record for most wins in a season with a record of 73 -- 9 and Curry would go on to win his second straight MVP award , as well as becoming the first unanimous MVP in history and shattering his own record for three - pointers made in a single season by over one hundred in the process . The Warriors would advance to the NBA Finals with 3 straight wins against a Kevin Durant led Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The Cavaliers finished the season as the top - seed in the Eastern Conference and defeated the Toronto Raptors 4 -- 2 in the Eastern Conference Finals to advance , facing the Warriors in a rematch of last year 's matchup . In the 2016 NBA Finals , James led the Cavaliers to their first - ever NBA championship in franchise history , recovering from a 3 -- 1 deficit to win 4 -- 3 . During the final three minutes of Game 7 with the score tied at 89 , Irving missed a tightly contested lay - up , allowing Iguodala to secure the rebound and run for a fast break . Curry passed the ball back to Iguodala for a give - and - go play , however , James tracked back to make a chase - down block on Iguodala , keeping the scores leveled as a timeout was called with 1 : 07 remaining . Irving hit a 3 - point shot to take the lead with less than one minute remaining and Love successfully defended Curry trying to make a 3 - pointer . The Cavaliers managed to hold on to the lead to win and end the city 's 52 - year championship drought , James was named the Finals MVP . In the summer of 2016 , the Warriors acquired Durant through free agency . After finishing 67 -- 15 , they became the first team in history to win 67 + games in three straight seasons , and also went 12 -- 0 in the playoffs , becoming the first team to sweep the first three rounds of the playoffs since the first round changed to best - of - seven in 2003 . Meanwhile , the Cavaliers only lost one game in their first three series , setting up another rubber match against the Warriors in the 2017 NBA Finals . This marks the first time in history that two teams have met in three straight NBA Finals . The Warriors eventually won the series 4 -- 1 with Durant being named the Finals MVP . The Warriors took a 3 - 0 series lead while setting a playoffs record of 15 consecutive wins before losing game 4 of the finals to the Cavs . The Warriors closed out their playoff series with a 13.5 point differential . Team records ( edit ) Finals appearances ( edit ) The statistics below refer to series wins and losses , not individual games won and lost . No . Team % Most recent appearance Most recent title Notes 31 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 . 516 Currently hold the record for the most appearances in the NBA Finals , and have appeared in the Finals in every decade since the 1940s . They have won 11 titles in Los Angeles and 5 in Minneapolis . They also attained a three - peat in Minneapolis from 1952 to 1954 , and another in Los Angeles from 2000 to 2002 . 21 Boston Celtics 17 . 810 2008 Won 8 straight titles from 1959 to 1966 , and are the most successful team in the NBA Finals , winning 17 championships . 9 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 5 . 555 2017 2017 Won two titles in Philadelphia , before eventually securing three more as the Golden State Warriors . 9 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 . 333 2001 Won one title in Syracuse , before winning another two following the move to Philadelphia . 8 New York Knicks 6 . 250 1999 1973 In their most recent appearance , they became the first 8th seed to ever reach the Finals . 7 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons . 429 2005 Went back - to - back in 1989 - 90 , and won all three championships in Detroit . 6 Chicago Bulls 6 0 1.000 1998 1998 All the titles were with head coach Phil Jackson and players Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen . The titles were won via two three - peats , from 1991 -- 93 and 1996 -- 98 . They are the only active NBA franchise with multiple Finals appearances , and no losses . 6 San Antonio Spurs 5 . 833 2014 2014 All the titles were with Tim Duncan and Gregg Popovich . Won their first championship in 1999 , and an additional three championships in the odd years from 2003 - 2007 , before another in 2014 . They are the only franchise to move from the ABA to the NBA , and subsequently win a championship . 5 Miami Heat . 600 2014 2013 All the titles were with Dwyane Wade and Udonis Haslem . They faced the Mavericks in 2006 and 2011 , and made four straight appearances from 2011 to 2014 , yielding two titles , the first franchise to accomplish that since the 1984 -- 87 Celtics . Houston Rockets . 500 1995 1995 Won two championships with Hakeem Olajuwon and coach Rudy Tomjanovich , with both championships being back - to - back . Their 1995 triumph was done as the 6th seed , the lowest seeded team to win a championship . St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks . 250 1961 1958 All appearances when the team resided in St. Louis . Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder . 250 2012 1979 Hold a record of 1 -- 2 as Seattle SuperSonics , and 0 -- 1 as Oklahoma City Thunder . They remain the only franchise since the 1977 to win a title in one city , and later relocate . Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards . 250 1979 1978 All appearances in the Finals came between 1971 and 1979 , featuring Wes Unseld . They were 0 -- 1 as the newly formed Baltimore Bullets , and 1 -- 2 as Washington Bullets . Cleveland Cavaliers . 250 2017 2016 Lost in the 2007 and 2015 Finals , but won their first title in 2016 . LeBron James featured in all four Finals appearances . Cleveland lost again in the 2017 Finals . Portland Trail Blazers . 333 1992 1977 Their only title was won with Bill Walton , but the franchise lost two finals with Clyde Drexler . Dallas Mavericks . 500 2011 2011 They lost in 2006 and won in 2011 , both times against the Heat . Both Mavericks teams were led by Dirk Nowitzki and Jason Terry . Milwaukee Bucks . 500 1971 Their singular triumph was recorded with a team that consisted of Oscar Robertson and Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . New York / New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 . 000 2003 None They appeared twice in the Finals as New Jersey Nets , in 2002 and 2003 . Orlando Magic 0 . 000 2009 None They were swept by the Rockets in 1995 , and defeated by the Lakers in 2009 . Have only recorded a singular win in the Finals . Phoenix Suns 0 . 000 1993 None Lost in the 1976 and 1993 Finals to the Celtics and Bulls , respectively . Best historical won - loss record among all franchises to have never won a title . New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 . 000 1998 None Both appearances were with coach Jerry Sloan and players Karl Malone and John Stockton , and losses against the Bulls . Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City - Omaha Kings / Kansas City Kings / Sacramento Kings 0 1.000 1951 1951 Only ever appearance in NBA Finals and only ever title was won as the Rochester Royals . Indiana Pacers 0 . 000 2000 None Baltimore Bullets 0 1.000 1948 1948 Team folded in 1954 and is the only championship winning team to fold . Chicago Stags 0 . 000 1947 None Team folded in 1950 . Washington Capitols 0 . 000 1949 None Team folded in 1951 . Active franchises with no Finals appearances ( edit ) Team No. of seasons Founded Other achievements Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers 46 1970 Reached three conference semifinals as the Braves , and four as the Clippers . First appeared was in the 2005 -- 06 season and lost to the Phoenix Suns , before returning in the 2011 -- 12 season , losing to the San Antonio Spurs . Their other appearances came in the 2013 -- 14 season when they lost to the Oklahoma City Thunder , and in the 2014 -- 15 season when they lost to the Houston Rockets . Denver Nuggets 40 1976 Joined NBA after nine American Basketball Association ( ABA ) in 1976 . They have played in the 1976 ABA championship , but lost to the New York Nets , as well as participating in the 1978 conference finals , before ultimately losing to the Seattle SuperSonics . They also featured in the 1985 and 2009 conference finals , but lost both times to the Los Angeles Lakers . Minnesota Timberwolves 27 1989 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2003 -- 04 season , but lost to the Lakers . Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets * 28 1988 Reached the conference semifinals four times , first in the 1992 -- 93 season when they lost to the New York Knicks , second in the 1997 -- 98 season , losing to the Chicago Bulls , third in the 2000 -- 01 season when they lost to the Milwaukee Bucks , and fourth in the 2001 -- 02 season , losing to the New Jersey Nets . Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies 21 1995 Reached the Western Conference finals in the 2012 -- 13 season , but lost to the Spurs . Toronto Raptors 21 1995 Reached the Eastern Conference finals in the 2015 -- 16 season , but lost to the Cleveland Cavaliers . New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets / Pelicans * 14 2002 Reached the conference semifinals in the 2007 -- 08 season , but lost to the Spurs . ( * ) As a result of the original franchise 's relocation to New Orleans , the NBA team in Charlotte suspended operations for the 2002 -- 03 and the 2003 -- 04 seasons , before a new team , also named the Bobcats , was established for the 2004 -- 05 season . In 2014 , the Bobcats later became the second incarnation of the Charlotte Hornets , and retained the history and records of the Hornets organization from 1982 to 2002 . The original Hornets , now renamed the Pelicans , obtained the records during their time in New Orleans and Oklahoma City from 2002 to 2013 . Most common matchups ( edit ) 12 times : Boston Celtics ( 9 ) vs. Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) 6 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 5 ) vs. Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) 5 times : Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) vs. New York Knicks ( 2 ) 4 times : Boston Celtics ( 3 ) vs. St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks ( 1 ) 3 times : Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) 3 times : Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) vs. Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) 2 times : Boston Celtics ( 2 ) vs. Houston Rockets ( 0 ) 2 times : Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) vs. Utah Jazz ( 0 ) 2 times : Dallas Mavericks ( 1 ) vs. Miami Heat ( 1 ) 2 times : Miami Heat ( 1 ) vs. San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) 2 times : Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) vs. Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( * ) the number in parentheses describes the victories in the Finals for either team . Individual games records ( edit ) Team PCT Notes 179 Los Angeles Lakers 89 90 . 497 Hold the record for the most games in a Finals , with a record of 20 -- 15 in Minneapolis and 69 - 75 while in Los Angeles . Won 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 129 Boston Celtics 77 52 . 597 Recorded the first ever sweep in the Finals . Lost 4 - 3 in their last Finals appearance in 2010 . 53 Philadelphia 76ers 24 29 . 453 Includes a record of 9 -- 11 while in Syracuse , and 15 - 18 while in Philadelphia . Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2001 . 48 New York Knicks 20 28 . 417 Lost 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 1999 . 45 Golden State Warriors 24 21 . 533 Includes records of 10 -- 6 while in Philadelphia , 3 -- 8 while in San Francisco , and 11 - 7 in their current incarnation . Won 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 . 40 Detroit Pistons 22 18 . 550 Includes a record of 4 -- 8 while in Fort Wayne , and 18 - 10 while in Detroit . Lost 4 - 3 their last Finals appearance in 2005 . 35 Chicago Bulls 24 11 . 686 Won 4 -- 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1998 . 34 San Antonio Spurs 23 11 . 676 Won 4 -- 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 29 Miami Heat 15 14 . 517 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2014 . 25 Atlanta Hawks 11 14 . 440 All appearances in the Finals occurred while the team was in St. Louis . 23 Houston Rockets 12 11 . 522 Won 4 - 0 in their last Finals appearance in 1995 . 22 Cleveland Cavaliers 7 15 . 318 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2017 , as well as becoming the only team in the Finals to overcome a 3 - 1 deficit in 2016 . 20 Washington Wizards 5 15 . 250 Includes a record of 0 -- 4 in Baltimore and 5 -- 11 in Washington , all as the Bullets . 17 Portland Trail Blazers 7 10 . 412 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1992 . 12 Dallas Mavericks 6 6 . 500 All games played during the Finals have been against the Heat , and won 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2011 . 12 Phoenix Suns 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 1993 . 12 Utah Jazz 8 . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in both Finals appearances in 1997 and 1998 , both times against the Bulls . 11 Milwaukee Bucks 7 . 636 Lost 4 -- 3 in their last Finals appearance in 1974 . 10 Brooklyn Nets 8 . 200 All Finals appearances have occurred while the team was in New Jersey , and lost 4 - 2 in their last Finals appearance in 2003 . 9 Orlando Magic 8 . 111 Lost 4 - 1 in their last Finals appearance in 2009 . 7 Sacramento Kings . 571 All appearances have occurred while the team was in Rochester . 6 Baltimore Bullets . 667 Franchise defunct . 6 Indiana Pacers . 333 Lost 4 - 2 in their only Finals appearance in 2000 . 6 Washington Capitols . 333 Franchise defunct . 5 Chicago Stags . 200 Franchise defunct . Player records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Career Most years in Finals ( 12 ) -- Bill Russell Most games played in Finals ( 70 ) -- Bill Russell Most career points in Finals ( 1,679 ) -- Jerry West Most career assists in Finals ( 584 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career rebounds in Finals ( 1,718 ) -- Bill Russell Most career blocks in Finals ( 116 ) -- Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most career steals in Finals ( 102 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career turnovers in Finals ( 190 ) -- Magic Johnson Total points ( finals ) Jerry West -- 1,679 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- 1,317 LeBron James -- 1,255 Michael Jordan -- 1,176 Elgin Baylor -- 1,161 Bill Russell -- 1,151 Sam Jones -- 1,143 Tom Heinsohn -- 1,037 John Havlicek -- 1,018 Magic Johnson -- 971 PPG average ( min 10 games ) ( finals ) Rick Barry -- 36.3 Michael Jordan -- 33.6 Jerry West -- 30.5 Series Most points , one series ( 284 ) -- Elgin Baylor ( 1962 ) Most assists , one series ( 95 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) Most rebounds , one series ( 189 ) -- Bill Russell ( 1962 ) Most blocks , one series ( 32 ) -- Tim Duncan ( 2003 ) Most steals , one series ( 20 ) -- Isiah Thomas ( 1988 ) Most turnovers , one series ( 31 ) -- Magic Johnson ( 1984 ) and LeBron James ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal NBA D - League Finals List of NBA players with most championships List of NBA champions List of National Basketball Association Finals head coaches References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ballard , Bill ( June 4 , 1989 ) . `` Here Are Some Final Facts on NBA Playoffs '' . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 '' . NBA.com . Associated Press . October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics History '' . Boston Celtics . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : Magic Fills in at Center '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` NBA Season Recaps '' . NBA.com. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Team Stream Now . `` LeBron James and the Ghost of 23 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Michael C. ( June 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBA Finals 2013 , Spurs vs. Heat Game 6 : The greatest game ever played ? '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Jared . `` NBA Finals Live : Cavs vs. Warriors in Game 7 '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Kevin Durant , Warriors roll to second NBA title in three years '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` G.O.A.T. Grade : Definitive proof the 2017 Warriors are the Greatest Team of All Time '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NBA : Golden State Warriors Finals appearances '' . mcubed.net . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA.com : Líderes en la historia de las Finales ( Estadísticas ) '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com : All - Time Records Index '' . nba.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) NBA Finals : All - Time Champions List of Championships - Year by Year NBA Finals Champions O'Brien Trophy Most Valuable Player Award Brown Trophy Championship ring Broadcasters Game sevens Droughts Streaks TV ratings 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 NBA playoffs List of playoff series Conference Finals Finals 60 Greatest Playoff Moments Game sevens Streaks Droughts Records Scoring Leaders Assists Leaders 3 Pt Leaders Rebound Leaders WNBA playoffs 1940s 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Summer League Christmas Day All - Star Weekend Game MVP Playoffs List Finals Champions MVP Others NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players ABA Merger Arenas Awards BAA Cheerleading Collective bargaining agreement Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal G League Dress code Draft eligibility Global Games Africa 2015 , Africa 2017 First overall draft picks Hall of Fame Members Head coaches Current Player - coaches Champions Foreign coaches Lockouts Larry O'Brien Trophy Mascots Midwest Division NBA champions NBA Store Media TV NBA TV NBL NBPA Owners Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity Retired numbers Banned or suspended Highest paid Records regular season post-season All - Star Game Win - loss records Rivalries Salary cap Seasons Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017 -- 18 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_Finals&oldid=808921876 '' Categories : National Basketball Association Finals Recurring sporting events established in 1947 1947 establishments in the United States Annual sporting events in the United States June sporting events Hidden categories : Good articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 01 : 29 . 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who has played in the most nba finals games

Most years in Finals ( 12 ) -- Bill Russell Most games played in Finals ( 70 ) -- Bill Russell Most career points in Finals ( 1,679 ) -- Jerry West Most career assists in Finals ( 584 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career rebounds in Finals ( 1,718 ) -- Bill Russell Most career blocks in Finals ( 116 ) -- Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Most career steals in Finals ( 102 ) -- Magic Johnson Most career turnovers in Finals ( 190 ) -- Magic Johnson

List of moments of inertia - wikipedia List of moments of inertia Jump to : navigation , search In physics and applied mathematics , the mass moment of inertia , usually denoted by I , measures the extent to which an object resists rotational acceleration about a particular axis , and is the rotational analogue to mass . Mass moments of inertia have units of dimension ML ( ( mass ) × ( length ) ) . It should not be confused with the second moment of area , which is used in beam calculations . The mass moment of inertia is often also known as the rotational inertia , and sometimes as the angular mass . For simple objects with geometric symmetry , one can often determine the moment of inertia in an exact closed - form expression . Typically this occurs when the mass density is constant , but in some cases the density can vary throughout the object as well . In general , it may not be straightforward to symbolically express the moment of inertia of shapes with more complicated mass distributions and lacking symmetry . When calculating moments of inertia , it is useful to remember that it is an additive function and exploit the parallel axis and perpendicular axis theorems . This article mainly considers symmetric mass distributions , with constant density throughout the object , and the axis of rotation is taken to be through the center of mass unless otherwise specified . Contents ( hide ) 1 Moments of inertia 2 List of 3D inertia tensors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Moments of inertia ( edit ) Following are scalar moments of inertia . In general , the moment of inertia is a tensor , see below . Description Figure Moment ( s ) of inertia Point mass m at a distance r from the axis of rotation . A point mass does not have a moment of inertia around its own axis , but using the parallel axis theorem a moment of inertia around a distant axis of rotation is achieved . I = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I = mr ^ ( 2 ) ) Two point masses , M and m , with reduced mass μ and separated by a distance , x about an axis passing through the center of mass of the system and perpendicular to the line joining the two particles . I = M m M + m x 2 = μ x 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( Mm ) ( M \ ! + \ ! m ) ) x ^ ( 2 ) = \ mu x ^ ( 2 ) ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about its center . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the center of the plate , with w = L and h = 0 . I c e n t e r = m L 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( center ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Rod of length L and mass m , rotating about one end . This expression assumes that the rod is an infinitely thin ( but rigid ) wire . This is also a special case of the thin rectangular plate with axis of rotation at the end of the plate , with h = L and w = 0 . I e n d = m L 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( end ) ) = ( \ frac ( mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin circular hoop of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of a torus for a = 0 ( see below ) , as well as of a thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , with r = r and h = 0 . I z = m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = mr ^ ( 2 ) \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin , solid disk of radius r and mass m . This is a special case of the solid cylinder , with h = 0 . That I x = I y = I z 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( I_ ( z ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , ) is a consequence of the perpendicular axis theorem . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m r 2 4 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Thin cylindrical shell with open ends , of radius r and mass m . This expression assumes that the shell thickness is negligible . It is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube for r = r . Also , a point mass m at the end of a rod of length r has this same moment of inertia and the value r is called the radius of gyration . I ≈ m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I \ approx mr ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m . This is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube , with r = 0 . I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m . I z = m 2 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) = m r 2 2 ( 1 − t + t 2 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( r_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) + r_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) = mr_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( 1 - t+ ( \ frac ( t ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) where t = ( r -- r ) / r is a normalized thickness ratio ; I x = I y = m 12 ( 3 ( r 2 2 + r 1 2 ) + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) With a density of ρ and the same geometry I z = π ρ h 2 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 2 ) ) \ left ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) \ right ) ) I x = I y = π ρ h 12 ( 3 ( r 2 4 − r 1 4 ) + h 2 ( r 2 2 − r 1 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi \ rho h ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 4 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ right ) ) Regular tetrahedron of side s and mass m I s o l i d = m s 2 20 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 20 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h o l l o w = m s 2 12 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 12 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular octahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , solid ) = I_ ( y , solid ) = I_ ( z , solid ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Regular dodecahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 90 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 90 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 ( 39 φ + 28 ) 150 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ( 39 \ phi + 28 ) ) ( 150 ) ) \ , \ ! ) ( where φ = 1 + 5 2 ( \ displaystyle \ phi = ( \ frac ( 1 + ( \ sqrt ( 5 ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) ) Regular icosahedron of side s and mass m I x , h o l l o w = I y , h o l l o w = I z , h o l l o w = m s 2 φ 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( hollow ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) ) I x , s o l i d = I y , s o l i d = I z , s o l i d = m s 2 φ 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( y , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = I_ ( z , \ mathrm ( solid ) ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) \ phi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m . A hollow sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , circular hoops , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 3 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Solid sphere ( ball ) of radius r and mass m . A sphere can be taken to be made up of two stacks of infinitesimally thin , solid discs , where the radius differs from 0 to r ( or a single stack , where the radius differs from - r to r ) . I = 2 m r 2 5 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Sphere ( shell ) of radius r and mass m , with centered spherical cavity of radius r . When the cavity radius r = 0 , the object is a solid ball ( above ) . When r = r , ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) = 5 3 r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 3 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) , and the object is a hollow sphere . I = 2 m 5 ( r 2 5 − r 1 5 r 2 3 − r 1 3 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 2m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 5 ) ) ( ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) - ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = 3 m r 2 10 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 10 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = 3 m 20 ( r 2 + 4 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( 3m ) ( 20 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 4h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Right circular hollow cone with radius r , height h and mass m I z = m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( z ) = ( \ frac ( mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I x = I y = m 4 ( r 2 + 2 h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( x ) = I_ ( y ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( r ^ ( 2 ) + 2h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Torus with minor radius a , major radius b and mass m . About an axis passing through the center and perpendicular to the diameter : m 4 ( 4 b 2 + 3 a 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 4 ) ) \ left ( 4b ^ ( 2 ) + 3a ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) About a diameter : m 8 ( 5 a 2 + 4 b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( m ) ( 8 ) ) \ left ( 5a ^ ( 2 ) + 4b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Ellipsoid ( solid ) of semiaxes a , b , and c with mass m I a = m 5 ( b 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( a ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I b = m 5 ( a 2 + c 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( b ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) I c = m 5 ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 5 ) ) \ left ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the end of the plate ) I e = m 12 ( 4 h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( e ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( 4h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Thin rectangular plate of height h , width w and mass m ( Axis of rotation at the center ) I c = m 12 ( h 2 + w 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( h ^ ( 2 ) + w ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) \ , \ ! ) Solid cuboid of height h , width w , and depth d , and mass m . For a similarly oriented cube with sides of length s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I C M = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I_ ( CM ) = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) I h = m 12 ( w 2 + d 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( h ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I w = m 12 ( d 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( w ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( d ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) I d = m 12 ( w 2 + h 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( d ) = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 12 ) ) \ left ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ) Solid cuboid of height D , width W , and length L , and mass m , rotating about the longest diagonal . For a cube with sides s ( \ displaystyle s ) , I = m s 2 6 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ms ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) \ , \ ! ) . I = m 6 ( W 2 D 2 + D 2 L 2 + W 2 L 2 W 2 + D 2 + L 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( W ^ ( 2 ) D ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) + W ^ ( 2 ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) ( W ^ ( 2 ) + D ^ ( 2 ) + L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) Triangle with vertices at the origin and at P and Q , with mass m , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( P ⋅ P + P ⋅ Q + Q ⋅ Q ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) ( \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) + \ mathbf ( P ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) + \ mathbf ( Q ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( Q ) ) ) Plane polygon with vertices P , P , P , ... , P and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . I = m 6 ( ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ( ( P n ⋅ P n ) + ( P n ⋅ P n + 1 ) + ( P n + 1 ⋅ P n + 1 ) ) ∑ n = 1 N ∥ P n + 1 × P n ∥ ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( m ) ( 6 ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ \ left ( \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) + \ left ( \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ right ) \ right ) ) ( \ sum \ limits _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( N ) \ \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n + 1 ) \ times \ mathbf ( P ) _ ( n ) \ ) ) \ right ) ) Plane regular polygon with n - vertices and mass m uniformly distributed on its interior , rotating about an axis perpendicular to the plane and passing through the origin . a stands for side length . I = m a 2 24 ( 1 + 3 cot 2 ⁡ ( π n ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( ma ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 24 ) ) \ left ( 1 + 3 \ cot ^ ( 2 ) \ left ( ( \ tfrac ( \ pi ) ( n ) ) \ right ) \ right ) ) Infinite disk with mass normally distributed on two axes around the axis of rotation with mass - density as a function of x and y : ρ ( x , y ) = m 2 π a b e − ( ( x / a ) 2 + ( y / b ) 2 ) / 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ rho ( x , y ) = ( \ tfrac ( m ) ( 2 \ pi ab ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ( ( x / a ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y / b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) / 2 ) \ , , ) I = m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , \ ! ) Uniform disk about an axis perpendicular to its edge . I = 3 m r 2 2 ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ frac ( 3mr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) List of 3d inertia tensors ( edit ) This list of moment of inertia tensors is given for principal axes of each object . To obtain the scalar moments of inertia I above , the tensor moment of inertia I is projected along some axis defined by a unit vector n according to the formula : n ⋅ I ⋅ n ≡ n i I i j n j , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( n ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( I ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( n ) \ equiv n_ ( i ) I_ ( ij ) n_ ( j ) \ , , ) where the dots indicate tensor contraction and we have used the Einstein summation convention . In the above table , n would be the unit Cartesian basis e , e , e to obtain I , I , I respectively . Description Figure Moment of inertia tensor Solid sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 0 0 0 2 5 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 5 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Hollow sphere of radius r and mass m I = ( 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 0 0 0 2 3 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid ellipsoid of semi-axes a , b , c and mass m I = ( 1 5 m ( b 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + c 2 ) 0 0 0 1 5 m ( a 2 + b 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) m ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Right circular cone with radius r , height h and mass m , about the apex I = ( 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 5 m h 2 + 3 20 m r 2 0 0 0 3 10 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 5 ) ) mh ^ ( 2 ) + ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 20 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 10 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cuboid of width w , height h , depth d , and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( h 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + d 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( w 2 + h 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( h ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + d ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( w ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about end I = ( 1 3 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Slender rod along y - axis of length l and mass m about center I = ( 1 12 m l 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 m l 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) &0&0 \ \ 0&0&0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) ml ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Solid cylinder of radius r , height h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 r 2 + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3r ^ ( 2 ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) mr ^ ( 2 ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) Thick - walled cylindrical tube with open ends , of inner radius r , outer radius r , length h and mass m I = ( 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 12 m ( 3 ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) + h 2 ) 0 0 0 1 2 m ( r 1 2 + r 2 2 ) ) ( \ displaystyle I = ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0&0 \ \ 0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 12 ) ) m ( 3 ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) + h ^ ( 2 ) ) &0 \ \ 0&0& ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) m ( ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Parallel axis theorem Perpendicular axis theorem List of second moments of area The inertia tensor of a triangle in three - dimensional space References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Raymond A. Serway ( 1986 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 2nd ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 004534 - 7 . Jump up ^ Classical Mechanics - Moment of inertia of a uniform hollow cylinder . LivePhysics.com . Retrieved on 2008 - 01 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Satterly , John ( 1958 ) . `` The Moments of Inertia of Some Polyhedra '' . The Mathematical Gazette . Mathematical Association . 42 ( 339 ) : 11 -- 13 . doi : 10.2307 / 3608345 . JSTOR 3608345 . ^ Jump up to : Ferdinand P. Beer and E. Russell Johnston , Jr ( 1984 ) . Vector Mechanics for Engineers , fourth ed . McGraw - Hill . p. 911 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 004389 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eric W. Weisstein . `` Moment of Inertia -- Ring '' . Wolfram Research . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Karel Rektorys ( 1994 ) . Survey of Applicable Mathematics , second ed. , Vol. II . Kluwer Academic Publisher . p. 942 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0681 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~ygao/phy141/Lecture15/sld010.htm External links ( edit ) The inertia tensor of a tetrahedron Tutorial on deriving moment of inertia for common shapes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_moments_of_inertia&oldid=809498778 '' Categories : Mechanics Physics - related lists Physical quantities Rigid bodies Tensors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

moment of inertia of a rod about a point

Thin cylindrical shell with open ends , of radius r and mass m . This expression assumes that the shell thickness is negligible . It is a special case of the thick - walled cylindrical tube for r = r . Also , a point mass m at the end of a rod of length r has this same moment of inertia and the value r is called the radius of gyration . I ≈ m r 2 ( \ displaystyle I \ approx mr ^ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! )

Lateral pass - wikipedia Lateral pass A lateral during an option play . In American football and Canadian football , a lateral pass or lateral ( officially backward pass in American football and onside pass in Canadian football ) occurs when the ball carrier throws the football to a teammate in a direction parallel to or away from the opponents ' goal line . A lateral pass is distinguished from a forward pass , in which the ball is thrown forward , towards the opposition 's end zone . In a lateral pass the ball is not advanced , but unlike a forward pass a lateral may be attempted from anywhere on the field by any player to any player at any time . While the forward pass is an invention of the North American games , the lateral and backward pass is also a part of rugby union and rugby league , where such passes are the norm . Compared to its use in rugby , laterals and backward passes are less common in North American football , due to a much greater focus on ball control in American football strategy ; they are most commonly used by the quarterback , after taking the snap , to quickly transfer ( `` pitch '' ) the ball a short distance to a nearby running back ( or , rarely , wide receiver ) on a rushing play . Laterals are also often seen as part of a last - minute desperation strategy or as part of a trick play . Examples of plays utilizing the lateral pass are the toss , flea flicker , hook and lateral , and buck - lateral . Contents 1 Rules 2 Alternate uses 3 Famous plays in history 4 References Rules ( edit ) While a forward pass may only be thrown once per down by the team on offense from within or behind the neutral zone , there are no restrictions on the use of lateral passes ; any player legally carrying the ball may throw a lateral pass from any position on the field at any time , any player may receive such a pass , and any number of lateral passes may be thrown on a single play . Additionally , a player receiving a lateral pass may throw a forward pass if he is still behind the neutral zone , subject to the forward pass rules . A pitch to a receiver Unlike a forward pass , if a backward pass hits the ground or an official , play continues and , as with a fumble , a backward pass that has hit the ground may be recovered and advanced by either team . Backward passes can also be intercepted . A lateral may be underhand or overhand as long as the ball is not advanced in the pass . A ball that is passed exactly sideways is considered a backwards pass . If it hits the ground , the person throwing or `` pitching '' the lateral pass will be subjected to the fumble designation in the statistics in the NFL , even if the ball is dropped or muffed by a teammate , although in college football this can be credited to whichever player the statistician feels is most responsible . If the ball hits the ground after travelling even slightly forward , however , it is then incomplete instead of a fumble . The snap is legally considered to be a backward pass . Alternate uses ( edit ) The oxymoron `` forward lateral '' is used to describe an attempted `` lateral '' ( backward pass ) that actually goes forward . In most cases , it is illegal . A variant , the hook and lateral , where a forward pass is immediately passed backward to a second receiver to fool the defense , is used on occasion . Famous plays in history ( edit ) The lateral pass rule , or rather the lack of restrictions contained therein , has given rise to some of the most memorable and incredible plays in football history . Both collegiate and NFL football have certain examples of football lore which involve laterals . One famous college play involving the backward passes is simply known as The Play . In the 1982 Big Game between Stanford and California , with four seconds left and trailing by one point , Cal ran the ball back on a kickoff all the way for the game - winning touchdown using five backward passes , eventually running through the Stanford Band , who had already taken the field ( believing the game was over after Stanford players appeared to have tackled a Cal ball - carrier ) . The game remains controversial because of Stanford 's contention that the Cal player 's knee was down before he passed the ball during the third lateral and that the fifth lateral was an illegal forward pass . A well - known and controversial NFL lateral pass occurred during the Music City Miracle play at the end of the 2000 playoff game between the Tennessee Titans and the Buffalo Bills . The play was a true lateral ( the ball did not move forward or backward in the pass ) , but the receiver was a step ahead of the passer and reached back to catch the ball , so it gave the appearance of an illegal forward pass . Another well known backward pass in the NFL was the River City Relay in a game between the New Orleans Saints and the Jacksonville Jaguars on December 21 , 2003 . With time running out , the Saints threw backward passes and brought the ball down the length of the field for a touchdown . However , kicker John Carney missed the extra point , which would have tied the game , so the Saints lost by one point , 20 -- 19 . Another well known play was executed in a college football game by Presbyterian against Wake Forest in 2010 . In this trick play , three lateral pass rules were used in combination . First the quarterback passed the ball sideways while intentionally bouncing the ball on the ground ( a so - called `` fake fumble pass '' ) . The pass - receiver faked the end of the play , suggesting that it was an incomplete pass , but then passed the ball forward to a wide - receiver , who successfully ran for a touchdown . Wake Forest coach Jim Grobe described the play `` as well executed as anything I 've ever seen '' . In a Division III college football game on October 27 , 2007 , Trinity University was trailing by two points with two seconds left in a game against conference rival Millsaps College . Starting from their own 39 - yard line , Trinity called a play for a short pass across the middle . The receiver pitched the ball backward , with a sequence of additional backward passes as players were in danger of being tackled . The `` Mississippi Miracle '' ultimately included 15 backward passes as it covered 61 yards for the winning touchdown . On October 31 , 2015 , the Miami Hurricanes threw eight lateral passes over the course of 45 seconds to score a touchdown and upset the 22nd - ranked Duke Blue Devils 30 - 27 . The play stirred controversy amid a number of missed calls by the Atlantic Coast Conference officiating crew . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : NFL Rules Digest : Backward Pass , NFL.com . Jump up ^ NFL Rules Digest : Forward Pass , NFL.com . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/rulebook/backwardpass NFL Rules Digest : Backward Pass Jump up ^ NCAA Football Statisticians Manual Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( August 17 , 2014 ) . `` Cardinals RB Zach Bauman scores most bizarre TD of early NFL preseason '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ BitterlyCheerful ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Presbyterian Trick Play vs. Wake Forest '' . Retrieved 23 April 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ http://www.lostlettermen.com/article/presbyterian-bounce-pass-shocks-wfu-in-10 Jump up ^ Briggs , Jerry ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Football : Trinity wins on miracle play '' . San Antonio Express News . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . Gridiron football maneuvers Huddle Stance ( three - point ) Offense Snap Hand - off Blocking Pulling Spiral Routes Pump fake Cutback Juke Lateral Stiff arm Scramble Shift Motion Defense Tackle Rush Stunt Blitz Shooting the gap Bump and run Double coverage Spy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lateral_pass&oldid=837788629 '' Categories : American football plays Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 01 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many times can you pass the ball in nfl

While a forward pass may only be thrown once per down by the team on offense from within or behind the neutral zone , there are no restrictions on the use of lateral passes ; any player legally carrying the ball may throw a lateral pass from any position on the field at any time , any player may receive such a pass , and any number of lateral passes may be thrown on a single play . Additionally , a player receiving a lateral pass may throw a forward pass if he is still behind the neutral zone , subject to the forward pass rules .

List of Pakistani dramas - Wikipedia List of Pakistani dramas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of Pakistani dramas , television serials that were created in Pakistan . Pakistani dramas are generally short and usually end after a run of less than one year and are based on Urdu novels , however sometimes the story tends to deviate away from the novel . The serials have been used repeatedly to transmit socio - cultural messages , by incorporating them into story lines . Shailja Kejriwal says that in India , Pakistani dramas have a reputation for `` being slightly classier than the local fare . '' Pakistani television series ( edit ) Mera Naam Yousaf Hai 2015 A Plus Mehreen Jabbar Imran Abbas , Maya Ali , Mansha Pasha , Behroze Sabzwari , Waseem Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Seema Sehar Tum Kon Piya 2016 Urdu1 Yasir Nawaz Imran Abbas , Ayeza Khan , Ali Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Hira Tareen Dayar - e-Dil 2015 Hum TV Haseeb Hassan Mikaal Zulfiqar , Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt , Sanam Saeed , Hareem Farooq Dil E Muztar 2013 Hum TV Shahzad Kashmiri Imran Abbas , Sanam Jung , Sarwat Gilani , Aijaz Aslam Humsafar 2011 - 12 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Fawad Afzal Khan , Naveen Waqar , Atiqa Odho Zindagi Gulzar Hai 2012 - 2013 Hum TV Sultana Siddiqui Sanam Saeed , Fawad Afzal Khan , Samina Peerzada , Waseem Abbas Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan 2012 ARY Digital Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Ayesha Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar Akbari Asghari 2011 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Imran Abbas , Humaima Malik , Sanam Baloch Aunn Zara 2013 A-Plus Entertainment Haissam Hussain Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt Dastaan Hum TV Haissam Hussain Sanam Baloch , Fawad Afzal Khan , Mehreen Raheel Noorpur Ki Rani 2009 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Mahnoor Baloch , Sanam Baloch , Samina Peerzada , Noman Ijaz , Danish Taimoor , Naila Jaffery , Qavi Khan Mera Naseeb 2011 Hum TV Adnan Ahmed Rubina Ashraf , Samina Peerzada , Sanam Saeed , Imran Abbas , Syra Yousuf , Sakina Sammo , Bushra Ansari Aasmanon Pay Likha 2013 Geo Entertainment Mohsin Raza Sajal Ali , Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui Shehr - e-Zaat 2012 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Mohib Mirza , Mikaal Zulfiqar Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan 2009 Geo Entertainment Babar Javed Samiya Mumtaz , Faisal Qureshi , Samina Peerzada , Imran Abbas , Sarwat Gillani Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat 2011 Geo Entertainment Marina Khan Uroosa Siddiqui , Ali Safina , Ahsan Khan , Alishba Yousuf , Sana Askari , Bushra Ansari Qaid - e-Tanhai Hum TV Babar Javed Savera Nadeem , Faisal Qureshi , Saba Hameed , Neelam Muneer Meri Ladli 2012 ARY Digital Nadeem Siddique Sajal Ali , Ahsan Khan , Maria Wasti , Sami Khan , Urwa Hocane Thakan 2012 ARY Digital Ameen Iqbal Saba Qamar , Tauqeer Nasir , Saba Hameed , Yumna Zaidi , Bindiya Main Abdul Qadir Hoon 2011 Hum TV Babar Javed Alishba Yousuf , Fahad Mustafa , Aamina Sheikh , Saba Hameed Maat 2011 Hum TV Amna Nawaz Khan Saba Qamar , Aamina Sheikh , Adnan Siddiqui , Asad Malik Pani Jaisa Piyar 2011 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Saba Qamar , Ahsan Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar , Juggan Kazim Aik Pal 2014 Hum TV Affan Waheed Arij Fatyma , Danish Taimoor , Sumbul Iqbal , Tariq Jameel , Nargis Rasheed Dhaani 2015 present Geo Entertainment Ali Faizan Sami Khan , Madiha Iman Udaari 2016 presents Hum TV Entertainment Urwa Hocane , Samiya Mumtaz , Farhan Saeed , Bushra Ansari , Ahsan Khan ( yaken ka safar ) ( 2017 ) presents ( ( hum t.v entertainment ) ) ( ( ( ahad raza ) ( ( , sajal Ali , , ) ) ( ( Hera Mani ) ) and others ( ( sun yara ) ( ( janaid ) ) ( ( hira Mani ) ) ( ( minal khan ) ) ( ( directed by Danish nawaz ) ) presented by ( ( art digital ) ) ( ( oh rangarezera ) ) ( ( balal Abbas ) ) ( ( sajal Ali ) ) ( ( Norman ajaz ) ) ( ( sana fakhar ) ) presented by ( ( hum TV entertainment ) ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/23/indian-tv-channel-show-pakistani-soaps Hum TV Dramas Official PAK TV Dramas Latest Episodes ARY Digital programs Drama serials Aks Bulbulay Daagh Daam Daddy Dareecha Dugdugi Dusri Bivi Guzaarish Khuda Mera Bhi Hai Khushboo Ka Ghar Khushi Ek Roag Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan Main Manto Mehmoodabad Ki Malkain Mera Saaein Mera Yaqeen Meri Behan Meri Dewrani Meri Ladli Meri Beti Meri Beti Neeyat Omer Dadi Aur Gharwale Pyarey Afzal Quddusi Sahab Ki Bewah Rubber Band Tanhaiyan Naye Silsilay Thakan Timmy G Zindagi Dhoop Tum Ghana Saya Shows Bigg Boss 8 Jeeto Pakistan Kuch Kar Dikha Madventures Nachley Pakistan Music Stars Geo Entertainment Programs Serials Aasmanon Pay Likha Adhoori Aurat Aik Nayee Cinderella Ana Ashk Bashar Momin Bikhra Mera Naseeb Chemistry Doraha Do Qadam Door Thay Ghaao Hum Tum Ishq Ibadat Jal Pari Kash Mein Teri Beti Na Hoti Khuda Aur Muhabbat Ladies Park Malika - e-Aliya Meri Behan Maya Meri Dulari Meri Maa Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan Mil Ke Bhi Hum Na Mile Mirat Ul Uroos Nanhi Numm Saat Pardon Mein Tanveer Fatima ( B.A ) Uff Yeh Mohabbat Uraan Yariyan Yeh Zindagi Hai Zeenat Bint - e-Sakina Hazir Ho Zip Bus Chup Raho Mor Mahal Mohabbat Tumse Nafrat Hai Series Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat ( Azar Ki Ayegi Baraat - Dolly Ki Ayegi Baraat - Takkay Ki Ayegi Baraat - Annie Ki Ayegi Baraat ) Shows Pehchan Ramazan Amaan Ramazan Ramazan Sharif Banana News Network Burka Avenger Chal Parha Inaam Ghar Khabarnaak Nadia Khan Show Pakistan Idol Subh - e-Pakistan Sur Kshetra The Awaien Show The Shareef Show Mubarak Ho Sitcoms Ham Sab Umeed Say Hain Jalebiyan Nadaaniyaan Uski Suno Awaz Hum TV programming Primetime ( current ) Toh Dil Ka Kia Hua ( 2 July 2017 ) Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain ( 30 October 2017 ) Yeh Raha Dil ( 13 February 2017 ) Mohabbat Khawab Safar ( 24 April 2017 ) Alif Allah ( 25 April 2017 ) Dil - e-Jaanam ( 1 March 2017 ) Adhi Gawahi ( 5 July 2017 ) Phir Wohi Mohabbat ( 16 March 2017 ) Yaqeen Ka Safar ( 19 April 2017 ) Tumhari Marium ( 30 June 2017 ) Woh Aik Pal ( 11 March 2017 ) Daytime Jago Pakistan Jago ( since 2005 ) Wonderful Indonesia ( since 2017 ) Tilawat - e-Quran Paak ( since 2005 ) Late night Saturday Night Special ( 2012 -- ) Tonite with HSY ( 2014 -- ) Upcoming O Rangreza ( Summer 2017 ) Hum TV Telefilms ( ( a plus entertainment ) ) ( ( t.v one ) ) ( ( urdu 1 ) ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pakistani_dramas&oldid=802996033 '' Categories : 2013 Pakistani television series debuts Hum TV series Pakistani drama television series Geo TV series Urdu - language television programs 2012 Pakistani television series debuts Romantic fantasy television series ARY Digital television series Hidden categories : Use Pakistani English from June 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from June 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 28 . 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list of hum tv dramas based on novels

Mera Naam Yousaf Hai 2015 A Plus Mehreen Jabbar Imran Abbas , Maya Ali , Mansha Pasha , Behroze Sabzwari , Waseem Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Seema Sehar Tum Kon Piya 2016 Urdu1 Yasir Nawaz Imran Abbas , Ayeza Khan , Ali Abbas , Hina Khawaja Bayat , Hira Tareen Dayar - e-Dil 2015 Hum TV Haseeb Hassan Mikaal Zulfiqar , Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt , Sanam Saeed , Hareem Farooq Dil E Muztar 2013 Hum TV Shahzad Kashmiri Imran Abbas , Sanam Jung , Sarwat Gilani , Aijaz Aslam Humsafar 2011 - 12 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Fawad Afzal Khan , Naveen Waqar , Atiqa Odho Zindagi Gulzar Hai 2012 - 2013 Hum TV Sultana Siddiqui Sanam Saeed , Fawad Afzal Khan , Samina Peerzada , Waseem Abbas Kuch Pyar Ka Pagalpan 2012 ARY Digital Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Ayesha Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar Akbari Asghari 2011 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Fawad Khan , Imran Abbas , Humaima Malik , Sanam Baloch Aunn Zara 2013 A-Plus Entertainment Haissam Hussain Maya Ali , Osman Khalid Butt Dastaan Hum TV Haissam Hussain Sanam Baloch , Fawad Afzal Khan , Mehreen Raheel Noorpur Ki Rani 2009 Hum TV Haissam Hussain Mahnoor Baloch , Sanam Baloch , Samina Peerzada , Noman Ijaz , Danish Taimoor , Naila Jaffery , Qavi Khan Mera Naseeb 2011 Hum TV Adnan Ahmed Rubina Ashraf , Samina Peerzada , Sanam Saeed , Imran Abbas , Syra Yousuf , Sakina Sammo , Bushra Ansari Aasmanon Pay Likha 2013 Geo Entertainment Mohsin Raza Sajal Ali , Sheheryar Munawar Siddiqui Shehr - e-Zaat 2012 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Mahira Khan , Mohib Mirza , Mikaal Zulfiqar Meri Zaat Zarra - e-Benishan 2009 Geo Entertainment Babar Javed Samiya Mumtaz , Faisal Qureshi , Samina Peerzada , Imran Abbas , Sarwat Gillani Kis Ki Ayegi Baraat 2011 Geo Entertainment Marina Khan Uroosa Siddiqui , Ali Safina , Ahsan Khan , Alishba Yousuf , Sana Askari , Bushra Ansari Qaid - e-Tanhai Hum TV Babar Javed Savera Nadeem , Faisal Qureshi , Saba Hameed , Neelam Muneer Meri Ladli 2012 ARY Digital Nadeem Siddique Sajal Ali , Ahsan Khan , Maria Wasti , Sami Khan , Urwa Hocane Thakan 2012 ARY Digital Ameen Iqbal Saba Qamar , Tauqeer Nasir , Saba Hameed , Yumna Zaidi , Bindiya Main Abdul Qadir Hoon 2011 Hum TV Babar Javed Alishba Yousuf , Fahad Mustafa , Aamina Sheikh , Saba Hameed Maat 2011 Hum TV Amna Nawaz Khan Saba Qamar , Aamina Sheikh , Adnan Siddiqui , Asad Malik Pani Jaisa Piyar 2011 Hum TV Sarmad Sultan Khoosat Saba Qamar , Ahsan Khan , Mikaal Zulfiqar , Juggan Kazim Aik Pal 2014 Hum TV Affan Waheed Arij Fatyma , Danish Taimoor , Sumbul Iqbal , Tariq Jameel , Nargis Rasheed Dhaani 2015 present Geo Entertainment Ali Faizan Sami Khan , Madiha Iman Udaari 2016 presents Hum TV Entertainment Urwa Hocane , Samiya Mumtaz , Farhan Saeed , Bushra Ansari , Ahsan Khan

Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia Mark Sloan ( Grey 's Anatomy ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2011 ) Mark Sloan Grey 's Anatomy character Eric Dane as Mark Sloan First appearance `` Yesterday '' 2x18 , February 19 , 2006 ( as guest star ) `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' 3x03 , October 5 , 2006 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Remember the Time '' 9x02 , October 4 , 2012 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Eric Dane Information Full name Mark Everett Sloan Nickname ( s ) McSteamy Prettier Occupation Attending plastic surgeon and ENT at Seattle Grace Hospital and later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital Title Chief of Plastic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Sloan Riley ( daughter ) Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres ( daughter ) Grandson ( via Sloan ) Significant other ( s ) Lexie Grey ( deceased ) Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Teddy Altman Reed Adamson ( deceased ) Amelia Shepherd Julia Canner Nancy Shepherd Mark Everett Sloan , M.D. , F.A.C.S. is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by Eric Dane . Dr. Sloan is an attending specializing in plastic surgery . Dr. Sloan earned the nickname `` McSteamy '' for his good looks by the female interns of Seattle Grace later Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital . He was good friends with Dr. Derek Shepherd , a fellow physician at Seattle Grace , but was the catalyst for the end of Shepherd 's marriage when Shepherd caught Sloan sleeping with his wife , Addison . Later , he pursues a ' forbidden ' relationship with Dr. Lexie Grey , straining his relationship with Derek yet again . He reveals that he loves Lexie in episodes `` Migration '' , `` Flight '' , `` Going , Going , Gone '' , and `` Remember The Time '' In the show 's ninth season , he dies of injuries sustained in a jet plane crash that also injured or killed several of his colleagues from the hospital . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Mark first appears in season two , introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife , Addison ( Kate Walsh ) while they were living in New York . Mark travels to Seattle , intent on convincing Addison to return with him , but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship . Mark returns during season three at Addison 's drunken behest , but she again rejects him once sober . Undeterred , Mark sells his successful private practice ( which he previously shared with Derek ) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital . During Meredith 's morphine rampage , Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek 's friendship back . It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek 's sisters . Mark has a brief fling with Addison 's friend , orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and develops a friendship with Derek 's girlfriend , intern Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . It is revealed that after Derek left New York , Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months , during which she conceived and aborted his child . Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek 's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over . Mark enters into a sixty - day abstinence pact with Addison , agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time , Addison will give their relationship another chance . Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles . Mark supports Derek when Meredith comes close to dying after drowning , and the two are able to rekindle their friendship . It is eventually revealed that he and Derek grew up together and that he , having lost his mother as a child and emotionally neglected by his father , considered Derek 's mother as his maternal figure . As he was an only child and Derek was the only son , they became close friends and he was Derek 's best man at the latter 's wedding to Addison . He also forms a friendship with Callie , and develops an attraction to cardiothoracic surgeon Erica Hahn ( Brooke Smith ) . Erica does not reciprocate his feelings , and he is supportive of Callie when she and Erica have a brief relationship . When Addison shows up at Seattle Grace for a case , Mark attempts to sleep with Addison again but she refuses . The nurses later start a club against him called Nurses United Against Mark Sloan . After a string of unresolved sexual tension on his part , Mark then finds himself seduced by Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , despite Derek 's request that he keep their relationship platonic even before their relationship had begun . They begin a sexual relationship , which Lexie halts until he is willing to publicly admit to being her partner . Mark eventually agrees and tells Derek , who attacks him . Animosity exists between them for several episodes , before they once more repair their friendship . Mark and Lexie 's relationship becomes increasingly serious . He meets her father , Thatcher ( Jeff Perry ) ; and at the end of season five , asks her to move in with him . Though Lexie initially declines , he remains committed to their relationship , and she agrees early in season six . Mark discovers that he has an 18 - year - old daughter , Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) , who arrives seeking his support after becoming pregnant and being evicted by her mother . Mark permits her to move in with him , which angers Lexie . When Lexie makes it clear that she knew that Mark would choose his own daughter over her , she puts an end to their relationship . Sloan experiences difficulties in her pregnancy , so Mark takes her to LA to be treated . He and Addison once again sleep together , but when he comes back he tells Lexie because he does n't want to lie to her and wants them to get back together , but when she tells him she slept with Alex it puts an end to their relationship . When Sloan decides to give her baby up for adoption , Mark and Callie offer to raise it together . Sloan declines his offer and leaves Seattle , leaving Mark distraught . He enters into a relationship with cardiothoracic surgeon Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , despite the fact she is in love with their trauma colleague , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) . Sloan returns unexpectedly and gives birth to a son . She reconsiders having the baby adopted , but when Mark reassures her that he will support her no matter what , gives the baby to an adoptive couple from Washington . In the sixth - season finale , a gunman commits mass murder at the hospital . Mark helps Lexie save Alex , her new boyfriend . In the aftermath of the shooting , Lexie has a nervous breakdown and Mark has her committed to the psychiatric unit . Their friendship is strained , however Lexie softens towards him when she learns that he is still in love with her . As Lexie goes to talk to Mark about him still being in love with her , she sees Mark entering his apartment with Derek 's sister Amelia kissing her and ultimately having sex with her . When Callie 's girlfriend , pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , breaks up with her , she and Mark have a drunken one - night stand . Shortly thereafter , he reconciles with Lexie , but is delighted when Callie discovers she is pregnant with his child . Lexie , however , is dismayed by the news and leaves Mark . Mark asks Dr. Jackson Avery to find out how Lexie 's doing , but Jackson lies to Mark that he was n't able to find it out , and he ( Jackson ) starts dating Lexie shortly after that . In the meanwhile , Callie and Mark 's daughter is born . Mark later gives Jackson and Lexie his blessing , and tells Lexie he will let her go ; Lexie replies that she is still in love with him , but right now she needs Jackson to be happy . After giving Jackson a hard time , Mark finally acknowledges his surgery skills and decides to teach him , although he still evidences feelings towards Lexie , while he shows his own parenting skills with Sofia . He also starts getting along better with Arizona . After a long time without dating , Mark finally embarks on a relationship with Julia . This makes Lexie jealous , which leads to her and Jackson breaking up . Lexie struggles to tell Mark how she feels but finally admits it leaving him torn between her and Julia . In the season 8 finale , Mark , Lexie , Derek , Meredith , Cristina , and Arizona are involved in an aviation accident while on the way to Boise , Idaho to perform surgery on conjoined twins , crushing Lexie under debris . After trying and failing to save her , Mark holds a dying Lexie by the hand , telling her that he has and will always love her . He and the remaining surviving crash victims are left stranded in the woods , mourning Lexie and fighting to stay alive . In the ninth - season premiere , it is discovered that Mark is on life support due to the extensive injuries he sustained in the plane crash and , as determined by his will , the machines would be turned off if he showed no signs of waking within 30 days . Flashbacks of some moments in Mark 's life showcased him being videotaped as he was extending his congratulations to newlyweds Callie and Arizona . At the end of the speech , he declares that Lexie was the one he wanted to grow old and dance with in their granddaughter 's wedding . At 5 : 00 that day , with Derek and Callie keeping vigil at his bedside , the machines were turned off , and Mark Sloan died shortly thereafter . The following episode reveals that he had a surge of good health upon his return to Seattle Grace before ultimately succumbing to his injuries . His ' surge ' allowed him enough energy to advise his protégé Jackson , ' when you love someone , tell them ' , which is believed to be a reflection on the major obstacle of his failed relationship with Lexie . During this momentary energy , Mark also took the opportunity to make a clean break with his girlfriend , Julia , stating that the situation was not fair to her as he had always loved only Lexie . Following his death , Shonda Rhimes muses regarding Mark and Lexie 's relationship : ' ... he and Lexie get to be together in a way . Their love remains true . '' Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital is later renamed Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital in tribute to Lexie and Mark . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) Dane auditioned for the role during the casting of the pilot and ultimately received the role , which was only later introduced in the show . He initially appeared as a guest - star in the episode `` Yesterday '' of the second season , becoming a series regular from the third season episode `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' , first broadcast in October 2006 . Casting director Linda Lowy gave the insight : `` You ca n't forget about McSteamy . We cast ( Dane ) for one episode , and I think the women across the nation went kind of crazy . Everyone was talking about him , so we decided to make him a regular . '' In July 2012 , TVLine announced Dane would leave the show after the first two episodes of the ninth season . Rhimes said she and Dane decided to end Mark 's storyline after much discussion . She added : `` It was a thing that Eric had been thinking about for a while , but it felt like the right time to him . '' However , E ! Online reported that Rhimes had been forced by the network to reduce the cast for budget reasons and that Dane had not asked to leave the series . Characterization ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2013 ) The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Sloan as `` charming '' , `` confident '' , `` smug '' , `` smarmy '' , and `` great with his hands '' . Shonda Rhimes said of the character : `` Mark , the original bad boy , is struggling with his own demons . He brings a healthy serving of mystery and potential conflict to Seattle Grace . '' Actress Kate Walsh said : `` He 's the guy you should n't go out with but you ca n't help yourself . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` he can be impertinent and evil and demeaning . '' Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2011 ) His role in the episode `` In the Midnight Hour '' from the fifth season was well received by Debbie Chang of BuddyTV who wrote , `` Mark ( Eric Dane ) is pretty freaking awesome in this episode . He 's lascivious as all heck , but he 's showing some compassion . '' His scenes with Shepherd were described as `` fun . '' Victor Balta of Today listed their friendship in its `` TV 's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey 's , '' explaining `` they 've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter , sage wisdom on each other 's lives , and locker room - style teasing . '' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However , following the announcement of Dane 's upcoming departure from the show , Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you 'd expect friends would . Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced . '' His bromance with Jackson Avery was also well received . Janalen Samson of BuddyTV wrote : `` Eric Dane has always shown a facility for sly , deft comedy and these scenes with Jesse Williams are proving to be gems . I do love a good Bromance and these two actors are bringing the love and the funny in spades . Writing for TV Fanatic , Courtney Morrison commented : `` Sloan has brought the GA comedy scale up a bit with his bromances and mentoring Jackson . The pairing was listed in Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 . Los Angeles Times TV columnist , Carina Mackenzie , described his scenes with Torres as `` always perfectly sharp . '' At the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards , Dane was part of the Grey 's Anatomy cast awarded the `` Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series '' accolade , for which they were also nominated the following year . References ( edit ) Specific ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes writes Mark Sloan obituary : ' I like to believe that Mark is with Lexie somewhere ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio - Grey 's Anatomy '' . ABC . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsi , Steve ( February 22 , 2007 ) . `` Q & A With Eric Dane '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Dr. McSteamy scrubs in as cast regular '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Paula ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Casting chemistry keeps ' Grey 's ' fresh '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Exclusive : Eric Dane Checks Out ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss Shonda Rhimes explains Eric Dane 's exit , teases unique season opener '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Why Did ( Spoiler Alert ) Have to Die ? Insiders Spill Scoop '' . E !. Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Marsi , Steve ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Eric Dane , Kate Walsh Grace TV Guide '' . TV Fanatic . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang , Debbie ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode 5.9 `` In the Midnight Hour '' Recap ( Page 2 / 4 ) `` . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta , Victor . `` How adorable ! TV 's best bromances '' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Rachel . `` TV 's Best Bromances '' . About.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances # 15 McDreamy and McSteamy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances '' . Cosmopolitan . July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Kim ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You , Man ! ( PHOTOS ) '' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' drops another doc '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Samson , Janalen ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Fan Columnist : Love Is All You Need '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Courtney ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Midseason Report Card : B + '' . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zap2it 's 25 Top Bromances of 2012 '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Love is in the air for Bailey '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 13th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations announced for the 14th annual Screen Actors Guild Awards '' ( Press release ) . Screen Actors Guild . December 20 , 2007 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . General `` Mark Sloan 's Character Journey '' . ABC . 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Mark Sloan at ABC.com Mark Sloan on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sloan_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=802017652 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from October 2011 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from October 2011 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles to be expanded from July 2011 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles to be expanded from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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Mark first appears in season two , introduced as a highly respected otolaryngologist sub-specialized in plastic surgery and the childhood best friend of neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) . Derek explains that Mark had an affair with his wife , Addison ( Kate Walsh ) while they were living in New York . Mark travels to Seattle , intent on convincing Addison to return with him , but his offer is rejected and Derek declines to renew their friendship . Mark returns during season three at Addison 's drunken behest , but she again rejects him once sober . Undeterred , Mark sells his successful private practice ( which he previously shared with Derek ) and takes over the plastics program at Seattle Grace Hospital . During Meredith 's morphine rampage , Mark finds out about his nickname McSteamy which was given to him by her during his first trip to Seattle back when he attempted to get Addison back and earn Derek 's friendship back . It is later revealed that Mark has at some point slept with all of Derek 's sisters . Mark has a brief fling with Addison 's friend , orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , and develops a friendship with Derek 's girlfriend , intern Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . It is revealed that after Derek left New York , Mark and Addison continued their relationship for two months , during which she conceived and aborted his child . Just weeks after moving to Seattle he quickly observes that Derek 's true love was Meredith and tries to convince Addison that her marriage with Derek was over . Mark enters into a sixty - day abstinence pact with Addison , agreeing that if they can remain celibate for that time , Addison will give their relationship another chance . Addison ultimately breaks the pact by having sex with intern Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , and soon thereafter departs from Seattle to work in Los Angeles .

Iguazu falls - wikipedia Iguazu falls Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Iguazu Falls View of Iguazu Falls Location Argentina : Misiones Province Brazil : Paraná State Coordinates 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Coordinates : 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W  /  25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W  / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Type Cataract Total height 60 -- 82 metres ( 197 -- 269 ft ) Number of drops 275 Longest drop 82 metres ( 269 ft ) Total width 2.7 kilometres ( 1.7 mi ) Watercourse Iguazu River Average flow rate 1,756 m / s ( 62,010 cu ft / s ) The Iguazu Falls , Iguazú Falls , Iguassu Falls , or Iguaçu Falls ( Spanish : Cataratas del Iguazú ( kataˈɾatas ðel iɣwaˈsu ) ; Guarani : Chororo Yguasu ( ɕoɾoɾo ɨɣwasu ) ; Portuguese : Cataratas do Iguaçu ( kataˈɾatɐs du iɡwaˈsu ) ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná . They are the largest waterfalls system in the world . The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu . The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba . For most of its course , the river flows through Brazil ; however , most of the falls are on the Argentine side . Below its confluence with the San Antonio River , the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil . The name `` Iguazú '' comes from the Guarani or Tupi words `` y '' ( ɨ ) , meaning `` water '' , and `` ûasú `` ( waˈsu ) , meaning `` big '' . Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí , who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe . In a rage , the deity sliced the river , creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall . The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541 . Play media Video Clip : Panoramic view of the falls from Argentine side Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil 3 Tourism 4 Access 5 Comparisons to other notable falls 6 Climate 7 Gallery 8 Portrayals in film 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Geography ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are located where the Iguazu River tumbles over the edge of the Paraná Plateau , 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) upriver from the Iguazu 's confluence with the Paraná River . Numerous islands along the 2.7 - kilometre - long ( 1.7 mi ) edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts , varying between 60 to 82 metres ( 197 to 269 ft ) high . The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300 , depending on the water level . Approximately half of the river 's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil 's Throat ( Garganta del Diablo in Spanish or Garganta do Diabo in Portuguese ) . The Devil 's Throat is U-shaped , 82 by 150 by 700 metres ( 269 ft × 492 ft × 2,297 ft ) . Placenames have been given also to many other smaller falls , such as San Martín Falls , Bossetti Falls , and many others . About 900 metres ( 2,950 ft ) of the 2.7 - kilometre ( 1.7 mi ) length does not have water flowing over it . The edge of the basalt cap recedes by 3 mm ( 0.1 in ) per year . The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River , a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam . The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay . There are points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , Puerto Iguazú , Argentina , and Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , which have access to the Iguazu River , where the borders of all three nations may be seen , a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities . Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter `` J '' . The border between Brazil and Argentina runs through the Devil 's Throat . On the right bank is the Brazilian territory , which has just over 20 % of the jumps of these falls , and the left side jumps are Argentine , which make up almost 80 % of the falls . Tourism ( edit ) There are two international airports close to Iguazú Falls : the Argentine Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport ( IGR ) and the Brazilian Foz do Iguaçu International Airport ( IGU ) . Argentina 's airport is 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) from the city of Iguazu , but is closer to the falls hotels than its Brazilian counterpart . There are bus and taxi services from and to the Airport - Falls . Brazil 's airport is between Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , and the falls . Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina have direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport Krause . Azul , GOL , and LATAM Brasil offer services from main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu . Access ( edit ) Iguazú Falls from the International Space Station , 2016 The falls may be reached from two main towns , with one on either side of the falls : Puerto Iguazú in Argentina and Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil , as well as from Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , on the other side of the Paraná river from Foz do Iguaçu . The falls are shared by the Iguazú National Park ( Argentina ) and Iguaçu National Park ( Brazil ) . The two parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984 and 1987 , respectively . The first proposal for a Brazilian national park aimed at providing a pristine environment to `` future generations '' , just as `` it had been created by God '' and endowed with `` all possible preservation , from the beautiful to the sublime , from the picturesque to the awesome '' and `` an unmatched flora '' located in the `` magnificent Iguaçú waterfalls '' . These were the words used by André Rebouças , an engineer , in his book `` Provinces of Paraná , Railways to Mato Grosso and Bolivia '' , which started up the campaign aimed at preserving the Iguaçu Falls in 1876 . At this time , Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , the first national park in the world , was four years old . On the Brazilian side , there is a walkway along the canyon with an extension to the lower base of Devil 's Throat . Helicopter rides offering aerial views of the falls have been available from Brazil , however , Argentina has prohibited such helicopter tours because of the adverse environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the falls . From Foz do Iguaçu airport , the park may be reached by taking a taxi or bus to the entrance of the park . There is an entrance fee to the park on both sides . Once inside , free and frequent buses are provided to various points within the park . The town of Foz do Iguaçu is approximately 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) away , and the airport is between the park and the town . The Argentine access , across the forest , is by a Rainforest Ecological Train very similar to the one in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The train brings visitors to the entrance of Devil 's Throat , as well as the upper and lower trails . The Paseo Garganta del Diablo is a 1 - kilometre - long ( 0.6 mi ) trail that brings visitors directly over the falls of Devil 's Throat , the highest and deepest of the falls . Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls across the forest on the Argentine side and to the boats that connect to San Martin Island . Also on the Argentine side , there are inflatable boat services that take visitors very close to the falls . Walkways allow close views of the falls from both Argentina and Brazil . The Brazilian transportation system aims at allowing the increase in the number of visitors , while reducing the adverse environmental impact , through an increase in the average number of passengers per vehicle inside the park . The new transportation system has 72 - passenger capacity , panoramic - view , double - deck buses . The upper deck is open , which enables visitors a broad view of the flora and fauna during the trip to the falls . The bus combustion systems are in compliance with the CONAMA ( phase IV ) and EURO ( phase II ) emissions and noise requirements . The reduction in the number of vehicles , of noise levels , and speed , is enabling tourists to observe increasing numbers of wild animals along the route . Each bus has an exclusive paint scheme , representing some of the most common wild animals found in the Iguaçú National Park , including the spotted jaguars , butterflies , raccoons , prego monkeys , coral snakes , toucans , parrots , and yellow breasted caimans . Comparisons to other notable falls ( edit ) See also : Victoria Falls § Statistics Tourists visiting the spot Upon seeing Iguazu , the United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed `` Poor Niagara ! '' ( which , at 50 m or 165 feet , are a third shorter ) . Often Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa , which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe . Iguazu is wider , but because it is split into approximately 275 discrete falls and large islands , Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world , at more than 1,600 m ( 5,249 ft ) wide and over 100 m ( 328 ft ) in height ( in low flow Victoria is split into five by islands ; in high flow it may be uninterrupted ) . The only wider falls are extremely large rapid - like falls , such as the Boyoma Falls ( Stanley Falls ) . With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982 , Iguazu currently has the sixth - greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world , following number five Niagara , with an average rate of 1,746 m / s ( 61,660 cu ft / s ) . Its maximum recorded flow was 45,700 m / s ( 1,614,000 cu ft / s ) in 9 June 2014 . By comparison , the average flow of Niagara Falls is 2,400 m / s ( 85,000 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 8,300 m / s ( 293,000 cu ft / s ) . The average flow at Victoria Falls is 1,088 m / s ( 38,420 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 7,100 m / s ( 250,000 cu ft / s ) . Climate ( edit ) The Iguazu Falls experience a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ) with abundant precipitation and high temperatures year - round . During the summer of 2006 , a severe drought caused the Iguazu River to become diminished , reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls to 300 cubic metres per second ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) until early December . This was unusual , as dry periods normally last only a few weeks . ( show ) Climate data for Iguazu Falls ( Foz do Iguacu ) , Brazil Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 38.8 ( 101.8 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.3 ( 88.3 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 39.0 ( 102.2 ) 38.6 ( 101.5 ) 39.4 ( 102.9 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 25.2 ( 77.4 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 23.7 ( 74.7 ) 25.3 ( 77.5 ) 26.9 ( 80.4 ) 28.8 ( 83.8 ) 31.0 ( 87.8 ) 32.6 ( 90.7 ) 28.5 ( 83.3 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 25.4 ( 77.7 ) 23.8 ( 74.8 ) 20.8 ( 69.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 19.0 ( 66.2 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 23.1 ( 73.6 ) 25.1 ( 77.2 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 18.4 ( 65.1 ) 15.4 ( 59.7 ) 12.2 ( 54 ) 10.4 ( 50.7 ) 9.7 ( 49.5 ) 11.3 ( 52.3 ) 13.5 ( 56.3 ) 15.3 ( 59.5 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 15.1 ( 59.2 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 9.2 ( 48.6 ) 6.8 ( 44.2 ) 5.2 ( 41.4 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) 0.0 ( 32 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) 6.3 ( 43.3 ) 3.8 ( 38.8 ) − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 196.0 ( 7.717 ) 180.1 ( 7.091 ) 174.8 ( 6.882 ) 151.0 ( 5.945 ) 127.6 ( 5.024 ) 138.3 ( 5.445 ) 84.4 ( 3.323 ) 107.4 ( 4.228 ) 146.6 ( 5.772 ) 219.8 ( 8.654 ) 153.7 ( 6.051 ) 189.0 ( 7.441 ) 1,868.7 ( 73.571 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) 9 9 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 9 7 9 95 Average relative humidity ( % ) 77 80 82 85 86 85 83 80 79 78 75 74 80.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 230.5 196.3 209.9 193.6 180.8 151.2 168.7 157.9 146.4 195.6 231.4 232.3 2,294.6 Source : INMET Gallery ( edit ) Aerial view of the Iguazu Falls from a helicopter Iguazu Falls from the Argentine side Iguazu Falls from the Brazilian side Aerial view , from the Argentine side Bosetti waterfall Falls and Brazilian tourist complex Panorama of the Falls Portrayals in film ( edit ) Iguazu Falls have been featured in several TV shows and movies , including : Le cascate dell'Ignazu ( 1907 , Ambrosio . Shot by Roberto Omegna , 135 meters ) Z Argentiny do Mexika ( 1954 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon ( 1956 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) The Mission ( 1986 ) The Country Bears Down Under ( 1990 ) Baraka ( 1992 ) Extermineitors IV : Como hermanos gemelos ( 1992 ) O Trem Caipira ( 1994 ) Tummy ( 1995 ) Happy Together ( 1997 ) Mr. Magoo ( 1997 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) In the Hands of the Gods ( 2007 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) OSS 117 : Rio ne répond plus ( 2009 ) Salve Geral ( 2009 ) Survivor : Tocantins ( 2009 ) Operação X ( 2011 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) If Cats Disappeared From the World ( 2016 ) See also ( edit ) List of waterfalls by flow rate References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Iguaçu Falls '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library ed . ) . 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Dominic Couzens ( 2008 ) , Top 100 Birding Sites of the World , University of California Press , p. 228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52 - 025932 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Bonnie Hamre . `` Iguazu Falls '' . About.com Travel . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Puerto Iguazu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travel to Foz Do Iguaçu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- World Heritage List '' . unesco.org . Jump up ^ `` IguazuFalls.com Helicopter Ride '' . IguazuFalls.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Fabiula Wurmeister ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Chuvas fazem vazão das Cataratas bater recorde e Itaipu abrir vertedouro '' . globo.com notícias . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia histórico nas Cataratas do Iguaçu '' . Cataratas do Iguaçu S.A. 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Kerala Articles '' . keralaarticles.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961 -- 1990 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ IMDb . `` Most Popular Titles With Location Matching `` Foz do Iguaçu , Paraná , Brazil '' `` . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguaçu Falls . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iguaçu Falls . Foz do Iguaçu ( Brazilian government site , in Portuguese ) Copel Monitoramento Hydrológico ( Iguazu River flow rate measurements ; leftmost green dot gives flow rate at Hotel Cataratas ) Iguazu Falls -- Information , Hotels , Activities Iguazu Falls Travel Information ( English website ) Greatest Places : Iguazu Falls page Iguazu Falls at UNESCO World Heritage Centre site Iguazu Falls facts `` Iguazu Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . https://vimeo.com/44873371 New 7 Wonders of Nature Amazon rainforest and river Hạ Long Bay Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls Jeju Island Komodo Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iguazu_Falls&oldid=809433270 '' Categories : Waterfalls of Argentina Waterfalls of Brazil International waterfalls Argentina -- Brazil border Landforms of Misiones Province Landforms of Paraná ( state ) Block waterfalls Segmented waterfalls Environment of Paraná ( state ) Foz do Iguaçu Tourist attractions in Misiones Province Tourist attractions in Paraná ( state ) World Heritage Sites in Argentina World Heritage Sites in Brazil Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from August 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Guaraní - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 02 : 11 . 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where is the iguazu falls located on a map

The Iguazu Falls , Iguazú Falls , Iguassu Falls , or Iguaçu Falls ( Spanish : Cataratas del Iguazú ( kataˈɾatas ðel iɣwaˈsu ) ; Guarani : Chororo Yguasu ( ɕoɾoɾo ɨɣwasu ) ; Portuguese : Cataratas do Iguaçu ( kataˈɾatɐs du iɡwaˈsu ) ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná . They are the largest waterfalls system in the world . The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu . The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba . For most of its course , the river flows through Brazil ; however , most of the falls are on the Argentine side . Below its confluence with the San Antonio River , the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil .

History of Egypt - wikipedia History of Egypt Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article or section appears to be slanted towards recent events . Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Egypt Prehistoric Egypt pre -- 3150 BC Ancient Egypt Early Dynastic Period 3150 -- 2686 BC Old Kingdom 2686 -- 2181 BC 1st Intermediate Period 2181 -- 2055 BC Middle Kingdom 2055 -- 1650 BC 2nd Intermediate Period 1650 -- 1550 BC New Kingdom 1550 -- 1069 BC 3rd Intermediate Period 1069 -- 744 BC Kushite Egypt 744 -- 656 BC Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt 664 -- 525 BC Classical antiquity Achaemenid Egypt 525 -- 404 BC Twenty - eighth Dynasty of Egypt 404 -- 398 BC Twenty - ninth Dynasty of Egypt 398 -- 380 BC Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 380 -- 343 BC Achaemenid Egypt 343 -- 332 BC Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt 332 -- 30 BC Roman and Byzantine Egypt 30 BC -- 641 AD Sasanian Egypt 619 -- 629 Middle Ages Rashidun Egypt 641 -- 661 Umayyad Egypt 661 -- 750 Abbasid Egypt 750 -- 935 Tulunid Egypt 868 -- 905 Ikhshidid Egypt 935 -- 969 Fatimid Egypt 969 -- 1171 Ayyubid Egypt 1171 -- 1250 Mamluk Egypt 1250 -- 1517 Early modern Ottoman Egypt 1517 -- 1867 French occupation 1798 -- 1801 Egypt under Muhammad Ali 1805 -- 1882 Khedivate of Egypt 1867 -- 1914 Modern Egypt British occupation 1882 -- 1922 Sultanate of Egypt 1914 -- 1922 Kingdom of Egypt 1922 -- 1953 Republic 1953 -- present Egypt portal The history of Egypt has been long and rich , due to the flow of the Nile river , with its fertile banks and delta . Its rich history also comes from its native inhabitants and outside influence . Much of Egypt 's ancient history was a mystery until the secrets of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and help of the Rosetta Stone . The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing . The Lighthouse of Alexandria , one of the other Seven Wonders , is gone . The Library of Alexandria was the only one of its kind for centuries . Human settlement in Egypt dates back to at least 40,000 BC with Aterian tool manufacturing . Ancient Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty , Narmer . Predominately native Egyptian rule lasted until the conquest by the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century BC . In 332 BC , Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom , whose first ruler was one of Alexander 's former generals , Ptolemy I Soter . The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome . The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire . Roman rule in Egypt ( including Byzantine ) lasted from 30 BC to 641 AD , with a brief interlude of control by the Sasanian Empire between 619 - 629 , known as Sasanian Egypt . After the Muslim conquest of Egypt , parts of Egypt became provinces of successive Caliphates and other Muslim dynasties : Rashidun Caliphate ( 632 - 661 ) , Umayyad Caliphate ( 661 -- 750 ) , Abbasid Caliphate ( 750 - 909 ) , Fatimid Caliphate ( 909 - 1171 ) , Ayyubid Sultanate ( 1171 -- 1260 ) , and the Mamluk Sultanate ( 1250 - 1517 ) . In 1517 , Ottoman sultan Selim I captured Cairo , absorbing Egypt into the Ottoman Empire . Egypt remained entirely Ottoman until 1867 , except during French occupation from 1798 to 1801 . Starting in 1867 , Egypt became a nominally autonomous tributary state called the Khedivate of Egypt . However , Khedivate Egypt fell under British control in 1882 following the Anglo - Egyptian War . After the end of World War I and following the Egyptian revolution of 1919 , the Kingdom of Egypt was established . While a de jure independent state , the United Kingdom retained control over foreign affairs , defense , and other matters . British occupation lasted until 1954 , with the Anglo - Egyptian agreement of 1954 . The modern Republic of Egypt was founded in 1953 , and with the complete withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal in 1956 , it marked the first time in 2300 years that Egypt was both fully independent and ruled by native Egyptians . President Gamal Abdel Nasser ( president from 1956 to 1970 ) introduced many reforms and created the short - lived United Arab Republic ( with Syria ) . His terms also saw the Six - Day War and the creation of the international Non-Aligned Movement . His successor , Anwar Sadat ( president from 1970 to 1981 ) changed Egypt 's trajectory , departing from many of the political , and economic tenets of Nasserism , re-instituting a multi-party system , and launching the Infitah economic policy . He led Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula , which Israel had occupied since the Six - Day War of 1967 . This later led to the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty . Recent Egyptian history has been dominated by events following nearly thirty years of rule by former president Hosni Mubarak . The Egyptian revolution of 2011 deposed Mubarak and resulted in the first democratically elected president in Egyptian history , Mohamed Morsi . Unrest after the 2011 revolution and related disputes led to the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) 2 Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) 2.1 Achaemenid rule 2.2 Second Achaemenid conquest 3 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) 3.1 Sassanid Egypt 4 Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) 5 British Protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) 6 Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) 6.1 Reign of Nasser 6.2 Reign of Sadat 6.3 Reign of Mubarak 6.4 Terrorist insurgency 6.5 Civil unrest since 2011 6.5. 1 Revolution 6.5. 2 Morsi 's presidency 6.5. 3 After Morsi 6.5. 4 El - Sisi Presidency 7 See also 8 References Prehistory ( pre -- 3100 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric Egypt and Population history of Egypt There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases . In the 10th millennium BC , a culture of hunter - gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain - grinding culture . Climate changes and / or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt , forming the Sahara . Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River , where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society . By about 6000 BC , a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley . During the Neolithic era , several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt . The Badari culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site , Merimda , predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years . Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years , remaining culturally distinct , but maintaining frequent contact through trade . The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels , dated to about 3200 BC . Ancient Egypt ( 3100 -- 332 BC ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ancient Egypt and History of ancient Egypt The Great Sphinx and the Pyramids of Giza , built during the Old Kingdom . A unified kingdom was founded 3150 BC by King Menes , leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia . Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion , arts , language and customs . The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period , c. 2700 -- 2200 BC. , which constructed many pyramids , most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza Pyramids . The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years . Stronger Nile floods and stabilization of government , however , brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC , reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III . A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt , that of the Semitic - speaking Hyksos . The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris . They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I , who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes . The New Kingdom , c. 1550 -- 1070 BC , began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east . This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II . The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism . Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom . The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country . A team lead by Johannes Krause managed the first reliable sequencing of the genomes of 90 mummified individuals in 2017 . Whilst not conclusive , because of the non-exhaustive time frame and restricted location that the mummies represent , their study nevertheless showed that these Ancient Egyptians `` closely resembled ancient and modern Near Eastern populations , especially those in the Levant , and had almost no DNA from sub-Saharan Africa . What 's more , the genetics of the mummies remained remarkably consistent even as different powers -- including Nubians , Greeks , and Romans -- conquered the empire . '' Achaemenid rule ( edit ) In the sixth century BC , the Achaemenid Empire conquered Egypt . The entire Twenty - seventh Dynasty of Egypt , from 525 BC to 402 BC , save for Petubastis III , was an entirely Persian - ruled period , with the Achaemenid kings being granted the title of pharaoh . The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch . It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh , King Nectanebo II , was defeated in battle . Second Achaemenid conquest ( edit ) The Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , also known as the Second Egyptian Satrapy , was effectively a short - living province of the Achaemenid Empire between 343 BC to 332 BC . After an interval of independence , during which three indigenous dynasties reigned ( the 28th , 29th and 30th dynasty ) , Artaxerxes III ( 358 -- 338 BC ) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief second period ( 343 -- 332 BC ) , which is called the Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , thus starting another period of pharaohs of Persian origin . Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt ( 332 BC -- 641 AD ) ( edit ) Main articles : Ptolemaic Kingdom and Egypt ( Roman province ) The Greek Ptolemaic queen Cleopatra and her son by Julius Caesar , Caesarion , at the Dendera Temple complex . The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state extending from southern Syria in the east , to Cyrene to the west , and south to the frontier with Nubia . Alexandria became the capital city and a center of Greek culture and trade . To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace , they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs . The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions , had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participated in Egyptian religious life . The last ruler from the Ptolemaic dynasty was Cleopatra , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony , who had died in her arms ( from a self - inflicted stab wound ) after Augustus had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled . The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians , often caused by an unwanted regime , and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome . Nevertheless , Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest . The native Egyptian / Coptic culture continued to exist as well ( the Coptic language itself was Egypt 's most widely spoken language until at least the 10th century ) . Egypt quickly became the Empire 's breadbasket supplying the greater portion of the Empire 's grain in addition to flax , papyrus , glass , and many other finished goods . The city of Alexandria became a key trading outpost for the Roman Empire ( by some accounts , the most important for a time ) . Shipping from Egypt regularly reached India and Ethiopia among other international destinations . It was also a leading ( perhaps the leading ) scientific and technological center of the Empire . Scholars such as Ptolemy , Hypatia , and Heron broke new ground in astronomy , mathematics , and other disciplines . Culturally , the city of Alexandria at times rivaled Rome in its importance . Christianity reached Egypt relatively early in the evangelist period of the first century ( traditionally credited to Mark the Evangelist ) . Alexandria , Egypt and Antioch , Syria quickly became the leading centers of Christianity . Diocletian 's reign marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt , when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted . The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian . After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451 , a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established . Sassanid Egypt ( edit ) Sasanian Egypt ( known in Middle Persian sources as Agiptus ) refers to the brief rule of Egypt and parts of Libya by the Sasanian Empire , which lasted from 619 to 629 , until the Sasanian rebel Shahrbaraz made an alliance with the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and had control over Egypt returned to him . Arab and Ottoman Egypt ( 641 -- 1882 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Muslim Egypt and History of Ottoman Egypt Selim I ( 1470 -- 1520 ) , conquered Egypt The Hanging Church of Cairo , first built in the 3rd or 4th century , is one of the most famous Coptic Orthodox churches in Egypt . The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Persian invasion early in the 7th century , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Arab Islamic Empire . The final loss of Egypt was of incalculable significance to the Byzantine Empire , which had relied on Egypt for many agricultural and manufactured goods . When they defeated the Byzantine Armies in Egypt , the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country . Early in this period , Egyptians began to blend their new faith with their Christian traditions as well as other indigenous beliefs and practices , leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day . These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity . Muslim rulers nominated by the Islamic Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries , with Cairo as the seat of the Caliphate under the Fatimids . With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty , the Mamluks , a Turco - Circassian military caste , took control about AD 1250 . By the late 13th century , Egypt linked the Red Sea , India , Malaya , and East Indies . The Greek and Coptic languages and cultures went into a steep decline in favor of Arabic culture ( though Coptic managed to last as a spoken language until the 17th century and remains a liturgical language today ) . The Mamluks continued to govern the country until the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 , after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire . The mid-14th - century Black Death killed about 40 % of the country 's population . After the 15th century , the Ottoman invasion pushed the Egyptian system into decline . The defensive militarization damaged its civil society and economic institutions . The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion . Portuguese traders took over their trade . Egypt suffered six famines between 1687 and 1731 . The 1784 famine cost it roughly one - sixth of its population . The brief French invasion of Egypt led by Napoleon Bonaparte began in 1798 . The expulsion of the French in 1801 by Ottoman , Mamluk , and British forces was followed by four years of anarchy in which Ottomans , Mamluks , and Albanians -- who were nominally in the service of the Ottomans -- wrestled for power . Out of this chaos , the commander of the Albanian regiment , Muhammad Ali ( Kavalali Mehmed Ali Pasha ) emerged as a dominant figure and in 1805 was acknowledged by the Sultan in Istanbul as his viceroy in Egypt ; the title implied subordination to the Sultan but this was in fact a polite fiction : Ottoman power in Egypt was finished and Muhammad Ali , an ambitious and able leader , established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952 . In later years , the dynasty became a British puppet . His primary focus was military : he annexed Northern Sudan ( 1820 -- 1824 ) , Syria ( 1833 ) , and parts of Arabia and Anatolia ; but in 1841 the European powers , fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself , forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans , but he kept the Sudan and his title to Egypt was made hereditary . A more lasting result of his military ambition is that it required him to modernize the country . Eager to adopt the military ( and therefore industrial ) techniques of the great powers , he sent students to the West and invited training missions to Egypt . He built industries , a system of canals for irrigation and transport , and reformed the civil service . The introduction in 1820 of long - staple cotton , the Egyptian variety of which became notable , transformed its agriculture into a cash - crop monoculture before the end of the century . The social effects of this were enormous : land ownership became concentrated and many foreigners arrived , shifting production towards international markets . British protectorate ( 1882 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of Egypt under the British and History of modern Egypt Nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919 British indirect rule lasted from 1882 , when the British succeeded in defeating the Egyptian Army at Tel el - Kebir in September and took control of the country , to the 1952 Egyptian revolution which made Egypt a republic and when British advisers were expelled . Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim ( in September 1848 ) , then by a grandson Abbas I ( in November 1848 ) , then by Said ( in 1854 ) , and Isma'il ( in 1863 ) . Abbas I was cautious . Said and Ismail were ambitious developers , but they spent beyond their means . The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 . The cost of this and other projects had two effects : it led to enormous debt to European banks , and caused popular discontent because of the onerous taxation it required . In 1875 Ismail was forced to sell Egypt 's share in the canal to the British Government . Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet , and , `` with the financial power of the bondholders behind them , were the real power in the Government . '' Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879 , with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure . In 1882 he became head of a nationalist - dominated ministry committed to democratic reforms including parliamentary control of the budget . Fearing a reduction of their control , Britain and France intervened militarily , bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel el - Kebir . They reinstalled Ismail 's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate . In 1914 , the Protectorate was made official , and the title of the head of state , which in 1867 had changed from pasha to khedive , was changed again to sultan , to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan , who was backing the Central powers in the First World War . Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle , Hussein Kamel , as sultan . In 1906 , the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement . After the First World War , Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly . When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919 , the country arose in its first modern revolution . The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt 's independence on 22 February 1922 . The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system . Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 . In 1936 , the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty was concluded . Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution . The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad . British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954 . Republican Egypt ( since 1953 ) ( edit ) Main articles : History of the Republic of Egypt and History of modern Egypt Celebrating the signing of the Camp David Accords : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Al Sadat . On 18 June 1953 , the Egyptian Republic was declared , with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic . Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser -- the real architect of the 1952 movement -- and was later put under house arrest . Reign of Nasser ( edit ) Main article : Gamal Abdel Nasser Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956 . British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956 . He nationalized the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 , prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis . In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic . The union was short - lived , ending in 1961 when Syria seceded , thus ending the union . During most of its existence , the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen ( formerly the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ) known as the United Arab States . In the 1967 Six Day War , Israel invaded and occupied Egypt 's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip , which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . Three years later ( 1970 ) , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . Reign of Sadat ( edit ) Main article : Anwar el - Sadat Sadat switched Egypt 's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States , expelling Soviet advisors in 1972 . He launched the Infitah economic reform policy , while clamping down on religious and secular opposition . In 1973 , Egypt , along with Syria , launched the October War , a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights . It was an attempt to regain part of the Sinai territory that Israel had captured six years earlier . Sadat hoped to seize some territory through military force , and then regain the rest of the peninsula by diplomacy . The conflict sparked an international crisis between the US and the USSR , both of whom intervened . The second UN-mandated ceasefire halted military action . While the war ended with a military stalemate , it presented Sadat with a political victory that later allowed him to regain the Sinai in return for peace with Israel . Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977 , which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai . Sadat 's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt 's expulsion from the Arab League , but it was supported by most Egyptians . On 6 October 1981 , Sadat and six diplomats were assassinated while observing a military parade commemorating the eighth anniversary of the October 1973 War . He was succeeded by Hosni Mubarak . Reign of Mubarak ( edit ) Main article : Hosni Mubarak This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) Mubarak started many projects such as Cairo International Airport and the Cairo metro . Mubarak made many new cities including : Sheikh Zayed Ain Sokhna New Cairo Borg el - Arab Terrorist insurgency ( edit ) Main article : Terrorism in Egypt In 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s , terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe , and began to target Copts and foreign tourists as well as government officials . Some scholars and authors have credited Islamist writer Sayyid Qutb , who was executed in 1967 , as the inspiration for the new wave of attacks . The 1990s saw an Islamist group , al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya , engage in an extended campaign of violence , from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals , to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners . Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt 's economy -- tourism -- and in turn to the government , but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support . Victims of the campaign against the Egyptian state from 1992 - 1997 exceeded 1,200 and included the head of the counter-terrorism police ( Major General Raouf Khayrat ) , a speaker of parliament ( Rifaat el - Mahgoub ) , dozens of European tourists and Egyptian bystanders , and over 100 Egyptian police . At times , travel by foreigners in parts of Upper Egypt was severely restricted and dangerous . On 17 November 1997 , 62 people , mostly tourists , were killed near Luxor . The assailants trapped the people in the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut . During this period , Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya was given support by the governments of Iran and Sudan , as well as al - Qaeda . The Egyptian government received support during that time from the United States . Civil unrest since 2011 ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Egyptian revolution of 2011 In 2003 , the Kefaya ( `` Egyptian Movement for Change '' ) , was launched to oppose the Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms and greater civil liberties . Celebrations in Tahrir Square after Omar Suleiman 's statement announcing Hosni Mubarak 's resignation On 25 January 2011 , widespread protests began against Mubarak 's government . The objective of the protest was the removal of Mubarak from power . These took the form of an intensive campaign of civil resistance supported by a very large number of people and mainly consisting of continuous mass demonstrations . By 29 January , it was becoming clear that Mubarak 's government had lost control when a curfew order was ignored , and the army took a semi-neutral stance on enforcing the curfew decree . Some protesters , a very small minority in Cairo , expressed views against what they deemed was foreign interference , highlighted by the then - held view that the U.S. administration had failed to take sides , as well as linking the administration with Israel . On 11 February 2011 , Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo . Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak had stepped down and that the Egyptian military would assume control of the nation 's affairs in the short term . Jubilant celebrations broke out in Tahrir Square at the news . Mubarak may have left Cairo for Sharm el - Sheikh the previous night , before or shortly after the airing of a taped speech in which Mubarak vowed he would not step down or leave . On 13 February 2011 , the high level military command of Egypt announced that both the constitution and the parliament of Egypt had been dissolved . The parliamentary election was to be held in September . A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011 . On 28 November 2011 , Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power . Turnout was high and there were no reports of violence , although members of some parties broke the ban on campaigning at polling places by handing out pamphlets and banners . There were however complaints of irregularities . Morsi 's presidency ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012 . Mohamed Morsi won 25 % of the vote and Ahmed Shafik , the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak , 24 % . A second round was held on 16 and 17 June . On 24 June 2012 , the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had won the election , making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt . According to official results , Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent . On 8 July 2012 , Egypt 's new president Mohamed Morsi announced he was overriding the military edict that dissolved the country 's elected parliament and he called lawmakers back into session . On 10 July 2012 , the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation 's parliament back into session . On 2 August 2012 , Egypt 's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35 - member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood , six others and the former military ruler Mohamed Hussein Tantawi as the Defence Minister from the previous Government . On 22 November 2012 , Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution . The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak - era killings of protesters , who had been acquitted , and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months . Additionally , the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution . Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices , while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi . The move was criticized by Mohamed ElBaradei , the leader of Egypt 's Constitution Party , who stated `` Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt 's new pharaoh '' on his Twitter feed . The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt . On 5 December 2012 , Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt 's president clashed , hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo 's streets , in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country 's revolution . Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country 's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers . Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns . Morsi offered a `` national dialogue '' with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist - dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest . A constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012 , with 64 % support , and 33 % against . It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012 . On 3 July 2013 , the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army . On 30 June 2013 , on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi , millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president . On 1 July , the Egyptian Armed Forces issued a 48 - hour ultimatum that gave the country 's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people . The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army 's 48 - hour ultimatum , vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis . On 3 July , General Abdel Fattah el - Sisi , head of the Egyptian Armed Forces , announced that he had removed Morsi from power , suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named Supreme Constitutional Court 's leader , Adly Mansour as acting president . Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013 . After Morsi ( edit ) Main article : Post-coup unrest in Egypt ( 2013 -- 2014 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2014 ) During the months after the coup d'état , a new constitution was prepared , which took effect on 18 January 2014 . After that , presidential and parliamentary elections have to be held in June 2014 . On 24 March 2014 , 529 Morsi 's supporters were sentenced to death , while the trial of Morsi himself was still ongoing . Having delivered a final judgement , 492 sentences were commuted to life imprisonment with `` only '' 37 death sentences being upheld . On 28 April , another mass trial took place with 683 Morsi supporters sentenced to death for killing 1 police officer . In 2015 , Egypt participated in the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen . El - Sisi presidency ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Abdel Fattah el - Sisi In the elections of June 2014 El - Sisi won with a percentage of 96.1 . Under President el - Sisi , Egypt has implemented a rigorous policy of controlling the border to the Gaza Strip , including the dismantling of tunnels between the Gaza strip and Sinai . See also ( edit ) History of cities in Egypt : Alexandria history and timeline Cairo history and timeline Timeline of Egypt ( fr ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Midant - Reynes , Béatrix . The Prehistory of Egypt : From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The Nile Valley 6000 -- 4000 BC Neolithic '' . The British Museum . 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bard , Kathryn A. Ian Shaw , ed . The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt . 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Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers '' . BBC News . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rallies for , against Egypt president 's new powers '' . Associated Press . 23 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ELBaradei '' . 22 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Michael ( 22 November 2012 ) . `` Egypt 's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers publisher '' Washington Post `` . The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 23 November 2012 ) . `` Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi 's constitutional ' coup ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution '' . Wall Street Journal . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Fleishman , Jeffrey ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt 's vote on constitution '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Czech News Agency ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Soud s islamisty v Egyptě : Na popraviště půjde více než 500 Mursího stoupenců '' . IHNED.cz . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt sentences 683 to death in latest mass trial of dissidents '' . The Washington Post . 28 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt and Saudi Arabia discuss maneuvers as Yemen battles rage '' . Reuters. 14 April 2015 . Egypt articles History Ancient Achaemenid Ptolemaic Roman Christian Muslim Ottoman Muhammad Ali dynasty Khedivate Modern British occupation Sultanate Kingdom Republic Nasser era Sadat era Mubarak era 2010s crisis Geography Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Lakes Mountains Suez Canal Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Military Supreme Council Political parties President list Prime Minister list Economy Agriculture Companies Egyptian pound Energy Mining National Bank Telecommunications Tourism Transport Water supply and sanitation Society Crime Demographics Education Health Homelessness Languages Religion Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Flag Egyptians Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Olympics Public holidays Outline Index Book Portal History of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Egypt&oldid=834247041 '' Categories : History of Egypt History of Egypt by period Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles slanted towards recent events from April 2014 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2013 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2014 Articles to be expanded from March 2014 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 . 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in the 1st century bc egypt became a colony of

In 332 BC , Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great conquered Egypt as he toppled the Achaemenids and established the Hellenistic Ptolemaic Kingdom , whose first ruler was one of Alexander 's former generals , Ptolemy I Soter . The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its final annexation by Rome . The death of Cleopatra ended the nominal independence of Egypt resulting in Egypt becoming one of the provinces of the Roman Empire .

List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh Jump to : navigation , search Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Incumbent Yogi Adityanath since 19 March 2017 Appointer Governor of Uttar Pradesh Inaugural holder Govind Ballabh Pant Formation 26 January 1950 The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) , a North Indian state , is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant , Premier of United Provinces , became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh . Including him , 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress . Among these is V.P. Singh , a future Prime Minister of India , as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal . UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati . Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017 , having assumed office at the age of 38 , he is the youngest person to have held the office . On ten occasions , most recently in 2002 , the state has come under President 's rule , leaving the office of chief minister vacant . Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premiers of United Provinces 2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh 3 References 4 External links Premiers of United Provinces ( edit ) Govind Ballabh Pant , the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh The United Provinces , headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Under the Government of India Act , 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council . No Name Term of office Party Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress Vacant ( 2 ) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Colour key for parties Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Kranti Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( O ) Janata Dal Janata Party Samajwadi Party N / A ( President 's rule ) UP 's fifth chief minister , Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal , went on to become India 's fifth prime minister . UP 's 9th chief minister , N.D. Tiwari of the Indian National Congress , only Chief Minister who Served two different states ( Uttar Pradesh - 4 term & Uttarakhand - 1 term . ) Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP 's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party . Although V.P. Singh 's chief - ministerial reign was as a Congressman , as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal . Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP . His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid UP 's 19th chief minister , Rajnath Singh , is the current Union Home Minister . Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP 's chief minister . Mayawati was the one who completed her tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012 after 1960 . Akhilesh Yadav , the state 's youngest - ever Chief Minister , holding office from 2012 to 2017 . No Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Party Assembly ( Election ) Ref Govind Ballabh Pant Bareilly Municipality 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years , 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created 20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( 1951 election ) Sampurnanand Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years , 344 days 10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( 1957 election ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years , 298 days 14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( 1962 election ) Sucheta Kriplani Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years , 162 days ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 2 ) Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( 1967 election ) Charan Singh Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year , 1 day N / A Dissolved ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 3 ) Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( 1969 election ) ( 5 ) Charan Singh ( 2 ) Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N / A 6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress ( O ) 7 Kamlapati Tripathi Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years , 69 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N / A 8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years , 21 days Indian National Congress 5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( 1974 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N / A 9 N.D. Tiwari Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year , 99 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N / A Dissolved 10 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year , 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( 1977 election ) 11 Banarsi Das Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N / A Dissolved 12 V.P. Singh Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years , 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly ( 1980 -- 85 ) ( 1980 election ) 13 Sripati Mishra Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years , 14 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 2 ) Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year , 52 days 11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly ( 1985 -- 89 ) ( 1985 election ) 14 Vir Bahadur Singh Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years , 274 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 3 ) Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year , 163 days 15 Mulayam Singh Yadav Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year , 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( 1989 election ) 16 Kalyan Singh Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year , 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( 1991 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N / A Dissolved ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 2 ) Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year , 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly ( 1993 -- 95 ) ( 1993 election ) 17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year , 154 days N / A Dissolved 17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( 1996 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 2 ) Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 16 ) Kalyan Singh ( 2 ) Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years , 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 18 Ram Prakash Gupta MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days 19 Rajnath Singh Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year , 131 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N / A Fourteenth Assembly ( 2002 -- 07 ) ( 2002 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 3 ) Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year , 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 3 ) Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years , 257 days Samajwadi Party ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 4 ) MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years , 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly ( 2007 -- 12 ) ( 2007 election ) 20 Akhilesh Yadav MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years , 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( 2012 election ) 21 Yogi Adityanath MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 1 year , 71 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly ( 2017 -- ) ( 2017 election ) Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well . ^ Jump up to : Chief Ministers . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ President 's rule . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/ Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1951 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1957 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1962 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1967 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1969 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1974 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1977 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1980 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1985 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1989 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1991 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1993 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1996 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2002 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2007 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2012 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Election Results '' . Economic Times . Retrieved on 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org `` Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Indian Express . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Mehbooba Mufti Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=843304196 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 07 : 42 . 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who is the cheif minister of uttar pradesh up

Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 .

Suddenly Human - wikipedia Suddenly Human Jump to : navigation , search `` Suddenly Human '' Star Trek : The Next Generation episode Episode no . Season 4 Episode 4 Directed by Gabrielle Beaumont Story by Ralph Phillips Teleplay by John Whelpley Jeri Taylor Featured music Dennis McCarthy Cinematography by Marvin Rush Production code 176 Original air date October 15 , 1990 ( 1990 - 10 - 15 ) Recurring / Guest appearances Sherman Howard - Endar Chad Allen - Jono / Jeremiah Rossa Barbara Townsend - Adm. Connaught Rossa Episode chronology ← Previous `` Brothers '' Next → `` Remember Me '' Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes `` Suddenly Human '' is 78th episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation , the fourth episode of the fourth season . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Federation starship USS Enterprise - D. In this episode , The Enterprise rescues a Starfleet admiral 's grandson , long thought dead , but who had been adopted and raised by the enemies who killed the boy 's parents . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Future Deep Space Nine episode similarities 3 Reviews 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The Enterprise responds to a distress call from a Talarian vessel . They rescue five teenaged members , four of whom are Talarian , and one human , Jono ( Chad Allen ) . Jono keeps to himself , but shows strict obedience to Captain Picard , which together with some unexplained past injuries leads Doctor Crusher to suggest Jono may have been physically abused . It is determined that Jono is Jeremiah Rossa , a long - lost Federation citizen . His grandmother is a Starfleet admiral , and he was orphaned ten years ago when his parents were killed in a skirmish with the Talarians . When the Captain introduces the topic of Jono 's human family , Jono gets angry . After persistent effort by Picard , Jono 's memories of the attack begin to return and a friendship develops between Jono and Wesley Crusher . A Talarian ship arrives , and its Captain , Endar , asks for a status on his son , Jono . Ten years ago , Endar claimed Jono after Jono 's parents were killed . This is part of the Talarian custom of adopting the children of slain enemies to replace their children who have died in battle . Endar explains Jono 's injuries as the products of a boy trying to impress his father by participating in high - risk activities ; Picard seems satisfied and observes that Endar seems to care for Jono . Picard allows Endar to see Jono , but when Jono says he wants to stay with Endar , Picard suspects the boy is afraid to say he wants to stay in the Federation . Endar insists that Jono will come back with him , even if the result is war between the Talarians and the Federation . Returning to his vessel , Endar calls for reinforcements , as Picard decides to try to convince Jono to stay . After Jono receives a message from his grandmother , Picard takes the boy to play a form of racquetball , where Jono breaks down and cries . The crew believes they are making progress with the boy , but that night , Jono stabs the Captain . The dagger is deflected by Picard 's sternum , and the wound is minor . The problem of where Jono should live is now compounded as Jono has committed a Federation crime . When Picard learns that Jono feels he can not betray Endar by befriending Picard , the Captain realizes he has been trying to impose his wishes on the boy . Just as Endar 's patience is about to run out , Picard contacts the Talarians and lets them know he will let Jono go back . Jono bids Picard farewell with a Talarian ritual that is normally reserved for family members . Future deep space nine episode similarities ( edit ) Suddenly Human , which aired in 1990 , has strong similarities to the second season DS9 episode , Cardassians , which aired in 1993 . In both Suddenly Human and Cardassians , a young male alien is living with a family of another species , who adopt him after the conclusion of a battle or war . In both episodes , the adopting family insists on the return of the child , while the biological family also fights for custody . Tensions rise as the question of custody is decided . In both episodes , custody is decided by the commanding officers present . However , the episodes have different conclusions . In Suddenly Human , Captain Picard returns the young man Jono / Jeremiah Rossa to his adopting father because the young man is old enough to decide for himself with whom he wishes to live , and because it is the only life he has ever known . In Cardassians , Commander Benjamin Sisko removes the child from his caring Bajoran foster family when it is revealed that he was placed in foster care under false pretenses by another Cardassian . Reviews ( edit ) Jamahl Epsicokhan of TrekNation 's Jammer 's Reviews , pointed out that this was the third TNG episode in a row to deal with family issues . Epsicokhan called Suddenly Human the least effective of the three family - oriented episodes , stating that the plot took too long to play out , that the storyline was flat in parts , and criticized the script . The reviewer was also disappointed that the Starfleet admiral 's reaction to her request for custody being disregarded by Picard was left as an unresolved plot point . As of March 22 , 2017 , Suddenly Human has an average viewer rating of 6.5 out of 10 stars , on the IMDb . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Epsicokhan , Jamahl . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation `` Suddenly Human '' `` . TrekNation . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Suddenly Human '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 22 . External links ( edit ) `` Suddenly Human '' on IMDb `` Suddenly Human '' at TV.com `` Suddenly Human '' at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Suddenly Human '' at StarTrek.com `` Suddenly Human '' rewatch by Keith R.A. DeCandido Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Season 4 `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption I '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis `` Reboot '' films Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Maquis Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Orion Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation To Be Takei For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suddenly_Human&oldid=771622178 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes 1990 American television episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 March 2017 , at 16 : 24 . 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who played jono on star trek next generation

The Enterprise responds to a distress call from a Talarian vessel . They rescue five teenaged members , four of whom are Talarian , and one human , Jono ( Chad Allen ) .

Hundred Acre Wood - wikipedia Hundred Acre Wood This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hundred Acre Wood Map of the Hundred Acre Wood drawn by E.H. Shepard to illustrate Winnie - the - Pooh . Winnie - the - Pooh location Created by A.A. Milne Genre children 's book Type Forest Notable locations Owl 's House , The Six Pine Trees , Galleon 's Lap Notable characters Winnie - the - Pooh , Tigger , ( full list ) The Hundred Acre Wood ( also spelled as 100 Aker Wood , Hundred - Acre Wood , and 100 Acre Wood ; also known as simply `` The Wood '' ) is a part of the fictional land inhabited by Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends in the Winnie - the - Pooh series of children 's stories by author A.A. Milne . The wood is visited regularly by the young boy Christopher Robin , who accompanies Pooh and company on their many adventures . In A.A. Milne 's books , the term `` Hundred Acre Wood '' is actually used for a specific part of the larger Forest , centred on Owl 's house . ( See the map in the book , as well as numerous references in the text to the characters going `` into '' or `` out of '' the Hundred Acre Wood as they go between Owl 's house and other Forest locations ) . However , in the Pooh movies , and in general conversation with most Pooh fans , `` The Hundred Acre Wood '' is used for the entire world of Winnie - the - Pooh , the Forest and all the places it contains . The Hundred Acre Wood of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories is in actuality Five Hundred Acre Wood in Ashdown Forest in East Sussex , England , where the Winnie - the - Pooh stories were set . A.A. Milne 's country home at Cotchford Farm , Hartfield was situated just north of Ashdown Forest , and Five Hundred Acre Wood is a dense beech wood that Christopher Robin Milne would explore on his way from Cotchford Farm onto the Forest . Five Hundred Acre Wood is long - established , having been originally sold off from the Forest in 1678 . The wood remains privately owned , being part of Buckhurst Park estate , and is not therefore generally accessible to the public , though two footpaths which are public rights of way to do , one of which is part of a long - distance footpath , the Wealdway , cross through the wood and may be used by members of the public . Milne was inspired by the beautiful landscape of Ashdown Forest to use it as the setting for his Winnie - the - Pooh stories , and many features from the stories can be identified with specific locations in the forest . However , an American television episode `` How Much Is The Rabbit In That Window ? '' suggests that the Hundred Acre Wood is relocated near a small city in the United States of America , due to the fact that a postal box has `` U.S. Mail '' written on it . The car park at the hilltop of Gills Lap , the ( Galleon 's Lap of the Pooh stories ) in Ashdown Forest , ( grid reference TQ 467 315 ) , contains a display panel with a map of the surrounding area and the features from several of the Winnie - the - Pooh stories marked on it . For example , Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east , while the `` Enchanted Place '' is a small wooded area 200 metres ( 656 feet ) to the north . A memorial plaque dedicated to A.A. Milne and his illustrator , Ernest H. Shepard , lies 100 metres ( 328 feet ) away . Five Hundred Acre Wood lies a short distance to the north - east . Contents 1 Places in the Wood 2 Residents of the Wood 2.1 Disney materials only 3 Fauna 4 In other media 5 In other languages 6 References Places in the Wood ( edit ) The following places are shown on Ernest H. Shepard 's map at the beginning of the Winnie - the - Pooh book : Pooh Bear 's House Kanga 's House The Sandy Pit Where Roo Plays A Nice Place for Picnics The Bee Tree The way to the North Pole An area with Big Stones and Rocks Rabbit 's House An area for Rabbit 's Friends - and - Relations Christopher Robin 's House The Six Pine Trees The Pooh Trap for Heffalumps Piglet 's House Where the Woozle Was n't A Floody Place Owl 's House Eeyore 's Gloomy Place Additional places mentioned in the books , but not shown on the map include : The House at Pooh Corner The Poohsticks Bridge The Stepping Stones A Gravel Pit Pooh 's Thoughtful Spot Galleon 's Lap Residents of the Wood ( edit ) Eeyore Kanga Lottie Owl Piglet Rabbit Christopher Robin Roo Tigger Winnie - the - Pooh Disney materials only ( edit ) Beaver Buster Darby Gopher Mrs. Heffalump Kessie Lumpy Porcupine Raccoon Skunk Squirrels Turtle Woodpecker Fauna ( edit ) Bears Beavers Birds Bugs Donkeys Gopher Hedgehogs Heffalumps Kangaroos Mice Owls Pigs Rabbits Squirrels Tiggers Woozles In other media ( edit ) In the Kingdom Hearts series , the Hundred Acre Wood is located within a book found at Merlin 's house ( which is in Traverse Town during Kingdom Hearts and Hollow Bastion during Kingdom Hearts II ) . In the games , the main character , Sora , gathers pages of a Winnie - the - Pooh storybook after it is destroyed . The Hundred Acre wood is made up of several minigames which serve to level the player up and award items . In other languages ( edit ) Language Native name Translation Czech Stokorcovy les Hundred Acre Wood Dutch Honderd Bunder Bos Hundred Acre Wood Finnish Puolen hehtaarin metsä Half Hectare Forest French La foret des reves bleus The Blue Dreams Forest German Der Hundertsechzig - Morgen - Wald The Hundred - and - Sixty Acre Wood Italian II Bosco dei Centro Acri The Hundred Acre Wood Latvian Septiņjūdžu mežs Seven Miles Wood Norwegian Hundremeterskogen Hundred Meters Forest Polish Stumilowy Las Hundred Mile Wood Portuguese Bosque dos Cem Acres Hundred Acre Wood Spanish El Bosque de Los Cien Acres The Hundred Acre Forest Swedish Sjumilaskogen Seven Mile Wood References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckhurst Park website Coordinates : 51 ° 03 ′ 51 '' N 0 ° 05 ′ 32 '' E  /  51.0641 ° N 0.0922 ° E  / 51.0641 ; 0.0922 Winnie - the - Pooh by A.A. Milne Winnie the Pooh ( Disney franchise ) Books When We Were Very Young ( 1924 ) Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) Now We Are Six ( 1927 ) The House at Pooh Corner ( 1928 ) Return to the Hundred Acre Wood ( 2009 ) The Best Bear in All the World ( 2016 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Meets the Queen ( 2016 ) Characters Winnie - the - Pooh Disney version Piglet Tigger Christopher Robin Rabbit Eeyore Owl Kanga Roo Heffalumps Gopher Soyuzmultfilm featurettes Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1969 ) Winnie - the - Pooh Pays a Visit ( 1971 ) Winnie - the - Pooh and a Busy Day ( 1972 ) Disney featurettes Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1966 ) Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day ( 1968 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1974 ) Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore ( 1983 ) Disney shorts Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons ( 1981 ) Disney feature films Walt Disney Animation Studios films The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Disneytoon Studios films The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Live - action continuation Christopher Robin ( 2018 ) Direct - to - video films Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) The Book of Pooh : Stories from the Heart ( 2001 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Super Sleuth Christmas Movie ( 2007 ) Tigger & Pooh and a Musical Too ( 2009 ) Super Duper Super Sleuths ( 2010 ) Television Welcome to Pooh Corner ( 1983 -- 1986 ) The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1988 -- 1991 ) The Book of Pooh ( 2001 -- 2004 ) My Friends Tigger & Pooh ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Specials Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too ( 1991 ) Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh ( 1996 ) A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving ( 1998 ) A Valentine for You ( 1999 ) Video games Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood ( 1986 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree ( 1995 ) Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too ( 1999 ) Kingdom Hearts ( 2002 onwards ) Ready to Read with Pooh ( 1997 ) Tigger 's Honey Hunt ( 2000 ) Piglet 's Big Game ( 2003 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure ( 2005 ) Disney Friends ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh 's Home Run Derby ( 2007 ) Songs `` Winnie the Pooh '' ( 1966 ) `` Up , Down and Touch the Ground '' ( 1966 ) `` Rumbly in My Tumbly '' ( 1966 ) `` Little Black Rain Cloud '' ( 1966 ) `` Mind over Matter '' ( 1966 ) `` A Rather Blustery Day '' ( 1968 ) `` The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers '' ( 1968 ) `` Heffalumps and Woozles '' ( 1968 ) `` The Rain Rain Rain Came Down Down Down '' ( 1968 ) `` Hip Hip Pooh - Ray ! '' ( 1968 ) `` House at Pooh Corner '' ( 1970 ) `` I Hum to Myself '' ( 1983 ) `` The Right Side '' ( 1983 ) `` You 're the Only You '' ( 1983 ) `` Try a Little Something New '' ( 1983 ) People Christopher Robin Milne E.H. Shepard Harry Colebourn Shirley Slesinger Lasswell Stephen Slesinger Sherman Brothers David Benedictus Mark Burgess Related Ashdown Forest Bother ! The Brain of Pooh Disney franchise Hundred Acre Wood The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh attraction More Songs from Pooh Corner Pooh 's Hunny Hunt Poohsticks Return to Pooh Corner The Tao of Pooh The Te of Piglet Eeyore 's Birthday Party Winnipeg the Bear A Bear Named Winnie Goodbye Christopher Robin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hundred_Acre_Wood&oldid=853577365 '' Categories : Winnie - the - Pooh Fictional forests Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with OS grid coordinates Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

this bear lives in the hundred acre wood

The Hundred Acre Wood ( also spelled as 100 Aker Wood , Hundred - Acre Wood , and 100 Acre Wood ; also known as simply `` The Wood '' ) is a part of the fictional land inhabited by Winnie - the - Pooh and his friends in the Winnie - the - Pooh series of children 's stories by author A.A. Milne . The wood is visited regularly by the young boy Christopher Robin , who accompanies Pooh and company on their many adventures .

List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records - wikipedia List of best major League Baseball season win - loss records Listed below are the Major League Baseball teams with the best season win - loss records in history , as determined by winning percentage (. 700 or better ) , minimum 120 games played . Contents 1 Season records 2 Other teams 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Season records ( edit ) The following teams finished the season with a . 700 winning percentage or higher . Since the season was expanded to 162 games in 1961 , only two teams have managed a winning percentage of . 700 or higher ( which requires 114 or more wins ) : the 1998 New York Yankees and the 2001 Seattle Mariners . Legend NL = National League AL = American League AA = American Association Season Franchise League Wins Losses Pct . Games Played Finish 1906 Chicago Cubs NL 116 36 . 763 152 Lost 1906 World Series 1902 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 103 36 . 741 139 National League Champions 1886 Chicago White Stockings NL 90 34 . 726 124 National League Champions 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates NL 110 42 . 724 152 Won 1909 World Series 1954 Cleveland Indians AL 111 43 . 721 154 Lost 1954 World Series Seattle Mariners AL 116 46 . 716 162 Lost 2001 ALCS 1927 New York Yankees AL 110 44 . 714 154 Won 1927 World Series 1886 Detroit Wolverines NL 87 36 . 707 123 2nd place in National League 1897 Boston Beaneaters NL 93 39 . 705 132 Lost 1897 Temple Cup 1907 Chicago Cubs NL 107 45 . 704 152 Won 1907 World Series 1931 Philadelphia Athletics AL 107 45 . 704 152 Lost 1931 World Series 1998 New York Yankees AL 114 48 . 704 162 Won 1998 World Series 1887 St. Louis Browns AA 95 40 . 704 135 Lost 1887 World Series 1939 New York Yankees AL 106 45 . 702 152 Won 1939 World Series Other teams ( edit ) Prior to 1886 , teams played . 700 ball or better over shorter schedules , where there is much less of the `` evening out '' effect of a lengthier season . For example , the Chicago White Stockings won the National League 's first pennant in 1876 with a 52 -- 14 record (. 788 ) , and won the 1880 NL pennant with a 67 -- 17 record (. 798 ) , which stands as the overall percentage record between the National or the American League . The White Stockings ' 1880 record would project to a record of 129 -- 33 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the White Stockings ' results ( 538 runs scored , 317 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 120 -- 42 . The all - time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who posted baseball 's only perfect record at 67 -- 0 ( 57 -- 0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs ) in 1869 . Their record would stretch to 81 -- 0 across the 1870 season before losing 8 -- 7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14 . The second - best record belongs to the 1875 Boston Red Stockings of the National Association , who finished with a record of 71 -- 8 (. 899 ) , but the status of the National Association as a major league has long been disputed . The Red Stockings record would project to 146 -- 16 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Red Stockings results ( 831 runs scored , 343 runs allowed ) and the modern 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 138 -- 24 . The National Association folded at the end of 1875 , and the Red Stockings , who had won the last four pennants , joined the National League for 1876 , being renamed the Red Caps . The team went 39 -- 31 for a fourth - place finish in 1876 before winning the 1877 and 1878 pennants with records of 42 -- 18 and 41 -- 19 . The third - best record belongs to the St. Louis Maroons of the 1884 Union Association , who finished with a record of 94 -- 19 (. 832 ) , but the Union Association was quite lopsided in talent distribution ( team owner Henry Lucas was also league president , an obvious conflict - of - interest situation which is now banned , and bought all the best available players for his franchise ) , generally disorganized ( six teams played close to full schedules , another four teams folded and one relocated during the course of the season ) , and poorly scheduled . The Maroons ' record would project to 135 -- 27 under the modern schedule of 162 games , while Pythagorean expectation based on the Maroons ' results ( 887 runs scored , 429 runs allowed ) and a 162 - game schedule would translate to a record of 131 -- 31 , but these results are of questionable merit . The Union Association folded at the end of 1884 , and the Maroons joined the National League for 1885 . Playing against stiffer competition , they went 36 -- 72 in 1885 , and 43 -- 79 in 1886 , finishing in last and sixth in both seasons . In 1887 , the Maroons relocated to Indianapolis and became the Indianapolis Hoosiers , playing three more seasons below . 500 before folding . See also ( edit ) List of worst Major League Baseball season records List of Major League Baseball 100 win seasons References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings webpage. 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team website ( 2007 ) . Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Reds Timeline '' . Cincinnati Reds . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Records and statistics at Baseball Reference Baseball Almanac study of best teams of all time Excerpts from `` Baseball Dynasties '' by Neyer and Epstein Neyer , Rob , and Eddie Epstein . Baseball Dynasties : The Greatest Teams of All Time . Norton , 2000 , 384 p . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_best_Major_League_Baseball_season_win-loss_records&oldid=866280011 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 11 : 55 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who holds the record for most wins in major league baseball

The all - time best single season record belongs to the Cincinnati Red Stockings , who posted baseball 's only perfect record at 67 -- 0 ( 57 -- 0 against National Association of Base Ball Players clubs ) in 1869 . Their record would stretch to 81 -- 0 across the 1870 season before losing 8 -- 7 in eleven innings to the Brooklyn Atlantics in Brooklyn on June 14 .

St. Louis Cardinals - Wikipedia St. Louis Cardinals For the National Football League team that played in the city of St. Louis from 1960 to 1987 , see History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( NFL ) . St. Louis Cardinals 2018 St. Louis Cardinals season Established in 1882 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1892 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) East Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) American Association ( 1882 -- 1891 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 9 10 14 17 20 24 42 42 45 85 Colors Red , midnight navy blue , yellow , white Name St. Louis Cardinals ( 1900 -- present ) St. Louis Perfectos ( 1899 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1883 -- 1898 ) ( AA ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1882 ) ( AA ) Other nicknames The Cards , The Redbirds , The Birds , Birds on the Bat Ballpark Busch Stadium ( 2006 -- present ) Busch Memorial Stadium ( 1966 -- 2005 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( II ) ( 1966 -- 1982 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1920 -- 1966 ) a.k.a. Busch Stadium ( I ) ( 1953 -- 1966 ) Robison Field ( 1893 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. Cardinal Field ( 1917 -- 1920 ) a.k.a. League Park ( 1899 -- 1911 ) a.k.a. Sportsman 's Park ( II ) ( 1893 -- 1899 ) Sportsman 's Park ( 1882 -- 1892 ) ( playing in the old American Association ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 11 ) 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 NL Pennants ( 19 ) 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 AA Pennants ( 4 ) 1885 1886 1887 1888 Central Division titles ( 10 ) 2000 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 East Division titles ( 3 ) 1982 1985 Wild card berths ( 3 ) 2001 2011 2012 Front office Owner ( s ) William DeWitt Jr . Manager Mike Shildt General Manager Michael Girsch President of Baseball Operations John Mozeliak The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the most successful franchises in baseball history , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , the second-most in Major League Baseball ( behind the New York Yankees ) and the most in the National League . Their 19 National League pennants rank third in NL history . In addition , St. Louis has won 13 division titles in the East and Central divisions . While still in the old American Association ( AA ) , named then as the St. Louis Browns , the team won four AA league championships , qualifying them to play in the professional baseball championship tournament ( a forerunner of the modern World Series , established 1903 ) of that era . They tied in 1885 and won outright in 1886 and lost in 1888 for the early trophy Hall Cup versus the New York Giants . The others both times against the Chicago Cubs ( originally the Chicago White Stockings then ) , in the first meetings of the Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry between nearby cities of St. Louis and Chicago that continues to this day . With origins as one of the early professional baseball clubs in St. Louis and the nation , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased a barnstorming club in 1881 , then known as the Brown Stockings , and established them as charter members of the old American Association ( AA ) base ball league which played 1882 to 1891 , the following season . Upon the discontinuation of the AA , St. Louis joined the continuing National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later known simply as the National League , ( organized in 1876 ) , in 1892 ; at that time , they were called the Browns ( not to be confused with a later team also known as the St. Louis Browns in the American League , 1902 - 1953 ) and also as the Perfectos before they were officially renamed eight years later as the Cardinals in 1900 . The name refers to the bird called `` Cardinal '' , which is the team 's mascot , rather than to the senior Catholic Church officials so named . Cardinals achievements that have impacted MLB and sports events in general include manager / owner Branch Rickey 's pioneering of the farm system , Rogers Hornsby 's two batting Triple Crowns , Dizzy Dean 's 30 - win season in 1934 , Stan Musial 's 17 MLB and 29 NL records , Bob Gibson 's 1.12 earned run average ( ERA ) in 1968 , Whitey Herzog 's Whiteyball , Mark McGwire breaking the single - season home run record in 1998 , and the 2011 championship team 's unprecedented comebacks . The Cardinals have won 105 or more games in four different seasons and won 100 or more a total of nine times . Cardinals players have won 20 league MVPs , four batting Triple Crowns , and three Cy Young Awards . Baseball Hall of Fame inductees include Lou Brock , Dizzy Dean , Bob Gibson , Whitey Herzog , Rogers Hornsby , Joe Medwick , Stan Musial , Branch Rickey , Red Schoendienst , Ozzie Smith , and Bruce Sutter . In 2018 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $1.9 billion , making them the 7th-most valuable franchise in MLB ; their revenue the previous year was $319 million , and their operating income was $40.0 million . Since their purchase in 1995 , owner William DeWitt , Jr. 's investment group has seen enormous growth from the $147 million purchase price . John Mozeliak is the President of Baseball Operations , Mike Girsch is the general manager and Mike Shildt is the manager . The Cardinals are renowned for their strong fan support : despite being in one of the sport 's mid-level markets , they routinely see attendances among the league 's highest , and are consistently among the Top 3 in MLB in local television ratings . Contents 1 History 1.1 Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) 1.2 American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) 1.3 Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) 1.4 Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) 1.5 Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) 2 Ballpark 2.1 Previous ballparks 2.2 Spring training 2.3 Regular season home attendance 3 Logos and uniforms 4 Support 4.1 Fans 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Rivalries 4.3. 1 Chicago Cubs 5 Executives and club officials 5.1 Ownership and valuation 5.1. 1 Recent annual financial records 5.2 Other interests 5.3 Executives 5.4 Managerial roll 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Coaching staff 6.3 Selected individual achievements and awards 6.4 Team captains 6.5 Hall of Famers 6.5. 1 Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 6.5. 2 St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum 6.5. 3 Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame 6.6 Retired numbers 6.6. 1 Out of circulation , but not officially retired 7 Minor league affiliations 8 Radio and television coverage 8.1 Radio 8.2 Television 9 Opening Day lineups 9.1 Opening Day salaries 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals seasons Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1919 ) Before the Cardinals ( 1875 -- 1881 ) ( edit ) Professional baseball began in St. Louis with the inception of the Brown Stockings in the National Association ( NA ) in 1875 . The NA folded following that season , and the next season , St. Louis joined the National League as a charter member , finishing in third place at 45 - 19 . George Bradley hurled the first no - hitter in Major League history . The NL expelled St. Louis from the league after 1877 due to a game - fixing scandal and the team went bankrupt . Without a league , they continued play as a semi-professional barnstorming team through 1881 . The magnitudes of the reorganizations following the 1877 and 1881 seasons are such that the 1875 -- 1877 and 1878 -- 1881 Brown Stockings teams are not generally considered to share continuity as a franchise with the current St. Louis Cardinals . American Association and early National League eras ( 1882 -- 1919 ) ( edit ) Charles Comiskey , shown here circa 1910 , guided the Browns to four American Association titles . For the 1882 season , Chris von der Ahe purchased the team , reorganized it , and made it a founding member of the American Association ( AA ) , a league to rival the NL. 1882 is generally considered to be the first year existence of the St. Louis Cardinals . The next season , St. Louis shortened their name to the Browns . Soon thereafter they became the dominant team in the AA , as manager Charlie Comiskey guided St. Louis to four pennants in a row from 1885 to 1888 . Pitcher and outfielder Bob Caruthers led the league in ERA ( 2.07 ) and wins ( 40 ) in 1885 and finished in the top six in both in each of the following two seasons . He also led the AA in OBP (. 448 ) and OPS (. 974 ) in 1886 and finished fourth in batting average in 1886 (. 334 ) and fifth in 1887 (. 357 ) . Outfielder Tip O'Neill won the first batting triple crown in franchise history in 1887 and the only one in AA history . By winning the pennant , the Browns played the NL pennant winner in a predecessor of the World Series . The Browns twice met the Chicago White Stockings -- the Chicago Cubs prototype -- tying one in a heated dispute and winning the other , thus spurring the vigorous St. Louis - Chicago rivalry that ensues to this day . During the franchise 's ten seasons in the AA , they compiled an all - time league - high of 780 wins and . 639 winning percentage . They lost just 432 contests while tying 21 others . Rogers Hornsby won two Triple Crowns as a Cardinal . The AA went bankrupt after the 1891 season and the Browns transferred to the National League . This time , the club entered an era of stark futility . Between 1892 and 1919 , St. Louis managed just five winning seasons , finished in last or next - to - last place sixteen times , and ended four seasons with 100 losses or more . The nadir was the 1897 season : a 29 -- 102 record for a franchise - worst . 221 winning percentage . St. Louis ' 84 - 67 finish as the Perfectos would be the team 's best finish between the AA era and Sam Breadon 's purchase of the team . As the `` Perfectos '' , the team wore their jersey with a cardinal red trim and sock striping . Later that season , St. Louis Republic sportswriter Willie McHale included an account in a column of a female fan he heard remarking about the uniforms , `` What a lovely shade of cardinal . '' Fans liked the moniker `` Cardinals '' and , the next year , popularity for the nickname induced an official change to Cardinals . In 1902 , an American League team moved from Milwaukee into St. Louis , renamed themselves the St. Louis Browns and built a new park on the site of the Cardinals ' old stadium , striking a rivalry that lasted five decades . Breadon bought a minority interest in the Cardinals in 1917 and in 1919 Browns manager Branch Rickey joined the Cardinals . The Cardinals ' first 28 seasons in the NL were a complete reversal of their stay in the AA -- with a . 406 winning percentage , they compiled 1,632 wins , 2,425 losses and 74 ties . Breadon era ( 1920 -- 52 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1920 -- 52 ) St. Louis baseball commenced a renaissance : since 1926 the Cardinals have won eleven World Series and nineteen NL pennants . Breadon spurred this revival when bought out the majority stake in 1920 and appointed Rickey as business manager , who expanded scouting , player development , and pioneered the minor league farm system , filling the role of today 's general manager . With Rogers Hornsby at second base , he claimed Triple Crowns in 1922 and 1925 , and the Cardinals won the 1926 World Series , their first . St. Louis then won the league in 1928 , 1930 , and 1931 and the 1931 World Series . Stan Musial retired owning numerous National League and team batting records . The Gashouse Gang edition claimed the 1934 World Series and the Cardinals amassed new thresholds of popularity far outside St. Louis via radio , which led to the coining of the term `` Cardinal Nation '' . Dizzy Dean led the Gang , winning the 1934 MVP , and leading the NL multiple times in wins , strikeouts , innings , complete games and shutouts . Johnny Mize and Joe Medwick emerged as two power threats , with Medwick claiming the last Triple Crown for a Cardinal in 1937 . In the 1940s , a golden era emerged as Rickey 's farm system became laden with such talent as Marty Marion , Enos Slaughter , Mort Cooper , Walker Cooper , Stan Musial , Max Lanier , Whitey Kurowski , Red Schoendienst and Johnny Beazley . It was one of the most successful decades in franchise history with 960 wins 580 losses for a winning percentage higher than any other Major League team at . 623 . With Billy Southworth managing , they won the World Series in 1942 and 1944 ( in the only all - St. Louis series against the Browns ) , and won 105 or more games each in 1942 , 1943 , and 1944 . Southworth 's managerial winning percentage (. 642 ) is St. Louis ' highest since the franchise joined the National League . Musial was considered the most consistent hitter of his era and most accomplished in team history , winning three MVPs and seven batting titles . St. Louis then won the 1946 World Series on Slaughter 's Mad Dash in Game 7 . Breadon was forced to sell the team in 1947 but won six World Series and nine NL pennants as Cardinals owner . They remained competitive , finishing . 500 or better in thirteen of the next seventeen seasons , but fell short of winning the league or World Series until 1964 . Gussie Busch era ( 1953 -- 89 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1953 -- 89 ) Bob Gibson , the most decorated pitcher in team history , won two Cy Young Awards . In 1953 the Anheuser - Busch brewery bought the Cardinals and August `` Gussie '' Busch became team president , spurring the Browns ' departure in 1953 to Baltimore to become the Orioles , and making the Cardinals the only major league club in town . More success followed in the 1960s , starting with what is considered one of the most lopsided trades in Major League history , as St. Louis received outfielder Lou Brock from the Cubs for pitcher Ernie Broglio . MVP third baseman Ken Boyer and pitcher Bob Gibson led the club to a World Series win the same year and Curt Flood , Bill White , Curt Simmons , and Steve Carlton also made key contributions in this decade . In 1967 , new arrival Orlando Cepeda won the MVP , helping to propel St. Louis to the World Series . The Cardinals won the league the following year behind their Major League - leading 2.49 staff ERA in what was an all - round record - breaking season of pitching dominance . Posting a modern - day record low ERA of 1.12 and striking out a one - game World Series - record of 17 , Gibson won both the MVP and Cy Young awards that year . However , the Cardinals failed to repeat as World Series champions , blowing a 3 - 1 lead to the underdog Detroit Tigers . In the 1970s , catcher / third baseman Joe Torre and first baseman Keith Hernández each won MVPs , but the team 's best finishes were second place and 90 wins . The team found their way back to the World Series the next decade , starting with manager Whitey Herzog and his Whiteyball style of play and another trade that altered course of the franchise : in 1982 , shortstop Garry Templeton was shipped to the Padres for fellow shortstop Ozzie Smith . Widely regarded as one of the best defensive players in history , Smith ranks first all - time among shortstops in Gold Glove Awards ( 13 ) , All - Star games ( 15 ) , assists ( 8,375 ) , and double plays ( 1,590 ) . St. Louis won the 1982 World Series from the Milwaukee Brewers that fall . The Cardinals again won the league in 1985 and 1987 . In the 1985 Series , they faced - off with cross-state rivals Kansas City Royals for the first time in a non-exhibition game , but they lost the series . Bill DeWitt era ( 1996 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1990 -- present ) Pitcher Chris Carpenter , essential in two World Series titles , won 10 playoff games with a 3.00 postseason ERA . Albert Pujols is one of the most accomplished players in Cardinals ' history . After Gussie Busch died in 1989 , the brewery took control and hired Joe Torre to manage late in 1990 , then sold the team to an investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. in 1996 . Tony La Russa replaced Torre in the spring of 1996 . In 1998 , Mark McGwire competed with the Cubs ' Sammy Sosa for a barrage of home runs in their pursuit of the single - season home run record . From 2000 to 2013 , the Cardinals reestablished their way to the top with ten playoff appearances , four NL pennants , two World Series titles and 1,274 regular season wins against 993 losses for a . 560 winning percentage , leading the National League and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . With the addition of Jim Edmonds , Albert Pujols , and Scott Rolen , the Cardinals featured three prominent sluggers and defenders nicknamed `` MV3 ; '' Pujols won three MVPs and hit . 328 with 445 home runs in his Cardinals career . In 2004 , playoff stalwart Chris Carpenter 's 3.09 ERA and 15 wins helped power the team to a major - league best 105 wins and take the NL pennant . In 2006 , beset with injuries and inconsistency , they won the World Series , beating Detroit in five games to set an all - time record - low of 83 wins for a World Series winner . In 2009 , the Cardinals reached 10,000 wins , dating to when they first played in the American Association ( AA ) . St. Louis returned to the playoffs in 2011 , first surmounting the largest games - won deficit after 130 games ( at 10.5 ) to upstage the Atlanta Braves on the final day for the wild card playoff berth . In Game 3 of the World Series , Pujols became just the third player to hit three home runs in a World Series game . In Game 6 , third baseman David Freese and outfielder Lance Berkman each tied the score on the Cardinals ' final strike -- the first such occurrence in any game in MLB history -- and St. Louis defeated the Texas Rangers later that game with a walk - off home run from Freese . After winning that Series , La Russa retired and became the only manager to do so after winning a title . He also finished with the most wins for managers in franchise history with 1,408 . La Russa 's successor , Mike Matheny , helped extend St. Louis ' playoff run as he became the first manager in the division play era to guide the Cardinals to the NLCS and playoffs in his first two seasons . In 2014 , the Cardinals extended their NLCS streak to 4 , with their 3 - 1 series victory over the Dodgers , in the NLDS . Ten days after being eliminated from the postseason by the San Francisco Giants , rookie outfielder Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident while traveling to his hometown Puerto Plata in the Dominican Republic . On November 17 , they acquired Atlanta Braves right - fielder Jason Heyward ( who had just come off a Gold Glove - winning season ) to replace Taveras . On June 16 , 2015 , the FBI and the Justice Department started an investigation on the Cardinals for possibly hacking the Houston Astros . The hacking incident was perpetrated by Scouting Director Chris Correa . For the first time since the 2007 -- 2008 seasons , the Cardinals missed the playoffs in consecutive years , 2016 -- 2017 . On July 14th , 2018 following an 8 - 2 loss to the Cincinnati Reds , the St. Louis Cardinals announced they had dismissed manager Mike Matheny after 6 and a half seasons as team skipper . They named Mike Shildt interim manager and eventually manager . Ballpark ( edit ) Main articles : Busch Stadium , Busch Memorial Stadium , Sportsman 's Park , and Robison Field The Cardinals play their home games at Busch Stadium ( also referred to as New Busch Stadium or Busch III ) in downtown St. Louis , straddling 7th and Clark near the intersection of I nterstates 64 and 70 . The stadium opened for the 2006 season at a cost of $411 million and holds a normal capacity of 46,861 . The Cardinals finished their inaugural season in the new Busch Stadium by winning the 2006 World Series , the first team since the 1923 New York Yankees to do so . This open - air stadium emulates the HOK Sport ( now Populous ) - designed `` retro - style '' baseball - only parks built since the 1990s . The open panoramic perspective over the outfield wall offers a remarkable view of St. Louis ' downtown skyline featuring the distinctive Gateway Arch . A replica of Eads Bridge spans the entrance to the park on the third base side , while the statue of Stan Musial arises in front of that entrance . Other statues at the corner of 8th and Clark include Hall of Famers Rogers Hornsby , Ozzie Smith , George Sisler , Cool Papa Bell , Bob Gibson , Jack Buck and others . Due to increased demand , Game 7 of the 2011 World Series accommodated a baseball record of 47,399 by increasing the number of standing room only tickets . The attendance record for any sporting event is 48,263 , in a 2013 Association Football ( soccer ) friendly match between Chelsea F.C. and Manchester City F.C. , made possible by on field seating . The largest attendance ( 53,000 ) of any event at Busch belongs to U2 during a concert from their 360 ° Tour in 2011 . Ballpark Village , a mixed - use development located across Clark Street from Busch Stadium , is targeted to enhance the ballpark goers ' experience . Phase 1 of the development , completed for the start of the 2014 season , includes entertainment venues , restaurants , and retail . Anchored by Cardinals Nation ( which includes the Cardinals Hall of Fame , a two - story Cardinals - themed restaurant and rooftop seating for 300 + fans with views of the field across the street ) , a 20,000 sq ft Budweiser Brew House , FOX Sports Midwest Live ! and PBR , the $100 million phase 1 development of Ballpark Village is intended to be a gathering space throughout the year , not just during the baseball season . Previous Ballparks ( edit ) Busch Stadium is the Cardinals ' fourth home ballpark and the third to bear that name . The Cardinals ' original home ballpark was Sportsman 's Park from 1882 to 1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns . In 1893 , the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman 's Park which would serve as their home from 1893 to 1920 . The new park was originally called New Sportsman 's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field . Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman 's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals , the St. Louis Browns . In 1953 , the Anheuser - Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman 's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium , later becoming Busch I . The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season . The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium , or Busch II , in downtown St. Louis , opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005 . It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the NFL football Cardinals , who are now the Arizona Cardinals . The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to , and partly atop , the site of Busch Memorial Stadium . Spring training ( edit ) The Cardinals home field in spring training is Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter , Florida . They share the complex , which opened in 1998 , with the Miami Marlins . Before moving to Jupiter , the Cardinals hosted spring training at Al Lang Field in St. Petersburg , Florida from 1937 to 1997 . Regular season home attendance ( edit ) The Cardinals have exceeded the attendance total of 3 million every season since 2004 . Home Attendance at Busch Stadium Year Total attendance Game average League rank 2,654,758 32,774 4th 1997 2,634,014 32,519 4th 1998 3,195,691 38,972 4th 1999 3,225,334 40,317 4th 2000 3,396,493 41,191 1st 2001 3,109,578 37,922 3rd 2002 3,011,756 37,182 4th 2003 2,910,386 35,931 4th 3,048,427 37,635 6th 2005 3,538,988 43,691 2nd 2006 3,407,104 42,589 2nd 2007 3,552,180 43,854 3rd 2008 3,432,917 42,382 3rd 2009 3,343,252 41,275 3rd 3,301,218 40,756 3rd 2011 3,093,954 38,197 3rd 2012 3,262,109 40,273 4th 2013 3,369,769 41,602 2nd 2014 3,540,649 43,712 2nd 2015 3,520,889 43,467 2nd 2016 3,444,490 42,524 2nd 2017 3,448,337 42,572 2nd Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The Cardinals have had few logos throughout their history , although those logos have evolved over time . The first logo associated with the Cardinals was an interlocking `` SL '' that appeared on the team 's caps and or sleeves as early as 1900 . Those early uniforms usually featured the name `` St. Louis '' on white home and gray road uniforms which both had cardinal red accents . In 1920 , the `` SL '' largely disappeared from the team 's uniforms , and for the next 20 years the team wore caps that were white with red striping and a red bill . The original `` birds on the bat '' logo , which first appeared in 1922 . In 1922 , the Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name `` Cardinals '' with the letter `` C '' of the word hooked over the bat . The concept of the birds originated after general manager Branch Rickey noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring cardinal birds on a table in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson , Missouri , at which he was speaking . The arrangement 's production was by a woman named Allie May Schmidt . Schmidt 's father , a graphic designer , helped Ricky make the logo a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms . Colloquially referred to as the `` birds on the bat '' , it initially appeared with the birds perched on a black bat and `` Cardinals '' in printed letters . An alternate version of this logo with `` St. Louis '' replacing `` Cardinals '' appeared in 1930 and was the primary logo in 1931 and 1932 before `` Cardinals '' returned . In 1940 , the now - familiar `` StL '' logo was introduced on the team 's caps . The interlocking `` StL '' has undergone several slight modifications over the years but has appeared on the team 's caps every year since . The first appearance of the `` STL '' in 1940 coincided with the introduction of navy blue as a uniform color . From 1940 until 1955 , the team wore navy blue caps with red bills and a red interlocking `` StL '' while the jerseys featured both cardinal red and navy blue accents . In 1951 , the `` birds on the bat '' logo was changed to feature a yellow baseball bat . The current `` birds on the bat '' logo introduced in 1998 ( although variations of this have been used since 1957 ) . In 1956 , the Cardinals changed their caps to solid blue with a red `` StL '' , removing the red bill . Also , for that season only , the Cardinals wore a script `` Cardinals '' wordmark on their uniforms excluding the `` birds on the bat . '' An updated version of the `` birds on the bat '' logo returned in 1957 with the word `` Cardinals '' written in cursive beneath the bat . In 1962 , the Cardinals became the first National League team to display players ' names on the back of their jerseys . In 1964 , while retaining their blue caps for road games , the Cardinals changed their home caps to all red with a white interlocking `` StL '' . The next year , the red caps were the only cap worn by the team full - time . In 1967 , the birds on the bat emblem on the jersey was again tweaked , making the birds more realistic and changing the position of their tails relative to the bat and this version remained on all Cardinals game jerseys through 1997 . In 1971 , following the trend in baseball at the time , the Cardinals replaced the traditional flannel front - button shirts and pants with belts with new pullover knit jerseys and beltless elastic waist pants . In 1973 , the crew - neck collar became a V - neck . Another trend in baseball led the Cardinals to change their road uniforms from gray to light blue from 1976 to 1984 . In 1992 , the Cardinals returned to wearing traditional button - down shirts and pants with belts . That same year , they also brought back the all - navy cap with a red `` StL '' on the road ( which were last worn in 1964 ) only while wearing the same red and white cap for home games only . In 1998 , the `` birds on the bat '' was updated for the first time in 30 years with more detailed birds and bolder letters . That year , St. Louis introduced a cap featuring a single cardinal bird perched on a bat worn only on Sunday home games . The new birds on the bat design was modified again the next year , with yellow beaks and white eyes replacing the red beaks and yellow eyes of the 1998 version . Uniform numbers also returned to the front of the jerseys in 1999 after a two - year absence . On November 16 , 2012 , the Cardinals unveiled a new alternate uniform to be worn at home games on Saturdays beginning with the 2013 season . The modified jersey , cream - colored with red trim on the sleeves and down the front , was the first since 1932 in which `` St. Louis '' will be used instead of `` Cardinals '' and retained the `` birds on the bat . '' 2013 also saw the team adopt their red caps as their main uniform for both home and away games ; the navy cap was retained as an alternate , used mainly against other red - capped teams . Over the years , the Cardinals have released various marketing logos depicting anthropomorphized cardinals in a pitching stance , swinging a baseball bat , or wearing a baseball cap that never became part of the game uniform . Support ( edit ) Fans ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal Nation Mascots ( edit ) Main articles : Fredbird and Rally Squirrel The team mascot is an anthropomorphic cardinal wearing the team 's uniform named Fredbird . He is assisted by Team Fredbird , a group of eleven women who entertain fans from the field and on top of the dugouts . While unofficial , the Rally Squirrel became an unexpected phenomenon during the 2011 postseason . Making its `` debut '' in Game 3 of the NLDS on Oct 4 , a squirrel ran across home plate in the middle of a pitch from Roy Oswalt of the Phillies to the Cardinals ' Skip Schumaker . The Cardinals would win Game 4 and subsequently Game 5 ( Oct. 7 ) in Philadelphia to advance to the NLCS , symbolizing the squirrel 's `` role '' in the victory . The squirrel was popularized as `` Buschie the Rally Squirrel '' As a tribute to the popularity of the squirrel , a small depiction of the Rally Squirrel is also included on the official World Series rings the team received . It shows up under the `` STL '' logo on the side of the ring . Fredbird sparked controversy in May 2015 , when he was asked by a fan for a photograph and handed him a sign that said `` Police Lives Matter '' . The team later claimed that Fredbird should not be involved in any political activity or social commentary . Rivalries ( edit ) Chicago Cubs ( edit ) Main article : Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry The Cardinals -- Cubs rivalry refers to games between the Cardinals and the Chicago Cubs . The rivalry is also known as the Downstate Illinois rivalry or the I - 55 Series ( in earlier years as the Route 66 Series ) as both cities are located along Interstate 55 ( which itself succeeded the famous U.S. Route 66 ) . The Cubs lead the series 1,134 -- 1,103 through June 22 , 2016 , while the Cardinals lead in National League pennants with 19 against the Cubs ' 17 . The Cubs have won 11 of those pennants in Major League Baseball 's Modern Era ( 1901 -- present ) , while all 19 of the Cardinals ' pennants have been won since 1926 . The Cardinals also have an edge when it comes to World Series successes , having won 11 championships to the Cubs ' 3 . Games featuring the Cardinals and Cubs see numerous visiting fans in either Busch Stadium in St. Louis or Wrigley Field in Chicago . When the National League split into two and then three divisions , the Cardinals and Cubs remained together . This has added excitement to several pennant races over the years . The Cardinals and Cubs have played each other once in the postseason , when the Cubs beat the Cardinals 3 games to 1 in the 2015 National League Division Series . Executives and club officials ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives Ownership and valuation ( edit ) An investment group led by William DeWitt , Jr. owns the St. Louis Cardinals , having bought the team from Anheuser - Busch ( AB ) in 1996 . As with other periods of the Cardinals ' transaction history , doubt loomed as to whether the purchaser would keep the team in St. Louis , due to the city 's status as a `` small market '' , which appears to handicap a club 's competitiveness . Such was the case when Sam Breadon put the Cardinals up for sale in 1947 : then - NL President Ford Frick proposed moving the Cardinals to Chicago . When AB placed the Cardinals for sale in 1995 , they publicly expressed intention to find a buyer who would keep the club in St. Louis . In March 1996 , AB sold the team for $147 million to a partnership headed by Southwest Bank 's Drew Baur , Hanser and DeWitt , Jr . Civic Center Redevelopment , a subsidiary of AB , held the parking garages and adjacent property and also transferred them to the Baur ownership group . Baur 's group then sold the garages to another investment group , lowering the net franchise purchase price to about $100 million , about $10 million less than Financial World 's value of the team at the time $110 million . Current Cincinnati Reds owners Bob Castellini and brothers Thomas Williams and W. Joseph Williams Jr. each once owned a stake in the Cardinals dating back to the Baur - DeWitt group 's purchase of the team . To allow their purchase of the Reds in 2005 , the rest of the group bought out Castellini 's and the Williams brothers ' shares , totaling an estimated thirteen percent . At that time , the Forbes valued the Cardinals at about $370 million . However , after reabsorbing that stake into the remainder of the group , they decided to make it available to new investors in 2010 . Amid later allegations that the Cardinals owed the city profit shares , DeWitt revealed that their profitability had not reached the threshold to trigger that obligation . Recent annual Financial records ( edit ) As of 2018 , Forbes valued the Cardinals seventh among 30 MLB franchises . Their estimated value of $1.90 billion was an increase of $100 million from the season before , when they ranked seventh . St. Louis ' revenue in 2018 was $319 million , up $9 million . Their Operating income was $40.0 million . The Cardinals ' deal with Fox Sports Midwest , signed in 2015 , begins in 2018 , and is worth $1 billion through 2032 . In 2014 , Forbes valued the Cardinals at $820 million and opined previously that they play `` in the best single - team baseball market in the country and are among the league 's leaders in television ratings and attendance every season . '' Concurrent with the growth of Major League Baseball , the Cardinals value has increased significantly since the Baur - DeWitt purchase . In 2000 , the franchise was valued at $219 million , a growth rate of 374 % through 2014 . The franchise 's value grew 12.7 % from 2013 to 2014 . The Forbes methodology of team values are enterprise values ( equity plus net debt ) that include the economics of the ballpark but exclude the value of real estate itself . Forbes does not include the value of team - owned regional sports networks . The league 's ownership in Major League Baseball Advanced Media ( 100 % ) and the MLB Network ( 67 % ) and league 's investment portfolio are included in our values . In total , these three assets constitute about $425 million in value for each team . Revenue and operating income ( earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization ) measure cash in versus cash out ( not accrual accounting ) for the 2017 season . Their figures include the post-season and are net of revenue sharing and stadium debt payments . Revenues include the pro-rated upfront bonuses networks pay teams as well as proceeds from non-MLB events at the ballpark . The non-recurring $18 million each team received in 2017 from the sale of a stake in BamTech to Walt Disney was excluded , as were profits or losses from team - owned RSNs . St. Louis Cardinals ' financial value since 2009 Year $ Franchise Value ( mil . ) $ Revenue ( mil . ) $ Operating Income ( mil . ) $ Player Expenses ( mil . ) Wins - to - player cost ratio Ref 2009 $486 $195 $ 7 $120 87 $488 $195 $12.8 $111 100 2011 $518 $207 $19.8 $110 94 2012 $591 $233 $25.0 $123 116 2013 $716 $239 $19.9 $134 102 2014 $820 $283 $65.2 $133 118 2015 $1,400 $294 $73.6 $133 111 2016 $1,600 $300 $59.8 $145 115 2017 $1,800 $310 $40.5 $173 86 2018 $1,900 $319 $40.0 $165 89 All valuations per Forbes . Based on current stadium deal ( unless new stadium is pending ) without deduction for debt , other than stadium debt . ( 2018 : market $715 mil. , stadium $447 mil. , sport $493 mil. , brand management $245 mil . ) ( 2017 : market $666 mil. , stadium $411 mil. , sport $488 mil. , brand management $235 mil . ) ( 2016 : market $613 mil. , stadium $378 mil. , sport $406 mil. , brand management $219 mil . ) ( 2015 : market $548 mil. , stadium $338 mil. , sport $331 mil. , brand management $197 mil . ) ( 2014 : market $339 mil. , stadium $211 mil. , sport $156 mil. , brand management $124 mil . ) ( 2013 : market $291 mil. , stadium $182 mil. , sport $151 mil. , brand management $91 mil . ) ( 2012 : market $240 mil. , stadium $157 mil. , sport $119 mil. , brand management $78 mil . ) ( 2011 : market $206 mil. , stadium $136 mil. , sport $111 mil. , brand management $65 mil . ) Net of stadium revenues used for debt payments . Earnings before interest , taxes , depreciation and amortization . Includes benefits and bonuses . Compares the number of wins per player payroll relative to the rest of MLB . Playoff wins count twice as much as regular season wins . A score of 120 means that the team achieved 20 % more victories per dollar of payroll compared with the league average in 2010 . Franchise Principals Owner , Chairman and CEO : William DeWitt , Jr . President : William DeWitt III Other interests ( edit ) Besides Ballpark Village , which has now finished its first phase , opening on March 27 , and considered a smashing success with the first phase of the project totaling 120,000 square feet ( 11,000 m ) . The Cardinals own three of their Minor League Baseball affililiates : Springfield Cardinals , Texas League ( AA ) Palm Beach Cardinals , Florida State League ( High - A ) Gulf Coast League Cardinals , Gulf Coast League ( Rookie League ) Executives ( edit ) Baseball Operations President , Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak Vice President / General Manager : Mike Girsch Assistant General Manager : Moisés Rodríguez ( promoted to Asst . GM on Sep. 27 , 2017 ) Director , Player Development : Gary LaRocque Scouting Director : Randy Flores International Operations Director : Moisés Rodríguez ( promoted to Asst . GM on Sep. 27 , 2017 ) Director of Player Personnel : Matt Slater Director , Baseball Administration : John Vuch Senior Medical Advisor : Barry Weinberg Finance and Administration Sr. Vice President and CFO : Brad Wood Event Services and Merchandising Vice President , Event Services and Merchandising : Vicki Bryant Stadium Operations Vice President , Stadium Operations : Matt Gifford Ticket Sales , Marketing & Corporate Sales Sr. Vice President of Sales & Marketing : Dan Farrell Vice President , Corp . Marketing & Stadium Entertainment : Thane van Breusegen Vice President , Ticket Sales and Services : Joe Strohm Managerial roll ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals managers Field managers with one or more years managing , and the current manager are included here . Dates Name W-L Record % Highlights Ref 1883 -- 89 , 1891 Charlie Comiskey † 563 -- 273 . 673 * Highest winning - percentage in franchise history ; Four consecutive World Series appearances , one title 1895 , 96 , 97 Chris von der Ahe 3 -- 14 . 176 1901 -- 03 Patsy Donovan 175 -- 236 . 426 1904 -- 05 Kid Nichols 80 -- 88 . 476 1906 -- 08 John McCloskey 153 -- 304 . 335 1909 -- 12 Roger Bresnahan † 255 -- 352 . 420 1913 -- 17 Miller Huggins † 346 -- 415 . 455 1918 Jack Hendricks 51 -- 78 . 395 1919 -- 25 Branch Rickey † 458 -- 485 . 486 1925 -- 26 Rogers Hornsby † 153 -- 116 . 569 One World Series win ( player - manager ) 1927 Bob O'Farrell 92 -- 61 . 601 1928 -- 29 Bill McKechnie † 129 -- 88 . 594 One NL pennant 1929 , 1940 -- 45 Billy Southworth † 620 -- 346 . 642 * * Second - highest winning - percentage in franchise history ( highest modern ) ; Two World Series ( 1942 , 1944 ) wins 1929 , 1930 -- 33 Gabby Street 312 -- 242 . 563 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1933 -- 38 Frankie Frisch † 458 -- 354 . 564 One World Series win 1939 -- 40 Ray Blades 106 -- 85 . 555 1946 -- 50 Eddie Dyer 446 -- 325 . 578 One World Series win 1951 Marty Marion 81 -- 73 . 526 1952 -- 55 Eddie Stanky 260 -- 238 . 522 1956 -- 58 Fred Hutchinson 232 -- 220 . 513 1959 -- 61 Solly Hemus 190 -- 192 . 497 1961 -- 64 Johnny Keane 317 -- 249 . 560 One World Series win 1965 -- 76 , 1980 , 1990 Red Schoendienst † 1041 -- 955 . 522 Two NL pennants and one World Series win 1977 -- 78 Vern Rapp 89 -- 90 . 497 1978 -- 80 Ken Boyer 166 -- 190 . 466 1980 -- 90 Whitey Herzog † 822 -- 728 . 530 Three NL pennants and one World Series win 1990 -- 95 Joe Torre † 351 -- 354 . 498 1996 -- 2011 Tony La Russa † 1408 * -- 1182 * . 544 Most managerial wins and seasons ( 16 ) in team history ; Two World Series ( 2006 , 2011 ) wins 2012 -- July 14 , 2018 Mike Matheny 591 -- 474 . 555 One NL pennant July 15 , 2018 -- present Mike Shildt 40 -- 24 . 625 Table key * All - time franchise leader . * * Franchise leader since 1900 . W-L Total number of wins and losses WPct Winning percentage : Number of wins divided by total of wins and losses Bold Franchise leader † Elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame Players ( edit ) See also : St. Louis Cardinals all - time roster Current roster ( edit ) St. Louis Cardinals 2019 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 67 Matt Bowman 60 John Brebbia 27 Brett Cecil 32 Jack Flaherty 65 Giovanny Gallegos 53 John Gant 68 Austin Gomber 71 Derian González 90 Conner Greene 44 Luke Gregerson 49 Jordan Hicks 43 Dakota Hudson 55 Dominic Leone 18 Carlos Martínez 59 Mike Mayers 39 Miles Mikolas 62 Daniel Poncedeleon 29 Alex Reyes 40 Chasen Shreve 52 Michael Wacha 50 Adam Wainwright 7 Luke Weaver 30 Tyler Webb Catchers 19 Carson Kelly 4 Yadier Molina 46 Francisco Peña Infielders 13 Matt Carpenter 12 Paul DeJong 35 Greg Garcia 3 Jedd Gyorko 38 José Martínez 34 Yairo Muñoz 63 Edmundo Sosa 21 Patrick Wisdom 16 Kolten Wong Outfielders 48 Harrison Bader 25 Dexter Fowler 28 Adolis García 41 Tyler O'Neill 23 Marcell Ozuna -- Justin Williams Manager 8 Mike Shildt Coaches -- Jeff Albert ( hitting ) 58 Mark Budaska ( assistant hitting ) -- Stubby Clapp ( first base ) 72 Bryan Eversgerd ( bullpen ) 31 Mike Maddux ( pitching ) 37 Oliver Marmol ( bench ) 51 Willie McGee ( coach ) 94 Jamie Pogue ( bullpen catcher ) 76 Kleininger Teran ( bullpen catcher ) 75 Ron Warner ( third base ) 41 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated October 29 , 2018 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Coaching staff ( edit ) Further information : List of St. Louis Cardinals coaches Selected individual achievements and Awards ( edit ) Main articles : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders and St. Louis Cardinals team records Darryl Kile Award : Two awards are presented each year , one to a St. Louis Cardinal and one to a Houston Astro , each of whom exemplifies Kile 's virtues of being `` a good teammate , a great friend , a fine father and a humble man . '' The winner is selected by each local chapter of the Baseball Writers ' Association of America . See : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders § Darryl Kile Good Guy Award . No - hitters : Cardinal pitchers have thrown 10 no - hitters : Ted Breitenstein ( 1891 ) , Jesse Haines ( 1924 ) , Paul Dean ( 1934 ) , Lon Warneke ( 1941 ) , Ray Washburn ( 1968 ) , Bob Gibson ( 1971 ) , Bob Forsch ( 1978 and 1983 ) , José Jiménez ( 1999 ) , and Bud Smith ( 2001 ) . The Cardinals have never been involved in a perfect game , win or lose . Cy Young Awards : Two Cardinal pitchers have won Cy Young Awards : Bob Gibson in 1968 and 1970 , and Chris Carpenter in 2005 . MVP Awards : 16 different Cardinal players have won a total of 20 Most Valuable Player awards , the most recent being Albert Pujols in 2009 . Pujols and Stan Musial have collected the most MVPs with three apiece . Bob Gibson won both the Cy Young Award and the MVP award in 1968 . The Cardinals are second only to the New York Yankees ' 22 MVP awards . Rookie of the Year : Six Cardinals have won the Rookie of the Year award : Wally Moon in 1954 , Bill Virdon in 1955 , Bake McBride in 1974 , Vince Coleman in 1985 , Todd Worrell in 1986 , and Albert Pujols in 2001 . Hitting for the cycle : 20 Cardinal players have hit for the cycle , the most recent being Mark Grudzielanek in 2005 . Triple Crown : Four of the 16 batting Triple Crowns in the major leagues ( including three of only six in the National League ) were by Cardinals . Tip O'Neill won the only American Association Triple Crown and the first in franchise history in 1887 . Rogers Hornsby became the only two - time winner in NL history when he did it in 1922 and 1925 ( Ted Williams won two AL Triple Crowns ) . Joe Medwick 's Triple Crown in 1937 is the last in the history of the National League . Hornsby 's 1925 numbers led the entire major leagues , making him one of only five players to have won this expanded Triple Crown . Home runs and RBI in a game : Jim Bottomley drove in 12 runs against Brooklyn on September 16 , 1924 , an all - time MLB single - game record that still stands . On September 7 , 1993 , Mark Whiten tied that record and another MLB single - game record with four home runs . 2 Grand Slams in a single inning : Fernando Tatís is the only player in Major League history to hit two grand slam home runs in the same inning , on April 23 , 1999 . Both were against Chan Ho Park of the Dodgers . Team captains ( edit ) Leo Durocher 1934 -- 1937 Terry Moore 1942 -- 1948 Ken Boyer 1959 -- 1965 Hall of Famers ( edit ) Inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals in the Baseball Hall of Fame See also : National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum and List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum St. Louis Browns Charles Comiskey * Roger Connor * Pud Galvin * George Sisler * † St. Louis Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander * Walter Alston Jake Beckley * Jim Bottomley * Roger Bresnahan * Lou Brock Mordecai Brown * Jesse Burkett * * Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Dizzy Dean Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Frankie Frisch * Bob Gibson Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey * Jesse Haines * Whitey Herzog Rogers Hornsby * Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Rabbit Maranville Bill McKechnie John McGraw Joe Medwick * Johnny Mize * Stan Musial Kid Nichols * Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson * Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith John Smoltz Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter § Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace * * Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis * * Cy Young Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Browns or Cardinals cap insignia . * Has no insignia on his cap due to playing at a time when caps bore no insignia . * * Wears no cap . † Played for the AL St. Louis Browns , but not the NL St. Louis club . Because of their status as the only Major League team remaining in St. Louis , the Cardinals franchise chose to honor Sisler as a St. Louis - based player . § Wears a Cardinals insignia but the Hall of Fame recognizes the Chicago Cubs as his primary team . St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum ( edit ) Main article : St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum In 2014 , the Cardinals announced the reopening of the franchise Hall of Fame after a 6 - year hiatus . A formal selection process recognizes former players as Cardinals Hall of Famers each year . To be eligible for election , a player must have been a member of the Cardinals for at least three seasons . The team initially released the names of 22 former players and personnel included in the inaugural class of 2014 . There are now 40 members of the Cardinals Hall of Fame . No . Name Years with Cardinals Franchise Position ( s ) Year Elected Committee Selection Jim Bottomley 1922 - 1932 1B 2014 Inaugural 14 Ken Boyer 1955 - 1965 , 1971 - 1972 , 1978 - 1980 3B , CF , Manager , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Sam Breadon 1917 - 1947 Owner 2016 Team 31 Harry Brecheen 1940 , 1943 - 1952 Pitcher 2018 Red Ribbon 20 Lou Brock 1964 - 1979 LF 2014 Inaugural -- Jack Buck 1954 - 1959 , 1961 - 2001 Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 85 August A. Busch , Jr . 1953 - 1989 Owner 2014 Inaugural 29 Chris Carpenter 2004 - 2012 Pitcher 2016 Fan 29 Vince Coleman 1985 - 1990 LF 2018 Fan 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 - 1937 , 1941 - 1946 Pitcher , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural 15 Jim Edmonds 2000 - 2007 , 2016 -- Present CF , Broadcaster 2014 Fan 21 , 42 Curt Flood 1958 - 1969 CF 2015 Red Ribbon 31 , 37 Bob Forsch 1974 - 1988 Pitcher 2015 Fan Frankie Frisch 1927 - 1938 2B , 3B , Manager 2014 Inaugural 45 Bob Gibson 1959 - 1975 , 1995 Pitcher , Coach 2014 Inaugural -- Chick Hafey 1924 - 1931 LF , RF 2014 Inaugural 16 Jesse Haines 1920 - 1937 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 24 Whitey Herzog 1980 - 1990 Manager , General Manager 2014 Inaugural Rogers Hornsby 1915 - 1926 , 1933 2B , 3B , SS , Manager 2014 Inaugural George Kissell 1940 - 1942 , 1946 - 2008 Coach , Instructor , Scout 2015 Team 16 , 12 Ray Lankford 1990 - 2001 , 2004 CF , LF 2018 Fan 10 Tony LaRussa 1996 - 2011 Manager 2014 Inaugural Marty Marion 1940 - 1951 SS , Manager 2014 Red Ribbon 2 , 28 , 1 , 11 , 10 Pepper Martin 1928 , 1930 - 1940 , 1944 3B , CF , RF 2017 Red Ribbon 51 , 9 , 20 , 15 Tim McCarver 1959 - 1969 , 1973 - 1974 , 2014 - Present C , Broadcaster 2017 Fan 51 Willie McGee 1982 - 1990 , 1996 - 1999 , 2018 CF , LF , RF , Coach 2014 Fan 25 Mark McGwire 1997 - 2001 , 2010 - 2012 1B , Coach 2017 Fan 7 , 12 , 21 , 28 Joe Medwick 1932 - 1940 , 1947 - 1948 LF 2014 Inaugural 10 Johnny Mize 1936 - 1941 1B 2014 Inaugural 2 , 8 , 11 Terry Moore 1935 - 1942 , 1946 - 1952 , 1956 - 1958 CF , Coach 2016 Red Ribbon 6 Stan Musial 1941 - 1944 , 1946 - 1963 , 1967 1B , LF , RF , CF , General Manager 2014 Inaugural -- Branch Rickey 1919 - 1942 General Manager , Manager , President 2014 Inaugural Red Schoendienst 1945 - 1956 , 1961 - 1976 , 1979 - 1995 Manager , 2B , LF , Coach 2014 Inaugural 18 , 28 Mike Shannon 1962 - 1970 , 1972 -- Present Broadcaster , 3B , RF 2014 Team 23 Ted Simmons 1968 - 1980 2015 Fan 9 Enos Slaughter 1938 - 1942 , 1946 - 1953 RF , LF 2014 Inaugural Ozzie Smith 1982 - 1999 SS , Broadcaster 2014 Inaugural -- Billy Southworth 1926 - 1927 , 1929 , 1940 - 1945 Manager , RF 2014 Inaugural 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 - 1984 Pitcher 2014 Inaugural 9 , 22 Joe Torre 1969 - 1974 , 1990 - 1995 3B , 1B , C , Manager 2016 Fan Inducted into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Missouri Sports Hall of Fame St. Louis Cardinals in the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame No . Player Position Tenure Notes -- Branch Rickey Manager GM 1919 -- 1925 1919 -- 1942 -- Bing Devine GM 1957 -- 1964 1967 -- 1978 Born and raised in St. Louis -- Walt Jocketty GM 1994 -- 2007 -- Lou Adamie Scorekeeper 1941 -- 1982 -- Charlie Grimm 1B 1918 Born in St. Louis Ozzie Smith SS 1982 -- 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B Manager 1945 -- 1956 , 1961 -- 1963 1965 -- 1976 , 1980 , 1990 Frankie Frisch 2B Manager 1927 -- 1937 1933 -- 1938 George Kissell Coach Instructor Scout 1940 -- 1942 1946 -- 2008 Marty Marion SS Manager 1940 -- 1950 1951 5 , 22 Don Gutteridge 2B / 3B 1936 -- 1940 6 Stan Musial OF 1B 1941 -- 1944 1946 -- 1963 8 Hal McRae Coach 2005 -- 2009 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 8 Terry Moore OF 1935 -- 1942 1946 -- 1948 8 , 14 Mickey Owen 1937 -- 1940 Born and raised in Nixa , Missouri 9 Enos Slaughter RF 1938 -- 1942 1946 -- 1953 9 Bill Virdon CF 1955 -- 1956 Grew up in West Plains , Missouri , attended Drury University 10 Tony La Russa Manager 1996 -- 2011 14 Ken Boyer 3B Manager 1955 -- 1965 1978 -- 1980 Born in Liberty , Missouri , grew up in Alba , Missouri 15 Jim Edmonds CF 2000 -- 2007 15 Tim McCarver 1959 -- 1969 1973 -- 1974 15 Darrell Porter 1981 -- 1985 Born in Joplin , Missouri 16 Jamie Quirk Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 17 Dizzy Dean 1930 , 1932 -- 1937 18 Dave Duncan Coach 1996 -- 2011 19 Tom Pagnozzi 1987 -- 1998 19 Preacher Roe 1938 20 Lou Brock LF 1964 -- 1979 22 David Eckstein SS 2005 -- 2007 22 Mike Matheny Manager 2000 -- 2004 2012 -- 2018 23 Charlie James OF 1960 -- 1964 Born in St. Louis , attended University of Missouri 23 Ted Simmons 1968 -- 1980 24 Whitey Herzog Manager / GM 1980 -- 1982 1980 -- 1990 25 Gabby Street Manager 1931 1929 , 1930 -- 1933 28 Tom Herr 2B 1979 -- 1988 28 , 40 Dan Quisenberry 1988 -- 1989 Elected mainly on his performance with Kansas City Royals 29 Vince Coleman LF 1985 -- 1990 30 Orlando Cepeda 1B 1966 -- 1968 31 Bob Forsch 1974 -- 1988 34 Darold Knowles 1979 -- 1980 Born and raised in Brunswick , Missouri , attended University of Missouri 37 Keith Hernandez 1B 1974 -- 1983 38 Todd Worrell 1985 -- 1989 , 1992 39 Al Hrabosky 1970 -- 1977 40 Rick Sutcliffe 1994 Born and raised in Independence , Missouri 42 Bruce Sutter 1981 -- 1984 44 Jason Isringhausen 2002 -- 2008 45 Bob Gibson 1959 -- 1975 49 Jerry Reuss 1969 -- 1971 Born in St. Louis , grew up in Overland , Missouri 50 Tom Henke 1995 Born and raised in Kansas City , Missouri 51 Willie McGee OF 1982 -- 1990 1996 -- 1999 85 Gussie Busch Owner 1953 -- 1989 Born and raised in St. Louis Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Cardinals have retired 12 total jersey numbers -- -- second in MLB only to the New York Yankees ' 21 -- -- in honoring 14 total former players and club personnel on the left field wall at Busch Stadium . A 15th , Jackie Robinson , is honored by all MLB teams . During the time Rogers Hornsby had played , the Cardinals did not have any numbers on their uniforms . This practice had begun with the Cleveland Indians in 1920 . Thus , Hornsby had no number to retire . Rogers Hornsby 2B , Mgr Honored 1937 Ozzie Smith SS Retired 1996 Red Schoendienst 2B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1996 Stan Musial OF , 1B , GM Retired 1963 Enos Slaughter RF Retired 1996 Tony La Russa Mgr Retired 2012 Ken Boyer 3B , Mgr , Coach Retired 1984 Dizzy Dean SP Retired 1974 Lou Brock LF , Coach Retired 1979 Whitey Herzog Mgr , GM Retired 2010 Bruce Sutter RP Retired 2006 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB ' 97 Bob Gibson SP , Coach Retired 1975 Gussie Busch Owner Retired 1984 Jack Buck Broadcaster Honored 2002 Notes : Hornsby : When honored in 1937 , ' `` SL '' ' was used in place of a number as he played mostly in an era without numbers . 42 : Jackie Robinson 's number 42 was retired throughout baseball in 1997 . The Cardinals again retired 42 in September 2006 in honor of Sutter , who was elected to the Hall of Fame earlier in the year . 85 : Cardinal stockholders honored Busch with the number 85 on his 85th birthday in 1984 . Out of circulation , but not officially retired ( edit ) 5 : Albert Pujols ' ( 1B , 2001 -- 2011 ) number has not been reissued since he signed with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim after the 2011 season . 51 : Willie McGee 's ( OF , 1982 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 1999 ; Coach , 2018 -- present ) number has not been reissued since late in the 2001 season . 57 : Darryl Kile 's ( P , 2000 -- 02 ) number has not been reissued since his death in the middle of the 2002 season . Along with Josh Hancock 's number 32 , another active pitcher deceased in the middle of the season , they are honored with small circular logos bearing their initials and numbers on the wall of the Cardinal bullpen . During the 2014 playoffs , but following the Cardinals ' elimination , rookie and star prospect Oscar Taveras was killed in a car accident . His number 18 was added along with Kile 's and Hancock 's in the home bullpen ; however , his number was reissued the following season to close friend Carlos Martinez . Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of St. Louis Cardinals minor league affiliates See also : St. Louis Cardinals minor league players Level Team League Location Manager AAA Memphis Redbirds Pacific Coast League Memphis , Tennessee Stubby Clapp AA Springfield Cardinals Texas League Springfield , Missouri Johnny Rodriguez Advanced A Palm Beach Cardinals Florida State League Jupiter , Florida Dann Bilardello Peoria Chiefs Midwest League Peoria , Illinois Chris Swauger Short season A State College Spikes New York -- Penn League University Park , Pennsylvania Joe Kruzel Rookie Johnson City Cardinals Appalachian League Johnson City , Tennessee Roberto Espinoza GCL Cardinals Gulf Coast League Jupiter , Florida Steve Turco DSL Cardinals Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Fray Peniche Radio and television coverage ( edit ) See also : List of St. Louis Cardinals broadcasters Radio ( edit ) Capable of reaching 21 million listeners in nine states including Missouri , Illinois , Arkansas , Indiana , Iowa , Kentucky , Mississippi , Oklahoma , and Tennessee , the Cardinals radio network is the second - largest in MLB with 117 affiliate stations . In St. Louis , CBS - owned KMOX ( 1120 AM ) airs Cardinals games over radio and feeds the rest of the Cardinals network . Mike Shannon and John Rooney alternate as play - by - play announcers , with Chris Hrabe serving as pre-game and post-game host . KMOX 's 50,000 - watt clear - channel signal covers much of the continental United States at night . At one time , owing to the Cardinals ' status as a `` regional '' franchise , the Cardinals radio network reached almost half of the country . The 2011 season marked the Cardinals ' return to KMOX following five seasons on KTRS ( 550 AM ) , a station which is 50 percent owned by the Cardinals . With a partnership spanning seven decades , and continuously since 1954 , its conclusion was realized after the 2005 season when CBS Radio and the Cardinals failed to reach terms on a new rights agreement . However , frustrated by the underpowered coverage of 5,000 - watt KTRS , the Cardinals reached a new deal with KMOX in 2011 . Mike Shannon announced 30 fewer games in 2013 , compared to the 15 he took off in 2012 , and in previous seasons . Most of the games will be road games and three - city trips . He has been announcing Cardinals ' games starting in 1972 , making 2013 his 41st year announcing . He turns 74 in July . He has announced Cardinals ' games for more years than anyone except Jack Buck ( 1954 -- 58 , 1961 -- 2001 ) who announced for 46 years . Television ( edit ) Since 2000 , Cardinals telecasts have generated the top three in ratings in MLB every season . Fox Sports Midwest airs all games in high - definition and is the team 's exclusive television broadcaster , with the exception of selected Saturday afternoon games on Fox ( via its St. Louis affiliate , KTVI ) or Sunday Night Baseball on ESPN . Fox Sports Indiana , Fox Sports South , Fox Sports Tennessee , Fox Sports Oklahoma , Fox Sports Southwest , and SportSouth air Cardinals games for fans living within the Cardinals broadcast territory who do not receive the Fox Sports Midwest channel . During the 2016 season , the Cardinals averaged a 8.54 rating and 104,000 viewers on primetime TV broadcasts in St Louis . The television commentators lineup includes Dan McLaughlin , Rick Horton , and Al Hrabosky . Jimmy `` The Cat '' Hayes serves as dugout reporter during the game as well as on Cardinals Live , a pre - and post-game show . Cardinals Live is hosted in - studio by Pat Parris along with game analysts and former Cardinals players Jim Edmonds , Gary Bennett and Chris Duncan . Cardinals Kids , a program aimed at the team 's younger fans , airs weekly in - season on Fox Sports Midwest . It 's hosted by former Cardinals pitcher Andy Benes , team mascot Fredbird , and Busch Stadium Public Address announcer John `` The U-Man '' Ulett . The 30 - minute show began airing in 2003 and presents team news , player profiles , and Cardinals team history in a kid - friendly manner along with games and trivia . A weekly magazine program , This Week in Cardinal Nation , airs on St. Louis ' NBC affiliate KSDK . Cardinals games had been seen on KSDK ( and its predecessor , KSD - TV ) from 1947 through 1958 , 1963 through 1987 , and 2007 until 2010 . KPLR - TV was the Cardinals ' other over-the - air broadcaster , carrying games from 1959 through 1962 and from 1988 until 2006 . Former Cardinals broadcasters include Jack Buck , Harry Caray , Dizzy Dean , Joe Garagiola , Sr. , and Jay Randolph . Joe Buck , the son of Jack Buck , was an official member of the Cardinals ' broadcast team from 1991 until 2007 . The younger Buck is currently the lead play - by - play caller for Fox Sports ' national Major League Baseball and National Football League broadcasts . Opening Day lineups ( edit ) Year 5 6 7 8 9 2018 Dexter Fowler RF Tommy Pham CF Matt Carpenter 3B Marcell Ozuna LF José Martínez 1B Yadier Molina C Paul DeJong SS Kolten Wong 2B Carlos Martínez P 2017 Dexter Fowler CF Aledmys Díaz SS Matt Carpenter 1B Jhonny Peralta 3B Yadier Molina C Stephen Piscotty RF Jedd Gyorko 2B Randal Grichuk LF Carlos Martínez P 2016 Matt Carpenter 3B Tommy Pham LF Matt Holliday 1B Randal Grichuk CF Stephen Piscotty RF Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jedd Gyorko SS Adam Wainwright P 2015 Matt Carpenter 3B Jason Heyward RF Matt Holliday LF Jhonny Peralta SS Matt Adams 1B Yadier Molina C Kolten Wong 2B Jon Jay CF Adam Wainwright P 2014 Matt Carpenter 3B Kolten Wong 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig RF Yadier Molina C Matt Adams 1B Jhonny Peralta SS Peter Bourjos CF Adam Wainwright P 2013 Jon Jay CF Matt Carpenter 2B Matt Holliday LF Allen Craig 1B Carlos Beltrán RF Yadier Molina C Daniel Descalso 2B Pete Kozma SS Adam Wainwright P 2012 Rafael Furcal SS Carlos Beltrán RF Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman 1B David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Jon Jay CF Daniel Descalso 2B Kyle Lohse P 2011 Ryan Theriot SS Colby Rasmus CF Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Lance Berkman RF David Freese 3B Yadier Molina C Skip Schumaker 2B Chris Carpenter P Skip Schumaker 2B Brendan Ryan SS Albert Pujols 1B Matt Holliday LF Colby Rasmus CF Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C David Freese 3B Chris Carpenter P 2009 Brendan Ryan 2B Rick Ankiel CF Albert Pujols 1B Khalil Greene SS Ryan Ludwick RF Yadier Molina C Chris Duncan LF Brian Barden 3B Adam Wainwright P 2008 Skip Schumaker RF Chris Duncan LF Albert Pujols 1B Rick Ankiel CF Troy Glaus 3B Yadier Molina C Adam Kennedy 2B Kyle Lohse P César Izturis SS 2007 David Eckstein SS Preston Wilson RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Yadier Molina C Jim Edmonds CF So Taguchi LF Adam Kennedy 2B Chris Carpenter P 2006 David Eckstein SS Juan Encarnación RF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B So Taguchi LF Yadier Molina C Aaron Miles 2B Chris Carpenter P 2005 David Eckstein SS Larry Walker RF Albert Pujols 1B Scott Rolen 3B Jim Edmonds CF Mark Grudzielanek 2B Reggie Sanders LF Yadier Molina C Chris Carpenter P Tony Womack 2B Ray Lankford LF Albert Pujols 1B Jim Edmonds CF Scott Rolen 3B Édgar Rentería SS Reggie Sanders RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2003 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Albert Pujols LF Scott Rolen 3B Tino Martinez 1B Eli Marrero RF Mike Matheny C Matt Morris P 2002 Fernando Viña 2B Placido Polanco 3B J.D. Drew RF Albert Pujols LF Jim Edmonds CF Édgar Rentería SS Tino Martinez 1B Mike DiFelice C Matt Morris P 2001 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Placido Polanco 3B Albert Pujols LF Mike Matheny C J.D. Drew RF Darryl Kile P 2000 Fernando Viña 2B Édgar Rentería SS Ray Lankford LF Fernando Tatis 3B Jim Edmonds CF Craig Paquette 1B Eric Davis RF Mike Matheny C Darryl Kile P 1999 Édgar Rentería SS Jim Edmonds CF Mark McGwire 1B Eric Davis RF Fernando Tatis 3B Shawon Dunston LF Eli Marrero C Placido Polanco 2B Donovan Osborne P 1998 Royce Clayton SS Delino DeShields 2B Mark McGwire 1B Ray Lankford CF Brian Jordan RF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 3B Tom Lampkin C Todd Stottlemyre P 1997 Delino DeShields 2B Royce Clayton SS Willie McGee RF Brian Jordan CF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 3B John Mabry 1B Tom Lampkin C Todd Stottlemyre P Willie McGee RF Royce Clayton SS Ray Lankford CF Ron Gant LF Gary Gaetti 1B David Bell 3B Danny Sheaffer C Luis Alicea 2B Tom Urbani P 1995 Bernard Gilkey LF Ozzie Smith SS Ray Lankford CF Scott Cooper 3B Brian Jordan RF John Mabry 1B Tom Pagnozzi C Manuel Lee 2B Ken Hill P 1994 Ray Lankford CF Ozzie Smith SS Gregg Jefferies 1B Todd Zeile 3B Mark Whiten RF Bernard Gilkey LF Luis Alicea 2B Erik Pappas C Bob Tewksbury P 1993 Gerónimo Peña 2B Ozzie Smith SS Gregg Jefferies 1B Ray Lankford CF Mark Whiten RF Todd Zeile 3B Bernard Gilkey LF Tom Pagnozzi C Bob Tewksbury P 1992 Ray Lankford CF Ozzie Smith SS Todd Zeile 3B Andrés Galarraga 1B Pedro Guerrero LF Milt Thompson RF Tom Pagnozzi C José Oquendo 2B José DeLeón P 1991 Rex Hudler CF Ozzie Smith SS Bernard Gilkey LF Pedro Guerrero 1B Félix José RF Todd Zeile 3B Tom Pagnozzi C José Oquendo 2B Bryn Smith P 1990 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Todd Zeile C Pedro Guerrero 1B Terry Pendleton 3B Tom Brunansky RF Ozzie Smith SS José Oquendo 2B Joe Magrane P 1989 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Terry Pendleton 3B Pedro Guerrero 1B Tom Brunansky RF José Oquendo SS Tony Peña C Tim Jones 2B Joe Magrane P 1988 Vince Coleman LF Ozzie Smith SS Tom Herr 2B Bob Horner 1B Willie McGee CF Terry Pendleton 3B Tony Peña C Jim Lindeman RF Joe Magrane P Vince Coleman LF Ozzie Smith SS Tom Herr 2B Jack Clark 1B Jim Lindeman RF Tony Peña C Terry Pendleton 3B Tito Landrum CF John Tudor P 1986 Vince Coleman LF Willie McGee CF Tom Herr 2B Jack Clark 1B Andy Van Slyke RF Terry Pendleton 3B Mike Heath C Ozzie Smith SS John Tudor P 1985 Lonnie Smith LF Tom Herr 2B Terry Pendleton 3B Jack Clark 1B Darrell Porter C Steve Braun RF Andy Van Slyke CF Ozzie Smith SS Joaquín Andújar P 1984 Lonnie Smith LF Ken Oberkfell 3B Tom Herr 2B George Hendrick RF Art Howe 1B Willie McGee CF Darrell Porter C Ozzie Smith SS Dave LaPoint P Lonnie Smith LF Ozzie Smith SS Keith Hernandez 1B George Hendrick RF David Green CF Darrell Porter C Ken Oberkfell 3B Mike Ramsey 2B Bob Forsch P 1982 Lonnie Smith CF Tom Herr 2B Keith Hernandez 1B Darrell Porter C George Hendrick RF Dane Iorg LF Steve Braun 3B Ozzie Smith SS Bob Forsch P 1981 Garry Templeton SS Ken Oberkfell 3B Keith Hernandez 1B George Hendrick RF Darrell Porter C Sixto Lezcano LF Tony Scott CF Tom Herr 2B Bob Forsch P 1980 Garry Templeton SS Ken Oberkfell 2B Keith Hernandez 1B Ted Simmons C Bobby Bonds LF George Hendrick RF Tony Scott CF Ken Reitz 3B Pete Vuckovich P 1979 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Keith Hernandez 1B Ted Simmons C George Hendrick CF Tony Scott RF Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson 2B John Denny P 1978 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Jerry Morales RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Tony Scott CF Mike Tyson 2B Bob Forsch P 1977 Lou Brock LF Garry Templeton SS Bake McBride CF Héctor Cruz RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson 2B John Denny P 1976 Lou Brock LF Lee Richard SS Bake McBride CF Ted Simmons C Reggie Smith RF Keith Hernandez 1B Héctor Cruz 3B Mike Tyson 2B Lynn McGlothen P Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Bake McBride CF Reggie Smith RF Ted Simmons C Keith Hernandez 1B Ken Reitz 3B Ed Brinkman SS Bob Gibson P Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Reggie Smith RF Joe Torre 1B Ted Simmons C Bake McBride CF Ken Reitz 3B Mike Tyson SS Bob Gibson P 1973 Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B José Cruz CF Joe Torre 1B Ted Simmons C Ken Reitz 3B Bernie Carbo RF Ray Busse SS Bob Gibson P 1972 Lou Brock LF Ted Sizemore 2B Matty Alou RF Joe Torre 3B Ted Simmons C Joe Hague 1B José Cruz CF Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1971 Matty Alou CF Ted Sizemore SS Lou Brock LF Joe Torre 3B José Cardenal RF Joe Hague 1B Ted Simmons C Julián Javier 2B Bob Gibson P 1970 Lou Brock LF José Cardenal CF Dick Allen 3B Joe Torre C Leron Lee RF Joe Hague 1B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1969 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Vada Pinson RF Joe Torre 1B Tim McCarver C Mike Shannon 3B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1968 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Roger Maris RF Orlando Cepeda 1B Tim McCarver C Mike Shannon 3B Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1967 Lou Brock LF Curt Flood CF Roger Maris RF Orlando Cepeda 1B Mike Shannon 3B Tim McCarver C Julián Javier 2B Dal Maxvill SS Bob Gibson P 1966 Lou Brock RF Julián Javier 2B Curt Flood CF Tim McCarver C Charley Smith 3B Alex Johnson LF George Kernek 1B Jerry Buchek SS Curt Simmons P 1965 Curt Flood CF Lou Brock LF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Dick Groat SS Mike Shannon RF Julián Javier 2B Bob Uecker C Bob Gibson P 1964 Julián Javier 2B Dick Groat SS Bill White 1B Charlie James LF Ken Boyer 3B Carl Warwick RF Curt Flood CF Bob Uecker C Ernie Broglio P 1963 Curt Flood CF Dick Groat SS Bill White 1B George Altman RF Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Carl Sawatski C Julián Javier 2B Ernie Broglio P 1962 Curt Flood CF Julián Javier 2B Bill White 1B Stan Musial RF Ken Boyer 3B Minnie Miñoso LF Gene Oliver C Julio Gotay SS Larry Jackson P 1961 Julián Javier 2B Don Landrum CF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Daryl Spencer SS Joe Cunningham RF Hal Smith C Ernie Broglio P 1960 Joe Cunningham RF Daryl Spencer SS Bill White CF Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial 1B Leon Wagner LF Hal Smith C Alex Grammas 2B Larry Jackson P 1959 Don Blasingame 2B Gino Cimoli CF Bill White 1B Ken Boyer 3B Stan Musial LF Joe Cunningham RF Hal Smith C Alex Grammas SS Larry Jackson P 1958 Don Blasingame 2B Alvin Dark SS Stan Musial 1B Del Ennis LF Ken Boyer 3B Wally Moon RF Bobby Smith CF Hobie Landrith C Vinegar Bend Mizell P 1957 Don Blasingame 2B Alvin Dark SS Stan Musial 1B Del Ennis RF Ken Boyer 3B Wally Moon LF Hal Smith C Bobby Smith CF Herm Wehmeier P 1956 Wally Moon 1B Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Hank Sauer LF Ken Boyer 3B Bill Virdon CF Bill Sarni C Alex Grammas SS Vinegar Bend Mizell P 1955 Wally Moon LF Bill Virdon CF Stan Musial 1B Rip Repulski RF Red Schoendienst 2B Ken Boyer 3B Bill Sarni C Alex Grammas SS Brooks Lawrence P 1954 Rip Repulski RF Wally Moon CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Ray Jablonski 3B Tom Alston 1B Alex Grammas SS Del Rice C Harvey Haddix P 1953 Solly Hemus SS Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Steve Bilko 1B Enos Slaughter RF Ray Jablonski 3B Rip Repulski CF Del Rice C Gerry Staley P 1952 Solly Hemus SS Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial LF Enos Slaughter RF Wally Westlake CF Steve Bilko 1B Billy Johnson 3B Del Rice C Gerry Staley P 1951 Peanuts Lowrey CF Red Schoendienst 2B Enos Slaughter RF Stan Musial LF Don Richmond 3B Steve Bilko 1B Joe Garagiola C Solly Hemus SS Tom Poholsky P 1950 Harry Walker CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Enos Slaughter LF Eddie Kazak 3B Rocky Nelson 1B Joe Garagiola C Eddie Miller SS Gerry Staley P 1949 Tommy Glaviano 3B Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial CF Enos Slaughter LF Nippy Jones 1B Ron Northey RF Marty Marion SS Del Rice C Harry Brecheen P 1948 Erv Dusak CF Red Schoendienst 2B Stan Musial RF Enos Slaughter LF Whitey Kurowski 3B Nippy Jones 1B Del Wilber C Marty Marion SS Murry Dickson P 1947 Red Schoendienst 2B Harry Walker CF Stan Musial 1B Enos Slaughter RF Whitey Kurowski 3B Dick Sisler LF Marty Marion SS Joe Garagiola C Howie Pollet P 1946 Lou Klein 2B Terry Moore CF Stan Musial LF Enos Slaughter RF Whitey Kurowski 3B Dick Sisler 1B Marty Marion SS Del Rice C Johnny Beazley P 1945 Augie Bergamo RF Johnny Hopp CF Red Schoendienst LF Walker Cooper C Ray Sanders 1B Whitey Kurowski 3B Marty Marion SS Emil Verban 2B Ted Wilks P 1944 Emil Verban 2B Johnny Hopp CF Stan Musial RF Walker Cooper C Ray Sanders 1B Whitey Kurowski 3B Danny Litwhiler LF Marty Marion SS Max Lanier P 1943 Jimmy Brown 2B Frank Demaree RF Stan Musial LF Whitey Kurowski 3B Walker Cooper C Buster Adams CF Johnny Hopp 1B Lou Klein SS Mort Cooper P 1942 Creepy Crespi 2B Stan Musial LF Terry Moore CF Enos Slaughter RF Ray Sanders 1B Jimmy Brown 3B Ken O'Dea C Marty Marion SS Mort Cooper P 1941 Ernie Koy LF Jimmy Brown 3B Terry Moore CF Johnny Mize 1B Enos Slaughter RF Gus Mancuso C Marty Marion SS Creepy Crespi 2B Lon Warneke P 1940 Jimmy Brown 3B Stu Martin 2B Enos Slaughter RF Johnny Mize 1B Don Padgett C Pepper Martin LF Terry Moore CF Marty Marion SS Curt Davis P 1939 Jimmy Brown 2B Don Gutteridge 3B Enos Slaughter RF Joe Medwick LF Johnny Mize 1B Terry Moore CF Mickey Owen C Joe Orengo SS Bob Weiland P 1938 Don Gutteridge SS Stu Martin 2B Enos Slaughter RF Don Padgett LF Johnny Mize 1B Pepper Martin 3B Terry Moore CF Mickey Owen C Bob Weiland P 1937 Terry Moore CF Stu Martin 2B Frenchy Bordagaray 3B Joe Medwick LF Johnny Mize 1B Pepper Martin RF Leo Durocher SS Bruce Ogrodowski C Dizzy Dean P 1936 Terry Moore CF Frankie Frisch 2B Pepper Martin RF Joe Medwick LF Ripper Collins 1B Spud Davis C Charlie Gelbert 3B Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1935 Pepper Martin 3B Jack Rothrock RF Frankie Frisch 2B Joe Medwick LF Ripper Collins 1B Bill DeLancey C Terry Moore CF Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1934 Terry Moore CF Frankie Frisch 2B Pepper Martin 3B Jack Rothrock LF Joe Medwick RF Ripper Collins 1B Spud Davis C Leo Durocher SS Dizzy Dean P 1933 Sparky Adams 3B George Watkins RF Frankie Frisch 2B Ripper Collins 1B Joe Medwick LF Ernie Orsatti CF Jimmie Wilson C Gordon Slade SS Dizzy Dean P 1932 Sparky Adams 3B Ray Blades RF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Ripper Collins LF Pepper Martin CF Jimmie Wilson C Charlie Gelbert SS Flint Rhem P 1931 Taylor Douthit CF Ernie Orsatti LF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B George Watkins RF Charlie Gelbert SS Sparky Adams 3B Jimmie Wilson C Flint Rhem P 1930 Taylor Douthit CF Sparky Adams 2B Frankie Frisch 3B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Showboat Fisher RF Charlie Gelbert SS Jimmie Wilson C Flint Rhem P 1929 Taylor Douthit CF Fred Haney 3B Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Wally Roettger RF Charlie Gelbert SS Bubber Jonnard C Grover Alexander P 1928 Taylor Douthit CF Wattie Holm 3B Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey LF Wally Roettger RF Tommy Thevenow SS Bob O'Farrell C Jesse Haines P 1927 Taylor Douthit CF Billy Southworth RF Frankie Frisch 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Les Bell 3B Chick Hafey LF Bob O'Farrell C Tommy Thevenow SS Grover Alexander P 1926 Ray Blades LF Heinie Mueller CF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Chick Hafey RF Les Bell 3B Bob O'Farrell C Tommy Thevenow SS Flint Rhem P 1925 Max Flack RF Heinie Mueller CF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Les Bell 3B Wattie Holm LF Walter Schmidt C Tommy Thevenow SS Jesse Haines P 1924 Max Flack RF Jack Smith LF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Howard Freigau 3B Heinie Mueller CF Les Bell SS Ernie Vick C Johnny Stuart P 1923 Ray Blades LF Jack Smith RF Rogers Hornsby 2B Jim Bottomley 1B Milt Stock 3B Heinie Mueller CF Howard Freigau SS Eddie Ainsmith C Jeff Pfeffer P 1922 Les Mann CF Del Gainer 1B Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby 2B Joe Schultz RF Austin McHenry LF Specs Toporcer SS Verne Clemons C Bill Sherdel P 1921 Heinie Mueller RF Cliff Heathcote CF Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby LF Jack Fournier 1B Doc Lavan SS Verne Clemons C Specs Toporcer 2B Jesse Haines P 1920 Burt Shotton LF Cliff Heathcote RF Milt Stock 3B Rogers Hornsby 2B Jack Fournier 1B Austin McHenry CF Hal Janvrin SS Verne Clemons C Bill Doak P 1919 Burt Shotton LF Jack Smith RF Austin McHenry CF Rogers Hornsby SS Milt Stock 3B Gene Paulette 1B Bob Fisher 2B Frank Snyder C Jakie May P 1918 Red Smyth RF Jack Smith CF Doug Baird 3B Rogers Hornsby SS Walton Cruise LF Gene Paulette 1B Mike González C Bruno Betzel 2B Lee Meadows P 1917 Bob Bescher LF Bruno Betzel 2B Tom Long RF Dots Miller 1B Rogers Hornsby SS Walton Cruise CF Fred Smith 3B Frank Snyder C Lee Meadows P 1916 Bob Bescher LF Zinn Beck 3B Jack Smith CF Dots Miller 1B Tom Long RF Bruno Betzel 2B Rogers Hornsby SS Frank Snyder C Bill Doak P 1915 Cozy Dolan CF Miller Huggins 2B Bob Bescher LF Dots Miller 1B Chief Wilson RF Zinn Beck 3B Rolla Daringer SS Frank Snyder C Slim Sallee P 1914 Miller Huggins 2B Lee Magee CF Art Butler SS Dots Miller 1B Chief Wilson RF Cozy Dolan 3B Walton Cruise LF Ivey Wingo C Dan Griner P 1913 Miller Huggins 2B Lee Magee LF Mike Mowrey 3B Ed Konetchy 1B Steve Evans RF Rebel Oakes CF Charley O'Leary SS Ivey Wingo C Dan Griner P Opening Day salaries ( edit ) Opening Day payrolls for 25 - man roster ( since 2000 ) : 2018 - 23 payroll obligations Opening Day Salary ( ML contracts plus pro-rated signing bonuses ) Year Salary 2000 $63,900,000 2001 $78,538,333 2002 $74,660,875 2003 $83,786,666 $83,228,333 2005 $92,106,833 2006 $88,891,371 2007 $90,286,823 2008 $99,624,449 2009 $88,528,409 $94,220,500 2011 $109,048,000 2012 $111,858,500 2013 $116,790,787 2014 $111,250,000 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2015 $122,066,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2016 $145,553,500 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2017 $148,152,933 ( Google spreadsheet ) 2018 $159,698,667 ( Google spreadsheet ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2001 , the Cardinals and the Houston Astros finished the season with identical records of 93 -- 69 and finished tied for first place in the Central Division standings . The Baseball Hall of Fame wrote they were both awarded a co-championship . According to the Cardinals ' website , this was `` the first shared championship in major - league history '' . For playoff seeding , the NL Central slot went to Houston and St. Louis was awarded the wild card berth . Jump up ^ In 1981 , the Cardinals finished with the overall best record in the East Division . However , a players ' strike in the middle of the season forced the season to be split into two halves . St. Louis finished second in both halves and was thereby deprived of a post-season appearance . Jump up ^ Most sources consider the 1882 Brown Stockings to represent the beginning of the St. Louis Cardinals ( if it was not the even earlier 1875 or 1878 clubs ) but the St. Louis Cardinals baseball club itself considers its history to have begun in 1892 when the team ( still called the St. Louis Browns ) joined the National League . Jump up ^ Although the St. Louis Cardinals do not officially recognize their era in the American Association ( AA ) as part of their Major League history , Major League Baseball recognized that incarnation of the AA in 1968 , as well as other historic leagues , existing as former Major Leagues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 St. Louis Cardinals Style Guide '' . Major League Baseball Properties . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals and the National Baseball Hall of Fame '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . The Cardinals and Astros were declared co-champions of the NL Central in 2001 , based on their identical regular season record . The Astros , who edged the Cardinals in head - to - head games , 9 - 7 , were seeded as the division winner in the post-season , and the Cardinals were seeded as the wild - card . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals History '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Eisenbath 1999 : 251 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals Front Office '' . mlb.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cards promote Mozeliak , name Girsch GM '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Patrick ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals fans get another vote as best in baseball '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Busch Stadium facts '' . St. Louis Cardinals . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cash 2002 : 38 ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals ( 1882 -- 2013 ) '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Suehsdorf , A.D. ( 1978 ) . The Great American Baseball Scrapbook , p. 8 . Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50253 - 1 Jump up ^ `` 1875 St. Louis Brown Stockings team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Timeline '' . The Official Site of the St Louis Cardinals . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals assert team history began in 1892 '' . The Cardinal Nation Blog . August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Comiskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Caruthers player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tip O'Neill awards '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cash , Jon David ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century . St. Louis : University of Missouri Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 1 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles on Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Macht , Norman . `` The Ballplayers -- Sam Breadon '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Pat . `` Branch Rickey 's Farm -- Minor League History '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day : Branch Rickey , 83 , dies in Missouri '' . New York Times on the Web Learning Network . January 10 , 1965 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 3 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doug Feldman . Dizzy and the Gashouse Gang : The 1934 St. Louis Cardinals and Depression - Era Baseball . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company , 2000 . 215pp . Jump up ^ `` Dizzy Dean player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals HOF Museum '' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Mize player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Medwick player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Marion player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Enos Slaughter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mort Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walker Cooper player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stan Musial player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Max Lanier player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitey Kurowski player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Beazley player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 1940 to 1949 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Southworth '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Billy Southworth Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fallstrom , A.B. ( January 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals Hall of Famer Stan Musial Dies at 92 '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry ( October 17 , 2005 ) . `` Slaughter 's mad dash gives Cardinals the title '' . ESPN Classic . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals timeline 4 '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Gibson player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . America 's Library . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` August Anheuser Busch Was Born '' . Sports Encyclopedia . April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Trade Deadline Can Be Great Deal of Trouble '' . New York Times . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( January 20 , 2008 ) . `` 1964 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bill White player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Flood player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Curt Simmons player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Cepeda player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Major League Baseball Season Summary '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : 1968 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 : The Year of the Pitcher '' . SI.com . August 4 , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Keith Hernández player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newhan , Ross ( July 5 , 1987 ) . `` A Deep Team Rises to Top Despite Injuries , Cardinals Are Flying High and Leading NL East '' . Los Angeles Times . p . Sports 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Whitey Herzog Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( July 28 , 2002 ) . `` Calling the Wizard '' . SI.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ozzie Smith player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vintage Gallery : Memories of the last ' Suds Series '' . pjstar.com . October 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 St. Louis Cardinals Batting , Pitching & Fielding statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chris Carpenter player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cart , Julie ( September 30 , 1989 ) . `` Patriarch of Cardinals Is Dead at 90 : August A. Busch , Jr. , Beer Baron , Bought Baseball Team in ' 53 '' . LA Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Anheuser - Busch Looking to Sell Cardinals '' . The Daily Reporter . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Torre Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AB Sell Cardinals '' . New York Times . December 23 , 1995 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tony La Russa retires as manager , three days after winning World Series '' . NJ.com ( Associated Press ) . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark McGwire 's Seventy Home Run Season by Baseball Almanac '' . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Breakout selected from 2000 to 2013 '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( December 24 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals recast the ' MV3 ' '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols player page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Morris , Patrick ( February 6 , 2008 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Unlikely World Series Winners '' . RealClearSports . October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals timeline : 2000s '' . St. Louis Cardinals Official Website . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 St. Louis Cardinals team page '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Association Remembered '' . MLB.com . May 7 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The St. Louis Cardinals ' Greatest Moments '' . Back to Baseball . July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miklasz , Bernie ( October 29 , 2011 ) . `` Cardinals win like never before '' . St Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Joe ( October 22 , 2011 ) . `` Pujols puts on historic display of power '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved August 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Unbelievable ' Game 6 ranks among the best '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Bruce ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Cardinals carry on winning tradition '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals to retire Tony La Russa 's No. 10 jersey '' . USATODAY.com ( AP ) . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cardinals Press Release ( November 20 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals announce extension for Matheny '' . cleveland.indians.mlb.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick . `` Cards in disbelief over Taveras ' death '' . Jump up ^ `` Braves ship Heyward to Cards in 4 - player deal '' . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Cardinals Face F.B.I. Inquiry in Hacking of Astros ' Database '' . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Information -- Directions '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium '' . ballparks.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals make 65,000 additional tickets available '' St. Louis Cardinals Press Release , April 28 , 2006 Jump up ^ Spector , Jesse ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` 27 things about those 27 New York Yankees World Series titles '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Park Factors for Busch Stadium , St. Louis '' . parkfactors.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffert , Jess . `` Busch Stadium '' . midwestliving.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kim , Roland ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` Watching a Cardinals Game at Busch Stadium '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Granillo , Larry ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Baseball 's Best Statues , by Ballpark '' . wezen-ball.com . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( May 24 , 2013 ) . `` PHOTO : Busch Stadium as a soccer venue '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volkmann , Kelsey ( July 18 , 2011 ) . `` U2 rocks Busch Stadium in St. Louis '' . St. Louis Business Journal . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium Ballpark Village Information '' . cardinals.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals Attendance , Stadiums , and Park Factors '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Getzenburg , Alaina ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Schmidt 's vision inspired iconic red bird logo '' . MLB Advanced Media . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cardinals uniforms '' . Baseball Hall of Fame Uniform Database . Retrieved May 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Langosch , Jenifer ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` City is key to Cardinals ' alternate home jersey '' . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Britt , Crystal ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Fans hope Buschie the Rally Squirrel is good luck -- KFVS12 News & Weather Cape Girardeau , Carbondale , Poplar Bluff '' . Kfvs12.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tony ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Cubs , Cardinals Must Emulate Yankees , Red Sox to Rekindle Rivalry '' . NESN . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` In defense of DeWit & Company '' . Scout.com . December 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball 's Sign of the Times : Under New Ownership '' . Chicago Tribune . December 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anheuser - Busch Puts Cardinals Up for Sale '' . Eugene Register - Guard . October 26 , 1995 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judd 2002 : 91 Jump up ^ `` Cards owners worth $4 billion '' . St. Louis Business Journal . May 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals group to buy up departing owners ' stakes '' . St. Louis Business Journal . November 20 , 2005 . Retrieved April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DeWitt III defends Cardinals ; releases owner names '' . St. Louis Business Journal . December 7 , 2010 . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Baseball Team Values 2017 '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Mike Ozanian ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Baseball 's Most Valuable Teams '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals -- in photos : MLB valuations '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` # 10 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals , LLC '' . Privco . March 26 , 2013 . Retrieved March 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Team Values 2018 '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` # 8 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 7 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` # 11 St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals on the Forbes MLB team valuations list '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First phase of Ballpark Village opens '' . MLB.com . March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Finally ! Ballpark Village announces its grand opening lineup '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ballpark Village at Busch a smashing success '' . MLB.com. April 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hummel , Rick ( November 16 , 2013 ) . `` Cardinals buy Memphis franchise '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Von der Ahe Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Patsy Donovan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Nichols Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John McCloskey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Bresnahan Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miller Huggins Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Hendricks Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Hornsby Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bob O'Farrell Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bill McKechnie Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gabby Street Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Frisch Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ray Blades Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Dyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marty Marion Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Stanky Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Hutchinson Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solly Hemus Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Johhny Keane Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red Schoendienst Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vern Rapp Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Boyer Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tony LaRussa Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals fire manager Mike Matheny '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Matheny Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Shildt Managerial Record '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Darryl Kile Award '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : St. Louis Cardinals award winners and league leaders Jump up ^ NL MVP Awards by team Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RBI records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score for Bottomley '' . Retrosheet.org . September 16 , 1924 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Home run records '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box score '' . Retrosheet.org . September 7 , 1993 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process '' ( Press release ) . St. Louis Cardinals . January 18 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kiley , Gabriel ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` A look at the Cardinals retired numbers '' . stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Araton , Harvey ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Yankees ' Mariano Rivera is the last No. 42 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Lupica , Matt ( January 2012 ) . `` Busch Stadium '' . The Baseball Stadium Insider : A Comprehensive Dissection of All Thirty Ballparks , the Legendary Players , and the Memorable Moments . Bloomington , Indiana : iUniverse . p. 221 . A lifetime . 358 hitter , Hornsby was inducted in the Hall of Fame in 1942 , and the Cardinals honored him alongside the retired numbers with the ' SL ' symbol due to his playing days predating the use of numbers . Jump up ^ Snyder , John . Cardinals Journal : Year by Year and Day by Day with the St. Louis Cardinals Since 1882 . Clerisy Press . p. 689 . ISBN 9781578604807 . Jump up ^ Goold , Derrick ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Cards issue No. 32 for first time since Hancock wore it '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shannon will do fewer Cards games in 2013 '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Here Are The 2016 MLB Prime Time Television Ratings For Each Team - Maury Brown , Forbes SportsMoney , 28 September 2016 Jump up ^ `` Edmonds joins Fox Sports Midwest '' . Fox Sports Midwest.com . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Cardinals Kids '' . Cardinals Kids.com. 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals at New York Mets Box Score , March 29 , 2018 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 2 , 2017 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 3 , 2016 at PNC Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 5 , 2015 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , March 31 , 2014 at Great American Ball Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 1 , 2013 at Chase Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 4 , 2012 at Marlins Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , March 31 , 2011 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 2010 at Great American Ball Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 6 , 2009 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 2009 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 1 , 2008 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 1 , 2007 at Busch Stadium III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 2006 at Citizens Bank Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2006 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 5 , 2005 at Minute Maid Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2005 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 2004 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , March 31 , 2003 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 2003 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 1 , 2002 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 2002 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 2 , 2001 at Coors Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 2 , 2001 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 2000 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 5 , 1999 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1999 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , March 31 , 1998 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com . March 31 , 1998 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 1 , 1997 at Stade Olympique '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 1 , 1997 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 5 , 1996 at Fulton County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1996 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 26 , 1995 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 26 , 1995 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 3 , 1994 at Riverfront Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1994 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Sunday , April 6 , 1993 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1993 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 6 , 1992 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1992 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1991 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1991 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 9 , 1990 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1990 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 3 , 1989 at Shea Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1989 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 4 , 1988 at Riverfront Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 4 , 1988 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 7 , 1987 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1987 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 8 , 1986 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1986 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1985 at Shea Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1985 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 3 , 1984 at Dodger Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 3 , 1984 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 5 , 1983 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1983 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 6 , 1982 at Astrodome '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1982 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 11 , 1981 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1981 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 10 , 1980 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1980 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 6 , 1979 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1979 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 7 , 1978 at Veteran 's Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1978 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 7 , 1977 at Three Rivers Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1977 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 9 , 1976 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1976 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 7 , 1975 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 7 , 1975 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 5 , 1974 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 5 , 1974 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 6 , 1973 at Three Rivers Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1973 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 15 , 1972 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1972 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 6 , 1971 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 6 , 1971 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 8 , 1970 at Parc Jarry '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1970 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 8 , 1969 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 8 , 1969 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 10 , 1968 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1968 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 11 , 1967 at Busch Stadium II '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1967 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 13 , 1966 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1966 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Monday , April 12 , 1965 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1965 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1964 at Dodger Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1964 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 9 , 1963 at Polo Grounds V '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 9 , 1963 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1962 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1962 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Thursday , April 11 , 1961 at County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1961 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1960 at Candlestick Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1960 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Friday , April 10 , 1959 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 10 , 1959 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1958 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1958 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1957 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1957 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1956 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1956 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1955 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1955 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 13 , 1954 at Busch Stadium I '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1954 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1953 at County Stadium '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1953 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1952 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1952 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1951 at Forbes Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1951 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1950 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1950 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 19 , 1949 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 19 , 1949 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 20 , 1948 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 20 , 1948 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1947 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1947 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1946 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1946 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1945 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1945 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1944 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1944 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 21 , 1943 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 21 , 1943 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1942 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1942 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1941 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1941 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1940 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1940 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 18 , 1939 at Forbes Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 18 , 1939 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 19 , 1938 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 19 , 1938 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 20 , 1937 at Crosley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 20 , 1937 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1936 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1936 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1935 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1935 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1934 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1934 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1933 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1933 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1932 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1932 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1931 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1931 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1930 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1930 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1929 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1929 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1928 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1928 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 12 , 1927 at Wrigley Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1927 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 13 , 1926 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1926 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1925 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1925 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 15 , 1924 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 15 , 1924 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 17 , 1923 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 17 , 1923 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1922 at Sportsman 's Park III '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1922 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 13 , 1921 at Cubs Park '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 13 , 1921 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 14 , 1920 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1920 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 23 , 1919 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 23 , 1919 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 16 , 1918 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 16 , 1918 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 11 , 1917 at Redland Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 11 , 1917 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 12 , 1916 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1916 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Wednesday , April 14 , 1915 at West Side Grounds '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1915 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Tuesday , April 14 , 1914 at Robison Field '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 14 , 1914 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Score of Game played on Saturday , April 12 , 1913 at West Side Grounds '' . Baseball-almanac.com. April 12 , 1913 . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cot 's Baseball Contracts '' . Baseballprospectus.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Cash , Jon ( 2002 ) . Before They Were Cardinals : Major - League Baseball in Nineteenth - Century St. Louis . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 826 - 21935 - 7 . Eisenbath , Mike ( 1999 ) . The Cardinals Encyclopedia . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 703 - 0 . OCLC 40193767 . Judd , Dennis ( 2002 ) . The Infrastructure of Play : Building the Tourist City . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 0956 - 4 . Taylor , Phil ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` Where 's The Boo In Booster ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Redbird Nation 's reputation as the most knowledgeable , loyal and , above all , friendly fans in the majors ... ' Our fans are the best because they 're just as passionate as anywhere else , ... , but they 're probably a little more fair - minded , ' says St. Louis manager Tony La Russa . Weintraub , Robert ( 2013 ) . The Victory Season : The End of World War II and the Birth of Baseball 's Golden Age . New York : Little , Brown & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 20591 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Louis Cardinals . St. Louis Cardinals official website Cardinals Timeline St. Louis Cardinals news ( from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Index ( at Baseball Reference ) St. Louis Cardinals Team Page ( at Scout.com ) St. Louis Cardinals Established in 1882 Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Death on the Diamond Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams 2011 World Series Game 6 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Shildt Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals DSL Cardinals Blue DSL Cardinals Red World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 138 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Links to related articles St. Louis Cardinals in the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted as a Cardinal Jim Bottomley Lou Brock Dizzy Dean Frankie Frisch Bob Gibson Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Rogers Hornsby Whitey Herzog Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Stan Musial Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter Inductees who played for the Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander Walter Alston Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Mordecai Brown Jesse Burkett Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Charles Comiskey Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Burleigh Grimes Miller Huggins Rabbit Maranville John McGraw Kid Nichols Wilbert Robinson Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis Cy Young Cardinals managers Roger Bresnahan Charles Comiskey Frankie Frisch Whitey Herzog Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Bill McKechnie Kid Nichols Branch Rickey Red Schoendienst Billy Southworth Joe Torre Cardinals executives Stan Musial Branch Rickey Frick Award Jack Buck Harry Caray Spink Award Bob Broeg ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) Rick Hummel ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) J.G. Taylor Spink ( The Sporting News ) J. Roy Stockton ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) St. Louis Cardinals retired numbers 1 Ozzie Smith 2 Red Schoendienst 6 Stan Musial 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Tony La Russa 14 Ken Boyer 17 Dizzy Dean 20 Lou Brock 24 Whitey Herzog 42 Bruce Sutter 45 Bob Gibson 85 Gussie Busch Principal owners of the St. Louis Cardinals franchise Chris von der Ahe Frank & Stanley Robison Helene Hathaway Britton Sam Breadon Robert E. Hannegan & Fred Saigh Fred Saigh Gussie Busch Anheuser - Busch Bill DeWitt , Jr . St. Louis Cardinals managers Ned Cuthbert ( 1882 ) Ted Sullivan ( 1883 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1883 ) Jimmy Williams ( 1884 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Tommy McCarthy ( 1890 ) John Kerins ( 1890 ) Chief Roseman ( 1890 ) Count Campau ( 1890 ) Joe Gerhardt ( 1890 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1891 ) Jack Glasscock ( 1892 ) Cub Stricker ( 1892 ) Jack Crooks ( 1892 ) George Gore ( 1892 ) Bob Caruthers ( 1892 ) Bill Watkins ( 1893 ) Doggie Miller ( 1894 ) Al Buckenberger ( 1895 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1895 ) Joe Quinn ( 1895 ) Lew Phelan ( 1895 ) Harry Diddlebock ( 1896 ) Arlie Latham ( 1896 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1896 ) Roger Connor ( 1896 ) Tommy Dowd ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Hugh Nicol ( 1897 ) Bill Hallman ( 1897 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1897 ) Tim Hurst ( 1898 ) Patsy Tebeau ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Louie Heilbroner ( 1900 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Kid Nichols ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1905 ) Stanley Robison ( 1905 ) John McCloskey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Miller Huggins ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Jack Hendricks ( 1918 ) Branch Rickey ( 1919 -- 1925 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Bob O'Farrell ( 1927 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1928 ) Billy Southworth ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1929 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1933 -- 1938 ) Mike González ( 1938 ) Ray Blades ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Mike González ( 1940 ) Billy Southworth ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Eddie Dyer ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Marty Marion ( 1951 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Harry Walker ( 1955 ) Fred Hutchinson ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Stan Hack ( 1958 ) Solly Hemus ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Johnny Keane ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Vern Rapp ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jack Krol ( 1978 ) Ken Boyer ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Krol ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1980 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1990 ) Joe Torre ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Mike Jorgensen ( 1995 ) Tony La Russa ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Mike Matheny ( 2012 -- 2018 ) Mike Shildt ( 2018 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals general managers Rickey Walsingham , Jr . Meyer Lane Devine Howsam Musial Devine Claiborne Herzog McDonald Maxvill Jocketty Mozeliak Girsch World Series championships St. Louis Cardinals 1926 World Series champions Grover Cleveland Alexander Hi Bell Les Bell Jim Bottomley Taylor Douthit Jake Flowers Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Wattie Holm Rogers Hornsby Vic Keen Bob O'Farrell Art Reinhart Flint Rhem Bill Sherdel Billy Southworth Tommy Thevenow Specs Toporczer Manager Rogers Hornsby Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1931 World Series champions Sparky Adams Ray Blades Jim Bottomley Ripper Collins Paul Derringer Jake Flowers Frankie Frisch ( NL MVP ) Charlie Gelbert Burleigh Grimes Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Bill Hallahan Andy High Syl Johnson Jim Lindsey Gus Mancuso Pepper Martin Ernie Orsatti Flint Rhem Wally Roettger George Watkins Jimmie Wilson Manager Gabby Street Coaches Ray Blades Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1934 World Series champions 1 Pepper Martin 2 Leo Durocher 3 Frankie Frisch 4 Chick Fullis 6 Ernie Orsatti 6 Jack Rothrock 7 Joe Medwick 8 Spud Davis 9 Bill DeLancey 10 Dazzy Vance 11 Pat Crawford 12 Ripper Collins 14 Burgess Whitehead 15 Tex Carleton 16 Jesse Haines 17 Dizzy Dean ( NL MVP ) 18 Bill Walker 21 Daffy Dean 22 Bill Hallahan 27 Francis Healy 28 Jim Mooney Manager 3 Frankie Frisch Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1942 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 3 Jimmy Brown 4 Marty Marion 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 Creepy Crespi 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 10 Harry Walker 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper ( NL MVP ) 14 Gus Mancuso 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Erv Dusak 18 Lon Warneke 19 Harry Gumbert 20 Coaker Triplett 21 Johnny Beazley 22 Murry Dickson 23 Max Lanier 24 Clyde Shoun 27 Howie Pollet 28 Ernie White 29 Howie Krist 32 Sam Narron 34 Bill Lohrman 35 Whitey Moore Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1944 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 3 Emil Verban 4 Marty Marion ( NL MVP ) 5 Ray Sanders 6 Stan Musial 7 George Fallon 8 Danny Litwhiler 9 Debs Garms 11 Freddy Schmidt 12 Johnny Hopp 13 Mort Cooper 15 Walker Cooper 16 Ken O'Dea 17 Augie Bergamo 20 Blix Donnelly 21 Max Lanier 27 Bud Byerly 28 Ted Wilks 29 Al Jurisich 31 Harry Brecheen Manager 30 Billy Southworth Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1946 World Series champions 1 Whitey Kurowski 2 Red Schoendienst 4 Marty Marion 5 Harry Walker 6 Stan Musial ( NL MVP ) 7 Nippy Jones 8 Terry Moore 9 Enos Slaughter 11 Howie Pollet 15 Dick Sisler 17 Joe Garagiola 18 Del Rice 19 Erv Dusak 20 Red Munger 22 Murry Dickson 27 Johnny Beazley 28 Ted Wilks 29 Howie Krist 31 Harry Brecheen 36 Al Brazle Manager 30 Eddie Dyer Coaches 25 Mike González 26 Buzzy Wares Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1964 World Series champions 9 Bob Uecker 11 Jerry Buchek 12 Bill White 14 Ken Boyer ( NL MVP ) 15 Tim McCarver 17 Carl Warwick 18 Mike Shannon 19 Bob Skinner 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 22 Gordie Richardson 23 Charlie James 24 Dick Groat 25 Julián Javier 27 Dal Maxvill 31 Curt Simmons 33 Barney Schultz 35 Mike Cuellar 37 Ray Sadecki 39 Ron Taylor 41 Roger Craig 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 47 Bob Humphreys Manager 5 Johnny Keane Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Joe Schultz Jr . 4 Howie Pollet 8 Vern Benson Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1967 World Series champions 9 Roger Maris 10 Dave Ricketts 11 Eddie Bressoud 15 Tim McCarver 16 Phil Gagliano 17 Bobby Tolan 18 Mike Shannon 20 Lou Brock 21 Curt Flood 23 Jack Lamabe 25 Julián Javier 26 Ed Spiezio 27 Dal Maxvill 30 Orlando Cepeda ( NL MVP ) 31 Dick Hughes 32 Steve Carlton 34 Nelson Briles 36 Ron Willis 39 Larry Jaster 43 Joe Hoerner 44 Ray Washburn 45 Bob Gibson ( World Series MVP ) 46 Hal Woodeshick Manager 2 Red Schoendienst Coaches 3 Joe Schultz Jr . 4 Billy Muffett 5 Dick Sisler 8 Bob Milliken Regular season St. Louis Cardinals 1982 World Series champions 1 Ozzie Smith 5 Mike Ramsey 10 Ken Oberkfell 11 Glenn Brummer 14 Julio González 15 Darrell Porter ( NLCS and World Series MVP ) 18 Gene Tenace 19 Dane Iorg 22 David Green 25 George Hendrick 26 Steve Braun 27 Lonnie Smith 28 Tom Herr 31 Bob Forsch 32 Jeff Lahti 33 John Martin 36 Jim Kaat 37 Keith Hernandez 38 Steve Mura 39 Dave LaPoint 40 Doug Bair 42 Bruce Sutter 47 Joaquín Andújar 48 John Stuper 51 Willie McGee Manager 24 Whitey Herzog Coaches 2 Red Schoendienst 3 Dave Ricketts 4 Chuck Hiller 8 Hal Lanier 9 Hub Kittle Regular season National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2006 World Series champions 3 Preston Wilson 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Ronnie Belliard 12 Aaron Miles 15 Jim Edmonds 16 Chris Duncan 22 David Eckstein ( World Series MVP ) 23 Anthony Reyes 26 Scott Spiezio 27 Scott Rolen 28 Gary Bennett 29 Chris Carpenter 32 Josh Hancock 34 Randy Flores 36 Jeff Weaver 37 Jeff Suppan ( NLCS MVP ) 41 Braden Looper 43 Juan Encarnación 48 Brad Thompson 50 Adam Wainwright 52 Josh Kinney 53 John Rodriguez 61 Tyler Johnson 99 So Taguchi Manager 10 Tony La Russa Hitting Coach 8 Hal McRae 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bench Coach 24 Joe Pettini Bullpen Coach 38 Marty Mason 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series St. Louis Cardinals 2011 World Series champions 3 Ryan Theriot 4 Yadier Molina 5 Albert Pujols 7 Matt Holliday 8 Nick Punto 12 Lance Berkman 13 Gerald Laird 15 Rafael Furcal 19 Jon Jay 21 Allen Craig 22 Edwin Jackson 23 David Freese ( NLCS & World Series MVP ) 26 Kyle Lohse 28 Octavio Dotel 29 Chris Carpenter 30 Jason Motte 33 Daniel Descalso 34 Marc Rzepczynski 35 Jake Westbrook 41 Mitchell Boggs 53 Arthur Rhodes 54 Jaime García 55 Skip Schumaker 56 Adron Chambers 59 Fernando Salas 62 Lance Lynn Manager 10 Tony La Russa Bench Coach 49 Joe Pettini 1st Base Coach 39 Dave McKay 3rd Base Coach 11 José Oquendo Hitting Coach 25 Mark McGwire Pitching Coach 18 Dave Duncan Bullpen Coach 36 Derek Lilliquist Bullpen Catcher 58 Jeff Murphy Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series American Association championships St. Louis Browns 1885 American Association Champions Sam Barkley Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Dave Foutz Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1886 American Association Champions Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Rudy Kemmler Arlie Latham Jumbo McGinnis Hugh Nicol Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1887 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Doc Bushong Bob Caruthers Charles Comiskey Bill Gleason Nat Hudson Dave Foutz Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Lou Sylvester Curt Welch Manager : Charles Comiskey St. Louis Browns 1888 American Association Champions Jack Boyle Ice Box Chamberlain Charles Comiskey Jim Devlin Ed Herr Nat Hudson Silver King Ed Knouff Arlie Latham Harry Lyons Tommy McCarthy Chippy McGarr Jocko Milligan Tip O'Neill Yank Robinson Bill White Manager : Charles Comiskey Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players 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I ) Missouri Missouri State Saint Louis Southeast Missouri UMKC Baseball portal Missouri portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Louis_Cardinals&oldid=866336293 '' Categories : St. Louis Cardinals Anheuser - Busch Busch family Grapefruit League Major League Baseball teams Sports clubs established in 1882 Sports teams in St. Louis St. Louis Browns 1882 establishments in Missouri Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 19 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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where did the st louis cardinals play before busch stadium

Busch Stadium is the Cardinals ' fourth home ballpark and the third to bear that name . The Cardinals ' original home ballpark was Sportsman 's Park from 1882 to 1892 when they played in the American Association and were known as the Browns . In 1893 , the Browns moved to a new ballpark five blocks northwest of Sportsman 's Park which would serve as their home from 1893 to 1920 . The new park was originally called New Sportsman 's Park but became more commonly referred to as Robison Field . Midway through the 1920 season the Cardinals abandoned Robison Field and returned to the original Sportsman 's Park and became tenants of their American League rivals , the St. Louis Browns . In 1953 , the Anheuser - Busch Brewery purchased the Cardinals and the new owner subsequently also purchased Sportsman 's Park from the Browns and renamed it Busch Stadium , later becoming Busch I . The Browns then left St. Louis for Baltimore after the season . The Cardinals built Busch Memorial Stadium , or Busch II , in downtown St. Louis , opened it during the 1966 season and played there until 2005 . It was built as the multi-purpose stadium home of both the baseball Cardinals and the NFL football Cardinals , who are now the Arizona Cardinals . The current Busch Stadium was constructed adjacent to , and partly atop , the site of Busch Memorial Stadium .

Legal status of Tattooing in the United states - wikipedia Legal status of Tattooing in the United states Jump to : navigation , search In the United States , there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing . However , all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older . This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor can not enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure . Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian , but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission , with the exception of medical necessity ( such as markings placed for radiation therapy ) . In all jurisdictions , individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings , such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal , or limiting the type and / or location of where they are willing to tattoo ( such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body ) . They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork , including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive , or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated . Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true , so as to avoid arguments with clients . Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky Not specified Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . no restrictions Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 2 '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` RULES OF STATE BOARD OF HEALTH BUREAU OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION OF FOOD , MILK , AND LODGING Chapter 420 - 3 - 23 BODY ART PRACTICE AND FACILITIES '' ( PDF ) . http://www.adph.org/ . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alabama Code - Chapter 17A : REGULATION OF TATTOOING , BRANDING , AND BODY PIERCING '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 8 : PENALTIES '' . findlaw . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Code - Section 22 - 17A - 7 : POWERS AND DUTIES OF DEPARTMENT '' . findlaw.com . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` TATOOING AND BODY PIERCING : STATE LAWS , STATUTES AND REGULATIONS '' . http://www.ncsl.org/ . National Council of State Legislatures . Archived from the original on 5 July 2015 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Arizona Revised Statutes § 13 - 3721 . Tattoos , brands , scarifications and piercings ; minors ; anesthesia ; exception ; defense ; violation ; classification ; definitions . Jump up ^ Health regulations sought for Arizona tattoo shops , Tucson Citizen , Jul 05 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Custom Solution : Arkansas Code Research Tool '' . lexisnexis.com . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 - 27 - 1502 - Unlawful to perform body art on a person under eighteen years of age . : : 2010 Arkansas Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 . : Alaska Statutes - Section 08.13. 217. : Tattooing and permanent cosmetic coloring or body piercing on a minor . '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Alaska Statutes - Chapter 08.13. : BARBERS AND HAIRDRESSERS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . PEN . CODE § 653 : California Code - Section 653 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` CAL . HSC . CODE § 119302 : California Code - Section 119302 '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` California Law - HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE ( HSC Sections 119300 . - 119328 . ) '' . regstoday.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.nchd.org/Downloads/Body%20Art/Body%20Art%20Regulations%20final%203-26(2)-10.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Section 19a - 92g - Body piercing . : : 2012 Connecticut General Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/practitioner_licensing_and_investigations/plis/tatoo/tattoo_info.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` & § 47 -- 2853.76 e Prohibitions and penalties . : : 2014 District of Columbia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Title 11 '' . delaware.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes & Constitution : View Statutes : Online Sunshine '' . state.fl.us . line feed character in title = at position 25 ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 5 - 71.1 - Piercing of the body : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 12 - 5 - Tattooing : : 2010 Georgia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` HI Rev Stat § 321 - 379 : : Enforcement ; penalties . : : 2011 Hawaii Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs4.asp?ActID=1876&ChapterID=53&SeqStart=32700000&SeqEnd=33400000 ^ Jump up to : `` Ind . Code § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Indiana Code - Section 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 : Tattooing or body piercing a minor '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` ISDH : Tattoo Information '' . in.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Iowa Code 135.37 '' . iowa.gov . Jump up ^ https://www.idph.state.ia.us/Tattoo/ ^ Jump up to : `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Statute - Kansas State Legislature '' . kslegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` 211.760 Tattooing and body piercing of humans by nonmedical personnel for remuneration -- Registration -- Administrative regulations -- Compliance checks -- Hearings. : : 2014 Kentucky Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` 902 KAR 45 : 070 . Body piercing and ear piercing . '' . state.ky.us . Jump up ^ `` LA Rev Stat § 14 : 93.2 : : RS 14 : 93.2 -- Tattooing and body piercing of minors ; prohibition : : 2011 Louisiana Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4203 : Minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4323 : Body piercing of minors '' . mainelegislature.org . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 , § 4321 : Definitions '' . mainelegislature.org . ^ Jump up to : `` COMAR 10.06. 01.06 '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Disclose the risks of the procedure , obtain the client 's written consent for the performance of the procedure or , in the case of a minor , the consent of the parent or guardian , and retain the consent on file for a period of 3 years and make it available to the health officer , if requested ; Jump up ^ `` COMAR 10.06. 01.02 Definitions '' . dsd.state.md.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ( 29 ) Skin - Penetrating Body Adornment Procedure ^ Jump up to : dph / environment . `` Body Art ( Body Piercing , Tattooing and Branding / Scarification ) '' ( PDF ) . Health and Human Services . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13102 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 - 131 : : 368 - 1978 - 12 : : Act 368 of 1978 : : Chapter 333 -- HEALTH : : 2006 Michigan Compiled Laws : : Michigan Compiled Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/tattooing-and-body-piercing.aspx ^ Jump up to : `` 146B. 07 - 2014 Minnesota Statutes '' . mn.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 324.520 Definitions -- tattooing , branding , body piercing , prohibited , when , penalty . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 324.522 Licensing required , when -- rulemaking authority . : : 2014 Missouri Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` 45 - 5 - 623 . Unlawful transactions with children . '' . mt.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` 37.112. 158 : RESTRICTIONS AND PROHIBITIONS - Administrative Rules of the State of Montana '' . mtrules.org . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 108 . Penalties -- misdemeanor . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 103 . Rulemaking authority . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` 50 - 48 - 203 . Licensure and regulation by local boards of health . '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Table of Contents , Title 50 , Chapter 48 , MCA '' . mt.gov . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 10,165 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1010 '' . nebraskalegislature.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Nevada Health District Regulations Governing the Sanitation of Tattoo and Permanent Makeup Establishments '' . southernnevadahealthdistrict.org . ^ Jump up to : http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-8.htm Jump up ^ http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/XXX/314-A/314-A-4.htm ^ Jump up to : `` Section 2C : 40 - 21 - Tattooing of a minor ; parental permission , required : : 2013 New Jersey Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://www.state.nj.us/health/eoh/phss/bodyart.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` New Mexico Administrative Code 16.36. 5 '' . New Mexico Administrative Code . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . the signature of the client and , if the client is a minor , written proof of parental or legal guardian presence and consent ; ^ Jump up to : `` ARTICLE 17B Body Art Safe Practices Act '' . public.nmcompcomm.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Section 260.21 of New York State Penal Law - Unlawfully Dealing with a Child in the Second Degree '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Article 4 - A Regulation of Body Piercing and Tattooing '' . ny.gov . Jump up ^ `` Body Art - Tattooing and Body Piercing '' . ny.gov . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByArticle/Chapter_14/Article_52.pdf Jump up ^ `` GS_130A - 283 '' . state.nc.us . Jump up ^ http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/BySection/Chapter_14/GS_14-400.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t12-1c31.pdf?20150627113430 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/information/acdata/pdf/33-41-01.pdf?20150627114138 Jump up ^ http://www.legis.nd.gov/cencode/t23c01.pdf?20150627113445 ^ Jump up to : `` Lawriter - ORC '' . ohio.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 21 - 842.1 . Performing or offering to perform body piercing or tattooing on child under 18 years -- Definitions. : : 2014 Oklahoma Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.992 - Criminal penalties . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . Jump up ^ `` Section 690.360 - Prohibited acts ; exceptions . : : 2013 Oregon Revised Statutes : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Secretary of State Archives Division '' . state.or.us . ^ Jump up to : `` 6311 - Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2010 Pennsylvania Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 11 - 9 - 15 Tattooing of minors . : : CHAPTER 11 - 9 Children : : Title 11 Criminal Offenses : : 2010 Rhode Island General Laws : : Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 23 - 1 - 39 - Tattooing and / or body piercing . : : 2014 Rhode Island General Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 44 - 34 - 100 - Unlawful acts ; penalties . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 120 . Minors or persons impaired by drugs , alcohol , or otherwise incapable of consenting ; unhealthy skin surfaces ; penalty . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` CHAPTER 32 - BODY PIERCING : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Section 44 - 34 - 20 - Establishment of sterilization , sanitation , and safety standards ; licensing ; engaging in other retail business . : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` SECTION 44 - 32 - 20 . Sterilization , sanitation and safety standards ; certificate of completion of blood - borne pathogens and body piercing infection control course ; permits . : : 2014 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 34 - TATTOOING : : 2012 South Carolina Code of Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 26 - 10 - 19 Tattooing minor without parental consent as misdemeanor. : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 9 - 34 - 17 Tattooing and body piercing . : : 2014 South Dakota Codified Laws : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Rules Display '' . sd.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 211 - Tattoos for persons under 18 years of age -- Reporting tattooing of minors -- Tattoos to cover up existing tattoos for minors 16 years of age or older -- False statements of age or exhibiting false identification by minors for purpose of obtaining tattoos. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` § 62 - 38 - 305 - Minimum age for procedure -- Exception authorized with consent -- Recordkeeping. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 310 - Penalty. : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2014/title-62/chapter-38/part-2/section-62-38-204/ Jump up ^ `` § 62 - 38 - 302 - License required -- Sanitation and sterilization compliance required . : : 2014 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 38 - Tattoos and Body Piercing : : 2010 Tennessee Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.012 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.012 : TATTOOS PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0125 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0125 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED WITHOUT PARENTAL CONSENT ; EXCEPTION '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0025 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0025 : EXEMPTIONS FROM LICENSING REQUIREMENTS ; EAR PIERCING ESTABLISHMENTS EXEMPT '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0126 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0126 : TONGUE SPLITTING PROHIBITED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0124 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0124 : BODY PIERCING PROHIBITED FOR CERTAIN PERSONS '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.018 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.018 : OFFENSE ; CRIMINAL PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.019 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.019 : ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTY '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.0021 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.0021 : EMPLOYMENT OF TATTOOISTS AND BODY PIERCERS ; REGISTRATION REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` TEX HS . CODE ANN . § 146.002 : Texas Statutes - Section 146.002 : LICENSE REQUIRED '' . Findlaw . Jump up ^ `` Texas Statutes - Chapter 146 : TATTOO AND CERTAIN BODY PIERCING STUDIOS '' . Findlaw . ^ Jump up to : `` Utah State Legislature '' . utah.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` Vermont Laws '' . vermont.gov . Jump up ^ `` Professions and Occupations '' . vermont.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 18.2 - 371.3 . Tattooing or body piercing of minors '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 703 . License required '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 54.1 - 704.1 . License required for barbershop , cosmetology salon , nail care salon , waxing salon , tattoo parlor , body - piercing salon , and esthetics spa '' . virginia.gov . Jump up ^ `` § 15.2 - 912 . Regulation of tattoo parlors and body - piercing salons ; definition ; exception '' . virginia.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` RCW 26.28. 085 : Applying tattoo to a minor -- Penalty . '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` WAC 246 - 145 - 015 : Restrictions . '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 18.300 RCW : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , AND TATTOOING '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 246 - 145 WAC : BODY ART , BODY PIERCING , ELECTROLOGY AND TATTOOING STANDARDS FOR STERILIZATION PROCEDURES AND INFECTION CONTROL '' . wa.gov . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 70.54 RCW : MISCELLANEOUS HEALTH AND SAFETY PROVISIONS '' . wa.gov . ^ Jump up to : `` § 16 - 38 - 3 . Operation standards . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 7 . Violations and penalties . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 38 - 6 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local or regional boards of health ; permit fees . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` § 16 - 37 - 3 . Registration requirements ; inspections by local boards of health ; posting of permit ; power of local board of health to order studio to close . : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 38 . TATTOO STUDIO BUSINESS. : : 2014 West Virginia Code : : US Codes and Statutes : : US Law : : Justia '' . Justia Law . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 948.70 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin Legislature : 252.23 '' . Wisconsin Legislative Documents. 2015 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` TITLE 14 - CHILDREN , CHAPTER 3 - PROTECTION , ARTICLE 1 - PROHIBITED ACTS '' . legisweb.state.wy.us . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . Tattoos and Tattooing Topics History Medical issues Religious perspectives Removal Categories Medical Permanent makeup Temporary Process Artist Ink Machine Art style Black - and - gray Burmese Flash Japanese ( Irezumi ) Maori ( Tā moko ) Marquesan Old school Samoan ( Malu / Pe'a ) Cambodian / Lao / Vietnamese ( Yantra ) Location on body Body suit Cornea Genital Lower - back Scalp Sclera Sleeve Legal status in ... the European Union the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_the_United_States&oldid=807938759 '' Categories : Tattooing and law United States law Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : invisible characters Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2017 , at 23 : 07 . About Wikipedia

where can you get a tattoo at 14 with a parental consent

Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State State Minimum Age ( with parent / guardian consent ) Form of Parent / Guardian Consent Notes & Exceptions Intoxicated / Impaired Individuals Area of Law / Type of Penalty Licensing & Regulation Relevant Statute ( s ) and Rules Alabama none specified informed written consent , signed in presence of the artist / service provider or their agent Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules . can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor , punishable by a fine of up to $100 and / or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation . Alabama 's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo , body piercing , & body art facilities , and sets standards for their operation . Individual tattoo artists , piercers , etc. require a permit . Ala . Code § 22 - 1 - 17A State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities . Arizona none specified parent / guardian must be physically present Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent / guardian , can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider . no restriction Violations are a class 6 felony . There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona . Tattoos . Ariz . Rev. Stat. § 13 - 3721 Arkansas 16 parent / guardian must both give written consent and be physically present none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or pierced . Ark . Stat . Ann . § § 20 - 27 - 1501 et seq . Alaska 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure Minors may be pierced with parental consent no restriction Alaska Stat. § 08.13. 217 California 18 ( piercing excepted ) parent / guardian must be present during procedure Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent . They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent , but not on their genitals or nipples . Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples , when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent . no restriction Body Art . Cal . Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328 Cal . Penal Code 653 Colorado 18 Express written consent of parent or guardian parent / guardian must be present during procedure Persons who are `` noticeably impaired '' can not have body art procedures Body Artists . Colo . Rev. Stat. § 25 - 4 - 2101 to 2103 Connecticut none specified permission of parent or guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Tattooing may only be performed by physicians , or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician . no restrictions Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92a , Conn . Gen. Stat . § 19a - 92g District of Columbia 18 ( ear piercing excepted ) written consent ( for ear piercing ) minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent no restrictions Body Artists . DC Code § 47 - 2853.76 d Delaware 18 notarized written consent to the specific procedure none specified can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced Del . Code Ann . Title 11 , Ch 5 § 1114 ( a ) Del . Code Ann . Title 16 , Ch 2 § 122 ( 3 ) ( w ) Florida 16 Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship , both parent and minor must present photo ID , and a consent form must be notarized . for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist no restriction Fla . Stat . § 381.00787 Fla . Stat. § 381.0775 et seq . Fla . Stat . § 381.075 Georgia 18 ( body piercing excepted ) For body piercing : prior written consent of parent / guardian Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for `` medical or cosmetic purposes . '' No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket . no restrictions Ga . Code § 31 - 40 - 1 to 31 - 40 - 10 Ga . Code § 16 - 12 - 5 Ga . Code § 16 - 5 - 71.1 Hawaii none specified written consent of parent / guardian Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 13 Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321 - 379 Idaho 14 Written informed consent of parent / guardian , executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their agent / employee . Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent . Piercing for medical procedures exempt . no restrictions Idaho Code § 18 - 1523 ( 2004 ) Illinois 18 ( body piercings excepted ) Written consent of parent / guardian ( for body piercings ) Minors can not be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent / guardian . Minors can have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions Ill . Stat. 720 § 5 / 12 - 10.1 Ill . Stat. 410 § 54 / 1 t0 54 / 999 Indiana none specified Parent / guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions Ind . Code Ann . § 35 - 42 - 2 - 7 Ind . Code Ann . § 16 - 19 - 3 - 4.1 Iowa 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa , however county or city laws may regulate it . no restrictions Iowa Code § 135.37 Iowa Code § 135.37 Kansas 16 Parent / guardian must give written consent , written consent must be notarized , and the parent / guardian must be present during the procedure . Minors may have their ears pierced no restrictions Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1953 Kan . Stat . Ann . § 65 - 1940 to 65 - 1954 Kentucky Not specified Parent / guardian must give written , notarized consent . none ( ear piercing also requires written , notarized consent ) . no restrictions Ky. Rev. Stat . § 211.760 Ky. Rev. Stat . § 194A. 050 ; 211.760 Louisiana 16 Parent or guardian must consent , and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos , but not for body piercings . no restrictions La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 14 : 93.2 La . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 40 : 2831 et seq . Maine 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings : prior legal consent of parent / guardian . Maine law does not require parent / guardian consent for ear piercing no restrictions Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . Title 32 § 4201 - 4329 Maryland none specified written consent , which must be retained for 3 years . Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt no restriction Health Department Regulations A license is not required , but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations COMAR 10.06. 01.02 and 10.06. 01.06 Massachusetts 18 ( except body piercing other than genitalia ) Minors can not receive tattoo , branding , or scarification at all . For piercing of areas other than the genitalia , a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document . Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation . no restriction County Health Department regulates body art , but all follow a model regulation set by the state . Artists must have a permit , and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments Michigan none specified Written , informed consent of parent / guardian . Must be executed ( signed ) in the presences of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded , or body pierced . Mich . Comp . Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112 Minnesota 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : presence of parent / guardian and a consent form are both required . Minors can not be tattooed . They can be body pierced , but not in the nipples or genitals . Branding , scarification , suspension , subdermal implantation , microdermal , and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors . can not have any body art procedures . Minnesota Statutes 146B. 07 Mississippi 18 n / a - minors can not be tattooed piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear . no restriction Miss. Code Ann . § 73 - 61 Missouri none specified For both piercings and tattoos , parent / guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure , or their employee . can not be tattooed , branded or body pierced . violations are a misdemeanor , punishable with a fine of up to $500 ( more for repeat offenses ) The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists , and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments . Mo . Rev. Stat . § 324.520 Montana none specified Parent or guardian must give `` explicit , in - person '' consent . Montana administrative rules also require that the parent / guardian be present throughout the procedure . can not be tattooed or body pierced . A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent / guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children , punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail , or both . Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor , with punishments ranging from a fine of $50 -- 100 for a first offense to $300 and / or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense . Montana 's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments . Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department 's . Mont . Code Ann . § 45 - 5 - 623 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 101 to 110 Mont . Code Ann . § 50 - 48 - 201 to 209 Nebraska none specified written consent , must be present during procedure Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear No restrictions Nebraska Revised Statute 38 - 1008 , 38 - 1009 , 38 - 1010 , 38 - 1011 , 38 - 1060 , 38 - 10,165 Nevada n / a n / a Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos , piercings , or other body art . Regional health districts may regulate the practice . The southern Nevada Health District , for example , does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed , and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14 - to 18 - year - olds . The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol . n / a n / a New Hampshire 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure . Minors can not be tattooed or branded . They may be pierced with parent / guardian consent . Minors may have their ears pierced without parent / guardian consent . no restrictions N.H. Rev. Stat . Ann . § 314 New Jersey none specified written permission of parent / guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing . Parent / guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing . Minors can not have genital piercings even with parent / guardian consent . no restrictions no restrictions no restrictions N.J. Stat . Ann . § 2C : 40 - 21 N.J.A.C. 8 : 27 - 1 et seq . N.J. Stat . Ann . § 26 - 1A - 7 New Mexico none specified Written consent and presence during the procedure . Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt no restrictions Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists All body artists are required to be licensed through the state , and are subject to regulations from the Board Body Art Safe Practices Act . N.M. Stat . Ann . § 61 - 17B et seq. , N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq . New York 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent , signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner . Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings . no restrictions New York Public Health Law , Article 4 - A N.Y. Public Health Law § 460 - 466 N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21 North Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . `` Prior consent '' of parent / guardian is required for body piercings . Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent . no restrictions N.C. Gen. Stat . § 130A - 283 N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14 - 400 North Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent . can not get tattoos or other body art N.D. Code § 23 - 01 - 35 N.D. Code § 12.1 - 31 - 13 Ohio none specified Parent / guardian must both sign a consent form and `` appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed . '' none - parent / guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings . no restrictions Ohio Rev. Code Ann . § 3730.01 to 3730.99 Oklahoma 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed , even with parent / guardian consent . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure . Ear piercing is not governed / restricted by Oklahoma law . Scleral tattooing is illegal . can not be tattooed . Okla . Stat . Title 21 § 842.1 , 842.2 , 842.3 Oregon 18 ( piercings excepted ) For piercings : parent / guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity . Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician . Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders can not be tattooed or pierced . Minors can not be pierced on the genitals or nipples , even with parent / guardian consent . Piercing on testes , deep shaft ( corpus cavernosa ) , uvula , eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited . can not be tattooed or pierced . Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor . Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined ( various amounts ) . Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office . With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners , the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art . Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq Or . Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410 Or . Rev. Stat . § 679.500 Health Licensing Office Rules , especially Divisions 900 , 905 , 915 & 920 Pennsylvania none specified parent / guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure . no restrictions Pa . Cons . Stat . Title 18 § 6311 Rhode Island 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure . no restrictions Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense ( misdemeanor ) , maximum fine $300 Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health , artists must be registered . RI Gen L § 23 - 1 - 39 RI Gen L § 11 - 9 - 15 South Carolina 18 ( piercings excepted ) Minors can not be tattooed . For piercings : parent / guardian must either give written , notarized consent or be present during the procedure . Head , face , and neck tattoos are illegal . can not be tattooed or body pierced Under the Health Code , persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor . Upon conviction , they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year , or both . Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control . Tattoo facilities are licensed , body piercing facilities require a permit , and artists must be registered S.C. Code § 44 - 32 - 10 to 44 - 32 - 120 S.C. Code § 44 - 34 - 10 to 44 - 34 - 110 South Dakota none specified Parent / guardian must sign a consent form . can not be tattooed or pierced Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor . Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules . Municipalities may set stricter regulations , and have the authority to license body artists . S.D. Codified Laws Ann . § 26 - 10 - 19 S.D. Laws § 9 - 34 - 17 Tennessee 18 ( piercings excepted ) For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . For piercings : Parent / Guardian must give written consent , be present during the procedure . Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo , with parent / guardian consent . Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a `` delinquent act , '' are required to pay a fine of $50 -- $250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service . Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor , breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor . Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health , tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department . Tenn . Code § § 62 - 38 - 201 - 310 Texas 18 ( piercings excepted ) For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos ( see Notes & Exceptions ) : Parent / guardian must be present during procedure , sign an affidavit Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes Minors may , with parent / guardian consent , be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive , gang - related , or drug - related content , or `` other words , symbols , or markings that the person 's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover '' Tongue splitting prohibited . Cannot be tattooed or pierced . Misrepresenting one 's age to get a tattoo , or to get a piercing without parental consent , is a class B misdemeanor Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor , with each day of violation counting as a separate offense . Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed Texas Health and Safety Code Ann . § 146 Utah none specified Parent / guardian must be present during the procedure , give written permission , and provide proof of identity . Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor , shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation . Utah Code Ann . § 76 - 10 - 2201 Vermont none specified Tattooists and body piercers must be registered . Vt . Stat . Ann . Title 26 § 4101 to 4109 Virginia none specified Parent / Guardian must be present during the procedure . Virginia law does not limit minors ' ability to have their ears pierced . Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor Tattoo artists and body piercers , as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments , are licensed by the state . Civic / local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments . Va . Code § 54.1 - 700 et seq . Va . Code § 15.2 - 912 Va . Code § 18.2 - 371.3 . Washington 18 ( piercings excepted ) can not have tattoos , body piercings , or other body art . Wash . Code § 26.28. 085 Wash . Code § 18.300 Wash . Code § 246 - 145 - 001 to 060 Wash . Code § 70.54 West Virginia none specified parent / guardian must give written consent All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol . Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health , and must be registered as a business with the state W. Va . Code § 16 - 37 W. Va . Code § 16 - 38 Wisconsin 18 n / a ( tattooing not permitted under 18 ) Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt no restriction Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200 Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department . Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235 Wyoming none specified Verbal consent , presence during procedure . Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician , and piercing of the ear , do not count as body art for this law . no restriction Misdemeanor criminal offense , punishable by fine and prison time Wyoming Statute § 14 - 3 - 107

Islam - wikipedia Islam Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the religion . For the history of Islamic civilization , see History of Islam . For other uses , see Islam ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Islam Beliefs ( hide ) Oneness of God Prophets Revealed books Angels Predestination Day of Resurrection Practices ( hide ) Profession of faith Prayer Fasting Alms - giving Pilgrimage Texts and laws ( hide ) Quran Sunnah Hadith Sharia ( law ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Kalam ( dialectic ) History ( hide ) Timeline Muhammad Ahl al - Bayt Sahabah Rashidun Imamate Caliphate Spread of Islam Culture and society ( hide ) Calendar Festivals Academics Art Moral teachings Children Denominations Feminism Women Madrasa Mosque Philosophy Politics Proselytizing Animals LGBT Science Demographics Economics Finance Social welfare Related topics ( hide ) Criticism of Islam Islam and other religions Islamism Islamophobia Glossary Islam portal Islam ( / ˈɪslɑːm / ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is a messenger of God . It is the world 's second - largest religion and the fastest - growing major religion in the world , with over 1.8 billion followers or 24.1 % of the global population , known as Muslims . Muslims make up a majority of the population in 50 countries . Islam teaches that God is merciful , all - powerful , unique and has guided mankind through prophets , revealed scriptures and natural signs . The primary scriptures of Islam are the Quran , viewed by Muslims as the verbatim word of God , and the teachings and normative example ( called the sunnah , composed of accounts called hadith ) of Muhammad ( c. 570 -- 8 June 632 CE ) . Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam . Apart from the theological viewpoint , Islam is historically believed to have originated in the early 7th century CE in Mecca , and by the 8th century the Umayyad Islamic caliphate extended from Iberia in the west to the Indus River in the east . The Islamic Golden Age refers to the period traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century , during the Abbasid Caliphate , when much of the historically Islamic world was experiencing a scientific , economic and cultural flourishing . The expansion of the Muslim world involved various caliphates and empires , traders and conversion to Islam by missionary activities ( dawah ) . Most Muslims are of one of two denominations : Sunni ( 75 -- 90 % ) or Shia ( 10 -- 20 % ) . About 13 % of Muslims live in Indonesia , the largest Muslim - majority country , 31 % in South Asia , the largest population of Muslims in the world , 23 % in the Middle East - North Africa , where it is the dominant religion and 15 % in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sizeable Muslim communities are also found in the Americas , the Caucasus , China , Europe , the Mainland Southeast Asia , the Philippines , and Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and meaning 2 Articles of faith 2.1 Concept of God 2.2 Angels 2.3 Revelations 2.4 Prophets and sunnah 2.5 Resurrection and judgment 2.6 Divine will 3 Acts of worship 3.1 Testimony 3.2 Prayer 3.3 Charity 3.4 Fasting 3.5 Pilgrimage 3.6 Recitation and memorization of the Quran 4 Law and jurisprudence 4.1 Scholars 4.2 Schools of jurisprudence 4.3 Economics 4.4 Jihad 5 Society 5.1 Family life 5.2 Etiquette and diet 5.3 Social responsibilities 5.4 Character 5.5 Government 6 History 6.1 Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) 6.2 Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) 6.3 Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) 6.4 Pre-Modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) 6.5 Modern times ( 20th century -- present ) 7 Denominations 7.1 Sunni 7.2 Shia 7.3 Sufism 7.4 Other denominations 7.5 Non-denominational Muslims 7.6 Derived religions 8 Demographics 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Art 9.3 Calendar 10 Criticism 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Books and journals 12.3. 1 Encyclopedias 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology and meaning The Kaaba in Mecca is the direction of prayer and destination of pilgrimage for Muslims Islam ( Arabic : الإسلام ‎ , IPA : ( alʔisˈlaːm ) ( listen ) ) is a verbal noun originating from the triliteral root S-L-M which forms a large class of words mostly relating to concepts of wholeness , submission , safeness , and peace . In a religious context it means `` voluntary submission to God '' . Islām is the verbal noun of Form IV of the root , and means `` submission '' or `` surrender '' . Muslim , the word for an adherent of Islam , is the active participle of the same verb form , and means `` one who submits '' or `` one who surrenders '' . The word sometimes has distinct connotations in its various occurrences in the Quran . In some verses , there is stress on the quality of Islam as an internal state : `` Whomsoever God desires to guide , He opens his heart to Islam . '' Other verses connect Islām and dīn ( usually translated as `` religion '' ) : `` Today , I have perfected your religion ( dīn ) for you ; I have completed My blessing upon you ; I have approved Islam for your religion . '' Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God -- more than just a verbal affirmation of faith . In the Hadith of Gabriel , islām is presented as one part of a triad that also includes imān ( faith ) , and ihsān ( excellence ) . Islam was historically called Muhammadanism in Anglophone societies . This term has fallen out of use and is sometimes said to be offensive because it suggests that a human being rather than God is central to Muslims ' religion , parallel to Jesus Christ in Christianity . Some authors , however , continue to use the term Muhammadanism as a technical term for the religious system as opposed to the theological concept of Islam that exists within that system . Articles of faith Main articles : Aqidah and Iman Faith ( Iman ) in the Islamic creed ( Aqidah ) is often represented as the six articles of faith , notably spelled out in the Hadith of Gabriel . Concept of God Main articles : God in Islam and Allah Medallion showing the word `` Allah '' ( God ) in Hagia Sophia , Istanbul , Turkey . Islam is often seen as having the simplest doctrines of the major religions . Its most fundamental concept is a rigorous monotheism , called tawḥīd ( Arabic : توحيد ‎ ) . God is described in chapter 112 of the Quran as : `` Say , He is God , the One and Only ; God , the Eternal , Absolute ; He begetteth not , nor is He begotten ; And there is none like unto Him '' ( 112 : 1 - 4 ) . Muslims repudiate polytheism and idolatry , called Shirk , and reject the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and divinity of Jesus . In Islam , God is beyond all comprehension and Muslims are not expected to visualize God . God is described and referred to by certain names or attributes , the most common being Al - Rahmān , meaning `` The Compassionate '' and Al - Rahīm , meaning `` The Merciful '' ( See Names of God in Islam ) . Muslims believe that the creation of everything in the universe was brought into being by God 's sheer command , `` ' Be ' and so it is , '' and that the purpose of existence is to worship God . He is viewed as a personal god who responds whenever a person in need or distress calls him . There are no intermediaries , such as clergy , to contact God who states , `` I am nearer to him than ( his ) jugular vein . '' God consciousness is referred to as Taqwa . Allāh is the term with no plural or gender used by Muslims and Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews to reference God , while ʾilāh ( Arabic : إله ‎ ) is the term used for a deity or a god in general . Other non-Arab Muslims might use different names as much as Allah , for instance `` Tanrı '' in Turkish , `` Khodā '' in Persian or Ḵẖudā in Urdu . Angels Main article : Islamic view of angels Islamic calligraphy of the Archangel Israfil ( reflects upon how angels are most commonly represented in Islam ) . Belief in angels is fundamental to the faith of Islam . The Arabic word for angel ( Arabic : ملك ‎ malak ) means `` messenger '' , like its counterparts in Hebrew ( malʾákh ) and Greek ( angelos ) . Angels do not possess any bodily desires are not subject to temptations nor do they eat , drink or procreate . Angels ' duties include communicating revelations from God , glorifying God , recording every person 's actions , and taking a person 's soul at the time of death . Muslims believe that angels are made of light . They are described as `` messengers with wings -- two , or three , or four ( pairs ) : He ( God ) adds to Creation as He pleases ... '' Some scholars have emphasized a metaphorical reinterpretation of the concept of angels . Pictorial depictions of angels are generally avoided in Islamic art , as the idea of giving form to anything immaterial is not accepted . Muslims therefore do not generally share the perceptions of angelic pictorial depictions , such as those found in Western art . Revelations Main articles : Quran , Wahy , and Islamic holy books See also : History of the Quran The first chapter of the Quran , Al - Fatiha , consisting of seven verses . The Islamic holy books are the records which most Muslims believe were dictated by God to various prophets . Muslims believe that parts of the previously revealed scriptures , the Tawrat ( Torah ) and the Injil ( Gospel ) , had become distorted -- either in interpretation , in text , or both . The Quran ( literally , `` Reading '' or `` Recitation '' ) is viewed by Muslims as the final revelation and literal word of God and is widely regarded as the finest literary work in the Arabic language . Muslims believe that the verses of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad by God through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibrīl ) on many occasions between 610 CE until his death on June 8 , 632 . While Muhammad was alive , all of these revelations were written down by his companions ( sahabah ) , although the prime method of transmission was orally through memorization . The Quran is divided into 114 suras , or chapters , which combined , contain 6,236 āyāt , or verses . The chronologically earlier suras , revealed at Mecca , are primarily concerned with ethical and spiritual topics . The later Medinan suras mostly discuss social and moral issues relevant to the Muslim community . The Quran is more concerned with moral guidance than legal instruction , and is considered the `` sourcebook of Islamic principles and values '' . Muslim jurists consult the hadith ( `` reports '' ) , or the written record of Prophet Muhammad 's life , to both supplement the Quran and assist with its interpretation . The science of Quranic commentary and exegesis is known as tafsir . The set of rules governing proper pronunciation is called tajwid . Muslims usually view `` the Quran '' as the original scripture as revealed in Arabic and that any translations are necessarily deficient , which are regarded only as commentaries on the Quran . Prophets and Sunnah Main articles : Prophets in Islam , Sunnah , and Hadith The Arabic word for prophets preceded by the honorific `` peace be upon them '' . Muslims identify the prophets of Islam ( Arabic : أنۢبياء ‎ anbiyāʾ ) as those humans chosen by God to be his messengers . According to the Quran , the prophets were instructed by God to bring the `` will of God '' to the peoples of the nations . Muslims believe that prophets are human and not divine , though some are able to perform miracles to prove their claim . Islamic theology says that all of God 's messengers preached the message of Islam -- submission to the will of God . The Quran mentions the names of numerous figures considered prophets in Islam , including Adam , Noah , Abraham , Moses and Jesus , among others . Muslims believe that God finally sent Muhammad as the last law bearing prophet ( Seal of the prophets ) to convey the divine message to the whole world ( to sum up and to finalize the word of God ) . In Islam , the `` normative '' example of Muhammad 's life is called the Sunnah ( literally `` trodden path '' ) . Muslims are encouraged to emulate Muhammad 's actions in their daily lives and the Sunnah is seen as crucial to guiding interpretation of the Quran . This example is preserved in traditions known as hadith , which recount his words , his actions , and his personal characteristics . Hadith Qudsi is a sub-category of hadith , regarded as verbatim words of God quoted by Muhammad but is not part of the Quran . A hadith involves two elements - a chain of narrators , called sanad , and the actual wording , called matn . Hadiths can be classified , by studying the narration , as `` authentic '' or `` correct '' , called Sahih ( Arabic : صَحِيْح ‎ ) , `` good '' , called Ḥasan ( Arabic : حَسَن ‎ ) or `` weak '' , called Ḍaʻīf ( Arabic : ضَعِيْف ‎ ) among others . Muhammad al - Bukhari collected over 300,000 hadith , but only included 2,602 distinct hadith that passed the tests that codified them as authentic into his book Sahih al - Bukhari , which is considered by Sunnis to be the most authentic source after the Quran . Another famous source ( s ) of hadiths is known as The Four Books , which Shias consider as the most authentic hadith reference . Resurrection and judgment Main article : Qiyama Belief in the `` Day of Resurrection '' , Yawm al - Qiyāmah ( Arabic : يوم القيامة ‎ ) is also crucial for Muslims . They believe the time of Qiyāmah is preordained by God but unknown to man . The trials and tribulations preceding and during the Qiyāmah are described in the Quran and the hadith , and also in the commentaries of scholars . The Quran emphasizes bodily resurrection , a break from the pre-Islamic Arabian understanding of death . On Yawm al - Qiyāmah , Muslims believe all mankind will be judged on their good and bad deeds and consigned to Jannah ( paradise ) or Jahannam ( hell ) . The Qurʼan in Surat al - Zalzalah describes this as , `` So whoever does an atom 's weight of good will see it ( 99 : 7 ) and whoever does an atom 's weight of evil will see it ( 99 : 8 ) . '' The Qurʼan lists several sins that can condemn a person to hell , such as disbelief in God ( Arabic : كفر ‎ kufr ) , and dishonesty ; however , the Qurʼan makes it clear God will forgive the sins of those who repent if he so wills . Good deeds , such as charity , prayer and compassion towards animals , will be rewarded with entry to heaven . Muslims view heaven as a place of joy and blessings , with Qurʼanic references describing its features and the physical pleasures to come . Mystical traditions in Islam place these heavenly delights in the context of an ecstatic awareness of God . Yawm al - Qiyāmah is also identified in the Quran as Yawm ad - Dīn ( Arabic : يوم الدين ‎ ) , `` Day of Religion '' ; as - sāʿah ( Arabic : الساعة ‎ ) , `` the Last Hour '' ; and al - Qāriʿah ( Arabic : القارعة ‎ ) , `` The Clatterer '' . Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as fitna or malahim . The Mahdi ( prophesied redeemer ) will be sent and with the help of Jesus , will battle the Antichrist . They will triumph , liberating Islam from cruelty , and this will be followed by a time of serenity with people living true to religious values . Divine will Main article : Qadar The concept of divine will is referred to as al - qadā wa'l - qadar ( Arabic : قدر ‎ ) , which literally derives from a root that means to measure . Everything , good and bad , is believed to have been decreed . Acts of worship See also : Five Pillars of Islam There are five basic religious acts in Islam , collectively known as ' The Pillars of Islam ' ( arkan al - Islam ; also arkan ad - din , `` pillars of religion '' ) , which are considered obligatory for all believers . The Quran presents them as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to the faith . They are ( 1 ) the creed ( shahadah ) , ( 2 ) daily prayers ( salat ) , ( 3 ) almsgiving ( zakah ) , ( 4 ) fasting during Ramadan , and ( 5 ) the pilgrimage to Mecca ( hajj ) at least once in a lifetime . Both Shia and Sunni sects agree on the essential details for the performance of these acts . Apart from these , Muslims also perform other religious acts . Notable among them are charity ( Sadaqah ) and recitation of the Quran . Testimony Main article : Shahadah Silver coin of the Mughal Emperor Akbar with inscriptions of the Islamic declaration of faith The Shahadah , which is the basic creed of Islam that must be recited under oath with the specific statement : `` ' ašhadu ' al - lā ilāha illā - llāhu wa ' ašhadu ' anna muħammadan rasūlu - llāh '' , or `` I testify that there is no god but God , Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam . Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer , and non-Muslims wishing to convert to Islam are required to recite the creed . Prayer Main article : Salat See also : Mosque and Jumu'ah Muslim men prostrating during prayer in the Umayyad Mosque , Damascus . Ritual prayers are called Ṣalāh or Ṣalāt ( Arabic : صلاة ) . Salat is intended to focus the mind on God , and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship . Performing prayers five times a day is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances . The prayers are recited in the Arabic language , and consist of verses from the Quran . The prayers are done with the chest in direction of the kaaba though in the early days of Islam , they were done in direction of Jerusalem . The act of supplicating is referred to as dua . A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims , who often refer to it by its Arabic name masjid . A large mosque for gathering for Friday prayers or Eid prayers are called masjid jāmi . Although the primary purpose of the mosque is to serve as a place of prayer , it is also important to the Muslim community as a place to meet and study . In Medina , Al - Masjid al - Nabawi , or the Prophet 's Mosque , was also a place of refuge for the poor . Modern mosques have evolved greatly from the early designs of the 7th century , and contain a variety of architectural elements such as minarets . Charity Main articles : Zakat and Sadaqah `` Zakāt '' ( Arabic : زكاة ‎ zakāh `` alms '' ) is giving a fixed portion of accumulated wealth by those who can afford it to help the poor or needy and for those employed to collect Zakat ; also , for bringing hearts together , freeing captives , for those in debt ( or bonded labour ) and for the ( stranded ) traveller . It is considered a religious obligation ( as opposed to voluntary charity ) that the well - off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a `` trust from God 's bounty '' . Conservative estimates of annual zakat is estimated to be 15 times global humanitarian aid contributions . The amount of zakat to be paid on capital assets ( e.g. money ) is 2.5 % ( 1 / 40 ) per year , for people who are not poor . Sadaqah means optional charity which is practiced as religious duty and out of generosity . Both the Quran and the hadith have put much emphasis on spending money for the welfare of needy people , and have urged the Muslims to give more as an act of optional charity . The Quran says : Spend something ( in charity ) out of the substance which We have bestowed on you , before Death should come to any of you ( 63 : 10 ) . One of the early teachings of Muhammad was that God expects men to be generous with their wealth and not to be miserly ( Quran % 3Averse % 3D1 107 : 1 -- 7 ) . Accumulating wealth without spending it to address the needs of the poor is generally prohibited and admonished . Another kind of charity in Islam is waqf which means perpetual religious endowment . Fasting Main article : Sawm Further information : Sawm of Ramadan Fasting ( Arabic : صوم ‎ ṣawm ) from food and drink , among other things , must be performed from dawn to dusk during the month of Ramadan . The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God , and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and think of the needy . Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden . For others , flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances , but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly . Pilgrimage Main articles : Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims at the Masjid al - Haram in Mecca during Hajj The obligatory Islamic pilgrimage , called the ḥajj ( Arabic : حج ‎ ) , has to be performed during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah in the city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime . Rituals of the Hajj include : spending a day and a night in the tents in the desert plain of Mina , then a day in the desert plain of Arafat praying and worshiping God , following the foot steps of Abraham ; then spending a night out in the open , sleeping on the desert sand in the desert plain of Muzdalifah ; then moving to Jamarat , symbolically stoning the Devil recounting Abraham 's actions ; then going to Mecca and walking seven times around the Kaaba which Muslims believe was built as a place of worship by Abraham ; then walking seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah recounting the steps of Abraham 's wife , while she was looking for water for her son Ismael in the desert before Mecca developed into a settlement . Another form of pilgrimage , Umrah , can be undertaken at any time of the year . Recitation and memorization of the Quran Men reading the Quran in a mosque Muslims recite and memorize the whole or part of the Quran as acts of virtue . Reciting the Quran in the correct manner has been described as an excellent act of worship . Pious Muslims recite the whole Quran at the month of Ramadan . In Islamic societies , any social program generally begins with the recitation of the Quran . One who has memorized the whole Quran is called a hafiz who , it is said , will be able to intercede for ten people on the Last Judgment Day . Apart from this , almost every Muslim memorizes some portion of the Quran because they need to recite it during their prayers . Law and jurisprudence Part of a series on Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh ) Ritual ( show ) Salat Raka'ah Qibla Turbah Sunnah salat ( Tahajjud Tarawih ) Nafl salat Sawm Hajj Ihram ( clothing Mut'ah ) Tawaf Umrah ( and Hajj ) Political ( show ) Islamic leadership Caliphate Imamah Wilayat al - faqih Bay'ah Dhimmi Marital ( show ) Marriage Contract Mahr Misyar Halala Urfi Mut'ah Polygyny Divorce Khula Iddah Kafa'ah Adoption Sexual ( show ) Masturbation Hygiene Sexual violation Zina Awrah Criminal ( show ) Hudud Blasphemy Maisir ( gambling ) Zina ( illicit sex ) Hirabah ( unlawful warfare ) Fasad ( `` mischief '' ) Rajm ( stoning ) Tazir ( discretionary ) Qisas ( retaliation ) Diya ( compensation ) Etiquette ( show ) Adab Gender segregation Mahram Honorifics Rada Toilet Economic ( show ) History Zakat Jizya Nisab Khums Sadaqah ( Waqf ) Bayt al - mal Banking Riba Murabaha Takaful Sukuk Inheritance Hygiene ( show ) Sexual Toilet Taharah Ihram Wudu Masah Ghusl Tayammum Miswak Najis Dietary Dhabihah Alcohol Pork Comparison with kashrut Military ( show ) Jihad Hudna Istijarah ( asylum ) Prisoners of war Islamic studies Main articles : Sharia and Fiqh Sharia is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition . It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam , particularly the Quran and the Hadith . In Arabic , the term sharīʿah refers to God 's divine law and is contrasted with fiqh , which refers to its scholarly interpretations . The manner of its application in modern times has been a subject of dispute between Muslim traditionalists and reformists . Traditional theory of Islamic jurisprudence recognizes four sources of sharia : the Quran , sunnah ( authentic hadith ) , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , and ijma ( juridical consensus ) . Different legal schools developed methodologies for deriving sharia rulings from scriptural sources using a process known as ijtihad . Traditional jurisprudence distinguishes two principal branches of law , ʿibādāt ( rituals ) and muʿāmalāt ( social relations ) , which together comprise a wide range of topics . Its rulings assign actions to one of five categories : mandatory , recommended , permitted , abhorred , and prohibited . Thus , some areas of sharia overlap with the Western notion of law while others correspond more broadly to living life in accordance with God 's will . Historically , sharia was interpreted by independent jurists ( muftis ) . Their legal opinions ( fatwas ) were taken into account by ruler - appointed judges who presided over qāḍī 's courts , and by maẓālim courts , which were controlled by the ruler 's council and administered criminal law . In the modern era , sharia - based criminal laws were widely replaced by statutes inspired by European models . While the constitutions of most Muslim - majority states contain references to sharia , its classical rules were largely retained only in personal status ( family ) laws . Legislative bodies which codified these laws sought to modernize them without abandoning their foundations in traditional jurisprudence . The Islamic revival of the late 20th century brought along calls by Islamist movements for full implementation of sharia . The role of sharia has become a contested topic around the world . There are ongoing debates as to whether sharia is compatible with secular forms of government , human rights , freedom of thought , and women 's rights . Scholars Main article : Ulama Imam teaches the Quran in Crimea , ( 1850s , lithograph by Carlo Bossoli ) Islam , like Judaism , has no clergy in the sacerdotal sense , such as priests who mediate between God and people . However , there are many terms in Islam to refer to religiously sanctioned positions of Islam . In the broadest sense , the term ulema ( Arabic : علماء ‎ ) is used to describe the body of Muslim scholars who have completed several years of training and study of Islamic sciences . A jurist who interprets Islamic law is called a mufti ( Arabic : مفتي ‎ ) and often issues judicial opinions , called fatwas . A scholar of jurisprudence is called a faqih ( Arabic : فقيه ‎ ) . Someone who studies the science of hadith is called a muhaddith . A qadi is a judge in an Islamic court . Honorific titles given to scholars include shiekh , mullah and maulvi . Imam ( Arabic : إمام ‎ ) is a leadership position , often used in the context of conducting Islamic worship services . Schools of jurisprudence Main article : Madhab The main Islamic madh'habs ( schools of law ) of Muslim countries or distributions A school of jurisprudence is referred to as a madhab ( Arabic : مذهب ‎ ) . The four major Sunni schools are the Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i , Hanbali and sometimes Ẓāhirī while the two major Shia schools are Ja'fari and Zaidi . Each differ in their methodology , called Usul al - fiqh . The following of decisions by a religious expert without necessarily examining the decision 's reasoning is called taqlid . The term ghair muqallid literally refers to those who do not use taqlid and by extension do not have a madhab . The practice of an individual interpretating law with independent reasoning is called ijtihad . Economics Main article : Islamic economic jurisprudence To reduce the gap between the rich and the poor , Islamic economic jurisprudence encourages trade , discourages the hoarding of wealth and outlaws interest - bearing loans ( usury ; the term is riba in Arabic ) . Therefore , wealth is taxed through Zakat , but trade is not taxed . Usury , which allows the rich to get richer without sharing in the risk , is forbidden in Islam . Profit sharing and venture capital where the lender is also exposed to risk is acceptable . Hoarding of food for speculation is also discouraged . Grabbing other people 's land is also prohibited . The prohibition of usury has resulted in the development of Islamic banking . During the time of Muhammad , any money that went to the state , was immediately used to help the poor . Then in 634 , Umar formally established the welfare state Bayt al - mal . The Bayt al - mal or the welfare state was for the Muslim and Non-Muslim poor , needy , elderly , orphans , widows , and the disabled . The Bayt al - mal ran for hundreds of years under the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century and continued through the Umayyad period and well into the Abbasid era . Umar also introduced Child Benefit and Pensions for the children and the elderly . Jihad Main articles : Jihad , Islamic military jurisprudence , and List of expeditions of Muhammad Jihad means `` to strive or struggle '' ( in the way of God ) . Jihad , in its broadest sense , is `` exerting one 's utmost power , efforts , endeavors , or ability in contending with an object of disapprobation '' . Depending on the object being a visible enemy , the Devil , and aspects of one 's own self ( such as sinful desires ) , different categories of jihad are defined . Jihad , when used without any qualifier , is understood in its military aspect . Jihad also refers to one 's striving to attain religious and moral perfection . Some Muslim authorities , especially among the Shi'a and Sufis , distinguish between the `` greater jihad '' , which pertains to spiritual self - perfection , and the `` lesser jihad '' , defined as warfare . Within Islamic jurisprudence , jihad is usually taken to mean military exertion against non-believer / non-Muslim combatants . Jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against illegal works , terrorists , criminal groups , rebels , apostates , and leaders or states who oppress Muslims . Most Muslims today interpret Jihad as only a defensive form of warfare . Jihad only becomes an individual duty for those vested with authority . For the rest of the populace , this happens only in the case of a general mobilization . For most Twelver Shias , offensive jihad can only be declared by a divinely appointed leader of the Muslim community , and as such is suspended since Muhammad al - Mahdi 's occultation in 868 AD . Society Family life See also : Islam and children , Women in Islam , and Marriage in Islam The dome of the Carol I Mosque in Constanța , Romania , topped by the Islamic crescent In a Muslim family , the birth of a child is attended with some religious ceremonies . Immediately after the birth , the words of Adhan is pronounced in the right ear of the child . In the seventh day , the aquiqa ceremony is performed in which an animal is sacrificed and its meat is distributed among the poor . The head of the child is also shaved , and an amount of money equaling the weight of the child 's hair is donated to the poor . Apart from fulfilling the basic needs of food , shelter , and education , the parents or the elderly members of family also undertake the task of teaching moral qualities , religious knowledge , and religious practices to the children . Marriage , which serves as the foundation of a Muslim family , is a civil contract which consists of an offer and acceptance between two qualified parties in the presence of two witnesses . The groom is required to pay a bridal gift ( mahr ) to the bride , as stipulated in the contract . Most families in the Islamic world are monogamous . Polyandry , a practice wherein a woman takes on two or more husbands is prohibited in Islam . However , Muslim men are allowed to practice polygyny , that is , they can have more than one wife at the same time , up to a total of four , per Sura 4 Verse 3 . A man does not need approval of his first wife for a second marriage as there is no evidence in the Qur'an or hadith to suggest this . The testimony of a woman is deemed in Islam to be worth half that of a man . With Muslims coming from diverse backgrounds including 49 Muslim - majority countries , plus a strong presence as large minorities throughout the world there are many variations on Muslim Weddings . Generally in a Muslim family , a woman 's sphere of operation is the home and a man 's corresponding sphere is the outside world . However , in practice , this separation is not as rigid as it appears . With regard to inheritance , a son 's share is double that of a daughter 's . Certain religious rites are performed during and after the death of a Muslim . Those near a dying man encourage him to pronounce the Shahada as Muslims want their last word to be their profession of faith . After the death , the body is bathed properly by the members of the same gender and then enshrouded in a threefold white garment called kafan . Placing the body on a bier , it is first taken to a mosque where funeral prayer is offered for the dead person , and then to the graveyard for burial . Etiquette and diet Main articles : Adab ( behavior ) and Islamic dietary laws Many practices fall in the category of adab , or Islamic etiquette . This includes greeting others with `` as - salamu ' alaykum '' ( `` peace be unto you '' ) , saying bismillah ( `` in the name of God '' ) before meals , and using only the right hand for eating and drinking . Islamic hygienic practices mainly fall into the category of personal cleanliness and health . Circumcision of male offspring is also practiced in Islam . Islamic burial rituals include saying the Salat al - Janazah ( `` funeral prayer '' ) over the bathed and enshrouded dead body , and burying it in a grave . Muslims are restricted in their diet . Prohibited foods include pork products , blood , carrion , and alcohol . All meat must come from a herbivorous animal slaughtered in the name of God by a Muslim , Jew , or Christian , with the exception of game that one has hunted or fished for oneself . Food permissible for Muslims is known as halal food . Social responsibilities Main article : Islam and humanity In a Muslim society , various social service activities are performed by the members of the community . As these activities are instructed by Islamic canonical texts , a Muslim 's religious life is seen incomplete if not attended by service to humanity . In fact , In Islamic tradition , the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values . The 2 : 177 verse of the Quran is often cited to encapsulate the Islamic idea of social welfare . Similarly , duties to parents , neighbors , relatives , sick people , the old , and minorities have been defined in Islam . Respecting and obeying one 's parents , and taking care of them especially in their old age have been made a religious obligation . A two-fold approach is generally prescribed with regard to duty to relatives : keeping good relations with them , and offering them financial help if necessary . Severing ties with them has been admonished . Regardless of a neighbor 's religious identity , Islam teaches Muslims to treat neighboring people in the best possible manner and not to cause them any difficulty . Concerning orphaned children , the Quran forbids harsh and oppressive treatment to them while urging kindness and justice towards them . It also rebukes those who do not honor and feed orphaned children ( Quran 89 : 17 - 18 ) . Character Main article : Morality in Islam The Quran and the sunnah of Muhammad prescribe a comprehensive body of moral guidelines for Muslims to be followed in their personal , social , political , and religious life . Proper moral conduct , good deeds , righteousness , and good character come within the sphere of the moral guidelines . In Islam , the observance of moral virtues is always associated with religious significance because it elevates the religious status of a believer and is often seen as a supererogatory act of worshipping . One typical Islamic teaching on morality is that imposing a penalty on an offender in proportion to their offense is permissible and just ; but forgiving the offender is better . To go one step further by offering a favor to the offender is regarded the highest excellence . The Quran says : ' Repel ( evil ) with what is best ' ( 41 : 34 ) . Thus , a Muslim is expected to act only in good manners as bad manners and deeds earn vices . The fundamental moral qualities in Islam are justice , forgiveness , righteousness , kindness , honesty , and piety . Other mostly insisted moral virtues include but not limited to charitable activities , fulfillment of promise , modesty and humility , decency in speech , tolerance , trustworthiness , patience , truthfulness , anger management , and sincerity of intention . As a religion , Islam emphasizes the idea of having a good character as Muhammad said : ' The best among you are those who have the best manners and character ' ( Sahih al - Bukhari , 8 : 73 : 56 ) . In Islam , justice is not only a moral virtue but also an obligation to be fulfilled under all circumstances . The Quran and the hadith describe God as being kind and merciful to His creatures , and tell people to be kind likewise . As a virtue , forgiveness is much celebrated in Islam , and is regarded as an important Muslim practice . About modesty , Muhammad is reported as saying : ' Every religion has its characteristic , and the characteristic of Islam is modesty ' . Government Main articles : Political aspects of Islam , Islamic state , Islam and secularism , Islamic democracy , Sultanate , Khanate , Imamate , Emirate , Mansa ( title ) , and Caliphate Mainstream Islamic law does not distinguish between `` matters of church '' and `` matters of state '' ; the scholars function as both jurists and theologians . Currently no government conforms to Islamic economic jurisprudence , but steps have been taken to implement some of its tenets . History Main articles : History of Islam and Spread of Islam A panoramic view of Al - Masjid al - Nabawi ( the Mosque of the Prophet ) in Medina , Hejaz region , today 's Saudi Arabia , the second most sacred Mosque in Islam Muhammad ( 610 -- 632 ) Main articles : Muhammad and Muhammad in Islam See also : Early social changes under Islam Muslim tradition views Muhammad ( c. 570 -- June 8 , 632 ) as the seal of the prophets . During the last 22 years of his life , beginning at age 40 in 610 CE , according to the earliest surviving biographies , Muhammad reported revelations that he believed to be from God , conveyed to him through the archangel Gabriel ( Jibril ) . Muhammad 's companions memorized and recorded the content of these revelations , known as the Quran . During this time , Muhammad in Mecca preached to the people , imploring them to abandon polytheism and to worship one God . Although some converted to Islam , the leading Meccan authorities persecuted Muhammad and his followers . This resulted in the Migration to Abyssinia of some Muslims ( to the Aksumite Empire ) . Many early converts to Islam were the poor and former slaves like Bilal ibn Rabah al - Habashi . The Meccan élite felt that Muhammad was destabilising their social order by preaching about one God and about racial equality , and that in the process he gave ideas to the poor and to their slaves . After 12 years of the persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and the Meccan boycott of the Hashemites , Muhammad 's relatives , Muhammad and the Muslims performed the Hijra ( `` emigration '' ) to the city of Medina ( formerly known as Yathrib ) in 622 . There , with the Medinan converts ( Ansar ) and the Meccan migrants ( Muhajirun ) , Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority . The Constitution of Medina was formulated , instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim , Jewish , Christian and pagan communities of Medina , bringing them within the fold of one community -- the Ummah . The Constitution established : the security of the community religious freedoms the role of Medina as a sacred place ( barring all violence and weapons ) the security of women stable tribal relations within Medina a tax system for supporting the community in time of conflict parameters for exogenous political alliances a system for granting protection of individuals a judicial system for resolving disputes where non-Muslims could also use their own laws and have their own judges . All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves . Within a few years , two battles took place against the Meccan forces : first , the Battle of Badr in 624 -- a Muslim victory , and then a year later , when the Meccans returned to Medina , the Battle of Uhud , which ended inconclusively . The Arab tribes in the rest of Arabia then formed a confederation and during the Battle of the Trench ( March -- April 627 ) besieged Medina , intent on finishing off Islam . In 628 , the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed between Mecca and the Muslims and was broken by Mecca two years later . After the signing of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah many more people converted to Islam . At the same time , Meccan trade routes were cut off as Muhammad brought surrounding desert tribes under his control . By 629 Muhammad was victorious in the nearly bloodless conquest of Mecca , and by the time of his death in 632 ( at the age of 62 ) he had united the tribes of Arabia into a single religious polity . The earliest three generations of Muslims are known as the Salaf , with the companions of Muhammad being known as the Sahaba . Many of them , such as the largest narrator of hadith Abu Hureyrah , recorded and compiled what would constitute the sunnah . Caliphate and civil strife ( 632 -- 750 ) Further information : Muslim conquests , First Fitna , and Second Fitna Dome of the Rock built by Abd al - Malik ibn Marwan ; completed at the end of the Second Fitna . With Muhammad 's death in 632 , disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community . Abu Bakr , a companion and close friend of Muhammad , was made the first caliph . Under Abu Bakr , Muslims put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars , or `` Wars of Apostasy '' . The Quran was compiled into a single volume at this time . Abu Bakr 's death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar ibn al - Khattab as the caliph , followed by Uthman ibn al - Affan , Ali ibn Abi Talib and Hasan ibn Ali . The first four caliphs are known in Sunni Islam as al - khulafā ' ar - rāshidūn ( `` Rightly Guided Caliphs '' ) . Under them , the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into the parts of the Persian and Byzantine territories . When Umar was assassinated by Persians in 644 , the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition . The standard copies of the Quran were also distributed throughout the Islamic State . In 656 , Uthman was also killed , and Ali assumed the position of caliph . This led to the first civil war ( the `` First Fitna '' ) over who should be caliph . Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661 . To avoid further fighting , the new caliph Hasan ibn Ali signed a peace treaty , abdicating to Mu'awiyah , beginning the Umayyad dynasty , in return that he not name his own successor . These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community . The majority accepted the legitimacy of the first four leaders , and became known as Sunnis . A minority disagreed , and believed that only Ali and some of his descendants should rule ; they became known as the Shia . Mu'awiyah appointed his son , Yazid I , as successor and after Mu'awiyah's death in 680 , the `` Second Fitna '' broke out , where Husayn ibn Ali was killed at the Battle of Karbala , a significant event in Shia Islam . The Umayyad dynasty conquered the Maghreb , the Iberian Peninsula , Narbonnese Gaul and Sindh . Local populations of Jews and indigenous Christians , persecuted as religious minorities and taxed heavily to finance the Byzantine -- Sassanid Wars , often aided Muslims to take over their lands from the Byzantines and Persians , resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests . The generation after the death of Muhammad but contemporaries of his companions are known as the Tabi'un , followed by the Tabi ' al - Tabi'in . The Caliph Umar ibn Abd al - Aziz set up the influential committee , `` The Seven Fuqaha of Medina '' , headed by Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr . Malik ibn Anas wrote one of the earliest books on Islamic jurisprudence , the Muwatta , as a consensus of the opinion of those jurists . The descendants of Muhammad 's uncle Abbas ibn Abd al - Muttalib rallied discontented non-Arab converts ( mawali ) , poor Arabs , and some Shi'a against the Umayyads and overthrew them , inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750 . Classical era ( 750 -- 1258 ) Further information : Islamic Golden Age , Hadith studies , and Islamic philosophy During this time , the Delhi Sultanate took over northern parts of Indian subcontinent . Religious missions converted Volga Bulgaria to Islam . Many Muslims also went to China to trade , virtually dominating the import and export industry of the Song dynasty . The eye , according to Hunain ibn Ishaq from a manuscript dated circa 1200 . This era is sometimes called the `` Islamic Golden Age '' . Public hospitals established during this time ( called Bimaristan hospitals ) , are considered `` the first hospitals '' in the modern sense of the word , and issued the first medical diplomas to license doctors . The Guinness World Records recognizes the University of Al Karaouine , founded in 859 , as the world 's oldest degree - granting university . The doctorate is argued to date back to the licenses to teach in Muslim law schools . Standards of experimental and quantification techniques , as well as the tradition of citation , were introduced . An important pioneer in this , Ibn al - Haytham is regarded as the father of the modern scientific method and often referred to as the `` world 's first true scientist '' . The government paid scientists the equivalent salary of professional athletes today . It is argued that the data used by Copernicus for his heliocentric conclusions was gathered and that Al - Jahiz proposed a theory of natural selection . Rumi wrote some of the finest Persian poetry and is still one of the best selling poets in America . Legal institutions introduced include the trust and charitable trust ( Waqf ) . Al - Shafi'i codified a method to determine the reliability of hadith . During the early Abbasid era , the major Sunni hadith collections were compiled by scholars such as Bukhari and Muslim while major Shia hadith collections by scholars such as Al - Kulayni and Ibn Babawayh were also compiled . The Ja'fari jurisprudence was formed from the teachings of Ja'far al - Sadiq while the four Sunni Madh'habs , the Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i , were established around the teachings of Abū Ḥanīfa , Ahmad bin Hanbal , Malik ibn Anas and al - Shafi'i respectively . In the 9th century , al - Shafi'i provided a theoretical basis for Islamic law by codifying the principles of jurisprudence in his book ar - Risālah . Al - Tabari and Ibn Kathir completed the most commonly cited commentaries on the Quran , the Tafsir al - Tabari in the 9th century and the Tafsir ibn Kathir in the 14th century , respectively . Philosophers Al - Farabi and Avicenna sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology , while others like Al - Ghazali argued against them and ultimately prevailed . Caliphs such as Mamun al Rashid and Al - Mu'tasim made the mutazilite philosophy an official creed and imposed it upon Muslims to follow . Mu'tazila was a Greek influenced school of speculative theology called kalam , which refers to dialectic . Many orthodox Muslims rejected mutazilite doctrines and condemned their idea of the creation of the Quran . In inquisitions , Imam Hanbal refused to conform and was tortured and sent to an unlit Baghdad prison cell for nearly thirty months . The other branch of kalam was the Ash'ari school founded by Al - Ash'ari . Some Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life and emphasized poverty , humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires . Ascetics such as Hasan al - Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Tasawwuf ( Sufism ) . Beginning in the 13th century , Sufism underwent a transformation , largely because of efforts to legitimize and reorganize the movement by Al - Ghazali , who developed the model of the Sufi order -- a community of spiritual teachers and students . The first Muslims states independent of a unified Muslim state emerged from the Berber Revolt ( 739 / 740 - 743 ) . In 930 , the Ismaili group known as the Qarmatians unsuccessfully rebelled against the Abbassids , sacked Mecca and stole the Black Stone , which was eventually retrieved . The Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty in 1258 . Pre-modern era ( 1258 -- 20th century ) Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman dynasty . Islam spread with Muslim trade networks and Sufi orders activity that extended into Sub-Saharan Africa , Central Asia and the Malay archipelago . Under the Ottoman Empire , Islam spread to Southeast Europe . The Muslims in China who were descended from earlier immigration began to assimilate by adopting Chinese names and culture while Nanjing became an important center of Islamic study . The Muslim world was generally in political decline starting the 1800s , especially relative to the non-Muslim European powers . This decline was evident culturally ; while Taqi al - Din founded an observatory in Istanbul and the Jai Singh Observatory was built in the 18th century , there was not a single Muslim country with a major observatory by the twentieth century . The Reconquista , launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia , succeeded in 1492 . By the 19th century the British Empire had formally ended the Mughal dynasty in India . The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after World War I and the Caliphate was abolished in 1924 . The majority and oldest group among Shia at that time , the Zaydis , named after the great grandson of Ali , the scholar Zayd ibn Ali , used the Hanafi jurisprudence , as did most Sunnis . The Shia Safavid dynasty rose to power in 1501 and later conquered all of Iran . The ensuing mandatory conversion of Iran to Twelver Shia Islam for the largely Sunni population also ensured the final dominance of the Twelver sect within Shiism over the Zaidi and Ismaili sects . Nader Shah , who overthrew the Safavids , attempted to improve relations with Sunnis by propagating the integration of Shiism by calling it the Jaafari Madh'hab . A revival movement during this period was an 18th - century Salafi movement led by Ibn Abd al - Wahhab in today 's Saudi Arabia . Referred to as Wahhabi , their self designation is Muwahiddun ( unitarians ) . Building upon earlier efforts such as those by Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al - Qayyim , the movement allegedly seeks to uphold monotheism and purify Islam of what they see as later innovations . Their zeal against idolatrous shrines led to the desecration of shrines around the world , including that of Muhammad and his companions in Mecca and Medina . In the 19th century , the Deobandi and Barelwi movements were initiated . Modern Times ( 20th century -- present ) Further information : Islamic revival The flag of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Contact with industrialized nations brought Muslim populations to new areas through economic migration . Many Muslims migrated as indentured servants , from mostly India and Indonesia , to the Caribbean , forming the largest Muslim populations by percentage in the Americas . The resulting urbanization and increase in trade in sub-Saharan Africa brought Muslims to settle in new areas and spread their faith , likely doubling its Muslim population between 1869 and 1914 . Muslim immigrants began arriving , many as guest workers and largely from former colonies , in several Western European nations since the 1960s . There are more and more new Muslim intellectuals who increasingly separate perennial Islamic beliefs from archaic cultural traditions . Liberal Islam is a movement that attempts to reconcile religious tradition with modern norms of secular governance and human rights . Its supporters say that there are multiple ways to read Islam 's sacred texts , and they stress the need to leave room for `` independent thought on religious matters '' . Women 's issues receive significant weight in the modern discourse on Islam . Secular powers such as the Chinese Red Guards closed many mosques and destroyed Qurans , and Communist Albania became the first country to ban the practice of every religion . About half a million Muslims were killed in Cambodia by communists who , it is argued , viewed them as their primary enemy and wished to exterminate them since they stood out and worshipped their own god . In Turkey , the military carried out coups to oust Islamist governments , and headscarves were banned in official buildings , as also happened in Tunisia . Jamal - al - Din al - Afghani , along with his acolyte Muhammad Abduh , have been credited as forerunners of the Islamic revival . Abul A'la Maududi helped influence modern political Islam . Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood advocate Islam as a comprehensive political solution , often in spite of being banned . In Iran , revolution replaced a secular regime with an Islamic state . In Turkey , the Islamist AK Party has democratically been in power for about a decade , while Islamist parties did well in elections following the Arab Spring . The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) , consisting of Muslim countries , was established in 1969 after the burning of the Al - Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem . Piety appears to be deepening worldwide . In many places , the prevalence of the hijab is growing increasingly common and the percentage of Muslims favoring Sharia laws has increased . With religious guidance increasingly available electronically , Muslims are able to access views that are strict enough for them rather than rely on state clerics who are often seen as stooges . It is estimated that , by 2050 , the number of Muslims will nearly equal the number of Christians around the world , `` driven primarily by differences in fertility rates and the size of youth populations among the world 's major religions , as well as by people switching faiths . '' Perhaps as a sign of these changes , most experts agree that Islam is growing faster than any other faith in East and West Africa . Denominations Main article : Islamic schools and branches See also : Shia -- Sunni relations An overview of the major schools and branches of Islam . Sunni Part of a series on Sunni Islam Beliefs ( show ) Monotheism Prophets and messengers Holy books Angels Judgement Day Predestination Five Pillars ( show ) Declaration of Faith Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage Rightly - Guided Caliphs ( show ) Abu Bakr Umar ibn al - Khattab Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Sunni schools of law ( show ) Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Hanbali Others Zahiri Awza'i Thawri Laythi Jariri Sunni schools of theology ( show ) Ash'ari Maturidi Traditionalist Others : Mu'tazila Murji'ah Contemporary movements ( show ) Ahl - i Hadith Al - Ahbash Barelvi Deobandi Islamic Modernism Salafi movement Wahhabism Holy sites ( show ) Jerusalem Mecca Medina Mount Sinai Lists ( show ) Literature Kutub al - Sittah Islam portal Main article : Sunni Islam Sahih Al - Bukhari , one of the six Sunni hadith books . The largest denomination in Islam is Sunni Islam , which makes up 75 % -- 90 % of all Muslims and is arguably the world 's largest religious denomination . Sunni Muslims also go by the name Ahl as - Sunnah which means `` people of the tradition ( of Muhammad ) '' . Sunnis believe that the first four caliphs were the rightful successors to Muhammad ; since God did not specify any particular leaders to succeed him and those leaders were elected . Sunnis believe that anyone who is righteous and just could be a caliph but they have to act according to the Quran and the Hadith , the example of Muhammad and give the people their rights . The Sunnis follow the Quran and the Hadith , which are recorded in sunni traditions known as Al - Kutub Al - Sittah ( six major books ) . For legal matters derived from the Quran or the Hadith , many follow four sunni madh'habs ( schools of thought ) : Hanafi , Hanbali , Maliki and Shafi'i . All four accept the validity of the others and a Muslim may choose any one that he or she finds agreeable . Ahl al - Hadith is a movement that deemphasized sources of jurisprudence outside the quran and sunnah , such as informed opinion ( ra'y ) . The Salafi movement claim to take the first three generations of Muslims , known as the salaf , as exemplary models . In the 18th century , Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab led a salafi movement , referred by outsiders as Wahhabism , in modern - day Saudi Arabia . The Deobandi movement is a reformist movement originating in South Asia , influenced by the Wahhabi movement . Shia Part of a series on Shia Islam Beliefs and practices ( show ) Monotheism Holy Books Prophethood Succession to Muhammad Imamate Angels Judgment Day Mourning of Muharram Intercession Clergy The Four Companions Arba'een Pilgrimage Holy days ( show ) Ashura Arba'een Mawlid Eid al - Fitr Eid al - Adha Eid al - Ghadeer History ( show ) The verse of purification Two things Mubahala Khumm Fatimah 's house First Fitna Second Fitna Battle of Karbala Branches of Shi'i Islam ( show ) Zaydi Shia Imami Shia Twelvers Ja'faris Batinis Alevism Bektashism Ghulat Alawites Hurufism Qizilbash Ismāʿīlīs Nizaris Taiyabi - Musta'līs Dawoodi Sulaymani Alavi Batiniyya Druze Pamiris Extinct sects Ahl al - Kisa ( show ) Muhammad Ali Fatimah Hasan Hussein Holy women ( show ) Fatimah Khadija bint Khuwaylid Umm Salama Zaynab bint Ali Umm Kulthum bint Ali Umm ul - Banin Fatimah bint Hasan Sukayna bint Husayn Rubab Shahrbanu Fātimah bint Mūsā Hakimah Khātūn Narjis Fatimah bint Asad Umm Farwah bint al - Qasim Shia Islam portal Main article : Shia Islam See also : Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam The Imam Hussein Shrine in Karbala , Iraq is a holy site for Shia Muslims . The Shia constitute 10 -- 20 % of Islam and are its second - largest branch . While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community , Shia 's believe that Muhammad appointed his son - in - law , Ali ibn Abi Talib , as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams . As a result , they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam ( leader ) , rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr , Uthman ibn al - Affan and Umar ibn al - Khattab . Other points of contention include certain practices viewed as innovating the religion , such as the mourning practice of tatbir , and the cursing of figures revered by Sunnis . However , Jafar al - Sadiq himself disapproved of people who disapproved of his great grand father Abu Bakr and Zayd ibn Ali revered Abu Bakr and Umar . More recently , Ali Khamenei and Grand Ayatollah Ali al - Sistani condemned the practice . Shia Islam has several branches , the most prominent being the Twelvers ( the largest branch ) , Zaidis and Ismailis . Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams . After the death of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq who is considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers and the Ismaili 's , the Ismailis recognized his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as his successor whereas the Twelver Shia 's ( Ithna Asheri ) followed his other son Musa al - Kadhim as the seventh Imam . The Zaydis consider Zayd ibn Ali , the uncle of Imam Jafar al - Sadiq , as their fifth Imam , and follow a different line of succession after him . Other smaller groups include the Bohra as well as the Alawites and Alevi . Some Shia branches label other Shia branches that do not agree with their doctrine as Ghulat . Sufism Main article : Sufism See also : Sufi -- Salafi relations Mawlānā Rumi 's tomb , Konya , Turkey Sufism , or tasawwuf ( Arabic : تصوف ‎ ) , is a mystical - ascetic approach to Islam that seeks to find a direct personal experience of God . It is not a sect of Islam and its adherents belong to the various Muslim denominations . Classical Sufi scholars have focused on the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God by making use of `` intuitive and emotional faculties '' that one must be trained to use . Hasan al - Basri was inspired by the ideas of piety and condemnation of worldliness preached by Muhammad and these ideas were later further developed by Al - Ghazali . Traditional Sufis , such as Bayazid Bastami , Jalaluddin Rumi , Haji Bektash Veli , Junaid Baghdadi , and Al - Ghazali , argued for Sufism being based upon the tenets of Islam and the teachings of Muhammad . Sufi practices such as veneration of saints have faced stiff opposition from followers of Salafism and Wahhabism , who have sometimes physically attacked Sufi places of worship , leading to deterioration in Sufi -- Salafi relations . The Barelvi movement is a Sufi - influenced revivalist movement within Sunni Islam with over 200 million followers , largely in South Asia . Sufism enjoyed a strong revival in central Asia and South Asia . Central Asia is considered to be a center of Sufism . Sufism has played a significant role in fighting against Tsars of Russia and Soviet colonization . Here , Sufis and their different orders are the main religious sources . Sufism is also strong in African countries such as Tunisia , Algeria , Morocco , Senegal , Chad and Niger . Other denominations Ahmadiyya is an Islamic reform movement ( with Sunni roots ) founded by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that began in India in 1889 and is practiced by 10 to 20 million Muslims around the world . Ahmad claimed to have fulfilled the prophecies concerning the arrival of the ' Imam Mahdi ' and the ' Promised Messiah ' . The Ibadi is a sect that dates back to the early days of Islam and is a branch of Kharijite and is practiced by 1.45 million Muslims around the world . Unlike most Kharijite groups , Ibadism does not regard sinful Muslims as unbelievers . Mahdavia is an Islamic sect that believes in a 15th - century Mahdi , Muhammad Jaunpuri The Quranists are Muslims who generally reject the Hadith . Non-denominational Muslims Main article : Nondenominational Muslim Non-denominational Muslims is an umbrella term that has been used for and by Muslims who do not belong to or do not self - identify with a specific Islamic denomination . Prominent figures who refused to identify with a particular Islamic denomination have included Jamal ad - Din al - Afghani , Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Recent surveys report that large proportions of Muslims in some parts of the world self - identify as `` just Muslim '' , although there is little published analysis available regarding the motivations underlying this response . The Pew Research Center reports that respondents self - identifying as `` just Muslim '' make up a majority of Muslims in seven countries ( and a plurality in three others ) , with the highest proportion in Kazakhstan at 74 % . At least one in five Muslims in at least 22 countries self - identify in this way . Derived Religions Some movements , such as the Druze , Berghouata and Ha - Mim , either emerged from Islam or came to share certain beliefs with Islam and whether each is separate a religion or a sect of Islam is sometimes controversial . Yazdânism is seen as a blend of local Kurdish beliefs and Islamic Sufi doctrine introduced to Kurdistan by Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir in the 12th century . Bábism stems from Twelver Shia passed through Siyyid ' Ali Muhammad i - Shirazi al - Bab while one of his followers Mirza Husayn ' Ali Nuri Baha'u'llah founded the Bahai Faith . Sikhism , founded by Guru Nanak in late fifteenth century Punjab , incorporates aspects of both Islam and Hinduism . African American Muslim movements include the Nation of Islam , Five - Percent Nation and Moorish scientists . Demographics Main articles : Muslim world and Ummah See also : List of countries by Muslim population World Muslim population by percentage ( Pew Research Center , 2014 ) . A comprehensive 2009 demographic study of 232 countries and territories reported that 23 % of the global population , or 1.57 billion people , are Muslims . Of those , it is estimated that over 75 -- 90 % are Sunni and 10 -- 20 % are Shia with a small minority belonging to other sects . Approximately 57 countries are Muslim - majority , and Arabs account for around 20 % of all Muslims worldwide . The number of Muslims worldwide increased from 200 million in 1900 to 551 million in 1970 , and tripled to 1.6 billion by 2010 . The majority of Muslims live in Asia and Africa . Approximately 62 % of the world 's Muslims live in Asia , with over 683 million adherents in Indonesia , Pakistan , India , and Bangladesh . In the Middle East , non-Arab countries such as Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim - majority countries ; in Africa , Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities . Most estimates indicate that the People 's Republic of China has approximately 20 to 30 million Muslims ( 1.5 % to 2 % of the population ) . However , data provided by the San Diego State University 's International Population Center to U.S. News & World Report suggests that China has 65.3 million Muslims . Islam is the second largest religion after Christianity in many European countries , and is slowly catching up to that status in the Americas , with between 2,454,000 , according to Pew Forum , and approximately 7 million Muslims , according to the Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) , in the United States . According to the Pew Research Center , Islam is set to equal Christianity in number of adherents by the year 2050 . Islam is set to grow faster than any other major world religion , reaching a total number of 2.76 billion ( an increase of 73 % ) . High fertility rates play a factor , with Islam having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5 , and the minimum replacement level for a population at 2.1 . Age also plays a role in these numbers due to the fact that Islam has the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 ( 34 % of the total religion ) of any major religion ( Christianity 's is 27 % ) . Sixty percent of Muslims are between the ages of 16 and 59 , while only 7 % are aged 60 + ( the smallest percentage of any major religion ) . Countries such as Nigeria and the Republic of Macedonia are expected to have Muslim majorities by 2050 . In India , the Muslim population will be larger than any other country . Europe 's domestic population is set to shrink as opposed to their Islamic population which is set to grow to 10 % of Europe 's total . According to BBC News , the rates of growth of Islam in Europe reveal that the growing number of Muslims is due primarily to immigration and higher birth rates . Culture Main article : Islamic culture The term `` Islamic culture '' could be used to mean aspects of culture that pertain to the religion , such as festivals and dress code . It is also controversially used to denote the cultural aspects of traditionally Muslim people . Finally , `` Islamic civilization '' may also refer to the aspects of the synthesized culture of the early Caliphates , including that of non-Muslims , sometimes referred to as `` Islamicate '' . Architecture Main article : Islamic architecture Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic architecture is that of the mosque . Varying cultures have an effect on mosque architecture . For example , North African and Spanish Islamic architecture such as the Great Mosque of Kairouan contain marble and porphyry columns from Roman and Byzantine buildings , while mosques in Indonesia often have multi-tiered roofs from local Javan styles . Great Mosque of Djenné , in the west African country of Mali Great Mosque of Xi'an in Xi'an , China Dome in Po - i - Kalyan , Bukhara , Uzbekistan Art Main article : Islamic art Islamic art encompasses the visual arts produced from the 7th century onwards by people ( not necessarily Muslim ) who lived within the territory that was inhabited by Muslim populations . It includes fields as varied as architecture , calligraphy , painting , and ceramics , among others . While not condemned in the Quran , making images of human beings and animals is frowned on in many Islamic cultures and connected with laws against idolatry common to all Abrahamic religions , as ' Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood reported that Muhammad said , `` Those who will be most severely punished by Allah on the Day of Resurrection will be the image - makers '' ( reported by al - Bukhaari , see al - Fath , 10 / 382 ) . However this rule has been interpreted in different ways by different scholars and in different historical periods , and there are examples of paintings of both animals and humans in Mughal , Persian and Turkish art . The existence of this aversion to creating images of animate beings has been used to explain the prevalence of calligraphy , tessellation and pattern as key aspects of Islamic artistic culture . The phrase Bismillah in 18th - century Ottoman calligraphy in the Thuluth style . Geometric arabesque tiling on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi 's tomb in Shiraz Calendar Islamic calendar Months Muharram Safar Rabi ' al - awwal Rabi ' al - Thani Jumada al - awwal Jumada al - Thani Rajab Sha'ban Ramadan Shawwal Dhu al - Qidah Dhu al - Hijjah Main article : Islamic calendar The phases of the Moon form the basis for the Islamic calendar . The formal beginning of the Muslim era was chosen , reportedly by Caliph Umar , to be the Hijra in 622 CE , which was an important turning point in Muhammad 's fortunes . It is a lunar calendar with days lasting from sunset to sunset . Islamic holy days fall on fixed dates of the lunar calendar , which means that they occur in different seasons in different years in the Gregorian calendar . The most important Islamic festivals are Eid al - Fitr ( Arabic : عيد الفطر ‎ ) on the 1st of Shawwal , marking the end of the fasting month Ramadan , and Eid al - Adha ( عيد الأضحى ) on the 10th of Dhu al - Hijjah , coinciding with the end of the Hajj pilgrimage . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Islam Criticism of Islam has existed since Islam 's formative stages . Early criticism came from Christian authors , many of whom viewed Islam as a Christian heresy or a form of idolatry and often explained it in apocalyptic terms . Later there appeared criticism from the Muslim world itself , and also from Jewish writers and from ecclesiastical Christians . Objects of criticism include the morality of the life of Muhammad , the last law bearing prophet of Islam , both in his public and personal life , as seen in medieval Christian views on Muhammad . Issues relating to the authenticity and morality of the Quran , the Islamic holy book , are also discussed by critics . Other criticisms focus on the question of human rights in modern Islamic nations , and the treatment of women in Islamic law and practice . In wake of the recent multiculturalism trend , Islam 's influence on the ability of Muslim immigrants in the West to assimilate has been criticized . See also Main article : Outline of Islam Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Islam Criticism of Islam Challenge of the Quran Glossary of Islam History of Islam Islam and violence Islam and other religions Islam by country Islamic economics Islamic ethics Islam and humanity Morality in Islam Islamic literature Islamic mythology Islamic schools and branches Islamic studies List of Muslim empires and dynasties List of notable converts to Islam Lists of Muslims Major religious groups Muslim world Religious conversion # Islam Scientific foreknowledge in sacred texts Timeline of Muslim history Islam in South Asia References Notes Jump up ^ There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English , differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress , whether the s is / z / or 2 / s / , and whether the a is pronounced / ɑː / , / æ / or ( when the stress is on the first syllable ) / ə / ( Merriam Webster ) . The most common are / ˈɪzləmˌ ˈɪsləmˌ ɪzˈlɑːmˌ ɪsˈlɑːm / ( Oxford English Dictionary , Random House ) and / ˈɪzlɑːmˌ ˈɪslɑːm / ( American Heritage Dictionary ) . Jump up ^ The verse reads : ' It is not righteousness that ye turn your faces towards East or West ; but it is righteousness to believe in Allah and the Last Day , and the Angels , and the Book and the Messengers ; to spend of your substance , out of love for Him , for your kin , for orphans , for the needy , for the wayfarer , for those who ask , and for the ransom of slaves ; to be steadfast in prayer , and practice regular charity , to fulfill the contracts which we have made ; and to be firm and patient , in pain ( or suffering ) and adversity , and throughout all periods of panic . Such are the people of truth , the God fearing ' Citations Jump up ^ quran.com : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 2009 ) . `` Islam . Overview '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Profession of Faith ( ... ) affirms Islam 's absolute monotheism and acceptance of Muḥammad as the messenger of God , the last and final prophet . ^ Jump up to : F.E. Peters ( 2009 ) . `` Allāh '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . the Muslims ' understanding of Allāh is based ( ... ) on the Qurʿān 's public witness . Allāh is Unique , the Creator , Sovereign , and Judge of humankind . It is Allāh who directs the universe through his direct action on nature and who has guided human history through his prophets , Abraham , with whom he made his covenant , Moses , Jesus , and Muḥammad , through all of whom he founded his chosen communities , the `` Peoples of the Book . '' ^ Jump up to : `` The Global Religious Landscape '' . Pew Forum. 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Burke , Daniel ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` The world 's fastest - growing religion is ... '' CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` No God But God '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Islam is the youngest , the fastest growing , and in many ways the least complicated of the world 's great monotheistic faiths . It is based on its own holy book , but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity , incorporating some of the teachings of those religions -- modifying some and rejecting others . Jump up ^ PBS - Islam : Empire of Faith - Faith - Islam Today . Jump up ^ `` Why Muslims are the world 's fastest - growing religious group '' . Pew Research Center . 2017 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ According to Oxford Dictionaries , `` Muslim is the preferred term for ' follower of Islam , ' although Moslem is also widely used . '' Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Allah '' . ( ( ( : Template : Google.com/books ? id = OZbyz Hr - eIC ) ) Encyclopedia of Islam ) Check url = value ( help ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ İbrahim Özdemir ( 2014 ) . `` Environment '' . In Ibrahim Kalin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . When Meccan pagans demanded proofs , signs , or miracles for the existence of God , the Qurʾān 's response was to direct their gaze at nature 's complexity , regularity , and order . The early verses of the Qurʾān , therefore , reveal an invitation to examine and investigate the heavens and the earth , and everything that can be seen in the environment ( ... ) The Qurʾān thus makes it clear that everything in Creation is a miraculous sign of God ( āyah ) , inviting human beings to contemplate the Creator . Jump up ^ `` People of the Book '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Reeves , J.C. ( 2004 ) . Bible and Qurʼān : Essays in scriptural intertextuality . Leiden ( u.a. : Brill . Page 177 Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/21/living/yom-kippur-muslims/index.html , retrieved 10 - 1 - 2016 Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2010 , p. 101 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b , p. 17 ) Jump up ^ * Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 111,112,118 ) `` Shari'ah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Trofimov , Yaroslav ( 2008 ) , The Siege of Mecca : The 1979 Uprising at Islam 's Holiest Shrine , New York , p. 79 , ISBN 0 - 307 - 47290 - 6 Jump up ^ Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 9 , 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b ) , pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watt , William Montgomery ( 2003 ) . Islam and the Integration of Society . Psychology Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17587 - 6 . ( Jump up ^ George Saliba ( 1994 ) , A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam , pp. 245 , 250 , 256 -- 7 . New York University Press , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 8023 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , David A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Astronomy of the Mamluks '' . Isis. 74 ( 4 ) : 531 -- 555 . doi : 10.1086 / 353360 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y ( 1996 ) . `` Factors Behind the Decline of Islamic Science After the Sixteenth Century '' . In Sharifah Shifa Al - Attas . Islam and the Challenge of Modernity , Proceedings of the Inaugural Symposium on Islam and the Challenge of Modernity : Historical and Contemporary Contexts , Kuala Lumpur , August 1 -- 5 , 1994 . International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization ( ISTAC ) . pp. 351 -- 399 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ The preaching of Islam : a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold , pg. 125 - 258 Jump up ^ Harney , John ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` How Do Sunni and Shia Islam Differ ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Almukhtar , Sarah ; Peçanha , Sergio ; Wallace , Tim ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Behind Stark Political Divisions , a More Complex Map of Sunnis and Shiites '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Of the total Muslim population , 10 - 13 % are Shia Muslims and 87 - 90 % are Sunni Muslims . Sunni Islam : Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide `` Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community , and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority ( 85 to 90 percent ) of that community . '' `` Sunni '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam , comprising about 85 % of the world 's over 1.5 billion Muslims . `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Sunni Islam accounts for over 75 % of the world 's Muslim population ... ^ Jump up to : See `` Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population '' . Pew Research Center . 2009 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . The Pew Forum 's estimate of the Shia population ( 10 - 13 % ) is in keeping with previous estimates , which generally have been in the range of 10 - 15 % . Some previous estimates , however , have placed the number of Shias at nearly 20 % of the world 's Muslim population . `` Shia '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Shi'a Islam is the second largest branch of the tradition , with up to 200 million followers who comprise around 15 % of all Muslims worldwide ... `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Shia Islam represents 10 - 20 % of Muslims worldwide ... Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 , pp. 8 , 17 ) Jump up ^ Pechilis , Karen ; Raj , Selva J. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . South Asian Religions : Tradition and Today . Routledge . p. 193 . ISBN 9780415448512 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations , 2010 and 2050date = 2015 - 04 - 02 '' . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Diplomat , Akhilesh Pillalamarri , The . `` How South Asia Will Save Global Islam '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East - North Africa Overview '' . 7 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Region : Middle East - North Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Miller ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ `` Region : Sub-Saharan Africa '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total population . These numbers are estimates , and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarized here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Population by Country '' . The Future of the Global Muslim Population . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dictionary listing for Siin roots derived from Lane 's Arabic - English Lexicon via www.studyquran.co.uk Jump up ^ Lewis , Barnard ; Churchill , Buntzie Ellis ( 2009 ) . Islam : The Religion and The People . Wharton School Publishing . p. 8 . ISBN 9780132230858 . Jump up ^ `` What does Islam mean ? '' . The Friday Journal . 2011 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 125 , Quran 61 : 7 , Quran 39 : 22 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 5 : 3 , Quran 3 : 19 , Quran 3 : 83 Jump up ^ Quran 9 : 74 , Quran 49 : 14 Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ( 2000 - 04 - 06 ) . The Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . pp. 76 -- 77 . ISBN 9780195107999 . Jump up ^ Mahmutćehajić , Rusmir ( 2006 ) . The mosque : the heart of submission . Fordham University Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8232 - 2584 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kenneth G. Wilson , The Columbia Guide to Standard American English ( ISBN 0231069898 ) , page 291 : Muhammadan and Mohammedan are based on the name of the prophet Mohammed , and both are considered offensive . Jump up ^ Quran 112 : 1 -- 4 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 74 -- 76 ) Esposito ( 2004 , p. 22 ) Griffith ( 2006 , p. 248 ) D. Gimaret . `` Allah , Tawhid '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created ... By Fateh Ullah Khan Page 298 ( Khan , Fateh Ullah ( 2009 ) . God Created the Universe with the Purpose to Serve Humankind : God Created Humankind to Worship Him and Appointed Him as Viceroy in Earth to See how He Behaves . Fateh Ullah Khan Gandapur . pp. 298 -- . ISBN 978 - 969 - 9399 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ Turfe , Tallal Alie ( 1985 ) . Islamic Unity and Happiness . TTQ , Inc. p. 37 . ISBN 9780940368477 . Jump up ^ What is Islam ? By Jamaal Zarabozo Page 37 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Agwan , A.R. ; Khan , N.K. ( 2000 ) . A -- E. Global Vision Publishing . p. 357 . ISBN 9788187746003 . Jump up ^ Bentley , David ( September 1999 ) . The 99 Beautiful Names for God for All the People of the Book . William Carey Library . ISBN 0 - 87808 - 299 - 9 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 117 `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Human Nature and the Purpose of Existence '' . Patheos.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Quran 51 : 56 Jump up ^ `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Quran 2 : 186 Jump up ^ Quran 50 : 16 Jump up ^ `` God '' . Islam : Empire of Faith . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . `` Islam and Christianity '' , Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 2001 ) : Arabic - speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as Allāh . L. Gardet . `` Allah '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Quran 35 : 1 Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 26 -- 28 ) W. Madelung . `` Malā'ika '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Gisela Webb . `` Angel '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Jump up ^ Guessoum , Nidhal ( 30 October 2010 ) . Islam 's Quantum Question : Reconciling Muslim Tradition and Modern Science . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85773 - 075 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kaiyume Baksh ( 2007 ) . Islam and Other Major World Religions . Trafford Publishing . pp. 163 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 1303 - 2 . Jump up ^ Accad ( 2003 ) : According to Ibn Taymiya , although only some Muslims accept the textual veracity of the entire Bible , most Muslims will grant the veracity of most of it . Esposito ( 1998 , pp. 6 , 12 ) Esposito ( 2002 , pp. 4 -- 5 ) Peters ( 2003 , p. 9 ) Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * Hava Lazarus - Yafeh . `` Tahrif '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Chejne , A. ( 1969 ) The Arabic Language : Its Role in History , University of Minnesota Press , Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Speicher , K. ( 1997 ) in : Edzard , L. , and Szyska , C. ( eds . ) Encounters of Words and Texts : Intercultural Studies in Honor of Stefan Wild . Georg Olms , Hildesheim , pp. 43 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 17 , 18 , 21 ) Jump up ^ Al Faruqi ; Lois Ibsen ( 1987 ) . `` The Cantillation of the Qur'an '' . Asian Music ( Autumn -- Winter 1987 ) : 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , p. 79 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 79 -- 81 ) `` Tafsir '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Teece ( 2003 , pp. 12 , 13 ) Turner ( 2006 , p. 42 ) `` Qur'an '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . : The word Quran was invented and first used in the Qurʼan itself . There are two different theories about this term and its formation . Jump up ^ Momem ( 1987 , p. 176 ) `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ * Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World ( 2003 ) , p. 666 * J. Robson . `` Hadith '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . * D.W. Brown . `` Sunna '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . ^ Jump up to : Read , Study , Search Online . Sahih Bukhari . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ ( Brown , Jonathan ( 5 June 2007 ) . The Canonization of Al - Bukh ? r ? and Muslim : The Formation and Function of the Sunn ? ? ad ? th Canon . BRILL . ISBN 90 - 04 - 15839 - 1 . Jump up ^ Muqaddimah Ibn al - Salah , pg. 160 - 9 Dar al - Ma'aarif edition Jump up ^ Meri , Josef W. ( 2005 ) . Medieval Islamic Civilization : An Encyclopedia . USA : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96690 - 0 . Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org Jump up ^ www.al-islam.org/quran-and-hadith Jump up ^ `` Resurrection '' , The New Encyclopedia of Islam ( 2003 ) `` Avicenna '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . : Ibn Sīnā , Abū ʿAlī al - Ḥusayn b . ʿAbd Allāh b . Sīnā is known in the West as `` Avicenna '' . L. Gardet . `` Qiyama '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Animals in Islam By Basheer Ahmad Masri Page 27 Jump up ^ What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam : Second Edition : Second Edition By John L. Esposito Page 130 Jump up ^ Smith ( 2006 , p. 89 ) ; Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World , p. 565 `` Heaven '' , The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 2000 ) Asma Afsaruddin . `` Garden '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . `` Paradise '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Quran 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Quran 6 : 31 Jump up ^ Quran 101 : 1 Jump up ^ Yahya , Harun ( 12 May 2010 ) . Portents And Features of the Mahdi 's Coming . Global Publishing . Kindle Edition . Jump up ^ * Cohen - Mor ( 2001 , p. 4 ) : `` The idea of predestination is reinforced by the frequent mention of events ' being written ' or ' being in a book ' before they happen : ' Say : `` Nothing will happen to us except what Allah has decreed for us ... '' ' `` * Ahmet T. Karamustafa . `` Fate '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . : The verb qadara literally means `` to measure , to determine '' . Here it is used to mean that `` God measures and orders his creation '' . Jump up ^ `` Hajj -- ReligionFacts '' . www.religionfacts.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online Jump up ^ Hossein Nasr The Heart of Islam , Enduring Values for Humanity ( April. , 2003 ) , pp 3 , 39 , 85 , 27 -- 272 Jump up ^ N Mohammad ( 1985 ) , The doctrine of jihad : An introduction , Journal of Law and Religion , 3 ( 2 ) : 381 - 397 Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 135 Momen ( 1987 ) , p. 178 `` Islam '' , Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2002b , pp. 18 , 19 ) Hedáyetullah ( 2006 , pp. 53 -- 55 ) Kobeisy ( 2004 , pp. 22 -- 34 ) Momen ( 1987 , p. 178 ) Jump up ^ Budge , E.A. Wallis ( June 13 , 2001 ) . Budge 's Egypt : A Classic 19th century Travel Guide . Courier Dover Publications . pp. 123 -- 128 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41721 - 2 . Jump up ^ Skinner Keller , Rosemary ; Ruether , Rosemary Radford ; Marie Cantlon ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America : Native American creation stories . Indiana University Press . pp. 615 -- . ISBN 0 - 253 - 34687 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , J. ; Hillenbrand , R. ; Burton - Page , J. `` Masdjid '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . `` Mosque '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Qurʼan , Surat al - Tawbah 9 : 60 `` Zakat expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed to collect ( Zakat ) and for bringing hearts together and for freeing captives and for those in debt ( or bonded labour ) and for the cause of Allah and for the ( stranded ) traveller -- an obligation ( imposed ) by Allah . And Allah is Knowing and Wise . '' Jump up ^ Ariff , Mohamed ( 1991 ) . The Islamic Voluntary Sector in Southeast Asia : Islam and the Economic Development of Southeast Asia . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . pp. 55 -- . ISBN 978 - 981 - 3016 - 07 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : A faith - based aid revolution in the Muslim world ? '' . IRIN. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Medani Ahmed and Sebastian Gianci , Zakat , Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy , p. 479 Jump up ^ Said , Abdul Aziz ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Islam : Dynamic , Not Static . Taylor & Francis . p. 145 . ISBN 9780415770118 . Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 177 Esposito ( 2004 , p. 90 ) `` Zakat '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Zakat '' . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Jump up ^ Holt , P.M. , Ann K.S. Lambton , and Bernard Lewis ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge History of Islam . Cambridge University Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 21946 - 4 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184 Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 90 , 91 ) `` Islam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Davids , Abu Muneer Ismail ( 2006 ) . Getting the Best Out of Hajj By Abu Muneer Ismail Davids . ISBN 9789960980300 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters , F. E ( 2009 - 01 - 10 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians By F.E. Peters Page 20 . ISBN 1400825482 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Alhuseini , Sayed / Farouq M. ( 17 April 2012 ) . Islam and the Glorious Ka'abah : none . iUniverse . pp. 61 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4697 - 8590 - 5 . Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 , pp. 145 -- 147 ) Goldschmidt ( 2005 , p. 48 ) `` Hajj '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . ^ Jump up to : Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana University Press . p. 70 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . New York City : Britannica Educational Publishing . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 060 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` British & World English : sharia '' . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : John L. Esposito , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` Islamic Law '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Vikør , Knut S. ( 2014 ) . `` Sharīʿah '' . In Emad El - Din Shahin . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Esposito , John L. ; DeLong - Bas , Natana J. ( 2001 ) . Women in Muslim Family Law . Syracuse University Press . pp. 2 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 2908 - 5 . Quote : `` ( ... ) , by the ninth century , the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four : the Quran , the Sunnah of the Prophet , qiyas ( analogical reasoning ) , and ijma ( consensus ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Mayer , Ann Elizabeth ( 2009 ) . `` Law . Modern Legal Reform '' . In John L. Esposito . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ An - Na'im , Abdullahi A ( 1996 ) . `` Islamic Foundations of Religious Human Rights '' . In Witte , John ; van der Vyver , Johan D. Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective : Religious Perspectives . pp. 337 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 0179 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hajjar , Lisa ( 2004 ) . `` Religion , State Power , and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies : A Framework for Comparative Analysis '' . Law & Social Inquiry. 29 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 38 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 4469.2004. tb00329. x . JSTOR 4092696 . Jump up ^ Al - Suwaidi , J. ( 1995 ) . Arab and western conceptions of democracy ; in Democracy , war , and peace in the Middle East ( Editors : David Garnham , Mark A. Tessler ) , Indiana University Press , see Chapters 5 and 6 ; ISBN 978 - 0253209399 Jump up ^ Encyclopedeia of Eminent Thinkers -- Page 38 , K.S. Bharathi -- 1998 Jump up ^ Weiss ( 2002 , pp. 3,161 ) Jump up ^ International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya Page 203 Quran 4 : 29 Jump up ^ Karim , Shafiel A. ( 2010 ) . The Islamic Moral Economy : A Study of Islamic Money and Financial Instruments . Boca Raton , FL : Brown Walker Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59942 - 539 - 9 . Jump up ^ Financial Regulation in Crisis ? : The Role of Law and the Failure of Northern Rock By Joanna Gray , Orkun Akseli Page 97 Jump up ^ Ibn Majah Vol 3 Hadith 2289 International Business Success in a Strange Cultural Environment By Mamarinta P. Mababaya Page 202 Islamic Capital Markets : Theory and Practice By Noureddine Krichene Page 119 Jump up ^ Abu Daud Hadith 2015 Ibn Majah Vold 3 Hadith 2154 The Stability of Islamic Finance : Creating a Resilient Financial Environment By Zamir Iqbal , Abbas Mirakhor , Noureddine Krichenne , Hossein Askari Page 75 Jump up ^ Al - Buraey , Muhammad ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 254 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0333 - 2 . Jump up ^ The challenge of Islamic renaissance By Syed Abdul Quddus Jump up ^ Al - Buraey , Muhammad ( 1985 ) . Administrative Development : An Islamic Perspective . KPI . pp. 252 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7103 - 0059 - 1 . Jump up ^ Akgündüz , Ahmed ; Öztürk , Said ( 2011 ) . Ottoman History : Misperceptions and Truths . IUR Press . pp. 539 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 90 - 26108 - 9 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 ) pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Reuven Firestone ( 1999 ) , The Meaning of Jihād , p. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Britannica Encyclopedia , Jihad Jump up ^ Brockopp ( 2003 , pp. 99 -- 100 ) Esposito ( 2003 , p. 93 ) `` jihad '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 , p. 17 ) `` Djihad '' , Encyclopedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Peters , Rudolph ; Cook , David ( 2014 ) . `` Jihād '' . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tyan , E. ( 2012 ) . `` D̲j̲ihād '' . In P. Bearman , Th . Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , W.P. Heinrichs . Encyclopaedia of Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . Brill . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Firestone ( 1999 , p. 17 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Djihād '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Knowing the Enemy : Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror , Mary R. Habeck , Yale University Press , p. 108 -- 109 , 118 Jump up ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr The Heart of Islam , Enduring Values for Humanity ( April. , 2003 ) , pp 72 Jump up ^ Sachedina ( 1998 , pp. 105,106 ) ^ Jump up to : Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Islam '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 136 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ Waines ( 2003 , pp. 93 -- 96 ) The Oxford Dictionary of Islam ( 2003 ) , p. 339 Esposito ( 1998 , p. 79 ) Jump up ^ Newby , Gordon D. ( 2002 ) . A concise encyclopedia of Islam ( Repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Oneworld . p. 141 . ISBN 1851682953 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 2001 ) . Islam : religion , history , and civilization . New York : HarperOne . p. 68 . ISBN 0060507144 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't a Woman have 2 Husbands ? '' . 14 Publications . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Section 30 Jump up ^ Validity of second marriage without consent of first Jump up ^ IslamWeb Fatwa Q&A Jump up ^ I'laam al - Muwaqqa'een , part 1 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Eaton , Gai ( 2000 ) . Remembering God : Reflections on Islam . Cambridge : The Islamic Texts Society . pp. 92 -- 3 . ISBN 978 - 0946621842 . Jump up ^ Qur'an , . Jump up ^ Matt Stefon , ed. ( 2010 ) . Islamic Beliefs and Practices . 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By Muhammad Taqi Usmani Jump up ^ Al - Sheha , Abdur Rahman . Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions . Riyadh . p. 65 . Jump up ^ Bouhdiba , Abdelwahab , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Individual and Society in Islam : Volume 2 of The different aspects of Islamic culture . UNESCO . p. 238 . ISBN 9789231027420 . Jump up ^ al - Sheha , Abdur Rahman . Human Rights in Islam and Common Misconceptions . Riyadh . pp. 74 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Islam '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . Facts on File . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices . Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21627 - 3 . Jump up ^ Oliver Leaman , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` The Qur'an '' . The Qur'an : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 140 . ISBN 9 - 78 - 0 - 415 - 32639 - 1 . Jump up ^ Juan E. Campo , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Encyclopedia of Islam '' . Encyclopedia of Islam . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Jump up ^ Khadduri , Majid ( 1984 ) . The Islamic Conception of Justice . The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 10 . ISBN 9780801869747 . Jump up ^ Oliver Leaman , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` The Qur'an '' . The Qur'an : An Encyclopedia . Routledge . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32639 - 1 . Jump up ^ Imam Kamil Mufti ( 2006 ) . Modesty : An Overview . IslamReligion.com Retrieved 19 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Barazangi , Nimat Hafez ; Zaman , M. Raquibuz ; Afzal , Omar ( 1996 ) . Islamic Identity and the Struggle for Justice . University Press of Florida . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8130 - 1382 - 4 . Jump up ^ Amuzegar , Jahangir ( 1997 - 02 - 15 ) . Iran 's Economy Under the Islamic Republic By Jahangir Amuzegar . ISBN 9781860641046 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Glenn E. ; Hooglund , Eric ( 18 July 2008 ) . Iran : A Country Study . Government Printing Office . pp. 196 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8444 - 1187 - 3 . 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Serjeant argues that the constitution is in fact 8 different treaties which can be dated according to events as they transpired in Medina , with the first treaty written shortly after Muhammad 's arrival . R.B. Serjeant . `` The Sunnah Jâmi'ah , Pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrîm of Yathrib : Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' . '' in The Life of Muhammad : The Formation of the Classical Islamic World : Volume iv . Ed . Uri Rubin . Brookfield : Ashgate , 1998 , p. 151 and see same article in BSOAS 41 ( 1978 ) : 18 ff . See also Caetani . Annali dell'Islam , Volume I. Milano : Hoepli , 1905 , p. 393 . Julius Wellhausen . Skizzen und Vorabeiten , IV , Berlin : Reimer , 1889 , p 82f who argue that the document is a single treaty agreed upon shortly after the hijra . Wellhausen argues that it belongs to the first year of Muhammad 's residence in Medina , before the battle of Badr in 2 / 624 . Even Moshe Gil a skeptic of Islamic history argues that it was written within five months of Muhammad 's arrival in Medina . Moshe Gil . `` The Constitution of Medina : A Reconsideration . '' Israel Oriental Studies 4 ( 1974 ) : p. 45 . Jump up ^ R.B. Serjeant , `` Sunnah Jami'ah , pacts with the Yathrib Jews , and the Tahrim of Yathrib : analysis and translation of the documents comprised in the so - called ' Constitution of Medina ' '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( 1978 ) , 41 : 1 - 42 , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Watt . Muhammad at Medina and R.B. Serjeant `` The Constitution of Medina . '' Islamic Quarterly 8 ( 1964 ) p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Medina '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Peters ( 2003 , pp. 78 , 79,194 ) Lapidus ( 2002 , pp. 23 -- 28 ) Jump up ^ Buhl , F ; Welch , A.T. `` Muhammad '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Holt & 1977a ) , p. 57 ) Hourani & 2003 ) , p. 22 ) Lapidus & 2002 ) , p. 32 ) Madelung ( 1996 , p. 43 ) Tabatabaei ( 1979 , pp. 30 -- 50 ) Jump up ^ John L. Esposito , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` Rightly Guided Caliphs '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford : Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780195125580.001. 0001 / acref - 9780195125580 - e-2018 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ See Holt ( 1977a , p. 74 ) Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Holt ( 1977a ) , pp. 67 -- 72 Jump up ^ Waines ( 2003 ) p. 46 Jump up ^ Donald Puchala , Theory and History in International Relations , page 137 . Routledge , 2003 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Hofmann ( 2007 ) , p. 86 Jump up ^ The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase , Ibn Katheer , Taken from Al - Bidayah wan - Nihayah by Ibn Katheer , Ismail Ibn Omar 775 ISBN 978 - 603 - 500 - 080 - 2 Translated by Yoosuf Al - Hajj Ahmad Page 505 Jump up ^ Umar Ibn Adbul Aziz By Imam Abu Muhammad Adbullah ibn Abdul Hakam died 214 AH 829 C.E. Publisher Zam Zam Publishers Karachi Page 54 - 59 Jump up ^ The Caliphate of Banu Umayyah the first Phase , Ibn Katheer , Taken from Al - Bidayah wan - Nihayah by Ibn Katheer , Ismail Ibn Omar 775 ISBN 978 - 603 - 500 - 080 - 2 Translated by Yoosuf Al - Hajj Ahmad Page 522 Jump up ^ `` Al - Muwatta ' '' . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Coulson , Noel James ( 1964 ) . History of Islamic Law by N.J. Coulson page 103 . ISBN 9780748605149 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Houtsma , M. Th. ( 1993 ) . E.J. Brill 's First Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1913 - 1936 . BRILL . pp. 207 -- . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09791 - 0 . Jump up ^ Moshe Sharon , Studies in Islamic History and Civilization : In Honour of Professor David Ayalon . Page 264 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Lapidus ( 2002 , p. 56 ) ; Lewis ( 1993 , pp. 71 -- 83 ) Jump up ^ `` Islam in China '' . BBC . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Holt ( 1977a , pp. 80 , 92,105 ) Holt ( 1977b , pp. 661 -- 663 ) Lapidus ( 2002 , p. 56 ) Lewis ( 1993 , p. 84 ) Gardet , L. ; Jomier , J. `` Islam '' . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ Micheau , Françoise . `` Encyclopedia of the History of Islamic Science : Technology , alchemy and life '' : 991 -- 2 . , in ( Morelon & Rashed 1996 , pp. 985 -- 1007 ) Jump up ^ `` The beginnings of modern medicine : the Caliphate '' . Planetseed.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Alatas , Syed Farid ( 2006 ) . `` From Jami'ah to University : Multiculturalism and Christian -- Muslim Dialogue '' . Current Sociology. 54 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 32 . doi : 10.1177 / 0011392106058837 . Jump up ^ Imamuddin , S.M. ( 1981 ) . Muslim Spain 711 -- 1492 AD . Brill Publishers . p. 169 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 06131 - 2 . Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records . 1998 . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57895 - 2 . Jump up ^ Makdisi , George ( April -- June 1989 ) . `` Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 109 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 182 ( 175 -- 77 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 604423 . JSTOR 604423 . ^ Jump up to : Ahmed , Imad - ad - Dean . Signs in the heavens . 2 . Amana Publications , 2006 . Print . ISBN 1 - 59008 - 040 - 8 page 23 , 42 , 84 . `` Despite the fact that they did not have a quantified theory of error they were well aware that an increased number of observations qualitatively reduces the uncertainty . '' Jump up ^ Haq , Syed ( 2009 ) . `` Science in Islam '' . Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages . ISSN 1703 - 7603 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ G.J. Toomer . Review on JSTOR , Toomer 's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm ( 1963 ) Ibn Al - Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p. 464 : `` Schramm sums up ( Ibn Al - Haytham 's ) achievement in the development of scientific method . '' Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 4 January 2009 ) . `` The ' first true scientist ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gorini , Rosanna ( October 2003 ) . `` Al - Haytham the man of experience . First steps in the science of vision '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine . 2 ( 4 ) : 53 -- 55 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . `` It 's time to herald the Arabic science that prefigure Darwin and Newton '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Al - Khalili , Jim ( 2008 - 01 - 29 ) . `` Science : Islam 's forgotten geniuses '' . London : The Telegraph . 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Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Jump up ^ `` The Spread of Islam '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Oxford Islamic Studies Online . 6 May 2008 . Retrieved 26 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Israeli , Raphael ( 2002 ) . Islam in China . pg 292 . United States of America : Lexington Books . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 0375 - X . Jump up ^ Dillon , Michael ( 1999 ) . China 's Muslim Hui Community . Curzon . p. 37 . ISBN 0 - 7007 - 1026 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Imad - ad - Dean . Signs in the heavens . 2 . Amana Publications , 2006 . pg170 . Print . ISBN 1 - 59008 - 040 - 8 Jump up ^ Lapidus ( 2002 ) , pp. 358,378 -- 380,624 Jump up ^ `` New Turkey '' . Al - Ahram Weekly ( 488 ) . 29 June -- 5 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Islamic Finance : Law , Economics , and Practice By Mahmoud A. El - Gamal Page 122 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Arab - Israeli Conflict : A Political , Social and Military History edited by Spencer C. Tucker , Priscilla Mary Roberts Page 917 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ The Iraq Effect : The Middle East After the Iraq War By Frederic M. Wehrey Page 91 ( 6 ) Jump up ^ Peter B. Golden : An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples ; In : Osman Karatay , Ankara 2002 , p. 321 Jump up ^ `` Ismail Safavi '' Encyclopædia Iranica Jump up ^ Nadir Shah and the Ja ' fari Madhhab Reconsidered , Ernest Tucker , Iranian Studies , Vol. 27 , No. 1 / 4 , Religion and Society in Islamic Iran during the Pre-Modern Era ( 1994 ) , pp. 163 - 179 , Published by : International Society for Iranian Studies ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 , p. 146 ) Jump up ^ `` Graves desecrated in Mizdah '' . Libyan Herald . 4 September 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Muslim Minorities in the West : Visible and Invisible By Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad , Jane I. Smith , pg 271 Jump up ^ Bulliet , Richard , Pamela Crossley , Daniel Headrick , Steven Hirsch , Lyman Johnson , and David Northrup . The Earth and Its Peoples . 3 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 42770 - 8 Jump up ^ Nigosian ( 2004 , pp. 41 ) Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 118,119,179 ) and Lapidus ( 2002 , pp. 823 -- 830 ) Jump up ^ Rippin ( 2001 , p. 288 ) Jump up ^ * Goldman , Merle ( 1986 ) . `` Religion in Post-Mao China '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 483 ( 1 ) : 146 -- 156 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716286483001013 . Jump up ^ Page18 * Elsie , Robert . 2000 . A Dictionary of Albanian Religion , Mythology , and Folk Culture . C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85065 - 570 - 1 . Jump up ^ Perrin , Andrew ( October 10 , 2003 ) . `` Weakness in numbers '' . TIME . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Huge rally for Turkish secularsim '' . BBC News . 2011 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Saleh , Heba ( 2011 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Tunisia moves against headscarves '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World , Thomson Gale , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Political Islam : A movement in motion '' . Economist Magazine . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Are secular forces being squeezed out of Arab Spring ? '' . BBC News . 2011 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2011 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Egypt 's vote puts emphasis on split over religious rule '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Organization of the Islamic Conference '' . BBC News . 2010 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ultraconservative Islam on rise in Mideast '' . MSNBC. 2008 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Laying down the law : Islam 's authority deficit . The Economist. 2007 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 2008 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Jordanian students rebel , embracing conservative Islam '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 2007 - 01 - 28 ) . `` In Egypt , a new battle begins over the veil '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Beech , Hannah ( 2007 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Why Indonesia matters '' . TIME . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Future of World Religions : Population Growth Projections , 2010 - 2050 '' . Pew Research Center . April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( 2001 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Rising Muslim power causes unrest in Nigeria and elsewhere '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Muslims say their faith growing fast in Africa '' . wwrn.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ CARL BIALIK ( 9 April 2008 ) . `` Muslims May Have Overtaken Catholics a While Ago '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Islām '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Islam Today '' . Islam : Empire of Faith ( 2000 ) . PBS . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Islam , followed by more than a billion people today , is the world 's third fastest growing religion . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Islam '' . Susan Headden . U.S. News & World Report . April 7 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2003 , pp. 275,306 ) `` Shariah '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Sunnite '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Jump up ^ Salafi Islam GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved on 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Deobandis -- Oxford Reference '' . oxfordreference.com . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780195125580.001. 0001 / acref - 9780195125580 - e-522 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ The waning of the Umayyad caliphate by Tabarī , Carole Hillenbrand , 1989 , p37 , p38 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of Religion Vol. 16 , Mircea Eliade , Charles J. Adams , Macmillan , 1987 , p243 . Jump up ^ `` Imam Khamenei : Insulting Symbols of Sunni Brothers Forbidden '' . Rohama.org. 2 October 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shiite leaders forbid insults against Sunnis '' . Al - monitor . 2014 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kramer ( 1987 ) , Syria 's Alawis and Shiism pp. 237 -- 254 Shia branches Archived 2004 - 10 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Trimingham ( 1998 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2003 , p. 302 ) Malik ( 2006 , p. 3 ) Turner ( 1998 , p. 145 ) `` Afghanistan : A Country Study -- Sufism '' . Library of Congress Country Studies . 1997 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ahmed Zarruq , Zaineb Istrabadi , Hamza Yusuf Hanson . The Principles of Sufism . Amal Press . 2008 . Jump up ^ Corrections of Popular Versions of Poems From Rumi 's Divan Jump up ^ Ibrahim Gamard , Rumi and Self - Discovery Jump up ^ Chittick , William C ( 2008 ) . Sufism : A Beginner 's Guide . ISBN 9781780740522 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . ISBN 9780791415153 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barelvi -- Oxford Reference '' . oxfordreference.com . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780192800947.001. 0001 / acref - 9780192800947 - e-908 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Usha Sanyal . Generational Changes in the Leadership of the Ahl - e Sunnat Movement in North India during the Twentieth Century . Modern Asiantudies ( 1998 ) , Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Ahl al - Sunnah wa'l - Jamaah '' . oxfordreference.com . doi : 10.1093 / oi / authority. 20110803095357101 ( inactive 2017 - 03 - 26 ) . Jump up ^ Alvi , Farhat . `` The Significant Role of Sufism in Central Asia '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Sufism in Southeast Asia : Reflections and Reconsiderations '' . JSTOR 20071709 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chapter 1 : Religious Affiliation '' . The World 's Muslims : Unity and Diversity . Pew Research Center 's Religion & Public Life Project . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal '' , Babou , Cheikh Anta , The International Journal of African Historical Studies , v. 40 no . 1 ( 2007 ) pp. 184 -- 6 Jump up ^ `` Who Are the Ahmadi ? '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Breach of Faith . Human Rights Watch . June 2005 . p. 8 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate Larry DeVries ; Don Baker ; Dan Overmyer ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Asian Religions in British Columbia . University of Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1662 - 5 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world Juan Eduardo Campo ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5454 - 1 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million `` Ahmadiyya Muslims '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . A figure of 10 - 20 million represents approximately 1 % of the Muslim population . See also Ahmadiyya by country . Jump up ^ Robert Brenton Betts ( 2013 - 07 - 31 ) . The Sunni - Shi'a Divide : Islam 's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781612345222 . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Benakis , Theodoros ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Islamophoobia in Europe ! '' . New Europe . Brussels . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Anyone who has travelled to Central Asia knows of the non-denominational Muslims -- those who are neither Shiites nor Sounites , but who accept Islam as a religion generally . Jump up ^ Longton , Gary Gurr ( 2014 ) . `` Isis Jihadist group made me wonder about non-denominational Muslims '' . The Sentinel . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . THE appalling and catastrophic pictures of the so - called new extremist Isis Jihadist group made me think about someone who can say I am a Muslim of a non-denominational standpoint , and to my surprise / ignorance , such people exist . Online , I found something called the people 's mosque , which makes itself clear that it 's 100 per cent non-denominational and most importantly , 100 per cent non-judgmental . Jump up ^ Kirkham , Bri ( 2015 ) . `` Indiana Blood Center cancels ' Muslims for Life ' blood drive '' . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Ball State Student Sadie Sial identifies as a non-denominational Muslim , and her parents belong to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community . She has participated in multiple blood drives through the Indiana Blood Center . Jump up ^ Pollack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . Unthinkable : Iran , the Bomb , and American Strategy . p. 29 . ISBN 9781476733937 . Although many Iranian hardliners are Shi'a chauvinists , Khomeini 's ideology saw the revolution as pan-Islamist , and therefore embracing Sunni , Shi'a , Sufi , and other , more nondenominational Muslims Jump up ^ Cughtai , Muhammad Ikram ( 2005 ) . Jamāl Al - Dīn Al - Afghāni : An Apostle of Islamic Resurgence . p. 454 . Condemning the historically prevailing trend of blindly imitating religious leaders , al - Afghani revised to identity himself with a specific sect or imam by insisting that he was just a Muslim and a scholar with his own interpretation of Islam . Jump up ^ Jones , Justin ( 2011 - 10 - 24 ) . Shi'a Islam in Colonial India : Religion , Community and Sectarianism . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 9781139501231 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Khaled . `` Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni ? '' . The Friday Times . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Robert ( 2011 - 12 - 01 ) . Christianity , Islam , and the West . p. 55 . ISBN 9780761855606 . 40 per cent called themselves `` just a Muslim '' according to the Council of American - Islamic relations Jump up ^ Tatari , Eren ( 2014 ) . Muslims in British Local Government : Representing Minority Interests in Hackney , Newham and Tower Hamlets . p. 111 . ISBN 9789004272262 . Nineteen said that they are Sunni Muslims , six said they are just Muslim without specifying a sect , two said they are Ahmadi , and two said their families are Alevi Jump up ^ Lopez , Ralph ( 2008 ) . Truth in the Age of Bushism . p. 65 . ISBN 9781434896155 . Many Iraqis take offense at reporters ' efforts to identify them as Sunni or Shiite . A 2004 Iraq Centre for Research and Strategic Studies poll found the largest category of Iraqis classified themselves as `` just Muslim . '' Jump up ^ House of Justice , Universal . `` One Common Faith '' . reference.bahai.org . Retrieved 1 April 2017 . Jump up ^ CIA retrieved 21 December 2011 Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 , p. 11 ) Jump up ^ Ba - Yunus , Ilyas ; Kone , Kassim ( 2006 ) . Muslims in the United States . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 172 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32825 - 0 . Jump up ^ Whaling , Frank ( 1987 ) . Religion in today 's world : the religious situation of the world from 1945 to the present day . T & T Clark . p. 38 . ISBN 0 - 567 - 09452 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Islam : An Overview in Oxford Islamic Studies Online '' . Oxfordislamicstudies.com. 2008 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 16 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Secrets of Islam '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Information provided by the International Population Center , Department of Geography , San Diego State University ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Miller ( 2009 , pp. 15 , 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Number of Muslim by country '' . nationmaster.com . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ www.amar.org.ir , official statistics site of Iran Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- China '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` China ( includes Hong Kong , Macau , and Tibet ) '' . State.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` NW China region eyes global Muslim market '' . China Daily . 2008 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Muslim Media Network '' . Muslim Media Network . 2008 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Secrets of Islam , U.S. News & World Report . Information provided by the International Population Center , Department of Geography , San Diego State University . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2004 , pp. 2 , 43 ) `` Islamic World '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . `` Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents '' . Adherents.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 09 . `` Muslims in Europe : Country guide '' . BBC News . BBC . 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . `` Religion in Britain '' ( PDF ) . National Statistics . Office for National Statistics . 2003 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Mosque in America : A National Portrait Archived 2010 - 06 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Council on American - Islamic Relations ( CAIR ) . April 26 , 2001 . Retrieved on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` site '' . BBC News . 2005 - 12 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ' Islamic ' Culture : A Groundless Myth '' . nytimes.com. 4 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Esposito ( 2010 , p. 56 ) Jump up ^ `` Islam '' , The New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Isichei , Elizabeth Allo ( 1997 ) . Elizabeth Allo Isichei , A history of African societies to 1870 , page 175 . Cambridge University Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 45599 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Jenkins - Madina , Richard Ettinghauset and Architecture 650 -- 1250 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 08869 - 8 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Salim Ayduz ; Ibrahim Kalin ; Caner Dagli ( May 1 , 2014 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Science , and Technology in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780199812578 . Figural representation is virtually unused in Islamic art because of Islam 's strong antagonism of idolatry . It was important for Muslim scholars and artists to find a style of art that represented the Islamic ideals of unity ( tawhid ) and order without figural represenation . Geometric patterns perfectly suited this goal . Jump up ^ Patheos Library -- Islam Sacred Time -- Patheos.com Jump up ^ Ghamidi ( 2001 ) : Customs and Behavioral Laws Archived 2013 - 09 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Erwin Fahlbusch ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity , Volume 2 . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 759 . ISBN 9789004116955 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( 2003 ) . Leaving Islam : Apostates Speak Out . Prometheus Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 59102 - 068 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kammuna , Ibn ( 1971 ) . Examination of the Three Faiths . Berkeley and Los Angeles : Moshe Perlmann . pp. 148 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Oussani , Gabriel . `` Mohammed and Mohammedanism '' . Newadvent.org . Catholic Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Warraq , Ibn ( March 1 , 2000 ) . The Quest for Historical Muhammad ( 1st ed . ) . Amherst , Mass. : Prometheus Books . p. 103 . ISBN 1 - 57392 - 787 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bible in Mohammedian Literature. , by Kaufmann Kohler Duncan B. McDonald , Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved April 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Spencer , Robert ( October 25 , 2002 ) . Islam Unveiled : Disturbing Questions About the World 's Fastest Growing Faith . Encounter Books . pp. 22 -- 63 . ISBN 1 - 893554 - 58 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia - Country report - Freedom in the World - 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Timothy Garton Ash ( 2006 - 10 - 05 ) . `` Islam in Europe '' . The New York Review of Books . Jump up ^ Modood , Tariq ( April 6 , 2006 ) . Multiculturalism , Muslims and Citizenship : A European Approach ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35515 - 5 . Books and journals Accad , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The Gospels in the Muslim Discourse of the Ninth to the Fourteenth Centuries : An Exegetical Inventorial Table ( Part I ) '' . Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations . 14 ( 1 ) . Ahmed , Akbar ( 1999 ) . Islam Today : A Short Introduction to the Muslim World ( 2.00 ed . ) . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 257 - 9 . Bennett , Clinton ( 2010 ) . Interpreting the Qur'an : a guide for the uninitiated . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9944 - 8 . Brockopp , Jonathan E. ( 2003 ) . Islamic Ethics of Life : abortion , war and euthanasia . University of South Carolina press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 471 - 0 . Cohen - Mor , Dalya ( 2001 ) . A Matter of Fate : The Concept of Fate in the Arab World as Reflected in Modern Arabic Literature . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513398 - 6 . Curtis , Patricia A. ( 2005 ) . A Guide to Food Laws and Regulations . Blackwell Publishing Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8138 - 1946 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2010 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 4th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539600 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 1998 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511234 - 4 . Esposito , John ; Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2000a ) . Muslims on the Americanization Path ? . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 513526 - 1 . Esposito , John ( 2000b ) . Oxford History of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510799 - 9 . Esposito , John ( 2002a ) . Unholy War : Terror in the Name of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516886 - 0 . Esposito , John ( 2002b ) . What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515713 - 3 . Esposito , John ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512558 - 4 . Esposito , John ( 2004 ) . Islam : The Straight Path ( 3rd Rev Upd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518266 - 8 . Farah , Caesar ( 1994 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 5th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1853 - 0 . Farah , Caesar ( 2003 ) . Islam : Beliefs and Observances ( 7th ed . ) . Barron 's Educational Series . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 2226 - 2 . Firestone , Reuven ( 1999 ) . Jihad : The Origin of Holy War in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512580 - 0 . Ghamidi , Javed ( 2001 ) . Mizan . Dar al - Ishraq . OCLC 52901690 . Goldschmidt , Jr. , Arthur ; Davidson , Lawrence ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East ( 8th ed . ) . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 4275 - 7 . Griffith , Ruth Marie ; Savage , Barbara Dianne ( 2006 ) . Women and Religion in the African Diaspora : Knowledge , Power , and Performance . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 8370 - 9 . Haddad , Yvonne Yazbeck ( 2002 ) . Muslims in the West : from sojourners to citizens . Oxford University Press . Hawting , G.R. ( 2000 ) . The First Dynasty of Islam : The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661 -- 750 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 24073 - 5 . Hedayetullah , Muhammad ( 2006 ) . Dynamics of Islam : An Exposition . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55369 - 842 - 5 . Hofmann , Murad ( 2007 ) . Islam and Qur'an . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59008 - 047 - 4 . Holt , P.M ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977a ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 1 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29136 - 4 . Holt , P.M. ; Lambton , Ann K.S ; Lewis , Bernard ( 1977b ) . Cambridge History of Islam , Vol. 2 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29137 - 2 . Hourani , Albert ; Ruthven , Malise ( 2003 ) . A History of the Arab Peoples . Belknap Press ; Revised edition . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01017 - 8 . Kobeisy , Ahmed Nezar ( 2004 ) . Counseling American Muslims : Understanding the Faith and Helping the People . Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32472 - 7 . Kramer , Martin ( 1987 ) . Shi'Ism , Resistance , and Revolution . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 0453 - 3 . Lapidus , Ira ( 2002 ) . A History of Islamic Societies ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77933 - 3 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1984 ) . The Jews of Islam . Routledge & Kegan Paul . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0462 - 0 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1993 ) . The Arabs in History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285258 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1997 ) . The Middle East . Scribner . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83280 - 7 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2001 ) . Islam in History : Ideas , People , and Events in the Middle East ( 2nd ed . ) . Open Court . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8126 - 9518 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2003 ) . What Went Wrong ? : The Clash Between Islam and Modernity in the Middle East ( Reprint ed . ) . Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 051605 - 5 . Lewis , Bernard ( 2004 ) . The Crisis of Islam : Holy War and Unholy Terror . Random House , Inc. , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 6785 - 2 . Madelung , Wilferd ( 1996 ) . The Succession to Muhammad : A Study of the Early Caliphate . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 64696 - 0 . Malik , Jamal ; Hinnells , John R ( 2006 ) . Sufism in the West . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 27408 - 7 . Menski , Werner F. ( 2006 ) . Comparative Law in a Global Context : The Legal Systems of Asia and Africa . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85859 - 3 . Miller , Tracy , ed . ( October 2009 ) . Mapping the Global Muslim Population : A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World 's Muslim Population ( PDF ) . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Momen , Moojan ( 1987 ) . An Introduction to Shi'i Islam : The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 03531 - 5 . Nasr , Seyed Muhammad ( 1994 ) . Our Religions : The Seven World Religions Introduced by Preeminent Scholars from Each Tradition ( Chapter 7 ) . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 067700 - 7 . Nigosian , Solomon Alexander ( 2004 ) . Islam : its history , teaching , and practices . Indiana University Press . Patton , Walter M. ( April 1900 ) . `` The Doctrine of Freedom in the Korân '' . The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures . Brill Academic Publishers . 16 ( 3 ) : 129 . doi : 10.1086 / 369367 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 10314 - 7 . Peters , F.E. ( 2003 ) . Islam : A Guide for Jews and Christians . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 11553 - 2 . Rahman , H.U. ( 1999 ) . Chronology of Islamic History , 570 - 1000 CE ( 3rd ed . ) . Ta - Ha Publishers Ltd . Rippin , Andrew ( 2001 ) . Muslims : Their Religious Beliefs and Practices ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21781 - 1 . Sachedina , Abdulaziz ( 1998 ) . The Just Ruler in Shi'ite Islam : The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511915 - 0 . Siljander , Mark D. and John David Mann . A Deadly Misunderstanding : a Congressman 's Quest to Bridge the Muslim - Christian Divide . First ed . New York : Harper One , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143828 - 8 Smith , Jane I. ( 2006 ) . The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515649 - 2 . Tabatabae , Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn ; Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1979 ) . Shi'ite Islam . Suny press . ISBN 0 - 87395 - 272 - 3 . Teece , Geoff ( 2003 ) . Religion in Focus : Islam . Franklin Watts Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7496 - 4796 - 4 . Trimingham , John Spencer ( 1998 ) . The Sufi Orders in Islam . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512058 - 2 . Turner , Colin ( 2006 ) . Islam : the Basics . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34106 - X . Turner , Bryan S. ( 1998 ) . Weber and Islam . Routledge ( UK ) . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17458 - 9 . Waines , David ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Islam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53906 - 4 . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1973 ) . The Formative Period of Islamic Thought . University Press Edinburgh . ISBN 0 - 85224 - 245 - X . Watt , W. Montgomery ( 1974 ) . Muhammad : Prophet and Statesman ( New ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 881078 - 4 . Weiss , Bernard G. ( 2002 ) . Studies in Islamic Legal Theory . Boston : Brill Academic publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12066 - 1 . Encyclopedias William H. McNeill ; Jerry H. Bentley ; David Christian , eds. ( 2005 ) . Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History . Berkshire Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9743091 - 0 - 1 . Gabriel Oussani , ed. ( 1910 ) . Catholic Encyclopedia . Paul Lagasse ; Lora Goldman ; Archie Hobson ; Susan R. Norton , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 236 - 9 . Ahmad , Imad - ad - Dean ( 2008 ) . `` Islam '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 256 -- 58 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Erwin Fahlbusch ; William Geoffrey Bromiley , eds. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Eerdmans Publishing Company , and Brill . ISBN 0 - 8028 - 2414 - 5 . John Bowden , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Christianity ( 1st ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522393 - 4 . Bearman , P.J. ; Bianquis , Th. ; Bosworth , C.E. ; van Donzel , E. ; Heinrichs , W.P. ( eds . ) . Encyclopaedia of Islam Online . Brill Academic Publishers . ISSN 1573 - 3912 . Richard C. Martin ; Said Amir Arjomand ; Marcia Hermansen ; Abdulkader Tayob ; Rochelle Davis ; John Obert Voll , eds. ( 2003 ) . Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World . MacMillan Reference Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865603 - 8 . Jane Dammen McAuliffe ( ed . ) . Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an Online . Brill Academic Publishers . Salamone Frank , ed. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Religious Rites , Rituals , and Festivals ( 1st ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94180 - 8 . Glasse Cyril , ed. ( 2003 ) . New Encyclopedia of Islam : A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam . AltaMira Press . ISBN 978 - 0759101906 . Further Reading Abdul - Haqq , Abdiyah Akbar ( 1980 ) . Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim . Minneapolis : Bethany House Publishers . N.B . Presents the genuine doctrines and concepts of Islam and of the Holy Qur'an , and this religion 's affinities with Christianity and its Sacred Scriptures , in order to `` dialogue '' on the basis of what both faiths really teach . ISBN 0 - 87123 - 553 - 6 Akyol , Mustafa ( 2011 ) . Islam Without Extremes ( 1st ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 07086 - 6 . Arberry , A.J. ( 1996 ) . The Koran Interpreted : A Translation ( 1st ed . ) . Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82507 - 6 . Cragg , Kenneth ( 1975 ) . The House of Islam , in The Religious Life of Man Series . Second ed . Belmont , Calif. : Wadsworth Publishing Co. , 1975 . xiii , 145 p . ISBN 0 - 8221 - 0139 - 4 Hourani , Albert ( 1991 ) . Islam in European Thought . First pbk . ed . Cambridge , Eng. : Cambridge University Press , 1992 , cop . 1991 . xi , 199 p . ISBN 0 - 521 - 42120 - 9 ; alternative ISBN on back cover , 0 - 521 - 42120 - 0 Khan , Muhammad Muhsin ; Al - Hilali Khan ; Muhammad Taqi - ud - Din ( 1999 ) . Noble Quran ( 1st ed . ) . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 9960 - 740 - 79 - 9 . A. Khanbaghi ( 2006 ) . The Fire , the Star and the Cross : Minority Religions in Medieval and Early Modern Iran . I.B. Tauris . Khavari , Farid A. ( 1990 ) . Oil and Islam : the Ticking Bomb . First ed . Malibu , Calif. : Roundtable Publications . viii , 277 p. , ill . with maps and charts . ISBN 0 - 915677 - 55 - 5 Kramer ( ed . ) , Martin ( 1999 ) . The Jewish Discovery of Islam : Studies in Honor of Bernard Lewis . Syracuse University . ISBN 978 - 965 - 224 - 040 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Kuban , Dogan ( 1974 ) . Muslim Religious Architecture . Brill Academic Publishers . ISBN 90 - 04 - 03813 - 2 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1994 ) . Islam and the West . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509061 - 1 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1996 ) . Cultures in Conflict : Christians , Muslims , and Jews in the Age of Discovery . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510283 - 3 . Mubarkpuri , Saifur - Rahman ( 2002 ) . The Sealed Nectar : Biography of the Prophet . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 071 - 0 . Najeebabadi , Akbar Shah ( 2001 ) . History of Islam . Dar - us - Salam Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59144 - 034 - 5 . Nigosian , S.A. ( 2004 ) . Islam : Its History , Teaching , and Practices ( New ed . ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21627 - 4 . Rahman , Fazlur ( 1979 ) . Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 70281 - 2 . Tausch , Arno ( 2009 ) . What 1.3 Billion Muslims Really Think : An Answer to a Recent Gallup Study , Based on the `` World Values Survey '' . Foreword Mansoor Moaddel , Eastern Michigan University ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60692 - 731 - 1 . Tausch , Arno ( 2015 ) . The political algebra of global value change . General models and implications for the Muslim world . With Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui ( 1st ed . ) . Nova Science Publishers , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62948 - 899 - 8 . Walker , Benjamin ( 1998 ) . Foundations of Islam : The Making of a World Faith . Peter Owen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1038 - 3 . 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4 HDS : 11392 NDL : 00564585 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islam&oldid=812024240 '' Categories : Islam Monotheistic religions Abrahamic religions 610 establishments Religious organizations established in the 7th century Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages with URL errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with broken links to citations Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikiversity Wikivoyage Wiktionary Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - 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what is the holy book of lslam called

Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times before through prophets including Adam , Abraham , Moses and Jesus . As for the Quran , Muslims consider it to be the unaltered and final revelation of God . Like other Abrahamic religions , Islam also teaches a final judgment with the righteous rewarded paradise and unrighteous punished in hell . Religious concepts and practices include the Five Pillars of Islam , which are obligatory acts of worship , and following Islamic law , which touches on virtually every aspect of life and society , from banking and welfare to women and the environment . The cities of Mecca , Medina and Jerusalem are home to the three holiest sites in Islam .

Super Bowl LII - wikipedia Super Bowl LII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl LII Philadelphia Eagles ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 41 33 Total PHI 9 13 7 12 41 NE 9 14 7 33 Date February 4 , 2018 Stadium U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota MVP Nick Foles , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 5.5 Referee Gene Steratore Attendance 67,612 Ceremonies National anthem Pink Coin toss Medal of Honor Recipients Halftime show Justin Timberlake TV in the United States Network NBC Universo ( Spanish language ) Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Edgar López ( play - by - play - Universo ) René Giraldo and Rolando Cantú ( analysts - Universo ) Verónica Contreras ( sidelines - Universo ) Nielsen ratings 43.1 ( national ) 56.2 ( Philadelphia ) 55.9 ( Boston ) U.S. viewership : 103.4 million est . avg . Market share 68 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $5 million Radio in the United States Network Westwood One ESPN Deportes Radio ( Spanish language ) Announcers Kevin Harlan ( play - by - play ) Boomer Esiason and Mike Holmgren ( analysts ) Ed Werder and Tony Boselli ( sideline reporters ) Álvaro Martín ( play - by - play - ESPN Deportes Radio ) Raúl Allegre ( analyst - ESPN Deportes Radio ) John Sutcliffe ( sideline - ESPN Deportes Radio ) ← LI Super Bowl LIII → Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , winning their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . It was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI in the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city . New England finished the regular season with an AFC - best 13 -- 3 record , then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten , their third in four years , and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady . Philadelphia had an NFC - best 13 -- 3 record , but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season - ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles . Still , the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance , having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX . Several records were set during Super Bowl LII , including most yards gained in an NFL game by both teams combined ( 1,151 ) , the fewest punts from both teams in a Super Bowl ( one ) , and the most points scored by a Super Bowl losing team ( 33 ) . The game was settled after the Eagles converted a fumble recovery deep within Patriots territory to a field goal with 1 : 05 remaining to extend their lead to eight points , and Brady 's Hail Mary pass fell incomplete as time expired . With the loss , the Patriots became the first defending Super Bowl champions since the the 2014 Seattle Seahawks to lose in the following year 's title game . Foles , who completed 28 of 43 pass attempts for 373 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , and caught a one - yard touchdown pass , was named Super Bowl MVP . The broadcast of the game on NBC had the smallest Super Bowl audience in nine years , with an average of 103.4 million viewers . Average TV viewership for the halftime show , headlined by Justin Timberlake , was 106.6 million American television viewers , 9 percent less than Lady Gaga 's in the previous year Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host - city selection 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 Philadelphia Eagles 1.2. 2 New England Patriots 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pre-game notes 1.4. 1 Operations 1.4. 2 Associated events 2 Broadcasting 2.1 United States 2.1. 1 Advertising 2.1. 2 Lead - out programs 2.2 International broadcasts 2.2. 1 Brazil 2.2. 2 Canada 2.2. 3 United Kingdom 2.2. 4 Germany 2.2. 5 France 2.2. 6 U.S. military bases 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pre-game 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First half 4.2 Second half 4.3 Game statistics 4.4 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual statistics 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Host - city selection ( edit ) The U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , where Super Bowl LII was held . On October 8 , 2013 , the league announced that three venues would vie to host Super Bowl LII : U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota . Minneapolis hosted Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which was torn down after the 2013 season and replaced in 2014 and 2015 by U.S. Bank Stadium . Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis , Indiana . The stadium hosted Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 . Mercedes - Benz Superdome in New Orleans , Louisiana . The city has hosted 10 Super Bowls , including seven at the Superdome , most recently Super Bowl XLVII in 2013 . On May 20 , 2014 , the league 's owners picked Minneapolis at their meeting in Atlanta , Georgia . Teams ( edit ) The NFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed Philadelphia Eagles , while the AFC was represented by the number - one playoff seed New England Patriots , marking the fourth time in the previous five years that the Super Bowl had featured the top team from each conference . Philadelphia Eagles ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Philadelphia Eagles season Nick Foles in 2014 . The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , the same as New England , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh , but the various tie - breaking provisions gave them the NFC 's top seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . It was a substantial improvement for the team under second - year head coach Doug Pederson ; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7 -- 9 records . In the 2017 season , the team scored 457 points ( third in the NFL ) , while giving up just 295 ( fourth ) points . The offense was led by Pro Bowl quarterback Carson Wentz . In just his second season , he recorded a passer rating of 101.9 , throwing for 3,296 yards and 33 touchdowns , with only seven interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Zach Ertz , who caught 74 passes for 824 yards and eight touchdowns . Other contributors were two receivers acquired from off - season free agency : Alshon Jeffery , who caught 57 passes for 789 yards and nine scores ; and Torrey Smith , who had 36 receptions for 430 yards . Meanwhile , third - year receiver Nelson Agholor had the best season of his career , hauling in 62 passes for 768 yards and eight touchdowns , a higher total in each category than in his previous two seasons combined . The Eagles rushing attack also benefited from two recently acquired players , LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi . Blount , an off - season signing who won a Super Bowl with the Patriots , gained 776 rushing yards and two touchdowns , while Ajayi , picked up by a mid-season trade with the Miami Dolphins , rushed for 873 yards and caught 24 passes for 154 yards combined with the two teams . Philadelphia also had a superb offensive line , lead by two Pro Bowl selections : Tackle Lane Johnson and Guard Brandon Brooks . The Eagles defense allowed the fourth - fewest yards in the league ( 4,904 ) . Defensive tackle Fletcher Cox made the Pro Bowl for the third time in his career , recording 5 ​ ⁄ sacks and two fumble recoveries , and he had plenty of help around him , such as former Patriots defensive end Chris Long , who had five sacks and forced four fumbles , and defensive end Brandon Graham , who led the team with 9 ​ ⁄ sacks . Middle linebacker Nigel Bradham led the team in combined tackles with 88 . The Eagles secondary featured Pro Bowl safety Malcolm Jenkins , who had 76 combined tackles and two interceptions , along with cornerback Patrick Robinson , who led the team with four interceptions . Philadelphia had stormed to the top of the NFC by winning 10 of their first 12 games , but suffered a major setback on December 10 , when Wentz went down with a season - ending ACL tear and was replaced by journeyman backup quarterback Nick Foles , who was playing for his third team in as many years and his second stint with the Eagles . Still , Foles was able to lead the team to victory in that game , as well as the next two . The Eagles would lose a meaningless week 17 matchup with the Cowboys led by third - string quarterback Nate Sudfeld . Then in their two playoff games , Foles threw for a combined total of 598 yards and three touchdowns , with no interceptions . New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2017 New England Patriots season Tom Brady in 2016 . The Patriots entered the 2017 NFL season as defending Super Bowl champions . For the 16th time in their 18 seasons under 65 - year old coach Bill Belichick , they recorded a double - digit win season , finishing the regular season with a record of 13 -- 3 , one of four teams ( along with Philadelphia , Minnesota , and Pittsburgh ) with that record . By virtue of the tie - breaking procedures , they were granted the AFC 's number one overall seed in the 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs . The previous season 's top wide receiver Julian Edelman went down in the preseason with a season - ending injury . Early season defensive struggles left the team with a 2 -- 2 record after four weeks , and the worst overall defense in the league at that point . The defense would come together as a unit , and tighten up over the rest of the season however , with the Patriots going 11 -- 1 after week 4 . Their sole loss in the latter part of the season came in Week 14 to the Miami Dolphins , a division rival , though they were without star tight end Rob Gronkowski due to a one game suspension for an unnecessary roughness call the prior week . The Patriots ' defense was improved by several late - season free - agent signings , including Eric Lee , a defensive end , previously from the Buffalo Bills , whom the Patriots signed in Week 12 , and James Harrison , a perennial All - Pro for the Pittsburgh Steelers , whom the Patriots picked up off waivers after Christmas . In just six games for New England , Lee recorded 3 ​ ⁄ sacks , a safety , and an interception . In his only regular season game with the Patriots , Harrison recorded two sacks . During the regular season , New England 's offense led the league in yards gained ( 6,307 ) and ranked second in points scored ( 458 ) . The 40 - year - old Brady finished his 18th season with a league - leading 4,577 passing yards and 32 touchdowns to just eight interceptions , earning him his 13th selection to the Pro Bowl and his third league MVP award . One change which helped make up for the loss of Edelman would be the new acquisition of receiver Brandin Cooks , who caught 65 passes for 1,082 yards and seven touchdowns . Brady was also aided by the healthy return of Gronkowski , who had played just eight games in the previous season , finishing this year with 69 catches for 1,084 yards and eight scores . Receiver Danny Amendola added 61 receptions for 659 yards , as well as another 240 yards returning punts . With the loss of their previous season 's rushing leader LeGarrette Blount to free agency , Dion Lewis stepped up to take the lead , rushing for 896 yards and six touchdowns despite starting only eight games . He also caught 32 passes for 214 yards and two touchdowns , and added 570 yards and another touchdown returning kickoffs . Rex Burkhead chipped in 518 all - purpose yards , 30 receptions , and eight touchdowns . In passing situations , the team relied heavily on running back James White , who caught 56 passes for 429 yards and rushed for 171 on the ground . These backs were aided by the blocking of fullback James Develin , who earned his first Pro Bowl selection . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski ranked second in the NFL with 156 points and fourth in field goals made with 37 , while veteran special team ace Matthew Slater earned his seventh consecutive Pro Bowl selection . The Patriots ' defense ranked only 29th in yards allowed ( 5,856 ) , but ranked fifth in fewest points , giving up only 296 . Defensive end Trey Flowers led the team with 6 ​ ⁄ sacks while also forcing two fumbles . Linebacker Kyle Van Noy had 73 tackles and 5 ​ ⁄ sacks . The Patriots also had a superb secondary , led by cornerbacks Malcolm Butler ( two interceptions , three forced fumbles ) and Stephon Gilmore ( two interceptions , 47 solo tackles ) , as well as safeties Devin McCourty ( 97 combined tackles , one interception , one fumble recovery ) , Patrick Chung ( 84 tackles , one interception , two fumble recoveries ) and Duron Harmon ( four interceptions ) . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2017 -- 18 NFL playoffs In the playoffs , the Patriots earned a first round bye and home - field advantage due to their status as the AFC 's first overall seed . In the divisional round , they defeated the Tennessee Titans 35 -- 14 , as Brady passed for 337 yards and three touchdowns . In that game , the defense amassed eight quarterback sacks of Marcus Mariota and held the Titans ' running game to 65 yards rushing . They then defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars 24 -- 20 in the AFC Championship Game , rallying from behind to win the game after the Jaguars jumped out to an early 14 -- 3 lead and whose league - best defense stymied Brady and the rest of the offense for most of the first half . Down 20 -- 10 in the fourth quarter , the Patriots comeback was sealed by two Brady - led drives , both resulting in touchdown passes to Danny Amendola , as well as a key defensive stop by Stephon Gilmore , whose acrobatic block of a Blake Bortles pass ended Jacksonville 's last chance to score . Rob Gronkowski was injured in the game with a concussion , leaving his status for the Super Bowl in doubt . Amendola would be the breakout star for the Patriots during their two playoff wins , leading the team with 196 receiving yards , and serving as Brady 's primary target . Meanwhile , Philadelphia started off the divisional round by narrowly defeating the Atlanta Falcons 15 -- 10 , by stopping the Falcons on four consecutive plays after they had a first - down - and - goal situation on the Eagles 9 - yard line during their final drive . They then soundly defeated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship Game . Despite the Vikings scoring on their opening drive , the Eagles defense held them to three punts , two turnovers on downs , two interceptions , and one lost fumble in their remaining drives of the game . Meanwhile , Foles had a great game in which he completed 26 of 33 passes for 353 yards and three touchdowns . Pregame notes ( edit ) This game was a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX . Only one player , Patriots starting quarterback Tom Brady , remained on either roster from that contest . Bill Belichick , the Patriots ' head coach in that contest , also remained in that position . Two Eagles , running back LeGarrette Blount and defensive lineman Chris Long , had been Patriots in 2017 's Super Bowl LI . The Patriots were the designated home team for Super Bowl LII , because the AFC team is the designated home team in even - numbered years and the NFC team in odd - numbered years . As the designated home team , the Patriots chose to wear their road white jerseys with navy blue pants , becoming the sixth team to wear their white jerseys as the home team and the third team to wear white in back - to - back Super Bowls , following the Dallas Cowboys in Super Bowls XII and XIII and again in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII . The Eagles therefore wore their standard home uniform of midnight green jerseys with white pants . Twelve of the previous 13 Super Bowls had been won by teams wearing white jerseys . The last team to win a Super Bowl while wearing their home uniforms was the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV ( who , coincidentally , had also worn green jerseys . ) Operations ( edit ) Security prescreening at the Mall of America before boarding the Metro Blue Line to U.S. Bank Stadium . To coordinate the game and 10 days of events , the National Football League temporarily operated an events office within the Minnesota Vikings office building next to U.S. Bank Stadium . More than 150,000 visitors were expected to attend events associated with the Super Bowl over ten days . Among them were some 5,000 - plus media members ; media day events and press conferences were held at The Mall of America in Bloomington , Minnesota . No sales tax was collected on admission tickets to the game and related events , including parking . To increase security around U.S. Bank Stadium , the stadium 's light rail station was shut down for 48 hours before the game , and a nearby homeless shelter was temporarily moved beyond the security perimeter . The Blue Line of the light rail system was only open to ticketholders and passengers with a Gameday Pass , while the Green Line only ran to Stadium Village station on the University of Minnesota campus before continuing on with restricted access . Metro Transit ran shuttle buses between light rail stations , as well as regular bus service was moved for several weeks due to street closures . Thirty activist groups organized a rally and protest against police brutality , corporate greed , and racist practices . 17 people blocked the Green Line train for 90 minutes before the game , and 200 protesters blocked an entrance to the stadium 's security perimeter . Under a 1998 agreement , the Patriots and Eagles owners split the tickets , and the league controlled the game presentation and entertainment in the stadium . The Patriots practiced at the Minnesota Vikings facilities in Eden Prairie while the Eagles used the University of Minnesota . The Eagles got the Vikings ' locker room and sideline . The Vikings had advanced to the NFC Championship Game before losing to the Eagles ; until that point , the possibility of the Vikings advancing to the Super Bowl and thus becoming the first team to play the game in its home stadium was plausible . Had that happened , the Vikings would have used their own locker rooms and training facilities while the AFC champion would have used the University of Minnesota . Associated events ( edit ) Nicollet Mall hosted the outdoor Super Bowl Live festival during the lead - up to the game . The Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee presented Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall in downtown Minneapolis . This ten - day free festival and concert series featured Sheila E. , the Revolution , Morris Day and the Time , and the New Power Generation , musicians from Minnesota who collaborated with Prince , a Minneapolis native . Produced by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis , Super Bowl Live also included performances by Idina Menzel , Soul Asylum , the Suburbs , Bob Mould , Sounds of Blackness , Dessa , VocalEssence , Mint Condition , and the Jets . In addition to the concert series , Super Bowl Live featured a 200 - foot ( 61 m ) American Birkebeiner International Bridge on Nicollet Mall to showcase cross-country skiing , skijoring , fat - tire bicycle racing , and snow tubing demonstrations . There was also a snowmobile stunt show on February 3 . The NFL presented the Super Bowl Experience at the Minneapolis Convention Center from January 27 to February 3 with an entrance fee . Kelly Clarkson performed at the Minneapolis Armory and a U.S. Bank Stadium lounge on the day of the Super Bowl . The Minneapolis Armory also hosted Jennifer Lopez , Imagine Dragons , and Pink concerts close to U.S. Bank Stadium . Pink also performed the national anthem before the Super Bowl . Halftime performer Justin Timberlake held a ticketed `` listening session '' of his newest album at Prince 's Paisley Park . Dave Matthews Band will perform at Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul . The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community 's Mystic Lake Casino hosted Gwen Stefani , the Chainsmokers , Florida Georgia Line , and Kygo . Planners originally scheduled a 64,000 - square - foot ( 5,900 m ) traveling nightclub for 9500 people , but cancelled , moving its concerts into the main casino . Ellie Goulding 's appearance with Kygo was cancelled at the same time . The Mystic Lake Casino in Prior Lake , Minnesota , has the second - largest hotel in the Twin Cities metropolitan area , and Prior Lake hosted Super Bowl - week events including winter activities , a hotdish competition , and fundraisers . Other events were held at the Mall of America ( including Radio Row as a home for national shows ) , Saint Paul 's RiverCentre and Xcel Energy Center , the Minnesota Vikings ' Winter Park location in Eden Prairie , and the University of Minnesota . `` Taste of the NFL '' is a fundraiser for food banks and was held in Saint Paul . Minneapolis also offered a temporary zip - line across the Mississippi River near downtown . The Luminary Loppet around Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis featured fire dancing , an ice pyramid , and luminary candles at night . The 2018 Saint Paul Winter Carnival took place leading up to , during and after the Super Bowl . Carnival organizers built a large ice palace to coincide with the Super Bowl festivities , as with Super Bowl XXVI in 1992 . The ice palace was planned , cancelled for lack of funds , then re-announced with sponsors . Events in Saint Paul will also include an extreme sports demonstration , a `` giant slide '' , and a block party . Officials in the capital city hoped to attract Minneapolis Super Bowl visitors . The Minneapolis Institute of Art had a free 20 - by - 40 - foot ( 6.1 m × 12.2 m ) , 6 - foot - tall ( 1.8 m ) ice maze . The Great Northern was a winter festival in the Twin Cities from January 25 to February 4 which included the U.S. Pond Hockey Championships , an ice bar , and an `` urban ski competition '' . ESPN broadcast its studio programming from the IDS Center in downtown Minneapolis , while Golf Channel ( a sister network of Super Bowl LII broadcaster NBC ) aired two live episodes of David Feherty 's eponymous series from the State Theatre . Native American communities of Minnesota performed nightly drum ceremonies . Various drumlines from around the state performed at different locations throughout the day . Broadcasting ( edit ) United States ( edit ) NBC broadcast Super Bowl LII , as part of an annual cycle between the three main broadcast television partners of the NFL . NBC 's lead NFL team of play - by - play man Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth called the game . Sister cable network Universo carried a full Spanish language broadcast produced by Telemundo Deportes , with Edgar Lopez and Rene Giraldo . The Universo Spanish audio was also available on NBC through the SAP channel , where available . This was the last game in Westwood One 's current national radio contract with the NFL . Each participating team 's flagship station ( the Patriots Radio Network 's WBZ - FM / Boston , and the Eagles Radio Network 's WIP - FM / Philadelphia , along with WEMG / Camden , New Jersey for Spanish play - by - play ) carried the game with local announcers . ( For the second consecutive year , none of the local flagships are clear - channel stations , and thus the local commentators were only audible for free within each respective team 's immediate metropolitan area ; listeners who live outside the flagship stations ' broadcast ranges were required to subscribe to Sirius XM Radio or TuneIn Premium to access the local broadcasts . ) Under the terms of the Westwood One contract , any radio station that is not a local flagship , if it is to carry the game , is required to utilize the Westwood One feed . It was the first title win called by Eagles play - by - play announcer Merrill Reese , who has been the primary radio voice of the team since 1977 . Online streams of the game were provided by NBC . It was available on NBCSports.com , the NBC Sports app for mobile devices , tablets , connected - TV devices , and NBC.com without any required login . The Spanish - language broadcast was available on the Telemundo Deportes En Vivo app and TelemundoDeportes.com for desktop devices , connected TV devices , and tablets but not mobile devices . Under new digital rights deals that began with the 2017 -- 18 playoffs , Verizon still offers mobile streaming of games , but no longer holds exclusive rights to stream NFL games on smartphones or make them exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers . Instead , Verizon elected to use use the deal to bolster its recent acquisition of Yahoo ! ; on January 9 , 2018 , Verizon announced that it would host streams of playoff games through the Yahoo ! Sports and go90 app , including Super Bowl LII . As a result of the deal , the online stream was available to viewers on all Internet devices for the first time , regardless of network ( because of Verizon 's previous exclusive rights deal , non-Verizon phones had previously been blocked from receiving any NFL telecasts , regardless of source ) . The game was also available through the NFL Mobile app with the aforementioned change to viewing through the app now being allowed on all mobile carriers . Dan Patrick and Liam McHugh served as the lead hosts for NBC 's pre-game coverage . Mike Tirico , who replaced the retiring Bob Costas in 2017 as NBC 's lead studio host for both the NFL and the Olympic Games , did not participate in coverage of Super Bowl LII due to his commitments to prepare for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea ( which opened on the Friday following the game ) . Nielsen reported a 47.4 / 70 % overnight rating in metered markets , peaking at 52.2 / 74 during the fourth quarter . These numbers are about 3 % lower than early numbers from Super Bowl LI , and the lowest since Super Bowl XLIV in 2010 . Advertising ( edit ) Dan Lovinger , NBC Sports Group executive vice president of ad sales , stated to Variety in July 2017 that the network was seeking a price `` north of $5 million '' ( the price set for the previous two Super Bowls ) for a 30 - second commercial during Super Bowl LII . Taking advantage of the 2018 Winter Olympics that begins five days after the Super Bowl ( which will mark the first time since 1992 that a single broadcast network will air both the Super Bowl and Winter Olympics in the same year ) , NBC disclosed plans to offer advertising packages that cover both Super Bowl LII and the Olympics . NBC estimated that it would bring in at least $1 billion in advertising revenue from the two events . During the second quarter , an equipment failure caused NBC 's broadcast to experience dead air for 30 seconds during a commercial break . No actual commercial time was lost . Anheuser - Busch has , as it has done in previous Super Bowls , purchased multiple commercials in the game , advertising Bud Light , Stella Artois and Michelob Ultra . For the first time since Super Bowl VIII , the company would downsize the appearances of the Budweiser Clydesdales in a Super Bowl commercial . However , a Clydesdale was featured in a commercial for Tide detergent and the Budweiser Clydesdales only appeared in a 5 - second Budweiser commercial to remind viewers of the `` ClydesdaleCam '' livestreaming event . Other signed advertisers included The Coca - Cola Company and Avocados from Mexico . Cellphone carrier T - Mobile aired a minute long ad with actress Kerry Washington narrating , featuring babies of various ethnic backgrounds . The commercial also features Nirvana 's song `` All Apologies '' played as a lullaby . In the ad , Washington talks about the babies being born with natural instincts of love and not racism calling them `` unstoppable '' and that they will demand fair and equal pay . T - Mobile CEO John Legere posted to his Twitter account afterwards saying , `` This year , we wanted to use our # SuperBowl airtime to share that @ TMobile believes we all started in the same place . We are more alike than different . And we are unstoppable . '' Fiat Chrysler subsidiary Ram Trucks was met with swift and harsh criticism for its use of Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr 's sermon `` The Drum Major Instinct '' . Major news outlets and social media erupted in the controversy . Particularly disturbing to many viewers was the selective exploitation of King 's anti-consumerist , anti-advertising speech in an attempt to sell trucks . Lead - out programs ( edit ) NBC 's lead - out program was an episode of This Is Us , titled `` Super Bowl Sunday '' , alongside a special episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from Minneapolis ' Orpheum Theatre , with halftime performer Justin Timberlake , Dwayne Johnson , Chris Stapleton and the cast of This Is Us as guests . In a surprise move , Netflix used its advertising time to announce it had acquired the rights to The Cloverfield Paradox , the third film in the Cloverfield series , and would make it available immediately after the game , potentially undercutting viewership of the lucrative post-game slot on NBC . International broadcasts ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) The Super Bowl was shown live by ESPN Brasil , with Paulo Antunes and Everaldo Marques as the announcers for the evening . It was also shown live on Cinemark , Cinépolis , Kinoplex and UCI movie theaters across the country . Canada ( edit ) The U.S. telecasts of Super Bowl LII were available through local U.S. broadcast stations that are carried on Canadian cable and satellite providers , as well as on border blasters near the International Boundary . The last appeals attempting to force simultaneous substitution , as had been allowed through Super Bowl 50 but had been repealed in 2016 , over the telecasts were exhausted in December 2017 . Bell Canada holds broadcast rights for local stations in Canada and aired the game across its networks on CTV , CTV Two , RDS ( for French ) , TSN Radio and TSN2 ; TSN 's regional networks did not carry the game due to a schedule conflict with the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts , the national women 's curling championship . Bell reprised the previous year 's usage of a sweepstakes and entertainment features to retain Canadian audiences . On RDS , the announcer was David Arsenault with Pierre Vercheval as analyst and Didier Orméjuste on the sidelines . United kingdom ( edit ) As per recent years , the Super Bowl was shown live on the BBC for no additional cost over the license fee . It was also available on Sky Sports with a subscription , through a Now TV Sports Pass , or as part of the NFL Gamepass Playoffs package . In a change to tradition , the BBC chose to use NBC 's feed instead of the NFL Films and NFL Network produced World Feed . Germany ( edit ) ProSieben broadcast the Super Bowl for the first time , after it had previously been on sister channel Sat. 1 since Super Bowl XLVI . It was shown for no additional cost in standard - definition and on ProSieben HD in high - definition on HD+ as well as multiple cable and IPTV providers . It was also available on internet streaming service DAZN for no cost in addition to the regular subscription fee . France ( edit ) beIn Sports2 and W9 broadcast the event . U.S. military bases ( edit ) American Forces Network carried the Super Bowl live to members of the United States Armed Forces in Eurasia . Entertainment ( edit ) Pregame ( edit ) The inside of the stadium on game day . Pink performed `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , while Leslie Odom Jr. sang `` America the Beautiful '' . Pink spit out a throat lozenge shortly before singing the anthem , later verified after many commentators thought she had spit out a piece of gum . She reported being ill with flu symptoms during her performance . No players were observed kneeling during the national anthem , in contrast to the protests that happened earlier in the 2017 and 2016 seasons . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show Justin Timberlake performs on piano alongside projected archive footage of Prince during the Super Bowl LII halftime show . Justin Timberlake headlined the Super Bowl LII halftime show , along with his band `` The Tennessee Kids '' and featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band . Timberlake performed in two previous Super Bowls : Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 as a member of NSYNC , and Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 with Janet Jackson . Timberlake 's performance drew criticism for not being `` spectacular '' , looking to be safe and avoid incidents such as the infamous `` wardrobe malfunction '' encountered during his performance with Jackson , and for incorporating a video of Prince , who opposed performances combining the dead and the living . Game Summary ( edit ) First half ( edit ) A Philadelphia Eagles handoff during the first quarter . The New England Patriots won the opening coin toss and elected to defer to the second half . The Patriots kicked to the Eagles who opened with a long time consuming drive of 7 : 05 and resulted in a 25 - yard Jake Elliott field goal , giving the Eagles a 3 -- 0 lead . The drive was controlled by the arm of Eagles quarterback Nick Foles , who went 6 - for - 9 for 61 yards and completed passes to five different receivers , with a few short runs by LeGarrette Blount and Jay Ajayi littered in . Foles also made two critical completions on third down plays , hitting Alshon Jeffery for a 17 - yard gain on third - and - 4 , and later finding Torrey Smith for 15 yards on third - and - 12 . The Patriots responded with a drive of their own , almost with the exact same results ; quarterback Tom Brady going 6 - for - 8 for 60 yards to four different receivers , the longest a 28 - yard pass to Chris Hogan . The drive stalled out on the Eagles 8 - yard line , where they had to settle for Stephen Gostkowski 's 26 - yard field goal , tying the game at 3 -- 3 . The game 's first touchdown was scored by the Eagles on the next drive , taking only three plays : a short pass from Foles to Nelson Agholor , a 36 - yard run up the middle by Blount , and a 34 - yard touchdown pass from Foles to Jeffery to the left side of the field . The ensuing extra point missed as it was wide right , however , leaving the score at 9 -- 3 . On the next Patriots drive , they took the ball to the Philadelphia 11 - yard line , mainly on the strength of a 50 - yard completion from Brady to Danny Amendola , where the quarter ended . With the second quarter under way , the Patriots came away empty - handed on the drive , as Gostkowski missed a 26 - yard field goal attempt after holder Ryan Allen mishandled the snap . New England 's defense forced the game 's only punt on the next drive . On the following drive , Brady completed a 23 - yard pass to Brandin Cooks , but a hard hit by defender Malcolm Jenkins knocked the receiver out of the game . On third down from near mid-field , the Patriots attempted a trick play that involved two handoffs and a pass downfield to Tom Brady . Brady was open , but dropped the throw from Amendola . They went for it on fourth down , and a pass intended for tight end Rob Gronkowski fell incomplete , giving the Eagles the ball on their own 35 - yard line on a turnover - on - downs . The Eagles capitalized on a drive featuring two key completions , a 19 - yard catch by Zach Ertz on third - and - 7 , and a 22 - yard reception by Jeffery on the Patriots 21 - yard line . On the next play , a 21 - yard rumble by Blount gave the Eagles another touchdown . They attempted a two - point conversion , which failed , bringing the score to 15 -- 3 . The Patriots quickly struck back , as Brady completed a 46 - yard pass to Rex Burkhead on the first play after the kickoff . But the team could only gain two more yards , resulting in Gostkowski 's 45 - yard field goal that got the score to 15 -- 6 . The Eagles got the ball back with 7 : 24 on the clock and looked poised to score another touchdown when a 26 - yard run by Ajayi gave them a first down on the Patriots 43 - yard line . But on the next play , Foles threw a pass that bounced off Jeffery as he tried to make a one - handed catch and went into the hands of Patriots safety Duron Harmon for an interception , which he returned eight yards to the 10 - yard line . The Patriots took advantage of the turnover with a seven - play , 90 - yard drive , featuring a 43 - yard completion from Brady to Hogan . On the next play , James White scored with a 26 - yard touchdown run , after which Gostkowski missed the extra point , with the score at 15 -- 12 . Eagles running back Kenjon Barner returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to his own 30 - yard line as time ran down to the two - minute warning . Two plays later on third - and - 3 , Foles completed a short pass to running back Corey Clement , who took off for a 55 - yard gain to the New England 8 - yard line . Then he ran the ball six yards to the two - yard line . Two plays later , Philadelphia faced fourth - and - goal on the 1 - yard line with 38 seconds left on the clock . Deciding to go for the touchdown , they attempted a similar trick play to the one that had failed for the Patriots earlier . As Foles stepped up to the running back position , Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball perfectly to Foles , who was wide open in the right side of the end zone . Foles caught the football , making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl , and the ensuing extra point was good , giving the Eagles a 22 -- 12 lead , which was taken into the locker room following a short drive by the Patriots . The first half resulted in numerous Super Bowl records from both teams , including most total yards combined ( 673 ) . This was also the first time two quarterbacks had thrown for over 200 yards in the first half of a Super Bowl , with Brady throwing for 276 yards and Foles throwing for 215 yards . Second half ( edit ) The Patriots received the second - half kickoff and Brady led New England 75 yards in eight plays . Gronkowski , who only caught one pass for nine yards in the first half , caught five passes for 68 yards on the drive , the last a 5 - yard touchdown reception to make the score 22 - 19 . The Eagles responded by moving the ball 85 yards in 11 plays on a drive that consumed less than five minutes and featured three critical third down conversions by Foles . The first was a 17 - yard pass to Agholor on third - and - 6 from the Eagles 19 - yard line . Later in the drive , he thew a 14 - yard completion to Ertz on third - and - 1 from the New England 40 - yard line . Finally , he finished the possession with a 22 - yard touchdown pass to Clement on third - and - 6 . The touchdown was held up by a replay review , but replay officials confirmed that Clement kept both feet inbounds and controlled the ball . An Elliott extra point brought the score to 29 -- 19 in favor of the Eagles . Brady responded with a 10 - play , 75 - yard drive , completing all three of his passes for 61 yards , the last one a 26 - yard touchdown pass to Hogan that brought the score to 29 -- 26 . The Eagles followed with an 8 - play , 51 - yard drive featuring a 24 - yard completion from Foles to Agholor on the first play . By the end of the third quarter , the team had made it to the New England 16 - yard line . The Eagles opened the fourth quarter scoring with a Jake Elliott field goal to bring the score to 32 -- 26 . However , Brady came back with another 75 - yard drive featuring a 30 - yard reception by Amendola and ending with a four - yard pass to Gronkowski , his second touchdown of the game , giving the Patriots their first lead of the game with the score at 33 -- 32 . On their next drive , the Eagles faced third - and - 6 after two plays , but were able to keep the ball with a 7 - yard catch by Ertz . Eventually , they faced a fourth - and - 1 on their own 45 - yard line with 5 : 39 left in the game . Deciding to go for the conversion rather than punt , Foles completed a 2 - yard pass to Ertz that kept the drive alive . Then after a 1 - yard Blount run , he picked up three consecutive first downs with three passes to Agholor for gains of 10 , 18 , and 10 yards , respectively , moving the ball to the New England 14 - yard line . Following a 3 - yard run by Ajayi , Foles threw a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Ertz with 2 : 21 remaining in the game . The play was held up on review , as Ertz lost the ball after touching the ground in the end zone ; it was however determined that he established himself as a runner and also maintained control of the ball as he broke the plane of the goal line . However , a failed two - point conversion left the Eagles with a 38 -- 33 lead . On the Patriots ' next drive , Eagles defensive end Brandon Graham stripped the ball from Brady on the drive 's second play for the only sack of the game for either team . Defensive end Derek Barnett of the Eagles recovered the ball , allowing the Eagles to run the clock down to 1 : 05 and forcing New England to use up all their remaining timeouts . Elliott then kicked a 46 - yard field goal , putting Philadelphia ahead by eight points , with the score at 41 -- 33 , and New England needing a touchdown and a two - point conversion to tie the game and send it into overtime . After nine plays ( one of them a 13 - yard catch by Amendola on fourth - and - 10 ) , Brady reached the 49 - yard line , and with only nine seconds remaining , he threw a Hail Mary pass to the end zone , to no avail . When time expired , the Eagles had won their first Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history , and their first league championship since 1960 . Game Statistics ( edit ) The trophy presentation after the game . The combined 74 points scored by both teams was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75 , set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995 ; it and this game marked only the second time in the game 's history where the two teams combined for 70 + points . The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams ( combined ) with 1,151 yards , the most for any single game , regular season or postseason . The game had many other Super Bowl records set as well , including fewest punts from both teams ( one ) , most yards gained by a team ( 613 for New England ) and most points scored by a losing team ( 33 ) . Foles completed 28 - of - 43 passes for 373 yards and three touchdowns , with one interception , and caught a touchdown pass . Clement , who caught only 10 passes for 123 yards and two touchdowns during the season , was the Eagles leading receiver with four receptions for 100 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for eight yards . Agholor had nine receptions for 84 yards . Blount was the game 's top rusher with 90 yards and a touchdown . Brady completed 28 - of - 48 passes for 505 yards and three touchdowns , breaking the record for most passing yards in a Super Bowl that he had set in the previous season . Amendola was his top target with eight receptions for 152 yards , while Hogan had six for 128 yards and a touchdown and Gronkowski caught nine passes for 116 yards and two scores . Box score ( edit ) Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots -- Game summary Total Eagles 9 13 7 12 41 Patriots 9 14 7 33 at U.S. Bank Stadium , Minneapolis , Minnesota Date : February 4 , 2018 Game time : 5 : 31 p.m. CST Game weather : Played indoors ( domed stadium ) Game attendance : 67,612 Referee : Gene Steratore TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels , Cris Collinsworth , Michele Tafoya Recap , Game Book ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP PHI NE 7 : 55 14 67 7 : 05 PHI 25 - yard field goal by Elliott 0 4 : 17 9 67 3 : 38 NE 26 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 2 : 34 77 1 : 43 PHI Jeffery 34 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick no good ( wide right ) 9 8 : 48 6 65 3 : 05 PHI Blount 21 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass no good 15 7 : 24 5 48 1 : 24 NE 45 - yard field goal by Gostkowski 15 6 2 : 04 7 90 2 : 57 NE White 26 - yard touchdown run , Gostkowski kick no good ( wide left ) 15 12 0 : 34 7 70 1 : 30 PHI Foles 1 - yard touchdown reception from Burton , Elliott kick good 22 12 12 : 15 8 75 2 : 45 NE Gronkowski 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 22 19 7 : 18 11 85 4 : 57 PHI Clement 22 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , Elliott kick good 29 19 3 : 23 7 75 3 : 55 NE Hogan 26 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 29 26 14 : 09 8 51 4 : 14 PHI 42 - yard field goal by Elliott 32 26 9 : 22 10 75 4 : 47 NE Gronkowski 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 32 33 2 : 21 14 75 7 : 01 PHI Ertz 11 - yard touchdown reception from Foles , 2 - point pass no good 38 33 1 : 05 1 : 04 PHI 46 - yard field goal by Elliott 41 33 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 41 33 Final Statistics ( edit ) Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Philadelphia Eagles New England Patriots First downs 25 29 First downs rushing 6 First downs passing 19 23 First downs penalty 0 Third down efficiency 10 / 16 5 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 2 / 2 1 / 2 Total net yards 538 613 Net yards rushing 164 113 Rushing attempts 27 22 Yards per rush 6.1 5.1 Net yards passing 374 500 Passing -- completions / attempts 29 / 44 28 / 49 Times sacked -- total yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 5 Interceptions thrown 0 Punt returns -- total yards 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Kickoff returns -- total yards 4 -- 98 3 -- 44 Interceptions -- total return yards 0 -- 0 1 -- 8 Punts -- average yardage 1 -- 41 0 -- 0 Fumbles -- lost 0 -- 0 1 -- 1 Penalties -- yards 6 -- 35 1 -- 5 Time of possession 34 : 04 25 : 56 Turnovers The lone Eagles punt was received with a fair catch . Records set ( Unless otherwise noted , all records were only Super Bowl records ) Most yards allowed 613 Philadelphia Eagles Most yards allowed in a win 613 Most Super Bowl appearances , as team 10 New England Patriots Most Points Scored in a Super Bowl , losing team 33 Most Total Yards , team ( game ) 613 Most Passing Yards , team ( postseason game ) 500 Fewest Punts , team ( game ) 0 Most players , 100 - or - more receiving yards ( Amendola 152 , Hogan 128 , Gronkowski 116 ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as player 8 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as starting player 8 Most pass attempts , player ( career ) 357 Most pass completions , player ( career ) 235 Most passing yards , player ( any postseason game ) 505 Most passing yards , player ( career ) 2,576 Most touchdown passes , player ( career ) 18 Oldest quarterback , as player 40 years 185 days Oldest quarterback , as starting player 40 years 185 days Most Super Bowl appearances , as head coach 8 Bill Belichick ( New England ) Most Super Bowl appearances , as coach 11 Most Super Bowl appearances , in any capacity 11 Most TD Receptions , as quarterback ( game ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia ) Most TD Receptions , as quarterback ( career ) Most Super Bowl games with TD Pass and TD Reception Longest field goal kicked by a rookie 46 yards Jake Elliott ( Philadelphia ) Most receiving yards , game , tight end 116 Rob Gronkowski ( New England ) Most Total Yards , both teams ( any NFL game ) 1,151 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most First Downs Passing , both teams ( game ) 42 Most Passing Yards , both teams ( any postseason game ) 874 Most Missed PAT Conversions , both teams ( game ) Fewest Punts , both teams ( game ) Records tied Fewest Times Sacked , as team ( game ) 0 Philadelphia Eagles Fewest Fumbles , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest Fumbles Lost , as team ( game ) 0 Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Missed PAT Conversions , as team ( game ) Most Super Bowl losses , as team 5 New England Patriots Fewest punt returns , as team ( game ) 0 Most Super Bowl appearances , as kicker 5 Stephen Gostkowski ( New England ) Most Pass Attempts with no Interceptions ( game ) 48 Tom Brady ( New England ) Most Field Goals , both teams ( game ) 5 Philadelphia Eagles vs. New England Patriots Most First Downs , both teams ( game ) 54 Most Pass Attempts , both teams ( game ) 93 Most Touchdown Passes , both teams ( game ) 7 Fewest Times Sacked , both teams ( game ) Fewest Punt Returns , both teams ( game ) 0 Fewest Punt Return Yards , both teams ( game ) 0 Individual statistics ( edit ) Eagles passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Nick Foles 28 / 43 373 Trey Burton 1 / 1 0 Eagles rushing Car Yds TD LG LeGarrette Blount 14 90 36 Jay Ajayi 9 57 0 26 Nelson Agholor 9 0 9 Corey Clement 8 0 6 Eagles receiving Rec Yds TD LG Nelson Agholor 9 84 0 24 Zach Ertz 7 67 19 Torrey Smith 5 49 0 17 Corey Clement 100 55 Alshon Jeffery 73 34 Nick Foles Trey Burton 0 0 0 0 Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Tom Brady 28 / 48 505 0 Danny Amendola 0 / 1 0 0 0 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG James White 7 45 26 Dion Lewis 9 39 0 8 Rex Burkhead 18 0 9 Tom Brady 6 0 6 Chris Hogan 0 Brandin Cooks 0 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Rob Gronkowski 9 116 25 Danny Amendola 8 152 0 50 Chris Hogan 6 128 43 James White 21 0 15 Rex Burkhead 46 0 46 Brandin Cooks 23 0 23 Phillip Dorsett 19 0 19 Tom Brady 0 0 0 0 James Develin 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Philadelphia Position Position New England Offense Alshon Jeffery WR Brandin Cooks Halapoulivaati Vaitai LT Nate Solder Stefen Wisniewski LG Joe Thuney Jason Kelce David Andrews Brandon Brooks RG Shaq Mason Lane Johnson RT Cameron Fleming Zach Ertz TE Rob Gronkowski Nelson Agholor WR Chris Hogan Nick Foles QB Tom Brady LeGarrette Blount RB Dion Lewis Torrey Smith WR FB James Develin Defense Vinny Curry DE LE Trey Flowers Timmy Jernigan DT Lawrence Guy Fletcher Cox DT Malcom Brown Brandon Graham DE LB James Harrison Mychal Kendricks OLB LB Kyle Van Noy Nigel Bradham OLB LB Elandon Roberts Jalen Mills CB RCB Stephon Gilmore Ronald Darby CB LCB Eric Rowe Corey Graham Patrick Chung Rodney McLeod Devin McCourty Malcolm Jenkins Duron Harmon Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl LII had eight officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicate their uniform numbers . Referee : Gene Steratore ( 114 ) Umpire : Roy Ellison ( 81 ) Down judge : Jerry Bergman ( 91 ) Line judge : Byron Boston ( 18 ) Field judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Side judge : Scott Edwards ( 3 ) Back judge : Perry Paganelli ( 46 ) Replay official : Paul Weidner This was Steratore 's first Super Bowl as a referee , though he had been previously selected as an alternate for Super Bowl XLIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Super Bowl odds , line : Eagles are big underdogs again , this time against Patriots '' . cbssports.com . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Officials Named '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Referee GENE STERATORE will lead the seven - person crew of on - field game officials selected to work Super Bowl LII on Sunday , February 4 at U.S. Bank Stadium , the NFL announced today Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles beat New England Patriots in Super Bowl XLII '' . The Cincinnati Enquirer . February 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 4 , 2018 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanzus , Dan ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` P ! NK to perform national anthem at Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Timberlake headlines Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show '' . National Football League . October 22 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . We will have three cities competing for Super Bowl LII : New Orleans , Minneapolis and Indianapolis Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVI -- New York Giants vs. New England Patriots -- February 5th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowls in New Orleans : All 10 of them ! '' . NOLA.com . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLVII -- San Francisco 49ers vs. Baltimore Ravens -- February 3rd , 2013 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Tricentennial -- The 300th Anniversary '' . NOLA 2018 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Watch : Eagles ' Patrick Robinson Returns Interception 50 Yards for a Touchdown '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Henry ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Reviewing sad state of Patriots defense after Week 4 loss to Panthers '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Lee Statistics '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison notches two sacks in debut as Patriots wrap up AFC home - field advantage '' . USA Today . December 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Four Patriots Selected to the AFC Pro Bowl Squad '' . Patriots.com . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New England Patriots Schedule & Game Results '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011301/2017/POST19/titans@patriots?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000906166&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL playoffs schedule , Super Bowl LII coverage '' . ESPN . January 4 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/gamecenter/2018011300/2017/POST19/falcons@eagles?icampaign=GC_schedule_rr#menu=gameinfo%7CcontentId%3A0ap3000000905891&tab=recap Archived February 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NFL Weekly League Schedule '' . Pro Football Reference . January 23 , 2018 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Danny ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` The Super Bowl Rematch That Is n't '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krammer , Andrew ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trading places : Eagles ' LeGarrette Blount , Chris Long bring Patriots intel to Philadelphia huddles '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` New England Patriots to wear white in Super Bowl LII '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Why it 's better to wear white on Super Bowl Sunday '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hartman , Sid ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Hartman : Twin Cities setting stage for Super Bowl LII in grand fashion '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruch , Michelle ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Navigating the Super Bowl '' . Southwest Journal . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl '' . Minnesota Department of Revenue . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. Bank Stadium rail stop wo n't be an option in 48 hours before Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mayerle , Jennifer ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Homeless Shelter To Temporarily Move During Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Tim ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` A month of Super Bowl disruptions ahead for Metro Transit riders '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ; Pheifer , Pat ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl will limit light - rail use to ticket holders on game day '' . Star - Tribune . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2018 . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ; Pheifer , Pat ; Sawyer , Liz ; Adler , Erin ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Protesters block light rail , rally outside U.S. Bank Stadium '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings would play Super Bowl as visitor in their home stadium '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Rochelle ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` Minneapolis Super Bowl Host Committee raises $50 million , plans street closures '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` A ' very Minnesota ' Super Bowl Live lineup announced for free concerts on mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Birkebeiner Bridge will be part of Super Bowl Live on Nicollet Mall '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets for Super Bowl Experience ' theme park ' go on sale Tuesday '' . TwinCities.com . December 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kelly Clarkson to headline game - day parties for Super Bowl LII ticket holders '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Norfleet , Nicole ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remodeled Minneapolis Armory to host days - long entertainment during Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2017 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raihala , Ross ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lopez , the Chainsmokers to play local concerts during Super Bowl '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Imagine Dragons to play Armory during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pink added to Super Bowl concert lineup at Armory '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake to party at Prince 's Paisley Park during Super Bowl week '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sawyer , Liz ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake helps tout Prior Lake as suburban epicenter for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riemenschneider , Chris ; Olson , Rochelle ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Club Nomadic canceled at Mystic Lake , concerts move to much smaller venues '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Massive traveling nightclub with expected big acts coming to Mystic Lake for Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Mystic Lake slashes prices , loses one act in Super Bowl concert mix '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ December 15 , 2017 . `` There 's still time to get paid to work the Super Bowl '' . KARE . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Andy ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Suburbs ready for NFL weekend '' . Sun ThisWeek . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Fans can watch Super Bowl players , coach , national media at St. Paul pregame party '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` For Super Bowl , Minneapolis can expect rooftop snipers , restricted access and lots of security '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl tickets available Friday -- for Taste of the NFL event '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zipline across the Mississippi River during Super Bowl festival '' . Fox9.com . Fox Television Stations . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival considering an ice palace for 2018 at the State Capitol '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walsh , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul Winter Carnival plans to build ice castle after all '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick ( May 24 , 2014 ) . `` St. Paul hopes to cash in on Super Bowl with palace - sized plans '' . Twin Cities Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCardle , Ellery ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SB52 : Ice palace returning to St. Paul 's Winter Carnival '' . KARE . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Olivia ; Woltman , Nick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Haunted by 1992 , St. Paul Winter Carnival cancels Super Bowl ice palace '' . St. Paul Pioneer Press . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Van Berkel , Jessie ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` St. Paul has big plans to capitalize on Super Bowl tourism '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Maze Coming To South Minneapolis Ahead Of Super Bowl '' . CBS Minnesota . CBS Corporation . January 2 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Your Definitive Guide To Super Bowl LII '' . Forbes Travel Guide . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ESPN chooses IDS Crystal Court for Super Bowl week set '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Feherty Hosting Back - to - Back Nights of `` Feherty Live '' in Minneapolis During Week of Super Bowl `` . Golf Channel . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Drumline to Perform Saturday at Super Bowl Live ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Drumline helps kick off Super Bowl Live event '' . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spain , Kevin ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` NBC looking to sell Super Bowl , Olympics ad combos '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC SPORTS ANNOUNCES SUPER BOWL LII ON - AIR TEAM FOR PATRIOTS - EAGLES -- NETWORK 'S 19TH SUPER BOWL BROADCAST '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TELEMUNDO DEPORTES & UNIVERSO TO ONCE AGAIN PRESENT LIVE , EXCLUSIVE SPANISH - LANGUAGE NFL GAMES THIS SEASON -- INCLUDING SUPER BOWL LII '' ( Press release ) . NBC Sports Group . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL and Dial Global Agree on New Multi-Year Extension '' . Dial Global Sports . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clapp , Matt ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's the Philadelphia Eagles ' radio call of the final play to win Super Bowl LII '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Desk , TV News . `` Spanish - Language Live Super Bowl Telecast Will Be Presented by Telemundo Deportes and Universo '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Yahoo Sports will start streaming NFL playoff games this weekend , says Oath CEO Tim Armstrong '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Verizon , NFL agree to new 5 - year deal worth nearly $2.5 billion '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` NFL games will start streaming on all mobile carriers in January -- not just Verizon '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas wo n't work Super Bowl for NBC , even though he 's also not working the Olympics '' . AwfulAnnouncing.com . January 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2018 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why NBC 's Mike Tirico will be skipping the Super Bowl in Minneapolis '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ratings Slip To 8 - Year Low As Eagles Score Historic Win '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Madison Avenue , NBC Wrangle Over $5 Million Super Bowl Ads ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fry , Erika ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads Ca n't Save TV '' . Fortune ( print mail distribution ) : 11 . ISSN 0015 - 8259 ... and pay rapt attention to commercials that cost roughly $5 million a ( 30 - second ) pop . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Expects More Than $1 Billion in Ad Sales from Super Bowl , Winter Olympics '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What caused a nearly 30 - second ad blackout during Super Bowl '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian . `` NBC blames ' equipment failure ' for brief blackout during Super Bowl '' . CNNMoney . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser benches famous Clydesdales for Super Bowl LII '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` T - Mobile 's ad : Nirvana , Kerry Washington and a timely statement about equality '' . Money.Cnn.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' To Air After the Super Bowl , Mulls Christmas Episode As It Faces Pre-emptions On New Night '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jimmy Fallon to host ' Tonight Show ' live from Minneapolis after Super Bowl '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Justin , Neal ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Fallon unveils guests for Mpls . Super Bowl show : Timberlake , the Rock , ' This Is Us ' cast '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mike ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Why Netflix 's surprise ' Cloverfield Paradox ' release could be a game - changer '' . Market Watch . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DOBBY , CHRISTINE ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Bell loses court appeal of CRTC 's Super Bowl ad ruling '' . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2018 -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` CTV 'S $300,000 Watch to Win Contest is Back -- Article -- TSN '' . January 29 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : TV channel , kick - off time and half - time show for Super Bowl 52 at the US Bank Stadium '' . The Sun . January 12 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Football - Sonntag '' . ProSieben ( in German ) . January 3 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , George A. ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` AFN Airing Super Bowl LII Live on TV and Radio '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leslie Odom , Jr. to sing ' America The Beautiful ' at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 13 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Paul ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Performer of ' America the Beautiful ' at Super Bowl LII is chosen '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wanshel , Elyse ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` This Is What Pink Spit Out Before The Super Bowl National Anthem '' . HuffPost . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pink defends Super Bowl performance '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake set for SB LII halftime show '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riemenschneider , Chris . `` No hologram , but still a Prince tribute in Justin Timberlake 's halftime show '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Justin Timberlake performing at Super Bowl LII halftime '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Justin Timberlake to Headline Super Bowl Halftime '' . Variety . October 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Botched Super Bowl Halftime Show Return Not Princely -- Review '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger . `` The Winners and Losers From Super Bowl LII '' . The Ringer . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl LII Play By Play '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Patriots 26 - yard field goal attempt ends with crazy miss '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2018 : Eagles beat Patriots to win first title -- as it happened '' . Guardian . February 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loumena , Dan ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Checking the stats at halftime '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Patriots and Eagles gave us the 2nd highest - scoring Super Bowl ever '' . SB Nation . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tansey , Joe ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Quarter - by - Quarter Score , Final Stats for Eagles vs. Patriots '' . Bleacher Report . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Lindsay ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl 2018 : Who are the officials ? '' . The Post-Standard . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2018 . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Super Bowl LII . Official website Minnesota Super Bowl Host Committee Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII champions 4 Jake Elliott 6 Caleb Sturgis 7 Nate Sudfeld 8 Donnie Jones 9 Nick Foles ( MVP ) 10 Mack Hollins 11 Carson Wentz 13 Nelson Agholor 14 Marcus Johnson 16 Bryce Treggs 17 Alshon Jeffery 18 Shelton Gibson 19 Rashard Davis 21 Patrick Robinson 22 Sidney Jones 23 Rodney McLeod 24 Corey Graham 26 Jaylen Watkins 27 Malcolm Jenkins 28 Wendell Smallwood 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Corey Clement 31 Jalen Mills 32 Rasul Douglas 33 De'Vante Bausby 34 Donnel Pumphrey 35 D.J. Killings 36 Jay Ajayi 38 Kenjon Barner 39 Harold Jones - Quartey 41 Ronald Darby 42 Chris Maragos 43 Darren Sproles 45 Rick Lovato 47 Nathan Gerry 49 Tre Sullivan 50 Bryan Braman 51 Steven Means 52 Najee Goode 53 Nigel Bradham 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill 55 Brandon Graham 56 Chris Long 57 Dannell Ellerbe 58 Jordan Hicks 59 Joe Walker 61 Stefen Wisniewski 62 Jason Kelce 65 Lane Johnson 66 Will Beatty 67 Chance Warmack 68 Josh Andrews 71 Jason Peters 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai 73 Isaac Seumalo 75 Vinny Curry 78 Darrell Greene 79 Brandon Brooks 82 Torrey Smith 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz 87 Brent Celek 88 Trey Burton 89 Greg Ward Jr . 91 Fletcher Cox 93 Timmy Jernigan 94 Beau Allen 95 Mychal Kendricks 96 Derek Barnett 97 Destiny Vaeao 98 Elijah Qualls Randall Goforth Aziz Shittu Dom Williams Head coach : Doug Pederson Coaches : Eugene Chung Phillip Daniels John DeFilippo Dave Fipp Ken Flajole Keith Gray Mike Groh Matthew Harper Tim Hauck Josh Hingst Shaun Huls Trent Miles Ryan Paganetti T.J. 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NFL News Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_LII&oldid=826754541 '' Categories : 2010s in Minneapolis 2017 National Football League season 2018 in American football 2018 in American television 2018 in sports in Minnesota American football in Minnesota February 2018 sports events in the United States New England Patriots postseason Philadelphia Eagles postseason Sports in Minneapolis Super Bowl Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use mdy dates from February 2018 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles contradicting other articles Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 20 : 55 . 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where is super bowl played at this year

Super Bowl LII was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2017 season . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots , 41 -- 33 , winning their first Super Bowl and their first NFL title since 1960 . The game was played on Sunday , February 4 , 2018 , at U.S. Bank Stadium in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . It was the second time that a Super Bowl was played in Minneapolis , the northernmost city to ever host the event , after Super Bowl XXVI in the 1991 season , and the sixth Super Bowl held in a cold - weather city .

Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence . The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' , and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning . The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars , together with relevant case law , is that natural - born citizens include , subject to exceptions , those born in the United States . Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '' , regardless of place of birth , are also natural - born citizens . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of those in the latter group , there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil . The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court , and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges , but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen . Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections . Additionally , some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because , in the end , presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States , under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twelfth Amendment states , `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen . It does provide , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Under Article One , representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens , but there is no requirement that they be natural born . History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent . An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ) , in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King . Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject '' . For example , clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5 . Subsequently , the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act ... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance , whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain , to all Intents , Constructions and Purposes whatsoever . Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty , His Heirs , or Successors , who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America ... shall be deemed , adjudged , and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom . Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England '' . Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes ... all children , born out of the king 's ligeance , whose fathers were natural - born subjects , are now natural - born subjects themselves , to all intents and purposes , without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted , or banished beyond sea , for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain . In 1775 , however , Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects . '' Similarly , Francis Plowden ( barrister ) initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law ... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law . However , after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather , there remained a `` relict of alienage in them . '' Prior to Blackstone , Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case . According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations , have children there of their wives , being English women , by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects , and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions . '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born '' . The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native , '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring '' . Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ) , the thirteen states were independent of Britain , and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country . The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period . An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquiss de la Fayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be intitled to all the Immunities , Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born '' . On June 18 , 1787 , Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government . The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements . At the close of the Convention , Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations . Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton . '' Article IX , section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States , or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States . '' On July 25 , 1787 , John Jay wrote to George Washington , presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint , whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government , and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to , nor devolve on , any but a natural born Citizen . While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen , as well as a resident for 21 years , the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '' , and the residency requirement to 14 years , without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter . The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate . Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012 , Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin . Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction . Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974 , with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible , and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003 , intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger . The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents , while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible . Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker , an early federal judge , wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution , that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils , consequently , can not be too much guarded against . '' In a footnote , Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States . '' In a speech before the Senate , delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale , `` to insure experience and attachment to the country . '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power . Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress , laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent . The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States , that may be born beyond sea , or out of the limits of the United States , shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided , That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States . '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '' , stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States , born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States , shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act . Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham , an American lawyer and politician , held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States . In 1862 , in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject . The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it , and the other provision appears in it that , `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization . '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship . Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic ? Those born within the Republic , whether black or white , are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens . He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is , in the language of your Constitution itself , a natural - born citizen ; but , sir , I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power , or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States , not owing a foreign allegiance , is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States . Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him . Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States '' . He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents , even if they reside elsewhere , are still considered natural born . In 1862 , Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States . The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States . If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released , but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated . No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided . Bates responded on November 29 , 1862 , with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding , I conclude that the free man of color , mentioned in your letter , if born in the United States , is a citizen of the United States . ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion , Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship , and wrote , ... our constitution , in speaking of natural born citizens , uses no affirmative language to make them such , but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle , common to all nations , and as old as political society , that the people born in a country do constitute the nation , and , as individuals , are natural members of the body politic . ( italics in original ) In another opinion , dated September 1 , 1862 , Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State , of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens , who is taken with them back to their country , could , years later , re-enter the United States as of right , as a U.S. citizen . Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents , who have never been naturalized , are native - born citizens of the United States , and , of course , do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship . I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals . But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford , in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke , and I forbear . I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle , and of the reasons and authorities for its support . Unlike Edward Bates , U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens . In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason , the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry ... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States , but brought to the country of which the father is a subject , and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country , are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '' , I have to observe that it is presumed that , according to the common law , any person born in the United States , unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein , may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship . There is not , however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject , nor , so far as I am aware , has there been any judicial decision in regard to it . U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , however , shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens , and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States , if elected . In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State , Hamilton Fish . A young man , named Arthur Steinkauler , had been born in Missouri in 1855 , a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen . When he was four years old , his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since . The father had relinquished his American citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army . The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen ? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities , Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ) , and in harmony with American doctrine , it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ) , and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality . It is equally clear that the son , by birth , has American nationality , and hence he has two nationalities , one natural , the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen . There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright . He can return to America at the age of 21 , and in due time , if the people elect , he can become President of the United States ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth , with its duties and privileges , or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father . 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne , the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens . In 1904 , he published a textbook , Citizenship of the United States , in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship . Every nation determines for itself who shall , and who shall not , be its citizens ... By the law of the United States , citizenship depends , generally , on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens , born out of the jurisdiction of the United States , are also citizens ... The Constitution of the United States , while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President , Senators , and Representatives , contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment , in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act , in 1866 ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law , by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens . It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v . The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64 , 119 , 2 L. Ed . 208 , 226 , that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof ... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat . ( 22 U.S. ) 354 , 6 L. Ed . 109 , which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland , it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States , of itself , confers citizenship . Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation , there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen . The leading case , Lynch v. Clarke of 1844 , indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship . This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate . The plaintiff , Julia Lynch , had been born in New York while her parents , both British , were briefly visiting the U.S. , and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that , under common law and prevailing statutes , she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship , notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality . In the course of the decision , the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born , but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution ? I think not . The position would be decisive in his favor , that by the rule of the common law , in force when the Constitution was adopted , he is a citizen . And further : Upon principle , therefore , I can entertain no doubt , but that by the law of the United States , every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , is a natural born citizen . It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question . The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases , and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship . For example , in an 1884 case , In re Look Tin Singg , the federal court held , that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors , Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth , and remained such despite any long stay in China . Citing Lynch , Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law , the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , was a natural - born citizen , and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession , and the universal impression of the public mind . The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) , which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States '' . 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions , in 1939 , the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen , and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States '' . The case was regarding a young woman , born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen . However , when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them , and they stayed in Sweden . At age 20 , she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and , shortly after her 21st birthday , returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen . Years later , while she was still in America , her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship , and , because of that , the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her . The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth . She won at the trial level , and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court , where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States '' . Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment , according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States , and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law , even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth . In this view , such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen , but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency . In 1951 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States , native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '' , quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins . The court ruled that Zimmer , who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother , was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth , but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen '' . In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth . In 1940 , however , the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth . In 1961 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth . It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress , but the reverse situation was only addressed , non-retroactively , in 1934 . In 1971 , the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei , where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship , though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation . The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization '' . More recent cases , particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen , relaxed this view , suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship , and this category may be expanded by Congress . 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor , the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '' , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark , and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic . A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010 , where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory . The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents , who lived all their lives in the Philippines , because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence . The Courts for the Second , Third , and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause , and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship . In a 2012 New York case , Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections , the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot , based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ) . To this the Court responded , `` Article II , section 1 , clause 5 does not state this . No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says ... Moreover , President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil '' . The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson , James Buchanan , Chester A. Arthur , Woodrow Wilson , and Herbert Hoover . Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle , formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . In an 1825 treatise , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America , he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State , became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States . Therefore every person born within the United States , its territories or districts , whether the parents are citizens or aliens , is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution , and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language , and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen , the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us . James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion , but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats . During an 1866 House debate , he quoted Rawle 's opinion , and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '' , saying : ... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States , except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments , are native - born citizens of the United States . Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States . In 1857 , in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford , he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ) , stating that `` The natives , or natural - born citizens , are those born in the country of parents who are citizens '' . This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark . However , two paragraphs later , Justice Vattel disagrees and states , `` § 214 ... there are states , as , for instance , England , where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner . '' Joseph Story , an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen , though he does not define either term . In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States , about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one , but a native citizen , ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people . '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse , the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson , considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President . In the Albany Law Journal , he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible , it would only have been necessary to say , `` no person , except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise , in view of the probable influx of European immigration , to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth . It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation , `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments , in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion . 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government '' . Foreign soil ( edit ) In 2000 , the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , in one of its reports , wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens . This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are , therefore , also eligible to be elected President . This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report , which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision , the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s , the clause 's apparent intent , the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ) , as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta , it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth '' . The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report . The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth , '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction , even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' . Such term , however , would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth , and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen . The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century , there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens . From historical material and case law , it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ) , as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350 , which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis , the law of descent ) . Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth . Gabriel J. Chin , Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law , held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years . He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens . For example , foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14 , 1802 and 1854 were aliens . He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4 , 1937 , when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons , were born without American citizenship . Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen , with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ) , or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case , U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority , a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth , let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ) . In 2009 , G. Edward `` Ted '' White , Professor of Law at the University of Virginia , stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents . Unlike Chin and White , Mary McManamon , Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law , has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that , aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , a natural born citizen must be born in the United States . She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities . Thus , with these two limited exceptions , she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born '' . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy . '' Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States . '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) '' . Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals , Sol Wachtler , concludes the same . Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born . American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil , except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , are natural born citizens , or jus soli , regardless of parental citizenship status . In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review , Lawrence Solum , Professor of Law at the University of Illinois , stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ) . Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . In April 2010 , Solum republished the same article as an online draft , in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent . In a footnote he explained , `` based on my reading of the historical sources , there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen ' . '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view '' . Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '' , he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen . '' Ronald Rotunda , Professor of Law at Chapman University , has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens . That 's never been the law . '' Polly Price , Professor of Law at Emory University , has commented `` It 's a little confusing , but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment , stating , `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment . '' Similarly , Eugene Volokh , Professor of Law at UCLA , found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals , which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents '' . Daniel Tokaji , Professor of Law at Ohio State University , agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant . Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot . Alternatively , there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress . Some legal scholars assert that , even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts , and are not undertaken in Congress , there are other avenues for adjudication , such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of those in the latter group , every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents . Further , four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan , Woodrow Wilson , Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ) . Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents . In addition , one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington , D.C. , and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory . This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible , only that there was some controversy about their eligibility , which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility . 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur , who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot , was rumored to have been born in Canada . Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5 , 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen , 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ) . His mother , Malvina Stone Arthur , was a native of Berkshire , Vermont , who moved with her family to Quebec , where she met and married the future president 's father , William Arthur , on April 12 , 1821 . After the family had settled in Fairfield , Vermont , somewhere between 1822 and 1824 , William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge , Canada , in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach . `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages , both of which were close to the Canada -- US border , for about eighteen months , holding two jobs '' , which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth , as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County , and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border . Moreover , Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830 . No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents , although Arthur Hinman , an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history , raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and , after the end of his presidency , published a book on the subject . Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election . His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article , because he was born to parents of German nationality . It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents , who have not been naturalized , is , by the fact of birth , a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such . '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject , Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question , and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '' , because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election . 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long , one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers , and published on December 7 , 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916 , in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson . Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact , both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ) . Observing that Hughes , although born in the United States , was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '' , Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if , by any possible construction , a person at the instant of birth , and for any period of time thereafter , owes , or may owe , allegiance to any sovereign but the United States , he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States . '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix , in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States . During his presidential campaign in 1964 , there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state . George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney , who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968 , was born in Mexico to U.S. parents . Romney 's grandfather , a member of the LDS Church , had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children , after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy . However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912 . Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate . Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976 , to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford . However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee . He was born in Paris , France , to parents who were U.S. citizens . His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India , the daughter of a British general . 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo , Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign , but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign . McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations , but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs , who wrote , `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base . '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón , Panama . Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography , Faith of My Fathers , McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo , which was under the command of his grandfather , John S. McCain Sr . `` The senator 's father , John S. McCain Jr. , was an executive officer on a submarine , also based in Coco Solo . His mother , Roberta McCain , has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club . The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper . '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time , but 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which became law in 1937 , retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26 , 1904 , and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling , described below . A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency . In April 2008 , the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen . In September 2008 , U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401 , although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively , by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403 . These views have been criticized by Chin , who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth . The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship . In Rogers v. Bellei , the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status . Similarly , legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty , and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction '' . The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined '' . Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008 . Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu , Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ) . His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya . Before and after the 2008 presidential election , arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen . On June 12 , 2008 , the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents , including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility . The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii . The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii . Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however , several courts have given guidance on the question . In Ankeny v. Governor , a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated , Based upon the language of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark , we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying , `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible , stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens , regardless of the citizenship of their parents ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive . '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney , Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens . See , e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic ) ... On October 31 , 2008 , Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying , I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures . On July 27 , 2009 , Fukino issued an additional statement : I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen . Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed . Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22 , 2015 , that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Cruz was born in Calgary , Canada . Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba , but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005 . This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship , as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship , and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada . Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14 , 2014 . Former Solicitor General Paul Clement , former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal , University of California , Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky , Professor Chin ( see above ) , Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro , Professor Akhil Amar , Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett , Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin , and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency . Similarly , Bryan Garner , the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary , believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible , and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility . Laurence Tribe of Harvard , however , described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled '' . Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible , but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question '' . Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz . Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard , Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University , University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner , former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler , and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible . Alan Grayson , a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida , does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen , and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee . Orly Taitz , Larry Klayman , and Mario Apuzzo , who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility , have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible . Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents , including Donald Trump , Mike Huckabee , Rick Santorum , Carly Fiorina , and Rand Paul . Marco Rubio , however , believes Cruz is eligible . Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah , and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois . In February , two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York . In March , a similar lawsuit was filed in New York . In April , a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey . No lawsuit or challenge has been successful , and in February 2016 , the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor , stating , `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth . '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3 , 2016 . Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births . The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015 . Nonetheless , a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility . A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois . In February , a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana . The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016 . Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause . In 2003 , Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment , intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger . In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983 , also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency . He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process '' . Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , St. George ( 1803 ) . `` St. George Tucker , Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App . 316 -- s25 , 328 -- 29 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away '' . NBC News . The emerging consensus of the legal experts , however , is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth , as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization ... ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . In addition to historical and textual analysis , numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e. , not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ) , even to alien parents , are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth , ' and are ' natural born , ' as opposed to ' naturalized , ' U.S. citizens . There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President . ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Tokaji , Daniel ( 2008 ) . `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President ? '' . Michigan Law Review , First Impressions. 107 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Charles ( 1968 ) . `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma '' . Maryland Law Review . Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review , Inc . University of Maryland School of Law . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Siegel , Neil ( April 2015 ) . `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT '' . Duke Law Journal . 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ) . Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted , `` Because of the placement of the commas , this clause , if read literally , suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president . For purposive and consequentialist reasons , however , the clause never has been read that way . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Calvin 's Case 7 Co . Rep. 1a , 77 ER 377 , reprinted in The Reports of Sir Edward Coke , In Thirteen Parts , A New Edition , vol. 4 , p. 1 ( London , Joseph Butterworth and Son 1826 ) . Jump up ^ Great Britain , Statutes of the Realm , Vol. 9 , p. 63 ( London , Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822 , reprinted 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Piggott , Francis . Nationality and Naturalization , pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons , 1907 ) . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary . `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '' , Catholic University Law Review , v. 64 , no . 2 ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri , Ezio ; Prati , G. ( 2014 ) . Enclyclopedia of Public International Law . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act , 1730 '' . United Settlement . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth . `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '' , Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy , Vol. 8 , p. 67 n . 59 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blackstone , William . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 354 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie . `` Yes , Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada . So What ? '' , NBC News ( March 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '' , Vol. 1 , p. 373 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 7th ed. 1775 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , pp. 74 , 161 - 62 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , p. 134 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ) . Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a , 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ) , Opinion of Edward Coke . Jump up ^ Edwards , F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '' , Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , Vol. 14 , p. 318 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maskell , Jack . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' , CRS Report for Congress , pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Samuel . A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals , And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers , To Which Are Prefixed , A History of the Language , And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes , Volume 2 , pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton , 1756 ) . Jump up ^ Speare , Morris . `` Lafayette , Citizen of America '' , New York Times ( September 7 , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Riley , Elihu . `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis , in Maryland , 1649 - 1887 , p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen ' ? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 10 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Jill A . `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' . 97 Yale Law Journal 881 , 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_618.asp Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 619 . Jump up ^ 3 Farrand , at 629 . Jump up ^ Letter from John Jay to George Washington , 25 July , 1787 Jump up ^ Heard , Alexander ; Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection , Duke University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , pp. 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Other Democratic Candidate '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin ( December 2 , 2004 ) . `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold ? '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger ? '' . Time . March 4 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries , Vol. II , Ch. 10 , 1803 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate '' . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Vol 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president , and why that should change . '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Statutes At Large , First Congress , Session II , p. 103 Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ) , p. 1639 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291 . Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf . Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ) , p. 2791 . Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413 , and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863 , Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office ) 27 pages . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '' , 10 Op . US Atty - Gen. 328 . Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason , June 6 , 1854 , quoted from the manuscript , reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore , A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ) , vol. 3 , sec. 373 , pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives , 56th Congress , 2d Session , Document no . 551 ; Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office , 1906 ) . Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion , in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives , 44th Congress , 1st Session , December 6 , 1875 ) Exec . Doct. 1 , part 1 , page 563 . Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case , 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26 , 1875 ) . Jump up ^ van Dyne , Frederick , Citizenship of the United States ( 1904 , Rochester , NY , Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co . ) pp. 3 -- 12 . With regard to the last sentence in the quotation , van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions , none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship , but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens . Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct. , November 5 , 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583 , 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236 , 7 NY Ch . Ann . 443 , 1844 WL 4804 , 1844 N.Y. Misc . LEXIS 1 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf . at 656 , Leg. Obs . at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf . at 663 , Leg. Obs . at 250 Jump up ^ D. Cal. , Sep 29 , 1884 ) 21 Fed . 905 , 10 Sawyer 's Rpts. 353 Jump up ^ Fed at 909 , Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649 , 42 L. Ed . 890 , 18 S. Ct. 456 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly , in a 1999 Circuit Court decision , the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens '' . Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329 , 83 L. Ed . 1320 at 1324 , 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175 , 99 F. 2d 408 ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement `` . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson , 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy , 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) '' . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279 , 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777 , ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals , 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Philadelphia , Carey & Lea . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1144771858 . Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , Washington 1866 , p. 1117 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 , 476 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Book 1 , § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , 708 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ) . A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause , explaining the true nature , reasons , and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix , containing important public documents , illustrative of the Constitution . Marsh , Capen , Lyon and Webb . pp. 167 § 269 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ) . The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . Hilliard , Gray & Company . pp. 115 § 190 . Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ A.P. Morse , `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '' , Albany Law Journal , vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` A Citizen , but ' Natural Born ' ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary ( 2015 ) , `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '' , 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Wachtler , Sol ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Vlahoplus , John ( April 5 , 2017 ) . On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born '' . Wake Forest L. Rev. Online . Jump up ^ Solum , Lawrence B. ( 2008 ) , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , revised draft version , April 18 , 2010 ( SSRN ) , p. 1 , n . 3 . However , other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf . i.a. pp. 3 , 9 , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's really eligible to be president ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom , President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana , 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind . Ct. of Appeals November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Rathgeber , Bob ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Now , ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio '' . News - Press . ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen , 567 F. Supp . 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain , 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama , 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter . `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '' , Michigan Law Review , Volume 107 , p. 208 ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President ? '' , Voice of America News ( July 29 , 2008 ) . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '' , Vermont History 38 , Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society , p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Random House : 1993 , pp. 307 -- 08 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves , Gentleman Boss . The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Arthur P. ( 1884 ) . How a British Subject became President of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible ? '' , New York Tribune , October 2 , 1896 , in : Anonymous ( ed . ) , The Presidential Campaign of 1896 . A Scrap - Book Chronicle , New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls , p. 130 sq . ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888 , though the election was eight years later . However , the author 's introduction is dated 1925 . ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ) , `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution ? '' , Chicago Legal News vol. 49 , pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7 , 1916 ) . It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day , which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( 2009 ) . The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide . ( Basic Books ) . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Heard , Alexander and Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection . ( Duke University Press ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( August 14 , 1976 ) . `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '' , Nashua Telegraph . United Press International . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen. , U.S. Senate , April 30 , 2008 , OpenCongress . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '' , Biography.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` John McCain 's Birthplace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parish , Matt ( 2010 ) , `` How Old Is John McCain ? '' , Politics Daily , AOL . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain '' . Online NewsHour . PBS . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al , Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24 , 2010 ) , `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '' , Obama Conspiracy Theories . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( May 2 , 2008 ) , `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '' , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : `` ... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities , which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described , shall not be included within this grant '' . Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus , Reuben Edwin ; Knapp , Harry Shepard ; Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1915 ) . The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction , and Its Relation to the Navy , International Law and Commerce . J. Wiley & sons , Incorporated . p. 192 . Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone . Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island . ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief , U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment . A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth . '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '' , CBS News , Associated Press , March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill , Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen , if he or she was `` born of American parents '' . Jump up ^ Cf . William Alsup , Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action , September 16 , 2008 , p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) . ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' '' . Associated Press . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . , and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ) Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , Michigan Law Review First Impressions , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815 , 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107 , September 2008 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen ? '' Snopes.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship '' . British Nationality Act 1948 . Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) '' . Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . ( Retrieved March 9 , 2011 ) , quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ) . August 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders '' . Agence France - Presse . June 12 , 2008 . ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona , Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf . Candidate Nomination Paper , State of Arizona , November 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App. , 12 NOV 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino , Department of Health , October 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '' , MSNBC , July 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna , Maddie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked '' . Concord Monitor . Jump up ^ Velasco , Eric ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge '' . Alabama : al.com . Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court , Pima County February 24 , 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications , ( February 7 , 2012 ) , Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz , Rafael Edward ( Ted ) , ( 1970 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ Jump up to : Chin , Gabriel ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president , probably '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' '' . Harvard Law Review . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen ' ? '' . Opinio Juris . , Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Randy ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship , eligibility for president ' unsettled ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born ' ? Well ... Maybe '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution , because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States , he is not eligible to run for president . '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee '' . FOX News . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Steven ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President ? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama , ' Citizenship Skeptic Says '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Cruz clash over eligibility , ' New York values ' at GOP debate '' . Fox News . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Brody , Ben ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Mielke , Brad ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Tuohy , Dan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` BLC upholds Sanders , Trump on primary ballots '' . Union Leader . ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell , Eric ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot '' . Rutland Herald . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Calkins , Laurel Brubaker ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen '' . KSTU . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Kopan , Tal ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois '' . WBGZ . ^ Jump up to : Farias , Cristian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen , ' Board Of Election Finds '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fiona ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Delano , Jon ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pa . Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary '' . KDKA - TV . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kasich , Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania '' . WPXI . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court '' . WHTM - TV . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked '' . The Legal Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Lanning , Curt ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark . Ballot '' . KARK - TV . ^ Jump up to : Manley , Marci ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz , Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election '' . KARK - TV . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president '' . The Birmingham News . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tony ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana '' . The Indianapolis Star . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada '' . Daily News ( New York ) . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Casey ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio , Cruz '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Seiler , Casey ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines '' . Times Union . ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro , Joseph ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man '' . Suffolk Times . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth , '' the board said . It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary . Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Emily ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Arnold lobbies for White House run '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) John Yinger , Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen . Jill A. Pryor , `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , 1988 , pp. 881 -- 899 . Sarah P. Herlihy , `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '' , Chicago - Kent Law Review , Vol. 81 , 2006 , pp. 275 -- 300 . Lawrence Friedman , `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History , Uncertain Effect , and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '' , St. Louis Univ . Law Journal , Vol. 52 , 2007 , pp. 137 -- 150 . U.S. Constitution Online , ( 7 ) , Constitutional Topic : Citizenship . Presidential Eligibility , Constitution Society . 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does president have to be born in usa

Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence .

2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles - wikipedia 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- women 's singles Jump to : navigation , search Women 's Singles 2017 Wimbledon Championships Champion Garbiñe Muguruza Runner - up Venus Williams Final score 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 Details Draw 128 ( 12 Q / 6 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women seniors WC Doubles men women ← 2016 Wimbledon Championships 2018 → Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Serena Williams was the two - time defending champion , but did not defend her title because of pregnancy . Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title , defeating Venus Williams in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 . Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994 . Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals . Williams was the oldest player to reach the final since Martina Navratilova , also in 1994 , and played her 100th singles match at Wimbledon when she defeated Jeļena Ostapenko in the quarterfinals . Johanna Konta became the first British woman to reach the semifinals since Virginia Wade in 1978 , and Magdaléna Rybáriková became the first Slovak woman to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon . Despite losing in the second round , Karolína Plíšková attained the WTA No. 1 singles ranking at the end of the tournament , after Angelique Kerber and Simona Halep , the other contenders for the top ranking , lost in the fourth round and quarterfinals , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Qualifying 3 Draw 3.1 Key 3.2 Finals 3.3 Top half 3.3. 1 Section 1 3.3. 2 Section 2 3.3. 3 Section 3 3.3. 4 Section 4 3.4 Bottom half 3.4. 1 Section 5 3.4. 2 Section 6 3.4. 3 Section 7 3.4. 4 Section 8 4 References 5 External links Seeds ( edit ) 01 . Angelique Kerber ( Fourth round ) 02 . Simona Halep ( Quarterfinals ) 03 . Karolína Plíšková ( Second round ) 04 . Elina Svitolina ( Fourth round ) 05 . Caroline Wozniacki ( Fourth round ) 06 . Johanna Konta ( Semifinals ) 07 . Svetlana Kuznetsova ( Quarterfinals ) 08 . Dominika Cibulková ( Third round ) 09 . Agnieszka Radwańska ( Fourth round ) 10 . Venus Williams ( Final ) 11 . Petra Kvitová ( Second round ) 12 . Kristina Mladenovic ( Second round ) 13 . Jeļena Ostapenko ( Quarterfinals ) 14 . Garbiñe Muguruza ( Champion ) 15 . Elena Vesnina ( Second round ) 16 . Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( First round ) 17 . Madison Keys ( Second round ) 18 . Anastasija Sevastova ( Second round ) 19 . Timea Bacsinszky ( Third round ) 20 . Daria Gavrilova ( First round ) 21 . Caroline Garcia ( Fourth round ) 22 . Barbora Strýcová ( Second round ) 23 . Kiki Bertens ( First round ) 24 . Coco Vandeweghe ( Quarterfinals ) 25 . Carla Suárez Navarro ( Second round ) 26 . Mirjana Lučić - Baroni ( First round ) 27 . Ana Konjuh ( Fourth round ) 28 . Lauren Davis ( First round ) 29 . Daria Kasatkina ( Second round ) 30 . Zhang Shuai ( First round ) 31 . Roberta Vinci ( First round ) 32 . Lucie Šafářová ( Second round ) Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section . Qualifying ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Draw ( edit ) Key ( edit ) Q = Qualifier WC = Wild Card LL = Lucky Loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special Exempt PR = Protected Ranking w / o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted Finals ( edit ) Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 7 Svetlana Kuznetsova 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 6 6 PR Magdaléna Rybáriková PR Magdaléna Rybáriková 6 6 24 Coco Vandeweghe 14 Garbiñe Muguruza 7 6 10 Venus Williams 5 0 10 Venus Williams 6 7 13 Jeļena Ostapenko 5 10 Venus Williams 6 6 6 Johanna Konta 6 Johanna Konta 6 7 6 Simona Halep 7 6 Top half ( edit ) Section 1 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round A Kerber 6 6 Q I Falconi A Kerber 7 7 K Flipkens 6 6 K Flipkens 5 5 M Doi A Kerber 7 6 S Rogers 6 6 S Rogers 6 6 J Boserup 6 S Rogers 6 6 6 O Dodin 32 L Šafářová 7 32 L Šafářová 6 6 A Kerber 6 23 K Bertens 6 5 14 G Muguruza 6 6 S Cîrstea 7 7 S Cîrstea 7 0 M Linette 6 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 0 WC B Mattek - Sands 6 6 S Cîrstea Y Wickmayer 6 7 14 G Muguruza 6 6 K Bondarenko 5 Y Wickmayer E Alexandrova 14 G Muguruza 6 6 14 G Muguruza 6 6 Section 2 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 9 A Radwańska 7 6 J Janković 6 0 9 A Radwańska 5 7 6 WC K Boulter 6 5 C McHale 7 6 C McHale 7 6 9 A Radwańska 6 6 K Kučová 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 Q B Andreescu K Kučová 0 M Puig 6 0 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 19 T Bacsinszky 6 6 9 A Radwańska 28 L Davis 5 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 V Lepchenko 6 7 V Lepchenko 7 Q P Hercog 6 6 Q P Hercog 6 6 6 A Beck Q P Hercog 0 E Makarova 6 6 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Q A Van Uytvanck E Makarova 0 5 Q O Jabeur 7 S Kuznetsova 6 7 7 S Kuznetsova 6 6 Section 3 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round Ka Plíšková 6 6 E Rodina Ka Plíšková 6 5 M Niculescu PR M Rybáriková 7 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 L Tsurenko 6 7 6 L Tsurenko J Görges 7 6 L Tsurenko 6 6 V Golubic 6 6 6 V Golubic 6 30 S Zhang 7 PR M Rybáriková 6 6 20 D Gavrilova 6 8 Q P Martić 6 Q P Martić 6 10 Q P Martić 6 6 D Allertová 7 6 D Allertová R Ozaki 6 6 Q P Martić 7 6 X Han WC Z Diyas 6 WC Z Diyas 6 6 WC Z Diyas 6 7 Q Ar Rodionova 7 9 Q Ar Rodionova 6 16 A Pavlyuchenkova 6 6 7 Section 4 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 12 K Mladenovic 6 6 P Parmentier 12 K Mladenovic 6 A Riske 6 7 A Riske 6 6 PR S Stephens 5 A Riske T Maria 6 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 Q A Potapova T Maria M Barthel 5 24 C Vandeweghe 6 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 24 C Vandeweghe 7 6 29 D Kasatkina 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 S Zheng 29 D Kasatkina L Arruabarrena A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 A Kontaveit 6 6 T Pironkova 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 7 6 S Errani T Pironkova T Babos 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 5 C Wozniacki 6 6 Bottom half ( edit ) Section 5 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 8 D Cibulková 6 9 A Petkovic 6 7 8 D Cibulková 6 6 J Brady 6 6 J Brady D Kovinić 8 D Cibulková 6 6 WC N Broady 27 A Konjuh 7 6 I-C Begu 6 6 I-C Begu 6 6 PR S Lisicki 27 A Konjuh 7 6 27 A Konjuh 6 6 27 A Konjuh 22 B Strýcová 6 6 10 V Williams 6 6 V Cepede Royg 22 B Strýcová 6 S Sorribes Tormo 6 N Osaka 6 0 6 N Osaka 6 7 N Osaka 6 K-c Chang 10 V Williams 7 6 Q Wang 6 6 Q Wang 6 E Mertens 6 10 V Williams 6 6 10 V Williams 7 6 Section 6 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 13 J Ostapenko 6 6 A Sasnovich 0 6 13 J Ostapenko 7 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 Q F Abanda 6 6 K Nara 13 J Ostapenko 7 7 C Giorgi 5 6 6 C Giorgi 5 5 A Cornet 7 C Giorgi 6 6 6 N Hibino 17 M Keys 7 17 M Keys 6 6 13 J Ostapenko 6 7 26 M Lučić - Baroni 7 6 E Svitolina 6 C Witthöft 6 5 8 C Witthöft 7 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 Q A Sabalenka 6 6 I Khromacheva C Witthöft 5 F Schiavone 6 6 E Svitolina 6 7 M Minella F Schiavone 0 A Barty 5 6 E Svitolina 6 6 E Svitolina 7 7 Section 7 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 6 J Konta 6 6 S-w Hsieh 6 J Konta 7 10 D Vekić 6 6 6 D Vekić 6 6 8 N Vikhlyantseva 7 6 J Konta 6 6 K Siniaková M Sakkari M Sakkari 6 6 M Sakkari 6 6 6 Kr Plíšková 7 6 Kr Plíšková 7 31 R Vinci 6 6 J Konta 7 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 J Čepelová 21 C Garcia 6 6 Y Duan A Bogdan A Bogdan 6 6 21 C Garcia 6 6 M Brengle 6 6 M Brengle R Hogenkamp M Brengle 6 6 J Larsson 11 P Kvitová 6 11 P Kvitová 6 6 Section 8 ( edit ) First Round Second Round Third Round Fourth Round 15 E Vesnina 6 5 6 Q A Blinkova 7 15 E Vesnina PR V Azarenka 6 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 C Bellis 6 PR V Azarenka 6 6 M Zanevska 6 WC H Watson 6 WC H Watson 6 7 WC H Watson 6 6 Y Putintseva 6 18 A Sevastova 0 18 A Sevastova 6 7 PR V Azarenka 6 25 C Suárez Navarro 6 6 S Halep 7 6 E Bouchard 6 25 C Suárez Navarro M Vondroušová 7 0 S Peng 6 6 S Peng 6 6 6 S Peng 6 B Haddad Maia 6 6 S Halep 6 7 WC L Robson B Haddad Maia 5 Q M Erakovic S Halep 7 6 S Halep 6 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams is pregnant , will return to tennis in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ `` Garbiñe Muguruza crowned Wimbledon champion after beating Venus Williams '' . Guardian . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Clarey ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Garbiñe Muguruza Wins Wimbledon , Defeating Venus Williams '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Garbine Muguruza hammers Venus Williams to win first Wimbledon title '' . The Telegraph . 15 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.miamiherald.com/sports/tennis/article160489904.html Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40573123 Jump up ^ Piers Newbery ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Wimbledon 2017 : Johanna Konta beats Simona Halep to reach semi-final '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20601638/slovak-tennis-player-reaches-wimbledon-semi-finals.html Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Karolina Pliskova can become World No. 1 '' . Women 's Tennis Association . 3 July 2017 . Women 's Singles Draw External links ( edit ) 2017 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles at the International Tennis Federation Wimbledon Women 's Singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2017 2017 WTA Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Beijing ( S , D ) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Dubai ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Wuhan ( S , D ) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane ( S , D ) Sydney ( S , D ) St. Petersburg ( S , D ) Doha ( S , D ) Charleston ( S , D ) Stuttgart ( S , D ) Birmingham ( S , D ) Eastbourne ( S , D ) Stanford ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Moscow ( S , D ) WTA International tournaments Auckland ( S , D ) Shenzhen ( S , D ) Hobart ( S , D ) Taiwan ( S , D ) Budapest ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Kuala Lumpur ( S , D ) Monterrey ( S , D ) Biel ( S , D ) Bogotá ( S , D ) Istanbul ( S , D ) Rabat ( S , D ) Prague ( S , D ) Strasbourg ( S , D ) Nuremberg ( S , D ) Nottingham ( S , D ) ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D ) Mallorca ( S , D ) Bucharest ( S , D ) Gstaad ( S , D ) Båstad ( S , D ) Washington D.C. ( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play - offs WG II Play - offs Americas Asia / Oceania Europe / Africa WTA Finals , Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy , Zhuhai ( S , D ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Wimbledon_Championships_ -- _Women % 27s_Singles&oldid = 802637301 '' Categories : 2017 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championship by year -- Ladies ' Singles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Slovenščina Suomi Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 13 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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who won the women's championship at wimbledon this year

Garbiñe Muguruza won her second Grand Slam singles title , defeating Venus Williams in the final , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 . Muguruza became the second Spanish woman to win Wimbledon after Conchita Martínez in 1994 . Muguruza also became the first player to defeat both Williams sisters in Grand Slams singles finals .

List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists - wikipedia List of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists Jump to : navigation , search This article provides the names of the runners - up in the Miss Universe pageant since the pageant 's first edition in 1952 . Miss Universe 2006 top - five finalists : Switzerland , Paraguay , Japan , USA and Puerto Rico . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists 2 Countries / Territories by number of finalists 2.1 1st runner - up 2.2 2nd runner - up 3 References Table of Miss Universe runners - up and finalists ( edit ) The pageant has awarded a top - five finalists from 1952 to 1989 and from 2001 up to 2014 , with the first , second , third and fourth runner - up being awarded . From 1990 to 1997 , the number of finalists was increased to six . From 1998 to 2000 and since 2015 , it was reverted to five but only up to the second runner - up was awarded ( regardless if the pageant post-announces the placements of the other 2 delegates who made it to the Top 5 ) . This table shows the top - five finalists of each competition , from its inception in 1952 . Edition Miss Universe ( 1st place ) 1st runner - up ( 2nd place ) 2nd runner - up ( 3rd place ) 3rd runner - up ( 4th place ) 4th runner - up ( 5th place ) 1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Elza Kananionapua Edsman Hawaii Ntaizy `` Daisy '' Mavraki Greece Judy Dan Hong Kong Renate Hoy Germany 1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Rae Hansen USA Kinuko Ito Japan Ana Bertha Lepe Mexico Maxine Morgan Australia 1954 Miriam Stevenson USA Martha Rocha Brazil Virginia Lee Wai - Chun Hong Kong Regina Ernst Germany Ragnhild Olausson Sweden 1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Maribel Arrieta Galvez El Salvador Maureen Hingert Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) Margit Nünke Germany Keiko Takahashi Japan 1956 Carol Morris USA Marina Orschel Germany Ingrid Goude Sweden Kathleen Waller England Rosanna Galli Italy 1957 Gladys Zender Peru Teresinha Morango Brazil Sonia Hamilton England Maria Fernandez Cuba Gerti Daub Germany 1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Adalgisa Colombo Brazil Geri Hoo Hawaii Eurlyne Howell USA Alicja Bobrowska Poland 1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Jorunn Kristjansen Norway Terry Huntingdon USA Pamela Anne Searle England Vera Regina Ribeiro Brazil 1960 Linda Bement USA Daniela Bianchi Italy Elizabeth Hodacs Austria Nicolette Caras South Africa Teresa del Rio Spain 1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Rosemarie Frankland Wales Adriana Gardiazabal Argentina Arlette Dobson England Sharon Brown USA 1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Anna Geirsdóttir Iceland Anja Aulikki Järvinen Finland Helen Liu Shiu - Man Taiwan Maria Olívia Rebouças Brazil 1963 Iêda Maria Vargas Brazil Aino Korwa Denmark Marlene McKeown Ireland Lalaine Bennett Philippines Kim Myoung - ja Korea 1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Brenda Blackler England Ronit Renat Rechtman Israel Siv Märta Åberg Sweden Lana Yu Yi Taiwan 1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Virpi Liisa Miettinen Finland Sue Downey USA Ingrid Norman Sweden Anja Schuit Netherlands 1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Satu Charlotta Östring Finland Cheranand Savetanand Thailand Yasmin Daji India Aviva Israeli Israel 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock USA Mariela Pérez Venezuela Jennifer Lynn Lewis England Ritva Lehto Finland Batya Kabiri Israel 1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Anne Braafheid Curacao Leena Brusin Finland Peggy Kopp Venezuela Dorothy Anstett USA 1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Harriet Eriksson Finland Joanne Barret Australia Chava Levy Israel Kikuyo Osuka Japan 1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton USA Joan Zealand Australia Jun Shimada Japan Beatriz Gross Argentina 1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Toni Rayward Australia Pirjo Laitila Finland Beba Franco Puerto Rico Eliane Guimaraes Brazil 1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Rejane Costa Brazil María Antonieta Cámpoli Venezuela Ilana Goren Israel Jennifer `` Jenny '' McAdam England 1973 Margarita Moran Philippines Amanda Jones USA Aina Walle Norway Maria Madrigal Spain Limor Schreibman Israel Amparo Muñoz Spain Helen Morgan Wales Ritta Johanna Raunio Finland Ella Cecilia Escandon Palacios Colombia Maureen Vieira Aruba Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Gerthie David Haiti Summer Bartholomew USA Catharina Sjödahl Sweden Rose Marie Brosas Philippines 1976 Rina Messinger Israel Judith Castillo Venezuela Sian Adey - Jones Wales Carol Grant Scotland Julie Ismay Australia 1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad & Tobago Eva Düringer Austria Sandra Bell Scotland Aura Maria Mojica Salcedo Colombia Marie - Luise Gassen Germany 1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen USA Guillermina Ruiz Spain Mary Shirley Saenz Colombia Cecilia Catharina Rhode Sweden 1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Gina Swainson Bermuda Carolyn Seaward England Martha Jussara da Costa Brazil Annette Marie Ekström Sweden 1980 Shawn Weatherly USA Linda Gallagher Scotland Diana Nottle New Zealand Chat Silayan Philippines Eva Birgitta Anderson Sweden 1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Dominique Dufour Canada Eva Lena Lundgren Sweden Adriana Oliveira Brazil Dominique Eeckhoudt Belgium 1982 Karen Baldwin Canada Patty Chong Kerkos Guam Cinzia Fiordeponti Italy Tina Roussou Greece Terri Utley USA Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek USA Roberta Brown Ireland Lolita Morena Switzerland Karen Moore England 1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Leticia Snyman South Africa Carmen Maria Montiel Venezuela Desiree Verdadero Philippines Susana Caldas Lemaitre Colombia 1985 Deborah Carthy - Deu Puerto Rico Teresa Sánchez López Spain Kayonga Mureka Zaire Silvia Martínez Venezuela Andrea López Uruguay 1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner USA María Mónica Urbina Colombia Brygida Bziukiewicz Poland Tuula Polvi Finland Cecilia Bolocco Chile Roberta Capua Italy Michelle Royer USA Inés María Calero Venezuela Laurie Tamara Simpson Puerto Rico 1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Chang Yoonjung Korea Amanda Olivares Mexico Mizuho Sakaguchi Japan Pauline Yeung Hong Kong 1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Louise Drevenstam Sweden Gretchen Polhemus USA Joanna Gapińska Poland Adriana Abascal Mexico 1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist USA Lizeth Mahecha Colombia not awarded 1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Pauline Huizinga Netherlands Yulia Lemigova USSR 1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Paola Turbay Colombia Madhu Sapre India 1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Paula Andrea Betancourt Colombia Milka Chulina Venezuela 1994 Sushmita Sen India Carolina Gomez Colombia Minorka Mercado Venezuela 1995 Chelsi Smith USA Manpreet Brar India Lana Buchberger Canada Alicia Machado Venezuela Taryn Mansell Aruba Lola Odusoga Finland 1997 Brook Lee USA Marena Bencomo Venezuela Margot Bourgeois Trinidad & Tobago 1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad & Tobago Veruska Ramirez Venezuela Joyce Giraud Puerto Rico 1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Miriam Quiambao Philippines Diana Nogueira Spain 2000 Lara Dutta India Claudia Moreno Venezuela Helen Lindes Spain 2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Evelina Papantoniou Greece Kandace Krueger USA Eva Ekvall Venezuela Celina Jaitley India 2002 Oxana Fedorova ( Dethroned ) Russia Justine Pasek ( Replaced ) Panama Zhuo Ling China Vanessa Carreira South Africa Cynthia Lander Venezuela 2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Mariángel Ruiz Venezuela Cindy Nell South Africa Sanja Papić Serbia & Montenegro Miyako Miyazaki Japan Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey USA Alba Reyes Puerto Rico Yanina Gonzalez Paraguay Danielle Jones Trinidad & Tobago 2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Cynthia Olavarría Puerto Rico Renata Soñé Dominican Republic Laura Elizondo Mexico Monica Spear Venezuela 2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Kurara Chibana Japan Lauriane Gilliéron Switzerland Lourdes Arevalos Paraguay Tara Conner USA 2007 Riyo Mori Japan Natália Guimarães Brazil Ly Jonaitis Venezuela Honey Lee Korea Rachel Smith USA 2008 Dayana Mendoza Venezuela Taliana Vargas Colombia Marianne Cruz Dominican Republic Vera Krasova Russia Elisa Nájera Mexico 2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Ada de la Cruz Dominican Republic Marigona Dragusha Kosovo Rachael Finch Australia Mayra Matos Puerto Rico Ximena Navarrete Mexico Yendi Phillips Jamaica Jesinta Campbell Australia Anna Poslavska Ukraine Venus Raj Philippines 2011 Leila Lopes Angola Olesya Stefanko Ukraine Priscila Machado Brazil Shamcey Supsup Philippines Luo Zilin China 2012 Olivia Culpo USA Janine Tugonon Philippines Irene Esser Venezuela Renae Ayris Australia Gabriela Markus Brazil 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Patricia Rodríguez Spain Constanza Báez Ecuador Ariella Arida Philippines Jakelyne Oliveira Brazil 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez USA Diana Harkusha Ukraine Yasmin Verheijen Netherlands Kaci Fennell Jamaica 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Ariadna Gutiérrez Colombia Olivia Jordan USA Flora Coquerel France Monika Radulovic Australia 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Raquel Pélissier Haiti Andrea Tovar Colombia 2017 Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters South Africa Laura González Colombia Davina Bennett Jamaica Countries / territories by number of finalists ( edit ) 1st runner - up ( edit ) The first runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the second placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe . In some cases , she shall take over the title of Miss Universe , if : The outgoing titleholder can not fulfill her duties . This could happen and may result to resignation , giving up the title , or dethronement The titleholder is dethroned due to deeds that violate the organization 's policies . This has only happened in 2002 . There were instances that the winner is not replaced by the first runner - up , when she decides to voluntarily resign from her position , given the formal permission from the organization ( 1952 and 1974 ) . This table lists the number of 1st runner - up titles by country . There are some special considerations : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959 , before it joined the United States , holding one 1st runner - up title on its own . The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ) , Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ) , holding a total of four 1st runner - up titles which are counted together . As Panama took over the Miss Universe title in 2002 , it is unknown if the 1st runner - up position was taken by another candidate after the succession took place . Countries that have placed 1st runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times . Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 9 1953 , 1970 , 1973 , 1978 , 1983 , 1986 , 1990 , 2004 , 2014 Colombia 6 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 2008 , 2015 , 2017 Venezuela 1967 , 1976 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 Brazil 5 1954 , 1957 , 1958 , 1972 , 2007 Great Britain 1961 , 1964 , 1974 , 1980 Finland 1965 , 1966 , 1969 Haiti 1975 , 2016 Spain 1985 , 2013 Philippines 1999 , 2012 Italy 1960 , 1987 Ukraine 2011 Jamaica Dominican Republic 2009 Japan 2006 Puerto Rico 2005 Greece 2001 Aruba India 1995 Netherlands 1991 Sweden 1989 South Korea 1988 South Africa 1984 Guam 1982 Canada 1981 Bermuda 1979 Austria 1977 Australia 1971 Curacao 1968 Denmark 1963 Iceland 1962 Norway 1959 Germany 1956 El Salvador 1955 Hawaii 1952 2nd runner - up ( edit ) The second runner - up of each edition of Miss Universe is the third placer behind the candidate who is crowned as Miss Universe and the first runner - up ( second placer ) . Although it has never happened , the second runner - up is supposed to take over the Miss Universe title if both the original winner and the first runner - up are unable to fulfill their duties / resign their titles . For example , if a Miss Universe winner is required to give up her title and the first runner - up is unable / does not want to assume the winner 's position , the title then passes to the second runner - up . This table lists the number of 2nd runner - up titles by country . There are some special considerations as well : Hawaii competed as an independent territory from 1952 to 1959 , before it joined the United States , holding one 2nd runner - up title on its own . The United Kingdom ( currently competing under the name of Great Britain ) competed separatedly as England ( from 1955 to 1962 and then again from 1964 to 1990 ) , Scotland ( from 1961 to 1986 and then again from 1988 to 1990 ) and Wales ( from 1961 to 1990 ) , holding a total of five 2nd runner - up titles which are counted together . It is unknown if Zhuo Ling , Miss Universe 2002 second runner - up , took over the first runner - up position after Justine Pasek took over the winner 's place , as no official statements regarding this matter were made by the organization . Countries that have placed 2nd runner - up in Miss Universe and number of times . Country / Territory Titles Year ( s ) United States 7 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1987 , 1989 , 2001 , 2015 Venezuela 6 1972 , 1984 , 1993 , 1994 , 2007 , 2012 Finland 5 1962 , 1968 , 1971 , 1974 , 1996 Great Britain 1957 , 1967 , 1976 , 1977 , 1979 Colombia 1986 , 1990 , 2016 Australia 1969 , 1970 , 2010 Spain 1978 , 1999 , 2000 Dominican Republic 2005 , 2008 Puerto Rico 1998 , 2004 Ireland 1963 , 1983 Sweden 1956 , 1981 Jamaica 2017 Ukraine 2014 Ecuador 2013 Brazil 2011 Kosovo 2009 Switzerland 2006 South Africa 2003 China 2002 Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Canada 1995 India 1992 Soviet Union 1991 Mexico 1988 Zaire 1985 Italy 1982 New Zealand 1980 Norway 1973 Thailand 1966 Israel 1964 Argentina 1961 Austria 1960 Hawaii 1958 Ceylon 1955 Hong Kong 1954 Japan 1953 Greece 1952 2 Notes Now known as Sri Lanka Now known as DR Congo Now known as Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A misty - eyed look at Armi Kuusela , the 1st Miss Universe '' . philstar.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's how Olivia Culpo reacted to last night 's Miss Universe gaffe from the judge 's chair '' . Boston.com . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LOOK : Pia Wurtzbach meets Miss Universe 2013 Gabriela Isler '' . Rappler . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outraged Colombians look for blame in Miss Universe mix - up '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 22 May 2016 . Jump up ^ McDermott , Maeve ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Miss France Iris Mittenaere is crowned Miss Universe 2017 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Lists portal ( hide ) Miss Universe 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Titleholders Runners - up and finalists Editions Countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Miss_Universe_runners-up_and_finalists&oldid=832901268 '' Categories : Miss Universe Lists of women in beauty pageants Miss Universe contestants Nations at competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who won second place in miss universe 2017

Edition Miss Universe ( 1st place ) 1st runner - up ( 2nd place ) 2nd runner - up ( 3rd place ) 3rd runner - up ( 4th place ) 4th runner - up ( 5th place ) 1952 Armi Kuusela Finland Elza Kananionapua Edsman Hawaii Ntaizy `` Daisy '' Mavraki Greece Judy Dan Hong Kong Renate Hoy Germany 1953 Christiane Martel France Myrna Rae Hansen USA Kinuko Ito Japan Ana Bertha Lepe Mexico Maxine Morgan Australia 1954 Miriam Stevenson USA Martha Rocha Brazil Virginia Lee Wai - Chun Hong Kong Regina Ernst Germany Ragnhild Olausson Sweden 1955 Hillevi Rombin Sweden Maribel Arrieta Galvez El Salvador Maureen Hingert Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) Margit Nünke Germany Keiko Takahashi Japan 1956 Carol Morris USA Marina Orschel Germany Ingrid Goude Sweden Kathleen Waller England Rosanna Galli Italy 1957 Gladys Zender Peru Teresinha Morango Brazil Sonia Hamilton England Maria Fernandez Cuba Gerti Daub Germany 1958 Luz Marina Zuluaga Colombia Adalgisa Colombo Brazil Geri Hoo Hawaii Eurlyne Howell USA Alicja Bobrowska Poland 1959 Akiko Kojima Japan Jorunn Kristjansen Norway Terry Huntingdon USA Pamela Anne Searle England Vera Regina Ribeiro Brazil 1960 Linda Bement USA Daniela Bianchi Italy Elizabeth Hodacs Austria Nicolette Caras South Africa Teresa del Rio Spain 1961 Marlene Schmidt Germany Rosemarie Frankland Wales Adriana Gardiazabal Argentina Arlette Dobson England Sharon Brown USA 1962 Norma Nolan Argentina Anna Geirsdóttir Iceland Anja Aulikki Järvinen Finland Helen Liu Shiu - Man Taiwan Maria Olívia Rebouças Brazil 1963 Iêda Maria Vargas Brazil Aino Korwa Denmark Marlene McKeown Ireland Lalaine Bennett Philippines Kim Myoung - ja Korea 1964 Corinna Tsopei Greece Brenda Blackler England Ronit Renat Rechtman Israel Siv Märta Åberg Sweden Lana Yu Yi Taiwan 1965 Apasra Hongsakula Thailand Virpi Liisa Miettinen Finland Sue Downey USA Ingrid Norman Sweden Anja Schuit Netherlands 1966 Margareta Arvidsson Sweden Satu Charlotta Östring Finland Cheranand Savetanand Thailand Yasmin Daji India Aviva Israeli Israel 1967 Sylvia Hitchcock USA Mariela Pérez Venezuela Jennifer Lynn Lewis England Ritva Lehto Finland Batya Kabiri Israel 1968 Martha Vasconcellos Brazil Anne Braafheid Curacao Leena Brusin Finland Peggy Kopp Venezuela Dorothy Anstett USA 1969 Gloria Diaz Philippines Harriet Eriksson Finland Joanne Barret Australia Chava Levy Israel Kikuyo Osuka Japan 1970 Marisol Malaret Puerto Rico Deborah Shelton USA Joan Zealand Australia Jun Shimada Japan Beatriz Gross Argentina 1971 Georgina Rizk Lebanon Toni Rayward Australia Pirjo Laitila Finland Beba Franco Puerto Rico Eliane Guimaraes Brazil 1972 Kerry Anne Wells Australia Rejane Costa Brazil María Antonieta Cámpoli Venezuela Ilana Goren Israel Jennifer `` Jenny '' McAdam England 1973 Margarita Moran Philippines Amanda Jones USA Aina Walle Norway Maria Madrigal Spain Limor Schreibman Israel Amparo Muñoz Spain Helen Morgan Wales Ritta Johanna Raunio Finland Ella Cecilia Escandon Palacios Colombia Maureen Vieira Aruba Anne Marie Pohtamo Finland Gerthie David Haiti Summer Bartholomew USA Catharina Sjödahl Sweden Rose Marie Brosas Philippines 1976 Rina Messinger Israel Judith Castillo Venezuela Sian Adey - Jones Wales Carol Grant Scotland Julie Ismay Australia 1977 Janelle Commissiong Trinidad & Tobago Eva Düringer Austria Sandra Bell Scotland Aura Maria Mojica Salcedo Colombia Marie - Luise Gassen Germany 1978 Margaret Gardiner South Africa Judi Andersen USA Guillermina Ruiz Spain Mary Shirley Saenz Colombia Cecilia Catharina Rhode Sweden 1979 Maritza Sayalero Venezuela Gina Swainson Bermuda Carolyn Seaward England Martha Jussara da Costa Brazil Annette Marie Ekström Sweden 1980 Shawn Weatherly USA Linda Gallagher Scotland Diana Nottle New Zealand Chat Silayan Philippines Eva Birgitta Anderson Sweden 1981 Irene Sáez Venezuela Dominique Dufour Canada Eva Lena Lundgren Sweden Adriana Oliveira Brazil Dominique Eeckhoudt Belgium 1982 Karen Baldwin Canada Patty Chong Kerkos Guam Cinzia Fiordeponti Italy Tina Roussou Greece Terri Utley USA Lorraine Downes New Zealand Julie Hayek USA Roberta Brown Ireland Lolita Morena Switzerland Karen Moore England 1984 Yvonne Ryding Sweden Leticia Snyman South Africa Carmen Maria Montiel Venezuela Desiree Verdadero Philippines Susana Caldas Lemaitre Colombia 1985 Deborah Carthy - Deu Puerto Rico Teresa Sánchez López Spain Kayonga Mureka Zaire Silvia Martínez Venezuela Andrea López Uruguay 1986 Bárbara Palacios Venezuela Christy Fichtner USA María Mónica Urbina Colombia Brygida Bziukiewicz Poland Tuula Polvi Finland Cecilia Bolocco Chile Roberta Capua Italy Michelle Royer USA Inés María Calero Venezuela Laurie Tamara Simpson Puerto Rico 1988 Porntip Nakhirunkanok Thailand Chang Yoonjung Korea Amanda Olivares Mexico Mizuho Sakaguchi Japan Pauline Yeung Hong Kong 1989 Angela Visser Netherlands Louise Drevenstam Sweden Gretchen Polhemus USA Joanna Gapińska Poland Adriana Abascal Mexico 1990 Mona Grudt Norway Carole Gist USA Lizeth Mahecha Colombia not awarded 1991 Lupita Jones Mexico Pauline Huizinga Netherlands Yulia Lemigova USSR 1992 Michelle McLean Namibia Paola Turbay Colombia Madhu Sapre India 1993 Dayanara Torres Puerto Rico Paula Andrea Betancourt Colombia Milka Chulina Venezuela 1994 Sushmita Sen India Carolina Gomez Colombia Minorka Mercado Venezuela 1995 Chelsi Smith USA Manpreet Brar India Lana Buchberger Canada Alicia Machado Venezuela Taryn Mansell Aruba Lola Odusoga Finland 1997 Brook Lee USA Marena Bencomo Venezuela Margot Bourgeois Trinidad & Tobago 1998 Wendy Fitzwilliam Trinidad & Tobago Veruska Ramirez Venezuela Joyce Giraud Puerto Rico 1999 Mpule Kwelagobe Botswana Miriam Quiambao Philippines Diana Nogueira Spain 2000 Lara Dutta India Claudia Moreno Venezuela Helen Lindes Spain 2001 Denise Quiñones Puerto Rico Evelina Papantoniou Greece Kandace Krueger USA Eva Ekvall Venezuela Celina Jaitley India 2002 Oxana Fedorova ( Dethroned ) Russia Justine Pasek ( Replaced ) Panama Zhuo Ling China Vanessa Carreira South Africa Cynthia Lander Venezuela 2003 Amelia Vega Dominican Republic Mariángel Ruiz Venezuela Cindy Nell South Africa Sanja Papić Serbia & Montenegro Miyako Miyazaki Japan Jennifer Hawkins Australia Shandi Finnessey USA Alba Reyes Puerto Rico Yanina Gonzalez Paraguay Danielle Jones Trinidad & Tobago 2005 Natalie Glebova Canada Cynthia Olavarría Puerto Rico Renata Soñé Dominican Republic Laura Elizondo Mexico Monica Spear Venezuela 2006 Zuleyka Rivera Puerto Rico Kurara Chibana Japan Lauriane Gilliéron Switzerland Lourdes Arevalos Paraguay Tara Conner USA 2007 Riyo Mori Japan Natália Guimarães Brazil Ly Jonaitis Venezuela Honey Lee Korea Rachel Smith USA 2008 Dayana Mendoza Venezuela Taliana Vargas Colombia Marianne Cruz Dominican Republic Vera Krasova Russia Elisa Nájera Mexico 2009 Stefanía Fernández Venezuela Ada de la Cruz Dominican Republic Marigona Dragusha Kosovo Rachael Finch Australia Mayra Matos Puerto Rico Ximena Navarrete Mexico Yendi Phillips Jamaica Jesinta Campbell Australia Anna Poslavska Ukraine Venus Raj Philippines 2011 Leila Lopes Angola Olesya Stefanko Ukraine Priscila Machado Brazil Shamcey Supsup Philippines Luo Zilin China 2012 Olivia Culpo USA Janine Tugonon Philippines Irene Esser Venezuela Renae Ayris Australia Gabriela Markus Brazil 2013 Gabriela Isler Venezuela Patricia Rodríguez Spain Constanza Báez Ecuador Ariella Arida Philippines Jakelyne Oliveira Brazil 2014 Paulina Vega Colombia Nia Sanchez USA Diana Harkusha Ukraine Yasmin Verheijen Netherlands Kaci Fennell Jamaica 2015 Pia Wurtzbach Philippines Ariadna Gutiérrez Colombia Olivia Jordan USA Flora Coquerel France Monika Radulovic Australia 2016 Iris Mittenaere France Raquel Pélissier Haiti Andrea Tovar Colombia 2017 Demi - Leigh Nel - Peters South Africa Laura González Colombia Davina Bennett Jamaica

Milwaukee Brewers - wikipedia Milwaukee Brewers Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the present - day Major League Baseball team . For other uses , see Milwaukee Brewers ( disambiguation ) . Milwaukee Brewers 2017 Milwaukee Brewers season Established in 1969 Based in Milwaukee since 1970 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations National League ( 1998 -- present ) Central Division ( 1998 -- present ) American League ( 1969 -- 1997 ) Central Division ( 1994 -- 1997 ) East Division ( 1972 -- 1993 ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1971 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 19 34 44 42 Colors Navy blue , gold , white Name Milwaukee Brewers ( 1970 -- present ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Other nicknames True Blue Brew Crew , The Brew Crew , The Crew , Beermakers , Beersmen , Cerveceros , Birraioli Ballpark Miller Park ( 2001 -- present ) Milwaukee County Stadium ( 1970 -- 2000 ) Sick 's Stadium ( Seattle ) ( 1969 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 0 ) None NL Pennants ( 0 ) None AL Pennants ( 1 ) 1982 NL Central Division titles ( 1 ) 2011 AL East Division titles ( 1 ) 1982 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2008 The Brewers also qualified for the postseason in the strike - split 1981 season , losing to the New York Yankees in the ALDS . Front office Owner ( s ) Mark Attanasio Manager Craig Counsell General Manager David Stearns The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . The Brewers compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry . Since 2001 , the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park , which has a seating capacity of 41,900 . The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots , an expansion team of the American League ( AL ) , in Seattle , Washington . The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium . After only one season , the team relocated to Milwaukee , becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium . In 1998 , the Brewers joined the National League . They are the only franchise to play in four divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969 . They are also one of two MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history , along with the Houston Astros . The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4 -- 3 . In 2011 , the Brewers won the NLDS versus the Arizona Diamondbacks 3 -- 2 , but lost in the NLCS to the eventual World Series - champion Cardinals , 4 -- 2 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Team uniforms 2.1 Uniforms 2.1. 1 1970 -- 77 2.1. 2 1978 -- 93 2.1. 3 1994 -- 99 2.1. 4 2000 -- present 3 Achievements 3.1 Awards 3.2 Hall of Famers 3.3 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 3.4 Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame 3.5 Retired numbers 3.5. 1 Out of circulation , but not retired 4 Season - by - season records 5 Franchise leaders 5.1 Single - season records 5.2 Career leaders 6 Current roster 7 Team managers 8 Minor league affiliations 9 Radio and television 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Milwaukee Brewers Originating as an expansion team in 1969 , in Seattle , Washington , as the Seattle Pilots , the club played for one season in the American League West Division before being acquired in bankruptcy court by Bud Selig , who then moved the team to Milwaukee . They would continue to play in the West Division for two more years . Before the beginning of the 1972 season the Brewers agreed to switch over to the American League East to make room for the Texas Rangers who had relocated from Washington . Beginning in 1994 , due divisional re-allignment , the Brewers moved to the newly created American League Central division . In all , the Brewers were part of the American League from their creation in 1969 through the 1997 season , after which they moved to the National League Central Division . Milwaukee had previously been a National League city when its team was the Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) . In 1981 , Milwaukee won the American League East Division in the second half of the strike - shortened season . In the playoffs , they lost the divisional series to the New York Yankees , three games to two . In 1982 , Milwaukee won the American League East Division and the American League Pennant , earning their only World Series appearance to date as the Brewers . In the Series , they lost to the St. Louis Cardinals four games to three . In 1998 , the Brewers changed leagues , going from the American League to the National League . In 2008 , for the first time in the 26 years since their World Series appearance , the Brewers advanced to postseason play by winning the National League wild card . They were eliminated in the National League Division Series by the eventual World Series champion Philadelphia Phillies . On September 23 , 2011 , the Milwaukee Brewers clinched their first division title in 29 years . They won the National League Division Series in five games over the Arizona Diamondbacks , but lost the National League Championship Series to the eventual World Series champion St. Louis Cardinals in six games . Team uniforms ( edit ) Uniforms ( edit ) 1970 -- 77 ( edit ) The first Brewers uniforms were `` hand - me - downs '' from the Seattle Pilots . Because the move to Milwaukee received final approval less than a week before the start of the season , there was no time to order new uniforms . Selig had originally planned to change the Brewers ' colors to navy blue and red in honor of the minor league American Association 's Milwaukee Brewers , but was forced to simply remove the Seattle markings from the Pilots ' blue - and - gold uniforms and sew `` BREWERS '' on the front . However , the outline of the Pilots ' logo remained visible . The uniforms had unique striping on the sleeves left over from the Pilots days . The cap was an updated version of the Milwaukee Braves cap in blue and yellow . Ultimately , it was decided to keep blue and gold as the team colors , and they have remained so ever since . The Brewers finally got their own flannel design in 1971 . This design was essentially the same as the one used in 1970 , but with blue and yellow piping on the sleeves and collar . In 1972 , the Brewers entered the double - knit era with uniforms based upon their flannels : all white with `` BREWERS '' on the front and blue and yellow trim on the sleeves , neck , waistband and down the side of the pants . This is the uniform that Hank Aaron wore with the club in his final seasons and that Robin Yount wore in his first . During this period , the logo of the club was the Beer Barrel Man , which had been used by the previous minor league Brewers since at least the 1940s . The Brewers mascot , Bernie Brewer ( a man with a large yellow mustache wearing a Brewers hat ) was introduced in 1973 . 1978 -- 93 ( edit ) The Brewers unveiled new uniforms for the 1978 season . The uniforms featured pinstripes with a solid blue collar and waistband . The road uniforms continued to be powder blue , but for the first time the city name , `` MILWAUKEE '' , graced the chest in an upward slant . In addition , this season saw the introduction of the logo that was to define the club : `` M '' and `` B '' in the shape of a baseball glove . The logo was designed by Tom Meindel , an art history student at the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire . The home cap was solid blue , and the road cap was blue with a yellow front panel . Additionally , their batting helmets had a white front panel . The club wore these uniforms in their pennant - winning season of 1982 . Only minor changes were made until 1990 ; the color of the road uniforms changed to gray in 1985 , while the blue - yellow - blue road cap and white - paneled batting helmets were abandoned at the same time . In 1990 , the Brewers made significant modifications to their uniforms , switching from pullover to button - down jerseys ( the last American League team to do so ) . Their individual uniforms showed other changes as well ; at home , the blue piping was removed and the block lettered `` BREWERS '' was changed to a script version similar to the script used on road uniforms , while those outfits had their piping changed from blue - yellow - blue to blue - yellow . The road jerseys were the first uniforms in franchise history to feature player names on the back ; names were added to the home jerseys beginning in 1993 . 1994 -- 99 ( edit ) In 1994 , in collaboration with the Brewers celebrating their 25th year in Milwaukee , the team did a radical makeover of their uniforms . The ball - in - glove logo was removed and replaced with a stylized interlocking `` M '' and `` B '' set on a pair of crossed bats and a diamond background . The royal blue changed to navy blue , while the yellow changed to a metallic gold . Forest green was added as a third color . The jerseys swapped pinstripes for retro - themed piping around the collar , buttons , and sleeves , following a trend that was popular in the 1990s . The uniforms ' lettering had the same style of letters as the new cap logo with heavily stylized `` BREWERS '' lettering on the home jerseys and `` MILWAUKEE '' on the road grays . For the first time , an alternative jersey was introduced . It was navy blue with the home `` BREWERS '' lettering on the front and featured the Brewers ' logo on the lower left side . The caps featured the interlocking `` MB '' logo ( without the bats or diamond ) on both the home and away versions . The home cap was completely navy blue , while the away cap featured a navy blue crown and a forest green bill . In 1997 , the uniforms were slightly modified , with the main logo being removed from the caps and replaced with an `` M '' . All navy caps were worn with both the home and away uniforms ; the home hats featured a white `` M '' and the road caps had a gold `` M . '' The green socks that had previously been worn on the road were changed to navy blue . The blue alternate jersey placed the player 's number on the lower left side instead of the logo . 2000 -- present ( edit ) Before the 2000 season , to coincide with the anticipated opening of Miller Park , the Brewers changed their uniforms again . The block letters on the front were replaced with `` Brewers '' in a flowing script , and green was removed as the third color . The cap logo was a script `` M '' , similar in style to the Miller logo , with a head of barley underlining it , symbolizing Milwaukee 's beer - making industry . The home uniforms also featured a patch on the left sleeve consisting of the cap logo with a gold outline of the state of Wisconsin behind it , showing the Brewers statewide appeal . The road uniforms were grey and featured the same script `` Brewers '' on the front , with a simple patch on the left sleeve bearing a script `` Milwaukee '' . There was also an alternate navy blue jersey that had the same features as the home jersey . Although the uniforms were supposed to debut with the opening of Miller Park , the Big Blue crane collapse in July 1999 , which cost the lives of three workers and caused damage to the first base side of the stadium , delayed the opening of Miller Park for one year , so the uniforms actually debuted at Milwaukee County Stadium in the ballpark 's final year . In 2006 , the Brewers introduced Retro Sundays , when the Brewers would wear uniforms featuring the `` ball - in - glove '' logo . The uniforms are similar to the uniforms worn from 1978 to 1989 , but with some modern modifications , such as the uniforms being button - up instead of pullover , displaying players ' last names on the backs of the jerseys , and a `` ball - in - glove '' logo patch on the left sleeve . In 2007 , the Retro day was changed from Sunday to Friday , though they may also be worn outside of those days if a starting pitcher chooses the retro uniforms to wear during his start . In 2010 , the Brewers debuted a new alternate road jersey which , like the other alternate jersey , is navy blue , but bears a script `` Milwaukee '' on the front . In 2013 , a gold alternate jersey with `` Brewers '' on the front was introduced , as well . During the off - season before the 2013 season , the Brewers allowed fans to design their own Milwaukee Brewers uniforms . Three finalists were chosen , which fans were given the opportunity to vote for their favorite through the Brewers website . The winning uniform was designed by Ben Peters of Richfield , Minnesota , and was worn by the Brewers for two spring training games . In 2016 , the Brewers replaced their road navy and home gold alternates with a new navy alternate jersey . The uniform is similar to the previous road navy alternate but with yellow replacing gold as the trim color , and will be paired with a navy cap featuring the `` ball - and - glove '' logo . The navy road alternate has been worn far more often in 2016 than the official gray road jersey , although it has also been used on home games . Achievements ( edit ) Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers award winners and All - Stars Three Brewers have won MVP awards during their career with the team . While in the American League , Rollie Fingers won the award in 1981 , and Robin Yount received the honor in 1982 and 1989 . Ryan Braun won the National League MVP award in 2011 . Two pitchers have won the Cy Young Award in the American League . Rollie Fingers won in 1981 , and Pete Vuckovich won in 1982 . Two players have been named Rookie of the Year . Pat Listach won the American League 's award in 1992 , and Ryan Braun won the National League award in 2007 . Hall of famers ( edit ) The following inducted members of the Baseball Hall of Fame spent some or all of their careers with the Brewers . Milwaukee Brewers Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Milwaukee Brewers Hank Aaron Rollie Fingers Paul Molitor Bud Selig Don Sutton Robin Yount Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Brewers cap insignia . No major league player , manager , or executive affiliated with the team when it was known as the Seattle Pilots has been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Ford C. Frick award recipients ( edit ) Milwaukee Brewers Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Bob Uecker Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Brewers . Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame Brewers in the Wisconsin Athletic Hall of Fame No . Name Position Tenure Notes Bud Selig Owner 1970 -- 1998 Born in Milwaukee , attended University of Wisconsin - Madison 3 , 20 , 44 Gorman Thomas CF / DH 1973 -- 1983 , 1986 Paul Molitor IF / DH 1978 -- 1992 11 , 17 Jim Gantner 2B Coach 1976 -- 1992 1996 -- 1997 Born in Fond du Lac , grew up in Eden , attended University of Wisconsin - Oshkosh 15 Cecil Cooper 1B 1977 -- 1987 19 Robin Yount SS / CF 1974 -- 1993 31 , 32 Harvey Kuenn Coach Manager 1972 -- 1975 1975 , 1982 -- 1983 Born in West Allis , raised in Milwaukee , attended University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee 44 Hank Aaron RF / DH 1975 -- 1976 Elected mainly on his performance with Milwaukee Braves and Atlanta Braves 50 Bob Uecker Broadcaster 1971 -- present Born and raised in Milwaukee Retired numbers ( edit ) See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers In addition to the six numbers retired by the Brewers , the number 50 has been placed in the Brewers ' Ring of Honor for Bob Uecker and his half - century in baseball . Bud Selig Team Owner Retired April 6 , 2015 Paul Molitor 3B , DH Retired June 11 , 1999 Robin Yount SS , CF Coach Retired May 29 , 1994 Hank Aaron RF , DH Retired October 3 , 1976 Jackie Robinson 2B Retired by MLB April 15 , 1997 Out of circulation , but not retired ( edit ) 17 : Has not been issued since Jim Gantner 's retirement in 1992 . The only time it was issued after 1992 was from 1996 to 1997 when he returned as first base coach . Season - by - season records ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers seasons The records of the Brewers ' last seven seasons are listed below . MLB season Team season League Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Postseason Awards 2011 2011 NL Central * 1st * 96 66 . 593 -- Won NLDS ( Diamondbacks ) 3 -- 2 Lost NLCS ( Cardinals ) 4 -- 2 Ryan Braun ( MVP , SSA ( OF ) ) John Axford ( ROL ) Prince Fielder ( SSA ( 1B ) , ASG MVP ) 2012 2012 NL Central 3rd 83 79 . 512 14 -- Ryan Braun ( SSA ( OF ) ) 2013 2013 NL Central 4th 74 88 . 457 23 -- Carlos Gómez ( Gold Glove ) 2014 2014 NL Central 3rd 82 80 . 506 8 -- -- 2015 2015 NL Central 4th 68 94 . 420 32 -- -- 2016 2016 NL Central 4th 73 89 . 451 301⁄2 -- -- 2017 2017 NL Central 2nd 86 76 . 531 6 -- Craig Counsell ( MOY ( Sporting News ) ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers team records Single - season records ( edit ) Statistic Player Record Season Runs Molitor ! Paul Molitor 136 1982 Hits Cooper ! Cecil Cooper 219 1980 Home runs Fielder ! Prince Fielder 50 2007 RBI Fielder ! Prince Fielder 141 2009 Stolen bases Harper ! Tommy Harper 73 1969 Wins Caldwell ! Mike Caldwell 22 1978 ERA Caldwell ! Mike Caldwell 2.36 1978 Saves Axford ! John Axford 46 2011 Strikeouts ( pitcher ) Sheets ! Ben Sheets 264 Career leaders ( edit ) Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games played ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; RBI = Runs batted in ; HR = Home runs ; * = current Brewers player Home runs Player Pos AB HR GP Ryan Braun * OF 5629 302 1458 Robin Yount SS / OF 11008 251 2856 Prince Fielder 1B 3527 230 998 Geoff Jenkins OF 4407 212 1234 Gorman Thomas OF 3644 208 1102 Cecil Cooper 1B 6019 201 1490 Ben Oglivie OF 4136 176 1149 Greg Vaughn OF 3244 169 903 Jeromy Burnitz OF 2768 165 782 Paul Molitor 3B 7520 160 1856 RBI Player Pos RBI Robin Yount SS / OF 1406 Ryan Braun * OF 989 Cecil Cooper 1B 944 Paul Molitor 3B 790 Geoff Jenkins OF 704 Ben Oglivie OF 685 Prince Fielder 1B 656 Gorman Thomas OF 605 Jim Gantner 2B 568 Greg Vaughn OF 566 Hits Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 3142 Paul Molitor 3B 2281 Cecil Cooper 1B 1815 Ryan Braun * OF 1699 Jim Gantner 2B 1696 Geoff Jenkins OF 1221 Don Money 3B 1168 Ben Oglivie OF 1144 BJ Surhoff Util 1064 Charlie Moore 1029 Runs Player Pos Robin Yount SS / OF 1632 Paul Molitor 3B 1275 Ryan Braun * OF 937 Cecil Cooper 1B 821 Jim Gantner OF 781 Rickie Weeks 2B 684 Geoff Jenkins OF 661 Don Money 3B 596 Prince Fielder 1B 571 Ben Oglivie OF 567 Stolen bases Player Pos SB Paul Molitor 3B 412 Robin Yount SS / OF 271 Ryan Braun * OF 193 Carlos Gómez OF 152 Jim Gantner 2B 137 Tommy Harper OF / 3B 136 Rickie Weeks 2B 126 Scott Podsednik OF 113 Pat Listach SS 112 Darryl Hamilton OF 109 All records updated on October 25 , 2017 Current roster ( edit ) See also : Milwaukee Brewers all - time roster Milwaukee Brewers 2018 spring training roster view talk 40 - man roster Non-roster invitees Coaches / Other Pitchers 57 Chase Anderson -- Dylan Baker 50 Jacob Barnes 27 Zach Davies -- Marcos Diplan 51 Oliver Drake 41 Junior Guerra 71 Josh Hader 67 Adrian Houser 32 Jeremy Jeffress 26 Taylor Jungmann 46 Corey Knebel 28 Jorge López 52 Jimmy Nelson -- Freddy Peralta 35 Brent Suter 58 Wei - Chung Wang 39 Tyler Webb 56 Aaron Wilkerson 45 Taylor Williams 53 Brandon Woodruff Catchers 47 Jett Bandy -- Jacob Nottingham 9 Manny Piña 13 Andrew Susac 12 Stephen Vogt Infielders 24 Jesús Aguilar 3 Orlando Arcia -- Mauricio Dubón 14 Hernán Pérez 21 Travis Shaw 18 Eric Sogard 7 Eric Thames 5 Jonathan Villar Outfielders 8 Ryan Braun 20 Lewis Brinson 23 Keon Broxton 33 Brett Phillips 16 Domingo Santana Manager 30 Craig Counsell Coaches 11 Darnell Coles ( hitting ) 63 Robinzon Díaz ( bullpen catcher ) 55 Marcus Hanel ( bullpen catcher ) 36 Derek Johnson ( pitching ) 40 Jason Lane ( assistant hitting ) 49 Pat Murphy ( bench / catching ) 6 Ed Sedar ( third base / outfield ) 31 Carlos Subero ( first base / infield ) 43 Lee Tunnell ( bullpen ) 39 active , 0 inactive , 0 non-roster invitees 7 - or 10 - day disabled list * Not on active roster Suspended list Roster , coaches , and NRIs updated December 1 , 2017 Transactions Depth Chart → All MLB rosters Team managers ( edit ) Craig Counsell , manager since 2015 Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers managers Through 46 seasons of play , the Brewers franchise has employed 18 managers . The records and accomplishments of the last five Brewers ' managers are shown below . # A running total of the number of Brewers managers . Any manager who has two or more separate terms is only counted once . WPct Winning percentage : number of wins divided by number of games managed PA Playoff appearances : number of years this manager has led the franchise to the playoffs PW Playoff wins : number of wins this manager has accrued in the playoffs PL Playoff losses : number of losses this manager has accrued in the playoffs LC League Championships : number of League Championships , or pennants , achieved by the manager WS World Series : number of World Series victories achieved by the manager ‡ Member of the Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame # Manager Seasons Wins Losses WPct PA PW PL LC WS Ref 15 Yost ! Ned Yost 2003 -- 2008 457 502 . 477 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- 16 Sveum ! Dale Sveum 2008 7 5 . 583 0 0 17 Macha ! Ken Macha 2009 -- 2010 157 167 . 485 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- 18 Roenicke ! Ron Roenicke 2011 -- 2015 342 331 . 508 5 6 0 0 19 Counsell ! Craig Counsell 2015 -- present 220 241 . 477 - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Totals 3,569 3,912 . 4771 14 18 0 Minor league affiliations ( edit ) Main article : List of Milwaukee Brewers minor league affiliates Level Team League Location Triple - A Colorado Springs Sky Sox Pacific Coast League Colorado Springs , Colorado Double - A Biloxi Shuckers Southern League Biloxi , Mississippi Advanced A Carolina Mudcats Carolina League Zebulon , North Carolina Class A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Midwest League Grand Chute , Wisconsin Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Helena , Montana AZL Brewers Arizona League Phoenix , Arizona DSL Brewers Dominican Summer League Santo Domingo , Distrito Nacional , Dominican Republic Radio and television ( edit ) Bob Uecker , play - by - play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts since 1971 Map of radio affiliates in 2017 ; note the map consists of data for stations by location of transmitter , thus WTMJ 's location being in Racine County near Union Grove rather than Milwaukee . See also : List of Milwaukee Brewers broadcasters The Brewers ' flagship radio station is WTMJ ( 620 AM ) . Bob Uecker , a winner of the Ford C. Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame , joined the Brewers in 1970 , when the team moved from Seattle , and has been there ever since . Alongside Uecker are Jeff Levering and Lane Grindle . Levering joined the team 's radio broadcast in 2015 as a fill - in for Uecker on select road games and Grindle joined the team in 2016 , replacing Joe Block , who had left to join the Pittsburgh Pirates after the 2015 season . Block replaced Cory Provus who had left to become the Minnesota Twins lead broadcaster on radio after the 2011 season . Provus , formerly of WGN radio in Chicago , replaced Jim Powell , who left Milwaukee for the Atlanta Braves radio network . Powell in turn replaced Pat Hughes , who departed to do play - by - play for the Cubs on WGN in 1996 . The Brewers radio broadcasts usually feature a 2 - 2 - 2 - 1 - 2 format where Uecker does solo play - by - play for the first , middle and last 2 innings , while Levering does innings 3 - 4 and 7 , and both doing analysis throughout and varied presentation for extra innings games . Starting with the 2014 season Uecker cut back on the amount of road games he works due to health concerns , mainly involving West Coast trips and distant road games in Colorado and Atlanta ; Block handled the play - by - play , with former Brewer and Met Darryl Hamilton on color for the first series at Atlanta . Select daytime home games were formerly broadcast in Spanish over Waukesha - licensed ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate WRRD ( 1510 ) , with Jaime Cano serving as play - by - play announcer . In 2017 the station was purchased by another party which instituted an English - language talk format , effectively ending that arrangement . Most of the team 's television broadcasts are aired on Fox Sports Wisconsin . Brian Anderson , who has worked on The Golf Channel , took over as the Brewers ' play - by - play announcer for the 2007 season . He replaced Daron Sutton , who joined the Arizona Diamondbacks . The color commentator is Bill Schroeder , a former major league catcher who played six of his eight seasons for the Brewers . As of 2014 Schroeder is in his 20th season as the Brewers ' color commentator . The 2010 season was the first year where all of Fox Sports Wisconsin 's games were broadcast in high definition . Anderson ( who also is a part of TBS 's playoff coverage ) also provided play - by - play for the 2011 NLCS due to Ernie Johnson stepping aside for the year due to a medical situation with his son . In 2014 , as Anderson 's Turner Sports duties have increased along with the addition of NCAA college basketball and NBA on TNT play - by - play duties , Wisconsin Badgers football and men 's college basketball radio announcer Matt Lepay served as play - by - play man on days when Anderson was working for Turner . From 2007 -- 2011 , the Brewers and FSN Wisconsin subcontracted to Weigel Broadcasting a package of 15 games and one spring training game over-the - air on WMLW - CA ( then - Channel 41 / 58.2 ) in Milwaukee each season with FSN Wisconsin producing the telecasts and Weigel selling air time for each of those games and additional games added depending on weather postponements and pennant race standings ( WMLW - CA games would air on the outstate FSN Wisconsin network for the remainder of the state ) . The deal was ended before the 2012 season in order to facilitate full - season HD coverage on FSN Wisconsin and distribution complications , along with the addition of a `` Plus '' channel for Milwaukee Bucks play - by - play conflict situations . Weigel continues to air a few Sunday home broadcasts per year with Spanish language play - by - play on Telemundo affiliate WYTU - LD ( Channels 63 / 49.4 ) , which produces their own broadcasts using FSN 's camera positions with Hector Molina on play - by - play and bilingual WDJT sports anchor Kevin Holden on color . Five of the six major network television stations in Milwaukee , along with WMLW - CA , have carried game broadcasts over the years , with WTMJ - TV being the original broadcaster in the 1970s . WVTV carried the team for the bulk of the 1980s and early 1990s , with WCGV - TV following from 1994 until 2004 , and WISN - TV carrying select Sunday games at the beginning of the 2000s . WITI is the only station not to have carried local coverage of the team through its history ( though former WITI sports anchor and current Bucks play - by - play man Jim Paschke was the team 's TV announcer during its time with WVTV and portions of WCGV 's coverage contract ) , although it has aired national games from CBS and Fox involving the Brewers through the years . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Brewers Timeline '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://milwaukee.brewers.mlb.com/mil/fan_forum/bernie_brewer.jsp Jump up ^ McCalvy , Adam . `` Finalists announced for designing Brewers uniform '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 15 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 10 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Axford Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/sports/brewers/carlos-gomezs-gold-glove-award-ends-31-year-dry-spell-for-brewers-b99130694z1-229816291.html Jump up ^ https://www.brewcrewball.com/2017/10/25/16539650/brewers-craig-counsell-sporting-news-national-league-manager-of-the-year Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Managers '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers Walk of Fame . '' Milwaukee Brewers . Retrieved on 16 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ned Yost Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dale Sveum Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Macha Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 4 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Roenicke Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Craig Counsell Managerial Record . '' . Baseball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved on 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/289447341.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/370309651.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/367098711.html Jump up ^ http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/sports/133165888.html Jump up ^ Haudricort , Tom ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Bob Uecker says he will cut back on workload '' . Milwaukee Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Heistand , Michael ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Family situation keeps TBS ' Ernie Johnson from MLB playoffs '' . USA Today . pp. C3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pipines , Tom ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Matt Lepay to do play - by - play on 35 Brewers telecasts '' . WITI . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brewers team broadcasters page '' . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milwaukee Brewers . Official website Milwaukee Brewers at ESPN Milwaukee Brewers at FOX Sports Milwaukee Brewers Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise History ( Seattle Milwaukee ) Expansion and draft Seasons Records No - hitters Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Bernie Brewer Sausage Race Beer Barrel Man Secret Stadium Sauce Fight Song Roll Out The Barrel Mr. 3000 Hank T. Dog Bob Uecker Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles ( show ) Achievements Preceded by New York Yankees 1981 American League Champions 1982 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1983 Preceded by New York Yankees 1981 American League Eastern Division Champions 1982 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1983 Preceded by Colorado Rockies 2007 National League Wild Card Winners 2008 Succeeded by Colorado Rockies 2009 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 2010 National League Central Division Champions 2011 Succeeded by Cincinnati Reds 2012 Milwaukee Brewers retired numbers 1 Bud Selig 4 Paul Molitor 19 Robin Yount 34 Rollie Fingers 44 Hank Aaron Major League Baseball ( 2017 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Postseason World Series Champions NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Miscellaneous All - 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century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball Sports teams based in Wisconsin Baseball MLB Milwaukee Brewers MWL Beloit Snappers Wisconsin Timber Rattlers NWL Eau Claire Express Fond du Lac Dock Spiders Green Bay Bullfrogs Kenosha Kingfish La Crosse Loggers Lakeshore Chinooks Madison Mallards Wisconsin Woodchucks Wisconsin Rapids Rafters Basketball NBA Milwaukee Bucks G League Wisconsin Herd IBA Kenosha Ballers Milwaukee Falcons Football NFL Green Bay Packers IFL Green Bay Blizzard WFA Madison Blaze MSFL Racine Raiders GFL Brew City Bulldogs Madison Wolves Waukesha Raiders Wisconsin Wolfpack Hockey AHL Milwaukee Admirals USHL Green Bay Gamblers Madison Capitols NAHL Coulee Region Chill Janesville Jets NA3HL La Crosse Freeze Wisconsin Whalers Soccer MASL Milwaukee Wave NPSL Aris SC Milwaukee Torrent PLA Croatian Eagles SC Milwaukee Bavarians Madison 56ers Australian rules football MAAFL Milwaukee Bombers Ultimate AUDL Madison Radicals Roller derby WFTDA Brewcity Bruisers Fox Cities Roller Derby Mad Rollin ' Dolls Mid-State Sisters of Skate MRDA Green Bay Smackers Milwaukee Blitzdkrieg USARS Root River Rollers College athletics NCAA Div . 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III Alverno Inferno Beloit Buccaneers Carroll Pioneers Carthage Red Men Concordia Falcons Edgewood Eagles Lakeland Muskies Lawrence Vikings Maranatha Baptist Crusaders Marian Sabres MSOE Raiders Northland LumberJacks Ripon Red Hawks St. Norbert Green Knights Wisconsin -- Eau Claire Blugolds Wisconsin -- La Crosse Eagles Wisconsin -- Oshkosh Titans Wisconsin -- Platteville Pioneers Wisconsin -- River Falls Falcons Wisconsin -- Stevens Point Pointers Wisconsin -- Stout Blue Devils Wisconsin -- Superior Yellowjackets Wisconsin -- Whitewater Warhawks Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors NAIA Cardinal Stritch Wolves Viterbo V - Hawks Category : Sports teams in Wisconsin Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milwaukee_Brewers&oldid=809892720 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers Major League Baseball teams Cactus League Baseball in Milwaukee Baseball teams established in 1969 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 04 : 17 . 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did the milwaukee brewers ever won a world series

The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4 -- 3 . In 2011 , the Brewers won the NLDS versus the Arizona Diamondbacks 3 -- 2 , but lost in the NLCS to the eventual World Series - champion Cardinals , 4 -- 2 .

Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) - Wikipedia Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 October 2018 . For the unrelated 1952 American game show of the same name , see Wheel of Fortune ( 1952 game show ) . Wheel of Fortune Genre Game show Created by Merv Griffin Directed by Jeff Goldstein ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Dick Carson ( 1978 -- 1999 ) Mark Corwin ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Bob Cisneros ( 2013 -- 2015 ) Robert Ennis ( 2015 -- present ) Presented by Network Host Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Hostess Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( 1982 -- 1991 ) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White Narrated by Charlie O'Donnell ( 1975 -- 1980 , 1989 -- 2010 ) Jack Clark ( 1980 -- 1988 ) M.G. Kelly ( 1988 -- 1989 ) Jim Thornton ( 2011 -- present ) Theme music composer Alan Thicke ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Merv Griffin ( 1983 -- 1997 ) Steve Kaplan ( 1997 -- 2006 ) Frankie Blue ( 2006 -- 2016 ) John Hoke ( 2007 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes Syndicated version : 6,000 ( as of April 11 , 2014 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Merv Griffin ( 1975 -- 2000 ) Harry Friedman ( 1999 -- present ) Producer ( s ) John Rhinehart ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Nancy Jones ( 1976 -- 1995 ) Harry Friedman ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Karen Griffith ( 1997 -- present ) Steve Schwartz ( 1997 -- present ) Production location ( s ) NBC Studios ( Burbank ) ( 1975 -- 1989 ) CBS Television City ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Sony Pictures Studios , Culver City , California ( 1995 -- present ) Running time approx. 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Merv Griffin Productions ( 1975 -- 1984 ) Merv Griffin Enterprises ( 1984 -- 1994 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Domestic Television ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Califon Productions , Inc . Distributor King World Productions ( 1983 -- 2007 ) CBS Television Distribution ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network Daytime : NBC ( 1975 -- 1989 , 1991 ) CBS ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Evening : Syndicated ( 1983 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2006 ) 1080i ( HDTV ; downgraded to 720p locally in some markets ) ( 2006 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release Network January 6 , 1975 ( 1975 - 01 - 06 ) -- June 30 , 1989 ( 1989 - 06 - 30 ) ( NBC ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) -- January 11 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 11 ) ( CBS ) January 14 , 1991 ( 1991 - 01 - 14 ) -- September 20 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 20 ) ( NBC ) Syndication September 19 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 19 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Wheel 2000 External links Website Wheel of Fortune ( often known simply as Wheel ) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin that debuted in 1975 . The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles , similar to those used in Hangman , to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel . Wheel originally aired as a daytime series on NBC from January 6 , 1975 , to June 30 , 1989 . After some changes were made to its format , the daytime series moved to CBS from July 17 , 1989 , to January 11 , 1991 . It then returned to NBC from January 14 , 1991 , until it was cancelled on September 20 , 1991 . The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed , which premiered on September 19 , 1983 , and has aired continuously since . The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford , with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer . O'Donnell left in 1980 and was replaced by Jack Clark . After Clark 's death in 1988 , M.G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989 . O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation , and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010 , when Jim Thornton succeeded him . Woolery left in 1981 , and was replaced by Pat Sajak . Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late - night talk show , and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke . Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS , then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether . Stafford left in 1982 , and was replaced by Vanna White , who remained on the network show for the rest of its run . The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception . Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 36th season premiered on September 10 , 2018 . Contents 1 Gameplay 1.1 Main game 1.2 Bonus round 1.3 Previous rules 2 Conception and development 3 Personnel 3.1 Hosts and hostesses 3.2 Announcers 3.3 Production staff 4 Production 4.1 Set 4.2 Music 4.3 Audition process 5 Broadcast history 6 Reception 7 Merchandise 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Footnotes 9.2 Works cited 10 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Main game ( edit ) The template for round one since the syndicated version 's 33rd season ( 2015 -- 16 ) The core game is based on Hangman . Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle , with each blank representing a letter in the answer , and punctuation revealed as needed . Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories , and this list has evolved over the course of the series . Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016 . In such rounds , a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category , and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword . The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette - style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces , most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900 , plus a top dollar value : $2,500 in round 1 , $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3 , and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds . The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn , both of which forfeit the contestant 's turn , with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round . Each game features three contestants , or occasionally , three two - contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper . The left scoreboard from the viewer 's perspective is colored red , the center yellow , and the right blue , with the contestants ' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping . A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant . Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper , multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle . Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant 's control , allowing the contestant to spin again , buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 , or attempt to solve the puzzle . Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so , until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed . Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt , if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle , calls a letter that has already been called in that round , fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping , or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle . The only exception is the Free Play wedge , on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence , call a free vowel , or solve the puzzle , with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer . In the first three rounds , the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag , while two 1⁄2 Car tags are present in rounds two and three only ( except on episodes with two - player teams ) . The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn ( for the amount that the contestant has just spun ) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there . The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from , or $1,000 in cash courtesy of the sponsoring company . The 1⁄2 Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round ( s ) in which he or she claims both . Unlike the other tags , the 1⁄2 Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won . A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won . All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges , so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag / wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle . The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which , if won and taken to the bonus round , offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000 . A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash , prizes , or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card , which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it . Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds , but it does take away the Wild Card , individual 1⁄2 Car tags , and / or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round . Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ( $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) have their scores increased to that amount . Each game also features three toss - up puzzles , which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time , and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer . The first determines who is interviewed first by the host , the second determines who starts round 1 , and the third determines who starts round 4 . Respectively , the toss - ups are valued at $1,000 , $2,000 , and $3,000 . Contestants may only ring in once for each toss - up puzzle , and no cash is awarded if all three contestants fail to solve the puzzle , or if the last letter of the puzzle is revealed . In this case , the contestant in the position closest to the host is interviewed first or starts the round . In addition to these , each game has a minimum of four rounds , with more played if time permits . Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1 . Round 2 features two `` mystery wedges '' . Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter , or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt . Once either mystery wedge is flipped over , the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and can not be flipped . Round 3 is a prize puzzle , which offers a prize ( usually a trip ) to the contestant who solves it . Starting with season 31 in 2013 , an `` Express '' wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3 . A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance . The contestant can then either `` pass '' and continue the round normally , or `` play '' and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each ( without spinning ) and buying vowels for $250 . The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter ( which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge ) or solves the puzzle . The final round is always played at least in part in a `` speed - up '' format , in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant , with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant 's arrow . Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants ' scores in the speed - up round . The contestant in control calls one letter , and if it appears in the puzzle , the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve . Play proceeds clockwise , starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin , until the puzzle is solved . The three - second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board , and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his / her turn . After the speed - up round , the total winnings of the three contestants are compared . The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round . Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 ( or $2,000 on weeks with two - contestant teams ) . If a tie for first place occurs after the speed - up round , an additional toss - up puzzle is played between the tied contestants . The contestant who solves the toss - up puzzle wins $1,000 and advances to the bonus round . Bonus round ( edit ) Before the bonus round begins , the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle ( prior to season 35 , the puzzle and category were predetermined ) . After doing so , the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize . He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category , and every instance of R , S , T , L , N , and E is revealed . The contestant provides three more consonants ( four if he / she is holding the Wild Card ) and one more vowel , then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters ( if any ) are revealed . The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary , so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires . Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle , the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake . Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts ( with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000 ) , a vehicle ( or two vehicles during weeks with two - contestant teams ) , and a top prize of $100,000 . If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge , the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope . The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times : to Michelle Loewenstein ( October 14 , 2008 ) , to Autumn Erhard ( May 30 , 2013 ) , and to Sarah Manchester ( September 17 , 2014 ) . Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years , or in a lump sum of that amount 's present value . At the end of the Bonus Round , Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 envelope was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it . Previous rules ( edit ) Originally , after winning a round , contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage . At any time during a shopping round , most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize , a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate , or he or she could put the winnings `` on account '' for use in a later shopping round . However , a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds . The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5 , 1987 , both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants . However , the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30 , 1989 . Before the introduction of toss - up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1 , with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round . In addition , if a tie for first place occurred , an additional speed - up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round . The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge , which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel . It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge . Free Spin was retired , and Free Play introduced , at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009 . Between September 16 , 1996 and the end of season 30 in 2013 , the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge , which had been in several different rounds in its history . The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it . To claim the jackpot , a contestant had to land on the wedge , call a correct letter , and solve the puzzle all in the same turn . In later years , it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot , regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn . The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally , which was later reduced to three . The syndicated version , which originally retired contestants after one episode , adopted the three - day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989 . In 1996 , this was changed to have the top three winners from the week 's first four shows returned to compete in the `` Friday Finals '' . When the jackpot wedge was introduced , it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays . The rules allowing returning champions were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21 , 1998 , and contestants appear only on a single episode , reverting to the pre-1989 rules . Before December 1981 , the show did not feature a bonus round . Under the bonus round 's original rules , no letters were provided automatically . The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel , and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle . Also , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round . The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3 , 1988 . Starting on September 4 , 1989 , the first episode of the seventh syndicated season , bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W , H , E , E , and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash , and the rest were changed weekly . Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week . During seasons 16 through 18 ( 1998 -- 2001 ) , the $25,000 remained in - place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won . At the start of season 19 on September 3 , 2001 , there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes , which were available the entire week of shows . These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22 , 2001 . Conception and Development ( edit ) Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy ! , another show he had created , was ending its 11 - year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host . Griffin decided to create a Hangman - style game after recalling long car trips as a child , on which he and his sister played Hangman . After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises ' staff , they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a `` hook '' . He decided to add a roulette - style wheel because he was always `` drawn to '' such wheels when he saw them in casinos . He and MGE 's then - president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel . When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen , then the head of NBC 's daytime programming division , she approved , but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience . She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay , and so , in 1973 , he created a pilot episode titled Shopper 's Bazaar , with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer . The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually , with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for . The main game was played to four rounds , with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round . Unlike the show it evolved into , Shopper 's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel , which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants . This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free , as well as a `` Your Own Clue '' wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle . At the end of the game , the highest - scoring contestant played a bonus round called the `` Shopper 's Special '' where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there , and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle . Edd Byrnes , an actor from 77 Sunset Strip , served as host for the second and third pilots , both titled Wheel of Fortune . These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta , who gave the show a `` Vegas '' feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having , a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves , and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable . Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board , and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen . By the time production began in December 1974 , Woolery was selected to host , the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting `` A-E-I-O-U '' to himself in an effort to remember the vowels . Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes ' pilot episodes , a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts and hostesses ( edit ) Chuck Woolery was the show 's host from 1975 to 1981 . The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery , who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere until December 25 , 1981 , save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place . Woolery 's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin , and his contract was not renewed . On December 28 , 1981 , Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel . Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his `` odd '' sense of humor . NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak , who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC - TV , was `` too local '' for a national audience . Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host , and Silverman acquiesced . Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9 , 1989 , when he left to host a late - night talk show for CBS . Rolf Benirschke , a former placekicker in the National Football League , was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months . Benirschke 's term as host came to an end due to NBC 's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years , with its final episode airing on June 30 , 1989 . When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17 , 1989 , Bob Goen became its host . The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS , then returned to NBC on January 14 , 1991 and continued until September 20 , 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time . Pat Sajak ( right ) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983 . Susan Stafford was the original hostess , serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982 . Stafford was absent for two extended periods , once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident . During these two extended absences , former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford 's most frequent substitute , with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford . After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker , over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement . Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists , which consisted of Summer Bartholomew , former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty , and Vanna White . Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford 's departure . In December 1982 , Griffin named White as Stafford 's successor , saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters ( which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess ) better than anyone else who had auditioned . White became highly popular among the young female demographic , and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe , in a phenomenon that has been referred to as `` Vannamania '' . White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air . Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess , respectively , since it began , except for very limited occasions . During two weeks in January 1991 , Tricia Gist , the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin 's son Tony , filled in for White when she and her new husband , restaurateur George San Pietro , were honeymooning . Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15 , 1991 , because White had a cold at the time of taping . On an episode in November 1996 , when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis , he and White traded places for that segment . On the March 4 , 1997 episode , Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle . On April 1 , 1997 , Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day . Sajak hosted that day 's edition of Jeopardy ! in place of Trebek , who presided over a special two - contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White , who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society , respectively ; Lesly Sajak , Pat 's wife , was the guest hostess for the day . In January and February 2011 , the show held a `` Vanna for a Day '' contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White 's place for one episode , with the winner determined by a poll on the show 's website ; the winner of this contest , Katie Cantrell of Wooster , Ohio ( a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design ) , took White 's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24 , 2011 . Announcers ( edit ) Jim Thornton has been the show 's announcer since 2011 . Charlie O'Donnell was the program 's first and longest tenured announcer . In 1980 , NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show . The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series . His replacement was Jack Clark , who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988 . Los Angeles radio personality M.G. Kelly was Clark 's replacement , starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later . Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position , doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988 -- 89 television season . O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010 . Don Pardo , Don Morrow , and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers . After O'Donnell's death , the producers sought a permanent replacement , and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season , including Gilbert , John Cramer , Joe Cipriano , Rich Fields , Lora Cain and Jim Thornton . For the show 's twenty - ninth season , which began in 2011 , Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel , and has been with the show ever since . Production staff ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in - house production personnel , with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location . Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run , and served as the syndicated version 's executive producer until his retirement in 2000 . Since 1999 , the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman , who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year , and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995 . John Rhinehart was the program 's first producer , but departed in August 1976 to become NBC 's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director . Afterwards , his co-producer , Nancy Jones , was promoted to sole producer , and served as such until 1995 , when Friedman succeeded her . In the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers . They were later promoted to supervising producers , with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith 's and Schwartz 's former position . The show 's original director was Jeff Goldstein , who was succeeded by Dick Carson ( a brother of Johnny Carson ) in 1978 . Mark Corwin , who had served as associate director under Carson , took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 ( although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013 ) . Jeopardy ! director Kevin McCarthy , Corwin 's associate director Bob Cisneros , and Wheel and Jeopardy ! technical director Robert Ennis filled in at various points until Cisneros became full - time director in November 2013 . Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21 , 2014 , as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping . With the start of the 33rd season on September 14 , 2015 , Ennis was promoted to full - time director . Production ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television ( previously known as Columbia TriStar Television , the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises ) . The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions , Inc. , which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent , and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm . The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution , into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007 . The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank . Upon NBC 's 1989 cancellation of the network series , production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles , where it remained until 1995 . Since then , the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City . Some episodes are also recorded on location , a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988 . Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day . Set ( edit ) The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set , as seen on a Season 30 episode The show 's current puzzle board , as seen on a Season 30 episode Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version 's premiere in 1983 . In 1996 , a large video display was added center stage , which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high - definition broadcasting . In the mid-1990s , the show began a long - standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme . As a result , in addition to its generic design , the set also uses many alternate designs , which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs . The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss - Johnson , with later modifications by Jody Vaclav . Previous set designers included Ed Flesh and Dick Stiles . The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on - screen . Flesh , who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy ! , designed the wheel mechanism . Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard , the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments , and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings . Altogether , the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The show 's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons , for a total of 39 spaces . On December 21 , 1981 , a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows ( 11 , 13 , 13 and 11 trilons ) was adopted . This board was surrounded by a double - arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round . Each trilon had three sides : a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle , a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed , and a side with a letter on it . While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle , with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present , a stop - down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants . On February 24 , 1997 , the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch - activated monitors in four rows ( 12 on the top and bottom rows , 14 in the middle two ) . To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay , the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it . The computerized board obviated the stop - downs , allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company . Although not typically seen by viewers , the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play , a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants ' perspective , and a countdown clock . The used letter board is also used during the bonus round , and in at least one case , helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle . Music ( edit ) Alan Thicke composed the show 's original theme , which was titled `` Big Wheels '' . In 1983 , it was replaced by Griffin 's own composition , `` Changing Keys '' , to allow him to derive royalties from that composition 's use on both the network and syndicated versions . Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997 , and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont , California , in December 2003 . His initial theme was a remix of `` Changing Keys '' , but by the 18th syndicated season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , he had replaced it with a composition of his own , which was titled `` Happy Wheels '' . Since 2006 , music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke . Themes they have written for the show include a remix of `` Happy Wheels '' and an original rock - based composition . In addition to `` Changing Keys '' , Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show 's early years . Among them were `` Frisco Disco '' ( earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy ! which aired in 1978 and 1979 ) , `` A Time for Tony '' ( whose basic melody evolved into `` Think ! '' , the longtime theme song for Jeopardy ! ) , `` Buzzword '' ( later used as the theme for Merv Griffin 's Crosswords ) , `` Nightwalk '' , `` Struttin ' on Sunset '' , and an untitled vacation cue . Audition process ( edit ) Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino , Resort & Spa , Cabazon , California The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson , California Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune 's audition process . Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation , Sony Pictures Entertainment , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show ; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and / or Jeopardy ! , their sister radio stations , and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them . Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year , three other game shows within the past ten years , or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself . Throughout the year , the show uses a custom - designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Wheelmobile '' to travel across the United States , holding open auditions at various public venues . Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly . Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage , five at a time , and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin . The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed - up round , and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved . Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize , usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel . Auditions typically last two days , with three one - hour segments per day . After each Wheelmobile event , the `` most promising candidates '' are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held , to participate in a second audition . Alternatively , a participant may submit an audition form with a self - shot video through the show 's website to enter an audition . Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second - level audition vacancies . At the second audition , potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board , followed by a 16 - puzzle test with some letters revealed . The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters . The people who pass continue the audition , playing more mock games which are followed by interviews . Broadcast history ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6 , 1975 , at 10 : 30 am ( 9 : 30 Central ) on NBC . Lin Bolen , then the head of daytime programming , purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy ! series , which had one year remaining on its contract . Jeopardy ! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel 's premiere . The original Wheel aired on NBC , in varying time slots between 10 : 30 am and noon , until June 30 , 1989 . Throughout that version 's run , episodes were generally 30 minutes in length , except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length . NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980 , but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes . The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17 , 1989 , and remained there until January 14 , 1991 . After that , it briefly returned to NBC , replacing Let 's Make a Deal , but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year . The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19 , 1983 , preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS - TV in Columbus , Ohio . From its debut , the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart . The show came from humble beginnings : King World chairmen Roger , Michael , and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show , and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York , Los Angeles , or Chicago , Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days . Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning , but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it , and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households . Soon , Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest - rated syndicated show , and at the beginning of the 1984 -- 85 season , Griffin followed up on the show 's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy ! , hosted by Alex Trebek . The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy ! siphoned ratings from the period 's three longest - running and most popular game shows , Tic - Tac - Dough , The Joker 's Wild , and Family Feud , to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986 . At this point , Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history , and at the peak of the show 's popularity , over 40 million people were watching five nights per week . The series , along with companion series Jeopardy ! , remained the most - watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011 . The program has become America 's longest - running syndicated game show and its second - longest in either network or syndication , second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972 . The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans , and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants . The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise , with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States . Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia , Denmark , France , Germany , Italy , Malaysia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Poland , Russia , Spain , , United Kingdom and Vietnam ( Chiec Non Ky Dieu ) . The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as `` Wheel Around the World '' , the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12 , 2005 . Between September 1997 and January 1998 , CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children 's version of the show titled Wheel 2000 . It was hosted by David Sidoni , with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named `` Cyber Lucy '' . Created by Scott Sternberg , the spin - off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed . For example , the show 's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash , with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round . Reception ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest - rated programs on U.S. syndicated television . It was the highest - rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season ( 2010 -- 11 ) . The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy ! in 2011 , and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host -- in 1993 , 1997 , and 1998 . In a 2001 issue , TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever , second only to Jeopardy ! In August 2006 , the show was ranked number 6 on GSN 's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows . Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN 's Game Show Awards special , which aired on June 6 , 2009 . The show was nominated for Best Game Show , but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host , but lost to Deal or No Deal 's Howie Mandel ; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right . One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants , `` I 'd like to buy a vowel '' , was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase , but lost to `` Come on down ! '' , the announcer 's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price . The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect . The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated . Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point , `` Changing Keys '' was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song . However , it lost to its fellow Griffin composition , `` Think ! '' from Jeopardy ! A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour , and was introduced on the episode aired May 10 , 2010 . Located in the same stage as the show 's taping facility , this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel 's syndicated history , including retired props , classic merchandise , photographs , videos , and a special case dedicated to White 's wardrobe . Two years later , in 2012 , the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City . Merchandise ( edit ) Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies . The games are all similar , incorporating a wheel , puzzle display board , play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens . Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975 . In addition to all the supplies mentioned above , the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the `` shopping '' prizes of the show , with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000 . Two editions were released , with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles . Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation , Tyco / Mattel , Parker Brothers , Endless Games , and Irwin Toys . Additionally , several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers , the Internet , and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations . Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek , which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms , starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection . Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames / Atari ; Sony Online Entertainment , THQ and Ubisoft . Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines . The games are all loosely based on the show , with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize . Since 1996 , over 200 slot games based on the show have been created , both for real - world casinos and those on the Internet . With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered , Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on - air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show . Jump up ^ If a contestant can not spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability , he / she is accompanied by a `` designated spinner , '' a friend or family member who spins for him / her but is otherwise not involved in the game . Jump up ^ Sajak : `` I 'll give the wheel a final spin , and ask you to give me a letter . If it 's in the puzzle , you have three seconds to solve it . Vowels are worth nothing , consonants are worth ... ( wedge amount ) , we 'll add $1,000 to that , ( dollar amount ) apiece . '' Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3 , was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000 , and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013 . References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College Week , Episode 5 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 6000 . April 11 , 2014 . Syndicated . Sajak : `` By the way , I 'm not looking for any cheap applause , but I do wan na say that this is the 6,000 th nighttime Wheel of Fortune show . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Friedman Named Producer of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire . June 14 , 1995 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Ups Bonus Round Jackpot to $1 M '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 12 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Season Premiere Tomorrow ! Wheel of Fortune on YouTube Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Ali , Rasha ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Watch ' Wheel of Fortune ' Unveil a New Puzzle Format '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , pp. 250 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : `` History & Fun Facts '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 31 May 2016 . Syndication . ^ Jump up to : Newcomb 2004 , p. 2527 Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' : About the Show '' . CBS Press Express . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel of Fortune . Season 33 . 25 May 2016 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Watch Now : Wheel 's 1st Million Dollar Winner '' . Philadelphia : WPVI - TV . October 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California woman becomes 2nd million dollar winner on Wheel of Fortune '' . Tuscaloosa , AL : WCFT - TV . May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Silver Spring math teacher , Sarah Manchester , wins $1 million on ' Wheel Of Fortune ' '' . Washington , DC : WJLA - TV . September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 30 , Episode 4 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 30 . Episode 5834 . May 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Closing credits : `` Contestants are advised prior to taping that they may elect to receive the million dollar prize paid over 20 years or as a present value lump sum payment . '' Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Kubasik , Ben ( September 26 , 1987 ) . `` TV Spots '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Daytime 1st Finale '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 30 , 1989 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 18 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 18 . September 4 , 2000 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Kills Free Spin : Is Nothing Sacred ? '' . Time . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2546 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 14 , Episode 11 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . September 16 , 1996 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 27 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 7 , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 7 . September 4 , 1989 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Season 16 , Episode 15 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 16 . September 21 , 1998 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Sams & Shook 1987 , pp. 40 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` Episode 996 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 6 . October 3 , 1988 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Desert Southwest Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . September 3 , 2001 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Big Money Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 19 . October 22 , 2001 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Griffin & Bender 2007 , pp. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ `` Meet the ' Wheel ' '' . The Chicago Tribune . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , 1988 & p - 183 Jump up ^ Stafford 2011 , p. 194 Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini 1990 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune '' . The E ! True Hollywood Story . 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Terry , Clifford ( May 23 , 1986 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' long ago spun its way to the top '' . St. Petersburg Evening - Independent . p. 5B . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 101 Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Weekly Variety : 80 . September 7 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` 2 to substitute for Susan Stafford '' . Youngstown Vindicator . May 22 , 1979 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vanna White biography '' . Biography.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Observer - Reporter . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vanna White Celebrates 30 Years on `` Wheel of Fortune '' `` . Katie . April 30 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Greene , Bob ( January 8 , 1986 ) . `` Here comes Vanna White '' . The Free - Lance Star . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stargazing '' . The Kansas City Star . March 11 , 1991 . Retrieved November 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Speers , W. ( March 6 , 1991 ) . `` Dog Bites Queen , And That 's News '' . The Inquirer . Philadelphia . Associated Press , Reuters . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sajak Reveals Reason for 1 - Day Job Switch With Vanna White '' . Good Morning America . ABC . April 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2594 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 14 . Episode 2594 . November 21 , 1996 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 2662 '' . Wheel of Fortune . March 4 , 1997 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Observances , Holidays , and Celebrations . MobileReference. 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60 - 501177 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` April Fool 's Day Special '' . Wheel of Fortune . April 1 , 1997 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Grosvenor , Carrie ( January 4 , 2011 ) . `` Want to be Vanna for a day ? '' . About.com . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gehring , Lydia ( February 23 , 2011 ) . `` Triway High School grad voted Vanna for a Day '' . The Daily Record . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : West , Randy . `` Charlie O'Donnell Tribute '' . Randy West official website . Retrieved January 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Clark , announcer on TV 's ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Miami Herald . July 27 , 1988 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham , Jefferson ( September 20 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel ' takes a turn to new twists for fall '' . USA Today . p. 3D . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lycan , Gary ( November 1 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' announcer Charlie O'Donnell dies at 78 '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Veteran Announcer Jim Thornton is the New Voice of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel of Fortune . June 13 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists from appropriate Wheel of Fortune episodes . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Director Mark Corwin Dies at 65 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5851 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5851 . September 16 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5866 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5866 . October 7 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 5891 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 31 . Episode 5891 . November 11 , 2013 . Syndication . Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( November 19 , 2013 ) . `` Bob Cisneros Named Director of ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6066 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6066 . October 13 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` Episode 6091 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 32 . Episode 6091 . November 17 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` WHEEL OF FORTUNE NAMES ROBERT ENNIS DIRECTOR '' . Wheel of Fortune . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Tom ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , ' Jeopardy ! ' : Merv Griffin 's True TV Legacy '' . TVWeek . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holl , John ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` To Califon , Merv was just a regular farm guy '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved September 4 , 2007 . Viewers who pay careful attention to the closing credits on ' Wheel of Fortune ' will see the game show is produced by Califon Productions , a subtle nod from Merv Griffin , the program 's creator , to the Hunterdon County community where he once owned a farm . Jump up ^ `` Pat , Vanna and Alex Play On ! '' . Sony Pictures Television . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside ' Wheel of Fortune ' : Why Pat and Vanna Have a ' W - NN - R ' '' . TV Guide . 1987 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' , America 's Favorite Game Show , Spins Into Its 20th Season '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . September 17 , 1995 . p . G5 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joseph ( July 26 , 1988 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune 's ' other blonde '' . Saturday Morning Deseret News . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Production credits '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Slotnik , Daniel E. ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ed Flesh , Designed the Wheel of Fortune , Dies at 79 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel ' gets modern board '' . The Vindicator . February 25 , 1997 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Dana C . '' Wheel of Fortune . March 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Contestant : Seth N . '' Wheel of Fortune . December 18 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Teti , John ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the most amazing solve in ' Wheel of Fortune ' history '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , David . `` Merv Griffin biography '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune . ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Famous people who died in aviation accidents '' . www.planecrashinfo.com . Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ( December 17 , 2003 ) . `` Pilot Killed in Crash Was TV , Film Composer ; Steve Kaplan , who died when his plane crashed into a Claremont home , had written music for ' Jeopardy ! ' and ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Merv Griffin soundtrack '' . Ringostrack.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bickelhaupt , Susan ( September 5 , 1989 ) . `` Placing himself in ' Jeopardy ! ' tonight '' . The Boston Globe . p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2014 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile Audition Tips '' . Portland , OR : KATU - TV . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Show Guide : Show FAQs '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wheelmobile '' . Wheel of Fortune . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feder , Robert ( December 26 , 1990 ) . `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' spins back to NBC '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . Variety : 54 . August 10 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` No title '' . TV Guide . 32 : 64 . 1984 . Jump up ^ Griffin & Bender 2007 , p. 106 Jump up ^ `` Syndication Ratings : ' Judge Judy ' Is Queen of Syndie Season '' . Broadcasting & Cable . September 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' ( Australia ) '' . Australian Game Show Homepage . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Liebst , Asger ( 2009 ) . `` Opfindelsen af Lykkehjulet '' . Reklamens århundrede : 1901 -- 2001 , billeder fra danskernes hverdrag . Nordisk Forlag A / S. p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 02 - 08311 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` La Roue de la Fortune '' ( in French ) . Émission TV . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Glücksrad '' ( in German ) . fernsehserien.de . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La WEB Ruota della Fortuna '' . GiocaItalia.it . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Yeoh Seng Guan ( 2011 ) . Media , Culture and Society in Malaysia . Routledge . pp. 29 , 31 , 35 . ISBN 0203861655 . Jump up ^ `` What Goes Around : The Wheel of Fortune Returns '' . Stuff.co.nz. April 13 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dimaculangan , Jocelyn ( January 13 , 2008 ) . `` Philippine version of ' Wheel of Fortune ' premieres on January 14 '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Koło Fortuny : Rules of Polish ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Casino Observer . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pole Chudes , or The Russian ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . Wheel-Roulette.net . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` La ruleta de la suerte '' ( in Spanish ) . Laguia TV . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' '' . UKGameShows.com . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel Around the World Inaugural Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 23 . September 12 , 2005 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` Popular game show takes kids for a spin '' . Austin American - Statesman . p. 11 . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan & Wostbrock 1999 , p. 252 Jump up ^ `` U.S. television ratings : top 10 syndicated programs in season 2009 / 10 : Statistic '' . Statista.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 Report : ' Two and a Half Men ' Still Strong ; Network Ratings Still Sliding '' . The Wrap TV . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' TV Guide ' Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . Hall of Game Show Fame . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . GSN . Retrieved on August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Catlin , Roger . `` On Tonight : First Game Show Awards '' . TV Eye . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Title Unknown '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` State Fair Week , Episode 1 '' . Wheel of Fortune . Season 27 . May 10 , 2010 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Glaus , Heidi ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tour the ' Wheel of Fortune ' Hall of Fame '' . St. Louis , MO : KSDK - TV . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wheel Of Fortune Honored By Gray Line New York 's Ride Of Fame Getty Images . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune board games '' . Board Game Geek . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GameTek Games '' . IGN . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wheel of Fortune ' Licensees '' . MobyGames . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wheel of Fortune at IGT Games '' . International Game Technology . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Works cited ( edit ) Graham , Jefferson ( 1988 ) . Come on Down ! ! ! : The Game Show Book . New York : Abbeville Press . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 794 - 6 . Griffin , Merv & Bender , David ( 2007 ) . Merv : Making the Good Life Last . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5696 - 3 . Newcomb , Horace ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Television ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 411 - X -- via Google Books . Sams , David R. & Shook , Robert L. ( 1987 ) . Wheel of Fortune . New York : St. Martins Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 90833 - 4 . Schwartz , David ; Ryan , Steve & Wostbrock , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Facts on File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 3846 - 5 . Stafford , Susan ( 2011 ) . Stop the Wheel , I Want to Get Off ! ( eBook ) . Xlibris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 7438 - 4 -- via Google Books . Trebek , Alex & Barsocchini , Peter ( 1990 ) . The ' Jeopardy ! ' Book : The Answers , the Questions , the Facts , and the Stories of the Greatest Game Show in History . Introduction by Merv Griffin . New York : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 096511 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune ( U.S. game show ) . Official website Wheel of Fortune on IMDb Wheel of Fortune at TV.com Wheel of Fortune at The Interviews : An Oral History of Television Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Hosts ( U.S. version ) Chuck Woolery ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Pat Sajak ( since 1981 ) Rolf Benirschke ( 1989 ) Bob Goen ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Cohosts ( U.S. version ) Susan Stafford ( 1975 -- 1982 ) Vanna White ( since 1982 ) Book Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) The Price Is Right ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheel_of_Fortune_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=866175959 '' Categories : 1970s American game shows 1975 American television series debuts 1980s American game shows 1983 American television series debuts 1990s American game shows 1991 American television series endings 2000s American game shows 2010s American game shows CBC Television shows CBS network shows Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Roulette and wheel games Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Merv Griffin Enterprises Television series by Sony Pictures Television Television series created by Merv Griffin Wheel of Fortune ( franchise ) Television series by King World Productions Hidden categories : Articles with incomplete citations from November 2014 All articles with incomplete citations CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from August 2014 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata The Interviews title ID not in Wikidata Good articles Television articles with disputed naming style Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi ไทย 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 19 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest - running syndicated game show in the United States , with over 6,000 episodes aired . TV Guide named it the `` top - rated syndicated series '' in a 2008 article , and in 2013 , the magazine ranked it at No. 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever . The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations . The syndicated series ' 36th season premiered on September 10 , 2018 .

President of the United Nations General Assembly - wikipedia President of the United Nations General Assembly President of the United Nations General Assembly Emblem of the United Nations Flag of the United Nations Incumbent Miroslav Lajčák since 12 September 2017 United Nations General Assembly Style His Excellency Status Presiding officer Member of General Assembly Residence United Nations Headquarters Seat New York City , New York , United States Appointer General Assembly Term length one year Inaugural holder Paul - Henri Spaak Formation 1946 Website un.org/en/ga/ The President of the United Nations General Assembly is a position voted for by representatives in the United Nations General Assembly ( UNGA ) on a yearly basis . The President presides over the sessions of the General Assembly . Miroslav Lajčák of Slovakia has been elected as the UNGA President of its 72nd session beginning in September 2017 . Contents 1 Election 2 List of presidents 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Election ( edit ) A map of the world showing the home countries of Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly up until the 72th session of the General Assembly in 2017 - 18 , with historical member states in inset . The session of the assembly is scheduled for every year starting in September -- any special , or emergency special , assemblies over the next year will be headed by the President of UNGA . The presidency rotates annually between the five geographic groups : African , Asia - Pacific , Eastern European , Latin American and Caribbean , and Western European and other States . Because of their powerful stature globally , some of the largest , most powerful countries have never held the presidency , such as the People 's Republic of China , France , Japan , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States . In particular , it is customary that no permanent member of the United Nations Security Council ever serves as UNGA president . The only country that had a national elected as President of UNGA twice is Argentina ; all the other member states had been represented only once by their nationals holding this office . This does not include special and emergency special sessions of UNGA . List of Presidents ( edit ) Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth , First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo South Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third Abbreviations : Pre-1966 COS : Commonwealth Seat EAS : Eastern European and Asian Seat LAS : Latin American Seat MES : Middle Eastern Seat WES : Western European Seat Since 1966 Africa : African Group Asia - Pacific : Asian Group , since 2011 the Asia - Pacific Group EEG : Eastern European Group GRULAC : Latin American and Caribbean Group WEOG : Western European and Others Group See also ( edit ) President of the United Nations Security Council References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UN : About the General Assembly '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Presidents of the General Assembly of the United Nations . Un.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ United Nations document GA / 11105 Jump up ^ `` Asian Group of nations at UN changes its name to Asia - Pacific Group '' , Radio New Zealand International , 31 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has news related to : United Nations UN : List of UN General Assembly presidents UN General Assembly President Election Reform . UNelections.org . More news on UN elections and appointments . Presidents of the United Nations General Assembly 1940s Spaak ( BEL ) Aranha ( BRA ) Arce ( ARG ) Evatt ( AUS ) Rómulo ( PHI ) 1950s Entezam ( IRI ) Nervo ( MEX ) Pearson ( CAN ) Pandit ( IND ) van Kleffens ( NED ) Maza ( CHI ) Ortega ( CHI ) Prince Wan Waithayakon ( THA ) Munro ( NZL ) Malik ( LIB ) Belaúnde ( PER ) 1960s Boland ( IRL ) Slim ( TUN ) Khan ( PAK ) Rodriguez ( VEN ) Quaison - Sackey ( GHA ) Fanfani ( ITA ) Pazhwak ( AFG ) Mănescu ( ROM ) Catalán ( GUA ) Brooks ( LBR ) 1970s Hambro ( NOR ) Malik ( INA ) Trepczyński ( POL ) Benites ( ECU ) Bouteflika ( ALG ) Thorn ( LUX ) Amerasinghe ( SRI ) Mojsov ( YUG ) Liévano ( COL ) Salim ( TAN ) 1980s von Wechmar ( BRD ) Kittani ( IRQ ) Hollai ( HUN ) Illueca ( PAN ) Lusaka ( ZAM ) Piniés ( ESP ) Choudhury ( BAN ) Florin ( DDR ) Caputo ( ARG ) Garba ( NGR ) 1990s de Marco ( MLT ) Shihabi ( KSA ) Ganev ( BUL ) Insanally ( GUY ) Essy ( CIV ) Freitas ( POR ) Ismail ( MAS ) Udovenko ( UKR ) Opertti ( URU ) Gurirab ( NAM ) 2000s Holkeri ( FIN ) Han ( KOR ) Kavan ( CZE ) Hunte ( LCA ) Ping ( GAB ) Eliasson ( SWE ) Al - Khalifa ( BAH ) Kerim ( MKD ) d'Escoto ( NIC ) Treki ( LIB ) 2010s Deiss ( SUI ) Nasser ( QAT ) Jeremić ( SRB ) Ashe ( ANT ) Kutesa ( UGA ) Lykketoft ( DEN ) Thomson ( FIJ ) Lajčák ( SVK ) Permanent Representatives to the United Nations Africa Liberia Morocco Tanzania Americas Barbados Canada Chile Colombia Guyana Honduras Panama United States Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Pakistan Philippines Sri Lanka Syria Europe Belgium Belarus Croatia Finland France Germany Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Russia Sweden United Kingdom Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Permanent Observers Holy See Palestine Sovereign Military Order of Malta Related articles Current Permanent Representatives UN Members General Assembly Security Council President United Nations António Guterres , Secretary - General Amina J. 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who has been elected next president of united nations 2018

Year elected Name of President UN member state Region Sessions 1946 Paul - Henri Spaak Belgium WES First 1947 Oswaldo Aranha Brazil LAS First special Second 1948 José Arce Argentina LAS Second special 1948 Herbert Vere Evatt Australia COS Third 1949 Carlos P. Romulo Philippines EAS Fourth 1950 Nasrollah Entezam Iran EAS Fifth 1951 Luis Padilla Nervo Mexico LAS Sixth 1952 Lester B. Pearson Canada COS Seventh 1953 Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit India COS Eighth , First woman president 1954 Eelco van Kleffens Netherlands WES Ninth 1955 José Maza Fernández Chile LAS Tenth 1956 Rudecindo Ortega ( de ) Chile LAS First emergency special Second emergency special 1956 Wan Waithayakon Thailand EAS Eleventh 1957 Leslie Munro New Zealand COS Twelfth Third emergency special 1958 Charles Malik Lebanon MES Thirteenth 1959 Víctor Andrés Belaúnde Peru LAS Fourteenth Fourth emergency special 1960 Frederick Boland Ireland WES Fifteenth Third special 1961 Mongi Slim Tunisia MES Sixteenth 1962 Muhammad Zafarullah Khan Pakistan COS Seventeenth Fourth special 1963 Carlos Sosa Rodríguez ( es ) Venezuela LAS Eighteenth 1964 Alex Quaison - Sackey Ghana COS Nineteenth 1965 Amintore Fanfani Italy WES Twentieth 1966 Abdul Rahman Pazhwak Afghanistan Asia Twenty - first Fifth special Fifth emergency special 1967 Corneliu Mănescu Romania EEG Twenty - second 1968 Emilio Arenales Catalán Guatemala GRULAC Twenty - third 1969 Angie Brooks Liberia Africa Twenty - fourth 1970 Edvard Hambro Norway WEOG Twenty - fifth 1971 Adam Malik Indonesia Asia Twenty - sixth 1972 Stanisław Trepczyński Poland EEG Twenty - seventh 1973 Leopoldo Benites Ecuador GRULAC Twenty - eighth Sixth special Abdelaziz Bouteflika Algeria Africa Twenty - ninth Seventh special Gaston Thorn Luxembourg WEOG Thirtieth 1976 Hamilton Shirley Amerasinghe Sri Lanka Asia Thirty - first 1977 Lazar Mojsov Yugoslavia EEG Thirty - second Eighth special Ninth special Tenth special 1978 Indalecio Liévano Colombia GRULAC Thirty - third 1979 Salim Ahmed Salim United Republic of Tanzania Africa Thirty - fourth Sixth emergency special Seventh emergency special Eleventh special 1980 Rüdiger von Wechmar Federal Republic of Germany WEOG Thirty - fifth Eighth emergency special 1981 Ismat T. Kittani Iraq Asia Thirty - sixth Seventh emergency special -- Continuation Ninth emergency special Twelfth special 1982 Imre Hollai Hungary EEG Thirty - seventh Jorge Illueca Panama GRULAC Thirty - eighth 1984 Paul J.F. Lusaka Zambia Africa Thirty - ninth 1985 Jaime de Piniés Spain WEOG Fortieth Thirteenth special 1986 Humayun Rashid Choudhury Bangladesh Asia Forty - first Fourteenth special Peter Florin German Democratic Republic EEG Forty - second Fifteenth special Dante Caputo Argentina GRULAC Forty - third Joseph Nanven Garba Nigeria Africa Forty - fourth Sixteenth special Seventeenth special Eighteenth special Guido de Marco Malta WEOG Forty - fifth 1991 Samir Shihabi Saudi Arabia Asia Forty - sixth Stoyan Ganev Bulgaria EEG Forty - seventh Rudy Insanally Guyana GRULAC Forty - eighth Amara Essy Ivory Coast Africa Forty - ninth 1995 Diogo de Freitas do Amaral Portugal WEOG Fiftieth Razali Ismail Malaysia Asia Fifty - first Tenth emergency special Nineteenth special Hennadiy Udovenko Ukraine EEG Fifty - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twentieth special 1998 Didier Opertti Uruguay GRULAC Fifty - third Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - first special 1999 Theo - Ben Gurirab Namibia Africa Fifty - fourth Twenty - second special Twenty - third special Twenty - fourth special 2000 Harri Holkeri Finland WEOG Fifty - fifth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Twenty - fifth special Twenty - sixth special Han Seung - soo South Korea Asia Fifty - sixth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2002 Jan Kavan Czech Republic EEG Fifty - seventh Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2003 Julian Hunte Saint Lucia GRULAC Fifty - eighth Tenth emergency special -- Continuation Jean Ping Gabon Africa Fifty - ninth 2005 Jan Eliasson Sweden WEOG Sixtieth 2006 Haya Rashed Al - Khalifa Bahrain Asia Sixty - first Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2007 Srgjan Kerim Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia EEG Sixty - second 2008 Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann Nicaragua GRULAC Sixty - third 2009 Ali Treki Libya Africa Sixty - fourth Joseph Deiss Switzerland WEOG Sixty - fifth 2011 Nassir Al - Nasser Qatar Asia - Pacific Sixty - sixth 2012 Vuk Jeremić Serbia EEG Sixty - seventh ( election ) 2013 John William Ashe Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Sixty - eighth 2014 Sam Kutesa Uganda Africa Sixty - ninth 2015 Mogens Lykketoft Denmark WEOG Seventieth 2016 Peter Thomson Fiji Asia - Pacific Seventy - first ( election ) 2017 Miroslav Lajčák Slovakia EEG Seventy - second Tenth emergency special -- Continuation 2018 María Fernanda Espinosa Ecuador GRULAC Seventy - third

List of current Indian governors - wikipedia List of current Indian governors Jump to : navigation , search In the Republic of India , a governor is the constitutional head of each of the twenty - nine states . The governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years , and holds office at the President 's pleasure . The governor is de jure head of the state government ; all its executive actions are taken in the governor 's name . However , the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers , headed by the chief minister , who thus hold de facto executive authority at the state - level . The Constitution of India also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion , such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry , recommend President 's rule , or reserve bills for the President 's assent . Over the years , the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the central government -- appointed governor . The union territories of Andaman and Nicobar , Delhi and Puducherry are headed by lieutenant - governors . Since Delhi and Puducherry have a measure of self - government with an elected legislature and council of ministers , the role of the lieutenant - governor there is a mostly ceremonial one , akin to that of a state 's governor . The other four union territories -- Chandigarh ; Dadra and Nagar Haveli ; Daman and Diu ; and Lakshadweep -- are governed by an administrator . Unlike the administrators of other territories , who are drawn from the Indian Administrative Service , since 1985 the Governor of Punjab has acted as the ex-officio Administrator of Chandigarh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current governors of states 2 Current lieutenant governors and administrators of union territories 2.1 Territories with a legislature 2.2 Territories without a legislature 3 See also 4 References Current governors of states ( edit ) State ( present governors ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) Narasimhan , E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan 000000002009 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2009 ( 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 54 days ) Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Mishra , B.D. B.D. Mishra -- 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2017 ( 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 days ) Assam ( list ) Mukhi , Jagdish Jagdish Mukhi -- 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 ( 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 days ) Bihar ( list ) Malik , Satya Pal Satya Pal Malik -- 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2017 ( 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 days ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Tandon , Balram Das Balram Das Tandon 000000002014 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 July 2014 ( 7003130600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 210 days ) Goa ( list ) Sinha , Mridula Mridula Sinha 000000002014 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2014 ( 7003126900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 173 days ) Gujarat ( list ) Kohli , Om Prakash Om Prakash Kohli 000000002014 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2014 ( 7003131500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 219 days ) Haryana ( list ) Solanki , Kaptan Singh Kaptan Singh Solanki 000000002014 - 07 - 27 - 0000 27 July 2014 ( 7003130400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 208 days ) Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Vrat , Acharya Dev Acharya Dev Vrat -- 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2015 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days ) Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vohra , Narinder Nath Narinder Nath Vohra 000000002008 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2008 ( 7003352700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 240 days ) Jharkhand ( list ) Murmu , Draupadi Draupadi Murmu 000000002015 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2015 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 278 days ) Karnataka ( list ) Vala , Vajubhai Vajubhai Vala 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2014 ( 7003126800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 172 days ) Kerala ( list ) Sathasivam , P. P. Sathasivam 000000002014 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2014 ( 7003126400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 168 days ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Patel , Anandiben Anandiben Patel 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2018 ( 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 days ) Maharashtra ( list ) Rao , C. Vidyasagar C. Vidyasagar Rao 000000002014 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2014 ( 7003127000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 174 days ) Manipur ( list ) Heptulla , Najma Najma Heptulla 000000002016 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2016 ( 7002548000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 183 days ) Meghalaya ( list ) Prasad , Ganga Ganga Prasad -- 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2017 ( 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days ) Mizoram ( list ) Sharma , Nirbhay Nirbhay Sharma 000000002015 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2015 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 270 days ) Nagaland ( list ) Acharya , Padmanabha Padmanabha Acharya 000000002014 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2014 ( 7003131200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 216 days ) Odisha ( list ) Jamir , S.C. S.C. Jamir -- 000000002013 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2013 ( 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 336 days ) Punjab ( list ) Badnore , V.P. Singh V.P. Singh Badnore 000000002016 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2016 ( 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 182 days ) Rajasthan ( list ) Singh , Kalyan Kalyan Singh 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2014 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 169 days ) Sikkim ( list ) Patil , Shriniwas Shriniwas Patil 000000002013 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2013 ( 7003167600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 215 days ) Tamil Nadu ( list ) Purohit , Banwarilal Banwarilal Purohit 000000002017 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2017 ( 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 days ) Telangana ( list ) Narasimhan , E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan ( Additional charge ) 000000002014 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2014 ( 7003135900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 263 days ) Tripura ( list ) Roy , Tathagata Tathagata Roy -- 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 ( 7003100700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 276 days ) Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Naik , Ram Ram Naik 000000002014 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2014 ( 7003130900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 213 days ) Uttarakhand ( list ) Paul , Krishan Kant Krishan Kant Paul -- 000000002015 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2015 ( 7003113900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 43 days ) West Bengal ( list ) Tripathi , Keshari Nath Keshari Nath Tripathi 000000002014 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2014 ( 7003130700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 211 days ) Current lieutenant governors and Administrators of union territories ( edit ) Territories with a legislature ( edit ) The first woman IPS officer , Kiran Bedi is the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry . Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Delhi ( list ) Baijal , Anil Anil Baijal 000000002016 - 12 - 31 - 0000 31 December 2016 ( 7002416000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 51 days ) Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry ( list ) Bedi , Kiran Kiran Bedi 000000002016 - 05 - 29 - 0000 29 May 2016 ( 7002632000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 267 days ) Territories without a legislature ( edit ) Office and union territory ( past officeholders ) Name Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands ( list ) Kumar Joshi , Devendra Devendra Kumar Joshi 000000002017 - 10 - 08 - 0000 8 October 2017 ( 7002135000000000000 ♠ 135 days ) Administrator of Chandigarh ( list ) Badnore , V.P. Singh V.P. Singh Badnore 000000002016 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2016 ( 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 182 days ) Administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli ( list ) Patel , Praful Khoda Praful Khoda Patel ( Additional charge ) 000000002016 - 12 - 30 - 0000 30 December 2016 ( 7002417000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 52 days ) Administrator of Daman and Diu ( list ) Patel , Praful Khoda Praful Khoda Patel 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 29 August 2016 ( 7002540000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 175 days ) Administrator of Lakshadweep ( list ) Khan , Farooq Farooq Khan 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 6 September 2016 ( 7002532000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 167 days ) See also ( edit ) List of current Indian chief ministers List of current Indian chief justices List of current Indian legislative speakers List of current Indian opposition leaders List of female Indian governors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das alok Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th edition , 2011 reprint . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . p. 237 , 241 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Governors . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Balaji . `` Narasimhan to look after Andhra Pradesh '' . The Hindu . 28 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brigadier BD Mishra sworn - in as Arunachal Pradesh governor '' . The Indian Express . 03 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jagdish Mukhi sworn in as governor of Assam '' . Hindustan Times . 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satya Pal Malik takes oath as Governor of Bihar '' . The Indian Express . 04 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavan Dahat . `` Tandon sworn in as Chhattisgarh Governor '' . The Hindu . 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Prakash Kamat . `` Mridula Sinha sworn - in as Goa Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kohli sworn in as Gujarat Governor '' . The Hindu . 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solanki sworn in as Haryana governor '' . The Hindu . 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dev Vrat sworn in as H.P. Governor '' . The Hindu . 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vohra sworn in as new Jammu and Kashmir Governor '' . The Hindu . 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Draupadi Murmu sworn in as first woman Governor of Jharkhand '' . The Hindu . 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nagesh Prabhu . `` Vala sworn in as Karnataka Governor '' . The Hindu . 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Gireesh Menon . `` Sathasivam sworn in as Kerala Governor '' . The Hindu . 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anandiben Patel sworn in as Madhya Pradesh Governor '' . The Hindu . 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rao sworn in as Maharashtra Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Iboyaima Laithangam . `` Najma Heptullah sworn in as Manipur Governor '' . The Hindu . 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ganga Prasad sworn in as Meghalaya Governor '' . The Indian Express . 05 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lt. Gen. Nirbhay Sharma sworn - in as Mizoram governor '' . Business Standard . 26 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PB Acharya sworn in as Nagaland Governor '' . Business Standard . 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` S.C Jamir sworn in as new Governor of Odisha Archived 18 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Business Line . 21 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` V.P. Singh Badnore sworn in as new Punjab Governor '' . The Indian Express . 22 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kalyan Singh sworn - in as Rajasthan Governor '' . The Hindu . 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message of Hon'ble Governor of Sikkim Shri Shriniwas Patil on the assumption of Office '' . The Raj Bhavan , Gangtok , Sikkim. 20 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Banwarilal Purohit sworn in as Tamil Nadu governor '' . The Indian Express . 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESL Narasimhan sworn in as Governor of Telangana '' . The Hindu . 2 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tathagata Roy sworn in as Governor of Tripura '' . The Hindu . 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ . `` Ram Naik sworn in as Uttar Pradesh Governor '' . India Today . 22 July 2014 . Jump up ^ . `` KK Paul sworn in as Uttarakhand Governor '' . The Tribune . 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mamata competent to deal with all problems of State : Governor '' . The Hindu . 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lt. Governors & Administrators . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anil Baijal sworn in as Delhi Lieutenant - Governor '' . The Hindu . 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kiran Bedi takes oath as Lt. Governor of Puducherry '' . The Times of India . 29 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Lt. Governors & Administrators . India.gov.in . Retrieved on 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Admiral DK Joshi ( Retd . ) sworn in as the 13th Lt. Governor of A& N Islands `` . The Island Reflector. 08 October 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Former Administrators . Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Retrieved on 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ List of Former Administrators . Administration of Daman and Diu . Retrieved on 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Bio-data of the Hon'ble Administrator . Official Website of Union Territory of Lakshadweep . Retrieved on 21 September 2016 . Lists of governors , lieutenant governors and administrators of Indian states and union territories ( and current incumbents ) Andaman and Nicobar Devendra Kumar Joshi Andhra Pradesh E.S.L. Narasimhan Arunachal Pradesh B.D. Mishra Assam Jagdish Mukhi Bihar Satya Pal Malik Chandigarh V.P. Singh Badnore Chhattisgarh Balram Das Tandon Dadra and Nagar Haveli Praful Khoda Patel Daman and Diu Praful Khoda Patel Delhi Anil Baijal Goa Mridula Sinha Gujarat Om Prakash Kohli Haryana Kaptan Singh Solanki Himachal Pradesh Acharya Dev Vrat Jammu and Kashmir Narinder Nath Vohra Jharkhand Draupadi Murmu Karnataka Vajubhai Vala Kerala P. Sathasivam Lakshadweep Farooq Khan Madhya Pradesh Anandiben Patel Maharashtra C. Vidyasagar Rao Manipur Najma Heptulla Meghalaya Ganga Prasad Mizoram Nirbhay Sharma Nagaland Padmanabha Acharya Odisha S.C. Jamir Puducherry Kiran Bedi Punjab V.P. Singh Badnore Rajasthan Kalyan Singh Sikkim Shriniwas Patil Tamil Nadu Banwarilal Purohit Telangana E.S.L. Narasimhan Tripura Tathagata Roy Uttar Pradesh Ram Naik Uttarakhand Krishan Kant Paul West Bengal Keshari Nath Tripathi Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_Indian_governors&oldid=826692483 '' Categories : States and union territories of India - related lists Lists of governors of Indian states State governors of India Lists of current office - holders in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Featured lists Use dmy dates from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Simple English தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

names of governors of all 29 indian states

State ( present governors ) Name Portrait Took office ( tenure length ) Ref Andhra Pradesh ( list ) Narasimhan , E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan 000000002009 - 12 - 28 - 0000 28 December 2009 ( 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 54 days ) Arunachal Pradesh ( list ) Mishra , B.D. B.D. Mishra -- 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 3 October 2017 ( 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 days ) Assam ( list ) Mukhi , Jagdish Jagdish Mukhi -- 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 10 October 2017 ( 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 days ) Bihar ( list ) Malik , Satya Pal Satya Pal Malik -- 000000002017 - 10 - 04 - 0000 4 October 2017 ( 7002139000000000000 ♠ 139 days ) Chhattisgarh ( list ) Tandon , Balram Das Balram Das Tandon 000000002014 - 07 - 25 - 0000 25 July 2014 ( 7003130600000000000 ♠ 3 years , 210 days ) Goa ( list ) Sinha , Mridula Mridula Sinha 000000002014 - 08 - 31 - 0000 31 August 2014 ( 7003126900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 173 days ) Gujarat ( list ) Kohli , Om Prakash Om Prakash Kohli 000000002014 - 07 - 16 - 0000 16 July 2014 ( 7003131500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 219 days ) Haryana ( list ) Solanki , Kaptan Singh Kaptan Singh Solanki 000000002014 - 07 - 27 - 0000 27 July 2014 ( 7003130400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 208 days ) Himachal Pradesh ( list ) Vrat , Acharya Dev Acharya Dev Vrat -- 000000002015 - 08 - 12 - 0000 12 August 2015 ( 7002923000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 192 days ) Jammu and Kashmir ( list ) Vohra , Narinder Nath Narinder Nath Vohra 000000002008 - 06 - 25 - 0000 25 June 2008 ( 7003352700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 240 days ) Jharkhand ( list ) Murmu , Draupadi Draupadi Murmu 000000002015 - 05 - 18 - 0000 18 May 2015 ( 7003100900000000000 ♠ 2 years , 278 days ) Karnataka ( list ) Vala , Vajubhai Vajubhai Vala 000000002014 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2014 ( 7003126800000000000 ♠ 3 years , 172 days ) Kerala ( list ) Sathasivam , P. P. Sathasivam 000000002014 - 09 - 05 - 0000 5 September 2014 ( 7003126400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 168 days ) Madhya Pradesh ( list ) Patel , Anandiben Anandiben Patel 000000002018 - 01 - 23 - 0000 23 January 2018 ( 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 days ) Maharashtra ( list ) Rao , C. Vidyasagar C. Vidyasagar Rao 000000002014 - 08 - 30 - 0000 30 August 2014 ( 7003127000000000000 ♠ 3 years , 174 days ) Manipur ( list ) Heptulla , Najma Najma Heptulla 000000002016 - 08 - 21 - 0000 21 August 2016 ( 7002548000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 183 days ) Meghalaya ( list ) Prasad , Ganga Ganga Prasad -- 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 5 October 2017 ( 7002138000000000000 ♠ 138 days ) Mizoram ( list ) Sharma , Nirbhay Nirbhay Sharma 000000002015 - 05 - 26 - 0000 26 May 2015 ( 7003100100000000000 ♠ 2 years , 270 days ) Nagaland ( list ) Acharya , Padmanabha Padmanabha Acharya 000000002014 - 07 - 19 - 0000 19 July 2014 ( 7003131200000000000 ♠ 3 years , 216 days ) Odisha ( list ) Jamir , S.C. S.C. Jamir -- 000000002013 - 03 - 21 - 0000 21 March 2013 ( 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 336 days ) Punjab ( list ) Badnore , V.P. Singh V.P. Singh Badnore 000000002016 - 08 - 22 - 0000 22 August 2016 ( 7002547000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 182 days ) Rajasthan ( list ) Singh , Kalyan Kalyan Singh 000000002014 - 09 - 04 - 0000 4 September 2014 ( 7003126500000000000 ♠ 3 years , 169 days ) Sikkim ( list ) Patil , Shriniwas Shriniwas Patil 000000002013 - 07 - 20 - 0000 20 July 2013 ( 7003167600000000000 ♠ 4 years , 215 days ) Tamil Nadu ( list ) Purohit , Banwarilal Banwarilal Purohit 000000002017 - 10 - 06 - 0000 6 October 2017 ( 7002137000000000000 ♠ 137 days ) Telangana ( list ) Narasimhan , E.S.L. E.S.L. Narasimhan ( Additional charge ) 000000002014 - 06 - 02 - 0000 2 June 2014 ( 7003135900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 263 days ) Tripura ( list ) Roy , Tathagata Tathagata Roy -- 000000002015 - 05 - 20 - 0000 20 May 2015 ( 7003100700000000000 ♠ 2 years , 276 days ) Uttar Pradesh ( list ) Naik , Ram Ram Naik 000000002014 - 07 - 22 - 0000 22 July 2014 ( 7003130900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 213 days ) Uttarakhand ( list ) Paul , Krishan Kant Krishan Kant Paul -- 000000002015 - 01 - 08 - 0000 8 January 2015 ( 7003113900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 43 days ) West Bengal ( list ) Tripathi , Keshari Nath Keshari Nath Tripathi 000000002014 - 07 - 24 - 0000 24 July 2014 ( 7003130700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 211 days )

Myers -- Briggs type Indicator - wikipedia Myers -- Briggs type Indicator Jump to : navigation , search A chart with descriptions of each Myers -- Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory The Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) is an introspective self - report questionnaire with the purpose of indicating differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world around them and make decisions . The MBTI was constructed by Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers . It is based on the conceptual theory proposed by Carl Jung , who had speculated that humans experience the world using four principal psychological functions -- sensation , intuition , feeling , and thinking -- and that one of these four functions is dominant for a person most of the time . The MBTI was constructed for normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences . `` The underlying assumption of the MBTI is that we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences , and these preferences underlie our interests , needs , values , and motivation . '' Although popular in the business sector , the MBTI exhibits significant psychometric deficiencies , notably including poor validity ( i.e. not measuring what it purports to measure ) and poor reliability ( giving different results for the same person on different occasions ) . The four scales used in the MBTI have some correlation with four of the Big Five personality traits , which are a more commonly accepted framework . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins of the theory 1.2 Differences from Jung 1.2. 1 Structured vs. projective personality assessment 1.2. 2 Judging vs. perception 1.2. 2.1 Orientation of the tertiary function 2 Concepts 2.1 Type 2.2 Four dichotomies 2.3 Attitudes : extroversion / introversion 2.4 Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling 2.4. 1 Dominant function 2.5 Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception 3 Format and administration 3.1 Additional formats 3.2 Translations into other languages 4 Precepts and ethics 5 Type dynamics and development 6 Cognitive learning styles 6.1 Extraversion / Introversion 6.2 Sensing / Intuition 6.3 Thinking / Feeling 6.4 Judging / Perceiving 7 Correlations with other instruments 7.1 Keirsey temperaments 7.2 Big Five 7.3 Personality disorders 8 Criticism 8.1 No evidence for dichotomies 8.2 Validity and utility 8.3 Lack of objectivity 8.4 Terminology 8.5 Factor analysis 8.6 Correlates 8.7 Reliability 9 Utility 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References and further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Katharine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers extrapolated their MBTI theory from Carl Jung 's writings in his book Psychological Types . Katharine Cook Briggs began her research into personality in 1917 . Upon meeting her future son - in - law , she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members . Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies , and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments : meditative ( or thoughtful ) , spontaneous , executive , and social . After the English translation of Jung 's book Psychological Types was published in 1923 ( first published in German in 1921 ) , she recognized that Jung 's theory was similar to , but went far beyond , her own . Briggs 's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs , EXXPs , EXTJs and EXFJs . Her first publications were two articles describing Jung 's theory , in the journal New Republic in 1926 ( `` Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box '' ) and 1928 ( `` Up From Barbarism '' ) . After extensively studying the work of Jung , they turned their interest in human behavior into efforts to turn the theory of psychological types to practical use . Briggs 's daughter , Isabel Briggs Myers , added to her mother 's typological research , which she would progressively take over entirely . Myers graduated first in her class from Swarthmore College in 1919 and wrote a mystery novel , Murder Yet to Come , in 1929 using typological ideas ( which won the National Detective Murder Mystery Contest that year ) . However , neither Myers nor Briggs was formally educated in the discipline of psychology , and both were self - taught in the field of psychometric testing . Myers therefore apprenticed herself to Edward N. Hay , who was then personnel manager for a large Philadelphia bank and who went on to start one of the first successful personnel consulting firms in the United States . From Hay , Myers learned rudimentary test construction , scoring , validation , and statistical methods . Briggs and Myers began creating the indicator during World War II in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war - time jobs that would be `` most comfortable and effective '' for them . The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944 . The indicator changed its name to `` Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator '' in 1956 . Myers ' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey , head of the Educational Testing Service . Under these auspices , the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962 . The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon , head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California , Berkeley ; W. Harold Grant , a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University ; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida . The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975 , and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory . After Myers ' death in May 1980 , Mary McCaulley updated the MBTI Manual and the second edition was published in 1985 . The third edition appeared in 1998 . Origins. of the theory ( edit ) Jung 's theory of psychological types was not based on controlled scientific studies , but instead on clinical observation , introspection , and anecdote -- methods regarded as inconclusive in the modern field of scientific psychology . Jung 's typology theories postulated a sequence of four cognitive functions ( thinking , feeling , sensation , and intuition ) , each having one of two polar orientations ( extraversion or introversion ) , giving a total of eight dominant functions . The MBTI is based on these eight hypothetical functions , although with some differences in expression from Jung 's model ( see Differences from Jung below ) . While the Jungian model offers empirical evidence for the first three dichotomies , whether the Briggs had evidence for the J-P preference is unclear . Differences from Jung ( edit ) Structured vs. projective personality assessment ( edit ) The MBTI takes what is called a `` structured '' approach to personality assessment . The responses to items are considered `` closed '' and interpreted according to the theory of the test constructers in scoring . This is contrary to the `` projective '' approach to personality assessment advocated by psychodynamic theorists such as Carl Jung . Indeed , Jung was a proponent of the `` word association '' test as a measure of the unconscious dispositions influencing behavior . This approach uses `` open - ended '' responses that need to be interpreted in the context of the `` whole '' person , and not according to the preconceived theory of the test constructers . Supporters of the projective approach to personality assessment are critical of the structured approach because defense mechanisms may distort responses to the closed items on structured tests . Judging vs. perception ( edit ) The most notable addition of Myers and Briggs ideas to Jung 's original thought is their concept that a given type 's fourth letter ( J or P ) indicates a person 's preferred extraverted function , which is the dominant function for extraverted types and the auxiliary function for introverted types . Orientation of the tertiary function ( edit ) Jung theorized that the dominant function acts alone in its preferred world : exterior for extraverts and interior for introverts . The remaining three functions , he suggested , operate together in the opposite orientation . If the dominant cognitive function is introverted the other functions are extraverted and vice versa . The MBTI Manual summarizes references in Jung 's work to the balance in psychological type as follows : `` There are several references in Jung 's writing to the three remaining functions having an opposite attitudinal character . For example , in writing about introverts with thinking dominant ... Jung commented that the counterbalancing functions have an extraverted character . '' However , many MBTI practitioners hold that the tertiary function is oriented in the same direction as the dominant function . Using the INTP type as an example , the orientation would be as follows : Dominant introverted thinking Auxiliary extraverted intuition Tertiary introverted sensing Inferior extraverted feeling Concepts ( edit ) The MBTI Manual states that the indicator `` is designed to implement a theory ; therefore , the theory must be understood to understand the MBTI '' . Fundamental to the MBTI is the theory of psychological type as originally developed by Carl Jung . Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions : The `` rational '' ( judging ) functions : thinking and feeling The `` irrational '' ( perceiving ) functions : sensation and intuition Jung believed that for every person , each of the functions is expressed primarily in either an introverted or extraverted form . Based on Jung 's original concepts , Briggs and Myers developed their own theory of psychological type , described below , on which the MBTI is based . However , although psychologist Hans Eysenck called the MBTI a moderately successful quantification of Jung 's original principles as outlined in Psychological Types , he also said , `` ( The MBTI ) creates 16 personality types which are said to be similar to Jung 's theoretical concepts . I have always found difficulties with this identification , which omits one half of Jung 's theory ( he had 32 types , by asserting that for every conscious combination of traits there was an opposite unconscious one ) . Obviously , the latter half of his theory does not admit of questionnaire measurement , but to leave it out and pretend that the scales measure Jungian concepts is hardly fair to Jung . '' In any event , both models remain hypothetical , with no controlled scientific studies supporting either Jung 's original concept of type or the Myers -- Briggs variation . Type ( edit ) Jung 's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness : people are either born with , or develop , certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding . The MBTI sorts some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs , or `` dichotomies '' , with a resulting 16 possible psychological types . None of these types is `` better '' or `` worse '' ; however , Briggs and Myers theorized that people innately `` prefer '' one overall combination of type differences . In the same way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right - hander , so people tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult , though they can become more proficient ( and therefore behaviorally flexible ) with practice and development . The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters -- the initial letters of each of their four type preferences ( except in the case of intuition , which uses the abbreviation `` N '' to distinguish it from introversion ) . For instance : ESTJ : extraversion ( E ) , sensing ( S ) , thinking ( T ) , judgment ( J ) INFP : introversion ( I ) , intuition ( N ) , feeling ( F ) , perception ( P ) These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types . Four dichotomies ( edit ) Carl Jung Subjective Objective Perception Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion 1 Judging Feeling / Thinking Introversion / Extraversion 2 Myers -- Briggs Subjective Objective Deductive Intuition / Sensing Introversion / Extraversion Inductive Feeling / Thinking Perception / Judging The four pairs of preferences or `` dichotomies '' are shown in the adjacent table . The terms used for each dichotomy have specific technical meanings relating to the MBTI , which differ from their everyday usage . For example , people who prefer judgment over perception are not necessarily more `` judgmental '' or less `` perceptive '' , nor does the MBTI instrument measure aptitude ; it simply indicates for one preference over another . Someone reporting a high score for extraversion over introversion can not be correctly described as more extraverted : they simply have a clear preference . Point scores on each of the dichotomies can vary considerably from person to person , even among those with the same type . However , Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example , E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference ( for example , very clear vs. slight ) . The expression of a person 's psychological type is more than the sum of the four individual preferences . The preferences interact through type dynamics and type development . Attitudes : extroversion / introversion ( edit ) Myers -- Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them . Extraversion means literally outward - turning and introversion , inward - turning . These specific definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words . Extraversion is the spelling used in MBTI publications . The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called `` attitudes '' . Briggs and Myers recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior , action , people , and things ( `` extraverted attitude '' ) or the internal world of ideas and reflection ( `` introverted attitude '' ) . The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other . People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action : they tend to act , then reflect , then act further . If they are inactive , their motivation tends to decline . To rebuild their energy , extraverts need breaks from time spent in reflection . Conversely , those who prefer introversion `` expend '' energy through action : they prefer to reflect , then act , then reflect again . To rebuild their energy , introverts need quiet time alone , away from activity . An extravert 's flow is directed outward toward people and objects , whereas the introvert 's is directed inward toward concepts and ideas . Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted people include : Extraverted are action - oriented , while introverted are thought - oriented . Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence , while introverted seek depth of knowledge and influence . Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction , while introverted prefer more substantial interaction . Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people , while introverted recharge and get their energy from spending time alone ; they consume their energy through the opposite process . Functions : sensing / intuition and thinking / feeling ( edit ) Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions : Two perceiving functions : sensation ( usually called sensing in MBTI writings ) and intuition Two judging functions : thinking and feeling According to Jung 's typology model , each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly and proficiently than the other three ; however , all four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances . Sensing and intuition are the information - gathering ( perceiving ) functions . They describe how new information is understood and interpreted . People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust information that is in the present , tangible , and concrete : that is , information that can be understood by the five senses . They tend to distrust hunches , which seem to come `` out of nowhere '' . They prefer to look for details and facts . For them , the meaning is in the data . On the other hand , those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses , that can be associated with other information ( either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or pattern ) . They may be more interested in future possibilities . For them , the meaning is in the underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data . Thinking and feeling are the decision - making ( judging ) functions . The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions , based on the data received from their information - gathering functions ( sensing or intuition ) . Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a more detached standpoint , measuring the decision by what seems reasonable , logical , causal , consistent , and matching a given set of rules . Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by associating or empathizing with the situation , looking at it ' from the inside ' and weighing the situation to achieve , on balance , the greatest harmony , consensus and fit , considering the needs of the people involved . Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or illogical , and tend to give very direct feedback to others . They are concerned with the truth and view it as more important . As noted already , people who prefer thinking do not necessarily , in the everyday sense , `` think better '' than their feeling counterparts , in the common sense ; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions ( and , in any case , the MBTI assessment is a measure of preference , not ability ) . Similarly , those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have `` better '' emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts . In many cases , however , people who use thinking functions as either dominant or auxiliary tend to have more underdeveloped feeling functions , and often have more trouble with regulating and making healthy and productive decisions based on their feelings . Dominant function ( edit ) A diagram depicting the cognitive functions of each type : A type 's background color represents its dominant function and its text color represents its auxiliary function . According to Jung , people use all four cognitive functions . However , one function is generally used in a more conscious and confident way . This dominant function is supported by the secondary ( auxiliary ) function , and to a lesser degree the tertiary function . The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function . Myers called this inferior function the `` shadow '' . The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes ( extraversion and introversion ) . Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way . A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition , for example , uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function is introverted intuition . Lifestyle preferences : judging / perception ( edit ) Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung 's typological model by identifying that people also have a preference for using either the judging function ( thinking or feeling ) or their perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ) when relating to the outside world ( extraversion ) . Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging function ( thinking or feeling ) . So , TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types as empathetic . According to Myers , judging types like to `` have matters settled '' . Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function ( sensing or intuition ) . So , SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract . According to Myers , perceptive types prefer to `` keep decisions open '' . For extraverts , the J or P indicates their dominant function ; for introverts , the J or P indicates their auxiliary function . Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters `` important to their inner worlds '' . For example : Because the ENTJ type is extraverted , the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ) . The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function ( introverted intuition ) . The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling . Because the INTJ type is introverted , however , the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is the preferred judging function ( extraverted thinking ) . The INTJ type introverts the dominant perceiving function ( introverted intuition ) . The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is extraverted sensing . Format and administration ( edit ) The current North American English version of the MBTI Step I includes 93 forced - choice questions ( 88 are in the European English version ) . `` Forced - choice '' means that a person has to choose only one of two possible answers to each question . The choices are a mixture of word pairs and short statements . Choices are not literal opposites , but chosen to reflect opposite preferences on the same dichotomy . Participants may skip questions if they feel they are unable to choose . Using psychometric techniques , such as item response theory , the MBTI will then be scored and will attempt to identify the preference , and clarity of preference , in each dichotomy . After taking the MBTI , participants are usually asked to complete a `` Best Fit '' exercise ( see below ) and then given a readout of their Reported Type , which will usually include a bar graph and number ( Preference Clarity Index ) to show how clear they were about each preference when they completed the questionnaire . During the early development of the MBTI , thousands of items were used . Most were eventually discarded because they did not have high `` midpoint discrimination '' , meaning the results of that one item did not , on average , move an individual score away from the midpoint . Using only items with high midpoint discrimination allows the MBTI to have fewer items on it , but still provide as much statistical information as other instruments with many more items with lower midpoint discrimination . Additional formats ( edit ) Isabel Myers had noted that people of any given type shared differences , as well as similarities . At the time of her death , she was developing a more in - depth method of measuring how people express and experience their individual type pattern . In 1987 , an advanced scoring system was developed for the MBTI . From this was developed the Type Differentiation Indicator ( Saunders , 1989 ) which is a scoring system for the longer MBTI , Form J , which includes the 290 items written by Myers that had survived her previous item analyses . It yields 20 subscales ( five under each of the four dichotomous preference scales ) , plus seven additional subscales for a new `` Comfort - Discomfort '' factor ( which purportedly corresponds to the missing factor of neuroticism ) . This factor 's scales indicate a sense of overall comfort and confidence versus discomfort and anxiety . They also load onto one of the four type dimensions : guarded - optimistic ( also T / F ) , defiant - compliant ( also T / F ) , carefree - worried ( also T / F ) , decisive - ambivalent ( also J / P ) , intrepid - inhibited ( Also E / I ) , leader - follower ( Also E / I ) , and proactive - distractible ( also J / P ) Also included is a composite of these called `` strain '' . There are also scales for type - scale consistency and comfort - scale consistency . Reliability of 23 of the 27 TDI subscales is greater than 0.50 , `` an acceptable result given the brevity of the subscales '' ( Saunders , 1989 ) . In 1989 , a scoring system was developed for only the 20 subscales for the original four dichotomies . This was initially known as `` Form K '' or the `` Expanded Analysis Report '' . This tool is now called the `` MBTI Step II '' . Form J or the TDI included the items ( derived from Myers ' and McCaulley 's earlier work ) necessary to score what became known as `` Step III '' . ( The 1998 MBTI Manual reported that the two instruments were one and the same ) It was developed in a joint project involving the following organizations : CPP , the publisher of the whole family of MBTI works ; CAPT ( Center for Applications of Psychological Type ) , which holds all of Myers ' and McCaulley 's original work ; and the MBTI Trust , headed by Katharine and Peter Myers . Step III was advertised as addressing type development and the use of perception and judgment by respondents . Translations into other languages ( edit ) The MBTI has been successfully translated and adapted into over 20 languages , including reviews by subject - matter experts fluent in the native language , and statistical analysis to check that the questions still measure the same psychological concepts as the original US English questionnaire . Precepts and ethics ( edit ) These precepts are generally used in the ethical administration of the MBTI : Type not trait The MBTI sorts for type ; it does not indicate the strength of ability . It allows the clarity of a preference to be ascertained ( Bill clearly prefers introversion ) , but not the strength of preference ( Jane strongly prefers extraversion ) or degree of aptitude ( Harry is good at thinking ) . In this sense , it differs from trait - based tools such as 16PF . Type preferences are polar opposites : a precept of MBTI is that people fundamentally prefer one thing over the other , not a bit of both . Own best judge People are considered the best judge of their own type . While the MBTI provides a Reported Type , this is considered only an indication of their probable overall Type . A Best Fit Process is usually used to allow respondents to develop their understanding of the four dichotomies , to form their own hypothesis as to their overall Type , and to compare this against the Reported Type . In more than 20 % of cases , the hypothesis and the Reported Type differ in one or more dichotomies . Using the clarity of each preference , any potential for bias in the report , and often , a comparison of two or more whole Types may then help respondents determine their own Best Fit . No right or wrong No preference or total type is considered better or worse than another . They are all ' Gifts Differing ' , as emphasized by the title of Isabel Briggs Myers ' book on this subject . Voluntary Compelling anyone to take the MBTI is considered unethical . It should always be taken voluntarily . Confidentiality The result of the MBTI Reported and Best Fit type are confidential between the individual and administrator , and ethically , not for disclosure without permission . Not for selection The results of the assessment should not be used to `` label , evaluate , or limit the respondent in any way '' ( emphasis original ) . Since all types are valuable , and the MBTI measures preferences rather than aptitude , the MBTI is not considered a proper instrument for purposes of employment selection . Many professions contain highly competent individuals of different types with complementary preferences . Importance of proper feedback People should always be given detailed feedback from a trained administrator and an opportunity to undertake a Best Fit exercise to check against their Reported Type . This feedback can be given in person , by telephone or electronically . Type dynamics and development ( edit ) The Sixteen Types US Population Breakdown The table organizing the sixteen types was created by Isabel Myers ( an INFP person ) . ISTJ 11 -- 14 % ISFJ 9 -- 14 % INFJ 1 -- 3 % INTJ 2 -- 4 % ISTP 4 -- 6 % ISFP 5 -- 9 % INFP 4 -- 5 % INTP 3 -- 5 % ESTP 4 -- 5 % ESFP 4 -- 9 % ENFP 6 -- 8 % ENTP 2 -- 5 % ESTJ 8 -- 12 % ESFJ 9 -- 13 % ENFJ 2 -- 5 % ENTJ 2 -- 5 % Estimated percentages of the 16 types in the United States population . The interaction of two , three , or four preferences is known as `` type dynamics '' . Although type dynamics has received little or no empirical support to substantiate its viability as a scientific theory , Myers and Briggs asserted that for each of the 16 four - preference types , one function is the most dominant and is likely to be evident earliest in life . A secondary or auxiliary function typically becomes more evident ( differentiated ) during teenaged years and provides balance to the dominant . In normal development , individuals tend to become more fluent with a third , tertiary function during mid-life , while the fourth , inferior function remains least consciously developed . The inferior function is often considered to be more associated with the unconscious , being most evident in situations such as high stress ( sometimes referred to as being `` in the grip '' of the inferior function ) . However , the use of type dynamics is disputed : in the conclusion of various studies on the subject of type dynamics , James H. Reynierse writes , `` Type dynamics has persistent logical problems and is fundamentally based on a series of category mistakes ; it provides , at best , a limited and incomplete account of type related phenomena '' ; and `` type dynamics relies on anecdotal evidence , fails most efficacy tests , and does not fit the empirical facts '' . His studies gave the clear result that the descriptions and workings of type dynamics do not fit the real behavior of people . He suggests getting completely rid of type dynamics , because it does not help , but hinders understanding of personality . The presumed order of functions 1 to 4 did only occur in one out of 540 test results . The sequence of differentiation of dominant , auxiliary , and tertiary functions through life is termed type development . This is an idealized sequence that may be disrupted by major life events . The dynamic sequence of functions and their attitudes can be determined in the following way : The overall lifestyle preference ( J-P ) determines whether the judging ( T-F ) or perceiving ( S-N ) preference is most evident in the outside world ; i.e. , which function has an extraverted attitude The attitude preference ( E-I ) determines whether the extraverted function is dominant or auxiliary For those with an overall preference for extraversion , the function with the extraverted attitude will be the dominant function . For example , for an ESTJ type the dominant function is the judging function , thinking , and this is experienced with an extraverted attitude . This is notated as a dominant Te . For an ESTP , the dominant function is the perceiving function , sensing , notated as a dominant Se . The auxiliary function for extraverts is the secondary preference of the judging or perceiving functions , and it is experienced with an introverted attitude : for example , the auxiliary function for ESTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) and the auxiliary for ESTP is introverted thinking ( Ti ) . For those with an overall preference for introversion , the function with the extraverted attitude is the auxiliary ; the dominant is the other function in the main four letter preference . So the dominant function for ISTJ is introverted sensing ( Si ) with the auxiliary ( supporting ) function being extraverted thinking ( Te ) . The tertiary function is the opposite preference from the auxiliary . For example , if the Auxiliary is thinking then the Tertiary would be feeling . The attitude of the tertiary is the subject of some debate and therefore is not normally indicated ; i.e. if the auxiliary was Te then the tertiary would be F ( not Fe or Fi ) The inferior function is the opposite preference and attitude from the Dominant , so for an ESTJ with dominant Te the inferior would be Fi . Note that for extraverts , the dominant function is the one most evident in the external world . For introverts , however , it is the auxiliary function that is most evident externally , as their dominant function relates to the interior world . Some examples of whole types may clarify this further . Taking the ESTJ example above : Extraverted function is a judging function ( T-F ) because of the overall J preference Extraverted function is dominant because of overall E preference Dominant function is therefore extraverted thinking ( Te ) Auxiliary function is the preferred perceiving function : introverted sensing ( Si ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : intuition ( N ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : introverted feeling ( Fi ) The dynamics of the ESTJ are found in the primary combination of extraverted thinking as their dominant function and introverted sensing as their auxiliary function : the dominant tendency of ESTJs to order their environment , to set clear boundaries , to clarify roles and timetables , and to direct the activities around them is supported by their facility for using past experience in an ordered and systematic way to help organize themselves and others . For instance , ESTJs may enjoy planning trips for groups of people to achieve some goal or to perform some culturally uplifting function . Because of their ease in directing others and their facility in managing their own time , they engage all the resources at their disposal to achieve their goals . However , under prolonged stress or sudden trauma , ESTJs may overuse their extraverted thinking function and fall into the grip of their inferior function , introverted feeling . Although the ESTJ can seem insensitive to the feelings of others in their normal activities , under tremendous stress , they can suddenly express feelings of being unappreciated or wounded by insensitivity . Looking at the diametrically opposite four - letter type , INFP : Extraverted function is a perceiving function ( S-N ) because of the P preference Introverted function is dominant because of the I preference Dominant function is therefore introverted feeling ( Fi ) Auxiliary function is extraverted intuition ( Ne ) Tertiary function is the opposite of the Auxiliary : sensing ( S ) Inferior function is the opposite of the Dominant : extraverted thinking ( Te ) The dynamics of the INFP rest on the fundamental correspondence of introverted feeling and extraverted intuition . The dominant tendency of the INFP is toward building a rich internal framework of values and toward championing human rights . They often devote themselves behind the scenes to causes such as civil rights or saving the environment . Since they tend to avoid the limelight , postpone decisions , and maintain a reserved posture , they are rarely found in executive - director - type positions of the organizations that serve those causes . Normally , the INFP dislikes being `` in charge '' of things . When not under stress , the INFP radiates a pleasant and sympathetic demeanor , but under extreme stress , they can suddenly become rigid and directive , exerting their extraverted thinking erratically . Every type , and its opposite , is the expression of these interactions , which give each type its unique , recognizable signature . Cognitive learning styles ( edit ) The test is scored by evaluating each answer in terms of what it reveals about the taker . Each question is relevant to one of the following cognitive learning styles . Each is not a polar opposite , but a gradual continuum . Extraversion / introversion ( edit ) The extraverted types learn best by talking and interacting with others . By interacting with the physical world , extraverts can process and make sense of new information . The introverted types prefer quiet reflection and privacy . Information processing occurs for introverts as they explore ideas and concepts internally . Sensing / intuition ( edit ) The second continuum reflects what people focus their attentions on . Sensing types enjoy a learning environment in which the material is presented in a detailed and sequential manner . Sensing types often attend to what is occurring in the present , and can move to the abstract after they have established a concrete experience . Intuitive types prefer a learning atmosphere in which an emphasis is placed on meaning and associations . Insight is valued higher than careful observation , and pattern recognition occurs naturally for intuitive types . Thinking / feeling ( edit ) The third continuum reflects a person 's decision preferences . Thinking types desire objective truth and logical principles and are natural at deductive reasoning . Feeling types place an emphasis on issues and causes that can be personalized while they consider other people 's motives . Judging / perceiving ( edit ) The fourth continuum reflects how a person regards complexity . Judging types will thrive when information is organized and structured , and they will be motivated to complete assignments in order to gain closure . Perceiving types will flourish in a flexible learning environment in which they are stimulated by new and exciting ideas . Judging types like to be on time , while perceiving types may be late and / or procrastinate . Correlations with other instruments ( edit ) Keirsey temperaments ( edit ) David W. Keirsey mapped four `` temperaments '' to the existing Myers -- Briggs system groupings : SP , SJ , NF and NT ; this often results in confusion of the two theories . However , the Keirsey Temperament Sorter is not directly associated with the official Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator . IS T J IS F J IN F J IN T J Inspector Protector Counselor Mastermind IS T P IS F P IN F P IN T P Crafter Composer Healer Architect ES T P ES F P EN F P EN T P Promoter Performer Champion Inventor ES T J ES F J EN F J EN T J Supervisor Provider Teacher Fieldmarshal Big Five ( edit ) McCrae and Costa based their Five Factor Model ( FFM ) on Goldberg 's Big Five theory . McCrae and Costa present correlations between the MBTI scales and the currently popular Big Five personality constructs measured , for example , by the NEO-PI - R . The five purported personality constructs have been labeled : extraversion , openness , agreeableness , conscientiousness , and neuroticism ( emotional instability ) , although there is not universal agreement on the Big Five theory and the related Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . The following study is based on the results from 267 men followed as part of a longitudinal study of aging . ( Similar results were obtained with 201 women . ) Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism E-I − 0.74 0.03 − 0.03 0.08 0.16 S-N 0.10 0.72 0.04 − 0.15 − 0.06 T-F 0.19 0.02 0.44 − 0.15 0.06 J-P 0.15 0.30 − 0.06 − 0.49 0.11 The closer the number is to 1.0 or − 1.0 , the higher the degree of correlation . These results suggest that the four MBTI scales can be incorporated within the Big Five personality trait constructs , but that the MBTI lacks a measure for emotional stability dimension of the Big Five ( though the TDI , discussed above , has addressed that dimension ) . Emotional stability ( or neuroticism ) is a predictor of depression and anxiety disorders . These correlations refer to the second letter shown , i.e. , the table shows that I and P have negative correlations with extraversion and conscientiousness , respectively , while F and N have positive correlations with agreeableness and openness , respectively . These findings led McCrae and Costa to conclude that , `` correlational analyses showed that the four MBTI indices did measure aspects of four of the five major dimensions of normal personality . The five - factor model provides an alternative basis for interpreting MBTI findings within a broader , more commonly shared conceptual framework . '' However , `` there was no support for the view that the MBTI measures truly dichotomous preferences or qualitatively distinct types , instead , the instrument measures four relatively independent dimensions . '' Personality disorders ( edit ) One study found personality disorders as described by the DSM overall to correlate modestly with I , N , T , and P , although the associations varied significantly by disorder . The only two disorders with significant correlations of all four MBTI dimensions were schizotypal ( INTP ) and obsessive - compulsive personality disorder ( ISTJ ) . Criticism ( edit ) The validity ( statistical validity and test validity ) of the MBTI as a psychometric instrument has been the subject of much criticism . It has been estimated that between a third and a half of the published material on the MBTI has been produced for the special conferences of the Center for the Application of Psychological Type ( which provide the training in the MBTI , and are funded by sales of the MBTI ) or as papers in the Journal of Psychological Type ( which is edited and supported by Myers -- Briggs advocates and by sales of the indicator ) . It has been argued that this reflects a lack of critical scrutiny . Many of the studies that endorse MBTI are methodologically weak or unscientific . A 1996 review by Gardner and Martinko concluded : `` It is clear that efforts to detect simplistic linkages between type preferences and managerial effectiveness have been disappointing . Indeed , given the mixed quality of research and the inconsistent findings , no definitive conclusion regarding these relationships can be drawn . '' Psychometric specialist Robert Hogan wrote : `` Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie ... '' No evidence for dichotomies ( edit ) As described in the § Four dichotomies section , Isabel Myers considered the direction of the preference ( for example , E vs. I ) to be more important than the degree of the preference . Statistically , this would mean that scores on each MBTI scale would show a bimodal distribution with most people scoring near the ends of the scales , thus dividing people into either , e.g. , an extroverted or an introverted psychological type . However , most studies have found that scores on the individual scales were actually distributed in a centrally peaked manner , similar to a normal distribution , indicating that the majority of people were actually in the middle of the scale and were thus neither clearly introverted nor extroverted . Most personality traits do show a normal distribution of scores from low to high , with about 15 % of people at the low end , about 15 % at the high end and the majority of people in the middle ranges . But in order for the MBTI to be scored , a cut - off line is used at the middle of each scale and all those scoring below the line are classified as a low type and those scoring above the line are given the opposite type . Thus , psychometric assessment research fails to support the concept of type , but rather shows that most people lie near the middle of a continuous curve . `` Although we do not conclude that the absence of bimodality necessarily proves that the MBTI developers ' theory - based assumption of categorical `` types '' of personality is invalid , the absence of empirical bimodality in IRT - based research of MBTI scores does indeed remove a potentially powerful line of evidence that was previously available to `` type '' advocates to cite in defense of their position . '' Validity and utility ( edit ) The content of the MBTI scales is problematic . In 1991 , a National Academy of Sciences committee reviewed data from MBTI research studies and concluded that only the I-E scale has high correlations with comparable scales of other instruments and low correlations with instruments designed to assess different concepts , showing strong validity . In contrast , the S-N and T-F scales show relatively weak validity . The 1991 review committee concluded at the time there was `` not sufficient , well - designed research to justify the use of the MBTI in career counseling programs '' . This study based its measurement of validity on `` criterion - related validity ( i.e. , does the MBTI predict specific outcomes related to interpersonal relations or career success / job performance ? ) . '' There is insufficient evidence to make claims about utility , particularly of the four letter type derived from a person 's responses to the MBTI items . Lack of objectivity ( edit ) The accuracy of the MBTI depends on honest self - reporting . Unlike some personality questionnaires , such as the 16PF Questionnaire , the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory , or the Personality Assessment Inventory , the MBTI does not use validity scales to assess exaggerated or socially desirable responses . As a result , individuals motivated to do so can fake their responses , and one study found that the MBTI judgment / perception dimension correlates weakly with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire lie scale . If respondents `` fear they have something to lose , they may answer as they assume they should . '' However , the MBTI ethical guidelines state , `` It is unethical and in many cases illegal to require job applicants to take the Indicator if the results will be used to screen out applicants . '' The intent of the MBTI is to provide `` a framework for understanding individual differences , and ... a dynamic model of individual development '' . Terminology ( edit ) The terminology of the MBTI has been criticized as being very `` vague and general '' , so as to allow any kind of behavior to fit any personality type , which may result in the Forer effect , where people give a high rating to a positive description that supposedly applies specifically to them . Others argue that while the MBTI type descriptions are brief , they are also distinctive and precise . Some theorists , such as David Keirsey , have expanded on the MBTI descriptions , providing even greater detail . For instance , Keirsey 's descriptions of his four temperaments , which he correlated with the sixteen MBTI personality types , show how the temperaments differ in terms of language use , intellectual orientation , educational and vocational interests , social orientation , self - image , personal values , social roles , and characteristic hand gestures . Factor Analysis ( edit ) Researchers have reported that the JP and the SN scales correlate with one another . One factor - analytic study based on ( N = 1291 ) college - aged students found six different factors instead of the four purported dimensions , thereby raising doubts as to the construct validity of the MBTI . Correlates ( edit ) According to Hans Eysenck : `` The main dimension in the MBTI is called E-I , or extraversion - introversion ; this is mostly a sociability scale , correlating quite well with the MMPI social introversion scale ( negatively ) and the Eysenck Extraversion scale ( positively ) . Unfortunately , the scale also has a loading on neuroticism , which correlates with the introverted end . Thus introversion correlates roughly ( i.e. averaging values for males and females ) -. 44 with dominance , -. 24 with aggression , +. 37 with abasement , +. 46 with counselling readiness , -. 52 with self - confidence , -. 36 with personal adjustment , and -. 45 with empathy . The failure of the scale to disentangle Introversion and Neuroticism ( there is no scale for neurotic and other psychopathological attributes in the MBTI ) is its worst feature , only equalled by the failure to use factor analysis in order to test the arrangement of items in the scale . '' Reliability ( edit ) The test - retest reliability of the MBTI tends to be low . Large numbers of people ( between 39 % and 76 % of respondents ) obtain different type classifications when retaking the indicator after only five weeks . In Fortune Magazine ( May 15 , 2013 ) , an article titled `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs Test '' stated : `` The interesting -- and somewhat alarming -- fact about the MBTI is that , despite its popularity , it has been subject to sustained criticism by professional psychologists for over three decades . One problem is that it displays what statisticians call low `` test - retest reliability . '' So if you retake the test after only a five - week gap , there 's around a 50 % chance that you will fall into a different personality category compared to the first time you took the test . A second criticism is that the MBTI mistakenly assumes that personality falls into mutually exclusive categories ... The consequence is that the scores of two people labelled `` introverted '' and `` extroverted '' may be almost exactly the same , but they could be placed into different categories since they fall on either side of an imaginary dividing line . '' Within each dichotomy scale , as measured on Form G , about 83 % of categorizations remain the same when people are retested within nine months and around 75 % when retested after nine months . About 50 % of people re-administered the MBTI within nine months remain the same overall type and 36 % the same type after more than nine months . For Form M ( the most current form of the MBTI instrument ) , the MBTI Manual reports that these scores are higher ( p. 163 , Table 8.6 ) . In one study , when people were asked to compare their preferred type to that assigned by the MBTI assessment , only half of people chose the same profile . It has been argued that criticisms regarding the MBTI mostly come down to questions regarding the validity of its origins , not questions regarding the validity of the MBTI 's usefulness . Others argue that the MBTI can be a reliable measurement of personality ; it just so happens that `` like all measures , the MBTI yields scores that are dependent on sample characteristics and testing conditions '' . Utility ( edit ) Isabel Myers claimed that the proportion of different personality types varied by choice of career or course of study . However , researchers examining the proportions of each type within varying professions report that the proportion of MBTI types within each occupation is close to that within a random sample of the population . Some researchers have expressed reservations about the relevance of type to job satisfaction , as well as concerns about the potential misuse of the instrument in labeling people . CPP became the exclusive publisher of the MBTI in 1975 . They call it `` the world 's most widely used personality assessment '' , with as many as two million assessments administered annually . CPP and other proponents state that the indicator meets or exceeds the reliability of other psychological instruments and cite reports of individual behavior . Although meta - analysis claim support for validity and reliability , studies suggest that the MBTI `` lacks convincing validity data '' and that it is pseudoscience . The MBTI is not a useful predictor of job performance . As noted above under Precepts and ethics , the MBTI measures preferences , not ability . The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success is expressly discouraged in the Manual . However , the MBTI continues to be popular because many people lack psychometric sophistication , it is not difficult to understand , and there are many supporting books , websites and other sources which are readily available to the general public . See also ( edit ) Psychology portal Criticism Labeling theory Cold reading Barnum effect Aura ( paranormal ) Others Adjective Check List ( ACL ) Brain types DISC assessment Enneagram of Personality Riso -- Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator FIRO - B Forte Communication Style Profile The Highlands Ability Battery Holland Codes Humorism Interaction Styles Interpersonal compatibility Jungian Type Index List of tests § Personality tests Organizational culture § Kim Cameron and Robert Quinn Pearson - Marr Archetype Indicator ( PMAI ) Personality Assessment System Personality clash Personality psychology Revised NEO Personality Inventory Roger Birkman § The Birkman Method Socionics , a sister theory Strong Interest Inventory Thomas Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument Two - factor models of personality § Factors integrated into modern instruments ( CPI 260 ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers ( 1995 ) ( 1980 ) . Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type . Mountain View , CA : Davies - Black Publishing . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X . ^ Jump up to : MBTI basics , The Myers - Briggs Foundation , 2014 , Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) , CPP.com , Menlo Park , CA , 2014 , Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Jung , Carl Gustav ( August 1 , 1971 ) . `` Psychological Types '' . Collected Works of C.G. Jung , Volume 6 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4 . Jump up ^ page 34 in Huber , Daniel ; Kaufmann , Heiner ; Steinmann , Martin ( 2017 ) . `` The Missing Link : The Innovation Gap '' . Bridging the Innovation Gap . Management for Professionals . pp. 21 -- 41 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 319 - 55498 - 3_3 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 55497 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pearman , Roger R. ; Albritton , Sarah C. ( 1997 ) . I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Just Not You ( 1st ed . ) . Davies - Black . xiii . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 096 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , R.M. ; Saccuzzo , D.P. ( 2009 ) . Psychological Testing : Principles , Applications , and Issues ( 7 ed . ) . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 50636 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Pittenger , David J. ( November 1993 ) . `` Measuring the MBTI ... And Coming Up Short '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Career Planning and Employment . 54 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , William L ; Martinko , Mark J ( 2016 ) . `` Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator to Study Managers : A Literature Review and Research Agenda '' . Journal of Management . 22 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 83 . doi : 10.1177 / 014920639602200103 . ^ Jump up to : Boyle , Gregory J ( 1995 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( MBTI ) : Some Psychometric Limitations '' . Australian Psychologist. 30 ( 1 ) : 71 -- 4 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 9544.1995. tb01750. x . Jump up ^ McCrae , R. ; Costa , P. ( 1989 ) . `` Reinterpreting the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five - factor model of personality '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Story of Isabel Briggs Myers '' . Center for Applications of Psychological Type . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TYPE Writer : `` It Happened In 1943 : The Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Turns 60 Years Old '' '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to the Isabel Briggs Myers Papers 1885 -- 1992 '' . University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries , Department of Special and Area Studies Collections , Gainesville , FL. 2003 . Retrieved 2005 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ( 1998 ) . MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) ( 3rd ed . ) . Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Robert Todd ( January 9 , 2004 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator - The Skeptic 's Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2004 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TypeLogic '' . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Isabel Briggs ; Mary H. McCaulley ( 1985 ) . Manual : A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ( 2nd ed . ) . Palo Alto , California : Consulting Psychologists Press . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 027 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Eysenck , H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed . ) . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. Genius : The Natural History of Creativity ( 1995 ed . ) . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Zeisset , Carolyn ( 2006 ) . The Art of Dialogue : Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication . Gainesville , FL : Center for Applications of Psychological Type , Inc. p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 935652 - 77 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nettle , Dr. Daniel . `` Personality : A user guide '' . The Open University . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Tieger , Paul D. ; Barbara Barron - Tieger ( 1999 ) . The Art of SpeedReading People . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Company . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 84518 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2003 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rebecca L. Oxford . Language learning motivation : pathways to the new century ( Google Book ) . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Briggs Myers , Isabel ; McCaulley , Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ; Mitchell , Wayne D. MBTI Step III Manual : Exploring Personality Development Using the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Instrument p. 119 . Consulting Psychologists Press ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Myers , Isabel Briggs ; McCaulley Mary H. ; Quenk , Naomi L. ; Hammer , Allen L. ( 1998 ) . MBTI Manual ( A guide to the development and use of the Myers Briggs type indicator ) p. 131 . Consulting Psychologists Press ; 3rd ed edition . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` CAPT Step III '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Be Better with SkillsOne ® Jump up ^ International Test Commission ( 2010 ) . International Test Commission Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` MBTI ® Step I instrument European Data Supplement '' . OPP Ltd , Elsfield Hall , Oxford . 8 March 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethics for Administering the MBTI Instrument '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` CAPT -- Center for Applications of Psychological Type '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Personality Junkie : The Functional Stack ( Typology 301 ) '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Reynierse , James H. ( 2009 ) . `` The Case Against Type Dynamics '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Psychological Type. 69 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` University of Oregon : `` Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors '' `` . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McCrae , Robert R ; Costa , Paul T ( 1989 ) . `` Reinterpreting the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator from the Perspective of the Five - Factor Model of Personality '' . Journal of Personality . 57 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 6494.1989. tb00759. x . PMID 2709300 . Jump up ^ Costa , P.T. , Jr . & McCrae , R.R. ( 1992 ) . Revised NEO Personality Inventory ( NEO-PI - R ) and NEO Five - Factor Inventory ( NEO-FFI ) Manual . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources . Jump up ^ Boyle , Gregory J ; Stankov , Lazar ; Cattell , Raymond B ( 1995 ) . `` Measurement and Statistical Models in the Study of Personality and Intelligence '' . In Saklofske , Donald H. ; Zeidner , Moshe . International Handbook of Personality and Intelligence . pp. 417 -- 46 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4757 - 5571 - 8_20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 3239 - 6 . Jump up ^ Boyle , G.J. ( 2008 ) . Critique of Five - Factor Model ( FFM ) . In G.J. Boyle , G. Matthews , & D.H. Saklofske . ( Eds . ) , The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment : Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models . Los Angeles , CA : Sage . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 4651 - 3 Jump up ^ `` An Empirical Investigation of Jung 's Personality Types and Psychological Disorder Features '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Psychological Type. 58 : 33 -- 6 . 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Coffield F , Moseley D , Hall E , Ecclestone K ( 2004 ) . `` Learning styles and pedagogy in post-16 learning : A systematic and critical review '' ( PDF ) . Learning and Skills Research Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pittenger , David J ( 2005 ) . `` Cautionary comments regarding the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Consulting Psychology Journal : Practice and Research . 57 ( 3 ) : 210 -- 21 . doi : 10.1037 / 1065 - 9293.57. 3.210 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Robert ( 2007 ) . Personality and the fate of organizations . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 8058 - 4142 - 3 . OCLC 65400436 . ^ Jump up to : Stricker , Lawrence J ; Ross , John ( 1964 ) . `` An assessment of some structural properties of the Jungian personality typology '' . The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology . 68 ( 1 ) : 62 -- 71 . doi : 10.1037 / h0043580 . PMID 14105180 . ^ Jump up to : Schuwirth , L ( 2004 ) . `` What the educators are saying '' . BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244 . ^ Jump up to : Bess , T.L. & Harvey , R.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact ? '' . The Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , San Diego 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Nowack , K. ( 1996 ) . Is the Myers Briggs Type Indicator the Right Tool to Use ? Performance in Practice , American Society of Training and Development , Fall 1996 , 6 Jump up ^ Furnham , A ( 1990 ) . `` Faking personality questionnaires : Fabricating different profiles for different purposes '' . Current Psychology . 9 : 46 -- 55 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02686767 . Jump up ^ Francis , Leslie J ; Jones , Susan H ( 2000 ) . `` The Relationship Between the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Among Adult Churchgoers '' . Pastoral Psychology . 48 ( 5 ) : 377 -- 83 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1022036504232 . Jump up ^ `` MBTI Type at Work '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Forer effect from the Skeptic 's Dictionary '' . ^ Jump up to : Keirsey , David ( 1998 ) . Please Understand Me II : Temperament , Character , Intelligence . Del Mar , CA : Prometheus Nemesis Book Company . ISBN 1 - 885705 - 02 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sipps , Gary J ; Alexander , Ralph A ; Friedt , Larry ( 2016 ) . `` Item Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 45 ( 4 ) : 789 -- 96 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164485454009 . Jump up ^ Eysenck , H.J. , & Eysenck , M.W. ( 1985 ) . Personality and Individual Differences . New York : Plenum . Jump up ^ Grant , Adam ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Say Goodbye to MBTI , the Fad That Wo n't Die '' . LinkedIn . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Krznaric , Roman ( May 15 , 2013 ) . `` Have we all been duped by the Myers - Briggs test ? '' . Fortune Magazine . Jump up ^ Harvey , RJ ( 1996 ) . `` Reliability and Validity '' . In Hammer , A.L. MBTI Applications : A Decade of Research on the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator . Palo Alto , California : Consulting Psychologists Press . pp. 5 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89106 - 094 - 9 . Jump up ^ Carskadon , TG & Cook , DD ( 1982 ) . `` Validity of MBTI descriptions as perceived by recipients unfamiliar with type '' . Research in Psychological Type. 5 : 89 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Dawes , Robyn ( 2004 ) . `` Time for a critical empirical investigation of the MBTI : Case and Phillipson are right to highlight the pre-scientific roots of the MBTI , but they fail to separate the issue of the validity or usefulness of the MBTI from the issue of the validity of its origins. ( Myers - Briggs Type Indicator ) '' . European Business Forum ( 18 ) . Jump up ^ Capraro , Robert ; Margaret Capraro ( 2002 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability across Studies : A meta - analytic reliability generalization study '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement ( 62 ) : 590 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Druckman , D. ; R.A. Bjork , eds. ( 1992 ) . In the Mind 's Eye : Enhancing Human Performance . Washington , DC : National Academy Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 04747 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` CPP Products '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schaubhut , Nancy A. ; Nicole A. Herk ; Richard C. Thompson ( 2009 ) . `` MBTI Form M Manual Supplement '' ( PDF ) . CPP . p. 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Barron - Tieger , Barbara ; Tieger , Paul D. ( 1995 ) . Do what you are : discover the perfect career for you through the secrets of personality type . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 84522 - 1 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Bruce ; Borrello , Gloria M ( 2016 ) . `` Construct Validity of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 46 ( 3 ) : 745 -- 52 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164486463032 . Jump up ^ Capraro , Robert M ; Capraro , Mary Margaret ( 2016 ) . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Score Reliability Across : Studies a Meta - Analytic Reliability Generalization Study '' . Educational and Psychological Measurement. 62 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 602 . doi : 10.1177 / 0013164402062004004 . Jump up ^ Hunsley J , Lee CM , Wood JM ( 2004 ) . `` Controversial and questionable assessment techniques '' . In Lilienfeld SO , Lohr JM , Lynn SJ . Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology . Guilford . pp. 39 -- 76 . ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0 . Jump up ^ Kline , Paul , The Handbook of Psychological Testing , Psychology Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21158 - 1 Jump up ^ Letters to the Editor : It 's Not You , It 's Your Personality . '' ( 1992 , February 3 ) . Wall Street Journal ( Eastern Edition ) , p . PAGE A13 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 , from Wall Street Journal database . ( Document ID : 27836749 ) . Jump up ^ Lok , Corie ( 2012 ) . `` Career development : What 's your type ? '' . Nature . 488 ( 7412 ) : 545 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nj7412 - 545a . PMID 22919707 . Jump up ^ Moshenkov , Sergei ; Wing , Tung Tang ( 2010 ) . MBTI and Socionics : Legacy of Dr. Carl Jung . CreateSpace . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4528 - 3564 - 8 . References and further reading ( edit ) Hunsley , J. ; Lee , C.M. ; and Wood , J.M. ( 2004 ) . Controversial and questionable assessment techniques . Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology , Lilienfeld SO , Lohr JM , Lynn SJ ( eds . ) . Guilford , ISBN 1 - 59385 - 070 - 0 Bess , T.L. ; and Harvey , R.J. ( 2001 , April ) . Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI : Fact or artifact ? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , San Diego . Bess , T.L. ; Harvey , R.J. ; and Swartz , D. ( 2003 ) . Hierarchical Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology , Orlando . Bourne , Dana ( 2005 ) . Personality Types and the Transgender Community . Retrieved November 14 , 2005 Falt , Jack . Bibliography of MBTI / Temperament Books by Author . Retrieved December 20 , 2004 Georgia State University . GSU Master Teacher Program : On Learning Styles . Retrieved December 20 , 2004 . Jung , Carl Gustav ( 1965 ) . Memories , Dreams , Reflections . Vintage Books : New York , 1965 . p. 207 Jung , C.G. ( 1971 ) . Psychological types ( Collected works of C.G. Jung , volume 6 ) . ( 3rd ed . ) . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . First appeared in German in 1921 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09770 - 4 Krauskopf , Charles J. and Saunders , David R. ( 1994 ) Personality and Ability : The Personality Assessment System . Maryland : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 9282 - 1 Schuwirth , L ( 2004 ) . `` What the educators are saying '' . BMJ. 328 ( 7450 ) : 1244 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 328.7450. 1244 . Myers , Isabel Briggs ( 1980 ) . Gifts Differing : Understanding Personality Type . Davies - Black Publishing ; Reprint edition ( May 1 , 1995 ) . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 074 - X Myers , Isabel Briggs , Mary H. McCaulley , Naomi Quenk , and Allan Hammer. ( 1998 ) MBTI Handbook : A Guide to the development and use of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator Consulting Psychologists Press , 3rd edition . ISBN 0 - 89106 - 130 - 4 Pearman , R. ; Lombardo , M. ; and Eichinger , R. ( 2005 ) . YOU : Being More Effective In Your MBTI Type . Minn. : Lominger International , Inc . Pearman , R. ; and Albritton , S. ( 1996 ) . I 'm Not Crazy , I 'm Just Not You : The Real Meaning of the Sixteen Personality Types . Mountain View , Ca : Davies - Black Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85788 - 470 - 8 Saunders , D. ( 1989 ) . Type Differentiation Indicator Manual : A scoring system for Form J of the Myers - Briggs Type Indicator . Palo Alto , CA : Consulting Psychologists Press , Inc . Skeptics Dictionary . `` Myers - Briggs Type Indicator '' ( 2 ) Wicklein , Robert C ; Rojewski , Jay W ( 1995 ) . `` The Relationship Between Psychological Type and Professional Orientation Among Technology Education Teachers '' . Journal of Technology Education . 7 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.21061 / jte. v7i1. a. 5 . Long , Thomas G ( 2016 ) . `` Myers - Briggs and Other Modern Astrologies '' . Theology Today . 49 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 5 . doi : 10.1177 / 004057369204900301 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Psychological Type Myers & Briggs Foundation Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless Why the Myers - Briggs test is totally meaningless on YouTube ( hide ) Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator INFP INFJ INTJ ISFJ INTP ISTJ ISTP ISFP ENFP ENFJ ENTJ ESFP ENTP ESTJ ESFJ ESTP Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myers -- Briggs_Type_Indicator&oldid = 827027534 '' Categories : Jungian tradition Personality typologies MBTI types Personality tests Carl Jung Pseudoscience Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from February 2018 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 10 : 11 . 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when was the myers briggs type indicator developed

Briggs and Myers began creating the indicator during World War II in the belief that a knowledge of personality preferences would help women who were entering the industrial workforce for the first time to identify the sort of war - time jobs that would be `` most comfortable and effective '' for them . The Briggs Myers Type Indicator Handbook was published in 1944 . The indicator changed its name to `` Myers -- Briggs Type Indicator '' in 1956 . Myers ' work attracted the attention of Henry Chauncey , head of the Educational Testing Service . Under these auspices , the first MBTI Manual was published in 1962 . The MBTI received further support from Donald W. MacKinnon , head of the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California , Berkeley ; W. Harold Grant , a professor at Michigan State University and Auburn University ; and Mary H. McCaulley of the University of Florida . The publication of the MBTI was transferred to Consulting Psychologists Press in 1975 , and the Center for Applications of Psychological Type was founded as a research laboratory .