Datasets:

Modalities:
Text
Formats:
parquet
Languages:
Hebrew
Libraries:
Datasets
pandas
instruction
stringlengths
8
402
input
stringlengths
2
2k
output
stringlengths
2
2.53k
ืชืืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
nan
ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”: 1. ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช: ืืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื ื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืฉืืคื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช 5 ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื. 2. ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื–ื”: ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”. ื‘ื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืจื–ื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฃ, ื“ื’ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื˜ื•ืคื• ื•ืงื˜ื ื™ื•ืช. ื ืกื• ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื”. 3. ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื: ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื, ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื. ื”ื—ืœืฃ ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืจื– ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืคืกื˜ื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžืœืื™ื. 4. ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช: ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ D. ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืื• ืกื•ื™ื”. 5. ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื: ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ ืชืงื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืœืœืช ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•, ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช, ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื–ืจืขื™ื. 6. ื”ื’ื‘ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“: ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืคื™ื, ื ืชืจืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื. ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื™ื ื•ืขืชื™ืจื™ ืชื–ื•ื ื”. 7. ื”ื™ื“ืจืฆื™ื”: ื”ื™ื“ืจืฆื™ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช. ืฉืืคื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 8 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื• ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืžื•ืชืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื™ืฅ ืคื™ืจื•ืช. ื–ื›ื•ืจ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื ื‘ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื, ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืžืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
nan
1. ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช 2. ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช 3. ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” 4. ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ 5. ืชื•ื›ื ื”
ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื 7 ืžื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
ืคืขื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื•.
"ืคืขื™ืœ ืชื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™"
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช.
nan
1. ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” 2. ืขืชื™ืง 3. ืขื•ืฆืžื” 4. ืฆื•ื”ืœ 5. ืชืžื™ื”ื” 6. ืืœื“ืจื™ืฅ'
ืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจ.
nan
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืกื“ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ: 1. ืžื™ืžืŸ 2. ื”ืœื™ื•ื 3. ืœื™ืชื™ื•ื 4. ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื 5. ื‘ื•ืจื•ืŸ 6. ืคื—ืžืŸ 7. ื—ื ืงืŸ 8. ื—ืžืฆืŸ 9. ืคืœื•ืื•ืจ 10. ื ื™ืื•ืŸ 11. ื ืชืจืŸ 12. ืžื’ื ื–ื™ื•ื 13. ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื 14. ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ 15. ื–ืจื—ืŸ 16. ื’ื•ืคืจื™ืช 17. ื›ืœื•ืจ 18. ืืจื’ื•ืŸ 19. ืืฉืœื’ืŸ 20. ืกื™ื“ืŸ 21. ืกืงื ื“ื™ื•ื 22. ื˜ื™ื˜ื ื™ื•ื 23. ื•ื ื“ื™ื•ื 24. ื›ืจื•ื 25. ืžื ื’ืŸ 2 7. ืžื ื’ื ืจื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืงืœ 29. ื ื—ื•ืฉืช 30. ืื‘ืฅ 31. ื’ืœื™ื•ื 32. ื’ืจืžื ื™ื•ื 33. ืืจืกืŸ 34. ืกืœื ื™ื•ื 35. ื‘ืจื•ื 36. ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืŸ 37. ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื 38. ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื 39. ืื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื 40. ื–ื™ืจืงื•ื ื™ื•ื 41. ื ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื 42 42 ืจื•ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•ื. 45. ืจื•ื“ื™ื•ื 46. ืคืœื“ื™ื•ื 47. ื›ืกืฃ 48. ืงื“ืžื™ื•ื 49. ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื 50. ืคื— 51. ืื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืŸ 52. ื˜ืœื•ืจื™ื•ื 53. ื™ื•ื“ 54. ืงืกื ื•ืŸ 55. ืฆื–ื™ื•ื 56. ื‘ืจื™ื•ื 57. ืœื ืชื ื•ื 58. ืคืจืืกื™ื•ื ื ืื•ื“ื™ืžื™ 6. ืกืจื™ื•ื 59. ืคืจื•ืžืชื™ื•ื 62. ืกืžืจื™ื•ื 63. ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ื 64. ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื 65. ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ื 66. ื“ื™ืกืคืจื•ืกื™ื•ื 67. ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื•ื 68. ืืจื‘ื™ื•ื 69. ืชื•ืœื™ื•ื 70. ืื™ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื•ื 71. ืœื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื•ื 72. ื”ืคื ื™ื•ื 73. ื˜ื ื˜ืœื•ื 74. ื˜ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื•ื 75. ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ 7. ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ 7 ืคืœื˜ื™ื ื” 79. ื–ื”ื‘ 80. ื›ืกืคื™ืช 81. ืชืœื™ื•ื 82. ืขื•ืคืจืช 83. ื‘ื™ืกืžื•ื˜ 84. ืคื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ื 85. ืืกื˜ื˜ื™ืŸ 86. ืจืื“ื•ืŸ 87. ืคืจื ืกื™ื•ื 88. ืจื“ื™ื•ื 89. ืืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื 90. ืชื•ืจื™ื•ื 91. ืคืจื•ื˜ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ื
ืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™.
ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืจืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื•ื”ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ื’ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืื—ื“. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ ื™ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ืฉื—ื™ืงืช ืงืจืงืข ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ื“ืฉื ื™ื.
ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ื•ืกืคืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื.
ื”ืงืฆื” ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ืœืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
ืื“ื 1 - ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจืื™ ืœืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช, ื’ืจืคื™ื ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื”. ืื“ื 2 - ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœืš ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ื’ืจืคื™ืงื”. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืฉืกื•ืคืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื“ื 1 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืจืคื™ืงื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืช ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง.
nan
ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง: 1. ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ: ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ. 2. ืžืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืชื— ื—ืžืฆื•ื ื™: ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ืชืช ื ื–ืงื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช. 3. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื—: ื›ืžื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืงืคืื™ืŸ ื•-L-theanine, ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘. 4. ืžืงื“ื ืขื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื: ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™ ื“ืœืงืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ื’ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื“ืœืงืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืงืžื˜ื™ื. 5. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื: ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ื™ ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ื•ืจื“ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ LDL ("ื”ืจืข") ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืกื˜ืจื•ืœ HDL ("ื”ื˜ื•ื‘"), ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘. 6. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ: ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืœืงื˜ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ. 7. ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืคื”: ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืžื›ื™ืœ ืงื˜ืฆ'ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืคืœื•ืื•ืจื™ื“, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื”ืคื” ื•ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฉืฉืช. 8. ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื: ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื ื•ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืกื˜ืื•ืคื•ืจื•ื–ื™ืก. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืชื™ื ื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ื ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืขืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™ืช.
ืกื ืชื– ืžืืžืจ ื‘ืŸ 300 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ.
nan
ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ืื™ื’ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื. ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืฉ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืžืื‘ื™ืงื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื. ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื•ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”. ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืืœื• ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืœ, ืืš ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ืื•ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืžื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื’ื•ืจื ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืชื•ืจื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืืชืจื™ ืงื™ื ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชืŸ. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืžื•ื ื•-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื’ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืœืืœืฅ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงืจื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ืœื ื ื ืงื•ื˜ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•, ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื”, ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื˜ ืืช ืงืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
nan
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื ื• ื•ืขืœื™ื•, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื™ื ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืืš ื—ืœืงื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืคืชื•ื’ื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืจ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืจืขืœื™ื, ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื ืชืงื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื›ืžื” ื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ืœืงืช ื’ืจื•ืŸ, ื“ืœืงื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉืชืŸ, ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ ื™ืฉืชื ื• ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื•ื’ ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืืš ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื—ื•ื, ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช, ื›ืื‘ ื•ื“ืœืงืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™, ืืš ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื. ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื. ืืžื ื ื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื–ื ืช, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื™ื.
ื ื—ืฉื• ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืจื•ื•ื”, ื–ื ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื.
ื—ื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืกื ืื™.
ื–ื”ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืžื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื ืชื•ื ื”.
ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ื•ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช
1. ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชื: ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ื”ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื™. ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื. ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-19 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืชื™ืืก ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืืŸ. ืœืชื•ืจืช ื”ืชื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืชืื™. ืฉื ื™ืช, ืชืื™ื ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ื•ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืชืื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืชื. 2. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช: ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืžืงืžืช ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืขื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ืจื›ื•ืก ืžืกืžื•ืก, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืœื ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืกื›ืžื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืื” ื”-16 ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื•ืก ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื’ืจืกื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื• "ืขืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื•ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ืžื™ื•ืช". ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื”ืœื™ื•ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ ื ืชืžืš ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื™ ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกืจ ืื™ื™ื–ืง ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืคืกืงืื•ืช.
ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื’ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื”, ื›ืžื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื•ืžืชืืŸ, ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ื’ื–ื™ื ืืœื• ืœื•ื›ื“ื™ื ื—ื•ื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืขืœื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืงืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช. ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืจืžื” ืœืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืงืจื— ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ื™ืžืก, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœืขืœื™ื™ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื. ื–ื”, ื‘ืชื•ืจื•, ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื•ืœื™ ืกืขืจื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ. ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืชื›ื•ืคื” ื•ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื’ืฉื ื›ื‘ื“, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ื”ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ืขื•ืœืžื™, ื•ื›ื–ื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•.
ื”ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื: "ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ".
nan
ื”ืืžื™ืจื” "ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืฉืจ" ืื™ื ื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™. ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ืืžื ื ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืžืชื— ื•ืžืชืŸ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื•ืฉืจ. ื›ืกืฃ ืœื‘ื“ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื•ืฉืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขื•ืฉืจื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืžืจืื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืžืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื”ืžืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื•ืฉืจ ื ื—ืœืฉ. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืื•ืฉืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ.
ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ืกื™ื›ื•ื.
ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืงืคื”, ืกื—ืจ
ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ื‘ืกื—ืจ ื‘ืงืคื”.
ืชืžืฆื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
nan
ืคืขื, ื‘ืžืžืœื›ื” ืจื—ื•ืงื”, ื’ืจื” ื™ืœื“ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ืก. ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื’ืขื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืชื•ืงืงื” ืœื”ืจืคืชืงื”. ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื™ืคื” ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืœืžื˜ืœื•ืชื™ื”, ื”ื™ื ื ืชืงืœื” ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžื•ืกืชืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืฃ ืžืื•ื‘ืง ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืขื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืคื“ืคืช ื‘ื“ืคื™ื, ืฉืžืขื” ืงื•ืœ ื—ืœืฉ; ื”ืกืคืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”! ืžื‘ื•ื”ืœืช, ื”ื™ื ืกื’ืจื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืงื” ื•ืจืฆื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”. ืื‘ืœ ืกืงืจื ื•ืชื” ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ืœืžื—ืจืช. ื›ืฉืคืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›"ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื". ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืคืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ; ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื ื˜ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืชื•ืกืก ืขื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืงืกื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคื™ื ืžื•ืคืœืื™ื. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ืงืจืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ. ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืกืคืจ, ื•ืœืงื—ื” ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ื™ื. ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืฉ ืกื•ื“ื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืคื˜ ื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉืคื›ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื”. ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืจื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ืžืงืœื˜ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื. ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืืœื™ืก ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื•ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืงืกื•ืžื” ืฉืœื” ืื™ื ื ื”. ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ืช ื ืชื ื” ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ, ืžืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืื•ืชื•. ืฉื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื‘, ืืœื™ืก ืคืจืฆื” ื‘ื‘ื›ื™, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจืื” ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื” ืฉื•ื‘. ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ, ืฉื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืจื’ ืืช ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืืœื™ืก ืคืชื—ื” ืกืคืจ, ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื” ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžื™ืœืื• ืืช ืœื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”. ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื” ืืช ืžืชื ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉื™ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืœื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืžืฆื ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ื - ์žฅ๋ณด๊ธฐ
nan
ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ์žฅ๋ณด๊ธฐ ื”ื•ื "ืงื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช" ืื• "ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžืฆืจื›ื™ื".
ืžืฆื ืžืืžืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
nan
ื‘ื˜ื—, ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•" ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช (https://www.discovermagazine.com/technology/how-artificial-intelligence-is-reshaping-our-lives ). ื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘-AI ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืžืืžืจ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืžืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืฉืคื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืงืจื™ืื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื•ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ AI ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืคืชื— ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืœื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”.
nan
1. ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ, ืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื‘ื” ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ื•ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ืฉืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืคืฉ. 2. ื—ืฆื• ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”: ืงื— ืืช ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ. 3. ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ, ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืชื•ืื ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ, 1. ืื ื–ื” ื”ืชืืžื”, ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ืงืก ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. 2. ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืืžื”, ื”ืžืฉืš ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”. 4. ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉืชื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื”. 5. ืื ืขื‘ืจืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื•ืœื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืชืืžื”, ืื– ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื”, ืื– ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื. 6. ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื. *ื”ืขืจื”: ื–ื”ื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช. ื™ืฉื ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืžื•ื™ื ืช ืžืจืืฉ.
ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืžื”ื• ื”ื’ื– ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ? ื ืžืชืืŸ ื‘ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื’ ื—ื ืงืŸ ื“ ืžื™ืžืŸ
ื”ื’ื– ื”ืฉื›ื™ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื—ื ืงืŸ (C.)
ื›ืชื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืžืชืืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“.
nan
ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฉ, ืžืจื’ื™ืข, ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
nan
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืื˜ ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืชื•ืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื•ื“: ื—ื™ืžื•ื (5 ื“ืงื•ืช): ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ืคืš ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืชืจื’ื™ืœื™ ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืฆืขื“ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืžื’'ืงื™ื ืื• ืจื™ืฆื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื. ืžืขื’ืœ (20 ื“ืงื•ืช): ืžืขื’ืœ ื–ื” ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• 3-4 ืคืขืžื™ื. 1. ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ (10 ื—ื–ืจื•ืช) - ืขืžื“ื• ืขื ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืกื. ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ. 2. ืฉื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืกืžื™ื›ื” (10 ื—ื–ืจื•ืช) - ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ืงืจืฉ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื”ื•ืจื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื” ืฉืœืš ืœืงืจืงืข, ื•ืื– ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”. 3. ื›ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืŸ (10 ื—ื–ืจื•ืช) - ืฉื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ื›ืคื•ืคื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”. ื”ื ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื”ืจื ืืช ืคืœื’ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื, ื•ืื– ื”ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื˜ื”. 4. ืจื™ืื•ืช (10 ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืฆื“) - ืฆืขื“ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืขื ืจื’ืœ ืื—ืช ื•ื›ื•ืคืคื• ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื™ื™ื ืœ-90 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื”. ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™. 5. ืงืจืฉ (30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช) - ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ืชื ื•ื—ืช ืงืจืฉ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ. ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ 30. ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช (5 ื“ืงื•ืช): ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืชืงืจืจื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืœืžื ื•ื—ื”. ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืื™ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืžืชื™ื—ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื›ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื. ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืช ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœืš. ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืชื” ืžืชืงื“ื, ืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื–ืžืŸ. ืชืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื”ื“ืจืช!
ื—ืฉื‘ 50% ืž-300.
nan
50% ืž-300 ื–ื” 150.
ืชืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ.
nan
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ ืคื•ื˜ืจ, ื”ืจืžื™ื•ื ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ื’'ืจ ื•ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื–ืœื™.
ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžืชืืจ ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืชื›ื•ื ืช ืื•ืคื™ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ื›ืื—ื“.
nan
"ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื•ืฉืืคืชืŸ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ืจ ื•ื—ืกืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช".
ืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืชืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
nan
ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืš ืœืชื›ื ืŸ, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื•ืœืคืงื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช: 1. ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš: ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ืืจื•ืš, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืงืจืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ื, ืชืฉืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ืกื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ืกื™ื”. ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืœื™ืขื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš, ื•ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ืชืŸ. 2. ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœืš: ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืกืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœืš, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืžื“ืžื™ ืฉื›ื™ืจื•ืช. 3. ื–ื”ื” ื•ืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœืš: ืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื—ืœืง ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ืจ, ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืื™ืฉื™. ื–ื” ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืœืืŸ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื” ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื•ืช. 4. ื”ื’ื“ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื”: ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื›ืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”. ืฉืืคื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืกืฃ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข. 5. ืžืขืงื‘ ื•ื”ืชืื: ืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข. ืื ืืชื” ืžื’ืœื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ื”ืชืื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ืชืื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš ืžืขืช ืœืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื ื”ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช.
ื–ื”ื” ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืŸ.
nan
ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ื ืคื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”. ืขื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืขืกืงื™ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื™ืงืจื™ื ืื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉืจืชื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจ. ืขื ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื ืŸ, ืขืกืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ืขื•ื“ ื ืคื— ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื›ื•ื— ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืคืก ืœืคื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš, ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ, ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ื–ืจื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ IT ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืœืฆืžื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื–ืžื•ืช
nan
ื™ื–ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงื™ื—ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื ืขืกืงื™ ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื.
ืคืจื˜ ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
nan
ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืคืœื˜ ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื˜ ืงืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ. ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืœืงื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืคื™ื, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืขื•ืžืก ื•ืœืžืืžืฅ. ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืžืก ื›ืคื•ืœ ื‘ืžืจื—ืงื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื›ืคื•ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœื• ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ. ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ื™ื, ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืฆื’ ื›ืš: L x Dl = E x De, ื›ืืฉืจ L ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื•ืžืก, Dl ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ, E ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืืžืฅ, ื•-De ื”ื•ื ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืž ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื›ื ื™, ืœืคื™ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืืžืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขื•ืžืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ, ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ ื’ื“ืœ, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืžืืžืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืคืœื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืคื•ืชื—ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžื—ืคืจื™ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืžื ื•ืฃ ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื ื•ืฃ ื ืงื‘ืข ืœืคื™ ืžืจื—ืง ื”ืžืืžืฅ ื•ื”ืขื•ืžืก ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืฉืขืŸ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืœื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžืืžืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืขื•ืžืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ื”ืขืœื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ 5 ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™.
nan
1. ืฆืจื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช: ืชื ื• ืœื™ืœื“ื›ื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืกื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ื ื•ืฉื ืื• ื ื•ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ืฉืœื”ื. 2. ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื‘ืฆืง ืžืฉื—ืง: ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ืขื ื‘ืฆืง ืžืฉื—ืง ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืกืœื™ื. ืขืจื›ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืกื›ื™ื ื™ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง, ืžืขืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืชื›ื ื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ. 3. ืขืจื›ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื: ืฉื™ืžื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืžื”ื ื” ื•ืชื•ืกืกืช ื•ืขืจื›ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื. ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืงืฆืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื” ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช ืื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืœืจืงื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื•ืข ืื™ืš ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื. 4. ื‘ื ื” ืžื‘ืฆืจ: ืืกืคื• ื›ืžื” ืฉืžื™ื›ื•ืช, ืกื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ืฆืจ ื‘ืกืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื. ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืžื˜ืคื—ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ, ื™ืœื“ื›ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆืขืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืœืงืจื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืื• ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื—ื˜ื™ืฃ. 5. ืฆืื• ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข: ืงื—ื• ืืช ื™ืœื“ื›ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืคืืจืง ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื• ืจืง ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื. ืขื–ืจื• ืœื”ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ื ืื• ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืœืื–' ื˜ื‘ืข.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืกื•ืคืงื•.
ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข
ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœืกื™ืจื•ื’ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ื“ืข ืื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•. ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืฉื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื‘ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจืช ืื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื“ืขื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื. ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืžื™ื“ืข. ืžืชืขืœื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืื• ืœื ืžื•ื“ืข ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชืš ืื• ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืš. ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืื• ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœื”ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื• ื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืื• ื”ื‘ื ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืžืจืžื– ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ืื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
ื”ืฆืข ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืš 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
nan
ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืงืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื—ืžืืช ืฉื•ื ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก. ื–ื” ื™ื™ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื›ื ื” ื•ืžืฉืจืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื•: ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื: - 1 1/2 ืง"ื’ (700 ื’ืจื) ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื’ื•ืœืžื™, ืงืœื•ืคื™ื ื•ืžืคื•ืชืœื™ื - 2 ื›ืคื•ืช ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช - ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื - 1 ืง"ื’ ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก, ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืงืฆื•ืฆื™ื - 1 ื›ืฃ ืฉื•ื ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ - 1/4 ื›ื•ืก ืžืจืง ืขื•ืฃ ืื• ื™ืจืงื•ืช - 1/4 ื›ื•ืก ืžื™ืฅ ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ - 3 ื›ืคื•ืช ื—ืžืื” ืœืœื ืžืœื— - 1 ื›ืคื™ืช ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืคืœืคืœ ืื“ื•ื - 1/4 ื›ื•ืก ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื” ืงืฆื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ: 1. ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืช ื˜ืคืœื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” , ืžื—ืžืžื™ื 1 ื›ืฃ ืฉืžืŸ ื–ื™ืช ืขืœ ืืฉ ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช. 2. ืžืชื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ, ื•ืื– ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืชื 2-3 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฆื“ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ, ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื‘ืฆื“. 3. ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืชืจ ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก ืœืžื—ื‘ืช. ืžืชื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื 4-6 ื“ืงื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืจื›ื™ื. 4. ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื ืœืžื—ื‘ืช ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื ื›ื“ืงื” ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืขื“ ืœืจื™ื—. 5. ื™ื•ืฆืงื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื” ืืช ืžืจืง ื”ืขื•ืฃ ืื• ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื•ืืช ืžื™ืฅ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ. ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืœืจืชื™ื—ื”. 6. ืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉ ืœื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื—ืžืื” ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ ืขื“ ืœื”ืžืกื”. 7. ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื”ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžื—ื‘ืช, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืคืชื™ืชื™ ืคืœืคืœ ืื“ื•ื, ื•ืžื‘ืฉืœื™ื 1-2 ื“ืงื•ืช. 8. ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืช ืžื”ืืฉ, ืžืงืฉื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ืจื•ื–ื™ืœื™ื” ืงืฆื•ืฆื” ื•ืžื’ื™ืฉื™ื. ืชื”ื ื”!
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื ื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
nan
ืคืกื•ืง 1: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืจื’ืฉ, ื™ืฉ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข, ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ืขื“ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื. ืคืกื•ืง 2: ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืคื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืช ืืช ืฉื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉืœื•ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื ืคืฉ ืจื’ื•ืขื”.
ืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื“.
nan
ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื”ืคืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ื˜ืื‘ืœื˜ ืื• ืฉืขื•ื ื™ื. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ืฉื ื‘ื ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ื›ืžื• iOS ืื• ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“, ืื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ืคื“ืคืŸ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื“. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืชืขื‘ื•ื“, ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• Apple Store ืื• Google Play Store, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ. ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ืชืงื ื”, ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืชื•ื— ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืกืžืœ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืกืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ. ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื›ื™ื, ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ืฆื”, ื”ืงืฉื”, ื”ื—ืœืงื” ืื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืืฆื‘ืข ืื—ืจื•ืช. ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืžื’ืข, ื•ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ืงืœ ืœื ื™ื•ื•ื˜. ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื, ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœื™ื—ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืฉืจืชื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื, ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื•ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื”. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืงื™ API (ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ืกืคืงื™ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื ืŸ. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ื’ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ GPS, ืžืฆืœืžื” ืื• ืžื“ ืชืื•ืฆื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื“ ื”ืชืื•ืฆื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืื• ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืœืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืฆืœื ื•ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืžืฉืง ื’ืจืคื™ ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ืžืจืชืงืช.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืžืฉื ืช 1964 ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
nan
ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืžืฉื ืช 1964 ื”ื•ื ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืขืœ ืื™-ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช. ืœืคื ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจื•, ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื•ืืคืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื• ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ื. ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื ืžื ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”. ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—, ืืฉืจ ื ื—ืชื ืœื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื‘. ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ, ืืกืจ ืืคืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื–ืข, ืฆื‘ืข, ื“ืช, ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง. ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื•ืงื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ื•ืžืชืงื ื™ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžืชืžืฉื›ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืฉืฉื‘ืจื” ืžื—ืกื•ืžื™ื ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืงื“ืžืช ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ืง ืœื›ืœ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืœืœื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื–ืข. ื–ื” ืกืœืœ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— ื ื•ืกืฃ ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืกืžืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžืชืžืฉืš ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื™ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื—ื•ืง ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ืžืฉื ืช 1964 ื”ื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื•ื”ืืคืœื™ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ื–ืข ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืœืงื“ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื”, ื•ืกื™ืžืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ืœืžืขืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื•ืฆื“ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™. ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขื ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•.
ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืคื™ืœื” ืžื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื”
ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”.
ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืืช ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื”ื.
ื•ืจื“ ืื“ื•ื, ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื”, ื”ื™ื“ืจืื ื’ืื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื”
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืกื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื“ืœืงืžืŸ: - ื•ืจื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. - ื—ื™ื ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื. - ื”ื™ื“ืจืื ื’ืื” ื›ื—ื•ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื—ื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
nan
ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”, ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ. ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื ื•ืชืจืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ืช: x + y = 5 2x + y = 7 ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ x ื•- y ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืชื ื” y: 2x + y - ( x + y) = 7 - 5 x = 2 ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ืฉืœ x, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช y: x + y = 5 2 + y = 5 y = 3 ืื– ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื x = 2, y = 3. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืœื™ื ื™ืืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื.
ืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
ื”ื™ื™, ืจืง ื‘ื•ื“ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื•ืฉืœืžื”!
ืขืžื™ืช ื™ืงืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื–ื• ืชืžืฆื ืื•ืชืš ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื ื™ ืขื•ืงื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืงืฆืชื”. ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืืช ื–ื”? ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”, [ืฉืžืš].
ื”ืฆืข ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
nan
ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืœื˜ ืชืจื“ ื•ืขื•ืฃ ื‘ื’ืจื™ืœ ืขื ืงื™ื ื•ืื”, ืขื’ื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื™, ืžืœืคืคื•ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืื‘ื•ืงื“ื•. ืืจื•ื—ื” ื–ื• ืขืžื•ืกื” ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื•ืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—, ื›ืžื• ืชื•ืชื™ื ืคืจื•ืกื™ื ืื• ืชืคื•ื—, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื ื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืžืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืกื•ื ื˜.
ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืชื™ื• ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื’ ืขืฆื™ื ืœื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”
ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืงืช ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ื ื˜ื”. ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ 14 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ืช ืื—ืจ ืขืจื›ืช ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื. ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืกื™ืคืงืช ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื ื˜ื”.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืขื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช: - PersonX ื”ื™ื ืื—ื•ืช - PersonX ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืืœื”: ืื™ืคื” PersonX ืขื•ื‘ื“?
PersonX ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“.
nan
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“: 1. ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืื• ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ. 2. ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื•ื”ืงืฆื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉืืœืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•-0 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื ื”ื™ื ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”. ืฉืืœืช ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ 10 ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื›ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื ืฉืœื ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™, ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ. 3. ืกืคืจ ืืช ืกืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืฆื‘ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“. 4. ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช. 5. ื”ืงืฆื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืช ืœืคื™ ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื‘ืจื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: - 90-100% = A - 80-89% = B - 70-79% = C - 60-69% = D - ืžืชื—ืช ืœ-60% = F ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืงื” ืฉืกื•ืคืงื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืื• ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
nan
ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื•ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื”ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•. ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื, ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข, ื•ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ืฉืจ. ืื—ืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื. ื–ื” ื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืžื™ื“ืข. ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืฉืคืข ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉื, ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ. ื–ื” ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืฉื›ืŸ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืžื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ื›ืขืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“ื. ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื’ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื—ืจ. ืขื ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืขืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช. ื–ื” ืกื™ืคืง ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื. ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ืžืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ืžืฉืคืจืช ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื•ืžืกื—ืจ ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40 ืžื™ืœื™ื.
nan
ืคืขื ื”ื•ืžืœืก, ืืœื›ืก ืฉืคืš ืืช ื ืฉืžืชื• ืœื›ืœ ืชื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื•. ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืคื™ืง ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชื”ื™ืœื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื›ื— ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื• ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช, ื ืชื ื” ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื ื–ืงืงื™ื.
ื”ืฆืข ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืข ื›ืขืช.
nan
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขืกืงื™ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ. ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื›ื•ืฉืจ. ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืฉืจ, ื•ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืฉื’ืจืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ืœื˜ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืชืœืช ืจืืฉื™ ืื• ื’ืœื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœืœื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ืข ื’ื™ืฉื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื•ืฉืจ ืœืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืš ืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืื™ืคื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืื• ืื™ืœื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืกืคื™ื™ื. ื”ืืคืœื™ืงืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืžืกื•ืžื ืช ื‘ืงื• ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื ืขืฆื ืื• ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ.
ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื”ืคื”.
ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื™ืคื”" ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืชื•ืืจ.
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืคื•ืขืœืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ?
nan
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืชืื™ื. ื›ืš ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“: 1. ืคื”: ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืคื”, ืฉื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืชืคืจืง ื‘ืœืขื™ืกื” ื•ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ืจื•ืง, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช. 2. ื•ืฉื˜: ืœืื—ืจ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขื” ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื•ืฉื˜, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื” ืœืงื™ื‘ื”. 3. ืงื™ื‘ื”: ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฆื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื’ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื. ืืช ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ื—ื•ืจืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ืกืžื™ืš ื”ื ืงืจื ืฆ'ื™ืžื™. 4. ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง: ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ืžื™ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง, ืฉื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคื™ื’ืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื. ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื ืžื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืžืจื” ืžื”ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ื“ืคื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื“ืง ืกื•ืคื’ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื–ืจื ื”ื“ื. 5. ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก: ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก, ืฉื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื™ื. ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืชืจื” ื ื“ื—ืกืช ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืฆื•ืื”. 6. ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช: ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ื‘ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืขื“ ืœื”ื•ืฆืืชื” ืžื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื“ืจืš ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช. ืœืื•ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืคื ื•ืช ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืžื™ืฆื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
ืกื“ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืกื“ืจ ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ-ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜.
ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืขื”.
ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฉื-ืคื•ืขืœ-ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜. ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื•ื "ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”", ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื”ื•ื "ื›ืชื‘" ื•ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื•ื "ื”ื”ืฆืขื”".
ืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืคื•ื—, ื‘ื ื ื”, ืชืคื•ื–, ื’ื–ืจ: ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช
ืกื•ื’ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช: - ืชืคื•ื— - ื‘ื ื ื” - ืชืคื•ื– ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื: ื’ื–ืจ (ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืจืง)
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืžืขื’ืœ, ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข, ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ืื• ืืฃ ืื—ื“.
ืœืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฉ 3 ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื“ ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื–ื”ื”.
ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ.
ืชืืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
nan
ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ืœื—ืฅ ื‘ืจื•ืžื˜ืจื™, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื•ื ืžืžืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืขื™ื ื•ื ืื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ ื•ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืžื, ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื•ื ืžืชืงืจืจ ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืขื‘ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื ื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉืงืขื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืกื•ืขืจ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ืฉื, ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืจืขืžื™ื ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœื’ ื•ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื ืžื•ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื”. ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืชืงืจืจ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืงืข ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—. ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ืจื’ื•ืข ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื•ืงืข, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ืžื, ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืขื ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ืงื•ืช. ืชื ืื™ื ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ื ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืฉืžืฉ. ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ื ืขื•ืช ื•ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืชืŸ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื. ืžื˜ืื•ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœืกืคืง ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื•ืช: "ืœื”ื’ื™ืข", "ืžื˜ืจื”", "ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ".
nan
ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ืงื•ื˜ ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื™ื–ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืขื“ ืฉืœืš ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”?
ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืœืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืฉืœ AI ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
nan
"ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช: ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”?"
ืงื— ืฉื ืกืจื˜ ื•ืกื›ื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“.
ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืื•ืžื”
Beasts of No Nation ื”ื•ื ืกืจื˜ ื“ืจืžืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืื’ื• ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื—ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ ื”ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืœื ืฉื.
ืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื: ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•
ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื•
ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื ืขื“ืจื•.
ืขืจื•ืš ืžืืžืจ ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืจืžืช ืงืจื™ืื” ื‘ื›ื™ืชื” ื•'
ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืœืžื—ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช. ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžื•ืขื˜ื”.
ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”. ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
nan
ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ื•ื• ื‘ื•ืฉ (1989-1993), ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ (1993-2001), ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ (2001-2009), ื•ื‘ืจืง ืื•ื‘ืžื” (2009-2017) ื”ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืจืฆื•ืคื™ื.
ื‘ื ื” ืืช ืฆื™ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข.
ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฆื™ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื” ื•ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘: -1936: ืงื•ื ืจื“ ื–ื•ืกื” ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืžื›ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื”-Z1. -1939: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืื˜ื ืืกื•ืฃ ื•ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื‘ืจื™ ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื˜ืื ืืกื•ืฃ-ื‘ืจื™ ืื• ABC. -1943: ื”ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื˜ื•ืžื™ ืคืœื•ืจืก ืžืขืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœื•ืกื•ืก, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชื›ื ื•ืช, ืœืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืงื•ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”. -1944: ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืื™ื™ืงืŸ ื•ืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžืืจืง 1, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™. -1945: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืžืŸ ืžืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื—ืกื ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ. -1946: ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ืœืœื™, ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), ื”ื•ืฉืœื ื•ืžื•ืฆื’ ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. -1951: ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช, UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer), ื”ื•ืฆื’. -1958: ื’'ืง ืงื™ืœื‘ื™ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื‘, ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžืขื‘ื“. -1971: ืื™ื ื˜ืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืœ 4004. -1973: ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, Xerox Alto, ืคื•ืชื— ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ Xerox Palo Alto. -1975: ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช, MITS Altair 8800, ื”ื•ืฆื’. -1977: ืืคืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืืคืœ II, ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื•. -1981: IBM ืžืฉื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”, IBM PC. -1984: ืืคืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืžืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืฉ, ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืขื ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ืจืคื™. -1991: Linus Torvalds ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” ืœื™ื ื•ืงืก. -1995: ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืืช Windows 95, ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคืขืœื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืขื ืžืžืฉืง ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื’ืจืคื™. -2007: ืืคืœ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื™ืคื•ืŸ, ื”ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™.
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ.
nan
1. ืžื”ื™ ืœื“ืขืชืš ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื? 2. ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืœื ื• ื ืงื‘ืข ืžืจืืฉ? 3. ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชืš ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ืขืฆืžื™?
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื, ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื–ื•ื’ ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
ืื ื’'ืœื™ื ื” ื’'ื•ืœื™, ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ
ืื ื’'ืœื™ื ื” ื’'ื•ืœื™ ื•ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ. ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉืื™ืœ ืืช ืงื•ืœื ืœืกืจื˜ ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” "ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื• ืคื ื“ื”" ื‘-2008 ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื’'ืœื™ื ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื‘ื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื’ืจืก, ื•ืžืื˜ ื“ื™ื‘ื‘ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ.
ืžืฆื ื—ืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืคื™ืœ ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™.
nan
1. ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ 24 ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจืš, 13 ืจื’ืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขื“ 14,000 ืคืื•ื ื“. 2. ื™ืฉื ื ืฉื ื™ ืชืช-ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื - ืกื•ื•ืื ื”, ืื• ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื™ืขืจ. ืœืฉื ื™ ืชืช-ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืœื™ ื”ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืฆื‘ืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืคื™ืœื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ืขื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื—ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. 3. ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื“ืจื™ื. ืขื“ืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžื ืงื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื ื”ื ืงื‘ื” ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื˜ืจื™ืืจืš. ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. 4. ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘, ื”ื ื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฉื‘ื™ื, ืขืœื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ืขืฅ. ืคื™ืœ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืขื“ 300 ืคืื•ื ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“. 5. ืคื™ืœื™ื ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื. ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืจื—ื•ืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœืฆืžื•ื—, ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ืงื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื–ืจืขื™ื ื“ืจืš ื’ืœืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืจืืค.
nan
(ืคืกื•ืง 1) ื™ื•, ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš 'ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ' ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžืชืœื‘ื˜ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื™ืชืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืฆืจ ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืœื‘ ื“ื•ื”ืจ, ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืืชื” ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื”ืคืื–ืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื™ ืื™ืชืš ืœืฆื™ื“ื™, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื ื™ ืฉืœื (ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ) ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆื‘, ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื—ืจื•ื– ืื™ืชืš ืœืฆื™ื“ื™, ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจ, ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื ืžื•ืชืง ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืชืš, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ (ืคืกื•ืง 2) ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœืš ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืฆืžืจืžื•ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืชืคื•ืจืจื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืชืš ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื™, ื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื ื•ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืชื” ื”ืื—ื“, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืชืš ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืœื™, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื•' ื ื›ื‘ื•ืฉ, ื ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ืœื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื” (ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ) ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืฆื‘, ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืจื™ื–ื” ืื™ืชืš ืœืฆื™ื“ื™, ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืคืก ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจ, ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ื ืžื•ืชืง ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืชืš, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื ื (ืื•ื˜ืจื•) ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื–ืง, ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื•ื•ืช. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืื—ื– ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื“ืจืš ืขื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืง ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืขืžืขื.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ 6 ืžืฆื•ืœืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืœื
ืžืฆื•ืœืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื•ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืชื™ืื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื•-ืžืžื“ื™ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื”. ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืœืขื™ื, ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ: 1. ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ (3 ืฆืœืขื•ืช) 2. ืžืจื•ื‘ืข (4 ืฆืœืขื•ืช) 3. ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ (5 ืฆืœืขื•ืช) 4. ืžืฉื•ืฉื” (6 ืฆืœืขื•ืช) 5. ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ (7) ืฆื“ื“ื™ื) 6. ืžืชื•ืžืŸ (8 ืฆื“ื“ื™ื)
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช:
ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกื
ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘.
ืžื” ืคืฉืจ ื”ืคืชื’ื ื”ื‘ื: "ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืงื” ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ".
nan
ื”ืคืชื’ื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืขื–ืจื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืืชื’ืจ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืฉืขืช ืฆืจื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืืžื™ืชื™.
ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื”, ืฉืืœื”, ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ ืื• ืงืจื™ืื”.
ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื’ื™ืฉื”.
ื”ึถื›ึฐืจึตื—ึดื™
ืคืชื— ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืœื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื
ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื™ื”. ื”ื ื” ืกื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืื—ืช: 1. ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ื”ืื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื–ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื? 2. ืงื‘ืข ืืช ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ื™ืขื“: ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืœืชื•ื›ื ืช ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžืœืื™. 3. ื”ืขืจืš ืืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื•ืช: ื”ืขืจืš ืื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืขื“ ืชื•ืืžืช ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ืื ืœื, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื. 4. ื”ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื ืจืžืœ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื. ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืกืจืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. 5. ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื–ื”ื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืคื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ืขื“. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืœืฉื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื? 6. ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื: ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ETL (Extract, Transform, Load), ืื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ื™ืขื“. 7. ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืฃ: ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื•, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœืืžืช ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืœื˜ ื”ื‘ื, ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœืœ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
nan
ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื: 1. ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช: ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืขืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื• ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื–'ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ืฉืคื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช. 2. ื”ืงืฉื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื”: ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืชื•ืš ืžืืžืฅ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื. 3. ืืžืคืชื™ื”: ื”ื™ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื. 4. ื›ื‘ื•ื“: ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืคืขืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ืื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืชื•ืงืคื ื™ืช ืื• ืžืฉืคื™ืœื”. 5. ืื™ืžื•ืช: ืชืืžืช ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ืจื’ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื, ื’ื ืื ื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืฉืœืš. 6. ืขื•ื“ื“ ืžืฉื•ื‘: ืขื•ื“ื“ ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ืคืชื•ื— ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื‘ื•ื ื”. 7. ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื: ื”ื™ืฉืืจื• ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื ื•ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื• ืžื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ืง.
ืชืจื’ื ืืช "avec plaisir" ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช
avec plaisir
"ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”"
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืงืœื˜, ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืืœื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืฉืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืจื›ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ
ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืจื›ื‘ ืืชื” ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ?
ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
ืฉื: ืืœื™ืก, ื’ื™ืœ: 18, ืžืงืฆื•ืข: ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜
ืืœื™ืก ื”ื™ื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืช 18, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืžื›ื” ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื™ืœื” ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืœืžืงืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื” ืœืงื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ืžื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื”. ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื™ืœื“ื”, ืืœื™ืก ื—ืœืžื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื–ืœืœื” ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื, ื•ื‘ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืงืกื ืฉืœื” ืžื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื” ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื” ืœืœื ืœืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื”. ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 18 ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืœื™ืก ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื” ืื™ ืคืขื ืœืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื”. ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื”ื•ืœืœืช ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ื•ืขืชื™ื“ื” ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ื™ืฉืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืขื•ืจืขืจ ืฉืœื”, ืืœื™ืก ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืื•ืžืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช ืจื’ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืœ ืกื›ื ื”. ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ, ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”. ื‘ื–ืžื ื” ื”ืคื ื•ื™, ืืœื™ืก ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœืชื“ืœืง ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืฉืœื” ืœื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืœ. ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื—ืงืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื“ื•ื—ืคืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืืœื™ืก ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืคื•ืจืฆืช ื“ืจืš, ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืชื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช.
ื“ื—ื•ืก ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ืœ-10 ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข.
ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ื™ืจ ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
ื‘ื ื” ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื”.
ืื“ื ื': ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ. ืื“ื ื‘': ื‘ื˜ื—, ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื”?
ืื“ื ื': ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™ื•ืช? ืื“ื ื‘': ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื•ืงืคืฆื™ื ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ืคื™ืฆื” ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืคืกื˜ืช ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื”ืฆืœื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืื“ื ื': ื”ืžื•ืงืคืฅ ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื ืฉืžืข ื ื”ื“ืจ, ืื ื™ ืืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ื”ืื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืก ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืŸ? ืื“ื ื‘': ื‘ื˜ื—. ื”ืื ืชืขื“ื™ืคื• ืฉืจื“ื•ื ื”, ืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืŸ ืื• ืคื™ื ื• ื’ืจื™ื’'ื™ื•? ืื“ื ื': ืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืฉืœื, ืชื•ื“ื”. ืื“ื ื‘': ืชื•ื“ื”. ื•ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืžืชืื‘ื ื™ื ืื• ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืœืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื? ืื“ื ื': ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”. ืื“ื ื‘': ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ื“ื•ื’ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืชืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืจืงื•ืช ืžื•ืงืคืฆื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ืก ืกื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืืŸ. ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืš? ืื“ื ื': ืœื, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืœืขืช ืขืชื”, ืชื•ื“ื”. ืื“ื ื‘': ืžืขื•ืœื”, ืื ื™ ืื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืฉืœืš ื•ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชืš ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘. ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืกืขื“ืช ืื™ืชื ื•.
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”.
nan
ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช. ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื. ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื. ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฉ. ืชื—ืช ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช, ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื’. ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื” ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืช ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืขื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ื—ืœื˜, ื•ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ื›ื” ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™, ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืื’ื“ื•ืช. ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืืช ื“ืขื•ืชื™ื”ื, ืืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ืžืขื•ื ืฉ ืื• ืจื“ื™ืคื”. ื–ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ืžื“ื•ื›ืื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืคื•ืจื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื, ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื•ื”. ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืชื™ืฉืืจ ืงืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื. ื‘ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ืจืชืขืช, ื•ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ื™ื. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื™ื™ืฆื•ื’, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ ื•ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื”.
"ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ___"
ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ืจื“ ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื”, ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ื”ืจืช ืจืš ืœืžื’ืข, ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืื‘ืœ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ืงื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื”, ื–ื” ื ื™ื—ื•ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืจืง ืžืžืœืืช ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจื ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื™ื•ืš ืžืขื ื™ืง ื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘, ื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืจืข ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื˜ ื•ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื”ื ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื“ื•ื”ื”, ื•ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ืจื“.
ื ืกื— ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ืช.
"ืœืงื•ื— ื™ืงืจ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืฉืœื—ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชืœื•ื ืชืš ื•ื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ืš ื‘ื”ืงื“ื."
ืฉืœื•ื ืœืš! ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืคื ื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืš. ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ืชืœื•ื ืชืš ื•ื™ืกืคืง ืœืš ืขื“ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ื‘ื•, ืื ื ืืœ ืชื”ืกืก ืœื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ืชื™. ืื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœืš.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื—ื“.
nan
ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™, ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื, ื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื.
ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจื™ืช.
nan
ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื›ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”, ืื™ืคื” ืคืจื—ื™ื ืคื•ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืฉืžื™ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื, ืฉื ืื”ื‘ื” ืฆื•ืžื—ืช, ื•ื’ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื‘ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืœื•ื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ืŸ. ื”ื•, ืื™ืš ื”ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื‘ื”ื ืื”, ื›ืฉื”ืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืžืœื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื; ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืฃ, ื‘ืžืจืื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ืžืœื›ืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื”ืœื”ื‘ื” ื”ืœื•ื”ื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ืข ืขื“ื™ืŸ; ืงืฉืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ืง, ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžืืฉื™ื, ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื ืฆื— ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”. ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉื ื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฆื—, ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื”ื‘ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
ื‘ืฆืข ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช
ืื™ืŸ ืงืœื˜
ื›ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื: 1. ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ืง: ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช (IEA), ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื ืžื›ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020, ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 41% ืžืฉื ืช 2019. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ื”-IEA ืฆื•ืคื” ื›ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœ-145 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ 2030, ื”ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉื ืชื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ 29% ืž-2020 ืขื“ 2030. 2. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช: ื˜ืกืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืขื ื ืชื— ืฉื•ืง ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ 16% ื‘ืฉื ืช 2020. ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืคื•ืœืงืกื•ื•ื’ืŸ, BYD, BMW ื•ื ื™ืกืืŸ. 3. ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื: ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื–ื” ืชืจื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื ื™ื. 4. ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช: ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื™ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืžื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ืคื•ืœื™ืกื•ืช ืืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื›ื™ืจืช ืจื›ื‘ื™ ื“ืœืง ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื. 5. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช: ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื•ืœืœื•ืช, ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื•ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ื ื”. ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืืœื• ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืขื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื–ื”.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืชื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™.
nan
ืชื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžืกืคืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืฉืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื. ืงืจื•ื ื”ืชื, ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื•, ืขื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ืชื. ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื•ืš ื—ืกื™ืžืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื–ื™ืง. ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื”, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ืžื•ื™ ื’'ืœื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ืžืžื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื. ื”ืื‘ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช DNA, ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ื›ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื ืชื–ืช ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืคืœื–ืžื” ืื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืจืฉืช ื”ืื ื“ื•ืคืœื–ืžื™ืช, ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ื•ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ืชื ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ืืช ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ Golgi, ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื” ื•ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื, ืื•ืจื– ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ืฉืœืคื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื‘ืœื”. ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื”, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ืื—ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืคืงืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ATP ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืชืื™ืช. ืœืชื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืฉืœื“ ืฆื™ื˜ื•ืก, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชื ื•ืขืช ืชืื™ื ื•ืžืงืœ ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืชื•ืš ืชืื™ืช. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืชื, ื”ืžืกืคืง ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื”ื’ื ื” ื•ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื”ื. ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ืชื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ืคืœื˜ ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜.
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื” ืขื˜ื™ื.
ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื•ื 15.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ืืฃ ืื—ื“
ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืœื“ื•ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืจืก ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื–ื™ื”ื•ื. ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื›ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื•. ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืฉืคืœืช, ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื”, ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืจื™ืื•ืช. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื, ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื”ื–ืจืžืช ืฉืคื›ื™ื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื•ืคืกื•ืœืช ืืœ ืžืงื•ื•ื™ ื”ืžื™ื, ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืฉืื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืจื”, ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื–ื ื˜ืจื™ื”. ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืงืจืงืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ืจืขืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืจืก ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช.
ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืฉื›ื‘" ื•"ืฉืงืจ"
nan
"ืฉื›ื‘" ื•"ืฉืงืจ" ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช. "ืœื”ื ื™ื—" ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจ, ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื•. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื• ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ืื• ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: "ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ". ืื• "ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ืœ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื”". ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, "ืฉืงืจ" ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ืœืชื™-ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื™ืฉื™ืจ. "ืฉืงืจ" ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืœื ื•ื— ืื• ืœืฉื›ื‘, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืื•ืคืงื™ ืื• ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: "ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืกืคื”". ืื• "ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื“ืฉื". ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืืชื” ืžื ื™ื— ืžืฉื”ื• ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ื›ื‘ ืœื‘ื“.
ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช MS Excel ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืœืื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื ื•ืช ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ืช.
nan
ื‘ื˜ื—, ื”ื ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื‘ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืœืื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช Microsoft Excel: 1. ืคืชื— ืืช Microsoft Excel ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš ื•ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืจื™ืง ื—ื“ืฉ. 2. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: "ืžื–ื”ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ", "ืฉื ืžื•ืฆืจ", "ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”", "ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืื™", "ืžื—ื™ืจ", "ืขืœื•ืช" ื•"ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ". 3. ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช, ื”ื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื”ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ "001", ืฉื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ "ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ื˜ืจื™ืงื• ืื“ื•ืžื”", ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืœื‘ื•ืฉ", ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœ "50", ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ " $10.00", ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ "$5.00" ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ "10". 4. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืœืš. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ืชื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืื™ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜. 5. ืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืขื“ื›ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœืš. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืชืจืฆื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ Excel ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœืš. ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืงื‘ ื”ืžืœืื™ ืฉืœืš ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืžืขื•ื ืื™ืช ืฉืœืš. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืขื™ืœ, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืœืื™ ืฉืชืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœืื™ ื•ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
ืฆื•ืจ 3 ืกื™ืกืžืื•ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
nan
ืœื”ืœืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ืกืžื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘: 1. Y1k3sB0lt2OI 2. T@ur!n3M@Ch!n3 3. R3m3mb3rM3*21
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
25 + 52
1. ื”ืชื—ืœ ื‘ืงืจื™ืื” ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ืืชื” ืžืชื‘ืงืฉ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื 25 ื•-52. 2. ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืคื•ืจืžื˜ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ: ``` 25 + 52 ---- ``` 3. ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช : 5 + 2 = 7. 4. ื›ืชื•ื‘ 7 ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ``` 25 + 52 ---- 7 ``` 5. ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืื”, ืขืžื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื•ืช: 2 + 5 = 7. 6. ื›ืชื•ื‘ 7 ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”: ``` 25 + 52 ---- 77 ``` 7. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื•ืชืจื• ืขื•ื“ ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ื 77. 8. ืœื›ืŸ, ื”- ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืช 25 + 52 ื”ื•ื 77.
ืจืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช.
nan
1. ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช: ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื, ืœืฉืืœื•ืช ืื• ืœื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืชืŸ ืžืขื ื” ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื•ืช, ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื. 2. ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช: ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ืฉืžืขื™ื, ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืœื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืืžื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืœืงื•ื— ื‘ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืงืฉื‘. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืคื ื™ื” ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช, ื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื. 3. ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ: ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืกืคืง ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช. ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืฉื‘ื™ืขืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ. ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืชืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืฃ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื•ืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”-html ืฉืกื•ืคืงื”.
ืฉื: ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช' ื’ื™ืœ: 32 ืขื™ืกื•ืง: ืฆื™ื™ืจ <template> <html> <head> <title>ื“ืฃ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ</title> </head> <body> <h1> __________________ </h1> <p><b> ืฉื :</b> __________________</p> <p><b> ื’ื™ืœ:</b> __________________</p> <p><b>ืขื™ืกื•ืง:</b> __________________</p> </body> </b> html>
ืœื”ืœืŸ ื“ืฃ ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืช', ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืœืคื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ื”-HTML ืฉืกื•ืคืงื”. <html> <head> <title>ื“ืฃ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ</title> </head> <body> <h1> John Smith </h1> <p><b>ืฉื:</b> John Smith </p> < p><b>ื’ื™ืœ:</b> 32 </p> <p><b>ืขื™ืกื•ืง:</b> ืฆื™ื™ืจ </p> </body> </html>
ืชืŸ ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื ื—ื ื™ืคื ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™.
nan
ืื•ื›ืœ ืžื ื—ื ื™ืคื ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืจืืžืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื ืช ืžืจืง ื ื•ื“ืœืก ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžืื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืฉืจ ืื• ื“ื’ื™ื, ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืขื ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ืกื•ื™ื” ืื• ืžื™ืกื•, ื•ืžืขืœื™ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืก, ืืฆื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืช, menma, ื•ื‘ืฆืœ ื™ืจื•ืง.
ืฆื•ืจ ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ.
nan
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื›ื ืฉืžืฆื™ืข ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืš, ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ื›ืกืฃ. ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืœืœื›ืช ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื”, ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื ื›ืจืชื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืชื•ืจื ืœื›ืจื™ืชืช ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ื•ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื—ืœืงืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื˜ื‘ื™ืขืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช ืฉืœืš ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื— ืžืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืฉื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืื• ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช. ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื›ื•ืช ืœื“ื•ืืจ, ืœื ืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื•ืœื ืขื•ื“ ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื—ืžืฆื•. ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ื›ืกืฃ. ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ, ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื•ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืงืœื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื•ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืœืš, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืฉื›ื ืขื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื ื•ื—, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ืœืš ื›ืกืฃ. ืื– ืœืžื” ืœื—ื›ื•ืช? ื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืœื ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื ืœื›ืš.
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืช "P".
nan
ืคืคืื™ื”, ืื ื ืก, ืืคืจืกืง, ืฉื–ื™ืฃ.
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืื™ืœืชืช SQL ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
nan
ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืฉืื™ืœืชืช SQL ืœืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ``` sql SELECT * FROM Customers ORDER BY DateOfBirth ASC LIMIT 1 ``` ืฉืื™ืœืชื” ื–ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื‘ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืกืขื™ืฃ 'ORDER BY' ืžืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื” DateOfBirth ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ืกืขื™ืฃ 'LIMIT' ืžื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื•ืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ื“ื” 'ืชืืจื™ืš ืœื™ื“ื”' ื‘ื˜ื‘ืœื” 'ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช'. ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืกื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื›ื™ืžืช ืžืกื“ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
ืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื•.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื”.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ื, ืœื ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
nan
1. **ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช**: ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื•ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื”ืžืจื”. 2. **ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื–ื•ื™**: ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœืžื™ื“ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืง ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืชืื. 3. **ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื”**: ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ืฉื’ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™, ื•ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ. 4. **ืฆ'ืื˜ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื**: ืฆ'ืื˜ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืืžืช, ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช, ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื ืืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช. 5. **ื”ื—ื–ืจ ROI ืžืฉื•ืคืจ**: ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืžื•ืงื“ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœ, ืžืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื•.
ืชืืจ ืžื”ื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
nan
ื‘ื™ื ื” ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช (AGI), ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื‘ืฉื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ื–ืงื”, ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžืคื’ื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ืื“ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืœืฉื”, ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”, AGI ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ื•ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฆืจื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืขื“ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื—. ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ AI ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ื›ืœืœื™ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช. ืœ-AGI, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื”. ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ืช ืฉืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื‘ื ืช ืฉืคื”, ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ. AGI ืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืื• ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืžื™ืฉื” ื•ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ื›ืœืœื”. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ AGI ืœื‘ื™ืŸ AI ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื•ืช, AGI ืฉื•ืืคืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ AGI ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™, ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื ืขืจืš ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”, ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
ืกืคืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืื™ืžืจื” ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช.
nan
ื”ื ื” ืคืชื’ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™: "No hay mal que por bien no venga", ืฉืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœ"ืื™ืŸ ืจืข ืฉืžืžื ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ื‘ื." ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืชื”ื™ื” "ืœื›ืœ ืขื ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ืคืช ื›ืกืฃ".
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ "ืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชืœืช" ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
nan
ืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืžืคื•ืชืœืช (CNN) ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื˜ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื—ืœืงื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื–ื”ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช. CNNs ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงืœื˜. ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืงืฆื•ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืคื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”. ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื” ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืืช ืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืงืœื˜ ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืื”. ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ CNN ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื•ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ืžื ื‘ืงืœื˜. ืื– ืื ื”ืงืœื˜ ื”ื•ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชื• ื—ืชื•ืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช, ื”-CNN ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื—ืชื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื. ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื’ื™ืจื”, ืืฉืจ ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืœื˜ ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœื”. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ CNN ืœืจืฉืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉ-CNN ืชื•ื›ื ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ื•ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื˜, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
ื”ืงืฆื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืชืื™ื ืœืงื˜ืข ื–ื”.
ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื’ื•ืข ื•ืฉืœื™ื•.
ื–ื”ื” ืืช ืคืขืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ.
nan
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื—ื•ื ืžืชืคืชื— ืขื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืขืฆื•ื, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื›ื–ื”, ื™ืฉื ื• ืคืขืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื•. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืคืขืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: 1. ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื”: ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžืคืชื—ื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืงื™ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืชื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• Solidity, Vyper ื•-Java, ื•ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• Ethereum, Hyperledger ื•-Ripple . ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื•. 2. ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”: ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช Blockchain ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื; ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขื ื–ืืช, ืงื™ื™ื ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื›ื™ื•ื. 3. ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื: ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื•ืชืจ ืคืขืจ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”. 4. ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”: ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื•ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ ื•ื”ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื•ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื•. ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ืืœื”, ื”ืชื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืคืขืจ ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื. 5. ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืกืงื™: ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื–ื•. ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืกืงื™ ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื•. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ืคืขืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ื•ืžืชืคืจืฉ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืชื•ื›ื ื”, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”, ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืง ื•ืœืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ืฉ ืขืกืงื™.

This repository contains the dataset used for the TaCo paper.

Please refer to the paper for more details: OpenReview

If you have used our dataset, please cite it as follows:

Citation

@inproceedings{upadhayay2024taco,
title={TaCo: Enhancing Cross-Lingual Transfer for Low-Resource Languages in {LLM}s through Translation-Assisted Chain-of-Thought Processes},
author={Bibek Upadhayay and Vahid Behzadan},
booktitle={5th Workshop on practical ML for limited/low resource settings, ICLR},
year={2024},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=02MLWBj8HP}
}

The original dataset (Alpaca-52K) was translated using Google Translate.

Copyright and Intended Use This dataset has been released under CC BY-NC, intended for academic and research purposes only. Please review the licenses and terms and conditions of Alpaca-52K, Dolly-15K, and Google Cloud Translation before using this dataset for any purpose other than research.

Downloads last month
34
Edit dataset card