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Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: at the lhc , new particles can be expected that decay to final states involving taus . examples are given from simulations by the atlas experiment showing how such final states can be exploited . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the total production rate for taus at a hadron collider is not a useful quantity . taus must have significant transverse momentum ( @xmath0 ) in order to be observable . leptonic decays of taus will yield isolated electrons or muons that can be detected but these can also be directly produced so discriminating their origin can be difficult .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

hadronic decays of taus result in jets that must be distinguished from jets arising from qcd processes using the particle multiplicity and invariant mass . the dominant standard model production that results in an observable sample is @xmath1 which produces @xmath2 events per @xmath3 . given this large sample it is reasonable to ask if any useful measurements of tau properties can be made .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: using a previously introduced model in which the expansion of the universe is driven by a single scalar field subject to gravitational attraction induced by a white hole during the expansion ( from a 6d vacuum state ) , we study the origin of squared inflaton fluctuations spectrum on astrophysical scales . epsf.sty . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in a previous work@xcite , we introduced a new formalism where , instead of implementing a dynamical foliation by taking a spatial dependence of the fifth coordinate including its time dependence , we considered another extra dimension , the sixth dimension , making possible the implementation of two dynamical foliations in a sequential manner . the first one was considered by choosing the fifth coordinate depending of the cosmic time , and the second one by choosing the sixth coordinate as dependent of the 3d spatial coordinates ( in our case considered as isotropic ) . of course , all of these choices preserve the continuity of the metric .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

in addition , the 6d metric must be ricci - flat . this requirement is a natural extension of the vacuum condition used in the stm theory@xcite , in which 5d ricci - flat metrics are used@xcite and the cylinder condition has been eliminated in favor of retaining the metric s dependence on the extra coordinate . in simple words , we used the campbell - magaard theorem@xcite and its extensions for embedding a 5d ricci - flat space - time in a 6d ricci - flat space - time .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we estimate the performance of feynman s ratchet at given values of the ratio of cold to hot reservoir temperatures ( @xmath0 ) and the figure of merit ( efficiency in the case of engine and coefficienct of performance in the case of refrigerator ) . the latter implies that only the ratio of two intrinsic energy scales is known to the observer , but their exact values are completely uncertain . the prior probability distribution for the uncertain energy parameters is argued to be jeffreys prior . we define an average measure for performance of the model by averaging , over the prior distribution , the power output ( heat engine ) or the @xmath1-criterion ( refrigerator ) which is the product of rate of heat absorbed from the cold reservoir and the coefficient of performance . we observe that the figure of merit , at optimal performance close to equilibrium , is reproduced by the prior - averaging procedure . further , we obtain the well - known expressions of finite - time thermodynamics for the efficiency at optimal power and the coefficient of performance at optimal @xmath1-criterion , given by @xmath2 and @xmath3 respectively . this analogy is explored further and we point out that the expected heat flow from and to the reservoirs , behaves as an effective newtonian flow . we also show , in a class of quasi - static models of quantum heat engines , how ca efficiency emerges in asymptotic limit with the use of jeffreys prior . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the benchmarks for optimal performance of heat engines and refrigerators , under reversible conditions , are the carnot efficiency @xmath4 , and the carnot coefficient of performance @xmath5 respectively , where @xmath6 is the ratio of cold to hot temperatures of the reservoirs . for finite - time models such as in the endoreversible approximation @xcite and the symmetric low - dissipation carnot engines @xcite , the maximum power output is obtained at the so called curzon - ahlborn ( ca ) efficiency , @xmath7 @xcite . however , ca - value is not as universal as @xmath8 . for small temperature differences , its lower order terms are obtained within the framework of linear irreversible thermodynamics @xcite . thus models with tight - coupling fluxes yield @xmath9 as the efficiency at maximum power .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

further , if we have a left - right symmetry , then the second - order term @xmath10 is also universal @xcite . on the other hand , the problem of finding universal benchmarks for finite - time refrigerators is non - trivial . for instance , the rate of refrigeration ( @xmath11 ) , which seems a natural choice for optimization , can not be optimized under the assumption of a newtonian heat flow ( @xmath12 ) between a reservoir and the working medium @xcite . in that case , the maximum rate of refrigeration is obtained as the coefficient of performance ( cop ) @xmath13 vanishes .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we describe a model for the interaction of the internal ( spin ) degree of freedom of a quantum lattice - gas particle with an environmental bath . we impose the constraints that the particle - bath interaction be fixed , while the state of the bath is random , and that the effect of the particle - bath interaction be parity invariant . the condition of parity invariance defines a subgroup of the unitary group of actions on the spin degree of freedom and the bath . we derive a general constraint on the lie algebra of the unitary group which defines this subgroup , and hence guarantees parity invariance of the particle - bath interaction . we show that generalizing the quantum lattice gas in this way produces a model having both classical and quantum discrete random walks as different limits . we present preliminary simulation results illustrating the intermediate behavior in the presence of weak quantum noise . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: lattice gases are arguably the simplest models for the simulation of classical physical systems . these models provide elementary microscopic dynamics whose hydrodynamic limits are , _ inter alia _ , the diffusion equation , burgers equation and the navier stokes equations @xcite . they also provide a simple arena for the creation of new models of physical phenomena such as multicomponent flow and dynamical geometry @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

lattice gases possess deterministic , stochastic and quantum ( unitary ) formulations . simulation of quantum systems on quantum computers remains one of the very few applications for which exponential speedup over classical computation is provable .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the observations of the dc voltage proportional to the persistent current on system of asymmetric superconductor loops at a non - zero resistance raise a question on a nature of this quantum phenomenon and its possibility in semiconductor and normal metal mesoscopic loops . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is well known that a potential difference @xmath0 is observed on a segment @xmath1 ( with a resistance @xmath2 ) of an asymmetric conventional metal loop @xmath3 ( with a resistance @xmath4 ) when a circular current @xmath5 is induced by the faraday s voltage @xmath6 in this loop . on the other hand the magnetization measurements give evidence a circular direct current observed in semiconductor [ 1 ] normal metal [ 2 ] and normal state of superconductor [ 3 ] nano - structures in a constant magnetic field , i.e. without the faraday s voltage @xmath7 . the observed periodical change of the magnetization with magnetic field at the period corresponding to the flux quantum for single electron @xmath8 or pair @xmath9 gives unambiguous evidence that this equilibrium quantum phenomenon , as well as flux quantization in superconductor [ 4 ] , is a consequence of the persistent current @xmath10 existing because of the quantization of the velocity circulation @xmath11 but in contrast to the flux quantization observed as far back as 1961 [ 5 ] the experimental results [ 1 - 3 ] give evidence of the persistent current along the loop with non - zero resistance @xmath12 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the persistent current at @xmath12 was predicted as far bag as 1970 both in normal state @xmath13 of superconductor [ 6 ] and in non - superconductor mesoscopic structures [ 7 ] . it was written in [ 7 ] and the later theoretical works [ 8,9 ] have corroborated that the persistent current can be observed at electron scattering ( at a finite mean free path @xmath14 ) , i.e. at non - zero dissipation .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the space telescope imaging spectrograph ( stis ) has measured the flux for sirius from 0.171.01 @xmath0 m on the _ hst _ white dwarf scale . because of the cool debris disk around vega , sirius is commonly recommended as the primary ir flux standard . the measured stis flux agrees well with predictions of a special kurucz model atmosphere , adding confidence to the modeled ir flux predictions . the ir flux agrees to 23% with respect to the standard template of cohen and to 2% with the msx absolute flux measurements in the mid - ir . a weighted average of the independent visible and mid - ir absolute flux measures implies that the monochromatic flux at 5557.5 ( 5556 in air ) for sirius and vega , respectively , is @xmath1 and @xmath2 erg @xmath3 s@xmath4 @xmath4 with formal uncertainties of 0.5% . contrary to previously published conclusions , the hipparcos photometry offers no support for the variability of vega . pulse pileup severely affects the hp photometry for the brightest stars . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: precise stellar flux standards are required for the calibration of the james webb space telescope ( jwst ) and for the interpretation of dark energy measures with the supernova ia technique . cohen et al . ( 1992a ) and , more recently , engelke et al .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

( 2010 , epk ) recommend the use of sirius as the primary ir standard , because vega s rapid rotation and dust ring complicate the modeling of its ir flux distribution . thus , sirius ( @xmath5 cma , hd 48915 , hr 2491 ) was observed by _

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: symmetry restoration in a theory of a self - interacting charged scalar field at finite temperature and in the presence of an external magnetic field is examined . the effective potential is evaluated nonperturbatively in the context of the optimized perturbation theory method . it is explicitly shown that in all ranges of the magnetic field , from weak to large fields , the phase transition is second order and that the critical temperature increases with the magnetic field . in addition , we present an efficient way to deal with the sum over the landau levels , which is of interest especially in the case of working with weak magnetic fields . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: phase transition phenomena in spontaneously broken quantum field theories have long been a subject of importance and interest due to their wide range of possible applications , going from low energy phenomena in condensed matter systems to high energy phase transitions in particle physics and cosmology ( for reviews , see for example @xcite ) . in addition to thermal effects , phase transition phenomena are also known to be triggered by other external effects , like , for example , by external fields . in particular , those changes caused by external magnetic fields have attracted considerable attention in the past @xcite and received reinvigorated interest recently , mostly because of the physics associated with heavy - ion collision experiments . in heavy - ion collisions , it is supposed that large magnetic fields can be generated , and the study of their effects in the hadronic phase transition then became subject of intense interest ( see e.g. @xcite for a recent review ) . magnetic fields can lead in particular to important changes in the chiral / deconfinement transition in quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) @xcite and even the possibility of generating new phases @xcite as far the influence of external magnetic fields and thermal effects on phase transformations are concerned , one well known example that comes to our mind is the physics associated with superconductivity , in particular in the context of the ginzburg - landau theory @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

let us recall in that case thermal effects alone tend to produce a phase transition at a critical temperature where superconductivity is destroyed and the system goes to a normal ordered state . the phase transition in this case is second order .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in 1989 , thomassen asked whether there is an integer - valued function @xmath0 such that every @xmath0-connected graph admits a spanning , bipartite @xmath1-connected subgraph . in this paper we take a first , humble approach , showing the conjecture is true up to a @xmath2 factor . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: erds noticed @xcite that any graph @xmath3 with minimum degree @xmath4 at least @xmath5 contains a spanning , bipartite subgraph @xmath6 with @xmath7 . the proof for this fact is obtained by taking a maximal edge - cut , a partition of @xmath8 into two sets @xmath9 and @xmath10 , such that the number of edges with one endpoint in @xmath9 and one in @xmath10 , denoted @xmath11 , is maximal . observe that if some vertex @xmath12 in @xmath9 does not have degree at least @xmath1 in @xmath13 $ ] , then by moving @xmath12 to @xmath10 , one would increase @xmath11 , contrary to maximality .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the same argument holds for vertices in @xmath10 . in fact this proves that for each vertex @xmath14 , by taking such a subgraph @xmath6 , the degree of @xmath12 in @xmath6 , denoted @xmath15 , is at least @xmath16 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the ginzburg - landau coefficients , and the jump of the specific heat are calculated for a disordered two - band superconductor . we start with the analysis of a more general case arbitrary anisotropy . while the specific heat discontinuity at the critical temperature @xmath0 decreases with increasing disorder , its ratio to the normal state specific heat at @xmath0 increases and slowly converges to the isotropic value . for a strong disorder the deviation from the isotropic value is proportional to the elastic electron scattering time . in the case of a two - band superconductor we apply a simplified model of the interaction independent on momentum within a band . in the framework of this model all thermodynamic values can be found explicitly at any value of the scattering rate . this solution explains the sample dependence of the specific heat discontinuity in mgb@xmath1 and the influence of the disorder on the critical temperature . , . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the investigation of the specific heat @xmath2 is an important tool for understanding the nature of the superconductivity and anisotropy of the superconducting gap @xmath3 on the fermi surface @xmath4 . historically the relative specific heat jump @xmath5 was used to establish the bcs picture@xcite for the conventional superconductors having nearly isotropic gap . subsequently the thermodynamics of clean anisotropic - gap superconductors was analyzed in the weak coupling approximation by pokrovsky and ryvkin .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite they have found that anisotropy suppresses the value @xmath5 in comparison to its isotropic value 1.43 . this inequality is not satisfied in classical low - temperature superconductors partly because they are not extremely clean , but also since the weak coupling approximation has a poor precision .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the diffusion quantum monte carlo method is extended to solve the old theoretical physics problem of many - electron atoms and ions in intense magnetic fields . the feature of our approach is the use of adiabatic approximation wave functions augmented by a jastrow factor as guiding functions to initialize the quantum monte carlo prodecure . we calculate the ground state energies of atoms and ions with nuclear charges from @xmath0 for magnetic field strengths relevant for neutron stars . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the discovery of features in the x - ray spectra of the thermal emission spectra of the isolated neutron star 1e 1207 @xcite and three other isolated neutron stars has revived the interest in studies of medium-@xmath1 elements in strong magnetic fields . the reason is that the observed features could be due to atomic transitions in elements that are fusion products of the progenitor star . however , to calculate synthetic spectra for model atmospheres , and thus to be in a position to draw reliable conclusions from observed spectra to the elemental composition of the atmosphere and the distribution of elements on different ionization stages , accurate atomic data for these elements at very strong magnetic fields ( @xmath2 to @xmath3 t ) are indispensible . while the atomic properties of hydrogen and , partly , helium at such field strengths have been clarified in the literature over the last 25 years ( for a detailed list of references see , e. g. , ref . ) , for elements with nuclear charges @xmath4 only fragmentary atomic data exist with an accuracy necessary for the calculations of synthetic spectra .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

we have tackled @xcite the problem by adapting the diffusion monte - carlo method ( dqmc ) @xcite to the case of neutron star magnetic fields . this method has the advantage that ground - state energies can be determined practically free from approximations .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: firstly , we review the pointwise and averaged energy conditions , the quantum inequality and the notion of the `` volume integral quantifier '' , which provides a measure of the `` total amount '' of energy condition violating matter . secondly , we present a specific metric of a spherically symmetric traversable wormhole in the presence of a generic cosmological constant , verifying that the null and the averaged null energy conditions are violated , as was to be expected . thirdly , a pressureless dust shell is constructed around the interior wormhole spacetime by matching the latter geometry to a unique vacuum exterior solution . in order to further minimize the usage of exotic matter , we then find regions where the surface energy density is positive , thereby satisfying all of the energy conditions at the junction surface . an equation governing the behavior of the radial pressure across the junction surface is also deduced . lastly , taking advantage of the construction , specific dimensions of the wormhole , namely , the throat radius and the junction interface radius , and estimates of the total traversal time and maximum velocity of an observer journeying through the wormhole , are also found by imposing the traversability conditions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: much interest has been aroused in wormholes since the morris - thorne article @xcite . these act as tunnels from one region of spacetime to another , possibly through which observers may freely traverse . wormhole physics is a specific example of solving the einstein field equation in the reverse direction , namely , one first considers an interesting and exotic spacetime metric , then finds the matter source responsible for the respective geometry . in this manner. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, it was found that these traversable wormholes possess a peculiar property , namely exotic matter , involving a stress - energy tensor that violates the null energy condition @xcite . in fact , they violate all the known pointwise energy conditions and averaged energy conditions , which are fundamental to the singularity theorems and theorems of classical black hole thermodynamics . the weak energy condition ( wec )

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: given a small category @xmath0 and a closed symmetric monoidal category @xmath1 , we show that the diagram category @xmath2 with the objectwise product is a closed symmetric monoidal category . we then prove that if @xmath0 is a reedy category and @xmath1 has a model structure compatible with its product , then so is the reedy model structure on @xmath2 provided that @xmath1 is cofibrantly generated . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a monoidal model category is a quillen model category which is also a monoidal category in a compatible way @xcite . a monoidal model category has several additional features ; its homotopy category inherits a monoidal structure , moreover , under reasonable assumptions , monoids , modules and algebras over a given monoid have model structures with weak equivalences are the maps which are weak equivalences in the ground category @xcite , @xcite . + a reedy category is a small category @xmath0 equipped with some additional structure making it possible to , by iterative process , construct diagrams of shape @xmath0 in a given category . given a reedy category @xmath0 and a model category @xmath1 , the category @xmath2 of @xmath0-diagrams in @xmath1 admits a model category structure for which the weak equivalences are the objectwise weak equivalences @xcite , @xcite , @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

if we further assume that @xmath1 is a closed symmetric monoidal model category , then the diagram category @xmath2 has a symmetric monoidal structure given by the objectwise product . our objective in this paper is to prove that @xmath2 is a closed symmetric monoidal model category , provided that @xmath1 is cofibrantly generated with cofibrant unit . + quite recently , berger and moerdijk extended the notion of reedy model structure to a useful wider class of small categories which is invariant under equivalence @xcite , they further define a convolution product on the diagram category and prove that , under reasonable assumptions , the resulting category is a symmetric monoidal model category [ theorem 7.6 in @xcite ] , this last theorem of theirs overlaps with our main result .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present new radio recombination line observations of the previously unstudied region ctb 102 . line parameters are extracted and physical parameters describing the gas are calculated . we estimate the distance to ctb 102 to be 4.3 kpc . through comparisons with and 1.42 ghz radio continuum data , we estimate the size of ctb 102 to be @xmath0 pc , making it one of the largest regions known , comparable to the w4 complex . a stellar wind blown bubble model is presented as the best explanation for the observed morphology , size and velocities . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the radio bright outer galaxy region ctb 102 ( @xmath1 ) was first cataloged by the @xcite radio survey of the galactic plane . the source is then mentioned in subsequent galactic radio surveys including @xcite where it is identified as kr 1 . using radio recombination line ( rrl ) observations at @xmath23 cm , @xcite ( h87@xmath3 , @xmath43@xmath5 beam ) identified the region as a region with a line brightness of @xmath6 mk , a velocity of @xmath7 km s@xmath8 and a full width at half maximum ( fwhm ) of @xmath9 km s@xmath8 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

radio continuum images at 1.42 ghz and @xmath10 resolution from the canadian galactic plane survey ( cgps , * ? ? ? * ) , show filamentary structures extending from a bright complex source . from the appearance of the structure and a kinematic distance estimate

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recently @xcite reported the first clear detection of absorption features in an isolated neutron star , 1e1207.4 - 5209 . remarkably their spectral modeling demonstrates that the atmosphere can not be hydrogen . they speculated that the neutron star atmosphere is indicative of ionized helium in an ultra - strong ( @xmath0 g ) magnetic field . we have applied our recently developed atomic model @xcite for strongly - magnetized neutron star atmospheres to this problem . we find that this model , along with some simple atomic physics arguments , severely constrains the possible composition of the atmosphere . in particular we find that the absorption features are naturally associated with he - like oxygen or neon in a magnetic field of @xmath1 g , comparable to the magnetic field derived from the spin parameters of the neutron star . this interpretation is consistent with the relative line strengths and widths and is robust . our model predicts possible substructure in the spectral features , which has now been reported by _ xmm - newton_@xcite . however we show the mereghetti et al . claim that the atmosphere is iron or some comparable high - z element at @xmath1 g is easily ruled out by the _ chandra_and _ xmm - newton_data . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: a major goal of neutron star ( ns ) research has remained unrealized despite 30 years of effort - to determine the fundamental properties of the superdense matter in a ns interior , in particular its equation of state ( eos ) and composition . there are many approaches which can be employed in this effort ( @xcite and references therein ) , but one of the most intensively studied is to exploit the thermal radiation from isolated ns . this radiation can be used to deduce information about the eos from neutron star cooling theory @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

extracting information about the ns interior is not straightforward , however , since the observed spectrum does not represent the ns surface emission , but is modified by radiative transfer effects in the ns atmosphere . the problem of unfolding the observed spectrum and understanding ns interiors thus depends on deducing the composition of the atmosphere .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the matrix equations of the relativistic random - phase approximation ( rrpa ) are derived for an effective lagrangian characterized by density - dependent meson - nucleon vertex functions . the explicit density dependence of the meson - nucleon couplings introduces rearrangement terms in the residual two - body interaction , that are essential for a quantitative description of excited states . illustrative calculations of the isoscalar monopole , isovector dipole and isoscalar quadrupole response of @xmath0pb , are performed in the fully self - consistent rrpa framework , based on effective interactions with a phenomenological density dependence adjusted to nuclear matter and ground - state properties of spherical nuclei . the comparison of the rrpa results on multipole giant resonances with experimental data constrains the parameters that characterize the isoscalar and isovector channel of the density - dependent effective interactions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the success of models based on the relativistic mean field ( rmf ) @xcite approximation in describing structure phenomena , not only in nuclei along the valley of @xmath1-stability , but also in exotic nuclei with extreme isospin values and close to the particle drip lines , has also renewed the interest in theoretical studies based on the relativistic random phase approximation ( rrpa ) . although several rrpa implementations have been available since the eighties , only very recently rrpa - based calculations have reached a level on which a quantitative comparison with experimental data became possible . two points are essential for the successful application of the rrpa in the description of dynamical properties of finite nuclei : ( i ) the use of effective lagrangians with nonlinear self - interaction terms , and ( ii ) the fully consistent treatment of the dirac sea of negative energy states .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

many studies over the last decade have shown that the inclusion of nonlinear meson terms in meson - exchange rmf models , or nonlinear nucleon self - interaction terms in relativistic point - coupling models , is absolutely necessary in order to reproduce ground - state properties of spherical and deformed nuclei on a quantitative level . techniques which enable the inclusion of nonlinear meson interaction terms in the rrpa framework , however , have been developed only recently in the calculation of the relativistic linear response @xcite , and in the solution of the rrpa - matrix equation @xcite . for a quantitative description of excited states

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we show that the resolution of social dilemmas on random graphs and scale - free networks is facilitated by imitating not the strategy of better performing players but rather their emotions . we assume sympathy and envy as the two emotions that determine the strategy of each player by any given interaction , and we define them as probabilities to cooperate with players having a lower and higher payoff , respectively . starting with a population where all possible combinations of the two emotions are available , the evolutionary process leads to a spontaneous fixation to a single emotional profile that is eventually adopted by all players . however , this emotional profile depends not only on the payoffs but also on the heterogeneity of the interaction network . homogeneous networks , such as lattices and regular random graphs , lead to fixations that are characterized by high sympathy and high envy , while heterogeneous networks lead to low or modest sympathy but also low envy . our results thus suggest that public emotions and the propensity to cooperate at large depend , and are in fact determined by the properties of the interaction network . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: evolutionary games @xcite have recently received ample attention in the physics community , as it became obvious that methods of statistical physics can be used successfully to study also interactions that are more complex than just those between particles @xcite . broadly classified as statistical physics of social dynamics @xcite , these studies aim to elevate our understanding of collective phenomena in society on a level that is akin to the understanding we have about interacting particle systems . within the theoretical framework of evolutionary games , the evolution of cooperation @xcite is probably the most interesting collective phenomenon to study .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

several evolutionary games constitute so - called social dilemmas @xcite , the most prominent of which is the prisoner s dilemma game , and in which understanding the evolution of cooperation still a grand challenge . regardless of game particularities , a social dilemma implies that the collective wellbeing is at odds with individual success .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the clustering properties of scuba - selected galaxies are investigated within the framework of a unifying scheme relating the formation of qsos and spheroids . the theoretical angular correlation function is derived for different bias functions , corresponding to different values of the ratio @xmath0 between the mass of the dark halos hosting such galaxies and the mass in stars produced at the end of the major star - formation burst . scuba sources are predicted to be strongly clustered , with a clustering strength increasing with mass . comparisons with the best available measurements show better fits for @xmath1 . the model can also account for the clustering of lyman - break galaxies , seen as the optical counterpart of low- to intermediate - mass primeval spheroidal galaxies . best agreement is once again obtained for high values of the @xmath2 ratio . we also discuss implications for small scale fluctuations observed at different wavelengths by forthcoming experiments such as the planck mission aimed at mapping the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the theoretical expression for the angular two - point correlation function @xmath3 can be derived from its spatial counterpart @xmath4 by projection via the relativistic limber equation ( peebles 1980 ) : @xmath5 ^ 2 } , \label{eq : limber}\end{aligned}\ ] ] where @xmath6 is the comoving radial coordinate , @xmath7 ( for a flat universe and in the small angle approximation ) , and @xmath8 is the number of objects within the shell ( @xmath9 ) . + the mass - mass correlation function @xmath10 to be inserted in eq.([eq : limber ] ) has been obtained following the work by @xcite ( see also @xcite and @xcite ) , which provides an analytical way to derive the trend of @xmath10 both in the linear and non - linear regime . note that @xmath10 _ only _ depends on the underlying cosmology , which we fix by adopting @xmath11 , @xmath12 , @xmath13 and a cobe - normalized value of @xmath14 . the relevant properties of scuba galaxies are included in the redshift distribution of sources @xmath8 , and in the bias factor @xmath15 . the effective bias factor @xmath16 of all the dark matter haloes with masses greater than some threshold @xmath17 is then obtained by integrating the quantity @xmath18 ( whose expression has been taken from @xcite ) - representing the bias of individual haloes of mass @xmath19 - opportunely weighted by the number density @xmath20 of scuba sources : @xmath21 note that , as @xmath22 can be thought as the fraction of haloes hosting a galaxy in the process of forming stars , its expression can also be written as @xmath23 , where @xmath24 is the mass spectrum of haloes with masses between @xmath19 and @xmath25 ( @xcite ) , @xmath26 is the duration of the star - formation burst and @xmath27 is the life - time of the haloes in which these objects reside ( see @xcite ) . according to @xcite , sources showing up in the scuba counts can be broadly divided into three categories : low - mass ( masses in the range @xmath28 , duration of the star formation burst @xmath29 gyr , and typical fluxes @xmath30 .... Please generate the next two sentences of the article

note that by @xmath37 we denote the mass in stars at completion of the star formation process . + in order to evaluate the bias factor in eq.([eq : bias ] ) we then consider two extreme cases for the ratio between the mass in stars and the mass of the host dark halo : @xmath38 and @xmath39 . @xmath40 roughly corresponds to the ratio @xmath41 between total and baryon density , where we adopted for the latter quantity the standard value from primordial nucleosynthesis ; this corresponds to having assumed all the baryons to be locked into stars and , as a consequence , has to be considered as a conservative lower limit .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have studied the atoll source 4u 160852 using a large data set obtained with the rossi x - ray timing explorer . we find that the timing properties of 4u 160852 are almost exactly identical to those of the atoll sources 4u 0614 + 09 and 4u 172834 despite the fact that contrary to these sources 4u 160852 is a transient covering two orders of magnitude in luminosity . the frequencies of the variability components of these three sources follow a universal scheme when plotted versus the frequency of the upper kilohertz qpo , suggesting a very similar accretion flow configuration . if we plot the z sources on this scheme only the lower kilohertz qpo and hbo follow identical relations . using the mutual relations between the frequencies of the variability components we tested several models ; the transition layer model , the sonic point beat frequency model , and the relativistic precession model . none of these models described the data satisfactory . recently , it has been suggested that the atoll sources ( among them 4u 160852 ) trace out similar three branch patterns as the z sources in the color color diagram . we have studied the relation between the power spectral properties and the position of 4u 160852 in the color color diagram and conclude that the timing behavior is not consistent with the idea that 4u 1608 - 52 traces out a three - branched z shape in the color - color diagram along which the timing properties vary gradually , as z sources do . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: most of the neutron star low mass x ray binaries can be divided into two classes , z and atoll sources , based on the correlated behavior of their timing properties at low frequencies ( @xmath0 hz ) and their x ray spectral properties @xcite . both classes show quasi - periodic oscillations ( qpos ) with frequencies ranging from a few hundred hz to more than 1000 hz ( kilohertz qpos ) . the low frequency part of the power spectra of both classes is usually dominated by a similar broad band limited noise component , but it is unclear if these are physically the same component @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

in addition to the band limited noise both classes show several quasi - periodic oscillations below 200 hz . in the z sources these are named after the branch of the z track in the color color diagram ( see below ) where they mostly occur : horizontal ( hbos ) , normal ( nbos ) and flaring branch oscillations ( fbos ) . the hbo shows a sub and a second harmonic at @xmath1 and @xmath2 times the frequency of the main peak , and sometimes a peak at @xmath3 times the frequency of the hbo @xcite . obviously , the most straightforward interpretation of this is that the sub hbo is the fundamental frequency , with second , third and fourth harmonics all observed @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate rotational properties of a system of bosons with attractive interactions confined in a one - dimensional torus . two kinds of ground states , uniform - density and bright - soliton states , are obtained analytically as functions of the strength of interaction and of the rotational frequency of the torus . the quantization of circulation appears in the uniform - density state , but disappears upon formation of the soliton . by comparison with the results of exact diagonalization of the many - body hamiltonian , we show that the bogoliubov theory is valid at absolute zero over a wide range of parameters . at finite temperature we employ the exact diagonalization method to examine how thermal fluctuations smear the plateaus of the quantized circulation . finally , by rotating the system with an axisymmetry - breaking potential , we clarify the process in which the quantized circulation becomes thermodynamically stabilized . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: superfluidity represents the assembly of complex phenomena such as persistent currents , quantization of circulation , nonclassical rotational inertia , and topological excitations @xcite . gaseous bose - einstein condensates ( becs ) offer a testing ground for these phenomena because of their great flexibility to realize various experimental conditions . for instance , the feshbach technique makes it possible to control the sign and strength of interactions .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

furthermore , optical and magnetic traps offer ideal containers of becs , in which microscopic surface rugosities that give rise to dissipation are either absent or can be manipulated as tunable parameters @xcite . these experiments have now become possible in low - dimensional systems @xcite by tightening the confinement in one- or two- direction(s ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the important task of determining the connectivity of gene networks , and at a more detailed level even the kind of interaction existing between genes , can nowadays be tackled by microarraylike technologies . yet , there is still a large amount of unknowns with respect to the amount of data provided by a single microarray experiment , and therefore reliable gene network retrieval procedures must integrate all of the available biological knowledge , even if coming from different sources and of different nature . in this paper we present a reverse engineering algorithm able to reveal the underlying gene network by using time - series dataset on gene expressions considering the system response to different perturbations . the approach is able to determine the sparsity of the gene network , and to take into account possible _ a priori _ biological knowledge on it . the validity of the reverse engineering approach is highlighted through the deduction of the topology of several _ simulated _ gene networks , where we also discuss how the performance of the algorithm improves enlarging the amount of data or if any a priori knowledge is considered . we also apply the algorithm to experimental data on a nine gene network in _ escherichia coli_. . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the amount and the timing of appearance of the transcriptional product of a gene is mostly determined by regulatory proteins through biochemical reactions that enhance or block polymerase binding at the promoter region ( @xcite ) . considering that many genes code for regulatory proteins that can activate or repress other genes , the emerging picture is conveniently summarized as complex network where the genes are the nodes , and a link between two genes is present if they interact . the identification of these networks is becoming one of the most relevant task of new large - scale genomic technologies such as dna microarrays , since gene networks can provide a detailed understanding of the cell regulatory system , can help unveiling the function of previously unknown genes and developing pharmaceutical compounds .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

different approaches have been proposed to describe gene networks ( see ( @xcite ) for a review ) , and different procedures have been proposed ( @xcite ) to determine the network from experimental data . this is a computationally daunting task , which we address in the present work .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present several new results , extending our recent proposal of a spin filter based on a tight - binding model for a periodic chain of diamond - like loops [ phys . rev . b * 78 * , 125328 ( 2008 ) ] . in this filter , the rashba spin - orbit interaction ( which can be tuned by a perpendicular gate voltage ) and the aharonov - bohm flux ( due to a perpendicular magnetic field ) combine to select only one propagating ballistic mode . for this mode , the electronic spins are fully polarized along a direction that can be controlled by the electric and magnetic fields and by the electron energy . all the other modes are evanescent . generalizing the square diamonds into rhombi with arbitrary opening angles , we find that increasing these angles widens the parameter range for efficient filtering . a different gate voltage on the two sides of each rhombus is found to delocalize the electrons for energies on one side of the band center . we also compare our tight - binding model with models which use continuous quantum networks of one - dimensional wires , and find coincidence only when one chooses particular site energies at the nodes of the network . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: future device technology and quantum information processing may be based on spintronics @xcite , where one manipulates the electron s spin ( and not only its charge ) . here we address attempts to build mesoscopic spin filters ( or spin valves ) , which generate a tunable spin - polarized current out of unpolarized electron sources . much recent effort in this direction uses narrow - gap semiconductor heterostructures , where the spins are subject to the rashba @xcite spin - orbit interaction ( soi ) : in a two - dimensional electron gas confined by an asymmetric potential well , the strength of this soi can be varied by an electric field perpendicular to the plane in which the electrons move @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

an early proposal of a spin field - effect transistor @xcite used the rashba soi to control the spin precession of electrons moving in quasi - one - dimensional wires . some of the most striking quantum effects arise due to interference , which is best demonstrated in quantum networks containing loops . indeed ,

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present preliminary results from a multi - wavelength study of a merger candidate , ngc3801 , hosting a young fr i radio galaxy , with a z - shaped structure . analysing archival data from the vla , we find two hi emission blobs on either side of the host galaxy , suggesting a 30 kpc sized rotating gas disk aligned with stellar rotation , but rotating significantly faster than the stars . broad , faint , blue - shifted absorption wing and an hi absorption clump associated with the shocked shell around the eastern lobe are also seen , possibly due to an jet - driven outflow . while 8.0 @xmath0 m dust and pah emission , from _ spitzer _ and near and far uv emission from _ galex _ is seen on a large scale in an s - shape , partially coinciding with the hi emission blobs , it reveals a @xmath12 kpc radius ring - like , dusty , starforming structure in the nuclear region , orthogonal to the radio jet axis . its similarities with kinematically decoupled core galaxies and other evidences have been argued for a merger origin of this young , bent jet radio galaxy . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: ngc3801 is a nearby e / s0 galaxy at a distance of @xmath147.9 mpc , with the body of the galaxy being crossed by two main dust features ( heckman et al . 1986 ; verdoes kleijn et al . a warped dust lane lies along the optical minor axis while patchy dust filaments are seen on the eastern and western halves of the galaxy . at brightness levels. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xmath2@xmath123@xmath324 mag arcsec@xmath4 , the galaxy shows a hysteresis loop like structure while at even fainter levels , a boxy isophotal structure is seen ( heckman et al . it hosts a small radio galaxy with an angular size of @xmath150 arcsec ( 11 kpc ) , whose jet axis is almost orthogonal to the rotation axis of the stellar component or orthogonal to the minor - axis dust lane ( heckman et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: with the qgp opacity computed perturbatively and with the global entropy constraints imposed by the observed @xmath0 , radiative energy loss alone can not account for the observed suppression of single non - photonic electrons . collisional energy loss is comparable in magnitude to radiative loss for both light and heavy jets . two aspects that significantly affect the collisional energy loss are examined : the role of fluctuations , and the effect of introducing a running qcd coupling as opposed to the fixed @xmath1 used previously . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: non - photonic single electron data @xcite , which present an indirect probe of heavy quark energy loss , have significantly challenged the underlying assumptions of jet tomography theory . a much larger suppression of electrons than predicted @xcite was observed in the @xmath2 gev region . `` these data falsify the assumption that heavy quark quenching is dominated by [ pqcd based ] radiative energy loss when the bulk [ weakly coupled ] qcd matter parton density is constrained by the observed dn / dy @xmath3 1000 rapidity density of produced hadrons . ''. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite whdg @xcite revisited the assumption that pqcd collisional energy loss is negligible compared to radiative energy loss @xcite . as argued there , and references therein , `` the elastic component of the energy loss can not be neglected when considering pqcd jet quenching . '' as shown in whdg and elsewhere @xcite , the computationally expensive integrations over the geometry of the qgp can not be reduced to a simple ` average length ' prescription . indeed , this computation time is essential to produce radiative + collisional energy loss calculations consistent with the pion data . there are large theoretical uncertainties in the whdg results @xcite . very significant to the electron prediction

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we perform the first study of baryons in holographic qcd with @xmath0 multi-@xmath1-brane system in type iia superstring theory . the baryon is described as a chiral soliton solution in the four - dimensional meson effective action derived from holographic qcd . we also present a brief review of the holographic model from the viewpoints of recent hadron physics and qcd phenomenologies . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: holography is a new concept of the superstring theory based on the duality between gauge and supergravity theories , proposed by maldacena in 1997.@xcite the superstring theory with conformal and lorentz invariance has ten - dimensional space - time to avoid anomalies . its elemental degrees of freedom are one - dimensional open or closed strings . the fluctuation modes of these strings are expected to give the elementary particle degrees of freedom as in the standard model .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

one can also find a soliton of strings as the ( @xmath2 + 1)-dimensional membrane composed by the condensed strings , called @xmath3-brane.@xcite in particular , @xmath3-brane has two important aspects as follows . first , a ( @xmath2 + 1)-dimensional gauge theory appears _ on _ @xmath3-brane . here , an open string with the two edges on the @xmath3-brane has ten independent fluctuation modes ; scalar fields @xmath4 and the other vector - like fields @xmath5 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the allen brain atlas ( aba ) of the adult mouse consists of digitized expression profiles of thousands of genes in the mouse brain , co - registered to a common three - dimensional template ( the allen reference atlas ) . this brain - wide , genome - wide data set has triggered a renaissance in neuroanatomy . its voxelized version ( with cubic voxels of side 200 microns ) can be analyzed on a desktop computer using matlab . on the other hand , brain cells exhibit a great phenotypic diversity ( in terms of size , shape and electrophysiological activity ) , which has inspired the names of some well - studied cell types , such as granule cells and medium spiny neurons . however , no exhaustive taxonomy of brain cells is available . a genetic classification of brain cells is under way , and some cell types have been characterized by their transcriptome profiles . however , given a cell type characterized by its transcriptome , it is not clear where else in the brain similar cells can be found . the aba can been used to solve this region - specificity problem in a data - driven way : rewriting the brain - wide expression profiles of all genes in the atlas as a sum of cell - type - specific transcriptome profiles is equivalent to solving a quadratic optimization problem at each voxel in the brain . however , the estimated brain - wide densities of 64 cell types published recently were based on one series of co - registered coronal _ in situ _ hybridization ( ish ) images per gene , whereas the online aba contains several image series per gene , including sagittal ones . in the presented work , we simulate the variability of cell - type densities in a monte carlo way by repeatedly drawing a random image series for each gene and solving optimization problems . this yields error bars on the region - specificity of cell types . + _ prepared for the international conference on mathematical modeling in physical sciences , 5th-8th june 2015 , mykonos island , greece . _ . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the allen brain atlas ( aba , @xcite ) put neuroanatomy on a genetic basis by releasing voxelized , _ in situ _ hybridization data for the expression of the entire genome in the mouse brain ( ) . these data were co - registered to the allen reference atlas of the mouse brain ( ara , @xcite ) . about 4,000 genes of special neurobiological interest were proritized . for these genes. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

an entire brain was sliced coronally and processed ( giving rise to the coronal aba ) . for the rest of the genome the brain was sliced sagitally , and only the left hemisphere was processed ( giving rise to the sagittal aba ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a microscopic theory of optical initialization , control and detection for a single electron spin in a quantum dot embedded into a zero - dimensional microcavity . the strong coupling regime of the trion and the cavity mode is addressed . we demonstrate that efficient spin orientation by a single circularly polarized pulse is possible in relatively weak transverse magnetic fields . the possibilities for spin control by additional circularly polarized pulse are analyzed . under optimal conditions the kerr and faraday rotation angles induced by the spin polarized electron may reach tens of degrees . = by 60 = 255=255 by -60 by 255 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: non - magnetic spin control is among the most rapidly developing topics of modern semiconductor spin physics . substantial progress has been achieved by application of the pump - probe technique to bulk semiconductors , quantum wells and quantum dots , where spins are created , manipulated and detected by optical pulses @xcite . singly charged quantum dot structures are of particular interest . in these systems. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

discrete energy spectrum of charge carriers makes resonant optical excitation possible , which substantially enhances spin - photon coupling . at the same time , quenching the orbital motion due to size quantization suppresses significantly the spin - orbit induced spin decoherence making it possible to achieve long spin lifetimes of single electrons or holes . in addition to robust optical initialization of electron spin by polarized light , spin polarization readout @xcite , and ultrafast spin rotation by light @xcite , in quantum dot ensembles a number of prominent effects , such as spin precession mode - locking and nuclei - induced frequency focussing have been demonstrated @xcite , see , e.g. , ref .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the diffusive motion of metal nanoparticles au and ag on monolayer and between bilayer heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenides and graphene are investigated in the framework of density functional theory . we found that the minimum energy barriers for diffusion and the possibility of cluster formation depend strongly on both the type of nanoparticle and the type of monolayers and bilayers . moreover , the tendency to form clusters of ag and au can be tuned by creating various bilayers . tunability of the diffusion characteristics of adatoms in van der waals heterostructures holds promise for controllable growth of nanostructures . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent years graphene@xcite has become one of the most attractive materials due to its unique properties such as high - mobility electron transport @xcite , the presence of room - temperature quantum hall effect@xcite , the strong lattice structure@xcite and the extremely high in - plane thermal conductivity.@xcite however , its highly active surface and the lack of a band gap in the electronic structure are emerging drawbacks for graphene . recently , interests have now also focused on other two - dimensional systems having honeycomb structures , such as graphane@xcite , halogenated graphenes@xcite , silicene@xcite , iii - v binary compounds@xcite , and transition metal dichalcogenides ( tmds)@xcite . recent studies have revealed that among various monolayer structures especially tmds are quite promising materials for electronics and optoelectronics applications .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

bulk tmds have a number of exceptional properties such as superconductivity of tas@xmath0 and nbse@xmath0 , mott transition in 1t - tas@xmath0 and the presence of charge density wave in tise@xmath0 . @xcite it was also reported that the electrical and optical properties of tmds are dramatically altered with the number of layers@xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this document suggests possible data formats to further the interaction between gravitational wave source modeling groups and the gravitational wave data analysis community . the aim is to have a simple format which is nevertheless sufficiently general , and is applicable to various kinds of sources including binaries of compact objects and systems undergoing gravitational collapse . .... dear colleagues , with recent advances in the fields of numerical simulations of gravitational - wave sources and gravitational wave detection , we have reached a time when closer collaborations will benefit both fields . close interactions between these fields may enhance the chances of detecting gravitational waves , and enable us to better understand the physics and astrophysics involved . we would like to develop a uniform interface to public waveforms produced by the source - modeling community that could be used by the ligo scientific collaboration ( lsc ) , and other detector groups . in this document , we suggest a simple format for the waveforms . the software tools designed around this format , by the lsc , will be released under the gpl . we expect that data analysis groups will use the public waveforms in their analyses when appropriate . while this interface document proposes technical standards for numerical relativity waveforms , we believe that the ability to extract the best astrophysical information from nr waveforms in gravitational wave searches will depend not just on adopting standards , but on the ability of the gravitational wave detector communities and the numerical relativity communities to interact closely and develop a sufficiently detailed understanding of each other 's technical methods and limitations . to effectively use nr waveforms , gravitational wave scientists will need to understand the physical limitations and subtleties of numerical data , and to effectively produce waveforms , numerical relativists will need to understand the instrumental limitations.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: numerical relativity has made enormous progress within the last few years . many numerical relativity groups now have sufficiently stable and accurate codes which can simulate the inspiral , merger , and ringdown phases of binary black hole coalescence . similarly , significant progress has been made in the numerical simulation of stellar gravitational collapse and there now seems to be a much better understanding of how supernova explosions happen .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

all these processes are among the most promising sources of gravitational radiation and therefore , there is significant interest in using these numerical relativity results within various data analysis pipelines used within the gravitational wave data analysis community . a dialog between numerical relativists and data analysts from the ligo scientific collaboration ( lsc ) was recently initiated in november 2006 through a meeting in boston . it seems appropriate to continue this dialog at a more concrete level , and to start incorporating numerical relativity results within various data analysis software .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: as a model for a suspension of hard - sphere like colloidal particles where small nonadsorbing dissolved polymers create a depletion attraction , we introduce an effective colloid - colloid potential closely related to the asakura - oosawa model but that does not have any discontinuities . in simulations , this model straightforwardly allows the calculation of the pressure from the virial formula , and the phase transition in the bulk from the liquid to crystalline solid can be accurately located from a study where a stable coexistence of a crystalline slab with a surrounding liquid phase occurs . for this model , crystalline nuclei surrounded by fluid are studied both by identifying the crystal - fluid interface on the particle level ( using suitable bond orientational order parameters to distinguish the phases ) and by `` thermodynamic '' means . i.e. , the latter method amounts to compute the enhancement of chemical potential and pressure relative to their coexistence values . we show that the chemical potential can be obtained from simulating thick films , where one wall with a rather long range repulsion is present , since near this wall the widom particle insertion method works , exploiting the fact that the chemical potential in the system is homogeneous . finally , the surface excess free energy of the nucleus is obtained , for a wide range of nuclei volumes . from this method , it is established that classical nucleation theory works , showing that for the present model the anisotropy of the interface excess free energy of crystals and their resulting nonspherical shape has only a very small effect on the barrier . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: understanding how crystalline solids form from fluid phases is a problem that both poses significant intellectual challenges and is a basic input for materials science @xcite . the standard picture implies that nanoscopic nuclei of the solid are formed due to spontaneous thermal fluctuations when the fluid density has a value exceeding the fluid density at fluid - solid coexistence . due to the cost in surface excess free energy caused by the crystal - fluid interface @xcite , a free energy barrier in phase space needs to be overcome in every event of this so - called homogeneous nucleation @xcite process . in the present paper , we are neither concerned with the further crystal growth processes @xcite that follow after the crystal nuclei have been formed , nor shall we consider the fact that in practice heterogeneous nucleation @xcite may dominate ( since the free energy barrier may be significantly reduced for nuclei attached to the walls of the container , or to seed particles @xcite , etc . ) . due to the large value of the nucleation barrier ( which in typical cases is several ten s of the thermal energy @xmath0 @xcite ) and the nanoscopic size of these nuclei ( typically they contain only a few hundred particles @xcite ). Please generate the next two sentences of the article

nucleation events are rare and difficult to observe directly ( either in experiment or in simulation ) . also the detailed properties of the nuclei that are formed are non - universal and depend upon the particular system under study . experiments often infer the nucleation rate indirectly from later stages of the process , when the phase transformation from fluid to solid reaches completion @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we review the recently discovered duality between color and kinematics in gauge theories . this duality leads to a remarkably simple double - copy relation between diagrammatic numerators of gravity scattering amplitudes and gauge - theory ones . we summarize nontrivial evidence that the duality and double - copy property holds to all loop orders . we also comment on other developments , including a proof that the gauge - theory duality leads to the gravity double - copy property , and the identification of gauge - theory lagrangians whose double copies yield gravity lagrangians . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: gauge theory and gravity scattering amplitudes have a far richer structure than evident from their respective lagrangians . as one such example , in this talk we will describe a recently discovered duality between color and kinematic numerators of gauge - theory scattering amplitude diagrams @xcite . remarkably , this duality appears to have important implications for gravity : when the gauge - theory numerators satisfy the duality , the numerators of corresponding gravity theories are given by a double copy of the gauge theory numerators , diagram by diagram @xcite , as demonstrated recently @xcite . the double - copy property has the benefit of greatly clarifying the mysterious kawai , lewellen and tye ( klt ) relation between gauge and gravity tree amplitudes @xcite . in this talk. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

we will focus on the recent progress in extending the duality and double - copy properties to loop level @xcite . we also summarize the structure of gauge - theory lagrangians whose feynman diagrams satisfy the duality , leading to gravity lagrangians that exhibit the double - copy property @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the role of the third law of thermodynamics in the szilard engine has been addressed . if the ground state is non - degenerate , the entropy production defined as the work extractable from the engine divided by temperature vanishes as temperature approaches zero due to the third law . the degenerate ground state induced by the symmetry or by accidence gives rise to non - zero entropy production at zero temperature associated with the residual entropy . various physical situations such as the sze consisting of bosons or fermions either with or without interaction have been investigated . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: based upon the second law of thermodynamics carnot proposed that every cyclic engines should consist of at least two reservoirs with two distinct temperatures , namely high and low temperature reservoirs . the former supplies entropy accompanying heat into the engine , while the latter absorbs the supplied entropy to eliminate it from the engine . it has been shown , however , that the engine proposed by szilard @xcite , referred to as the szilard engine ( sze ) , can be operated by using only a single reservoir , so that it was regarded as the so - called maxwell s demon @xcite which is believed to violate the second law of thermodynamics .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the thermodynamic cycle of the sze consists of three steps as shown in fig . [ fig1 ] ; ( a ) to insert a wall so as to divide a box into two parts , ( b ) to perform measurement to obtain information on which side the atom is in , and ( c ) to attach a weight to the wall to extract work via isothermal expansion with a thermal reservoir of temperature @xmath0 contacted .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: similarities between nuclear structure study with many - body theory approach and nucleon structure calculations with lattice qcd are pointed out . we will give an example of how to obtain the connected sea partons from a combination of the experimental data , a global fit of parton distribution functions and a lattice calculation . we also present a complete calculation of the quark and glue decomposition of the proton momentum and angular momentum in the quenched approximation . it is found that the quark orbital angular momentum constitutes about 50% of the proton spin . nuclear structure , nucleon structure , quantum chromodynamics , quark and glue momentum and angular momentum 21.60.jz , 24.10.cn , 24.30 . cz , 12.38 . gc , 12.38.-t . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this manuscript is dedicated to the memory of gerald e. brown who was my ph . d. thesis advisor , a mentor in my professional career and a lifelong friend . i first met gerry in the fall of 1972 when i was a graduate student in stony brook .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

he just returned from nordita . he summoned me to his office one day and asked me if i could do some calculation for him .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the alloys of non - centrosymmetric superconductor , re@xmath0w , which were reported to have an @xmath1-mn structure [ p. greenfield and p. a. beck , j. metals , n. y. * 8 * , 265 ( 1959 ) ] with @xmath2k were prepared by arc melting . the ac susceptibility and low - temperature specific heat were measured on these alloys . it is found that there are two superconducting phases coexisting in the samples with @xmath3k and @xmath4k , both of which have a non - centrosymmetric structure as reported previously . by analyzing the specific heat data measured in various magnetic fields , we found that the absence of the inversion symmetry does not lead to the deviation from a @xmath5-wave pairing symmetry in re@xmath0w . , lei shan , qiang luo , weihua wang , re@xmath0w , non - centrosymmetric , superconductivity , specific heat . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: very recently the scientific community has paid a lot of attention in understanding the supercondictivity of the non - centrosymmetric superconductors , since the superconducting properties of such materials are expected to be unconventional @xcite . in a lattice with inversion symmetry , the orbital wave function of the cooper pair has a certain symmetry and the spin paring will be simply in either the singlet or triplet state . the noncentrosymmetry in the lattice may bring a complexity to the symmetry of orbital wave function . this effect with the antisymmetric spin - orbital coupling gives rise to the broken of the spin degeneracy , thus the existence of the mixture of spin singlet and triplet may become possible@xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

so there might be something unconventional , such as spin triplet pairing component , existing in the non - centrosymmetric superconductors . recently , a spin - triplet pairing component was demonstrated in li@xmath6pt@xmath7b both by penetration depth measurement@xcite and nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr)@xcite , as was ascribed to the large atomic number of pt which enhances the spin - orbit coupling .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: magnetic field amplification by a fast dynamo is seen in local box simulations of sn - driven ism turbulence , where the self - consistent emergence of large - scale fields agrees very well with its mean - field description . we accordingly derive scaling laws of the turbulent transport coefficients in dependence of the sn rate , density and rotation . these provide the input for global simulations of regular magnetic fields in galaxies within a mean - field mhd framework . using a kennicutt - schmidt relation between the star formation ( sf ) rate and midplane density , we can reduce the number of free parameters in our global models . we consequently present dynamo models for different rotation curves and radial density distributions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: simulations of the ism in a shearing box domain have shown that turbulence driven by sne leads to an amplification of the mean magnetic field . using the test - field method ( schrinner et al . @xcite ) , we derived transport coefficients relating the mean electromotive force to the mean magnetic field ( gressel @xcite ) . with these we were able to reproduce the time behaviour seen in the simulations . under conditions found in our own galaxy , and assuming a constant circular velocity , a rotation rate @xmath0 was required for the dynamo to work . in order to further define the turbulence properties as a function of the star formation rate , rotation and gas density , we analysed a comprehensive set of direct simulations . taking these as an input , we here compute global mean - field maps for a set of different model galaxies .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

measuring test - field coefficients for a wide set of direct simulations ( gressel et al . @xcite , @xcite ) led to the following scaling relations for the relevant diagonal term in the @xmath1 tensor , @xmath2 for the ( downward ) turbulent pumping described by the antisymmetric part of the @xmath1 tensor @xmath3 for the turbulent diffusivity @xmath4 and for the mean vertical outflow velocity @xmath5 the relations were derived for sf rates , @xmath6 , varying from one tenth up to the galactic value @xmath7 , angular velocities between @xmath8 and @xmath9 and midplane densities from @xmath10 up to @xmath11 . from the simulations , we moreover found a vertical gradient of the turbulent velocity @xmath12 independent of the star formation rate , density and angular velocity .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this work , we consider an energy minimization problem with network coding over a typical three - node , two - way relaying network ( twrn ) in the wireless fading environment , where two end nodes requires the same average exchange rates no lower than a predefined quality - of - service ( qos ) constraint . to simplify the discussion , the selected network coding modes only include physical - layer network coding ( pnc ) and the superposition coding based digital network coding ( spc - dnc ) . we first analyze their energy usages and then propose a optimal strategy , which can be implemented by switching between pnc and spc - dnc for each channel realization . an iterative algorithm is hence presented to find the optimal power allocations as well as optimal time splitting for both uplink and downlink transmissions . the conducted numerical study validates the performance improvement of the new developed strategy . network coding , two - way , resource allocation , switching . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in recent decades , relaying transmission as well as network coding have attracted increasing attention as these two techniques can well exploit cooperative diversity / network coding gain to improve network performance in terms of metrics of interest @xcite-@xcite . two - way relay channel , a typical application which jointly utilizes relays and network coding , has been extensively studied in @xcite-@xcite , where the throughput of dnc are studied in @xcite and the rate region of pnc are studied in @xcite . further , green communication has received increasing attention , as it introduces novel solutions to greatly reduce energy consumptions in communication systems designs . in the literature ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

numerous works studied reducing energy usage while still satisfying the qos requirement for various types of communication networks , e.g. , @xcite investigated an energy - aware transmission strategy in a multi - user multi - relay cellular network and @xcite discussed various energy - aware scheduling algorithms in wireless sensor networks . in this work , we are motivated to analytically analyze the energy usage of pnc and the superposition - coding based dnc ( spc - dnc ) . we then find the decision criterion in selecting pnc or spc - dnc in terms of minimizing energy usage for each channel realization .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: relative proper motions and cluster membership probabilities ( @xmath0 ) have been derived for @xmath1 2500 stars in the field of the open star cluster ngc 3766 . the cluster has been observed in @xmath2 and @xmath3 broadband filters at two epochs separated by @xmath1 6 years using a wide - field imager mounted on the wfi@eso*2.2*m telescope . all ccd frames were reduced using the astrometric techniques described in anderson et al . ( 2006 ) . the proper motion r.m.s . error for stars brighter than @xmath4 mag is 2.0 mas yr@xmath5 but it gradually increases up to @xmath14 mas yr@xmath5 at @xmath6 mag . using proper motion data , membership probabilities have been derived for the stars in the region of the cluster . they indicate that three be and one ap stars are member of the cluster . the reddening @xmath7 mag , a distance 2.5@xmath80.5 kpc and an age of @xmath1 20 myr are derived using stars of @xmath9 . mass function slope @xmath10 is derived for the cluster and cluster was found to be dynamically relaxed . finally , we provide positions , calibrated @xmath2 and @xmath3 magnitudes , relative proper motions and membership probabilities for the stars in the field of ngc 3766 . we have produced a catalog that is electronically available to the astronomical community . [ firstpage ] galaxy : open cluster : individual : ngc 3766 - astrometry - catalogs . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the similar age of the stars in open clusters make them vital objects for the study of stellar evolution . however , for such studies , it is essential to separate the field stars from the cluster members . proper motions ( pms ) of the stars in the region of open clusters provide a unique possibility of getting membership information of the stars . proper motions in combination with radial velocities also provide valuable information on the kinematic parameters of the galactic rotation curve and the distance to the galactic center .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

they are also useful to study the formation and evolution of the open cluster system . the open cluster ngc 3766 ( @xmath11 ; @xmath12 ; @xmath13 ; @xmath14 ) is located in the carina complex of the milky way .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a complete model for the origin of high - energy ( @xmath0 ev ) cosmic rays from gamma - ray bursts ( grbs ) and implications of this hypothesis are described . detection of high - energy neutrinos from grbs provide an unambiguous test of the model . evidence for cosmic - ray acceleration in grbs is suggested by the detection of anomalous @xmath1-ray components such as that observed from grb 941017 . neutron @xmath2-decay halos around star - forming galaxies such as the milky way are formed as a consequence of this model . cosmic rays from grbs in the galaxy are unlikely to account for the @xmath3 ev cosmic - ray excess reported by the sydney university giant air shower recorder ( sugar ) , but could contribute to past extinction events . [ 1999/12/01 v1.4c il nuovo cimento ] . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: one of the outstanding questions in contemporary astronomy is the origin of hecrs ranging from below the knee of the cosmic - ray spectrum at @xmath4 ev to the highest energies exceeding @xmath5 ev . ultra - high energy cosmic rays ( uhecrs ) , defined here as cosmic rays ( crs ) with energies greater than the ankle energy at @xmath6 ev , are probably extragalactic protons in view of their large gyroradii , lack of enhancements of arrival directions toward the galactic plane , the observed flattening of the cosmic - ray spectrum at the ankle ( which could result from photopair energy - loss processes on cosmic - ray protons @xcite ) , and suggestions of a composition change from heavy to light nuclear composition above @xmath7 ev @xcite ( see @xcite for a review ) . because high - energy protons will radiate @xmath1-ray photons from hadronic and leptonic processes at the site where they are produced , the most likely candidate sources of uhecrs are extragalactic nonthermal @xmath1-ray emitters , specifically grbs and blazar agns .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

models for these sources involve jets of relativistic plasma that are ejected by accreting black holes . the paucity of blazar sources within tens of mpc that could account for the near isotropy of cosmic rays at energies @xmath8 ev suggest that grbs are the sources of uhecrs .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent measurements with clas at jefferson lab of nucleon resonance transition form factors for several lower mass states are discussed . address = jefferson lab , 12000 jefferson avenue , newport news , virginia . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: electroexcitation of nucleon resonances has long been recognized as a sensitive tool in exploring the complex nucleon structure at varying distances scales . mapping out the transition helicity amplitudes will tell us a great deal about the underlying quark or hadronic structure . most of the recent data have been taken with the clas detector @xcite using the 6 gev polarized electron beam at jefferson lab .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this allows to measure simultaneously the entire resonance mass region and a wide range in the photon virtuality @xmath0 . several final states are measured simultaneously @xcite . in this

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in a blind search for continuous gravitational wave signals scanning a wide frequency band one looks for _ candidate events _ with significantly large values of the detection statistic . unfortunately , a noise line in the data may also produce a moderately large detection statistic . in this paper , we describe how we can distinguish between noise line events and actual continuous wave ( cw ) signals , based on the shape of the detection statistic as a function of the signal s frequency . we will analyze the case of a particular detection statistic , the @xmath0 statistic , proposed by jaranowski , krlak , and schutz . we will show that for a broad - band 10 hour search , with a false dismissal rate smaller than @xmath1 , our method rejects about @xmath2 of the large candidate events found in a typical data set from the second science run of the hanford ligo interferometer . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: high power in a narrow frequency band ( spectral lines ) are common features of an interferometric gravitational wave ( gw ) detector s output . although continuous gravitational waves could show up as lines in the frequency domain , given the current sensitivity of gw detectors it is most likely that large spectral features are noise of terrestrial origin or statistical fluctuations . monochromatic signals of extraterrestrial origin are subject to a doppler modulation due to the detector s relative motion with respect to the extraterrestrial gw source , while those of terrestrial origin are not .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

matched filtering techniques to search for a monochromatic signal from a given direction in the sky demodulate the data based on the expected frequency modulation from a source in that particular direction . in general this demodulation procedure decreases the significance of a noise line and enhances that of a real signal .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: temperature - dependent x - ray diffraction of the low - dimensional spin 1/2 quantum magnet tiobr shows that the phase transition at @xmath0 k corresponds to the development of an incommensurate superstructure . below @xmath1 k the incommensurate modulation locks in into a two - fold superstructure similar to the low - temperature spin - peierls state of tiocl . frustration between intra- and interchain interations within the spin - peierls scenario , and competition between two - dimensional magnetic order and one - dimensional spin - peierls order are discussed as possible sources of the incommensurability . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recently , tiocl was proposed to be a quasi - one - dimensional ( 1d ) @xmath2 quantum spin system , that develops a spin - peierls state at low temperatures.@xcite the spin - peierls state is now well established by the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility ( @xmath3 ) , that is zero below the phase transition at @xmath4 k , the observation by nmr of two independent ti atoms below @xmath5 , the two - fold crystallographic superstructure below @xmath5 and electronic band - structure calculations.@xcite the atomic displacements in the superstructure as well as the calculated band structure , with the single valence electron of ti@xmath6 occupying the @xmath7 orbital , indicate that the spin - peierls state is formed on the chains of ti atoms parallel to @xmath8 via direct exchange interactions . @xcite although the properties of the low - temperature phase of tiocl are those of a true spin - peierls system , tiocl is not a conventional spin - peierls compound , because the phase transition at @xmath5 is first - order . the temperature dependencies of @xmath3 , electron spin resonance ( esr ) , nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ) , specific heat ( @xmath9 ) and x - ray diffraction have shown that a second - order phase transition occurs at @xmath10 k. @xcite the 1d character of the magnetic interactions was also supported by the temperature dependencies of optical reflectivity and angle - resolved photoelectron spectroscopy ( arpes ) , @xcite although it was suggested that on cooling from room temperature , a crossover from two - dimensional ( 2d ) towards 1d interactions occurs.@xcite the nature of the state above @xmath5 is not understood yet .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

orbital , spin and structural fluctuations have been proposed to be responsible for the properties of tiocl . @xcite however , rckamp _ _ et al.__@xcite suggested that orbital fluctuations can be ruled out .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we report the detection of sis rotational lines in high - vibrational states as well as sio and sic@xmath0 lines in their ground vibrational state toward irc+10216 during the atacama large millimeter array cycle0 . the spatial distribution of these molecules shows compact emission for sis and a more extended emission for sio and sic@xmath0 , and also proves the existence of an increase in the sic@xmath0 emission at the outer shells of the circumstellar envelope . we analyze the excitation conditions of the vibrationally excited sis using the population diagram technique , and we use a large velocity gradient model to compare with the observations . we found moderate discrepancies between the observations and the models that could be explained if sis lines detected are optically thick . additionally , the line profiles of the detected rotational lines in the high energy vibrational states show a decreasing linewidth with increasing energy levels . this may be evidence that these lines could be excited only in the inner shells , i.e. , the densest and hottest , of the circumstellar envelope of irc+10216 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: silicon is mostly locked in sis , sio and sic@xmath1 in the circumstellar envelope ( cse ) of the carbon - rich star irc+10216 , as evidenced observationally and predicted by models @xcite . these molecules are efficiently formed in the gas phase , close to the stellar photosphere as a consequence of chemical processes enabled under thermodynamical equilibrium @xcite . in the dust formation region ( @xmath2520 ) , the si - bearing molecules are likely to condense onto the dust grains due to their highly refractory nature . the silicon contained in the dust grains can form molecules through grain - surface reactions . also , the interaction of shocks produced by the pulsation of the star with the dust grains can extract certain amounts of silicon from the grains and incorporate that silicon into the gas - phase to react and form other species ( see e.g. * ? ? ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

* ) . beyond this region , the abundances of si - bearing molecules are expected to decrease up to the outermost shells of the envelope , where the interstellar ultraviolet ( uv ) radiation field dissociates all the remaining molecules .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in statistical physics , the @xmath0 model in two dimensions provides the paradigmatic example of phase transitions mediated by topological defects ( vortices ) . over the years , a variety of analytical and numerical methods have been deployed in an attempt to fully understand the nature of its transition , which is of the berezinskii - kosterlitz - thouless type . these met with only limited success until it was realized that subtle effects ( logarithmic corrections ) that modify leading behaviour must be taken into account . this realization prompted renewed activity in the field and significant progress has been made . this paper contains a review of the importance of such subtleties , the role played by vortices and of recent and current research in this area . directions for desirable future research endeavours are outlined . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: phase transitions are amongst the most remarkable and ubiquitous phenomena in nature . they involve sudden changes in measurable macroscopic properties of systems and are brought about by varying external parameters such as temperature or pressure . familiar examples include the transitions from ice to water , water to steam , and the demagnetization of certain metals at high temperature .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

these dramatic phenomena are described mathematically by non - analytic behaviour of thermodynamic functions , which reflect the drastic changes taking place in the system at a microscopic level . besides materials science , phase transitions play vital roles in cosmology , particle physics , chemistry , biology , sociology and beyond ; the universe began in a symmetric manner and went through a series of phase transitions through which the particles of matter with which we are familiar ( electrons , protons , the higgs boson , etc . ) materialised .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a state of an electron in a quantum wire or a thin film becomes metastable , when a static electric field is applied perpendicular to the wire direction or the film surface . the state decays via tunneling through the created potential barrier . an additionally applied magnetic field , perpendicular to the electric field , can increase the tunneling decay rate for many orders of magnitude . this happens , when the state in the wire or the film has a velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field . according to the cyclotron effect , the velocity rotates under the barrier and becomes more aligned with the direction of tunneling . this mechanism can be called cyclotron enhancement of tunneling . 1.0 cm . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: tunneling in a magnetic field is a matter of investigation for many years . the magnetic field can influence tunneling across a potential barrier in two different ways . first , the magnetic field can modify an underbarrier motion related to a classically forbidden region .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

studies of this phenomenon are presented in the literature . in refs . @xcite it was pointed out that an underbarrier fall of the wave function can be less rapid in an inhomogeneous sample . see also refs .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the study of charmless hadronic two - body decays of @xmath0 mesons is one of the most fascinating topics in @xmath0 physics . a construction of the unitarity triangle based on such decays is presented , which is independent of @xmath0@xmath1 and @xmath2@xmath3 mixing . it provides stringent tests of the standard model with small theoretical uncertainties . clns 03/1841 address = f.r . newman laboratory for elementary - particle physics + cornell university , ithaca , ny 14853 , usa . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: measurements of @xmath4 in semileptonic decays , @xmath5 in @xmath0@xmath1 mixing , and @xmath6 from cp violation in @xmath2@xmath3 and @xmath0@xmath1 mixing have firmly established the existence of a cp - violating phase in the ckm matrix . the present situation , often referred to as the `` standard analysis '' of the unitarity triangle , is summarized in figure [ fig : utfit ] . three comments are in order concerning this analysis : 1 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the measurements of cp asymmetries in kaon physics ( @xmath7 and @xmath8 ) and @xmath0@xmath1 mixing ( @xmath9 ) probe the imaginary part of @xmath10 and so establish cp violation in the top sector of the ckm matrix . the standard model predicts that the imaginary part of @xmath10 is related , by three - generation unitarity , to the imaginary part of @xmath11 , and that those two elements are ( to an excellent approximation ) the only sources of cp violation in flavor - changing processes . in order to test this prediction

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: cells modify their volume in response to changes in osmotic pressure but it is usually assumed that other active shape variations do not involve significant volume fluctuations . here we report experiments demonstrating that water transport in and out of the cell is needed for the formation of blebs , commonly observed protrusions in the plasma membrane driven by cortex contraction . we develop and simulate a model of fluid mediated membrane - cortex deformations and show that a permeable membrane is necessary for bleb formation which is otherwise impaired . taken together our experimental and theoretical results emphasize the subtle balance between hydrodynamics and elasticity in actively driven cell morphological changes . cells can change their shape to explore their environment , communicate with other cells and self - propel . these macroscopic changes are driven by the coordinated action of localized motors transforming chemical energy into motion . active processes in biological systems can be linked to a large variety of collective non - equilibrium phenomena such as phase - transitions , unconventional fluctuations , oscillations and pattern formation @xcite . a vivid example of actively driven non - equilibrium shape fluctuations is provided by cellular blebs , the rounded membrane protrusions formed by the separation of the plasma membrane from the cortex as a result of acto - myosin contraction @xcite . blebs occur in various physiological conditions @xcite , as for instance during zebrafish embryogenesis @xcite , or cancer invasion @xcite . while some questions concerning the mechanisms governing bleb formation and its relation to migration have been resolved @xcite , key aspects of bleb mechanics remain unclear . geometrical constraints dictate that active shape changes associated with blebs should necessarily involve either fluctuations in the membrane surface or in cellular volume , and possibly both . it is generally believed , however , that the cellular volume.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: zebrafish ( danio rerio ) of the ab and ab / tl genetic background were maintained , raised and staged as previously described @xcite . for protein over - expression in germ cells , the mrna was injected into the yolk at one - cell stage . capped sense rna was synthesized with the mmessage mmachine kit ( ambion , + http://www.ambion.com/index.html ) . to direct protein expression to pgcs , the corresponding open reading frames ( orfs ). Please generate the next two sentences of the article

were fused upstream to the 3utr of the nanos1 ( nos1 - 3utr ) gene , facilitating translation and stabilization of the rna in these cells @xcite . for global protein expression , the respective orfs were cloned into the psp64ts ector that contains the 5 and 3 utrs of the xenopus globin gene .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we reveal the hydrogen isotope effect of three chemical reactions , i.e , the reflection , the absorption and the penetration ratios , by classical molecular dynamics simulation with a modified brenner s reactive empirical bond order ( rebo ) potential potential . we find that the reflection by @xmath0electron does not depend on the mass of the incident isotope , but the peak of the reflection by nuclear moves to higher side of incident energy . in addition to the reflection , we also find that the absorption ratio in the positive @xmath1 side of the graphene becomes larger , as the mass of the incident isotope becomes larger . on the other hand , the absorption ratio in the negative @xmath1 side of the graphene becomes smaller . last , it is found that the penetration ratio does not depend on the mass of the incident isotope because the graphene potential is not affected by the mass . [ 1 ] \ { ll # 1 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: plasma - carbon interaction yields small hydrocarbon molecules on divertor region of a nuclear fusion device@xcite . diffusing from divertor region to core plasma region of fusion device , generated hydrocarbon takes energy from the core plasma . reduction of hydrocarbon diffusing from divertor is the main aim of studies in plasma - carbon research . to achieve the aim ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

researches with computer simulation have been being done@xcite . however , the creation mechanism of the hydrocarbons has not been elucidated yet .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the chalonge 14th paris cosmology colloquium 2010 was held on 22 - 24 july in the historic paris observatory s perrault building , in the chalonge school spirit combining real cosmological / astrophysical data and hard theory predictive approach connected to them in the standard model of the universe : news and reviews from wmap7 , bicep , quad , spt , ami , act , planck , quijote , herschel , spire , atlas and hermes surveys ; astrophysics and particle physics dark matter ( dm ) searches and galactic observations ; related theory and simulations , with the aim of synthesis , progress and clarification . peter biermann , daniel boyanovsky , asantha cooray , claudio destri , hector de vega , gerry gilmore , stefan gottlber , eiichiro komatsu , stacy mcgaugh , anthony lasenby , rafael rebolo , paolo salucci , norma sanchez and anton tikhonov present here their highlights of the colloquium . inflection points in several current research lines emerged , particularly on dark matter ( dm ) where @xmath0wdm ( warm dark matter ) emerges impressively over @xmath0cdm whose ever - increasing galactic scale problems are staggering . the summary and conclusions by h. j. de vega , m. c. falvella and n. g. sanchez stress among other points : ( i ) data confirm primordial cmb gaussianity . inflation effective theory predicts negligible primordial non - gaussianity , negligible scalar index running and a tensor to scalar ratio @xmath1 at reach / border line of next cmb observations ; the present data with this theory clearly prefer new inflation ; early fast - roll inflation is generic and provides lowest multipoles depression . cmb secondary anisotropies progress rapidly with new cmb high-@xmath2 constraints and sunyaev - zeldovich ( sz ) amplitudes smaller than expected : cmb and x - ray data agree but intracluster medium models need revision ( they overestimate sz ) , relaxed and non - relaxed clusters need distinction as wmap7 shows.(ii ) the milky way is not formed from dsph - like systems . feedback does not.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the main aim of the series ` paris cosmology colloquia ' , in the framework of the international school of astrophysics * ` daniel chalonge ' * , is to put together real cosmological and astrophysical data and hard theory approach connected to them . the chalonge paris cosmology colloquia bring together physicists , astrophysicists and astronomers from the world over . each year these colloquia are more attended and appreciated both by phd students , post - docs and lecturers .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the format of the colloquia is intended to allow easy and fruitful mutual contacts and communication . the subject of the 14th paris cosmology colloquium 2010 was ` the standard model of the universe : theory and observations ' .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a photometric analysis of a large sample of early - type galaxies in 16 nearby groups , imaged with the wide - field camera on the isaac newton telescope . using a two - dimensional surface brightness decomposition routine , we fit sersic ( @xmath0 ) and exponential models to their bulge and disk components respectively . dividing the galaxies into three subsamples according to the x - ray luminosities of their parent groups , we compare their photometric properties . galaxies in x - ray luminous groups tend to be larger and more luminous than those in groups with undetected or low x - ray luminosities , but no significant differences in @xmath1 are seen . both normal and dwarf elliptical galaxies in the central regions of groups are found to have cuspier profiles than their counterparts in group outskirts . structural differences between dwarf and normal elliptical galaxies are apparent in terms of an offset between their `` photometric planes '' in the space of @xmath1 , @xmath2 and @xmath3 . dwarf ellipticals are found to populate a surface , with remarkably low scatter , in this space with significant curvature , somewhat similar to the surfaces of constant entropy proposed by @xcite . normal ellipticals are offset from this distribution in a direction of higher specific entropy . this may indicate that the two populations are distinguished by the action of galaxy merging on larger galaxies . [ firstpage ] galaxies : fundamental parameters galaxies : evolution galaxies : dwarf galaxies : elliptical and lenticular , cd galaxies : structure galaxies : groups x - ray : galaxies : clusters . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: galaxy scaling relations , such as the fundamental plane , and its various projections , and the colour - magnitude relation have been used to enhance our understanding of galaxy structure and evolution . early - type galaxies , in particular , form a relatively homogeneous population and hence rather well - defined scaling relations . most large samples of early - type galaxies come from the rich environments of galaxies clusters .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

studies of these high density regions benefit from the large numbers of galaxies in a small angular region of the sky ( hence making observations more efficient ) and from the morphology - density relation , which tells us that such environments are dominated by early - type galaxies . thus our current knowledge gained from galaxy scaling relations applies mostly to clusters .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the kerr - lens mode locking ability and the ultrashort pulse characteristics are analyzed numerically for the cr - doped znte , znse , zns active media . the advantages of these materials for the femtosecond lasing within 2 - 3 @xmath0 m spectral range are demonstrated . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: compact diode - pumped sources of the femtosecond pulses tunable within the wavelength range between 2 and 3 @xmath0 m are of interest for various applications , such as laser surgery , remote sensing and monitoring , spectroscopy of semiconductors etc . to date only cryogenically operated pb - salt diode lasers , optical parametrical oscillators and difference - frequency convertors were available for the operation in this spectral range . therefore the possibility of the direct mid - ir lasing from the new class of the transition - metal doped chalcogenides @xcite has attracted much attention .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the impressive advantages of these media are room - temperature operation between 2 and 3 @xmath0 m , possibility of direct diode pumping , high emission and absorption cross - sections , negligibly low excited - state absorption and , as consequence , low thermal load ( the basic laser material characteristics will be described in the next section ) . the most remarkable examples of such lasers are cr@xmath1-doped znse , zns and znte . to date the following achievements for these media have been demonstrated : 1 ) for cr : znse cw operation with over 1.7 w power @xcite , over 1100 nm tunability @xcite , over 350 nm tunable diode - pumped cw operation @xcite , active mode locking @xcite and active modulator assisted passive mode locking @xcite were achieved ; 2 ) for cr : zns pulsed @xcite and tunable cw operation @xcite were obtained .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the anisotropy energy in a planar model for the @xmath0 layers of the investigated in previous works . the tight - binding ( tb ) potential of the model was extended out of the validity region with the purpose of incorporate it in the potential . next , the spin - orbit operator was considered in the hartree fock solution of the full hf problem . it follows that in spite of the fact that the extended potential possesses the square symmetry of the crystalline structure , the anisotropy energy vanishes in its purely 2d formulation . the result indicates that for the prediction by the model of the observed non vanishing magnetic anisotropy at zero doping and temperature in @xmath1 , its formulation requires of a 3d representation of its wannier orbitals and the use of @xmath2 like orbitals . the consideration of more realistic @xmath3 character of the model , by including multiple @xmath4 planes , also could be important due to the argued absence of long range order in 2d . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the superconductivity is the intrinsic capacity of certain materials that allows to conduct electric currents without resistance and losses of energy in specific conditions . in 1911 it was discovery by heike kamerlingh onnes@xcite when observed the electric resistance of the mercury disappear abrupt at 4.2k . in the next years several materials were discovered showing the occurrence of this phenomenon below certain critical temperature value @xmath5 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

a microscopic explanation was not arrived until 1960 , when bardeen , schriefer and cooper proposed a successful theory , today known as the bcs theory . with the discovery of the @xmath1 superconductor in 1986 at @xmath6 , was open a new stage , up to now devoted to the obtaining and investigation of such kind of high @xmath5 superconductors . in this case , up to nowadays it had not been possible to develop a full explanation for high temperature superconductivity . the essential characteristic of the first discovered htc superconductor @xmath1 , and various others in its class , is that it has a crystalline structure containing cuo2 layers , inside a perovskite structure separated by block layers , who play a main role as charge reservoirs .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study the spatial patterns formed by interacting populations or reacting chemicals under the influence of chaotic flows . in particular , we have considered a three - component model of plankton dynamics advected by a meandering jet . we report general results , stressing the existence of a smooth - filamental transition in the concentration patterns depending on the relative strength of the stirring by the chaotic flow and the relaxation properties of planktonic dynamical system . patterns obtained in open and closed flows are compared . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the transport of biologically or chemically active substances by a fluid flow is a problem of great geophysical relevance . important examples arise in the study of atmospheric advection of reactive pollutants or chemicals , such as ozone , n@xmath0o @xcite , or in the dynamics of plankton populations in ocean currents @xcite . the inhomogeneous nature of the resulting spatial distributions was recognized some time ago ( * ? ? ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

* and references therein ) . more recently , satellite remote sensing and detailed numerical simulations identify filaments , irregular patches , sharp gradients , and other complex structures involving a wide range of spatial scales in the concentration patterns . in the case of atmospheric chemistry , the presence of strong concentration gradients has been shown to have profound impact on global chemical time - scales @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we have studied lattice qcd with an additional , irrelevant 4-fermion interaction having a @xmath0 chiral symmetry , at finite temperatures . adding this 4-fermion term allowed us to work at zero quark mass , which would have otherwise been impossible . the theory with 2 massless staggered quark flavours appears to have a first order finite temperature phase transition at @xmath1 for the value of 4-fermion coupling we have chosen , in contrast to what is expected for 2-flavour qcd . the pion screening mass is seen to vanish below this transition , only to become massive and degenerate with the @xmath2 ( @xmath3 ) above this transition where the chiral symmetry is restored , as is seen by the vanishing of the chiral condensate . 0.5 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: studying the finite temperature phase transition of lattice qcd and the equation of state near this transition requires an understanding of the zero quark mass limit , where molecular dynamics methods fail completely @xcite . even at realistic values of the @xmath4 and @xmath5 quark masses , the dirac operator is nearly singular , and iterative methods for its inversion become extremely costly in computer time . for this reason , we modify the lattice qcd action by the addition of an irrelevant , chirally invariant 4-fermion interaction which renders the dirac operator non - singular , even when the quark mass is zero . because the extra interaction is irrelevant. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, such an action should lie in the same universality class as the standard action , and thus have the same continuum limit . the 4-fermion interaction we choose is of the gross - neveu , nambu - jona - lasinio form @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: i review the assumptions and observations that motivate the concept of the extragalactic cosmic background radiation , and the issues of energy accounts and star formation history as a function of galaxy morphological type that figure in the interpretation of the measurements of the extragalactic infrared background . # 1_#1 _ # 1_#1 _ = # 1 1.25 in .125 in .25 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is useful to begin by recalling the basic assumptions and observations that lead us to the concept of the extragalactic cosmic background radiation , as opposed to radiation surface brightness that may be some highly variable function of position and direction . deep counts of objects detected at a broad range of wavelengths , from gamma ray sources to radio galaxies , are close to isotropic across the sky . it is an excellent bet therefore that the integrated radiation from observed sources plus those too faint to be detectable as individual objects also is quite to isotropic .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this allows us to think of the local extragalactic radiation background as a function of one variable , the radiation energy density @xmath0 per interval of frequency @xmath1 . the fluctuations around the mean as a function of position in the sky are important too , as a measure of large - scale structure , but @xmath0 is the center of attention in these proceedings . the argument for large - scale homogeneity against a universe with a radial density gradient and us at the center is less direct but i think persuasive ; my review of the considerations is in peebles ( 1993 ) . if we are persuaded then we conclude that within our hubble length space is filled with a near uniform sea of radiation with spectral energy density @xmath0 : the cosmic extragalactic background radiation .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an unified picture for the raman response of magnetic excitations in cuprate spin - ladder compounds is obtained by comparing calculated two - triplon raman line - shapes with those of the prototypical compounds srcu@xmath0o@xmath1 ( sr123 ) , sr@xmath2cu@xmath3o@xmath4 ( sr14 ) , and la@xmath5ca@xmath6cu@xmath3o@xmath4 ( la6ca8 ) . the theoretical model for the two - leg ladder contains heisenberg exchange couplings @xmath7 and @xmath8 plus an additional four - spin interaction @xmath9 . within this model sr123 and sr14 can be described by @xmath10 , @xmath11 , @xmath12 @xmath13 and @xmath14 @xmath13 . the couplings found for la6ca8 are @xmath15 , @xmath16 , and @xmath17 @xmath13 . the unexpected sharp two - triplon peak in the ladder materials compared to the undoped two - dimensional cuprates can be traced back to the anisotropy of the magnetic exchange in rung and leg direction . with the results obtained for the isotropic ladder we calculate the raman line - shape of a two - dimensional square lattice using a toy model consisting of a vertical and a horizontal ladder . a direct comparison of these results with raman experiments for the two - dimensional cuprates r@xmath0cuo@xmath18 ( r = la , nd ) , sr@xmath0cuo@xmath0cl@xmath0 , and yba@xmath0cu@xmath1o@xmath19 yields a good agreement for the dominating two - triplon peak . we conclude that short range quantum fluctuations are dominating the magnetic raman response in both , ladders and planes . we discuss possible scenarios responsible for the high - energy spectral weight of the raman line - shape , i.e. phonons , the triple - resonance and multi - particle contributions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: strongly correlated electron systems in low dimensions are of fundamental interest due to their fascinating properties resulting from strong quantum fluctuations @xcite . especially in the case of the high - t@xmath20 cuprate superconductors , the role of quantum fluctuations is heavily debated . two - magnon raman scattering has been proven to be a powerful tool to study quantum fluctuations in the magnetic sector@xcite . in contrast to the well understood magnon dispersion as measured by inelastic neutron scattering@xcite , the quantitative understanding of the two - magnon line - shape in the raman response@xcite and in the optical conductivity@xcite remains an issue open to debate .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

interestingly , in the so - called cuprate ladder systems like sr123 or the telephone - number compounds ( sr , ca , la)@xmath2cu@xmath3o@xmath4 a prominent peak in the magnetic raman response is observed at the same energy of about @xmath21 @xmath13 as in the two - dimensional compounds@xcite . in contrast to the gapless long - range ordered two - dimensional compound , the quasi one - dimensional two - leg ladders are known to be realizations of a gapped spin liquid@xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: existing theories explain spin glass transition in terms of a phase transition and order parameters , and assume the existence of a distinct spin glass phase . in addition to problems related to clarifying the nature of this phase , the common challenge is to explain profound dynamic effects . here , we propose that the main experimental results of spin glass transition can be understood in an entirely dynamic picture , without a reference to a distinct spin glass phase , phase transition and order parameters . in this theory , the susceptibility cusp at the glass transition temperature is due to the dynamic crossover between the high - temperature relaxational and low - temperature spin wave regime . the crossover takes place when @xmath0 , where @xmath1 is observation time and @xmath2 is relaxation time . time - dependent effects , inconsistent with the phase transition approach , and the logarithmic increase of @xmath3 with field frequency in particular , originate as the immediate consequence of the proposed picture . in our discussion , we explore similarities between the spin and structural glass transitions . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since its discovery , spin glass has been considered as a third distinct type of low - temperature magnetic arrangement in solids , in addition to ferromagnetic and anti - ferromagnetic @xcite . in spin glass , spins are disordered , prompting the term `` glass '' , and give zero net magnetic moment . great theoretical effort went into understanding the nature of the spin glass transition . the collection of new ideas and theories has formed a new large research field in condensed matter physics , with connections proposed to other disciplines such as economics and biology @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

a couple of decades ago , it was remarked that `` as fame and topicality diminish , the problem remains an interesting , yet pass , research topic '' @xcite . one of the reasons for continued interest in this area is the presence of fundamental theoretical problems that are not resolved .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: mesons are extended objects , hence their interaction can be described by utilizing form factors . at the lagrangian level , one can use nonlocal interaction terms . here we describe two possible nonlocal lagrangians leading to a 3d form factor : the first one is simple but does not fulfill covariance ( if one insists on a 3d cutoff ) , the second extension is more involved but guarantees covariance . such form factors are useful when calculating mesonic loops . as an important example , we discuss the scalar kaonic sector , @xmath0 . the lagrangian contains a single scalar kaon ( the well - establish state @xmath1 ) , but through loops @xmath2 emerges as a dynamically generated companion pole ( which disappears in the large-@xmath3 limit ) . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: mesonic lagrangians are often used to describe the decays and the spectral functions of resonances listed in the pdg @xcite . such lagrangians make use of some symmetries of the underlying qcd ( such as flavor or chiral symmetry ) , e.g. chiral perturbation theory @xcite and ( extended ) sigma models @xcite . in particular , in the case of some enigmatic resonances , such as the light @xmath2 meson addressed in this work , the role of mesonic loops turns out to be extremely important , see e.g. refs . @xcite and refs . therein .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

yet , mesons are not elementary particles but are extended objects with a radius of about @xmath4 fm . some type of form factor is needed . already in the @xmath5 model , e.g. ref .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper deals with a one dimensional model for granular materials , which boils down to an inelastic version of the kac kinetic equation , with inelasticity parameter @xmath0 . in particular , the paper provides bounds for certain distances such as specific weighted @xmath1distances and the kolmogorov distance between the solution of that equation and the limit . it is assumed that the even part of the initial datum ( which determines the asymptotic properties of the solution ) belongs to the domain of normal attraction of a symmetric stable distribution with characteristic exponent @xmath2 . with such initial data , it turns out that the limit exists and is just the aforementioned stable distribution . a necessary condition for the relaxation to equilibrium is also proved . some bounds are obtained without introducing any extra condition . sharper bounds , of an exponential type , are exhibited in the presence of additional assumptions concerning either the behaviour , near to the origin , of the initial characteristic function , or the behaviour , at infinity , of the initial probability distribution function . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: this work deals with a one dimensional inelastic kinetic model , introduced in @xcite , that can be thought of as a generalization of the boltzmann - like equation due to kac ( @xcite ) . motivations for research into equations for inelastic interactions can be found in many papers , generally devoted to maxwellian molecules . among them , in addition to the already mentioned pulvirenti and toscani s paper , it is worth quoting : @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite , @xcite . see , in particular , the short but useful review in @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

returning to the main subject of this paper , the one - dimensional inelastic model we want to study reduces to the equation @xmath3 where @xmath4 stands for the probability density function of the velocity of a molecule at time @xmath5 and @xmath6 @xmath7 being a nonnegative parameter . when @xmath8 , ( [ eq1 ] ) becomes the kac equation . it is easy to check that the fourier transform @xmath9 of @xmath4 satisfies equation @xmath10 where @xmath11 stands for the fourier transform of @xmath12 . equation ( [ eq2 ] ) can be considered independently of ( [ eq1 ] ) , thinking of @xmath9 , for @xmath13 , as fourier

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an earlier study @xcite has demonstrated the possible existence of wormholes in the outer regions of the galactic halo , based on the navarro - frenk - white ( nfw ) density profile . this paper uses the universal rotation curve ( urc ) dark matter model to obtain analogous results for the central parts of the halo . this result is an important compliment to the earlier result , thereby confirming the possible existence of wormholes in most of the spiral galaxies . general relativity ; universal rotation curves ; wormholes . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: wormholes are hypothetical handles or tunnels in spacetime linking widely separated regions of our universe or entirely different universes . morris and thorne @xcite proposed the following line element for the wormhole spacetime : @xmath0 using units in which @xmath1 . here @xmath2 is called the _ redshift function _ , which must be everywhere finite to prevent an event horizon .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the function @xmath3 is called the _ shape function _ , which has the property that @xmath4 , where @xmath5 is the _ throat _ of the wormhole . a key requirement is the _ flare - out condition _ at the throat : @xmath6 , while @xmath7 near the throat .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the behavior of the proton magnetic form factor is studied within the modified hard scattering picture , which takes into account gluonic radiative corrections in terms of transverse separations . we parallel the analysis given previously by li and make apparent a number of serious objections . the appropriate cut - off needed to render the form - factor calculation finite is both detailed and analyzed by considering different cut - off prescriptions . the use of the maximum interquark separation as a common infrared cut - off in the sudakov suppression factor is proposed , since it avoids difficulties with the @xmath0-singularities and yields a proton form factor insensitive to the inclusion of the soft region which therefore can be confidently attributed to perturbative qcd . results are presented for a variety of proton wave functions including also their intrinsic transverse momentum . it turns out that the perturbative contribution , although theoretically self - consistent for @xmath1 larger than about @xmath2 gev@xmath3 to @xmath4 gev@xmath3 , is too small compared to the data . = 0 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the proton magnetic form factor at large momentum transfer has been extensively analyzed within perturbative quantum chromodynamics ( pqcd ) over the last decade @xcite . the theoretical basis of these calculations is the hard scattering formula @xcite in which the proton form factor is generically expressed as a convolution of a hard - scattering amplitude @xmath5 and proton distribution amplitudes ( da ) @xmath6 which represent valence quark fock state wave functions integrated over quark transverse momenta ( defined with respect to the momentum of their parent proton ) : @xmath7 \int_{0}^{1}[dx^{\prime } ] |f_{n}(\mu _ { f})|^{2}\ , \phi ^{\star}(x^{\prime},\mu _ { f } ) t_{h}(x , x^{\prime},q,\mu ) \phi ( x,\mu _ { f } ) , \label{eq : gm}\ ] ] where @xmath1 is the invariant momentum transfer squared and @xmath8=dx_{1}dx_{2}dx_{3}\delta ( 1-\sum_{}^{}x_{i})$ ] , @xmath9 being the momentum fractions carried by the valence quarks . the renormalization scale is denoted by @xmath10 and the factorization scale by @xmath11 . the latter scale defines the interface between soft physics absorbed in the wave function and hard physics , treated explicitly within pqcd .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the dimensionful constant @xmath12 represents the value of the proton wave function at the origin of the configuration space and has to be determined nonperturbatively @xcite . the residual ( mainly perturbative ) scale dependence of @xmath12 and that of the proton da is controlled by the evolution equation @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a light front field theory for finite temperature and density is currently being developed . it will be used here to describe the transition region from quark matter to nuclear matter relevant in heavy ion collisions and in the early universe . the energy regime addressed is extremely challenging , both theoretically and experimentally . this is because of the confinement of quarks , the appearance of bound states and correlations , special relativity , and nonlinear phenomena that lead to a change of the vacuum structure of quantum chromodynamics . in the region of the phase transition it eventually leads to a change of the relevant degrees of freedom . we aim at describing this transition from quarks to hadronic degrees of freedom in a unified microscopic approach . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: lattice calculations of quantum chromodynamics ( qcd ) give firm evidence that nuclear matter undergoes a phase transition to a plasma state at a certain temperature @xmath0 of about 170 to 180 mev . calculations have been performed at a chemical potential @xmath1 . recent results are for staggered fermions @xcite and renormalization group improved wilson fermions @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the low density region reflects , e.g. , the scenario during the evolution of the early universe . to achieve information from lattice calculations at small @xmath2 several methods have recently been developed , i.e. , multiparameter reweighting @xcite , taylor expansion at @xmath3 @xcite , imaginary @xmath2 @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the _ quantum inequalities _ , and the closely related _ quantum interest conjecture _ , impose restrictions on the distribution of the energy density measured by any time - like observer , potentially preventing the existence of exotic phenomena such as _ alcubierre warp - drives _ or _ traversable wormholes_. it has already been proved that both assertions can be reduced to statements concerning the existence or non - existence of bound states of a certain 1-dimensional quantum mechanical hamiltonian . using this approach , we will informally review a simple variational proof of one version of the quantum interest conjecture in ( 3 + 1)-dimensional minkowski space . 2 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: semiclassical general relativity predicts violations of the point - wise energy conditions associated with negative energy phenomena such as warp drives , traversable wormholes@xcite , and even _ _ time machines__@xcite . however , the same theory can be used to constrain the magnitude and duration of negative energy pulses . two of these restrictions are given by the quantum inequalities ( qis ) and the quantum interest conjecture ( qic ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the qis@xcite impose a lower bound on the expectation value ( in a quantum state @xmath0 ) of the renormalized stress - energy tensor along a timelike geodesic , @xmath1 weighted by a non - negative and normalized test function @xmath2 . the initial bounds on @xmath3 depended on the modified bessel functions , and were obtained using a lorentzian test function@xcite . eventually flanagan found a more general bound in ( 1 + 1)-dimensional minkowski space for a massless scalar field@xcite , which does not depend on the specific choice of the test function , @xmath4 similarly , fewster and eveson obtained bounds in ( 1 + 1 ) and ( 3 + 1 ) dimensional flat space@xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use fabry - prot absorption line imaging spectroscopy to measure radial velocities using the @xmath0 line in 3360 stars towards three lines of sight in the milky way s bar : baade s window and offset position at @xmath1 . this sample includes 2488 bar red clump giants , 339 bar m / k - giants , and 318 disk main sequence stars . we measure the first four moments of the stellar velocity distribution of the red clump giants , and find it to be symmetric and flat - topped . we also measure the line - of - sight average velocity and dispersion of the red clump giants as a function of distance in the bar . we detect stellar streams at the near and far side of the bar with velocity difference @xmath2 30 km s@xmath3at @xmath4 , but we do not detect two separate streams in baade s window . our m - giants kinematics agree well with previous studies , but have dispersions systematically lower than those of the red clump giants by @xmath5 km s@xmath3 . for the disk main sequence stars we measure a velocity dispersion of @xmath6 km s@xmath3 for all three lines - of - sight , placing a majority of them in the thin disk within 3.5 kpc of the sun , associated with the sagittarius spiral arm . we measure the equivalent widths of the @xmath0 line that can be used to infer metallicities . we find indications of a metallicity gradient with galactic longitude , with greater metallicity in baade s window . we find the bulge to be metal - rich , consistent with some previous studies . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: more than half of the disk galaxies in the universe have central bars @xcite . n - body simulations show that bars form naturally in disk galaxies , and play a crucial role in their formation and evolution @xcite . there is now abundant evidence that our own galaxy is barred ( see review by * ? ? ?. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

one of the earliest indications came from the large non - circular motions of gas in the inner galaxy measured by @xcite and subsequently by @xcite . but it was not until the 1990s that the presence of a bar in the milky way ( mw ) was firmly established by the observations of a distinct peanut - shaped bulge in the cobe nir light distribution @xcite , a non - axisymmetric signature in the gas kinematics @xcite , ogle photometry showing a magnitude offset of the bulge red clump giants at positive and negative longitudes @xcite , and a large optical depth of the bulge to microlensing @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: this paper describes _ ludwig _ , a versatile code for the simulation of lattice - boltzmann ( lb ) models in 3-d on cubic lattices . in fact _ ludwig _ is not a single code , but a set of codes that share certain common routines , such as i / o and communications . if _ ludwig _ is used as intended , a variety of complex fluid models with different equilibrium free energies are simple to code , so that the user may concentrate on the physics of the problem , rather than on parallel computing issues . thus far , _ ludwig _ s main application has been to symmetric binary fluid mixtures . we first explain the philosophy and structure of _ ludwig _ which is argued to be a very effective way of developing large codes for academic consortia . next we elaborate on some parallel implementation issues such as parallel i / o , and the use of mpi to achieve full portability and good efficiency on both mpp and smp systems . finally , we describe how to implement generic solid boundaries , and look in detail at the particular case of a symmetric binary fluid mixture near a solid wall . we present a novel scheme for the thermodynamically consistent simulation of wetting phenomena , in the presence of static and moving solid boundaries , and check its performance . lattice - boltzmann . wetting . computer simulations . parallel computing . binary fluid mixtures . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the objective of the work described here has been to develop a general purpose parallel lattice - boltzmann code ( lb ) , called _ ludwig _ , capable of simulating the hydrodynamics of complex fluids in 3-d . such a simulation program should eventually be able to handle multicomponent fluids , amphiphilic systems , and flow in porous media as well as colloidal particles and polymers .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

in due course we would like to address a wide variety of these problems including detergency , binary fluids in porous media , mesophase formation in amphiphiles , colloidal suspensions , and liquid crystal flows . so far , however , we have restricted our attention to simple binary fluids , and it is this version of the code that will be described below in more detail . nonetheless , the generic elements related to the structure of the code are valid for any multicomponent fluid mixture , as defined through an appropriate free energy , expressed as a functional of fluid density and one or more composition variables ( scalar order parameters ) .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the 6 cm formaldehyde ( h@xmath0co ) maser sources in the compact regions ngc 7538-irs1 and g29.96 - 0.02 have been imaged at high resolution ( @xmath1 mas ) . using the vlba and merlin , we find the angular sizes of the ngc 7538 masers to be @xmath2 mas ( 30 au ) corresponding to brightness temperatures @xmath3 k. the angular sizes of the g29.96 - 0.02 masers are @xmath4 mas ( 130 au ) corresponding to brightness temperatures @xmath5 k. using the vla , we detect 2 cm formaldehyde absorption from the maser regions . we detect no emission in the 2 cm line , indicating the lack of a 2 cm maser and placing limits on the 6 cm excitation process . we find that both ngc 7538 maser components show an increase in intensity on 5 - 10 year timescales while the g29.96 - 0.02 masers show no variability over 2 years . a search for polarization provides 3-@xmath6 upper limits of 1% circularly polarized and 10% linearly polarized emission in ngc 7538 and of 15% circularly polarized emission in g29.96 - 0.02 . a pronounced velocity gradient of 28 @xmath7 ( 1900 @xmath8 ) is detected in the ngc 7538 maser gas . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: astronomical observation of emission from the @xmath9 transition at 4.83 ghz ( 6 cm ) of the formaldehyde ( h@xmath0co ) molecule is exceedingly rare . only four galactic sources have been observed to emit : three of these sources have been shown to be masers . the h@xmath0co 6 cm emission in the compact region ngc 7538 b was first observed by downes & wilson ( 1974 ) and was shown to be a compact , non - thermal maser by forster et al . most recently , an h@xmath0co maser was discovered in g29.96 - 0.02 by pratap , menten & snyder ( 1994 , hereafter pms94 ) .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

masers are also observed in sgr b2 ( whiteoak & gardner 1983 ) . the fourth h@xmath0co emission source , orion - kl , is known to have extended thermal emission ( _ e.g_. johnston et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we construct a simply connected complete bounded mean curvature one surface in the hyperbolic @xmath0-space @xmath1 . such a surface in @xmath1 can be lifted as a complete bounded null curve in @xmath2 . using a transformation between null curves in @xmath3 and null curves in @xmath2 , we are able to produce the first examples of complete bounded null curves in @xmath3 . as an application , we can show the existence of a complete bounded minimal surface in @xmath4 whose conjugate minimal surface is also bounded . moreover , we can show the existence of a complete bounded immersed complex submanifold in @xmath5 . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the existence of complete non flat minimal surfaces with bounded coordinate functions , has been the instigator of many interesting articles on the theory of minimal surfaces in @xmath4 and @xmath3 over the last few decades . the question of whether there exists a complete bounded complex submanifold in @xmath6 was proposed by p. yang in @xcite and answered by p. jones in @xcite where this author present a short and elegant method to construct bounded ( embedded ) complex curves @xmath7 , where @xmath8 means the open unit disc of the complex plane . although these curves are minimal in @xmath3 ( they are holomorphic ) , their respective projections @xmath9 and @xmath10 are not minimal in @xmath4 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

if we pursue this , we need to impose that the complex curve @xmath7 also satisfies @xmath11 where @xmath12 denotes the derivative with respect to the complex coordinate on @xmath8 . from now on , curves of this kind will be called _ holomorphic null curves .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we prove a quantum version of kalkman s wall - crossing formula @xcite , @xcite comparing intersection pairings on geometric invariant theory ( git ) quotients related by a change in polarization , under certain stable = semistable assumptions . the formula is the same , but each expression in the formula is quantized in the sense that it is replaced by an integral over moduli spaces of certain stable maps ; in particular , the wall - crossing terms are gauged gromov - witten invariants with smaller structure group . as an application , we show that the graph gromov - witten potentials of quotients related by wall - crossings of crepant type are equivalent up to a distribution in the quantum parameter that is almost everywhere zero . this is a version of the crepant transformation conjecture of li - ruan @xcite , bryan - graber @xcite , coates - ruan @xcite etc . in cases where the crepant transformation is obtained by variation of git . = 8.5 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: according to the geometric invariant theory introduced by mumford @xcite , the _ git quotient _ @xmath0 of an action of a complex reductive group @xmath1 on a projective variety @xmath2 equipped with a polarization ( ample equivariant line bundle ) has coordinate ring equal to the @xmath1-invariant part of the coordinate ring on @xmath2 . geometrically @xmath0 is the quotient of an open _ semistable locus _ @xmath3 by an equivalence relation , where a point @xmath4 is semistable if there is a non - constant invariant section of a tensor power of the polarization that is non - zero at the point .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

if the action of @xmath1 on the semistable locus has only finite stabilizers , then @xmath0 is the quotient of @xmath5 by the action of @xmath1 , by which we mean here the _ stack - theoretic _ quotient , see for example @xcite . if @xmath2 is in addition smooth , then @xmath0 is a smooth proper deligne - mumford stack with projective coarse moduli space . in kempf - ness @xcite , see also mumford et al @xcite , the coarse moduli space of the git quotient is identified with the symplectic quotient of @xmath2 by a maximal compact subgroup of @xmath1 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: nearly a quarter of genomic sequences and almost half of all receptors that are likely to be targets for drug design @xcite are integral membrane proteins . understanding the detailed mechanisms of the folding of membrane proteins is a largely unsolved , key problem in structural biology . here , we introduce a general model and use computer simulations to study the equilibrium properties and the folding kinetics of a @xmath0-based two helix bundle fragment ( comprised of @xmath1 amino - acids ) of bacteriorhodopsin . various intermediates are identified and their free energy are calculated toghether with the free energy barrier between them . in @xmath2 of folding trajectories , the folding rate is considerably increased by the presence of non - obligatory intermediates acting as traps . in all cases , a substantial portion of the helices is rapidly formed . this initial stage is followed by a long period of consolidation of the helices accompanied by their correct packing within the membrane . our results provide the framework for understanding the variety of folding pathways of helical transmembrane proteins . # 1#2 # # 1##2#2##1 0.3 cm -1truecm considerable effort has been expended to understand the dynamics of the folding and biological functionality of proteins . whereas the behavior of small water soluble globular proteins is reasonably well understood both experimentally and theoretically @xcite , much less is known about membrane proteins ( mp ) @xcite that cross biological membranes . transmembrane proteins ( tmp ) are the most important and best studied class of mp @xcite . they are characterized by the presence in their primary structure of long segments ( @xmath3 ) of amino acids with a high degree of hydrophobicity . in the native structure , these correspond to the transmembrane segments which are inserted in the lipidic interior of the membrane @xcite . these segments are predominantly made up of @xmath4-helices and @xmath5-sheets . the stability of.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: we represent the residues of the membrane protein as single beads centered in their @xmath0 positions . adjacent beads are tethered together into a polymer chain by a harmonic potential with the average @xmath62 distance along the chain equal to @xmath63 . the membrane is described simply by a slab of width @xmath64 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

two non - bonded residues @xmath65 form a contact if their distance is less then @xmath66 . in the study of globular proteins , the topology of the native state is encoded in the contact map giving the pairs @xmath65 of non - bonded residues that are in contact .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: some biological systems operate at the critical point between stability and instability and this requires a fine - tuning of parameters . we bring together two examples from the literature that illustrate this : neural integration in the nervous system and hair cell oscillations in the auditory system . in both examples the question arises as to how the required fine - tuning may be achieved and maintained in a robust and reliable way . we study this question using tools from nonlinear and adaptive control theory . we illustrate our approach on a simple model which captures some of the essential features of neural integration . as a result , we propose a large class of feedback adaptation rules that may be responsible for the experimentally observed robustness of neural integration . we mention extensions of our approach to the case of hair cell oscillations in the ear . persistent neural activity is prevalent throughout the nervous system . numerous experiments have demonstrated that persistent neural activity is correlated with short - term memory . a prominent example concerns the oculomotor system see @xcite for a review and experimental facts . the brain moves the eyes with quick saccadic movements . between saccades , it keeps the eyes still by generating a continuous and constant contraction of the eye muscles ; thus requiring a constant level of neural activity in the motor neurons controlling the eye muscles . this constant neural activity level serves as a short - term memory for the desired eye position . during a saccade , a brief burst of neural activity in premotor command neurons induces a persistent change in the neural activity of the motor neurons , via a mechanism equivalent to integration in the sense of calculus . neural activity of an individual neuron , however , has a natural tendency to decay with a relaxation time of the order of milliseconds . therefore the question arises as to how a transient stimulus can cause persistent changes in neural.... And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: luc moreau is a postdoctoral fellow of the fund for scientific research - flanders . work done while a recipient of an honorary fellowship of the belgian american educational foundation , while visiting the princeton university mechanical and aerospace engineering department . this paper presents research results of the belgian programme on inter - university poles of attraction , initiated by the belgian state , prime minister s office for science , technology and culture . the scientific responsibility rests with its authors .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: an analysis of electromagnetic corrections to the ( dominant ) octet @xmath0 hamiltonian using chiral perturbation theory is carried out . relative shifts in amplitudes at the several per cent level are found . + 2.0 cm 1.5 cm vincenzo cirigliano@xmath1 , john f. donoghue@xmath2 and eugene golowich@xmath2 + .15 cm @xmath1 dipartimento di fisica delluniversit and i.n.f.n . + via buonarroti,2 56100 pisa ( italy ) + vincenzo@het.phast.umass.edu + .15 cm @xmath2 department of physics and astronomy + university of massachusetts + amherst ma 01003 usa + donoghue@het.phast.umass.edu + gene@het.phast.umass.edu + .3 cm 1.5 cm . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in this paper , we present a formal analysis of electromagnetic ( em ) radiative corrections to @xmath0 transitions .. see however ref . @xcite ] only em corrections to the dominant octet nonleptonic hamiltonian are considered . such corrections modify not only the original @xmath3 amplitude but also induce @xmath4 contributions as well . by the standards of particle physics ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this subject is very old @xcite . yet , there exists in the literature no satisfactory theoretical treatment .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we use the relativistic mean field ( rmf ) theory to systematically study the change of deformation of even - even nuclei in the proton - rich xe region . we investigate the appearance of triaxial deformation in 25 nuclei in the region covering @xmath0 and @xmath1 by performing constrained , triaxially symmetric rmf calculations of their energy surfaces . we include pairing correlations using the bcs formalism . we find that the sn isotopes are spherical and the te isotopes are very gamma unstable with shallow minima around @xmath2 . adding more protons , the xe , ba and ce isotopes have prolate deformations with their sizes increasing with proton number . the neutron number dependence is found to be small . we compare the calculated results with the available experimented data on the binding energy and the radii . s. sugimoto@xmath3 , k. sumiyoshi@xmath4 , d. hirata@xmath5 , b.v . carlson@xmath6 , + i. tanihata@xmath4 , and h. toki@xmath3 + @xmath7the institute of physical and chemical research ( riken ) , + hirosawa , wako , saitama 351 - 0198 , japan + @xmath8research center for nuclear physics(rcnp ) , osaka university , + mihogaoka , ibaraki , osaka 567 - 0047 , japan + @xmath9japan synchrotron radiation research institute ( jasri ) - spring-8 , + sayo , hyogo , 679 - 5198 , japan + @xmath10departamento de fsica , instituto tecnolgico da aeronutica - cta , + so jos dos campos , so paulo , brazil . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the recent progress of radioactive nuclear beam facilities has provided us with marvelous findings in nuclear physics . exotic structures such as neutron halos @xcite and neutron skins @xcite have been found in experimental studies of light unstable nuclei in the neutron - rich region . much new information on the shapes and structures of nuclei far from stability is being revealed by the systematic measurement of radii and moments of unstable nuclei @xcite . planned facilities in the world. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

will access a large number of unstable nuclei in the whole region of the nuclear chart and enable us to explore where and how exotic phenomena of nuclear structure appear in the region far from the stability line @xcite . one of the great interests is to know where the deformation of unstable nuclei appears and how the shape of these nuclei changes along the isotopic and isotonic chains . at the same time

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we derive average radial gradients in the dust attenuation towards hii regions in 609 galaxies at @xmath0 , using measurements of the balmer decrement out to @xmath1kpc . the balmer decrements are derived from spatially resolved maps of and emission from the 3d - hst survey . we find that with increasing stellar mass both the normalization and strength of the gradient in dust attenuation increases . galaxies with a mean mass of @xmath2m@xmath3 have little dust attenuation at all radii , whereas galaxies with @xmath4m@xmath3 have @xmath5mag in their central regions . we parameterize this as @xmath6 , with @xmath7 , @xmath8 , @xmath9 in kpc , and @xmath10 the stellar mass in units of @xmath11m@xmath3 . this expression can be used to correct spatially resolved measurements of to radial distributions of star formation . when applied to our data , we find that the star formation rates in the central @xmath12kpc of galaxies in the highest mass bin are @xmath13m@xmath3yr@xmath14 , six times higher than before correction and approximately half of the total star formation rate of these galaxies . if this high central star formation rate is maintained for several gyr , a large fraction of the stars in present - day bulges likely formed in - situ . . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in the local universe , the star formation surface density is determined by the molecular gas surface density ( e.g. larson 1992 ) . recent studies have shown that this relation probably holds at higher redshift ( @xmath15 ) as well ( e.g. tacconi et al . 2013 ; genzel et al . 2015 ) , suggesting that the gas reservoir is the key factor controlling the growth rate of galaxies . in the broader context of galaxy evolution. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, this has been interpreted as evidence for the equilibrium growth framework in which star formation is regulated by a balance between inflows and outflows ( bouch et al . 2010 ; dav , finlator , & oppenheimer 2012 ; lilly et al . 2013 ; peng & maiolino 2014 ) . in this model ,

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , we propose a missing spectrum data recovery technique for cognitive radio ( cr ) networks using nonnegative matrix factorization ( nmf ) . it is shown that the spectrum measurements collected from secondary users ( sus ) can be factorized as product of a channel gain matrix times an activation matrix . then , an nmf method with piecewise constant activation coefficients is introduced to analyze the measurements and estimate the missing spectrum data . the proposed optimization problem is solved by a majorization - minimization technique . the numerical simulation verifies that the proposed technique is able to accurately estimate the missing spectrum data in the presence of noise and fading . nonnegative matrix factorization , cognitive radio network , spectrum sensing , missing data estimation . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent advances in wireless communications and microelectronic devices are leading the trend of research toward cognitive radios ( crs ) @xcite . the main feature of crs is the opportunistic usage of spectrum . cr systems try to improve the spectrum efficiency by using the spectrum holes in frequency , time , and space domains @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this means that secondary users ( sus ) are allowed to utilize the spectrum , provided that their transmissions do not interfere with the communication of primary users ( pus ) @xcite . the fundamental components of cr systems that allow them to avoid interference are spectrum sensing and resource allocation .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the security issues facing quantum key distribution (qkd ) are explained , herein focusing on those issues that are cryptographic and information theoretic in nature and not those based on physics. the problem of security criteria is addressed . it is demonstrated that an attacker s success probabilities are the fundamental criteria of security that any theoretic security criterion must relate to in order to have operational significance . the errors committed in the prevalent interpretation of the trace distance criterion are analyzed . the security proofs of qkd protocols are discussed and assessed in regard to three main features : their validity , completeness , and adequacy of the achieved numerical security level . problems are identified in all these features . it appears that the qkd security situation is quite different from the common perception that a qkd - generated key is nearly perfectly secure . built into our discussion is a simple but complete quantitative description of the information theoretic security of classical key distribution that is also applicable to the quantum situation . in the appendices , we provide a brief outline of the history of some major qkd security proofs , a rather unfavorable comparison of current qkd proven security with that of conventional symmetric key ciphers , and a list of objections and answers concerning some major points of the paper . pacs # : 03.67dd . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: quantum key distribution ( qkd ) involves the generation of a shared secret key between two parties via quantum signal transmission [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] . ( among other possible terms , we will often use the more appropriate generation " in lieu of distribution , " ignoring their fine distinction in conventional cryptography [ 3 ] . ) qkd is widely perceived to have been proved secure in various protocols [ 1 ] , [ 2 ] , in contrast to the lack of security proofs for conventional methods of encryption for privacy or key distribution. security proofs in qkd are highly technical and are also multi - disciplinary in nature , as is the case with the subject area of quantum cryptography itself . theoretical qkd involves in its description and treatment various areas in quantum physics , information theory , and cryptography at an abstract and conceptual level .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

it is difficult for non - experts in qkd security to make sense of the literature ; moreover , even experts are often not aware of certain basics in some of the relevant fields . many who perform assessments on qkd security follow the vague community consensus on qkd security being guaranteed by rigorous proofs .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the problem of front propagation in a stirred medium is addressed in the case of cellular flows in three different regimes : slow reaction , fast reaction and geometrical optics limit . it is well known that a consequence of stirring is the enhancement of front speed with respect to the non - stirred case . by means of numerical simulations and theoretical arguments we describe the behavior of front speed as a function of the stirring intensity , @xmath0 . for slow reaction , the front propagates with a speed proportional to @xmath1 , conversely for fast reaction the front speed is proportional to @xmath2 . in the geometrical optics limit , the front speed asymptotically behaves as @xmath3 . pacs : 2 * front propagation in a stirred medium is an important problem in a number of fields ranging from combustion to plankton dynamics . for a realistic study of such a class of problems one has to take into account the modification of the advecting flow induced by the reaction , e.g. in combustion . however , many features can be understood by neglecting the back - reaction on the velocity field . the problem addressed here is the enhancement of the front speed induced by a certain class of flows . in particular , we consider front propagation in a two dimensional laminar flow with a stationary vortical structure in different regimes , namely slow reaction , fast reaction and geometrical optics limit . this last limit corresponds to a very sharp front propagating as an optical front , i.e. , according to the huygens principle . we provide predictions on the dependence of the front speed on the flow intensity , which are confirmed by numerical simulations . * . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the study of front propagation of a stable phase into an unstable one encompasses several issues of great interest @xcite as flame propagation in gases @xcite , population dynamics of biological communities ( plankton in oceans ) @xcite and chemical reactions in liquids @xcite . a common feature of all these phenomena is that they take place in a strongly deformable medium such as a fluid . the interplay among transport , diffusion and reaction is therefore a crucial problem with several open issues ( e.g. for questions concerning combustion see ref .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

@xcite ) . in the most compact model of front propagation the state of the system is described by a single scalar field @xmath4 , that represents the concentration of products . the field @xmath5 vanishes in the regions filled with fresh material ( the unstable phase ) , equals unity where only inert products are left ( the stable phase ) and takes intermediate values wherever reactants and products coexist , i.e. , in the region where production takes place .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: all core collapse supernovae are strongly aspherical . the bochum event , " with velocity components displaced symmetrically about the principal h@xmath0 line , strongly suggests that sn 1987a was a bi - polar rather than a uni - polar explosion . while there is a general tendency to display a single prominant axis in images and spectropolarimetry , there is also growing evidence for frequent departures from axisymmetry . there are various mechanisms that might contribute to large scale departures from spherical symmetry : jet - induced processes , the spherical shock accretion instability ( sasi ) and associated phenomena , and non - axisymmetric instabilities ( naxi ) . the mri gives inevitable production of large toroidal magnetic fields . in sum : no @xmath1 without b. the role of magnetic fields , non - axisymmetric instabilities , and of the de - leptonization phase are discussed . address = department of astronomy , university of texas at austin address = department of astronomy , university of texas at austin address = lawrence livermore national laboratory . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: all core collapse events with adequate spectropolarimetric observations have proven to be polarized and hence to depart from spherical symmetry in some substantial way ( wang et al . 2001 , 2003 ; leonard et al . 2001a , b , 2006 ) . much of the spectropolarimetry shows a tendency for the data to be distributed along a single locus in the plane defined by the stokes parameters q and u. we are coming to understand , however , that departures from a single locus are rather common , and possibly systematic .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this implies a breakdown in axisymmetry that must be understood . although this is becoming generally recognized with recent detailed spectropolarimetric studies of distant supernovae , sn 1987a provided the first evidence ( cropper et al .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: a fortran code for generating the leading @xmath0 irreducible representation ( irrep ) of @xmath1 identical spin @xmath2 fermions in a harmonic oscillator mean field is introduced . the basis states are labeled by @xmath1 the total number of particles , the @xmath0 irrep labels ( @xmath3 ) , and @xmath4 the total spin of the system . the orthonormalized basis states have two additional good quantum numbers : @xmath5 the eigenvalue of the quadruple operator , @xmath6 ; and @xmath7 the eigenvalues of the projection of the total angular momentum operator , @xmath8 . the approach that is developed can be used for a description of nuclei in a proton - neutron representation and is part of a larger program aimed at integrating @xmath0 symmetry into the best of the currently available exact shell - model technologies . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: successful models for describing energy spectra , transition strengths and other nuclear phenomena usually work well in one region of a shell but not in others . for example , the random phase approximation ( rpa ) @xcite is a reasonable theory for describing properties of nuclei near closed shells but fails in mid - shell regions where deformation is the most characteristic feature due to the importance of the quadruple - quadrupole ( @xmath9 ) interaction @xcite in this domain . for near mid - shell nuclei , algebraic models based on @xmath0 @xcite work best since the basis states are then eigenstates of @xmath9 . applications of a nuclear shell - model theory always involve three considerations @xcite : * _ step 1 : _ selection of a model space based on a simplified hamiltonian . frequently used approximations include the simple harmonic oscillator hamiltonian for near closed - shell nuclei and a nilsson hamiltonian for deformed systems . *. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

_ step 2 : _ diagonalization of a realistic hamiltonian in the model space to obtain the energy spectrum and eigenstates of the system under consideration . important components of a realistic hamiltonian include the @xmath10 and pairing ( @xmath11 ) interactions as well as single - particle @xmath12 and @xmath13 terms . *

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we obtain exact analytical results for the evolution of a 1 + 1-dimensional luttinger model prepared in a domain wall initial state , i.e. , a state with different densities on its left and right sides . such an initial state is modeled as the ground state of a translation invariant luttinger hamiltonian @xmath0 with short range non - local interaction and different chemical potentials to the left and right of the origin . the system evolves for time @xmath1 via a hamiltonian @xmath2 which differs from @xmath0 by the strength of the interaction . asymptotically in time , as @xmath3 , after taking the thermodynamic limit , the system approaches a translation invariant steady state . this final steady state carries a current @xmath4 and has an effective chemical potential difference @xmath5 between right- ( @xmath6 ) and left- ( @xmath7 ) moving fermions obtained from the two - point correlation function . both @xmath4 and @xmath5 depend on @xmath8 and @xmath9 . only for the case @xmath10 does @xmath5 equal the difference in the initial left and right chemical potentials . nevertheless , the landauer conductance for the final state , @xmath11 , has a universal value equal to the conductance quantum @xmath12 for the spinless case . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the transport properties of a mesoscopic system are manifested in the evolution of its locally conserved quantities , such as particle and energy densities , following a quench from a non - uniform state . in its simplest form , one prepares an isolated system in an initial state at time @xmath13 with different density or temperature profiles to the left and right of the system , and then lets it evolve according to its internal translation invariant hamiltonian . the state of the system at a time @xmath14 will then depend on the initial state and on the nature of the hamiltonian .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

after a long time , a system with `` good '' ergodic properties will forget the details of its initial state and come to _ thermal equilibrium _ depending only on the total energy and on the number of particles of the initial state . this is what is expected to be true for typical quantum systems .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we re - analyze data from available finite - temperature qcd simulations near the chiral transition , with the help of chiral random matrix theory ( chrmt ) . statistical properties of the lowest - lying eigenvalues of the staggered dirac operator for su(3 ) lattice gauge theory with dynamical fermions are examined . we consider temperatures below , near , and above the critical temperature @xmath0 for the chiral phase transition . below and above @xmath0 the statistics are in agreement with the exact analytical predictions in the microscopic scaling regime . above @xmath0 we observe a gap in the spectral density and a distribution compatible with the airy distribution . near @xmath0 the eigenvalue correlations appear inconsistent with chrmt . 2 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: it is inherent to the lattice approach to quantum field theory , that one has to extrapolate from finite lattices , finite statistics and non - critical coupling parameters to infinite lattices , infinite statistics and critical points . since the result supposedly is a non - trivial , non - perturbatively defined quantum field theory , this process is plagued by uncertainties . a typical example of such a situation , where all these aspects combine , is the study of the thermal transition in qcd for small quark masses . one is interested in the continuum limit ( gauge coupling @xmath1 ) , small or vanishing fermion masses ( @xmath2 ) , close to critical temperature ( @xmath3 ) in the thermodynamic limit ( @xmath4 ) a formidable problem .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the extrapolations are always based on assumptions on the asymptotic behavior . well known examples are scaling functions based on renormalization group and chiral perturbation theory an expansion around a ground state with goldstone bosons . here

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recently we provided a microscopic derivation of the exact supergravity profile for the twisted scalar field emitted by systems of fractional d3-branes at a @xmath0 orbifold singularity . in this contribution we focus on a set - up supporting an @xmath1 sym theory with su@xmath2 gauge group and @xmath3 . we take into account the tower of d - instanton corrections to the source terms for the twisted scalar and find that its profile can be expressed in terms of the chiral ring elements of the gauge theory . we show how the twisted scalar , which at the perturbative level represents the gravity counterpart of the gauge coupling , at the non - perturbative level is related to the effective gauge coupling in an interestingly modified way . * non - perturbative aspects of gauge / gravity duality * 0.5 cm marco bill@xmath4 , marialuisa frau@xmath4 , luca giacone@xmath5 and alberto lerda@xmath6 0.4 cm _ @xmath4 universit di torino , dipartimento di fisica and _ _ i.n.f.n . - sezione di torino _ _ via p.giuria 1 , i-10125 torino , italy _ 0.3 cm _ @xmath6 universit del piemonte orientale , _ _ dipartimento di scienze e innovazione tecnologica and _ _ i.n.f.n . - gruppo collegato di alessandria - sezione di torino _ _ viale t. michel 11 , i-15121 alessandria , italy . _ 0.3 cm _ e mail : billo , frau , giacone , lerda@to.infn.it_ 0.5 cm . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the embedding of supersymmetric gauge theories in a string framework using systems of d - branes has been very fruitful and inspiring for many developments . for example , the famous ads / cft correspondence @xcite is rooted in the realization of the @xmath7 super yang - mills ( sym ) theory by means of d3-branes in flat space and in the profile of the supergravity bulk fields they induce in space - time . in less supersymmetric and/or in non - conformal cases ( like the @xmath8 gauge theories in four dimensions we will be interested in ) the corresponding gravitational profile depends on some transverse directions representing the energy scale thus accounting for the running of the gauge theory . this fact was explicitly checked long ago @xcite -@xcite at the perturbative level in @xmath8 sym theories realized by fractional d3 branes of type iib at non - isolated singularities , like for instance the @xmath9 orbifold . by studying the emission of closed string fields from such branes , the corresponding `` perturbative '' supergravity solutions were constructed and it was found that a scalar field from the twisted sector , which we will call @xmath10 , varies logarithmically in the internal complex direction @xmath11 transverse to the orbifold , matching precisely the perturbative logarithmic running of the gauge coupling with the energy scale . however , such perturbative solutions suffer from singularities at small values of @xmath11 , _. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

i.e. _ in the ir region of the gauge theory , and have to be modified by non - perturbative corrections . it is well - known that in @xmath8 gauge theories there is a whole series of non - perturbative contributions to the low - energy effective action that are due to instantons . in the last two decades tremendous advances

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in low magnetic field , the stacked , triangular antiferromagnet cscucl@xmath0 has a helical structure incommensurate ( ic ) in the chain direction . the ic wavenumber ( from neutron diffraction experiments ) decreases with increasing field transverse to the chains , as predicted by classical theory , but then it has a plateau almost certainly caused by quantum fluctuations . linear spin wave theory fails because fluctuations have particularly large effects in the ic phase . an innovative phenomenological treatment of quantum fluctuations yields a plateau at approximately the observed value and the observed fields ; it predicts a transition to the commensurate phase so far not observed . results depend sensitively on a weak anisotropy . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: compounds of the @xmath1 family ( @xmath2 rb , cs ; @xmath3 mn , fe , co , ni , cu , v ; @xmath4 cl , br , i ) figure prominently in the study of phase transitions in low dimensional systems . much of the interest in the magnetic field behavior of compounds like cscucl@xmath0 arises because they are physical realizations of models related to the triangular antiferromagnet ( tafm ) . the tafm ground state is both continuously and discretely ( two fold ) degenerate , even in the presence of a magnetic field * h * ( with magnitude @xmath5 less than the saturation field @xmath6 ) , unlike that of the square lattice afm . in a field , thermal fluctuations@xcite in classical tafm models and quantum fluctuations@xcite break the continuous degeneracy ( which is nontrivial because it is not due to a symmetry of the hamiltonian ) in the same way , both selecting for example the colinear structure at @xmath7 .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the magnetic properties of cscucl@xmath0 ( with a nel temperature@xcite @xmath8k ) arise from the cu@xmath9 ions ; to a good approximation , these form a triangular lattice of parallel chains , the other ions serving to define the structure . the major interactions , all nearest neighbor , are a ferromagnetic exchange interaction in the chain or @xmath10 direction , a weaker antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between chains ( within the @xmath11@xmath12 planes ) , and a dzyaloshinskii moriya@xcite ( dm ) interaction also in the @xmath10 direction . both exchange interactions are nearly isotropic ; the latter is frustrated .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: observations and theory suggest that line driven winds from hot stars and luminous accretion disks adopt a unique , critical solution which corresponds to maximum mass loss rate . we analyze the numerical stability of the infinite family of shallow wind solutions , which resemble solar wind breezes , and their transition to the critical wind . shallow solutions are sub - critical with respect to radiative ( or abbott ) waves . these waves can propagate upstream through shallow winds at high speeds . if the waves are not accounted for in the courant time step , numerical runaway results . the outer boundary condition is equally important for wind stability . assuming pure outflow conditions , as is done in the literature , triggers runaway of shallow winds to the critical solution or to accretion flow . -1truecm = -0.5 in . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: line driven winds ( ldws ) occur in various astronomical objects , like ob and wolf - rayet stars , in accretion disks in cataclysmic variables and , probably , in active galactic nuclei and luminous young stellar objects . these winds are powered by absorption and re - emission of photospheric continuum flux in numerous spectral transitions of c , n , o , fe , etc . castor , abbott , & klein ( 1975 ; hereafter cak ) have analyzed the steady state euler equation for ldws .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

they found an infinite family of mathematical solutions , but only one , hereafter ` critical solution ' , which extends from the photosphere to arbitrary large radii . other solutions either do not reach infinity or the photosphere . the former solutions are called shallow and the latter ones steep .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we study two species of particles in two dimensions interacting by isotropic short - range potentials with the interspecies potential fine - tuned to a @xmath0-wave resonance . their universal low - energy physics can be extracted by analyzing a properly constructed low - energy effective field theory with the renormalization group method . consequently , a three - body system consisting of two particles of one species and one of the other is shown to exhibit the super efimov effect , the emergence of an infinite tower of three - body bound states with orbital angular momentum @xmath1 whose binding energies obey a doubly exponential scaling , when the two particles are heavier than the other by a mass ratio greater than 4.03404 for identical bosons and 2.41421 for identical fermions . with increasing the mass ratio , the super efimov spectrum becomes denser which would make its experimental observation easier . we also point out that the born - oppenheimer approximation is incapable of reproducing the super efimov effect , the universal low - energy asymptotic scaling of the spectrum . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: when quantum particles interact by a short - range potential with a scattering length much larger than the potential range , they may form universal bound states whose properties are independent of microscopic physics @xcite . besides universal @xmath2-boson bound states in one dimension @xcite and in two dimensions @xcite , the most remarkable example is the efimov effect in three dimensions , which predicts the emergence of an infinite tower of three - boson bound states with orbital angular momentum @xmath3 whose binding energies obey the universal exponential scaling @xcite . we also solved the two coupled integral equations ( [ eq : residue ] ) numerically with @xmath1 at mass ratios of @xmath4 , @xmath5 , and @xmath6 and observed that the obtained binding energies asymptotically approach the predicted doubly exponential scaling for each mass ratio . see table [ tab : binding ] for the obtained binding energies at @xmath7 for two identical bosons corresponding to the upper sign in eq .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

( [ eq : residue ] ) . y. nishida , s. moroz , and d. t. son , phys .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: thomson s theorem states that static charge distributions in conductors only exist at the conducting surfaces in an equipotential configuration , yielding a minimal electrostatic energy . in this work we present a proof for this theorem based on the variational principle . furthermore , an analogue statement for magnetic systems is also introduced and proven : the stored magnetic field energy reaches the minimum value for superficial current distributions so that the magnetic vector potential points in the same direction as the surface current . this is the counterpart of thomson s theorem for the magnetic field . the result agrees with the fact that currents in superconductors are confined near the surface and indicates that the distinction between superconductors and hypothetical perfect conductors is fictitious . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: according to thomson s theorem @xcite , given a certain number of conductors , each one with a given charge , the charges distribute themselves on the conductor surfaces in order to minimize the electrostatic energy . thomson s result has been applied several times in the literature . in particular , in papers of this journal it was used ` to find the density of the induced surface charge in the classical case of a point charge in front of an infinite planar conductor ' @xcite and how ` the use of the minimum energy principle to explain static distributions of electric charge provides interesting physical insights ' @xcite . other interesting applications of the thomson s theorem are also found in @xcite . even though the proof of the theorem may be found with great detail in @xcite , a different approach not found in the literature , based on the variational principle ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

is presented in this paper . moreover , the analogue situation for the magnetic field is also introduced : _ the magnetic field energy is minimal for superficial currents distributions so that the magnetic vector potential points in the same direction as the surface current .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the relativistic mean field ( rmf ) model is applied to a system of nucleons and a @xmath0 meson , interacting via scalar and vector boson fields . the model incorporates the standard rmf phenomenology for bound nucleons and , for the @xmath0 meson , it relates to low - energy @xmath1 and @xmath2 atom phenomenology . deeply bound @xmath0 nuclear states are generated dynamically across the periodic table and are exhibited for @xmath3c and @xmath4o over a wide range of binding energies . substantial polarization of the core nucleus is found for these light nuclei . absorption modes are also included dynamically , considering explicitly both the resulting compressed nuclear density and the reduced phase space for @xmath0 absorption from deeply bound states . the behavior of the calculated width as function of the @xmath0 binding energy is studied in order to explore limits on the possible existence of narrow @xmath0 nuclear states . @xmath5 : 13.75.jz , 25.80.nv , 36.10.gv : @xmath0 nuclear interaction , @xmath0 nuclear deeply bound states corresponding author : avraham gal , avragal@vms.huji.ac.il tel : + 972 2 658 4930 , fax : + 972 2 561 1519 . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the @xmath6 interaction near threshold is strongly attractive , in agreement with the existence of the unstable bound state @xmath7 below the @xmath8 threshold . the @xmath0-nucleus interaction is also strongly attractive , as derived from the strong - interaction shifts and widths in kaonic - atom levels across the periodic table @xcite . it is not established yet how strong the @xmath0-nucleus potential is : ` deep ' ( 150 - 200 mev @xcite ) or relatively ` shallow ' ( 50 - 60 mev @xcite ) ? is it possible to bind _ strongly _ @xmath0 mesons in nuclei and are such potentially deep bound states sufficiently narrow to allow observation and identification ? these issues have received considerable phenomenological and theoretical attention recently @xcite , and some experimental evidence for candidate states in the @xmath9 and @xmath10 reactions on @xmath11he ( kek - ps e471 , @xcite respectively ) and in the @xmath12 in - flight reaction on @xmath4o ( bnl - ags , parasite e930 @xcite ) has been presented very recently .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

new experiments have been approved at kek , using @xmath13 reactions to search for @xmath0 nuclear bound states @xcite . @xmath14 reactions @xcite were also suggested in this context .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: recent studies of kaonic atoms , few - body kaonic quasibound states and kaonic nuclei are reviewed , with emphasis on implementing the subthreshold energy dependence of the @xmath0 interaction in chiral interaction models that are consistent with the siddharta @xmath1 hydrogen data . remarks are made on the possible role of the @xmath2-wave @xmath3 resonance with respect to that of the @xmath4-wave @xmath5 resonance in searches for strangeness @xmath6 dibaryons . kaon - baryon interactions , few - body systems , mesic nuclei , mesonic atoms . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: recent nlo chiral model calculations of near - threshold @xmath7 dynamics , reproducing the siddharta measurement of atomic @xmath1 hydrogen @xmath8 level shift and width @xcite , have been discussed by hyodo @xcite . the @xmath5-induced strong energy dependence of the scattering amplitudes @xmath9 arising in these calculations introduces a new feature into the analysis of @xmath1 atomic and nuclear systems as realized for @xmath1 atoms in the early 1970s @xcite . thus , in nuclear matter , approximated for @xmath10 by the lab system , @xmath11 where @xmath12 , @xmath13 and @xmath14 are binding energies , and where additional downward energy shift is generated by the momentum dependent term . unlike in the free - space @xmath0 cm system where @xmath15 , this term is found to contribute substantially in the lab system in realistic applications .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

therefore , a reliable model extrapolation of @xmath0 amplitudes into subthreshold energies is mandatory in @xmath1 atom and nuclear applications . below i give a brief overview of works on kaonic quasibound systems and kaonic atoms where subthreshold @xmath7 amplitudes were used in a physically correct way during the last two years .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the problem of a quasi 1d _ repulsive _ bec flow past through a nonlinear barrier is investigated . two types of nonlinear barriers are considered , wide and short range ones . steady state solutions for the bec moving through a wide repulsive barrier and critical velocities have been found using hydrodynamical approach to the 1d gross - pitaevskii equation . it is shown that in contrast to the linear barrier case , for a wide _ nonlinear _ barrier an interval of velocities @xmath0 _ always _ exists , where the flow is superfluid regardless of the barrier potential strength . for the case of the @xmath1 function - like barrier , below a critical velocity two steady solutions exist , stable and unstable one . an unstable solution is shown to decay into a gray soliton moving upstream and a stable solution . the decay is accompanied by a dispersive shock wave propagating downstream in front of the barrier . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the problem of the transcritical flow of a bec through the penetrable barriers has been under recent active investigations @xcite . the damping processes for the superfluid flow moving through the barrier are of a fundamental interest . in multidimensional case above some critical velocity of the obstacle motion the damping accompanied by the radiation emission @xcite is observed . thus in the region when the motion is still superfluid , the velocity is bounded above .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the damping is associated with the landau type damping and related to the emission of the elementary excitations . landau damping can be described in the framework of the mean field theory and is not associated with thermalization processes @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: zhu , stone , and rafikov ( 2012 ) found in 3d shearing box simulations a new form of planet - disk interaction that they attributed to a vertical buoyancy resonance in the disk . we describe an analytic linear model for this interaction . we adopt a simplified model involving azimuthal forcing that produces the resonance and permits an analytic description of its structure . we derive an analytic expression for the buoyancy torque and show that the vertical torque distribution agrees well with results of athena simulations and a fourier method for linear numerical calculations carried out with the same forcing . the buoyancy resonance differs from the classic lindblad and corotation resonances in that the resonance lies along tilted planes . its width depends on damping effects and is independent of the gas sound speed . the resonance does not excite propagating waves . at a given large azimuthal wavenumber @xmath0 ( for disk thickness @xmath1 ) , the buoyancy resonance exerts a torque over a region that lies radially closer to the corotation radius than the lindblad resonance . because the torque is localized to the region of excitation , it is potentially subject to the effects of nonlinear saturation . in addition , the torque can be reduced by the effects of radiative heat transfer between the resonant region and its surroundings . for each azimuthal wavenumber , the resonance establishes a large scale density wave pattern in a plane within the disk . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: young planets can experience strong gravitational interactions with surrounding gas residing in a protoplanetary disk @xcite . these interactions can lead to structural changes in a disk through the launching of waves that can result in shocks and gap formation . they can also lead to changes in the orbital properties of the planet , resulting in their radial migration .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

such phenomena are caused by the resonant forcing of the gas by the planet . the two types of resonances that describe this interaction , the lindblad and corotational , have been extensively explored .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: young s experiment is the quintessential quantum experiment . it is argued here that quantum interference is a consequence of the finiteness of information . the observer has the choice whether that information manifests itself as path information or in the interference pattern or in both partially to the extent defined by the finiteness of information . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: young s experiment , originally the definitive proof of the wave nature of light , commands an essential role in the discussion of the foundations of quantum mechanics . for example , in the bohr - einstein - dialogue @xcite , the double - slit experiment was used as a gedanken experiment with individual quanta . in that discussion , einstein wanted to argue that quantum mechanics is inconsistent in the sense that one can have path information and observe the interference pattern at the same time , while bohr was always able to demonstrate that einstein s point of view was not correct . indeed , if one carefully analyzes any situation where it is possible to fully know the path the particle took , the interference pattern can not be observed .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

likewise , if one observes the full interference pattern , no path information is available . young s experiment today is considered the most beautiful demonstration of the concept of quantum superposition [ fig . 1 ] .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the conventional theory of homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation in a supersaturated vapor is tested by monte carlo simulations of the lattice gas ( ising ) model with nearest - neighbor attractive interactions on the simple cubic lattice . the theory considers the nucleation process as a slow ( quasi - static ) cluster ( droplet ) growth over a free energy barrier @xmath0 , constructed in terms of a balance of surface and bulk term of a `` critical droplet '' of radius @xmath1 , implying that the rates of droplet growth and shrinking essentially balance each other for droplet radius @xmath2 . for heterogeneous nucleation at surfaces , the barrier is reduced by a factor depending on the contact angle . using the definition of `` physical '' clusters based on the fortuin - kasteleyn mapping , the time - dependence of the cluster size distribution is studied for `` quenching experiments '' in the kinetic ising model , and the cluster size @xmath3 where the cluster growth rate changes sign is estimated . these studies of nucleation kinetics are compared to studies where the relation between cluster size and supersaturation is estimated from equilibrium simulations of phase coexistence between droplet and vapor in the canonical ensemble . the chemical potential is estimated from a lattice version of the widom particle insertion method . for large droplets it is shown that the `` physical clusters '' have a volume consistent with the estimates from the lever rule . `` geometrical clusters '' ( defined such that each site belonging to the cluster is occupied and has at least one occupied neighbor site ) yield valid results only for temperatures less than 60% of the critical temperature , where the cluster shape is non - spherical . we show how the chemical potential can be used to numerically estimate @xmath0 also for non - spherical cluster shapes . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: since the theory of nucleation phenomena was introduced a long time ago @xcite , the question under which conditions the `` conventional theory '' of nucleation is accurate has been debated ( see e.g. @xcite ) and this debate continues until today . for the simplest case of homogeneous nucleation ( by statistical fluctuations in the bulk ) of a one - component liquid droplet from the vapor , the basic statement of the theory is that under typical conditions nucleation processes are rare events , where a free energy barrier @xmath0 very much larger than the thermal energy @xmath4 is overcome , and hence the nucleation rate is given by an arrhenius law , @xmath5 here @xmath6 is the number of nuclei , i.e. droplets that have much larger radii @xmath7 than the critical radius @xmath1 associated with the free energy barrier @xmath0 of the saddle point in configuration space , that are formed per unit volume and unit time ; @xmath8 is a kinetic prefactor . now @xmath0 is estimated from the standard assumption that the formation free energy of a droplet of radius @xmath7 can be written as a sum of a volume term @xmath9 , and a surface term @xmath10 , i.e. @xmath11 since the liquid droplet can freely exchange particles with the surrounding vapor , it is natural to describe its thermodynamic potential choosing the chemical potential @xmath12 and temperature @xmath13 as variables , and expand the difference in thermodynamic potentials of liquid and vapor at the coexistence curve , @xmath14 , @xmath15 and @xmath16 denoting the densities of the coexisting vapor ( @xmath17 ) and liquid ( @xmath18 ) phases . according to the capillarity approximation ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the curvature dependence of the interfacial tension @xmath19 is neglected , @xmath19 is taken for a macroscopic and flat vapor - liquid interface . then the critical radius @xmath1 follows from @xmath20 and the associated free energy barrier is @xmath21 however , since typically @xmath22 is less than 100 @xmath4 , the critical droplet is a nanoscale object , and thus the treatment eqs . - is questionable . experiments ( e.g. @xcite ) were not able to yield clear - cut results on the validity of eqs . - , and

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper , we formulate the statistical mechanics in snyder space that supports the existence of a minimal length scale . we obtain the corresponding invariant liouville volume which properly determines the number of microstates in the semiclassical regime . the results show that the number of accessible microstates drastically reduces at the high energy regime such that there is only one degree of freedom for a particle . using the liouville volume , we obtain the deformed partition function and we then study the thermodynamical properties of the ideal gas in this setup . invoking the equipartition theorem , we show that @xmath0 of the degrees of freedom freeze at the high temperature regime when the thermal de broglie wavelength becomes of the order of the planck length . this reduction of the number of degrees of freedom suggests an effective dimensional reduction of the space from @xmath1 to @xmath2 at the planck scale . pacs numbers : : 04.60.bc key words : : quantum gravity phenomenology , thermodynamics . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: while general relativity and quantum mechanics are successful in their applicability domains , it seems that there is a fundamental incompatibility between them in order to find the so - called quantum theory of gravity . such a theory , not completely formulated so far , would reasonably describe the structure of spacetime at the planck scale where both of the gravitational and quantum mechanical effects become important . despite the fact that there is no unique approach to quantum gravity , existence of a universal minimum measurable length , preferably of the order of the planck length @xmath3 , is a common feature of quantum gravity candidates such as string theory and loop quantum gravity @xcite . it is then widely believed that a non - gravitational theory which includes a universal minimal length scale would appear at the flat limit of quantum gravity .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

therefore , many attempts have been done in order to take into account a minimal length scale in the well - known non - gravitational theories such as quantum mechanics and special relativity . the generalized uncertainty principle is investigated in the context of the string theory that supports the existence of a minimal length as a nonzero uncertainty in position measurement @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: by making use of the spatial shape of paired photons , parametric down - conversion allows the generation of two - photon entanglement in a multidimensional hilbert space . how much entanglement can be generated in this way ? in principle , the infinite - dimensional nature of the spatial degree of freedom renders unbounded the amount of entanglement available . however , in practice , the specific configuration used , namely its geometry , the length of the nonlinear crystal and the size of the pump beam , can severely limit the value that could be achieved . here we show that the use of quasi - phase - matching engineering allows to increase the amount of entanglement generated , reaching values of tens of ebits of entropy of entanglement under different conditions . our work thus opens a way to fulfill the promise of generating massive spatial entanglement under a diverse variety of circumstances , some more favorable for its experimental implementation . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: entanglement is a genuine quantum correlation between two or more parties , with no analogue in classical physics . during last decades it has been recognized as a fundamental tool in several quantum information protocols , such as quantum teleportation @xcite , quantum cryptography @xcite and quantum key distribution @xcite , and distributed quantum computing @xcite . nowadays , spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) , a process where the interaction of a strong pump beam with a nonlinear crystal mediates the emission of two lower - frequency photons ( signal and idler ) , is a very convenient way to generate photonic entanglement @xcite . photons generated in spdc can exhibit entanglement in the polarization degree of freedom @xcite , frequency @xcite and spatial shape @xcite .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

one can also make use of a combination of several degrees of freedom @xcite . two - photon entanglement in the polarization degree of freedom is undoubtedly the most common type of generated entanglement , due both to its simplicity , and that it suffices to demonstrate a myriad of important quantum information applications .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the effect of gain and loss of esteem is introduced into the equations of time evolution of social relations , hostile or friendly , in a group of actors . the equations allow for asymmetric relations . we prove that in the presence of this asymmetry , the majority of stable solutions are jammed states , i.e. the heider balance is not attained there . a phase diagram is constructed with three phases : the jammed phase , the balanced phase with two mutually hostile groups , and the phase of so - called paradise , where all relations are friendly . social systems , heider dynamics , asymmetric relations , jammed states 05.45.-a , 89.65.ef , 89.75.fb . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: despite the eternal doubts whether social phenomena can be described quantitatively @xcite , mathematical modeling of interpersonal relations has long tradition @xcite . the idea is tempting : a bottom - up path from understanding to control and predict our own behaviour seems to promise a higher level of human existence . on the other hand , any progress on this path is absorbed by the society in a kind of self - transformation , what makes the object of research even more complex .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

as scholars belong to the society , an observer can not be separated from what is observed ; this precludes the idea of an objective observation . yet , for scientists , the latter idea is paradigmatic ; their strategy is to conduct research as usual . as a consequence , the hermeneutically oriented multi - branched mainstream is accompanied by a number of works based on agent - based simulations , statistical physics and traditional , positivist sociology .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: solutions of numerous equations of mathematical physics such as elliptic , weakly singular , singular , hypersingular integral equations belong to functional classes @xmath0 and @xmath1 defined over @xmath2dimensional hypercube @xmath3^l , l=1,2,\dots.$ ] the derivatives of classes representatives grow indefinitely when the argument approaches the boundary @xmath4 . in this paper we estimate the kolmogorov and babenko widths of two functional classes @xmath0 and @xmath5 we construct local splines belonging to those classes , such that the errors of approximation are of the same order as that of the estimated widths . thus we construct optimal with respect to order methods for approximating the functional classes @xmath0 and @xmath5 one can use these results for constructing methods optimal with respect to order for approximating a unit ball of the sobolev spaces with logarithmic and polynomial weights . kolmogorov widths ; babenko widths ; optimal approximation ; splines . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: let @xmath6 be a banach space , @xmath7 be a compact set , and @xmath8 be a mapping of @xmath7 onto a finite - dimensional space @xmath9 @xcite . let @xmath10 be @xmath11-dimensional subspaces of the linear space @xmath12 the kolmogorov width @xmath13 is defined by @xmath14 where the outer infimum is calculated over all @xmath15dimensional subspaces of @xmath16 [ definition 1.1 ] @xcite . the babenko width @xmath17 is defined by [ definition 1.2 ] @xmath18 where the infimum is calculated over all continuous mappings @xmath19 if the infimum in ( [ ( 1.1 ) ] ) is attained for some @xmath20 this subspace is called an extremal subspace .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the widths evaluation for various spaces of functions play an important role in numerical analysis and approximation theory since this problem is closely related to many optimality problems such as @xmath21 complexity of integration and approximation , optimal differentiation , and optimal approximation of solutions of operator equations . for a detailed study of these problems in view of the general theory of optimal algorithms we refer to @xcite .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we examine the time variation of a previously - uninvestigated fundamental dimensionless constant . constraints are placed on this time variation using historical measurements . a model is presented for the time variation , and it is shown to lead to an accelerated expansion for the universe . directions for future research are discussed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: physicists have long speculated that the fundamental constants might not , in fact , be constant , but instead might vary with time . dirac was the first to suggest this possibility @xcite , and time variation of the fundamental constants has been investigated numerous times since then . among the various possibilities , the fine structure constant and the gravitational constant have received the greatest attention , but work has also been done , for example , on constants related to the weak and strong interactions , the electron - proton mass ratio , and several others . it is well - known that only time variation of dimensionless fundamental constants has any physical meaning .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

here we consider the time variation of a dimensionless constant not previously discussed in the literature : @xmath0 . it is impossible to overstate the significance of this constant .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we present a new , exact scalar field cosmology for which the spectrum of scalar ( density ) perturbations can be calculated exactly . we use this exact result to the probe the accuracy of approximate calculations of the perturbation spectrum . pacs : 04.20.jb 98.80.c . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the inflationary paradigm was originally motivated by its ability to solve the `` initial conditions '' problems associated with the standard model of the big bang @xcite . however it was quickly realised that an inflationary epoch would also produce primordial density perturbations and may be able to explain both the observed clustering of galaxies and the ( then unobserved ) anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background ( cmb ) . insisting that inflation produces the observed spectrum of primordial perturbations is a more demanding requirement than merely providing the approximately 60 e - foldings of inflation needed to solve the various initial conditions problems consequently , the focus of much present work is on the density perturbation spectra produced by different inflationary models .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

this is particularly true of slow - rolling inflation , in which the scalar field evolves continuously . the consistency of slow - rolling inflation can be directly tested through cmb observations @xcite , and in principle the potential can be reconstructed @xcite , opening a window into a gut - scale particle physics . in order to do this , accurate calculations of the perturbation spectra produced during inflation are required .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the dynamics of the generalized @xmath0cdm model , which the @xmath0 term is running with the cosmological time . the @xmath1 term emerges from the covariant theory of the scalar field @xmath2 with the self - interacting potential @xmath3 . on the example of the model @xmath4 we show the existence of a mechanism of the modification of the scaling law for energy density of dark matter : @xmath5 . we discuss the evolution of @xmath1 term and pointed out that during the cosmic evolution there is a long phase in which this term is approximately constant . this effect justifies alcaniz and lima s approach to @xmath6 cosmologies . we also present the statistical analysis of both the @xmath1cdm model with dark energy and decaying dark matter and the @xmath0cdm standard cosmological model . we divide the observational data into two groups : low @xmath7 data ( snia , bao , @xmath8 and ap test ) and high @xmath7 data ( planck , wp and lensing ) . while for the former we find the best fit value of the parameter @xmath9 is positive ( @xmath10 , energy transfer is from the dark energy to dark matter sector ) , for the latter we find that @xmath9 is @xmath11 which is an evidence that the energy transfer is from decaying dark matter . this disagreement correlates with estimated values of @xmath12 ( @xmath13 km/(s mpc ) and @xmath14 km/(s mpc ) respectively ) . the decaying dark matter causes to lowering a mass of dark matter particles which are lighter than cdm particles and remain relativistic . the rate of the process of decaying matter is estimated . we show that in the models of decaying dark matter , the cosmological constant problem disappears naturally . the model with decaying dark matter possesses one parameter more but in light of the aic it is better than the @xmath0cdm standard cosmological model . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: in cosmology , the standard cosmological model ( @xmath0cdm model ) is an effective theory which well describes the current universe in the accelerating phase of the expansion . all the astronomical observations of supernovae snia and measurements of cmb favor this model over the alternatives but we are still looking for theoretical models to dethrone the @xmath0cdm model . on the other hand the @xmath0cdm model has serious problems like the cosmological constant problem or the coincidence problem which are open and waiting for a solution . among different propositions , it is an idea of introducing the running cosmological term @xcite . the most popular way of introducing a dynamical form of the cosmological term is a parametrization by the scalar field , i.e. @xmath15 or the ricci scalar , i.e. @xmath16 , where @xmath17 is the ricci scalar . in the both mentioned cases ,. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

the covariance of field equation is not violated and @xmath18 relation emerges from covariant theories i.e. @xmath19 . for example in paper @xcite , the relation @xmath20 is emerging from the theory of the scalar field with the self - interacting potential @xmath3 .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: we investigate the intermediate permutational symmetries of a system of qubits , that lie in between the perfect symmetric and antisymmetric cases . we prove that , on average , pure states of qubits picked at random with respect to the uniform measure on the unit sphere of the hilbert space are almost as antisymmetric as they are allowed to be . we then observe that multipartite entanglement , measured by the generalized meyer - wallach measure , tends to be larger in subspaces that are more antisymmetric than the complete symmetric one . eventually , we prove that all states contained in the most antisymmetric subspace are relevant multipartite entangled states in the sense that their 1-qubit reduced states are all maximally mixed . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: understanding how information is stored in a quantum system and how it can be extracted is one of the main goals of quantum information science . because quantum mechanics is often counter - intuitive , this goal is as challenging as it is promising . historically , the existence of quantum superpositions and the interference they imply were the first aspects of quantum mechanics that confronted our intuition . when we considered measurements of an individual spin @xmath0 in the vertical direction , the states @xmath1 and @xmath2 were easy to interpret classically. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

however , superposition of states like @xmath3 were puzzling and the statistical interpretation on a lot of copies was the only resort . nowadays , this superposition is seen just as classical as the _ up _ and _ down _ states . we just rename it @xmath4 and consider that it only makes sense to measure it in the horizontal @xmath5 direction .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: in this paper we consider a minimal extension to the standard model by a scalar triplet field with hypercharge @xmath0 . this model relies on the seesaw mechanism which provides a consistent explication of neutrino mass generation . we show from naturalness considerations that the veltman condition is modified by virtue of the additional scalar charged states and that quadratic divergencies at one loop can be driven to zero within the allowed space parameter of the model , the latter is severely constrained by unitarity , boundedness from below and is consistent with the di - photon higgs decay data of lhc . furthermore , we analyse the naturalness condition effects to the masses of heavy higgs bosons @xmath1 , @xmath2 , @xmath3 and @xmath4 , providing a drastic reduction of the ranges of variation of @xmath5 and @xmath6 with an upper bounds at @xmath7 and @xmath8 gev respectively , while predicting an almost degeneracy for the other neutral higgs bosons @xmath1 , @xmath2 at about @xmath9 gev . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: after the lhc s run 1 and beginning of run 2 , we are now more confident that the observed @xmath10 gev scalar boson is the long sought higgs boson of the standard model ( sm ) @xcite . however , although its brilliant success in describing particle physics , still many pressing questions are awaiting convincing solutions that can not be answered within sm . the hierarchy problem and the neutrinos oscillations are the most illustrative ones . in this context , many theoretical frameworks have been proposed and the most popular one is supersymmetry . the search for supersymmetry at run i of lhc gave a negative result .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

therefore the original motivation of susy to solve hierarchy problem by suppressing quadratic divergencies ( qd ) is questionnable . in this case , it is legitimate to propose other perspective to interpret and control the qd . it is known that one has to call upon new physics to deal with such problem . more specifically , the new degrees of freedom in a particular model conspire with those of the standard model to modify the veltman condition and to soften the divergencies @xcite . in this paper , we aim to investigate the naturalness problem in the context of type ii seesaw model , dubbed htm , with emphasis on its effect of the htm parameter space . more precisely , we will study how to soften the divergencies and how to gain some insight on the allowed masses of the heavy scalars in the higgs sector .

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: interstellar and atmospheric extinctions redden the observational photometric data and they should be handled rigorously . this paper simulates the effect of reddening for the modest case of two main sequence @xmath0k and @xmath1k components of a detached eclipsing binary system . it is shown that simply subtracting a constant from measured magnitudes ( the approach often used in the field of eclipsing binaries ) to account for reddening should be avoided . simplified treatment of the reddening introduces systematics that reaches @xmath2mag for the simulated case , but can be as high as @xmath3mag for e.g. b8 v k4 iii systems . with rigorous treatment , it is possible to _ uniquely _ determine the color excess value @xmath4 from multi - color photometric light curves of eclipsing binaries . andrej.prsa@fmf.uni-lj.si . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: although interstellar extinction has been discussed in many papers and quantitatively determined by dedicated missions ( iue , 2mass and others ) , there is a lack of proper handling in the field of eclipsing binaries . the usually adopted approach is to calculate the amount of reddening from the observed object s coordinates and its inferred distance and to subtract it uniformly , regardless of phase , from photometric observations . this paper shows why this approach may be inadequate , especially for objects where interstellar extinction and the color difference between both components are significant .. Please generate the next two sentences of the article

atmospheric extinction is a better - posed problem : similarly as interstellar extinction depends on @xmath4 , atmospheric extinction depends on air - mass , which is a measurable quantity , whereas @xmath4 has to be estimated . to estimate the effect of reddening on eclipsing binaries , we built a synthetic binary star model , consisting of two main sequence g9

Suppose that you have an abstract for a scientific paper: the broadcast phase ( downlink transmission ) of the two - way relay network is studied in the source coding and joint source - channel coding settings . the rates needed for reliable communication are characterised for a number of special cases including : small distortions , deterministic distortion measures , and jointly gaussian sources with quadratic distortion measures . the broadcast problem is also studied with common - reconstruction decoding constraints , and the rates needed for reliable communication are characterised for all discrete memoryless sources and per - letter distortion measures . rate distortion theory , joint source - channel coding , two - way relay network . . And you have already written the first three sentences of the full article: the two - way relay network shown in figure [ fig : relay ] . user @xmath0 requires an approximate copy @xmath1 of the data @xmath2 from user @xmath3 , and user @xmath3 requires an approximate copy @xmath4 of the data @xmath5 from user @xmath0 . the users are physically separated and direct communication is not possible . instead , indirect communication is achieved via a relay and a two - phase communication protocol . in phase @xmath0 ( uplink transmission ). Please generate the next two sentences of the article

, each user encodes its data to a codeword that is transmitted over a multiple access channel to the relay . in phase @xmath3 ( downlink transmission ) , the relay completely or partly decodes the noise - corrupted codewords it receives from the multiple access channel , and it transmits a new codeword over a broadcast channel to both users . from this broadcast transmission , user @xmath0 decodes @xmath1 and user @xmath3 decodes @xmath4 . in this paper , we study the downlink for the case where @xmath2 and @xmath5 have been perfectly decoded by the relay after the uplink transmission ( figure [ fig : lossy - broadcast ] ) .