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4. “In response to the statement «every immigrant must adapt to Chilean customs and culture», 70% of the Chileans surveyed said they agree.” (Carolina Stefoni, Peruvian Immigration in Chile, 2003). The idea presented in the previous text reflects the attitude of a part of Chilean society towards cultural diversity. In this regard, what is a direct consequence that this attitude could bring? | history/2020 | ['A) The social marginalization of immigrants. ', 'B) The accelerated increase of poverty. ', 'C) The decline of economic growth. ', 'D) The disappearance of different cultures. ', 'E) The end of international immigration. '] | A | Citizenship education |
5. In 1950 the urban population in Europe represented 37.7% of the world's urban population, followed closely by Asia with 32.3%. In the year 2005, 49.5% of the world's urban population was in Asia, and Europe was in second place with 16.6%, followed by Latin America with 13.6% and then Africa with 11.1%. By the year 2030, it is estimated that 53.8% of the world's urban population will live in Asia, 15.5% in Africa, 12.1% in Latin America, and 11.2% in Europe. In this context and considering the previous information, which of the following options is a correct inference regarding the dynamics of the population in the world? | history/2020 | ['A) The rural population of Europe has grown significantly in the last 60 years.', 'B) The urban population of Africa has increased mainly due to high natural growth in cities.', 'C) The urban population of Latin America has decreased in volume due to emigration.', 'D) The rural Asian population has grown mainly due to large waves of immigration.', 'E) The urban population grows mainly in the economically emerging regions of the global economy.'] | E | World History |
7. Currently, in most underdeveloped countries, the natural population growth is high. Which of the following situations is one of the main causes of this demographic behavior? | history/2020 | ['A) The maintenance of high birth rates and low mortality. ', 'B) The sustained decrease in life expectancy. ', 'C) The gradual decline of external emigration. ', 'D) The explosive increase in urban nuptiality. ', 'E) The increase in rural-urban migration. '] | A | Economic system |
8. In Chile, the Superintendency of Pensions and the Superintendency of Securities and Insurance announced in 2015 that the monthly amount of individual pensions upon retirement should decrease by approximately 3.4% starting in 2016, due to the increase in the population's life expectancy. Considering this context, which of the following statements is a correct deduction about the aforementioned situation? | history/2020 | ['A) Public institutions lack the capacity to influence the determination of pension amounts. ', 'B) Demographic transformations pose economic, political, ethical, and cultural challenges. ', 'C) Health policies have produced a decrease in the population volume. ', 'D) The amount of pension savings is indifferent to economic fluctuations. ', 'E) The retirement age must increase because pension funds are increasingly scarce. '] | B | Economic System |
9. During the last decades, the world has experienced the process of globalization. In the social sphere, what consequence(s) have been accentuated globally as a result of this process? I) The diffusion of local behavior patterns. II) The diversification of organizations that raise demands about local or international issues. III) The use of digital technologies in daily life. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I', 'B) Only III', 'C) Only I and II', 'D) Only I and III', 'E) I, II and III'] | E | World History |
10. Currently, international relations exhibit characteristics that distinguish them from those seen in the mid-20th century. Which of the following traits characterize the current international context? I) The power and political influence that large multinational conglomerates have achieved. II) The defense of Human Rights as the main geopolitical objective of the great powers. III) The structuring of two ideological blocs that dominate the large regions of the planet. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only III ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) Only II and III '] | A | World History |
11. In the last decades, different regions of the planet have faced a process of increasing interrelation, known as globalization. Regarding this process, what is one of its main cultural characteristics? | history/2020 | ['A) The decrease in the educational level of the population. ', 'B) The spread of virtual communications . ', 'C) The consolidation of equal access to information. ', 'D) The consecration of the use of one language at a planetary level. ', 'E) The extinction of local traditions. '] | B | World History |
13. During the last decades, in the Latin American labor market, there has been a trend toward an increase in informal employment. Which of the following situations can be considered a manifestation of this trend in Chile? | history/2020 | ['A) The decrease in female subcontracting. ', 'B) The increase of workers without social security. ', 'C) The increase of workers employed in the manufacturing sector. ', 'D) The increase in the number of part-time workers. ', 'E) The increase in young people working with permanent contracts. '] | B | Civic education |
14. The Chilean economy has experienced positive growth over the past twenty years, to the point of being considered an example within the Latin American region. In this context, what is one of the main challenges that the Chilean economy faces in response to the demands imposed by the international market? | history/2020 | ['A) The increase in protectionism for the national industry.', 'B) The rapid strengthening of trade associations.', 'C) The effective application of sustainable development policies.', 'D) Greater control of currency values by the State.', 'E) The decrease in the number of self-employed workers.'] | C | Economic system |
15. Upwellings are a recurring phenomenon in some sectors of the Chilean coast, characterized by the rise to the surface of cold ocean waters rich in nutrients and biomass, which move from south to north and manifest, for example, on the coasts of Iquique, Coquimbo, Valparaiso, and Concepcion. Based on the information above, what advantages does this phenomenon provide to the economy of the regions where it occurs? | history/2020 | ['A) The existence of cold climates that boost tourism activities.', 'B) The development of artisanal and industrial fishing activities.', 'C) The strengthening of navigation and maritime trade.', 'D) The concentration of mineral resources on the ocean floor.', 'E) The possibility of installing ports for high-tonnage ships.'] | B | History Chile |
17. "One of the most controversial issues regarding the development of the forestry industry is related to its impact on native forests, as a significant proportion of the hectares planted in Chile […] was at the expense of a reduction in the area of native forest, through a sustained process of substitution. In the sector of the Maule and Cobquecura rivers, between the Maule and Bio Bio regions, a reduction of native forest equivalent to 67% was recorded between 1975 and 2000. Currently, the process of substitution continues in the regions of La Araucanía, Los Ríos, and Los Lagos." (revista.bosquenativo.cl). The growth of the export-oriented forestry sector has placed it in second place in Chile's total exports after mining. From the previous quote, what challenge(s) can be inferred for the forestry sector concerning sustainable development? I) Mitigate ecosystem damage through replacement with native tree species. II) Limit the planting of exotic species to prevent the absorption of groundwater. III) Decentralize the area of forestry activity development by expanding it throughout the national territory. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | C | History Chile |
18. From the 20th century to the present, various cities in Chile and Latin America have grown without considering adequate urban planning. In this regard, which of the following situations is (are) a consequence(s) of such planning? I) The difficulties in the movement of people between work locations and residential areas. II) The occurrence of disasters due to the installation of housing and services in risk areas. III) The occupation of land with great agricultural capacity for residential and industrial use. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only III ', 'D) Only I and II ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | History America |
19. The contemporary world is experiencing a series of problems affecting various parts of the planet. Political instability, armed conflicts, terrorism, pandemics, or the acceleration of global warming are some of the issues humanity is facing today. Which phenomenon (s) are these problems associated with? I) The inability of some nation-states to overcome the colonial legacy. II) The large social and economic gaps that persist in societies. III) The absence of international agreements and regulations in public health. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) Only II and III '] | C | World History |
20. Citizenship can be understood as a legal status that allows access, among other things, to the exercise of political rights, understood as those that enable participation in the political leadership of the State. In this sense, the Political Constitution of Chile establishes in Article 13 that "Citizens are Chileans who have reached the age of eighteen and who have not been sentenced to an afflictive penalty." According to the information above, what does the exercise of citizenship imply? I) Participation in electoral processes. II) The possibility of running for positions of popular representation. III) Access to primary and secondary public education. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | C | Citizenship training |
21. The set of actions carried out with the aim of promoting local development and strengthening the democratic system through the integration of the community into the practice of politics, and through various organizations, constitutes the base of citizen participation. Considering this statement, what characteristic(s) does such participation have? I) It facilitates the development of various social projects of the State. II) It improves the transparency and credibility of the political system. III) It contributes to the improvement of public management. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | Citizen education |
22. “And the State has not been oblivious because it has allowed public spaces to become the domains of power for the interests that dominate the market and that are now under the control of de facto powers.” (Ruperto Patiño, The Sovereign State and Globality). In the previous text, the author alludes to the existence of de facto powers in today's society. According to this position and considering the national scope, what is one of the main characteristics of this type of power? | history/2020 | ['A) They dictate the application of public policies in the country. ', 'B) They influence the exercise of political power. ', 'C) They legally finance electoral processes. ', 'D) They modify the attributions of State powers. ', 'E) They set the requirements to exercise the right to vote. '] | B | Citizenship formation |
23. "The Chilean electoral system must be modified as it does not constitute a majority electoral system and, therefore, generally does not produce benefits. From the point of view of representation, a majority election should be understood as the intention to enable a party or a coalition of parties to form a government supported by a parliamentary majority, even if it has not obtained an absolute majority of votes. The representative assumption of majority election is the achievement of the majority." (Center for Development Studies (CED), Report Number XII, Reviewing criticisms of the Chilean electoral system). The binominal electoral system was subject to various criticisms from its implementation in 1989 until its end in 2015. In relation to the text, what was one of the main criticisms of the binominal system that influenced the decision to change it? | history/2020 | ['A) It denied the right to participate for small political parties or movements.', 'B) It hindered the formation of strategic alliances between various parties.', 'C) It prevented the most suitable candidates from taking office in Congress.', 'D) It prevented the majority of votes from being effectively respected in some cases.', 'E) It generated a tendency towards the implementation of a parliamentary regime.'] | D | History Chile |
24. In contemporary Chilean democracy, political parties are fundamental in the representation and governance of the political system. In this sense, what role(s) do political parties play in Chile? I) Serve as a link between the citizenry and the State. II) Compete for power based on government programs. III) Ensure the normal functioning of electoral processes. | history/2020 | ['A) Only II ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | C | Chile History |
27. At the beginning of the 1990s, poverty levels were around 40% of the Chilean population. Therefore, overcoming poverty has been a priority objective of the country's public agenda. Since the return to democracy, what mechanism has the State used to achieve this goal? | history/2020 | ['A) Strengthening the powers of the Central Bank. ', 'B) Encouraging the contracting of personal consumer loans. ', 'C) Prohibiting private contributions to charitable institutions. ', 'D) Establishing the obligation to contract insurance. ', 'E) Promoting job training for workers. '] | E | History Chile |
28. Like most countries in the world, Chile has chosen to increase the integration of its economy into global trade. In this context, what is one of the main impacts on the labor market in Chile? | history/2020 | ['A) Increased job creation in the primary export sector. ', 'B) High unionization compared to developed countries. ', 'C) A great influence from the fluctuations of the international economy. ', 'D) High levels of training and technological specialization. ', 'E) Gender parity in various productive activities. '] | C | Economic system |
29. In recent years, the participation of women in the labor market in Chile has increased. What is one of the main factors that explain this phenomenon? | history/2020 | ['A) The implementation of public policies supporting women who are mothers and have paid employment. ', 'B) Labor legislation that equalizes the salaries received by men and women for the same function. ', 'C) The numerical superiority of women in managerial positions. ', 'D) A decrease in the male working-age population due to demographic aging. ', 'E) A massive increase in jobs considered socially as feminine. '] | A | Economic system |
30. The relationships between workers and employers are governed by the Labor Code and other complementary regulations. In this regard, on which of the following aspects does labor legislation in Chile have competence? I) The legitimacy of employment contracts. II) The effectiveness of the Justice Courts' procedures. III) The procedure of collective bargaining of the workers. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | C | Chile History |
31. The conquest and colonization of America by Spain was a process that combined the general interests of the Crown with those of the conquistadors and colonizers. In their interaction with the indigenous world, these actors displayed various behaviors. In this regard, which of the following actions were behaviors developed by these actors? I) The intervention of the conquistadors to repopulate the territory only with European population. II) The economic exploitation that the colonizers exercised over the indigenous population. III) The drafting of legislation by the Crown with the purpose of granting protection to the indigenous people. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | D | American History |
32. "That the huacas [Shrines or sacred objects] be demolished, and that in the same place, if it is decent, churches be made or at least a cross be placed." (First Lima Council, 1551). "That the shrines of the roads or ‘apachetas’ be destroyed by the priests of each district, and if deemed appropriate, a cross be placed in their place." (Second Lima Council, 1567. In Manuel Marzal, “The Christianization of the Peruvian Indigenous.” Allpanchis Magazine, N°1, Peru, 1973). The previous texts correspond to some provisions established in the Lima Councils of the 16th century, instances that defined the lines of action to be followed by the Spanish religious authorities to christianize the indigenous peoples, and whose provisions affected the entire Viceroyalty of Peru, including Chile. According to these provisions, what characteristic of the indigenous societies of the time alluded to is correct to infer? | history/2020 | ['A) They maintained their ancient religious ceremonies. ', 'B) They adopted Catholicism as the official religion. ', 'C) They practiced acts of witchcraft against the Spanish. ', 'D) They requested the religious assistance of Hispanic clerics. ', 'E) They fused their beliefs with cults of African origin. '] | A | History America |
33. In the context of the colonial period, the Captaincy General of Chile reported both benefits and difficulties to the Spanish Empire. Starting in the 17th century, what was one of these difficulties? | history/2020 | ['A) The constant expenditure of material resources to maintain a professional army.', 'B) The lack of sufficient natural resources to consolidate a productive system.', 'C) The existence of a consumer market difficult to satisfy for merchants due to its large number of inhabitants.', 'D) The permanent conflict with local authorities due to their remoteness from the metropolis.', 'E) The lack of adequate natural conditions to implement secure maritime ports.'] | A | History Chile |
34. During the 17th century in Chile, the Spaniards executed a series of actions aimed at confronting the Mapuche resistance. Which of the following measures were implemented in that century to strengthen Spanish dominance in the territory? | history/2020 | ['A) The prohibition of the evangelizing work of the Church.', 'B) The massive incorporation of mestizos without military training into the army.', 'C) The expansion of the Spanish sovereignty zone south of the Biobío River.', 'D) The exclusivity in private funding of military campaigns.', 'E) The definition of a border line that had defensive forts.'] | E | History Chile |
35. "The demographic picture that Chile presented in those years was characterized by its contrasts. In the northern and southern extremes of the country, the population did not undergo significant changes. The language [Aymara and Kunza] and customs of both the northern Andean and Fuegian peoples were maintained. In the transverse valleys and in the central zone, the process of mixing was intense. The language and lifestyles of the Diaguitas, Huarpes, and Picunches rapidly disappeared as they merged and abruptly changed their habits due to service to the settlers. However, the southern reductions of friendly Indians (Araucanians) preserved their ancient customs." (Horacio Zapater, Huincas y Mapuches, 1997). The text presents characteristics of the social composition of Chile during the Colonial period, specifically during the 17th century. Based on this analysis, which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the described situation? I) The ethnic component of the Chilean population was heterogeneous. II) The Spanish protected the customs of the native cultures by ensuring the preservation of their traditions. III) The encomienda contributed to laying the foundations of the Chilean population. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | C | History Chile |
36. During the 18th century, the centralizing and modernizing policy of the Bourbon dynasty modified the fleet system for trade with America, establishing the Registry Ships system, which increased the number of authorized merchant ships. In this regard, what was one of the direct consequences of this new regulation for the colonies? | history/2020 | ['A) The reduction of taxes on European manufactures. ', 'B) The formation of an inter-American economic alliance. ', 'C) The definitive end of the Spanish trade monopoly. ', 'D) The increase in available consumer goods. ', 'E) The bankruptcy of the entire local industry. '] | D | American History |
37. The relationships between the Mapuches and the Spanish Crown during the Colonial period were dynamic, acquiring specific characteristics depending on the period. In this context, what is one of the main features that distinguishes the eighteenth century compared to the previous two centuries? | history/2020 | ['A) The practice of establishing peace and commercial agreements between both parties became widespread. ', 'B) Violent conflicts between Spaniards and indigenous people in the border area ended. ', 'C) The definitive occupation of the Mapuche territory by the crown occurred. ', 'D) Hispanic incursions intensified with the aim of enslaving indigenous people. ', 'E) Towns were founded south of the Biobío with the aim of evangelizing the native population. '] | A | History America |
38. The American Independence was a multi-causal process, in which both internal and external factors from the Spanish colonial regime were involved, which developed from the mid-18th century. Regarding external factors, which of the following phenomena favored this process? I) The development of republican ideals in North America. II) The spread of anti-absolutism doctrines that originated in Europe. III) The abandonment of the Crown's monopolistic policies. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | C | American History |
39. "It should disappear in a land where its magistrates only try to extinguish unhappiness as far as their final efforts reach; yet, reconciling these sentiments with the concern and interest of the current owners of this miserable property, Congress agreed that from now on, no slave shall come to Chile and those who transit to countries where this harsh law persists and linger for any cause and remain six months in the Kingdom are thus freed by the same fact." (Miguel Arbiol, Chile 1810-1830, A Postcolonial Economy, 2010). The above quote pertains to the preamble of the 1811 Freedom of Wombs Law. Based on its analysis, which of the following options is a correct inference regarding the promoters of this law? | history/2020 | ['A) They sought popular support for national emancipation. ', 'B) They were strongly influenced by Enlightenment principles. ', 'C) They attempted to end existing poverty in the territory. ', 'D) They hindered societal changes in Chile at the time. ', 'E) They condemned abusive behaviors towards the entrusted. '] | B | History Chile |
40. "The democracy that the deluded so much preach about is absurd in countries like the American ones, full of vices and where citizens lack all virtues necessary to establish a true Republic. Monarchy is not the American ideal either: we emerged from one terrible monarchy only to return to another, and what do we gain? The Republic is the system to adopt." (Letter from Diego Portales to José Manuel Cea, 1822). The text above evidences Portales' favorable stance towards the organization of a republic in Chile. In relation to this, what should have been one of the main characteristics of the republic according to the vision of this politician? | history/2020 | ['A) It should be military with a strong emphasis on the power of the chieftains.', 'B) It should be authoritarian and organized based on enlightened ideas.', 'C) It should be liberal and with grassroots popular organizations.', 'D) It should be socialist and focused on class conflict.', 'E) It should be traditional with the presence of Spanish institutions.'] | B | Chile History |
41. During the first three decades of the Republic's organization, Chile increasingly inserted itself into the global capitalist order. In this context, what was one of the main situations that contributed to the increase in the economic activity of primary product exports? | history/2020 | ['A) State intervention in the regulation of the price of imported products. ', 'B) The expansion of the participation of foreigners in commercial activities. ', 'C) The minimization of economic crisis effects due to protectionism for the industry. ', 'D) The increase in agricultural activity resulting from the demand driven by the opening of nitrate offices. ', 'E) The stagnation of mining activity because other branches of the economy were prioritized. '] | B | Chilean History |
42. Peru and Bolivia jointly faced Chile in a military conflict referred to by Chilean historiography as the “War against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation” (1833-1837). In relation to this conflict, what was one of its main causes? | history/2020 | ['A) The alliance against Chile to destabilize its commercial dominance in the region and prevent its potential hegemony. ', 'B) The occupation of the then Chilean territories of Tacna and Arica with the aim of extracting guano. ', 'C) The proclamation of war by the President of Peru along with the capture of the Chilean chargé d'affaires. ', 'D) The armament collaboration offered to Bolivia by the United States based on the Monroe Doctrine. ', 'E) The formation of a military alliance between the Confederation and the Argentine Republic. '] | A | American History |
43. "The site chosen to lay the first foundations of the Magallanes colony offers the double advantage of being useful for navigation of the Strait and for agricultural work. […] The defense of the colony against attacks by the Indians, although very peaceful and in very small number, is very easy, […]. In addition, there is always a State warship there, engaged in patrolling the coast, supplying the colony with resources from the northern regions, providing assistance and data to ships making the strait crossing." (Vicente Pérez Rosales, Essay on Chile, 1859). Throughout the 19th century, Chile implemented a policy of exploration and incorporation of the southern territory. Based on the analysis of the previous text, what is one of the main characteristics of that process of exploration and territorial incorporation? | history/2020 | ['A) It was a product of the initiative of private settlers. ', 'B) It was carried out based on support provided by foreigners. ', 'C) It was carried out fundamentally with state logistical support. ', 'D) Its sole objective was to control the Strait of Magellan. ', 'E) Its economic base was the work of indigenous people in the gold washings. '] | C | History Chile |
44. During the 19th century, the Chilean State promoted various political, economic, and social measures. In this regard, which one(s) correspond to these measures? I) The implementation of free trade. II) The colonization of territories with European immigrants. III) The modernization of transportation and communication routes. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | History Chile |
45. The Chilean state used different strategies in territorial expansion during the 19th century, incorporating various ethnicities into the national territory. Which of the following statements is (are) correct regarding the aforementioned process? I) The Mapuche territory was leased to sheep farming companies. II) The territory of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) was annexed through the signing of a treaty with the authorities of the people. III) The Aymara territory was incorporated as a consequence of the military occupation during the War of the Pacific. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | D | Chilean History |
46. In the second half of the 19th century, Chile was affected by a series of changes in the Catholic Church's relationship with the State. What was one of the main consequences of these changes? | history/2020 | ['A) The gradual increase in the power of the Church in political and economic spheres. ', 'B) The elimination of the official status that the Catholic religion had with the State. ', 'C) The promotion of the secularization of the State, limiting the influence of the Church. ', 'D) The approval of constitutional reforms to facilitate the Church's participation in education. ', 'E) The approval of the law that allowed the separation of Church and State. '] | C | History Chile |
47. In Chile during the second half of the 19th century, the ruling elite of the country developed a plutocratic tendency, an aspect that partly allowed them to consolidate power. What factor marked this plutocratic tendency of the Chilean elite? | history/2020 | ['A) The union of families enriched by mining with the old landowning aristocracy. ', 'B) The support of popular sectors due to the extension of compulsory primary education. ', 'C) The politicization of the state bureaucracy that entered the oligarchic political parties. ', 'D) The opposition to the rise of the middle class originated from the expansion of education. ', 'E) The integration of the military into the Government due to the modernization of the army. '] | A | History Chile |
48. “The bourgeoisie, socially elevated thanks to their economic success, possessed a liberal mindset, defenders of public liberties, opposed to presidential authoritarianism, enemies of the Church's influence, and opposed to the conservative spirit of the traditional aristocracy [...] The middle sectors, on the other hand, originated from the country's economic development, educational expansion, the expansion of State functions, the need for intermediate services, and the arrival of foreigners. This sector also included skilled craftsmen, retail traders, commercial employees, railroad workers, mining technicians, public and private officials, army officers, and professionals who emerged under the protection of state education.” (Rafael Sagredo, Vapor al Norte, Tren al Sur. The Presidential Journey as a Political Practice in Chile. 19th Century, 2001). Considering the previous text, which of the following situations is part of the social transformation process of the last decades of the 19th century? I) The country experienced a social diversification. II) The presence of immigrant population promoted the growth of the middle class. III) The new social groups were preferably concentrated in urban areas. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | History Chile |
49. By the end of the 19th century, the Social Question was a national problem in Chile, addressed by various social and political sectors, although from very different perspectives to explain its causes and provide a solution. One of those sectors advocated for greater state intervention in socioeconomic regulation, while another disregarded the legitimacy of the government system and believed in the so-called "direct action" through strikes and other forms of community associativity. Which sectors of Chilean society does each of the described positions represent, respectively? | history/2020 | ['A) The Radical Party and the Anarchists.', 'B) The Democratic Party and Mutualism.', 'C) The Conservative Party and Syndicalism.', 'D) The Communist Party and the Liberal Party.', 'E) The Socialist Workers Party and the Catholic Church.'] | A | History Chile |
50. “It is necessary to modify our system of government; establish an Executive that governs the nation's destiny under its responsibility, and a Congress that legislates and oversees; but that does not meddle in the affairs of the Administration, because this results in disorder and is equivalent to undermining the foundations of the Republic from its base. At this moment, I pay tribute to the armed forces of the Republic for that idealistic movement that is in sync with the heartfelt aspirations of the people, because they have sought to purify our system and reconstruct it on new solid and immovable foundations.” (Arturo Alessandri Palma, Hatred begets nothing, only love is fruitful, 1925). The text corresponds to a fragment of the speech given by Arturo Alessandri upon assuming the presidency of the country after six months of absence. According to the vision expressed in this speech, what was the main problem for the country's governance? | history/2020 | ['A) The subordination of the Executive Power to the Legislative. ', 'B) The intervention in political matters by the Armed Forces. ', 'C) The oligarchic composition of the members of the National Congress. ', 'D) The pressure for social reforms exerted by popular sectors. ', 'E) The expansion of the political attributions of the President of the Republic. '] | A | History Chile |
51. The 1930s in Chile was a period of great political turmoil, caused by the emergence of new social actors who aspired to control the State. During this period, which of the following phenomena is/are linked to the context described above? I) The participation of the Armed Forces in national politics. II) The strengthening of the influence of the Legislative Power that controlled the work of the Executive. III) The development of political groups seeking representation of the middle sectors. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) Only II and III '] | D | History Chile |
53. By the mid-20th century, transformations occurred in Chilean society that compelled the governments at the time to respond to the demands of new social actors. What process(es) facilitated this new social reality? I) Population growth. II) Increase in urban marginality. III) Progressive incorporation of women into political life. | history/2020 | ['A) Only II ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | Chilean History |
54. Between the late 1940s and the early 1960s, changes occurred in Chile's electoral system that had characterized the political life of previous decades. In this context, which of the following situations did political parties have to face? I) The reform of the electoral system. II) The incorporation of new social actors into political participation. III) The discontent of the population with economic and social issues. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | History Chile |
55. “On one hand, those who worked with surrealist techniques called us conservatives: they couldn't understand why the structure of the poem, and in general, the architecture of the work, was of great importance to us, and why we dared to 'tell' something in poetry; on the other hand, they branded us as 'escapists' or rather 'fugitives', because, according to them, we avoided the 'burning' social problems and did not follow the waters of socialist realism. In other words, the new Chilean poets were soft, intimate, minor, they clung to forms and lacked the virtues of their elders.” (Miguel Arteche, "Notes for old and new Chilean poetry", cited in Oscar Galindo, Anthology and identities of Chilean poetry until the mid-20th century, 2006 ). The previous text was presented at the First Meeting of Chilean Writers (1958) and reflects some elements of Chile's history in the mid-20th century. Based on its reading and considering the context of the time, which of the following phenomena could be observed in Chilean society of that era? I) The incipient ideological polarization that the Chilean society experienced. II) The disputes that occurred between generations over their visions in artistic creation. III) The involvement of left-wing artists in the political processes of the period. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | Chile History |
56. In the 1960s, the impact of the Cuban Revolution was evident in the American continent. Regarding this, what was one of its main effects in Latin America? | history/2020 | ['A) The proliferation of leftist groups that argued the revolution should occur through armed struggle. ', 'B) The establishment of communist governments in various countries in the region. ', 'C) The beginning of the economic blockade on countries in the region imposed by the United States. ', 'D) The development of liberal public policies that reduced the influence of the State in the continent. ', 'E) The reduction of inequality gaps due to attempts to improve income redistribution. '] | A | History America |
57. During the first half of the 20th century, the Chilean State implemented the model of Industrialization based on Import Substitution. Despite its good initial results, by the 1960s, stagnation in the national economy was evident. Considering the above, what was an economic consequence produced in the short term by the stagnation of this development model? | history/2020 | ['A) The increase in inflation rates. ', 'B) The bankruptcy of the main national industries. ', 'C) The decrease in agricultural sector productivity. ', 'D) The implementation of neoliberal policies by the State. ', 'E) The diversification of non-traditional export products. '] | A | History Chile |
58. At the beginning of the 1960s, the United States implemented a policy for Latin America aimed at preventing political destabilization in the region's most disadvantaged countries. From an economic standpoint, among other aspects, what objective was pursued with the structural reforms? | history/2020 | ['A) Nationalize mining resources. ', 'B) Privatize strategic companies. ', 'C) Restrict foreign investments. ', 'D) Redistribute large agricultural property. ', 'E) Limit exports and imports. '] | D | History America |
59. The Agrarian Reform policy in Chile was successively addressed by the governments of Jorge Alessandri, Eduardo Frei, and Salvador Allende, each having different motivations, methodologies, and objectives. Considering the first two governments, how did the Agrarian Reform policy of the Christian Democrat government of Eduardo Frei differ from that of the preceding right-wing government? | history/2020 | ['A) In that it had the support of the U.S. government.', 'B) In that it was organized through state institutions.', 'C) In that it affected the properties of large landowners.', 'D) In that it promoted the creation of large collective farms.', 'E) In that it mainly favored the indigenous rural population.'] | C | History Chile |
60. "I believe that the 'coup' in September [...] was probably inevitable, and I say probably because in history there are no absolute truths or events that have to occur inevitably. [...] But the terrible and very long military dictatorship that followed 'was avoidable', and it was what left the trauma to all Chileans. The dictatorship was much more terrible and is more remembered than the coup. I think that at the moment of the coup, about 60% of Chileans supported it, although many without great enthusiasm. The UP government was exhausted; the growth (or rather decline) figures, inflation, shortages, but more than all that, the social and political anarchy, the misrule and the administrative and political chaos, couldn't continue. The sectarianism of government supporters, and also the opposition, was infinite. Chile was divided into two irreconcilable sectors, beyond any agreement." (www.latercera.com). The preceding text belongs to historian Cristian Gazmuri and was published in 2013 on the occasion of the commemoration of the Coup d'Etat of September 11, 1973. Regarding his propositions, which statement(s) is (are) correct? I) He maintains a critical position of both the Popular Unity government and the Military Dictatorship. II) He believes that after the coup d'etat, the Government could have exercised power differently. III) He argues that the growing confrontation of Chilean society in the early 1970s inevitably provoked the institutional crisis. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | Chilean History |
61. The 1980 Constitution established a model of political organization that has been characterized as a protected democracy. This designation was based on the presence of a series of unprecedented provisions in the constitutional history of the country. In this regard, what was one of these provisions? | history/2020 | ['A) The existence of a bicameral Congress. ', 'B) The tutelary role of the Armed Forces in the institutionality. ', 'C) The prohibition for the Executive Power to dissolve Congress. ', 'D) The impossibility of reelection of the President of the Republic. ', 'E) The appointment of the Supreme Court judges by the Executive. '] | B | History Chile |
63. The restoration of democracy in Chile began in 1990, marking a new period in the country's recent history. During the first 10 years following the return to democracy, what is one of the most outstanding characteristics of this period? | history/2020 | ['A) The condemnation of the group of military personnel involved in Human Rights violations.', 'B) The predominance of radicalized political positions within government parties.', 'C) The absence of tensions in the framework of civil-military relations.', 'D) The maintenance of the Constitution established during the Dictatorship.', 'E) The development of structural transformations to the neoliberal model.'] | D | History Chile |
64. According to the Agricultural Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (INE) in 2007, the Biobío Region had 47% of its territory's surface area designated for forestry use, 26% for cereals and croplands, 4% for industrial crops, 2% for vegetables and flowers, 3% for vineyards and orchards, 3% for fruit trees, and 15% for forage plants. Considering this data, what is one of the factors that explain the predominance of forestry use in this region? | history/2020 | ['A) The loss of specialized labor. ', 'B) The economic opening to international markets. ', 'C) The state's push for the development of industrial activity. ', 'D) The acute crisis affecting the agricultural-livestock activity. ', 'E) The contraction of the coal mining activity in the Lota area. '] | B | History Chile |
66. The prevailing neoliberal economic model in Chile has caused various impacts on the geographic space, with examples that can be seen in the processes of conversion of rural spaces, the spatial reorganization of industrial centers, and population location patterns. With respect to this latter area, with which phenomenon is it correct to associate the neoliberal spatial logic? | history/2020 | ['A) The creation of socially integrated cities. ', 'B) The definitive end of large rural estates. ', 'C) The slow growth of medium-sized cities. ', 'D) The intensification of the trend towards metropolitanization. ', 'E) The expansion of the area dedicated to mining camps. '] | D | History Chile |
67. Since the end of the 19th century, extensive territories in Africa and Asia were dominated by European Imperialism, which generated episodes of tension among the imperialist powers due to the fear of losing their areas of influence, investment, and sources of wealth. Based on the described context, what situation(s) unfolded at the global level? I) The formation of alliances between powers. II) The outbreak of a global military conflict. III) The ideological confrontation between two superpowers. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | B | World History |
69. The First World War was the event that marked the beginning of the 20th century historically and had significant repercussions. Regarding the relationships that can be established between this conflict and the Russian Revolution, which of the following statements is correct? | history/2020 | ['A) The Russian Revolution was the result of the marked ideological character that the First World War had from its beginning. ', 'B) Russia's neutrality in the war prevented the revolution from spreading to the countries in conflict. ', 'C) The Russian Revolution was the product of external political influences transmitted through the war conflict. ', 'D) Russia's participation in the conflict created conditions that favored the development of the Revolution. ', 'E) Russia's participation in the war strained nationalistic conflicts that provoked the revolution. '] | D | World History |
72. “The League of Nations, the international organization created in Paris in 1919 to oversee collective security, dispute resolution, and disarmament, was unable to prevent and punish these aggressions, while British and French rulers implemented the so-called ‘policy of appeasement,’ aimed at avoiding a new war […] as long as the interests of France and Great Britain were not endangered.” (Julián Casanova, Europe Against Europe 1914 -1945, 2011). The cited paragraph refers to a specific period in European history, characterized by the emergence and rise of new social and political movements. Considering the attached text and the relevant aspects of the mentioned period, what was one of the reasons that explains the situation presented in the citation? | history/2020 | ['A) The potential threat to representative democracy posed by the rise of communism in Russia. ', 'B) The constant pressure exerted on the central European empires by the Slavic nationalism of Central Europe. ', 'C) The military and economic expansion of Japanese militarism in Asia, which threatened the colonial interests of France and England. ', 'D) The weakness of the European political order in the face of the territorial demands of the emerging fascisms. ', 'E) The sustained pressure from the Soviet Union and its European allies to assert supremacy in Central Europe. '] | D | World History |
73. Most countries in the world had to face the severe crisis that the Great Depression represented, which had an international impact starting in 1929. In this context, what was one of the strategies implemented in various countries to overcome this crisis? | history/2020 | ['A) The nationalization of strategic natural resources. ', 'B) The intensification of international trade exchange. ', 'C) The creation of state banks to boost the financial sector. ', 'D) The establishment of industrial production quotas among powers. ', 'E) The implementation of reforms that laid the foundations of the Welfare State. '] | E | Economic system |
74. One of the most significant processes during the 20th century was the development of World War II. What was one of the aspects that characterized this conflict? | history/2020 | ['A) The systematic attack on the civilian population as a practice to defeat the enemy. ', 'B) The exclusive participation of European country governments in the conflict. ', 'C) The use of chemical weapons as the main military tactic to weaken the adversary. ', 'D) The fear of direct confrontation due to the threat of the use of nuclear weapons. ', 'E) The establishment of agreements to regulate humanitarian respect during the development of the confrontations. '] | A | World History |
75. "This city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the United States were not built by those who waited or rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by those who moved ahead, and the same will happen with space. […] Because the eyes of the world are now looking toward space, toward the moon and the planets beyond, we have vowed that it shall not be governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding." (Speech by President John F. Kennedy, 1962). The technological development after the Second World War had a significant manifestation through the so-called space race. Considering the historical context and the content of the preceding quote, what objective(s) did the space race undertaken by the United States have? I) To defeat the Soviet Union in the conquest of space. II) To establish its technological superiority worldwide. III) To stop the proliferation of nuclear weapons. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only III ', 'D) Only I and II ', 'E) Only I and III '] | D | History America |
76. Worldwide, during the second half of the 20th century, various political models developed simultaneously, one of which was socialism. Considering that this system had multiple forms of implementation in different regions of the world, what was one common characteristic present in its various manifestations? | history/2020 | ['A) The concentration of power in an absolute leader. ', 'B) The hereditary succession of the Head of State position. ', 'C) The development of a multi-party political regime. ', 'D) The increased prominence of the State in decision-making. ', 'E) The defense of individual freedom as an ideological foundation. '] | D | World History |
77. During the second half of the 20th century, the historical and political development of Latin America was conditioned by the Cold War. In this context, what was one of the foreign policy actions implemented by the United States to eliminate Soviet influence in the Latin American region? | history/2020 | ['A) Hindered the development of agrarian reform processes in Latin American countries. ', 'B) Signed economic cooperation agreements with most of the Latin American countries. ', 'C) Established economic sanctions on Latin American countries that maintained trade exchanges with the Eastern bloc. ', 'D) Forced the break of diplomatic relations between Latin American governments and the nations of the Soviet sphere. ', 'E) Established a scientific cooperation alliance with all the Latin American States. '] | B | Latin American History |
78. In parallel to the Cold War and, in part due to the consequences it caused, a process of decolonization on a global scale developed. Considering the characteristics of this process, which of the following factors explains the development of these independence movements in former colonial territories? I) The influence exerted by the UN, which was in favor of the processes of autonomy and territorial integrity of nations. II) The return to the application of expansionist policies by European states that were defeated in the Second World War, in order to boost their economic development. III) The military and financial support provided by the United States and the Soviet Union to dominated territories, because their emancipation meant the opportunity to expand their zones of influence. | history/2020 | ['A) Only I', 'B) Only II', 'C) Only I and II', 'D) Only I and III', 'E) I, II and III'] | D | World History |
80. At the end of the 20th century, a series of significant changes occurred for the future development of international relations. One of them was the collapse of the Soviet Union. What consequence did this process have in the economic field? | history/2020 | ['A) The adoption of centralized planning models in Latin America.', 'B) The establishment of free trade agreements between Russia and the U.S.', 'C) The reduction of international trade between Europe and Russia.', 'D) The expansion of the market economy in Eastern Europe.', 'E) A strong economic recession in the Asian continent.'] | D | World History |
1. According to the political-administrative division of Chilean territory, which of the following statements describe the current population distribution in the country? I) There are depopulated areas in the extreme regions. II) There is more than one region that has a large metropolis. III) There is lower population density in the central-southern regions compared to the far north. | history/2019 | ['A) Only II ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | B | History Chile |
2. “On a global scale, all future population growth will occur in cities […]. The world urban population is expected to increase from 3.170 billion people recorded in 2005 to 4.970 billion in 2030; of the projected 1.8 billion increase, only 116 million will be inhabitants of high-income countries” . (Meeting of Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, Population growth and rapid urbanization, 2009). Considering the projection stated in the 2009 quote, which of the following statements is correct with respect to the cities of underdeveloped countries? | history/2019 | ['A) They will have equitable access to services and job opportunities. ', 'B) Their poverty rates and the size of their peripheral neighborhoods will decrease. ', 'C) Their population will grow at a higher rate than the average of European cities. ', 'D) They will substantially increase the volume of population coming from developed countries. ', 'E) They will experience growth according to the stipulations in planning instruments. '] | C | Economic system |
3. The process of urbanization in Chile generated problems stemming from the rapid and uncontrolled growth of some urban centers, necessitating the development of urban planning instruments that began to be implemented during the 20th century. Among them is the Communal Regulatory Plan. From the following options, which is one of the measures established by this instrument? | history/2019 | ['A) The zoning of urban land uses. ', 'B) The concession of urban highways. ', 'C) The definition of the frequency of urban transport services. ', 'D) The coordination of urban citizen security. ', 'E) The location of urban illegal dumps. '] | A | History Chile |
5. Currently, experts in demography from the United Nations advocate for a development model for the 21st century in which cities are the main players, asserting that in them, the population has more opportunities to enhance their material well-being. In this regard, which of the following statements support that proposal? I) Cities have a greater number of social protection services. II) Cities offer greater possibilities for accessing housing. III) Cities concentrate the largest amount and diversity of job sources. | history/2019 | ['A) Only II ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | Civic education |
6. The slow growth of the Chilean population evidenced over the past thirty years is the result of a series of changes in fertility and mortality rates, which has affected the age structure of the population. In this context, what consequence has this process had? | history/2019 | [' A) That the population is experiencing a progressive aging. ', ' B) That motherhood has concentrated in the age range from 20 to 24 years. ', ' C) That the birth rate is concentrated in the adolescent population. ', ' D) That infant mortality rates are increasing. ', ' E) That the retirement age has decreased. '] | A | History Chile |
7. During the last decades of the 20th century and the first of the 21st century, the life expectancy of Chileans increased steadily. Which of the following causes have directly contributed to the development of this situation? I) The implementation of public policies to ensure better nutrition. II) The increasing incorporation of women into work activities. III) Advances in medicine. | history/2019 | [' A) Only III ', ' B) Only I and II ', ' C) Only I and III ', ' D) Only II and III ', ' E) I, II, and III '] | C | History Chile |
8. At the end of the Cold War, it became evident that the world remained characterized by a great contrast: the division between rich nations and poor nations. Which of the following circumstances derive(s) from that inequality? I) The increase in life expectancy in most rich nations. II) The majority female participation in the formal labor market of poor countries. III) The low rate of demographic growth in most poor countries. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) Only II and III '] | A | World History |
9. From the last decade of the 20th century, within the framework of the process of recovering democracy, the foreign policy developed by Chile between 1990 and 2010 resulted in a successful process of political and economic integration with the rest of the world. In this context, which of the following characteristics correspond(s) to that process? I) The presence of Chile in various economic cooperation instances. II) The predominance of exporting products with high added value over raw materials. III) The generation of a high productive specialization associated with the growth of the domestic market in the regions of the country. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only III ', 'D) Only I and II ', 'E) I, II and III '] | A | History Chile |
12. "Something like a synthesis of the planet is fulfilled in the geography of Chile. It begins in the desert, which is to begin with the sterility that man does not want; it becomes humanized in the valleys of the transition zone; becomes a full home for life in the zone of absolute agriculture; takes on a heroic forest beauty at the continent's end as if to end it with dignity, and finally crumbles, offering halfway between life and death in a sea that hesitates between its liquid joy and its Buddhist joy of eternal ice." (Gabriela Mistral, Panorama y color de Chile, 1957). In the quoted fragment, the Chilean poetess describes some features of the national territory. With respect to this, which of the following characteristics is (are) a consequence of the features described in the text? I) The diversity of economic activities. II) The great similarity between the ecosystems of the different regions. III) The concentration of the majority of the population in the Central Zone. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | D | History Chile |
13. “The bi-oceanic corridors in South America, in the physical realm, have been a true road network that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. In the economic realm, they are equivalent to the best way of integrating small, medium, and large enterprises of the continent at the level of markets, technology, people, and capital …. In particular, the Central Agua Negra Bi-oceanic Corridor will unite the south of Brazil, specifically the entire State of Rio Grande Do Sul, with the Coquimbo Region, passing through of course different provinces of Argentina’s economic heart such as Córdoba, Santa Fe, Corrientes, Entre Ríos, La Rioja, and San Juan.” (El Día, Central Bi-oceanic Corridor, August 29, 2013). The previous text refers to the Central Agua Negra Bi-oceanic Corridor project. In relation to this example, which of the following circumstances relate to the socio-economic effects of the existence of a bi-oceanic corridor in a region of the country? I) The increase in services offered due to the greater tourist flow. II) The increase in local export production. III) The reduction in travel times. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | Economic system |
14. THE U.S. CONGRESS WILL DISCUSS MEASURES AGAINST OFFSHORING "The controversy over labor offshoring—the international "outsourcing" in the United States, the exportation of jobs—will intensify this month when a series of measures is presented to the House of Representatives prohibiting the awarding of public contracts to companies that employ labor in countries such as India or China. […] According to a study conducted by the consulting firm Diamond Cluster, 86% of the executives interviewed intend to export jobs in technology, and more than 90% are concerned about the new legislation. According to the Economic Policy Institute, the number of software jobs in the United States has fallen by 10% since 2000; meanwhile, in India, a country that exports almost all its software to the U.S., employment in that sector has increased by 150,000 people. […] Employment offshoring enables enormous cost savings, from 44% to 55% of the total, according to the consulting firm McKinsey. A data processing worker, for example, earns two dollars an hour in India compared to 20 dollars in the U.S. Companies add that apart from the lower cost, outsourcing allows them to take advantage of different time zones in an economy that operates 24 hours a day." (La Vanguardia, March 29, 2004). The attached press clipping—published in the Spanish newspaper La Vanguardia—reflects the debate raised in the United States in 2004 about the phenomenon of labor offshoring as part of globalization. Considering the attached information, which of the following situations corresponds to unintended consequences of labor offshoring in developed countries? I) The loss of jobs. II) The increase in costs for their companies. III) The significant emigration of their workers. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | A | Economic system |
15. "The Zero Hunger Challenge, launched in 2012 by the United Nations Secretary-General, integrates the challenges of zero food loss and waste, and for all food systems to be 100 percent sustainable. [...] the challenge consists of maintaining the commitment to the right to food in an era of climate change that may be characterized by unfavorable alterations in temperature, precipitation, and sea level. [...] To achieve food security for all, issues such as the supply of clean drinking water, sanitation, primary healthcare, and nutrition education must be addressed. Above all, the best way to overcome poverty and malnutrition is to prioritize helping small farming families to produce and earn more [...] Recent trends in food prices indicate that the future belongs to countries that have grains, not weapons." (M. S. Swaminathan, Tackling the Zero Hunger Challenge, UNDP, 2014). The above quote refers to one of the goals set by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for the new millennium, regarding overcoming hunger in the world. According to the stated, which of the following proposals is (are) necessary to tackle this challenge? I) Consider the new atmospheric conditions and the repercussions of their dynamics on the planet. II) Train farmers in the management of food resources. III) Guarantee the military defense of agricultural areas. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only III ', 'D) Only I and II ', 'E) Only I and III '] | D | Citizenship education |
16. “Chileans lead the global use of Facebook by having a record of 497 users per 1,000 inhabitants, according to the Information Society Indicator (ISI). Thus, Chileans have relegated Americans, who have 493 users per 1,000 inhabitants, to second place, and the United Kingdom, which has 480”. (www.cooperativa.cl, 2012). In this context, to which of the following aspects is the strong connection of Chileans to the information society attributed? I) To the widespread adoption of new technologies, linked to the decrease in product prices. II) To the phenomenon of economic and cultural integration, associated with the process of globalization. III) To the increase in consumption, as a result of neoliberal economic growth policies. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | History Chile |
17. “In the face of the crisis, the alternatives lie in breaking free from the overwhelming dependence where many export, for example, bananas and coffee, others oil or gas, some copper and tin, and several meat or soy. This does not mean that it should be proposed lightly to dismantle the export of raw materials from one day to the next, but it is urgent to begin identifying transition mechanisms aimed at overcoming that dependence and regaining autonomy. This requires other conceptualizations of globalization, which to a large extent go against the proposals of CEPAL [Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean], since instead of deepening global commercial insertion, one should see how to regain autonomy and maneuverability in the face of global dynamics.” (Eduardo Gudynas, “International insertion and Latin American development in times of global crisis: a critique of CEPAL”, in Globalization Observatory, 2009). In relation to the analysis of what is raised in the quote, which of the following actions should Latin American countries take to improve their insertion in the globalized economy? I) Create options to the global dynamic that allow them greater economic independence. II) Question the economic development paradigm promoted by central economies. III) Close their borders to foreign trade and halt imports. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | C | Economic System |
19. Politics, in its broad sense, involves the participation, both direct and indirect, of citizens in the different decisions that influence society as a whole. In this context, which of the following options corresponds to a feature of politics? | history/2019 | ['A) Uses dialogue as the main tool to address the problems of society.', 'B) Imposes a homogeneous view of thoughts regarding government leadership.', 'C) Restricts its actions within the private sphere over the public context.', 'D) Refers exclusively to the thinking and actions of political parties.', 'E) Focuses on the resolution of international conflicts over local ones.'] | A | Civics |
20. "The State is at the service of the human person and its purpose is to promote the common good, for which it must contribute to creating social conditions that allow all and each member of the national community their greatest possible spiritual and material fulfillment, with full respect for the rights and guarantees established by this Constitution." (Article 1, Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile). According to the above, what central purpose of the State is established in said constitutional text? | history/2019 | ['A) Systematize the social development policies implemented in the country.', 'B) Commit solely to people with Chilean nationality.', 'C) Promote the integral development of the inhabitants of the territory.', 'D) Ensure the obedience of the citizens towards the State.', 'E) Consolidate the existing legal order.'] | C | Civic education |
21. The activities of Chilean political parties are regulated through various laws related to forms of financing, powers, functions, representativeness, among other aspects. In relation to the above, which of the following actions is typical of this type of association? | history/2019 | ['A) Guarantee access to positions of political representation for all its members.', 'B) Publicize their internal communication systems and their economic income.', 'C) Prevent their members from changing the declarations of principles and statutes.', 'D) Serve as a means to channel the concerns and aspirations of the citizenry.', 'E) Approve the laws that regulate the functioning of the Executive Power.'] | D | Civic education |
22. "While capital flows freely, politics remains irredeemably local. The speed of movement makes real power something extraterritorial. It could be said that, as existing political institutions become increasingly incapable of regulating the speed of capital movement, power is increasingly distant from politics, this circumstance accounts for both the growing political apathy and the progressive disinterest of the electorate in everything political." (Zygmunt Bauman, In Search of Politics, 2001). Based on the above quote, which of the following statements corresponds to the author's opinion regarding one of the impacts of the relationship between economy and politics? | history/2019 | ['A) International economic organizations such as the IMF have reduced their scope of action in the world. ', 'B) The consolidation of different global economic models occurred following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ', 'C) Neoliberal globalization has enabled financial capital to lead decision-making. ', 'D) The growing indifference to politics is a consequence of the benefits that economic globalization has brought. ', 'E) The political sphere continues to determine the dynamics of economic life. '] | C | Economic system |
23. "The Advertising Self-Regulation and Ethics Council (CONAR) sanctioned the advertisement [of a well-known national beverage] for violating the Advertising Ethics codes. […] The commercial depicted a young man's attitude as clever and admirable when he took advantage of his job position at an amusement park by taking photos of the necklines of women on the ride. 'It presents the act of harassment as a fun and admirable action.'" (Chilean Network Against Violence Towards Women, 2015). Considering the information present in the quote, what challenge(s) does Chilean society currently face to achieve greater democratic development and well-being? I) Strengthen the adoption of measures that prohibit and sanction any expression of violence that threatens personal safety and freedom. II) Eradicate prejudices and customs based on stereotypical gender roles. III) Break the social validation of street harassment by the media. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only II ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only I and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | E | Civic Education |
24. During the last third of the 20th century, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) emerged as another relevant actor, in addition to the State, in political discussions. In this sense, what has been the most notable contribution of NGOs? | history/2019 | ['A) Generate income for States to increase their investments in public policies. ', 'B) Support the search for world peace through the implementation of multilateral dialogues between States and institutions. ', 'C) Improve the productivity of companies to support their insertion into international markets. ', 'D) Design and implement legislation that improves the quality of life of citizens in different countries. ', 'E) Incorporate into the international agenda issues such as the promotion of Human Rights and environmental care. '] | E | Citizen education |
25. American political scientist Joseph Nye recently highlighted the establishment of citizen interest topics, such as air pollution, global climate change, political corruption, by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the global political agenda. In this context, at the local level, political parties have incorporated some citizen issues into their respective programs and orientations. In this regard, what is one of the objectives of political parties when incorporating these issues? | history/2019 | ['A) To add various actors to positions of political representation.', 'B) To modernize and restructure the State to safeguard sovereignty.', 'C) To improve and adapt public management to incorporate the private sector.', 'D) To increase and diversify citizen participation in the political realm.', 'E) To comply with legislation to validate the Political Constitution.'] | D | Citizenship education |
26. “I could conclude that the legitimacy of a demand, marriage, and civil union for sexual minorities is understood from the perspective of making visible the inequality of rights. But if we think about the debate in Chile regarding sexuality as a minefield, it results in a harmless proposal insofar as it does not fundamentally resolve the situation of discrimination and the permanently harassing cultural order with gays, lesbians, transsexuals, intersex individuals.” (Juan Pablo Sutherland, Nación Marica: cultural practices and activist critique, 2009). The previous quote is part of an argument about the various legal and regulatory changes that have developed in Chile concerning the existing social diversity. Based on the analysis of the quote, which of the following situations affects the well-being of Chilean society? | history/2019 | ['A) The absence of legal mechanisms that sanction arbitrary acts of discrimination.', 'B) The lack of citizen organizations connected to groups belonging to social minorities.', 'C) The persistence of stigmatizing stereotypes towards certain social groups.', 'D) The increase in economic poverty as an element of social marginality.', 'E) The absence of public policies that consider the problems derived from gender relations.'] | C | Citizen education |
27. “Tax evasion affects countries with low taxes like the United States, as well as nations with high tax levels like Germany. According to an organization that fights against tax evasion, Tax Justice Network (TJN), the United States tops the list, followed by Brazil, Italy, Russia, and Germany. In absolute terms, the U.S. treasury loses around US$ 350 billion annually despite being a country that boasts a high tax compliance due to the respect for the law by its citizens." (BBC Mundo, April 2015). What is one of the consequences that the phenomenon alluded to in the previous quote brings to the State? | history/2019 | ['A) The increase of private spending for the generation of public goods and services.', 'B) The limitation of monetary resource collection for the provision of services.', 'C) The preponderance of the private sector in the execution of redistributive public policies.', 'D) The concentration of public spending on the maintenance of the bureaucratic apparatus.', 'E) The reduction of taxes to encourage the payment of contributions.'] | B | Economic system |
29. “Some of the competencies of the Communal Council of Civil Society Organizations are: a) It must pronounce, in the month of March each year, about: - The public account that the Mayor carries out regarding his annual management and the general progress of the Municipality, […]. b) Formulates observations on the reports that the Mayor will present regarding investment budgets, communal development plan, and modifications to the regulatory plan. c) Informs the Mayor of its opinion about the proposals for allocation or modification of the denomination of municipal and national public goods under the administration of the Municipality. d) Asks the Mayor about matters on which the Council must comment. e) Requests the Mayor, upon ratification by two-thirds of the councilors in office, to carry out a local plebiscite which must refer to matters of local administration […]. f) Issues its opinion on all matters that the Mayor and the Municipal Council submit to its consideration”. (SUBDERE, Explanatory note of the Communal Councils of Civil Society Organizations, 2011). The previous text refers to the Communal Councils of Civil Society Organizations, created in Chile starting from 2011. Regarding this, what is a relevant characteristic of these Councils? | history/2019 | ['A) They correspond to political organizations with decision-making faculties. ', 'B) They elect their members by universal communal vote. ', 'C) They decide on the administrative and financial matters of the commune. ', 'D) They represent various entities existing in the commune. ', 'E) They have representative participation in the discussions of the Communal Council. '] | D | Citizenship education |
30. “A Dependent Worker is understood as someone who acquires a contractual relationship. This requires two parties: the worker and the employer. [Furthermore,] there must be a Work Contract in place, which details the rights and obligations of both parties, always protecting the worker as the weaker party” . (www.previsionsocial.gob.cl). Based on the attached quote, which of the following options corresponds to an advantage of dependent employment? | history/2019 | ['A) The self-regulation of the workday. ', 'B) The possession of unemployment insurance. ', 'C) Free healthcare services. ', 'D) Exemption from income tax. ', 'E) Increased income. '] | B | Economic system |
31. "That all of you are in mortal sin and live and die in it due to the cruelty and tyranny you wield against these innocent people. Tell me, […] With what authority have you waged such detestable wars against these people who were in their lands, gentle and peaceful, where so many of them, with unheard of death and destruction, you have consumed? How do you keep them so oppressed and wearied, without feeding them or healing them in their illnesses, which they incur from the excessive labor you impose upon them, and thus, you let them die, or rather, you kill them, just to extract and acquire gold every day? And what care do you take to instruct them and have them know their God and Creator, baptize them, have them hear mass, observe the feasts and Sundays? Are these not men? Do they not have rational souls? Are you not obliged to love them as yourself? Do you not understand this? Do you not feel this?” (Sermon by Fray Antonio de Montesinos, La Española, 1511). The above text corresponds to a sermon by Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos delivered in the city of Santo Domingo in 1511. In the context of the process of the conquest of America and the analysis of this source, what aspect(s) did this religious critic? I) The non-fulfillment of the commitments involved in holding a grant of Indians by the encomenderos. II) The authorization of indigenous slavery by the Spanish Crown. III) The introduction of African labor in America to replace the indigenous. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I', 'B) Only II', 'C) Only I and III', 'D) Only II and III', 'E) I, II, and III'] | A | American History |
32. The process of conquest and colonization of America by the Spanish brought about significant destruction of the original indigenous societies. At the same time, since the early 17th century, initiatives were also undertaken to preserve some ethnic groups and their respective languages. Which of the following options corresponds to one of these initiatives? | history/2019 | ['A) The establishment of the encomienda system for the indigenous people. ', 'B) The implementation of districts dependent on the Royal Audiencia. ', 'C) The division of the territory into viceroyalties and governorships. ', 'D) The creation of Jesuit missions. ', 'E) The formation of American councils. '] | D | History of America |
33. In the economic realm, during the Colonial period, Chile presented characteristics that granted it a special situation within the context of the Spanish Empire in America. What was one of these special characteristics? | history/2019 | ['A) The condition of being the sole supplier of agricultural products for the surrounding region. ', 'B) The production of industrial goods that allowed the domestic market to be covered. ', 'C) The importance acquired as an exporter of mining products to the viceroyalties. ', 'D) The need to receive an economic contribution to sustain the Arauco War. ', 'E) The importation of manufactured goods to cover the luxury goods market. '] | D | History Chile |
34. “The villages that are established in this district [of Maule] are three […]. The one of San Agustín de Talca, head of this district. It was founded on May 12, 1742, by the most excellent Count of Superunda, being governor and captain general of this Kingdom, […]. The second village is Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes de Manso, in the doctrine of Chanco and Cauquenes […]. The third is the village of San José de Buena Vista, in the place founded Curicó. Founded by the Count of Populations, president-governor, and captain general of this Kingdom.” (Francisco de Solano, Ed, Geographical Relations of the Kingdom of Chile, 1756). The Spanish Empire during the 18th century carried out various reforms in its colonies. In this context and from the analysis of the previous text, which of the following initiatives is part of that period? | history/2019 | ['A) The authorities established fully autonomous provinces in America.', 'B) The urbanization process was intended for the industrialization of the kingdom.', 'C) The governors of the kingdom carried out a foundational process of urban centers.', 'D) The Spanish monarchy applied monopolistic economic policies in its possessions.', 'E) The inhabitants of the kingdom only with their effort clustered in villages and cities.'] | C | History Chile |
35. In the Parliament of Negrete in February 1726, it was agreed among other points that "1) The Indians must lay down their arms; 2) acknowledge themselves as vassals of the King of Spain; 3) be enemies of the enemies of this; 4) not oppose the re-establishment of forts south of the Biobío [...]; 5) accept missionaries in their lands and attend the Church those who were baptized; 6) [...] it will be convenient for them to have trade (exchanges) freely, but limited to the times and places where three or four fairs are to be held each year, with the Indians and Spaniards attending on that day [...]; 7) the theft of Indians from the Mapuche territory was prohibited." (José Bengoa, History of the Mapuche People, 1985). From the analysis of the text and in the context of the colonial centuries in Chile, which of the following statements correspond to the objectives of the Parliaments? I) Establish favorable conditions for conducting commercial and peaceful relations between the parties. II) Expand the territorial autonomy of the Mapuche inhabiting south of the Biobío. III) Form strategic alliances to ensure Spanish dominance in the southern zone of America. | history/2019 | ['A) Only I ', 'B) Only I and II ', 'C) Only I and III ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II, and III '] | C | History of Chile |
36. “Between 1720 and 1750 the lessees, or tenants, were decidedly producers, that is, small agricultural entrepreneurs, dependent only insofar as they had to pay a commercial-type fee [...]. However, such an association deteriorated in the med ium term [...] because, from 1760, approximately, the merchants-landowners began to dramatically increase their pressure on the independent and semi-dependent farmers [...] They significantly increased the rental fees. [...] They paid decreasing prices for the farmers' wheat, [...] tripled the interest on their monetary advances". (Gabriel Salazar, Farmers, laborers and proletarians, 1986). In the context of the period referred to and according to the interpretation given by the author in the previous quote, what phenomenon(s) developed in the 18th century in Chile? I) There was tension between landowners and tenants within the estates. II) The tenants progressively lost their economic autonomy. III) The estate acquired greater commercial interest for the owners. | history/2019 | ['A) Only II ', 'B) Only III ', 'C) Only I and II ', 'D) Only II and III ', 'E) I, II and III '] | E | Chilean History |
37. “Despite the zeal of the authorities, who did not hesitate to intercept private correspondence, news flowed abundantly through letters from friends and correspondents from other parts of America. Under the shadow of the provisions of the San Lorenzo Convention, French and Anglo-American frigates fearlessly sailed the waters of the South Sea, engaged in lucrative trade, and among the trifles and manufactured articles, prohibited books that supported demolishing ideas slipped through.” (Ricardo Donoso, Las ideas políticas en Chile, 1946). In the previous text, the author alludes to the prohibited information that circulated in the last decades of the 18th century in the Spanish dominions of America. Considering these antecedents, what information is being referred to? | history/2019 | ['A) To the thought of European Enlightenment philosophers. ', 'B) To the ideas that Monarchical Absolutism upheld. ', 'C) To the guidelines of the policy exercised by the Bourbons. ', 'D) To the social control practices exercised in the French Revolution. ', 'E) To the writings on the Social Doctrine of the Catholic Church. '] | A | American History |
38. The Independence of Spanish America and Chile constituted a multifactorial historical phenomenon that presented similarities and differences in relation to the territories where it took place. From the following options, which one constitutes one of the common factors to the independence processes in the region? | history/2019 | ['A) The essential political role of mestizo and mulatto groups. ', 'B) The economic support from the United States to the emancipation. ', 'C) The peaceful manner in which Independence took place. ', 'D) The prominent presence of local Creole groups. ', 'E) The influence of emancipatory ideology among Crown officials. '] | D | American History |
39. During the organization of the Republic, Chile experienced several changes that broke with the colonial period. However, there were continuities with the previous period. In this regard, which of the following options corresponds to one of these continuities? | history/2019 | ['A) The presence of imperial government institutions. ', 'B) The Catholic character of Chilean society. ', 'C) The constitutional legal framework. ', 'D) The secular orientation of public education. ', 'E) The state monopoly on trade. '] | B | History Chile |