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[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty that has successfully reduced emissions of ozone-depleting substances (for example, CFCs), which are also greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Emissions trading:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Emissions trading", "evidence": "The international community began the long process towards building effective international and domestic measures to tackle GHG emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydroflurocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride) in response to the increasing assertions that global warming is happening due to man-made emissions and the uncertainty over its likely consequences.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:269", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "This led to a massive contraction of their heavy industry-based economies, with associated reductions in their fossil fuel consumption and emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:380", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The 2010 Cancún agreements include voluntary pledges made by 76 developed and developing countries to control their emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paris Agreement:117", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paris Agreement", "evidence": "The agreement stated that it would enter into force (and thus become fully effective) only if 55 countries that produce at least 55% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions (according to a list produced in 2015) ratify, accept, approve or accede to the agreement.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hydrology:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hydrology", "evidence": "Using various analytical methods and scientific techniques, they collect and analyze data to help solve water related problems such as environmental preservation, natural disasters, and water management.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Meta-analysis:23", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Meta-analysis", "evidence": "Conceptually, a meta-analysis uses a statistical approach to combine the results from multiple studies in an effort to increase power (over individual studies), improve estimates of the size of the effect and/or to resolve uncertainty when reports disagree.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reliability engineering:145", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reliability engineering", "evidence": "To derive these requirements in an effective manner, a systems engineering-based risk assessment and mitigation logic should be used.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Reliability engineering:80", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Reliability engineering", "evidence": "Determine the best mitigation and get agreement on final, acceptable risk levels, possibly based on cost/benefit analysis.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sociology:296", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sociology", "evidence": "For example, an influential recent work in the field relies on statistical analyses to argue that the increase in incarceration in the US over the last 30 years is due to changes in law and policing and not to an increase in crime; and that this increase has significantly contributed to the persistence of racial stratification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:285", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "(2007) concluded that unless energy policies changed substantially, the world would continue to depend on fossil fuels until 2025–2030.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:286", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "While the lifetime of atmospheric methane is relatively short when compared to carbon dioxide, with a half-life of about 7 years, it is more efficient at trapping heat in the atmosphere, so that a given quantity of methane has 84 times the global-warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 20-year period and 28 times over a 100-year period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:173", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than optimal vitamin D levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:194", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Not only do increasing carbon dioxide concentrations lead to increases in global surface temperature, but increasing global temperatures also cause increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Singer argues, contrary to the scientific consensus on climate change, that there is no evidence that global warming is attributable to human-caused increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that humanity would benefit if temperatures do rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fred Singer:114", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Fred Singer", "evidence": "Singer argues there is no evidence that the increases in carbon dioxide produced by humans cause global warming, and that if temperatures do rise it will be good for humankind.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:188", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "While transparent to visible light, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, absorbing and emitting infrared radiation at its two infrared-active vibrational frequencies (see the section \"Structure and bonding\" above).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Fossil fuel:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Fossil fuel", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that increases radiative forcing and contributes to global warming along with ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Climate change occurs when changes in Earth's climate system result in new weather patterns that remain in place for an extended period of time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "Much adaptation takes place in relation to short-term climate variability, however this may cause maladaptation to longer-term climatic trends.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in Australia:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in Australia", "evidence": "He says that the drought in Australia is already 8 years long.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Drought:109", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "The long Australian Millennial drought broke in 2010.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Physical impacts of climate change:45", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Physical impacts of climate change", "evidence": "In addition, many areas are experiencing higher than normal droughts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:216", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "This has caused an increase in hydrogen ion (acidity) of about 30% since the start of the industrial age through a process known as \"ocean acidification.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbonic acid:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbonic acid", "evidence": "It has been estimated that the extra dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to shift by about −0.1 unit from pre-industrial levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "PH:138", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "PH", "evidence": "It plays an important role in the ocean's carbon cycle, and there is evidence of ongoing ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide emissions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snowball Earth:104", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snowball Earth", "evidence": "Firstly, the high carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere would cause the oceans to become acidic, and dissolve any carbonates contained within—starkly at odds with the deposition of cap carbonates.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:192", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "Climate sensitivity is the globally averaged temperature change in response to changes in radiative forcing, which can occur, for instance, due to increased levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global cooling:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global cooling", "evidence": "The general public had little awareness of carbon dioxide's effects on climate, but Science News in May 1959 forecast a 25% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the 150 years from 1850 to 2000, with a consequent warming trend.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major ice ages.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:109", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:36", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:187", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "The cause of the 1998 spike is unresolved, but scientists are currently attributing it to a combination of increased wetland and rice field emissions as well as an increased amount of biomass burning.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:216", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "In accordance with the IPCC and other natural gas emissions control groups, measurements had to be taken throughout the pipeline to measure methane emissions from technological discharges and leaks at the pipeline fittings and vents.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:217", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "Although the majority of the natural gas leaks were carbon dioxide, a significant amount of methane was also being consistently released from the pipeline as a result of leaks and breakdowns.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:71", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "The correlation between the decrease of CO2 in the Pleistocene and the increase of it during the Holocene implies that the causation of this spark of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere was the growth of human agriculture during the Holocene such as the anthropogenic expansion of (human) land use and irrigation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Methane:117", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Methane", "evidence": "Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1) over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "La Niña:291", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "\"Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:297", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "\"Contrasting the termination of moderate and extreme El Niño events in coupled general circulation models\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "La Niña:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "La Niña", "evidence": "La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Methane:135", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Methane", "evidence": "The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Methane:136", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Methane", "evidence": "These fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2006 North American heat wave:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "2006 North American heat wave", "evidence": "The Summer 2006 North American heat wave was a severe heat wave that affected most of the United States and Canada, killing at least 225 people and bringing extreme heat to many locations.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Also more than 2,000 people died in Karachi, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:119", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "In every society, crime rates go up when temperatures go up, particularly violent crimes such as assault, murder, and rape.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:312", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "\"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:4", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures, thousands of deaths from hyperthermia, and widespread power outages due to increased use of air conditioning.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:159", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Sandy:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Sandy", "evidence": "Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will \"either decrease or remain essentially unchanged\" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Sandy:49", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Sandy", "evidence": "As the temperature of the atmosphere increases, the capacity to hold water increases, leading to stronger storms and higher rainfall amounts.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:715", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "As the Earth's climate warms, we are seeing many changes: stronger, more destructive hurricanes; heavier rainfall; more disastrous flooding; more areas of the world experiencing severe drought; and more heat waves.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Overall, higher temperatures bring more rain and snowfall, but for some regions droughts and wildfires increase instead.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:123", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:156", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the 1950s, droughts and heat waves have appeared simultaneously with increasing frequency.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:159", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The maximum rainfall and wind speed from hurricanes and typhoons are likely increasing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming has led to decades of shrinking and thinning of the Arctic sea ice, making it vulnerable to atmospheric anomalies.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:437", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting.\"", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "While aerosols typically limit global warming by reflecting sunlight, black carbon in soot that falls on snow or ice can contribute to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:92", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Not only does this increase the absorption of sunlight, it also increases melting and sea level rise.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic:88", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic include rising temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the Arctic:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change in the Arctic", "evidence": "The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deglaciation:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Deglaciation", "evidence": "Around much of Earth, deglaciation during the last 100 years has been accelerating as a result of climate change, partly brought on by anthropogenic changes to greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "North Pole:177", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "North Pole", "evidence": "The retreat of the Arctic sea ice will accelerate global warming, as less ice cover reflects less solar radiation, and may have serious climate implications by contributing to Arctic cyclone generation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:3", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic sea ice decline:164", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic sea ice decline", "evidence": "\"Absurd January Warmth in Arctic Brings Record-Low Sea Ice Extent\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Attribution of recent climate change:151", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Attribution of recent climate change", "evidence": "(2012) stated that a combination of natural weather variability and human-induced global warming was responsible for the Moscow and Texas heat waves.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1868", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"What caused the recent \"Warm Arctic, Cold Continents\" trend pattern in winter temperatures?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:23", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since 1950, the number of cold days and nights have decreased, and the number of warm days and night have increased.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:204", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "As the concentration of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the increased uptake of carbon dioxide into the oceans is causing a measurable decrease in the pH of the oceans, which is referred to as ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:153", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to an increase in dissolved CO2, which causes ocean acidification.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pollution:147", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Pollution", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO 2 becomes dissolved.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:139", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Aside from the slowing and/or reversing of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:153", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "While the full implications of elevated CO2 on marine ecosystems are still being documented, there is a substantial body of research showing that a combination of ocean acidification and elevated ocean temperature, driven mainly by CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions, have a compounded effect on marine life and the ocean environment.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:212", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "For example, in regards to safety, the report found a \"[high] potential for undesirable ecological side effects\", and that ocean fertilization \"may increase anoxic regions of ocean ('dead zones')\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:509", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "\"Rising levels of acids in seas may endanger marine life, says study\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ocean acidification:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Ocean acidification", "evidence": "Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:102", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "It is considered to be a health hazard.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:330", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Emissions from these sources can cause respiratory disease, childhood asthma, cancer, and other health problems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:53", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Increased levels of fine particles in the air are linked to health hazards such as heart disease, altered lung function and lung cancer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hazard:120", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hazard", "evidence": "Health hazards Hazards affecting the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pollution:176", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pollution", "evidence": "Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:146", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:147", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:166", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Sea level rise will continue over many centuries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:354", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "rising sea levels, shrinking Arctic sea ice).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "For at least the last 100 years, sea level has been rising at an average rate of about 1.8 mm (0.07 in) per year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "2014–15 North American winter:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–15 North American winter", "evidence": "Many records for snowfall and temperature were broken, many for the month of February, with every state east of the Mississippi River being colder than average, some for the entire winter.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "2014–15 North American winter:185", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "2014–15 North American winter", "evidence": "Snowflakes fell on 19 out of 28 days in the Boston, Massachusetts area, setting records in numerous locations with depths up to over 36.0 inches (91 cm) deep in certain places.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:230", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "Seattle recorded its snowiest winter on record with 67.5 inches (171 cm) for the season at Sea-Tac Airport.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cold wave:78", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cold wave", "evidence": "Snowfall records were confirmed all over the Midwest and the Northeast, especially around the Great Lakes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Snow:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Snow", "evidence": "The following are world records regarding snowfall and snowflakes: Highest seasonal total snowfall – The world record for the highest seasonal total snowfall was measured in the United States at Mt.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Agriculture:18", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Agriculture", "evidence": "The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Burkina Faso:317", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Burkina Faso", "evidence": "Burkina Faso's rapidly growing population (around 3.6% annually) continues to put a strain on the country's resources and infrastructure, which can further limit accessibility to food.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:260", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Socio-economic factors have contributed to the observed trend of global losses, e.g., population growth, increased wealth.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Forestry in India:182", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Forestry in India", "evidence": "India defines forest management as one where the economic needs of local communities are not ignored, rather forests are sustained while meeting nation's economic needs and local issues through scientific forestry.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Vietnam:423", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Vietnam", "evidence": "The average growth rate of the urban population has recently increased which is attributed mainly to migration and rapid urbanisation.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Drought:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Drought", "evidence": "According to the WWF, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels forest fires.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:189", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "However, other research suggests that there has been little change in drought over the past 60 years.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:307", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Due to deforestation the rainforest is losing this ability, exacerbated by climate change which brings more frequent droughts to the area.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:74", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "There may have been changes in other climate extremes (e.g., floods, droughts and tropical cyclones) but these changes are more difficult to identify.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "History of the world:443", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "History of the world", "evidence": "The increased demands are contributing to increased environmental degradation and to global warming, with resultant intensification of tropical cyclones, floods, droughts, forest fires, and incidence of hyperthermia deaths.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:142", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "The famous heat wave events of Chicago in 1995 and the European heat wave of 2003 regions will experience longer, more frequent and more intense heat waves in the latter 21st century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:150", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "June 2019 was the hottest month on record worldwide, the effects of this were especially prominent in Europe.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:36", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "This was used to estimate heat waves occurrence at the global scale from 1901 to 2010, finding a substantial and sharp increase in the amount of affected areas in the last two decades.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "'s Heat Wave Duration Index is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F), the normal period being 1961–1990.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "List of heat waves:15", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "List of heat waves", "evidence": "Massive heat waves across North America were persistent in the 1930s, many mid-Atlantic/Ohio valley states recorded their highest temperatures during July 1934.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:236", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:552", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In blogs, talk radio and other new media, we are told that the warnings about future global warming issued by the national science academies, scientific societies, and governments of all the leading nations are not only mistaken, but based on a hoax, indeed a conspiracy that must involve thousands of respected researchers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "An editorial in Nature stated that \"A fair reading of the e-mails reveals nothing to support the denialists' conspiracy theories.\"", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Conspiracy theory:632", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Conspiracy theory", "evidence": "\"Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Phil Jones (climatologist):92", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Phil Jones (climatologist)", "evidence": "\"'Conspiracy theories finally laid to rest' by report on leaked climate change emails\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atlantic hurricane:443", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atlantic hurricane", "evidence": "\"1.3: A Global Climatology\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming on human health:395", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming on human health", "evidence": "Health concerns around the world can be linked to floods.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2239", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Q&A: How is Arctic warming linked to the 'polar vortex' and other extreme weather?\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hurricane Sandy:578", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hurricane Sandy", "evidence": "Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:926", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "\"African Dust Linked To Hurricane Strength\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:179", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Extreme Weather Prompts Unprecedented Global Warming Alert.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:65", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Scientists attribute extreme weather to man-made climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Extreme weather:66", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Extreme weather", "evidence": "Researchers have for the first time attributed recent floods, droughts and heat waves, to human-induced climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:362", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level.\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:9", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "The Arctic ice pack undergoes a regular seasonal cycle in which ice melts in spring and summer, reaches a minimum around mid-September, then increases during fall and winter.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic ice pack:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic ice pack", "evidence": "As well as the regular seasonal cycle there has been an underlying trend of declining sea ice in the Arctic in recent decades.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic oscillation:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic oscillation", "evidence": "The Arctic oscillation (AO) or Northern Annular Mode/Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode (NAM) is a weather phenomenon at the Arctic poles north of 20 degrees latitude.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "\"Arctic cut-off high drives the poleward shift of a new Greenland melting record\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Arctic:99", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Arctic", "evidence": "The melting of the ice is making the Northwest Passage, the shipping routes through the northernmost latitudes, more navigable, raising the possibility that the Arctic region will become a prime trade route.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Atmospheric methane:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Atmospheric methane", "evidence": "Atmospheric methane concentrations are of interest because it is one of the most potent greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The oxidation of methane can produce both ozone and water; and is a major source of water vapor in the normally dry stratosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Natural gas:217", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Natural gas", "evidence": "Natural gas is thus a more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide due to the greater global-warming potential of methane.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:110", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Water vapor:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Water vapor", "evidence": "Being a component of Earth's hydrosphere and hydrologic cycle, it is particularly abundant in Earth's atmosphere where it is also a potent greenhouse gas along with other gases such as carbon dioxide and methane.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:10", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "For decades, large-scale hunting raised international concern for the future of the species, but populations rebounded after controls and quotas began to take effect.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:1332", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "\"Ask the experts: Are polar bear populations increasing?\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:280", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "The numbers taken grew rapidly in the 1960s, peaking around 1968 with a global total of 1,250 bears that year.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:404", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Warnings about the future of the polar bear are often contrasted with the fact that worldwide population estimates have increased over the past 50 years and are relatively stable today.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Polar bear:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Polar bear", "evidence": "Of the 19 recognized polar bear subpopulations, one is in decline, two are increasing, seven are stable, and nine have insufficient data, as of 2017.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:12", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:174", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Climate change will impact agriculture and food production around the world due to the effects of elevated CO2 in the atmosphere, higher temperatures, altered precipitation and transpiration regimes, increased frequency of extreme events, and modified weed, pest, and pathogen pressure.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:302", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Tipping points are \"perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes\", leading to irreversible impacts on society.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:241", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:651", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It is anticipated that continuing changes to the climate will have serious negative impacts on public, animal and ecosystem health due to extreme weather events, changing disease transmission dynamics, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and alterations to habitat and ecological systems that are essential to wildlife conservation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Adventure Time:279", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Adventure Time", "evidence": "The first game based on the series, Adventure Time: Hey Ice King!", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Antarctica:341", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Antarctica", "evidence": "This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Captain America: The First Avenger:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Captain America: The First Avenger", "evidence": "... We have to deal with much the same way that Captain America, when thawed from the Arctic ice, entered a world that he didn't recognize,\" similar to the way Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced the character in the 1960s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hip hop music:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hip hop music", "evidence": "Hip hop's \"golden age\" (or \"golden era\") is a name given to a period in mainstream hip hop, produced between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s, which is characterized by its diversity, quality, innovation and influence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Toy Story:1034", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Toy Story", "evidence": "\"'Toy Story' Takes the Ice to the Blue Line and Beyond!\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:262", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "The theory of classical or equilibrium thermodynamics is idealized.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:283", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "This does not conflict with notions that have been observed of the fundamental laws of physics, namely CPT symmetry, since the second law applies statistically, it is hypothesized, on time-asymmetric boundary conditions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:288", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "Loschmidt's paradox, also known as the reversibility paradox, is the objection that it should not be possible to deduce an irreversible process from the time-symmetric dynamics that describe the microscopic evolution of a macroscopic system.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:301", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "The recurrence theorem may be perceived as apparently contradicting the second law of thermodynamics.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Second law of thermodynamics:374", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Second law of thermodynamics", "evidence": "This law is the basis of temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ganges:364", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ganges", "evidence": "In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its Fourth Report, stated that the Himalayan glaciers which feed the river, were at risk of melting by 2035.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ganges:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ganges", "evidence": "In its statement, the IPCC stands by its general findings relating to the Himalayan glaciers being at risk from global warming (with consequent risks to water flow into the Gangetic basin).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:168", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:183", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:265", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Former IPCC chairman Robert Watson said, regarding the Himalayan glaciers estimation, \"The mistakes all appear to have gone in the direction of making it seem like climate change is more serious by overstating the impact.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cloud feedback:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cloud feedback", "evidence": "Changes in subtropical humidity could provide a negative feedback that decreases the amount of water vapor which in turn would act to mediate global climate transitions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cloud feedback:17", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cloud feedback", "evidence": "The albedo of increased cloudiness cools the climate, resulting in a negative feedback; while the reflection of infrared radiation by clouds warms the climate, resulting in a positive feedback.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cloud:338", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "Broadly speaking, if clouds, especially low clouds, increase in a warmer climate, the resultant cooling effect leads to a negative feedback in climate response to increased greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cloud:339", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Cloud", "evidence": "But if low clouds decrease, or if high clouds increase, the feedback is positive.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:134", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "This effect results in a negative feedback process that can inhibit further development or lead to weakening.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Amazon basin:3", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Amazon basin", "evidence": "Most of the basin is covered by the Amazon Rainforest, also known as Amazonia.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Amazon rainforest:160", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Amazon rainforest", "evidence": "It concluded that the forest is on the brink of[vague] being turned into savanna or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Amazon rainforest:96", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Amazon rainforest", "evidence": "Research suggests that upon reaching about 20–25% (hence 3–8% more), the tipping point to flip it into a non-forest ecosystems – degraded savannah – (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Deforestation:560", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Deforestation", "evidence": "IPCC NASA Data Shows Deforestation Affects Climate In The Amazon.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical rainforest:287", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tropical rainforest", "evidence": "\"Above- and below-ground net primary productivity across ten Amazonian forests on contrasting soils\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:137", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "On balance, the IPCC estimates −44 ± 53 Gt/yr, which means that the ice sheet may currently be melting.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:214", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "\"Greenland Hits 97 Percent Meltdown in July\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:313", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "\"Images Show Breakup of Two of Greenland's Largest Glaciers, Predict Disintegration in Near Future\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:51", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "James E. Hansen has argued that multiple positive feedbacks could lead to nonlinear ice sheet disintegration much faster than claimed by the IPCC.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt away completely, the world's sea level would rise by more than 7 m (23 ft).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:177", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The average residence time of a water molecule in the atmosphere is only about nine days, compared to years or centuries for other greenhouse gases such as CH 4 and CO 2.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Aside from water vapor, which has a residence time of about nine days, major greenhouse gases are well mixed and take many years to leave the atmosphere.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:68", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Carbon dioxide has a variable atmospheric lifetime, and cannot be specified precisely.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:69", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "The atmospheric lifetime of CO 2 is estimated of the order of 30–95 years.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "Although more than half of the CO 2 emitted is removed from the atmosphere within a century, some fraction (about 20%) of emitted CO 2 remains in the atmosphere for many thousands of years.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:54", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, but this was obviously untrue as when the email was written temperatures were far from declining: 1998 had been the warmest year recorded.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "On 9 December 2009 Sarah Palin said the truncated phrase showed a \"highly politicised scientific circle\" had \"manipulated data to 'hide the decline' in global temperatures\", and at the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, senator Senator Jim Inhofe quoted Jones, and said \"Of course he means hide the decline in temperatures\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit documents:62", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatic Research Unit documents", "evidence": "The phrase \"hide the decline\" referred specifically to the divergence problem in which some post 1960 tree ring proxy data indicates a decline while measured temperatures rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:488", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Despite this and the fact that 1999 had just seen record breaking global temperatures, the email was widely misquoted as a \"trick\" to \"hide the decline\" as though it referred to a decline in measured global temperatures, an accusation made publicly by the politicians Sarah Palin and Jim Inhofe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1428", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1828", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Assessing dangerous climate change through an update of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 'reasons for concern'\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2222", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"UK Parliament declares climate change emergency\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:327", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:337", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change (general concept):2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate change (general concept)", "evidence": "Scientists have identified many episodes of climate change during Earth's geological history; more recently since the industrial revolution the climate has increasingly been affected by human activities driving global warming, and the terms are commonly used interchangeably in that context.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:2", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming and climate change are often used interchangeably.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:327", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Research in the 1950s suggested that temperatures were increasing, and a 1952 newspaper used the term \"climate change\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:330", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Both the terms global warming and climate change were used only occasionally until 1975, when Wallace Smith Broecker published a scientific paper on the topic, \"Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:337", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In technical sources, the term climate change is also used to refer to past and future climate changes that persist for and extended period of time, and includes regional changes as well as global change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:162", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "As global average temperature increase exceeds about 3.5°C, model projections suggest significant extinctions (40–70% of species assessed) around the globe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:63", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "IPCC Fourth Assessment Report", "evidence": "This range of values is not a projection of the temperature rise we will see in the 21st century, since the future change in carbon dioxide concentrations is unknown, and factors besides carbon dioxide concentrations affect temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:87", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "The IPCC (2007) estimates that the expected rise in temperature due to a doubling of CO2 to be about 3 °C (5.4 °F), ± 1.5°.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Peer review:44", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Peer review", "evidence": "Richard Smith, MD, former editor of the British Medical Journal, has claimed that peer review is \"ineffective, largely a lottery, anti-innovatory, slow, expensive, wasteful of scientific time, inefficient, easily abused, prone to bias, unable to detect fraud and irrelevant; Several studies have shown that peer review is biased against the provincial and those from low- and middle-income countries; Many journals take months and even years to publish and the process wastes researchers' time.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peer review:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peer review", "evidence": "Multiple examples across several areas of science find that scientists elevated the importance of peer review for research that was questionable or corrupted.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peer review:61", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Peer review", "evidence": "At times, peer review has been exposed as a process that was orchestrated for a preconceived outcome.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peer review:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peer review", "evidence": "In 2010, the US Senate Finance Committee released a report that found this practice was widespread, that it corrupted the scientific literature and increased prescription rates.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Peer review:84", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Peer review", "evidence": "If anything, the current peer review process and academic system could penalize, or at least fail to incentivize, such integrity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:100", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "Using different satellites from 1992 to 2017 shows melt is increasing significantly over this period.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres (16 ft) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:49", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This network was used, in combination with satellite altimeter data, to establish that global mean sea-level rose 19.5 cm (7.7 in) between 1870 and 2004 at an average rate of about 1.44 mm/yr (1.7 mm/yr during the 20th century).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "This is an important confirmation of climate change simulations which predicted that sea level rise would accelerate in response to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "As climate research into past and present sea levels leads to improved computer models, projections have consistently increased.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate system:7", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate system", "evidence": "Accumulation of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, mainly being emitted by people burning fossil fuels, is causing global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:39", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "In order to constitute the Holocene as an extinction event, scientists must determine exactly when anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions began to measurably alter natural atmospheric levels on a global scale, and when these alterations caused changes to global climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "The timing of South American megafaunal extinction appears to precede human arrival, although the possibility that human activity at the time impacted the global climate enough to cause such an extinction has been suggested.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human impact on the environment:171", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Human impact on the environment", "evidence": "In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Human:121", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Human", "evidence": "Currently, through land development, combustion of fossil fuels, and pollution, humans are thought to be the main contributor to global climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1219", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "\"SYR 2.3: Climate sensitivity and feedbacks\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:1224", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "\"Heat Capacity, Time Constant and Sensitivity of Earth's Climate System\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Iris hypothesis:66", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Iris hypothesis", "evidence": "\"Missing iris effect as a possible cause of muted hydrological change and high climate sensitivity in models\".", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "This hypothesis suggests a negative feedback which would counter the effects of CO 2 warming by lowering the climate sensitivity.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Richard Lindzen:88", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Richard Lindzen", "evidence": "Lindzen has given estimates of the Earth's climate sensitivity to be 0.5 °C based on ERBE data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, "SUPPORTS" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1428", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:253", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:612", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Crucifix 2016 Jull & McKenzie 1996.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "He said there had probably been no global warming since the 1940s, and \"Satellite data show no appreciable warming of the global atmosphere since 1979.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global dimming:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global dimming", "evidence": "However some research shows that black carbon will increase global warming, being second only to CO2.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global dimming:6", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global dimming", "evidence": "Global dimming creates a cooling effect that reduces the global average temperature elevation of greenhouse gases on global warming by 0.3-0.7 degrees centigrade.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:106", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:1428", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "\"Reduction in surface climate change achieved by the 1987 Montreal Protocol\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:93", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Limiting new black carbon deposits in the Arctic could reduce global warming by 0.2 °C by 2050.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:38", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Greenhouse gases trap outgoing radiation warming the atmosphere which in turn warms the land.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level:61", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level", "evidence": "Second, as ocean temperatures rise, the warmer water expands.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea surface temperature:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea surface temperature", "evidence": "Secondly, the satellite cannot look through clouds, creating a cool bias in satellite-derived SSTs within cloudy areas.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:12", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Concerns have been raised about possible contribution from urban heat islands to global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:310", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "For example, \"a 3°C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:90", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures, generally between 0 °C (32 °F) and 14 °C (57 °F) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres (5.5 in) and 43 centimetres (17 in).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global temperature record:26", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global temperature record", "evidence": "Recent evidence suggests that a sudden and short-lived climatic shift between 2200 and 2100 BCE occurred in the region between Tibet and Iceland, with some evidence suggesting a global change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "Earlier extended minima have been discovered through analysis of tree rings and appear to have coincided with lower-than-average global temperatures.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:54", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism", "evidence": "According to the National Science Foundation, there were approximately 955,300 biological scientists in the United States in 1999.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism", "evidence": "Critics have noted that of the 105 \"scientists\" listed on the original 2001 petition, fewer than 20% were biologists, with few of the remainder having the necessary expertise to contribute meaningfully to a discussion of the role of natural selection in evolution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Art Robinson:26", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Art Robinson", "evidence": "The OISM website states that \"several members of the Institute's staff are also well known for their work on the Petition Project\", and that the petition has \"more than 31,000\" signatures by scientists.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Art Robinson:27", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Art Robinson", "evidence": "Robinson asserted in 2008 that the petition has over 31,000 signatories, with 9,000 of these holding a PhD degree.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Oregon Petition:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Oregon Petition", "evidence": "As of 2013, the petition's website states, \"The current list of 31,487 petition signers includes 9,029 PhD; 7,157 MS; 2,586 MD and DVM; and 12,715 BS or equivalent academic degrees.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "An Inconvenient Truth:105", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "An Inconvenient Truth", "evidence": "A 2004 survey, by Naomi Oreskes of 928 peer-reviewed scientific articles on global climate change published between 1993 and 2003.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:10", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:256", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Various surveys have been conducted to evaluate scientific opinion on global warming.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:294", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:837", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Photosynthesis:248", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Photosynthesis", "evidence": "Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Proxy (climate):40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Proxy (climate)", "evidence": "New approaches retrieve data such as CO 2 content of past atmospheres from fossil leaf stomata and isotope composition, measuring cellular CO2 concentrations.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stoma:125", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stoma", "evidence": "These studies imply the plants response to changing CO2 levels is largely controlled by genetics.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stoma:128", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stoma", "evidence": "Rates of leaf photosynthesis were shown to increase by 30–50% in C3 plants, and 10–25% in C4 under doubled CO2 levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Stoma:56", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Stoma", "evidence": "These scientific instruments are commonly used by plant physiologists to measure CO2 uptake and thus measure photosynthetic rate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Association of Chief Police Officers:20", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Association of Chief Police Officers", "evidence": "As a private company, ACPO was not subject to freedom of information legislation.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Association of Chief Police Officers:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Association of Chief Police Officers", "evidence": "From November 2011, however, FOI requests could be made to ACPO.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:248", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "In two cases, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) issued decisions on appeals of Freedom of Information (FOI) requests which had been turned down by the university.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy:65", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climatic Research Unit email controversy", "evidence": "It said that emails showed harassment of researchers, with multiple Freedom of Information requests to the Climatic Research Unit, but release of information had been hampered by national government restrictions on releasing the meteorological data researchers had been using.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Julian Assange:286", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Julian Assange", "evidence": "la Repubblica said that its FOI requests had been hindered and delayed in all jurisdictions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:1686", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "\"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:466", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Tuvalu is also affected by perigean spring tide events which raise the sea level higher than a normal high tide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:471", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Tuvaluan leaders have been concerned about the effects of rising sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:484", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to increase the reefs.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tuvalu:493", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Tuvalu", "evidence": "Mean sea-level rise is projected to continue (very high confidence).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Power station:150", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Power station", "evidence": "This less valuable \"spare\" electricity comes from uncontrolled wind power and base load power plants such as coal, nuclear and geothermal, which still produce power at night even though demand is very low.", "entropy": 1.0397207736968994, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:97", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "Geothermal power plants can operate 24 hours per day, providing baseload capacity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:362", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "EGS and HDR technologies, such as hydrothermal geothermal, are expected to be baseload resources which produce power 24 hours a day like a fossil plant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:171", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "about 8% of total nameplate capacity) to be used as reliable, baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads, as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Wind power:825", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Wind power", "evidence": "\"Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting Wind Farms\" (PDF).", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Great Lakes Storm of 1913:9", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Lakes Storm of 1913", "evidence": "The immense volume of water in the five Great Lakes holds heat that allows the lakes to remain relatively warm for much later into the year and postpones the Arctic spread in the region.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Lakes:525", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Lakes", "evidence": "\"More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature,\" Gronewold said.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Great Lakes:887", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Great Lakes", "evidence": "Dynamically updated data Surface temperatures Water levels Currents Ship locations Water levels since 1918", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake Erie:14", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Erie", "evidence": "Because it is the shallowest, it is also the warmest of the Great Lakes, and in 1999 this almost became a problem for two nuclear power plants which require cool lake water to keep their reactors cool.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Lake Superior:242", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Lake Superior", "evidence": "Current Great Lakes Water Levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Correlation does not imply causation:89", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Correlation does not imply causation", "evidence": "The two variables aren't related at all, but correlate by chance.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cross-correlation:37", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cross-correlation", "evidence": "In time series analysis and statistics, the cross-correlation of a pair of random process is the correlation between values of the processes at different times, as a function of the two times.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pearson correlation coefficient:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "evidence": "In statistics, the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC, pronounced /ˈpɪərsən/), also referred to as Pearson's r, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) or the bivariate correlation, is a measure of the linear correlation between two variables X and Y.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pearson correlation coefficient:1", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "evidence": "According to the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality it has a value between +1 and −1, where 1 is total positive linear correlation, 0 is no linear correlation, and −1 is total negative linear correlation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Pearson correlation coefficient:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Pearson correlation coefficient", "evidence": "A value of 0 implies that there is no linear correlation between the variables.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:190", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "It is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951-2010.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:10", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Of these, 97% agree, explicitly or implicitly, that global warming is happening and is human-caused.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:19", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "It is extremely likely (95–100% probability) that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951–2010.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:266", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "97% of the scientists surveyed agreed that global temperatures had increased during the past 100 years; 84% said they personally believed human-induced warming was occurring, and 74% agreed that \"currently available scientific evidence\" substantiated its occurrence.", "entropy": 0.5623351335525513, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, "REFUTES" ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Creep (deformation):81", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Creep (deformation)", "evidence": "Coble creep is still temperature dependent, as the temperature increases so does the grain boundary diffusion.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil respiration:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil respiration", "evidence": "Due to the increase in temperature of the soil, CO2 levels in our atmosphere increase, and as such the mean average temperature of the Earth is rising.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil respiration:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil respiration", "evidence": "As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Soil respiration:72", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Soil respiration", "evidence": "Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Virial expansion:25", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Virial expansion", "evidence": "The third virial coefficient thus derived would increase monotonically as temperature is lowered from the critical point to the triple point.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:636", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "\"Geoengineering: How to Cool Earth--At a Price\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate change adaptation:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change adaptation", "evidence": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are bearing the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:212", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Successful adaptation is easier if there are substantial emission reductions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:243", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since they are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:244", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The capacity and potential for humans to adapt, called adaptive capacity, is unevenly distributed across different regions and populations, and developing countries generally have less capacity to adapt.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "The planet Venus experienced runaway greenhouse effect, resulting in an atmosphere which is 96% carbon dioxide, with surface atmospheric pressure roughly the same as found 900 m (3,000 ft) underwater on Earth.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse effect:71", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse effect", "evidence": "A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus, this idea is still largely accepted[citation needed].", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Terraforming of Venus:78", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Terraforming of Venus", "evidence": "Venus receives about twice the sunlight that Earth does, which is thought to have contributed to its runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:13", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "It may have had water oceans in the past, but these would have vaporized as the temperature rose due to a runaway greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Venus:88", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Venus", "evidence": "The CO 2-rich atmosphere generates the strongest greenhouse effect in the Solar System, creating surface temperatures of at least 735 K (462 °C; 864 °F).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Solar phenomena:91", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Solar phenomena", "evidence": "Luminosity decreases caused by sunspots (generally < - 0.3%) are correlated with increases (generally < + 0.05%) caused both by faculae that are associated with active regions as well as the magnetically active 'bright network'.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:183", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces emergence of toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to pairs of sunspots, roughly aligned east–west and having footprints with opposite magnetic polarities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sun:209", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sun", "evidence": "Long-term secular change in sunspot number is thought, by some scientists, to be correlated with long-term change in solar irradiance, which, in turn, might influence Earth's long-term climate.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sunspot:48", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sunspot", "evidence": "Sunspots number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sunspot:63", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sunspot", "evidence": "On longer time scales, such as the solar cycle, other magnetic phenomena (faculae and the chromospheric network) correlate with sunspot occurrence.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere:140", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere", "evidence": "While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:186", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:130", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "It is likely that anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) warming, such as that due to elevated greenhouse gas levels, has had a discernible influence on many physical and biological systems.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sustainability:234", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Sustainability", "evidence": "In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "BP:283", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "BP", "evidence": "It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Green-collar worker:26", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Green-collar worker", "evidence": "Some 2.3 million people have found renewable energy jobs in recent years, and projected investments of $630 billion by 2030 would translate into at least 20 million additional jobs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:11", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy commercialization:16", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy commercialization", "evidence": "Renewable power has been more effective in creating jobs than coal or oil in the United States.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Renewable energy:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Renewable energy", "evidence": "Globally there are an estimated 7.7 million jobs associated with the renewable energy industries, with solar photovoltaics being the largest renewable employer.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:191", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Less energy reaches the upper atmosphere, which is therefore cooler because of this absorption.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Carbon dioxide:266", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Carbon dioxide", "evidence": "Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Gaia hypothesis:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Gaia hypothesis", "evidence": "As the temperature rises closer to the value the white daisies like, the white daisies outreproduce the black daisies, leading to a larger percentage of white surface, and more sunlight is reflected, reducing the heat input and eventually cooling the planet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change feedback:83", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change feedback", "evidence": "This is the \"likely\" range (greater than 66% probability), based on the expert judgement of the IPCC's authors.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:58", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "For constant humidity they computed a climate sensitivity of 2.3 °C per doubling of CO2 (which they rounded to 2, the value most often quoted from their work, in the abstract of the paper).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate sensitivity:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate sensitivity", "evidence": "The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report reverted to the earlier range of 1.5 to 4.5 °C (2.7 to 8.1 °F) (high confidence) because some estimates using industrial-age data came out low.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report:69", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "IPCC Fifth Assessment Report", "evidence": "Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Kyoto Protocol:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Kyoto Protocol", "evidence": "The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) have produced a range of projections of what the future increase in global mean temperature might be.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Glacier:76", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Glacier", "evidence": "The ablation zone is the region where there is a net loss in glacier mass.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland ice sheet:143", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland ice sheet", "evidence": "If iceberg calving has happened as an average, Greenland lost 294 Gt of its mass during 2007 (one km3 of ice weighs about 0.9 Gt).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:200", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenland:740", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Greenland", "evidence": "\"Greenland Glaciers Losing Ice Much Faster, Study Says\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850:286", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Retreat of glaciers since 1850", "evidence": "Between then and 2010, the mountain lost 80 percent of its ice — two-thirds of which since another scientific expedition in the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming controversy:822", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming controversy", "evidence": "In fact, one site said that it was proven in 1996 that Santer had fraudulently altered the IPCC report.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Greenhouse gas:707", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Greenhouse gas", "evidence": "A Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:109", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The IPCC First Assessment Report (FAR) was completed in 1990, and served as the basis of the UNFCCC.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:118", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "Climate Change 1995, the IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR), was finished in 1996.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:74", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The IPCC published its First Assessment Report (FAR) in 1990, a supplementary report in 1992, a Second Assessment Report (SAR) in 1995, a Third Assessment Report (TAR) in 2001, a Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) in 2007 and a Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Philosophical skepticism:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Philosophical skepticism", "evidence": "Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, \"inquiry\") is a philosophical school of thought that questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Skepticism:0", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Skepticism", "evidence": "Skepticism (American English) or scepticism (British English, Australian English, and Canadian English) is generally a questioning attitude or doubt towards one or more items of putative knowledge or belief or dogma.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Skepticism:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Skepticism", "evidence": "In India the Ajñana school of philosophy espoused skepticism.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Skepticism:48", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Skepticism", "evidence": "In this way, Hume embraced what he called a \"mitigated\" skepticism, while rejecting an \"excessive\" Pyrrhonian skepticism that he saw as both impractical and psychologically impossible.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Skepticism:8", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Skepticism", "evidence": "In ordinary usage, skepticism (US) or scepticism (UK) (Greek: 'σκέπτομαι' skeptomai, to search, to think about or look for; see also spelling differences) can refer to: an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or toward a particular object; the doctrine that true knowledge or some particular knowledge is uncertain; the method of suspended judgment, systematic doubt, or criticism that is characteristic of skeptics (Merriam–Webster).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:220", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "A potentially important area for consideration is also the detection of trends in extreme events and the attribution of these trends to human influence.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:267", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "The IPCC needs to look at this trend in the errors and ask why it happened\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change:277", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change", "evidence": "These studies were widely presented as demonstrating that the current warming period is exceptional in comparison to temperatures between 1000 and 1900, and the MBH99 based graph featured in publicity.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sea level rise:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sea level rise", "evidence": "More precise data gathered from satellite radar measurements reveal an accelerating rise of 7.5 cm (3.0 in) from 1993 to 2017, which is a trend of roughly 30 cm (12 in) per century.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:46", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "This was the basis of a \"schematic diagram\" featured in the IPCC First Assessment Report beside cautions that the medieval warming might not have been global.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change in the United States:45", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climate change in the United States", "evidence": "Human-induced climate change has, e.g., the potential to alter the prevalence and severity of extreme weathers such as heat waves, cold waves, storms, floods and droughts.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:162", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "For example, developed countries will be negatively affected by increases in the severity and frequency of some extreme weather events, such as heat waves.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:259", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Global losses reveal rapidly rising costs due to extreme weather-related events since the 1970s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:334", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "For example, humans living on atoll islands face risks due to sea level rise, sea surface warming, and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Heat wave:54", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Heat wave", "evidence": "Global warming boosts the probability of extreme weather events, like heat waves, far more than it boosts more moderate events.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "John Christy:40", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "John Christy", "evidence": "We have found that climate models and popular surface temperature data sets overstate the changes in the real atmosphere and that actual changes are not alarming.\"", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:111", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "Globally, most climate models used by the IPCC in preparation of their third assessment in 2007 show a slightly greater warming at the TLT level than at the surface (0.03 °C/decade difference) for 1979–1999 while the GISS trend is +0.161 °C/decade for 1979 to 2012, the lower troposphere trends calculated from satellite data by UAH and RSS are +0.130 °C/decade and +0.206 °C/decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements:53", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Microwave Sounding Unit temperature measurements", "evidence": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature models.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "UAH satellite temperature dataset:27", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "UAH satellite temperature dataset", "evidence": "In comparing these measurements to surface temperature models, it is important to note that values for the lower troposphere measurements taken by the MSU are a weighted average of temperatures over multiple altitudes (roughly 0 to 12 km), and not a surface temperature (as seen in figure above).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "UAH satellite temperature dataset:28", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "UAH satellite temperature dataset", "evidence": "The results are thus not precisely comparable to surface temperature records or models.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "20th century:6", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "20th century", "evidence": "The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:19", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Climate proxy records show that natural variations offset the early effects of the Industrial Revolution, so there was little net warming between the 18th century and the mid-19th century, when thermometer records began to provide global coverage.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:55", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:59", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric ozone, CFCs, and nitrous oxide.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:713", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities resulting from the industrial revolution have changed the chemical composition of the atmosphere....Deforestation is now the second largest contributor to global warming, after the burning of fossil fuels.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:84", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "A study published in January 2015 proposed that the hiatus resulted from a 60-year oscillatory pattern of natural variability ssociated with the AMO and PDO, interacting with a secular warming trend due mainly to human caused increases in greenhouse gas levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming hiatus:91", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming hiatus", "evidence": "The 60- to 80-year cycle of the atmospheric and oceanic variability over the North Atlantic was also linked to the hiatus by two studies published in 2013 and was used to infer the length of the hiatus.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:44", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "By itself, the climate system experiences various cycles which can last for years (such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation) to decades or centuries.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nicola Scafetta:32", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Nicola Scafetta", "evidence": "In a 2011 article published in The Open Atmospheric Science Journal ecologist Craig Loehle of the National Council for Air and Stream Improvement (a forest industry institution) and Scafetta forecast that the world climate \"may remain approximately steady until 2030-2040, and may at most warm 0.5-1.0°C by 2100 at the estimated 0.66°C/century anthropogenic warming rate\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nicola Scafetta:68", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nicola Scafetta", "evidence": "\"Hotter sun may affect global warming\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Holocene extinction:121", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Holocene extinction", "evidence": "One of the main theories to the extinction is climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:573", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Little Ice Age:627", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Little Ice Age", "evidence": "\"Causes of Climate Change over the Past 1000 Years\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleolithic:21", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleolithic", "evidence": "This epoch experienced important geographic and climatic changes that affected human societies.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary extinction event:1893", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary extinction event", "evidence": "\"The character of late-glacial and post-glacial climatic changes\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Ice age:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Earth's climate alternates between ice ages and greenhouse periods, during which there are no glaciers on the planet.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:102", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The colder periods are called glacial periods, the warmer periods interglacials, such as the Eemian Stage.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:220", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The current geological period, the Quaternary, which began about 2.6 million years ago and extends into the present, is marked by warm and cold episodes, cold phases called glacials (Quaternary ice age) lasting about 100,000 years, and which are then interrupted by the warmer interglacials which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Miocene:34", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Miocene", "evidence": "Climates remained moderately warm, although the slow global cooling that eventually led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatology:50", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "Most climate models include the radiative effects of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Eocene:15", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "Greenhouse gases, in particular carbon dioxide and methane, played a significant role during the Eocene in controlling the surface temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:52", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:145", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "The opposite effect is volcanism, responsible for the natural greenhouse effect, by emitting CO2 into the atmosphere, thus affecting glaciation (Ice Age) cycles.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Paleoclimatology:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Paleoclimatology", "evidence": "Studies of past changes in the environment and biodiversity often reflect on the current situation, specifically the impact of climate on mass extinctions and biotic recovery and current global warming.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Air pollution:22", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Air pollution", "evidence": "Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: Carbon dioxide (CO 2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as \"the leading pollutant\" and \"the worst climate pollutant\".", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:130", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The introduction includes this statement: There is strong evidence that the warming of the Earth over the last half-century has been caused largely by human activity, such as the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use, including agriculture and deforestation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:5", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities (primarily greenhouse gas emissions) are the primary cause.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "21st century:490", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "21st century", "evidence": "Climate scientists have reached a consensus that the earth is undergoing significant anthropogenic (human-induced) global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Climate:36", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Climate", "evidence": "Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cosmic ray:213", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cosmic ray", "evidence": "Danish physicist Henrik Svensmark has controversially argued that because solar variation modulates the cosmic ray flux on Earth, they would consequently affect the rate of cloud formation and hence be an indirect cause of global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation:116", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "El Niño–Southern Oscillation", "evidence": "The studies of historical data show the recent El Niño variation is most likely linked to global warming.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:22", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:366", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where such assessment is possible (medium confidence).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary glaciation:124", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary glaciation", "evidence": "Based on orbital models, the cooling trend initiated about 6,000 years ago will continue for another 23,000 years.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Solar activity and climate:16", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Solar activity and climate", "evidence": "In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change mitigation:371", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change mitigation", "evidence": "For example, limiting global warming to 1.5 °C relative to pre-industrial levels reduces climate change damages more than a 2 °C limit.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "The effects of global warming or climate damage include far-reaching and long-lasting changes to the natural environment, to ecosystems and human societies caused directly or indirectly by human emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:16", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "It is a major aspect of climate change, and has been demonstrated by the instrumental temperature record which shows global warming of around 1 °C since the pre-industrial period, although the bulk of this (0.9°C) has occurred since 1970.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:257", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Effects of global warming:293", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Effects of global warming", "evidence": "For increases in global average temperature exceeding 1.5 to 2.5 °C (relative to global temperatures over the years 1980–1999) and in concomitant atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, projected changes in ecosystems will have predominantly negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems goods and services, e.g., water and food supply.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climate change denial:221", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Climate change denial", "evidence": "There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:281", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In November 2017, a second warning to humanity signed by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries stated that \"the current trajectory of potentially catastrophic climate change due to rising greenhouse gases from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agricultural production – particularly from farming ruminants for meat consumption\" is \"especially troubling\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:175", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Evidence from the geological record is consistent with the physics that shows that adding large amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere warms the world and may lead to: higher sea levels and flooding of low-lying coasts; greatly changed patterns of rainfall; increased acidity of the oceans; and decreased oxygen levels in seawater.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:543", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "7–10 \"There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:77", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping (\"greenhouse\") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:130", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "There are more than two dozen scientific institutions that develop climate models.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:8", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:144", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences (CAETS) in 2007, issued a Statement on Environment and Sustainable Growth: As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), most of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to human-produced emission of greenhouse gases and this warming will continue unabated if present anthropogenic emissions continue or, worse, expand without control.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:171", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "The Geological Society of America (GSA) concurs with assessments by the National Academies of Science (2005), the National Research Council (2006), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007) that global climate has warmed and that human activities (mainly greenhouse‐gas emissions) account for most of the warming since the middle 1900s.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:89", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Since 2001, 34 national science academies, three regional academies, and both the international InterAcademy Council and International Council of Academies of Engineering and Technological Sciences have made formal declarations confirming human induced global warming and urging nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:2", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Nearly all publishing climate scientists (97–98%) support the consensus on anthropogenic climate change, and the remaining 3% of contrarian studies either cannot be replicated or contain errors.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:282", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "76 out of 79 climatologists who \"listed climate science as their area of expertise and who also have published more than 50% of their recent peer-reviewed papers on the subject of climate change\" believed that mean global temperatures had risen compared to pre-1800s levels.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:287", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States (PNAS) reviewed publication and citation data for 1,372 climate researchers and drew the following two conclusions: (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:294", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "Over 99.99% of climate scientists did not reject AGW in their peer-reviewed research.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific consensus on climate change:326", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific consensus on climate change", "evidence": "(i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC (Anthropogenic Climate Change) outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:155", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Many regions have probably already seen increases in warm spells and heat waves, and it is virtually certain that these changes will continue over the 21st century.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:276", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:36", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Arctic temperatures have increased and are predicted to continue to increase during this century at over twice the rate of the rest of the world.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:67", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The 10th Emissions Gap Report issued by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) predicts that if emissions continue to increase at the same rate as they have in 2010–2020, global temperatures would rise by as much as 4° by 2100.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:79", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Globally, these effects are estimated to have led to a slight cooling, dominated by an increase in surface albedo.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:101", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "According to basic physical principles, the greenhouse effect produces warming of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere), but cooling of the upper atmosphere (the stratosphere).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:172", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This could trigger cooling in the North Atlantic, Europe, and North America.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:178", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:340", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "1883 eruption of Krakatoa, which caused approximately 1 kelvin of global cooling for 2 years due to sulfate emissions.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Eocene:57", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Eocene", "evidence": "The models, while accurately predicting the tropics, tend to produce significantly cooler temperatures of up to 20 °C (36 °F) colder than the actual determined temperature at the poles.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ice age:51", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Ice age", "evidence": "Most contemporary scientists thought that the Earth had been gradually cooling down since its birth as a molten globe.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "The severity of this cooling in Alan Robock's model suggests that the cumulative products of 100 of these firestorms could cool the global climate by approximately 1 °C (1.8 °F), largely eliminating the magnitude of anthropogenic global warming for the next roughly two or three years.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Nuclear winter:155", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Nuclear winter", "evidence": "The smoke resulting would be largely opaque to solar radiation but transparent to infrared, thus cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight, but not creating warming by enhancing the greenhouse effect.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Earth:1532", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "\"Evidence is now 'unequivocal' that humans are causing global warming – UN report\".", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Earth:316", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Earth", "evidence": "This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:31", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "Since the pre-industrial period, global average land temperatures have increased almost twice as fast as global average temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:463", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14 °C).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The global average and combined land and ocean surface temperature, show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C, in the period 1880 to 2012, based on multiple independently produced datasets.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Convection:43", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Convection", "evidence": "Longitudinal circulation, on the other hand, comes about because the ocean has a higher specific heat capacity than land (and also thermal conductivity, allowing the heat to penetrate further beneath the surface ) and thereby absorbs and releases more heat, but the temperature changes less than land.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:32", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "This is due to the larger heat capacity of oceans and because oceans lose more heat by evaporation.", "entropy": 1.0986123085021973, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:94", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "When soot is suspended in the atmosphere, it directly absorbs solar radiation, heating the atmosphere and cooling the surface.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:133", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "This cooling is primarily caused by wind-driven mixing of cold water from deeper in the ocean with the warm surface waters.", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Tropical cyclone:74", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Tropical cyclone", "evidence": "latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).", "entropy": 0.6365141868591309, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Astronomy:150", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Astronomy", "evidence": "In the case of an inconsistency between the data and model's results, the general tendency is to try to make minimal modifications to the model so that it produces results that fit the data.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Mathematical model:106", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Mathematical model", "evidence": "As the purpose of modeling is to increase our understanding of the world, the validity of a model rests not only on its fit to empirical observations, but also on its ability to extrapolate to situations or data beyond those originally described in the model.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Models of scientific inquiry:172", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Models of scientific inquiry", "evidence": "The idea of 'too baroque' is connected to 'simplicity': \"a theory jammed with fudge factors is not very elegant.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Models of scientific inquiry:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Models of scientific inquiry", "evidence": "A good theory: Is elegant (Formal elegance; no ad hoc modifications) Contains few arbitrary or adjustable elements (simplicity/parsimony) Agrees with and explains all existing observations (unificatory/explanatory power) Makes detailed predictions about future observations that can disprove or falsify the model if they are not borne out.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Scientific modelling:64", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Scientific modelling", "evidence": "However, a fit to empirical data alone is not sufficient for a model to be accepted as valid.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "General circulation model:38", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "General circulation model", "evidence": "These models are the basis for model predictions of future climate, such as are discussed by the IPCC.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:424", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "It broadly agreed with the basic findings of the original MBH studies which had subsequently been supported by other reconstructions and proxy records, while emphasising uncertainties over earlier periods.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Ozone depletion:275", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Ozone depletion", "evidence": "Nevertheless, within three years most of the basic assumptions made by Rowland and Molina were confirmed by laboratory measurements and by direct observation in the stratosphere.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science:153", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Science", "evidence": "Natural science is concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Science:187", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Science", "evidence": "This new explanation is used to make falsifiable predictions that are testable by experiment or observation.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Climatology:43", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Climatology", "evidence": "Scientists use both direct and indirect observations of the climate, from Earth observing satellites and scientific instrumentation such as a global network of thermometers, to prehistoric ice extracted from glaciers.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Global warming:95", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "In areas with high soot production, such as rural India, as much as 50% of surface warming due to greenhouse gases may be masked by atmospheric brown clouds.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:311", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "For example, urban and rural trends are very similar.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:320", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "This was done by using satellite-based night-light detection of urban areas, and more thorough homogenisation of the time series (with corrections, for example, for the tendency of surrounding rural stations to be slightly higher in elevation, and thus cooler, than urban areas).", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urbanization:469", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urbanization", "evidence": "For North America and Europe, such practice could reduce earth warming trends.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cooling tower:15", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cooling tower", "evidence": "These early towers were positioned either on the rooftops of buildings or as free-standing structures, supplied with air by fans or relying on natural airflow.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cooling tower:6", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cooling tower", "evidence": "Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Grissom Air Reserve Base:146", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Grissom Air Reserve Base", "evidence": "All flight operations were controlled from an air conditioned observation room in the control tower of this building, which had windows overlooking the runway and landing mat areas.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Grissom Air Reserve Base:167", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Grissom Air Reserve Base", "evidence": "The building contained Bink's Paint Spraying and Air Washing Equipment, including blowers, air washing and purifying devices, and exhaust fans, installed to minimize danger of explosions and inhalation of fumes.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Palo Alto, California:273", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Palo Alto, California", "evidence": "A third, the Stanford station, located beside Alma Street at Embarcadero Road, is used for occasional sports events (generally football) at Stanford Stadium.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:122", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Anaerobic digestion", "evidence": "Some European countries require a degree of elevated heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria in the input waste.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:291", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Anaerobic digestion", "evidence": "Today, anaerobic digesters are commonly found alongside farms to reduce nitrogen run-off from manure, or wastewater treatment facilities to reduce the costs of sludge disposal.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Anaerobic digestion:72", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Anaerobic digestion", "evidence": "Thermophilic digestion takes place optimally around 49 to 57 °C, or at elevated temperatures up to 70 °C, where thermophiles are the primary microorganisms present.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sewage sludge treatment:47", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sewage sludge treatment", "evidence": "Many larger sites utilize the biogas for combined heat and power, using the cooling water from the generators to maintain the temperature of the digestion plant at the required 35 ± 3 °C.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Sewage sludge:7", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Sewage sludge", "evidence": "In some treatment plants an Imhoff tank is used where sludge settles through a slot to the lower story or digestion chamber where it is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria, resulting in liquefaction and reduced volume of the sludge.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:103", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "On the other hand, one 1999 comparison between urban and rural areas proposed that urban heat island effects have little influence on global mean temperature trends.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:106", "evidence_label": 1, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Several studies have revealed increases in the severity of the effect of heat islands with the progress of climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "REFUTES", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:13", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "While some lines of research did not detect a significant impact, other studies have concluded that heat islands can have measurable effects on climate phenomena at the global scale.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "REFUTES", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:310", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "While the \"heat island\" warming is an important local effect, there is no evidence that it biases trends in the homogenized historical temperature record.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Urban heat island:337", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Urban heat island", "evidence": "Studies that have looked at hemispheric and global scales conclude that any urban-related trend is an order of magnitude smaller than decadal and longer time-scale trends evident in the series (e.g., Jones et al., 1990; Peterson et al., 1999).", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "In the hockey stick controversy, the data and methods used in reconstructions of the temperature record of the past 1000 years have been disputed.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick controversy:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick controversy", "evidence": "Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name \"hockey stick graph\" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:0", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "Hockey stick graphs present the global or hemispherical mean temperature record of the past 500 to 2000 years as shown by quantitative climate reconstructions based on climate proxy records.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:1", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Hockey stick graph:259", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Hockey stick graph", "evidence": "published on 10 February 2005 used a wavelet transform technique to reconstruct Northern Hemisphere temperatures over the last 2,000 years, combining low-resolution proxy data such as lake and ocean sediments for century-scale or longer changes, with tree ring proxies only used for annual to decadal resolution.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Global warming:28", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Global warming", "evidence": "The warming evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range of observations, documented by many independent scientific groups; for example, in most continental regions the frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation has increased.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:106", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "Another study concluded in 2006, that existing empirical techniques for validating the local and regional consistency of temperature data are adequate to identify and remove biases from station records, and that such corrections allow information about long-term trends to be preserved.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:112", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "These datasets are updated frequently, and are generally in close agreement.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "SUPPORTS", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Instrumental temperature record:60", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Instrumental temperature record", "evidence": "The temperature data for the record come from measurements from land stations and ships.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Temperature record of the past 1000 years", "evidence": "Individual proxy records, such as tree ring widths and densities used in dendroclimatology, are calibrated against the instrumental record for the period of overlap.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null, null ] } ]

[ { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:11", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "Other causal or contributing factors to the extinction may have been the Deccan Traps and other volcanic eruptions, climate change, and sea level change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:1510", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "\"End-Cretaceous extinction in Antarctica linked to both Deccan volcanism and meteorite impact via climate change\".", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:258", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "The regression would also have caused climate changes, partly by disrupting winds and ocean currents and partly by reducing the Earth's albedo and increasing global temperatures.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event:274", "evidence_label": 0, "article": "Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event", "evidence": "Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.", "entropy": 0, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "SUPPORTS", null, null ] }, { "evidence_id": "Quaternary extinction event:5", "evidence_label": 2, "article": "Quaternary extinction event", "evidence": "Among the main causes hypothesized by paleontologists are overkill by the widespread appearance of humans and natural climate change.", "entropy": 0.6931471824645996, "votes": [ null, "SUPPORTS", "NOT_ENOUGH_INFO", null, null ] } ]