text
stringlengths 13
1k
|
---|
ã¢ã³ããµã³ã(&, )ã¯ã䞊ç«å©è©ã...ãš...ããæå³ããèšå·ã§ãããã©ãã³èªã§ã...ãš...ããè¡šãæ¥ç¶è© "et" ã®ååãèµ·æºãšãããçŸä»£ã®ãã©ã³ãã§ããTrebuchet MS ãªã©äžéšã®ãã©ã³ãã§ã¯ã"et" ã®ååã§ããããšã容æã«ãããå圢ã䜿çšããŠããã |
è±èªã§æè²ãè¡ãåŠæ ¡ã§ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã埩å±ããå Žåããã®æåèªäœãåèªãšãªãæå("A", "I", ãã€ãŠã¯ " ã)ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãäŒçµ±çã«ã©ãã³èªã® "(ããèªäœ)ãçšã㊠"A per se A" ã®ããã«å±ããããŠããããŸããã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã«ã27çªç®ã®æåã®ããã« "&" ãå ããããšãåºãè¡ãããŠããã"&" ã¯ã©ãã³èªã§ "et" ãšèªãŸããŠããããã®ã¡ã«è±èªã§ "and" ãšèªãŸããããã«ãªã£ããçµæãšããŠãã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®åŸ©å±ã®æåŸã¯ "X, Y, Z, "and per se and"" ãšãã圢ã«ãªã£ãããã®æåŸã®ãã¬ãŒãºãç¹°ãè¿ããããã¡ã« "ampersand" ãšãªãŸã£ãŠããããã®èšèã¯1837幎ãŸã§ã«ã¯è±èªã®äžè¬çãªèªæ³ãšãªã£ãã |
ã¢ã³ãã¬=ããªã»ã¢ã³ããŒã«ããã®èšå·ãèªèº«ã®èäœã§äœ¿ãããããåºãèªãŸããããããã®èšå·ã "AmpÚre's and" ãšåŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ããšãã誀ã£ãèªæºä¿èª¬ãããã |
çŸä»£ã®ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã«ããµã³ã¹æã«çºå±ããçèšäœã§ã® et ã®ååã«ããã®ãŒãã1455幎ã®ãšãŒãããã«ãããå°å·æè¡ã®çºæ以éãå°å·æ¥è
ã¯ã€ã¿ãªãã¯äœãšããŒãçèšäœã®ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®äž¡æ¹ãå€çšããããã«ãªã£ããã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ã«ãŒãã¯ããŒãæ代ã«ããã®ãŒããããã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã䜿çšããå€ãã®èšèªã§ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿çšãããããã«ãªã£ãã |
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ãã°ãã°ã©ãã³ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåãšãããããšããã£ããããšãã°1011幎ã®ã®æåè¡šããã®äŸã§ãããåæ§ã«ã"&" ã¯è±èªã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®27çªç®ã®æåãšãããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœããã®ä»ã®å°åã§ããåäŸéã¯ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ã¢ã«ãã¡ãããã®æåŸã®æåã ãšæããããŠããã1863幎㮠M. B. Moore ã®èæž "The Dixie Primer, for the Little Folks" ã«ãã®äžäŸãèŠãããšãã§ããããžã§ãŒãžã»ãšãªãªããã¯ã1859幎ã«çºè¡šããå°èª¬ããã®äžã§ãJacob Storey ã«æ¬¡ã®ã»ãªããèªãããŠããã"He thought it [Z] had only been put to finish off th' alphabet like; though ampusand would ha' done as well, for what he could see." ããç¥ããã童謡㮠㯠"X, Y, Z, and ampersand, All wished for a piece in hand" ãšããæè©ã§ç· ããããããã |
ã¢ã³ããµã³ãã¯ããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ("â", Unicode U+204A) ãšã¯å¥ã®ãã®ã§ããããã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ããšæå³ã¯åãã ãæ°åã®ã7ãã«äŒŒã圢ã®èšå·ã§ãããäž¡è
ã¯ãšãã«å€ä»£ãã䜿çšãããäžäžãéããŠã©ãã³èªã® "et" ãè¡šãããã«äœ¿çšããããããããã¢ã³ããµã³ããšãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã¯ããããç¬ç«ã«çºæããããã®ã§ãããã©ãã³æåããçºå±ããå€ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã®æåã§ã¯ãã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãèªã® "agus"(ã...ãš...ã)ãè¡šãããã«ãã£ãåŒèšå·ã® et ã䜿çšãããŠãããä»æ¥ã¯ã²ãŒã«æåã®äžéšãšããŠäž»ã«è£
食çãªç®çã§äœ¿çšãããŠããããã®æåã¯ã¢ã€ã«ã©ã³ãã«ãããããªã¹ãææ代åæã«ä¿®éé¢ã®åœ±é¿ã«ãã£ãŠæžãæåã«å ãã£ãå¯èœæ§ãããã |
æ¥åžžçãªææžãã®å Žåã欧米ã§ã¯å°æåã® (ãšãã·ãã³)ã倧ãããããã®(ãããã¯æ°åã® "3" ã®é¡æå)ã«çžŠç·ãå ãã圢ã®åçŽåãããã¢ã³ããµã³ãããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããããŸãããšãã·ãã³ã®äžäžã«çžŠç·ãŸãã¯ç¹ãä»ãããã®ããã°ãã°äœ¿ãããã |
ãã ããçšæ³ãšããŠããã©ã¹èšå·("+", ãã®èšå·ããŸã et ã®ååã§ãã)ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã®ä»£ããã«äœ¿ãããããšãããããŸãããã©ã¹èšå·ã«èŒªãéãããããªãç¡å£°æ¯èåŽé¢æ©æŠé³ã瀺ãçºé³èšå·ããã®ãããªãã®ã䜿ãããããšãããã |
ãã£ãã®éèšã«ã¯ãetããè¡šãããã®ãã(U+204A Tironian sign et)ãããããã®æåã¯ãã€ãã®ãã©ã¯ãã¥ãŒã«ã§äœ¿ãããã»ããã²ãŒã«æåã§ã䜿çšãããã |
ã®ãªã·ã¢æåã§ã¯ã......ãšããæå³ãããè¡šãããã®ååãšããŠãã(U+03D7 Greek kai symbol)ã䜿ãããããšãããã |
ããã°ã©ãã³ã°èšèªã§ã¯ãC ãªã©å€æ°ã®èšèªã§ AND æŒç®åãšããŠçšããããã以äžã¯ C ã®äŸã |
PHPã§ã¯ãå€æ°å®£èšèšå·($)ã®çŽåã«èšè¿°ããããšã§ãåç
§æž¡ããè¡ãããšãã§ããã |
SGMLãXMLãHTMLã§ã¯ãã¢ã³ããµã³ãã䜿ã£ãŠSGMLå®äœãåç
§ããã |
èšèª(ããã)ã¯ãç矩ã«ã¯ã声ã«ããèšå·ã®äœç³»ããããã |
åºèŸèã倧èŸæ³ã«ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è§£èª¬ãããŠããã |
ãæ¥æ¬å€§çŸç§å
šæžãã§ã¯ããèšèªããšããèªã¯å€çŸ©ã§ããããšè§£èª¬ããã倧è³ã®ã«èãããããèªåœãšææ³èŠåã®äœç³»ããæãããšãããããã®äœç³»ãçšããèœåãšããŠãšãããããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãæœè±¡çã«ããã¹ãŠã®äººéãå
±æããèšèªèœåããæãããšãããããåã
ã®åå¥èšèªããæãããšãããããšè§£èª¬ãããŠããã |
åºçŸ©ã®èšèªã«ã¯ãverbalãª(èšèã«è¡šã)ãã®ãšnon-verbalãª(èšèãšããŠè¡šãããªã)ãã®(åçš®èšå·ãã¢ã€ã³ã³ãå³åœ¢ãããã£ãŒã©ã³ã²ãŒãžç)ã®äž¡æ¹ãå«ã¿ãæ¥åžžã®ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ç矩ã®èšèªè¡šçŸã«èº«æ¯ããææ¯ããå³ç€ºãæ¬é³çãå ããŠè¡šçŸãããããšãããã |
èšèªã¯ã人éãçšããæå¿äŒéæ段ã§ããã瀟äŒéå£å
ã§åœ¢æç¿åŸãããæå¿ãçžäºã«äŒéããããšããæœè±¡çãªæèãå¯èœã«ããçµæãšããŠäººéã®ç€ŸäŒç掻åãæåç掻åãæ¯ããŠãããèšèªã«ã¯ãæåã®ç¹åŸŽãç¹ã蟌ãŸããŠãããå
±åäœã§çšããããŠããèšèªã®ç¿åŸãããããšã«ãã£ãŠããã®å
±åäœã§ã®ç€ŸäŒçåŠç¿ãããã³äººæ Œã®åœ¢æãããŠããããšã«ãªãã |
ãœã·ã¥ãŒã«ã®ç 究ããèšèªåŠã®çºå±ã®äžã§éåžžã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããããã§ãããããœã·ã¥ãŒã«ä»¥éã¯ããå
±åäœã®çšããèšèªäœç³»ãã®ããšã¯ãlangue ã©ã³ã°ããšåŒã°ããããã«å¯ŸããŠãåã
ã®äººãè¡ãèšèªæŽ»åã¯ãparole ãããŒã«ããšããçšèªã§åŒã°ããããã«ãªã£ãŠããã |
èšèªãšéèšèªã®å¢çãåé¡ã«ãªãããæåã䜿ãæ¹æ³ãšæåãçšããªãæ¹æ³ã®åºå¥ã®ã¿ã§ãèšèªè¡šçŸãéèšèªè¡šçŸããåºå¥ããããšã¯ã§ããªããæœè±¡èšå·ã«ã¯æåè¡šçŸãšéæåè¡šçŸ(ç©åèšå·ããé³èšå·ãªã©)ããããæåè¡šçŸã¯èšèªè¡šçŸãšæåèšå·ã«åãããããèšèªè¡šçŸãšåºå¥ãããæåèšå·ãšã¯ãæåã䜿ã£ãŠãããèª(word)ã§ãªããã®ããããååŠåŒH2Oãªã©ããã®äŸã§ãããååŠåŒã¯èªç¶èšèªã®ææ³ãäœçšããŠããããååŠåŒç¬ç¹ã®ææ³ã§æ§æãããŠããã |
èšèªã«ã¯ããŸããŸãªåé¡ããããå£èªãå£é èšèªãæžèšèšèªãæèªããšãã£ãåé¡ãããããéãªãéšåãããã¯ã£ããåé¡ã§ãããã®ã§ããªãããŸãå±æèªã»è çèªã»å€ç«èªãšãã£ããããªåé¡ãããã詳现ã¯èšèªé¡åè«ãåç
§ã |
èšèªçè¡šçŸã¯èªã¿äžãã«ãã£ãŠé³å£°è¡šçŸãç¹ååã«ãã觊èŠè¡šçŸã«å€æãããããèšèªçè¡šçŸã®ç¹æ§ã¯ä¿åãããèŠèŠçã«è¡šçŸããããã®ãšåçã«åãæ±ãããšãã§ããã |
æ話ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªå¯Ÿå¿æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªã®è©±ãèšèãæžãèšèãšåäžã®èšèªã®ãèŠèŠèšèªããŒãžã§ã³ãã§ãããããæ¥æ¬æ話ãã¯äžè¬ã®æ¥æ¬èªãšã¯ç°ãªãèšèªãšèããããŠããããã¡ãã¯é³å£°èšèªãæåèšèªãšã¯ç°ãªããèŠèŠèšèªããšããããšã«ãªããªã©ãåé¡ã¯åçŽã§ã¯ãªãã |
以äžã®èªç¶çºççãªãèªç¶ãèšèªã®ä»ãè¿ä»£ä»¥éããšã¹ãã©ã³ããªã©ã®åœéè£å©èªãªã©ã人工èšèªãäœãããã |
èªç¶èšèªä»¥å€ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã人工èšèªã»åœ¢åŒèšèªã»ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿èšèªãªã©ã®åèšäºãåç
§ã |
åå¥èšèªã¯ãæ°æã®æ»
亡ãä»èšèªã«ããåžåã«ãã£ãŠäœ¿çšãããªããªãããšãããããã®ãããªèšèªã¯æ»èªãšåŒã°ããæ»èªãåã³æ¯èªãšããŠäœ¿çšãããããšã¯æŽå²äžã«ãã äžäŸãããã©ã€èªã®äŸãããªããããããããã©ã€èªã¯èªç¶ã«åŸ©æŽ»ããããã§ãå®å
šã«æ¶æ»
ããŠããããã§ããªããæç« èªãšããŠåç¶ããŠããèšèªãããã¬ã¹ããã«ç§»äœãããŠãã€äººãã¡ã20äžçŽã«å
¥ã£ãŠæ¥åžžèªãšããŠäººå·¥çã«åŸ©æŽ»ãããã€ã¹ã©ãšã«å»ºåœãšãšãã«å
¬çšèªã«æå®ããŠå®å
šã«åçããããã®ã§ããããã®ã»ãã«ããå€å
žã¢ã©ãã¢èªãã©ãã³èªãå€å
žã®ãªã·ã£èªã®ããã«ãæ¥åžžèªãšããŠã¯æ¶æ»
ããŠãããã®ã®æç« èªãšããŠã¯åç¶ããŠããèšèªãååšããããã®ã»ããæ¥åžžã§ã¯ãã¯ãçšãããããæå
žãå®æè¡çºã®ã¿ã«çšããããããã«ãªã£ãå
žç€Œèšèªãååšããã |
è¿å¹Žã話è
æ°ãéåžžã«å°ãªãèšèªãä»èšèªã«é£²ã¿èŸŒãŸããŠæ¶æ»
ããæ°ãã«æ»èªãšåãããšãåé¡èŠãããããã«ãªããæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãå±æ©èšèªãšåŒã¶ããã«ãªã£ããããã¯ãäžçã®äžäœåãé²ã¿ã亀é網ã®æŽåãæµéã®è¿
éåãã©ãžãªã»ãã¬ããšãã£ããã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®çºéã«ãã£ãŠãããŸã§å€ç«ãä¿ã£ãŠããå°ããªèšèªããã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãç¶æã§ããªããªãããã«èµ·ãããšèããããŠããããã倧ããªèŠç¹ã§ã¯è±èªã®åœéèªãšããŠã®å¢å䌞匵ã«ããä»äž»èŠèšèªã®å¢åçž®å°ãããããè±èªåžåœäž»çŸ©ãããã«å«ãŸãããšããããããããªããšã21äžçŽåé ã«ãããŠã¯è±èªãæ¯èªãšããæ°æãå€æ°æŽŸãå ããåœå®¶ãé€ããŠã¯è±èªã®ã°ããŒãã«åãèšèªã®å±æ©ã«çŽçµããŠããããã§ã¯ãªããèšèªæ¶æ»
ã¯ãé£æ¥ãããã倧ããªèšèªéå£ãšã®äº€æµãäžå¯æ¬ ãšãªãããã®èšèªåã«å°èšèªéå£ãåã蟌ãŸããããšã«ãã£ãŠèµ·ãããããããåãã¯äººç亀æµãæåç亀æµãçããªå
é²åœå
ã«ãããŠããé¡èã§ãããåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ãªã©ã§èšèªæ¶æ»
ãæ¥éã«é²ã¿ãçµæžæé·ãšèšèªæ¶æ»
ãšã®éã«ã¯ææãªçžé¢ããããšã®ç 究ãååšããããã®ä»ã®å°åã«ãããŠãèšèªæ¶æ»
ãé²ãã§ããã2010幎ã«ã¯ã€ã³ãé ã®ã¢ã³ããã³è«žå³¶ã«ãããŠèšèªãäžã€æ¶æ»
ããä»ã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠæ¶æ»
ã®å±æ©ã«ããèšèªãååšãããšã®èŠåãçºããããã |
äžçã«ååšããèªç¶èšèªã®äžèŠ§ã¯èšèªã®äžèŠ§ãåç
§ |
ãªããèšèªãçãŸããã®ãå°çäžã®äžã¶æãªã®ããè€æ°ã¶æãªã®ããåãã£ãŠããªãã |
çç©åŠçãªèŠ³ç¹ããèšèªã®èµ·æºãæ¢ãããšããè©Šã¿ããããæè¿ã®ååçç©åŠçç 究ã«ããã°ãFOXP2ãšåã¥ããããŠããéºäŒåã«çããããçš®ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã«ã€ãªãã£ãå¯èœæ§ããããããã«ãã®å€ç°ã¯çŸç人é¡ãšãã¢ã³ãã«ã¿ãŒã«äººãååãã以åã®30-40äžå¹Žåã«ã¯ãã§ã«çããŠãããšã®è§£æçµæãçºè¡šãããŠãããçŸç人é¡ãç»å Žãšãšãã«æ¢ã«èšèªã身ã«ã€ããŠããå¯èœæ§ãèããããããããFOXP2ã¯èšèªèœåãæããªãä»ã®åç©ã®å€ããæã£ãŠããããšãFOXP2ã®å€ç°ãèšèªèœåã®ç²åŸã®å¿
èŠæ¡ä»¶ã§ãããšã®çŽæ¥çãªèšŒæã¯ãŸã ãªãããŠããªãããšãªã©ã«çæããå¿
èŠãããã |
çç©ã®å Žåã«ã¯ãé²åãæ¢ãŸã£ãçç©ãçŸåšãçãæ®ã£ãŠãããçããŠããåç³ããšåŒã°ãããã®ãããããŸããäžèŠäŒŒãŠãã2çš®é¡ãå
šç¶å¥ã®çš®é¡ããé²åããŠãããšããã±ãŒã¹ããããèšèªã«ãåããããªçŸè±¡ãèµ·ããŠããããã®å€åã®é床ã¯äžå®ã§ã¯ãªãã䟵ç¥ã»äº€æã»ç§»åçä»æ°æãšã®æ¥è§Šãå€ããã°ããã®æèšèªã倧ããå€åããã代衚äŸãšããŠè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªãã«ãŒããã¢èªãã¢ã«ããã¢èªãã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢èªçããããéã«æ¥è§Šãå°ãªããšã»ãšãã©å€åããªããªãã代衚äŸãšããŠãã€ãèªãã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªãã®ãªã·ã£èªãã¹ã©ãŽèªæŽŸããã«ãèªæŽŸããµã³ã¹ã¯ãªããèªçããããç¹ã«ã¢ã€ã¹ã©ã³ãèªã¯åºæ¬ææ³ã1000幎åãšã»ãšãã©å€ã£ãŠããªãã |
èšèªã¯ããšããšããã€ãã®ç¥èªããååãããšèããããŠãããåäžã®ç¥èªããçºçããã°ã«ãŒããèªæãšåŒã¶ãèªæã¯ããã«èªæŽŸãèªçŸ€ããããŠèšèªãšçŽ°ååãããŠãããäžçã®å€§å€æ°ã®èšèªã¯ãªãããã®èªæã«å±ãããããªãã«ã¯çŸåããä»ã®èšèªãšç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç«èšŒãããŠããããèªæã«åé¡ã§ããªãå€ç«ããèšèªãååšããããŸããå°çã»æåçã«è¿æ¥ããç°ãªã£ã系統ã®èšèªãçžäºã«åœ±é¿ãããé¡èã«é¡äŒŒããäºäŸãèŠãããããã¯èšèªé£åãšåŒã°ããã |
åäžèªæã«å±ããèšèªçŸ€ã®å Žåãå
±éèªåœããèšèªã®ååãã幎代ãå²ãåºãæ¹æ³ãèæ¡ãããŠããã |
äžã€ã®èšèªã®èšèªå²ãäœãå Žåãåèªã»ç¶Žãã»çºé³ã»ææ³çããå€ä»£ã»äžäžã»è¿ä»£ãš3åå²ããäŸãã°ãäžäžãã©ã³ã¹èªãçãšåŒã¶ã |
ããèšèªãšä»ã®èšèªãæ¥è§Šããå Žåãäž¡èšèªã®è©±è
ã®äº€æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠæ§ã
ãªå€åãçºçããããããèšèªæ¥è§Šãšãããèšèªæ¥è§Šã«ãã£ãŠãäž¡èšèªã«ã¯çžæã®èšèªããèªåœãåçšããåçšèªãçºçããã»ãã亀æµãæ·±ãŸãã«ã€ããŠåæ¥ãç掻äžã®å¿
èŠããæ··æèšèªãçºçããããšãããããã®æ··æèšèªã¯ãåæã«ã¯ããžã³èšèªãšåŒã°ããéåžžã«ç°¡ç¥åããã圢ããšããããããŠèªåœãå¢ãèšèªãšããŠæé·ããŠãããšããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªãšãããæ°ããèšèªããšãªã£ãããšèŠãªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšæ¯ã¹èªåœãå€ããäœãããã¡ããšäœç³»ã ã£ãææ³ãååšããŠããããäžåã®ç¬ç«ããèšèªããšèŠãªããŠå
šãå·®ãæ¯ããªããã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªã¯ããžã³èšèªãšéããæ¯èªè©±è
ãååšãããã€ãŸã幌ãããããäž»ã«ãã®èšèªã話ããŠè²ã£ã人ã
ãããããšããããšãç¹åŸŽã§ããã |
äžäžã®äžçã«ãããŠã¯ãã°ãã°ãæèªãšæ¥åžžäœ¿çšããèšèªãšã®éã«ã¯éãããã¿ããããªãã«ã¯äžäžãšãŒãããã«ãããã©ãã³èªã®ããã«ãã®åå°ã®èšèãšå
šãç°ãªãèšèªãæç« èªãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããäžçãååšãããã©ãã³èªã¯æ¬§å·ã«ãããŠç¥è人ã®éã®å
±éèªãšããŠçšããããã«ããµã³ã¹ãªã©ã§å€§ããªåœ¹å²ãæããããããããŠå°å·è¡ã®çºå±ãå®ææ¹é©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠååœã«ãããŠäœ¿çšãããæ¥åžžèšèªãæèªãšããŠçšããããããã«ãªã£ãããã®éããããŸã§æ¹èšã®é£ç¶äœããæããªãã£ãååœã«ãããŠããã®èšèªãçèšããæšæºçãªè¡šèšæ³ãå®ãŸã£ãŠãããååœã«ãããŠåœå
å
±éèªãšããŠã®æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããããã«ãªã£ããããã¯åºçç©ãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠåŸã
ã«å®ãŸã£ãŠãããã®ãããã°ãäžå€®ã«å
¬çãªèšèªçµ±å¶æ©é¢ã眮ããŠåœå®¶äž»å°ã§æšæºèªãå¶å®ãããã®ããã£ããããããã«ããããããèšèªã®æŽåãšåœå
å
±éèªã®æç«ã¯ãåœæ°åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªããŒã¹ãšãªã£ãŠãã£ããäžæ¹ã§ãæšæºèªã®å¶å®ã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœã®ãã®ä»ã®èšèªãæ¹èšãšããããšã«ãªããèšèªå
ã§ã®åºåãã€ããããšã«ã€ãªãã£ãã |
æãæ°ããèšèªã§ããããŸãèªçããç¬éããšãããããèšèªãšããŠã¯ããã«ã©ã°ã¢ã®åäŸéã®éã§1970幎代åŸåã«çºçããããã«ã©ã°ã¢æ話ãããããããã¯ãèšèªèœåã¯äººéã«çåŸã®ãã®ã§ãããšããèããè£ä»ãããã®ãšãªã£ãã |
çŸåšäžçã«ååšããèšèªã®æ°ã¯åæ°çŸãšãæ°åãšãèšãããã1939幎ã«ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ã«ã€ã¹ã»ããŒããŒãã»ã°ã¬ã€()ã¯èæž "Foundations of Language" ã«ãããŠã2796èšèªããšå±ãã1979幎ã«ãã€ãã®ãã€ã€ãŒã4200ãã5600èšèªãšå±ããŠãããäžçå ã®ãèšèªåŠå€§èŸå
žããäžçèšèªç·šãã§ã¯8000è¶
ã®èšèªãæ±ã£ãŠããã |
éã«ãäžåœã«ãããŠã¯å京èªããããå
ã«æç«ããæ®é話ãšãäžæµ·èªãåºæ±èªãšãã£ãé éå°ã®èšèªãšã¯å·®ç°ã倧ããäŒè©±ãæç«ããªãã»ã©ã§ããããæžãèšèã¯å
±éã§ããããŸããããŸã§ãäžåœèªçŸ€ã«ã¯å±ããŠããŠå¯Ÿå¿é¢ä¿ãæ確ã§ããããããããèšèªã¯ãã¹ãŠäžåœèªå
ã®æ¹èšãšããŠæ±ãããŠããã |
åãèšèªãã©ãããå€å®ããåºæºãšããŠãçžäºç解æ§ãæå±ããèããããã話è
ãçžæã®èšãããšãç解ã§ããå Žåã«ã¯ãåäžèšèªãç解ã§ããªãå Žåã«ã¯å¥èšèªãšãããçžäºç解æ§ã¯èšèªéã®è·é¢ãäŒããéèŠãªæ
å ±ã§ããããããã«ãã£ãŠäžã€ã®èšèªã®ç¯å²ã確å®ããããšãããšãæè¡çé£ããã«ãšã©ãŸããªãå°é£ã«çŽé¢ãããäžã€ã¯ãAã®èšãããšãBãèãåããŠããBã®èšãããšãAãèãåããªããããªèšèªå·®ãããããšã§ãããããäžã€ã¯ãåç³»åã®èšèªãå°ççãªåºããã®äžã§åŸã
ã«å€åããŠããå Žåã«ãã©ãã§ãããã€ã«åå²ãã¹ããªã®ãããããã¯ãŸã£ããåå²ãã¹ãã§ãªãã®ãã決ããããªãããšã§ããã |
ããããå°é£ã«éããŠããåäžã®åºæºã決ããŠåé¡ããŠããããšã¯ãçå±ã®äžã§ã¯å¯èœã§ãããããããããŠåäžåºæºãæŒãéãèšèªåŠè
ã¯çŸå®ã«ã¯ããªããããéå£ããèšèªè©±è
ããšããããæ¹èšè©±è
ããšãããã«ã¯ãæ¿æ²»çã»æåçã¢ã€ãã³ãã£ãã£ã®åé¡ãæ·±ãé¢ä¿ããŠãããã©ã®ãããªåºæºãèšããããšãããå°åã§å€ãã®è³æãåŸãããåé¡åºæºã¯ãå¥ã®å°åã§åŒ·ãåçºãåããããšã«ãªããããããåçºã¯èª€ãã ãšèšãããã®è«æ ãèšèªåŠã¯ãã£ãŠããªãã®ã§ãçµå±ã¯æ
£ç¿ã«åŸã£ãŠãå°åããšã«ç°ãªãåºæºãçšããŠåé¡ããããšã«ãªãã |
èšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã€ããŠãçŸåšãªããã説æã¯äºã€ã§ããã第äžã¯ãèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«ã¯ãªããèšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªããšããã第äºã®ãã®ã¯ãŸããã©ã®æ¹èšãããããèšèªã ãšããããã®äžã§ãããæšæºèªã«å¯ŸããŠéæšæºèªã®é¢ä¿ã«ããåç³»èšèªããæ¹èšãšãããæšæºèªã®éžå®ã¯æ¿æ²»ã«ãããããããããŸããèšèªãšæ¹èšã®åºå¥ã«èšèªåŠçæå³ã¯ãªãããšããç¹ã§ã第äžãšåãã§ããããã®å®çŸ©ã§ã¯ãèšèªã秀ã«ãããŠå€å®ããŠããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã人ã
ããã®èšèªãã©ãæã£ãŠãããã秀ã«ãããŠããã®ã§ããã |
ããèšèªå士ãç¬ç«ã®èšèªå士ãªã®ããåãèšèªã®æ¹èšå士ãªã®ãã®å€å®ã¯éåžžã«æ£æçã§ãããããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ確ã«ç³»çµ±é¢ä¿ãç°ãªãèšèªå士ã¯ãããšãå
±éã®éå£ã§è©±ãããŠããŠããæ¹èšå士ãšã¯ã¿ãªãããªããšããäºå®ãæããããšãã°ãäžåœçç²çã«äœãå°æ°æ°æãŠãŒã°æã¯è¥¿éšã«äœããã®ã¯ãã¥ã«ã¯ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããæ±éšã«äœããã®ã¯ã¢ã³ãŽã«ç³»ã®èšèªãæ¯èªãšããŠãããäž¡è
ã¯åãæ°æã ãšããæèããããããã®èšèªã¯æ¹èšå士ã§ã¯ãªãã西éšãŠãŒã°èªãæ±éšãŠãŒã°èªãšå¥ã
ã®èšèªãšããŠæ±ãããããŸãæµ·å島ã«ããèšé«äººãæ°æç±äžã¯æŒ¢æ°æã§ãããããã®èšèªã¯æŒ¢èªã®æ¹èšãšããŠã¯æ±ãããã系統ã©ããã¿ã€ã»ã«ãã€èªæã®èšé«èªãšããŠæ±ãããã |
䜿çšããæåã¯åèšèªãã©ããã®å€æåºæºãšããŠã¯ããŸãçšããããªããèšèªã¯åºæ¬çã«ã©ã®æåã§ãè¡šèšå¯èœãªãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã䜿çšããæåãå€æŽããããšãäºçš®ä»¥äžã®æåã䜵çšããããšã¯çããããšã§ã¯ãªãããŸãææ³ãªã©ã«æåã¯ãã»ã©åœ±é¿ãäžããªãããã§ãããããŒãŽã¡ããŒã¬ãªãŒæåãçšããã€ã³ãã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããã³ãã£ãŒèªãšãŠã«ãã¥ãŒæåãçšããããã¹ã¿ã³ã®å
¬çšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã¯ããã³ãã¥ã¹ã¿ãŒããŒèªãšããŠåäžèšèªãŸãã¯æ¹èšé£ç¶äœãšããŠæ±ãããããšãããã |
äžè¡šã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ããã³åé¡ã¯ãããšã¹ãããŒã°ç¬¬21çãã«æºæ ãããåè³æã¯2021幎æç¹ã®æšèšã§ãäžåœèªã¯13æ¹èšãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã¯20æ¹èšãã©ãã³ããŒèªã¯4æ¹èšã®åèšã§ããã |
äžå³ã®éããæãæ¯èªè©±è
ã®å€ãèšèªã¯äžåœèªã§ããããå
¬çšèªãšããŠããåœå®¶ã¯äžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœãšäžè¯æ°åœãããã«ã·ã³ã¬ããŒã«ã®3ã€ã®åœå®¶ã«ããããäžçã«ãããŠåºã䜿çšãããŠããèšèªãšããããã§ã¯ãªãããŸããå
±éèªã§ããæ®é話ãå«ã, 13åã®æ¹èšãååšããã |
äžèšã®è³æã§è©±è
æ°2äœã®èšèªã¯ã¹ãã€ã³èªã§ãããããã¯ãšãŒããã倧éžã®ã¹ãã€ã³ãçºç¥¥ãšããèšèªã§ãããã17äžçŽã®ã¹ãã€ã³ã«ããæ°å€§éžã®æ€æ°å°åãçµãŠãåã¢ã¡ãªã«ããã³åã¢ã¡ãªã«åéšã«ãããåºå€§ãªèšèªåãç²åŸããã2021幎床ã«ãããŠã¹ãã€ã³èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯21ã«åœã«ã®ãŒããããã«ã»ãŒå系統ã®èšèªã§ãã5äœã®ãã«ãã¬ã«èªåãåãããæ°å€§éžã®é åã¯ã©ãã³ã¢ã¡ãªã«ãšåŒã°ããåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåã圢æããŠããã |
äžèšã®è³æã§è±èªã®è©±è
人å£ã¯4äœã ããå
¬çšèªãšããŠã¯55ãåœãšæãå€ãã®åœã§è©±ãããŠãããããã«ãè±èªã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡åœãã€ã®ãªã¹ã®å
¬çšèªã§ããããäžçã§åºãéèŠèŠãããŠãããäžçã®äžäœåã«äŒŽãç 究ãããžãã¹ãªã©ãè±èªã§è¡ãããå Žé¢ãå¢ããéè±èªåã©ããã®äœæ°ã®äº€æžã«ãããŠãå
±éèªãšããŠè±èªã䜿çšããå Žåããããªã©ãè±èªã®äžçå
±éèªãšããŠã®åœ±é¿åã¯å¢å€§ããŠããåŸåã«ããã |
è±èªã«æ¬¡ãåœéèªãšããŠã¯ã17äžçŽãã19äžçŽãŸã§è¥¿æŽã§æãæåãªåœéèªã§ãã£ããã©ã³ã¹èªãæããããããã©ã³ã¹èªã®è©±è
ã¯2å3000äžäººãšããã5ã«ãå
¥ããªããããã©ã³ã¹èªãå
¬çšèªãšããåœã
ã¯ã¢ããªã«ã®æ§ãã©ã³ã¹æ€æ°å°ãäžå¿ã«29ã«åœã«ã®ãŒãã |
åœé£ã®å
¬çšèªã¯ãè±èªããã©ã³ã¹èªããã·ã¢èªãäžåœèªãã¹ãã€ã³èªãã¢ã©ãã¢èªã®6ã€ã§ããããããã¯å®å
šä¿éçäºäŒã®åžžä»»çäºåœã®èšèªã«ãåºå€§ãªå
±éèšèªåãæã€ã¹ãã€ã³èªãšã¢ã©ãã¢èªãå ãããã®ã§ããã |
èšèªã¯åœå®¶ãæç«ãããããã§ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã§ãããã«ããã«ãããè±èªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªãããã«ã®ãŒã«ããããªã©ã³ãèªãšãã©ã³ã¹èªã®ããã«ãç°ãªãèšèªéã®å¯Ÿç«ããã°ãã°èšèªæŠäºãšåŒã°ããã»ã©ã«æ¿åããŠç¬ç«åé¡ã«çºå±ããåœå®¶ã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåãŒãããšãçãããªããæ±ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®ããã«ã西ããã¹ã¿ã³ã®èšèªã§ãããŠã«ãã¥ãŒèªã®å
¬çšèªåã«åçºããŠãã³ã¬ã«èªãåæ Œã®åœèªãšããããšãæ±ããããšããç¬ç«éåãèµ·ããæçµçã«ãã³ã°ã©ãã·ã¥ãšããŠç¬ç«ãããããªäŸãããã |
ããããå Žåãèšèªåå¥ã«å€§ããªèªæ²»æš©ãäžããããåœå®¶ã®å
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ãããããããšãªã©ã«ãã£ãŠå°æ°æŽŸèšèªè©±è
ã®äžæºããªã ããæ¿çã¯ããçšãããããèšèªåã«åŒ·ãèªæ²»æš©ãäžããå
žåäŸã¯ãã«ã®ãŒã§ãååœã§ã¯1970幎ã«èšèªå
±åäœãèšç«ãããæ°åºŠã®å€æŽãçµãŠãã©ãã³èªå
±åäœããã©ã³ã¹èªå
±åäœããã€ãèªå
±åäœã®3ã€ã®èšèªå
±åäœã®äœµåããé£éŠåœå®¶ãšãªã£ããå
¬çšèªãè€æ°å¶å®ããäŸã§ã¯ã¹ã€ã¹ãå
žåçã§ããããããŸã§ãã€ãèªã®ã¿ã§ãã£ãå
¬çšèªã1848幎ã®æ²æ³ã«ãã£ãŠãã€ãèªã»ãã©ã³ã¹èªã»ã€ã¿ãªã¢èªã®äžå
¬çšèªå¶ãšãªããããã«1938幎ã«ã¯ããã³ã·ã¥èªãåœèªãšãããããã®åŸåãç¹ã«åŒ·ãã®ã¯ã€ã³ãã§ããã1956幎以éãããŸã§ã®å°ççãªåºåããå系統ã®èšèªãçšããå°åãžãšå·ãåç·šããããããããèšèªå·ãæ¿çãåã£ãŠããã |
åœå®¶ã«ãããèšèªã®æ§é ã¯ãå
¬çšèª-å
±éèª-æ°æèª(éšæèªãæ¹èš)ã®äžå±€ã®æ§é ãããªã£ãŠããããã£ãšããå
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªããŸãäžå±€ãã¹ãŠãåãèšèªã§ããå Žåã¯ãã®åã ãå±€ã®æ°ã¯æžå°ããã |
æ¥æ¬ãäŸã«ãšãã°ãåå°æ¹ã§ã¯ãã®å°æ¹ã®æ¹èšã䜿ã£ãŠãããã€ãŸããåãå°æ¹ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å
ã§éçšããèšèªã䜿çšããŠããããããä»å°æ¹ããæ¥ã人ãçžæã«ããå Žåãšãªããšãããããæšæºèªã䜿çšããããšãšãªããæ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ä»ã«æåãªèšèªéå£ãååšããªããããæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®ææžã«ãæ¥æ¬æšæºèªããã®ãŸãŸäœ¿çšããããã€ãŸããå
±éèªãšå
¬çšèªãåäžã§ãããããå
¬çšèª-æ¹èšã®äºå±€æ§é ãšãªã£ãŠããã |
å
¬çšèªãšå
±éèªã¯åé¢ããŠããªãåœå®¶ãå€ãããã¢ããªã«å€§éžã®è«žåœå®¶ã«ãããŠã¯ãã®äžå±€æ§é ãæ確ã«ãããããŠããããããã®åœã«ãããŠã¯ãæ¿åºé¢ä¿ã®å
¬çšèªã¯æ§å®äž»åœã®èšèªã䜿çšãããŠãããåŠæ ¡æè²ããã®èšèªã§è¡ãããããæ°æèªãšããé¢ããååšã§ããããšãããåœæ°ã®äžã§äœ¿çšã§ããå±€ã¯ãã»ã©å€ããªãããã®ç©Žãåããããã«ãåå°åã«ãããŠã¯å
±éèªã話ãããŠãããéŠéœãããå°åã®å
±éèªã匷倧åããåœã®å€§éšåãèŠãããã«ãªãããšãçãããªãããããææ³ã®æŽåãªã©ã®é
ãããåœå
ä»èšèªè©±è
ã®å察ãå
¬çšèªã®äœ¿çšèœåããšãªãŒãå±€ã®æš©åã®æºæ³ãšãªã£ãŠãããªã©ã®äºæ
ã«ãã£ãŠãå
±éèªãå
¬çšèªåã¯ãããªãããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ããããã®äžã«åæ°æã®æ°æèªãååšããã |
èšèªæ©èœã¯åºæ¬çã«ããã«åºæã®ãã®ã§ãããããèšèªã®ç 究ã«ã¯å°æ°ã®äŸå€ãé€ãåç©ã¢ãã«ãäœãã«ããããã®ãããè³æ¢å¡ãªã©ã§è³ã®å±æãç Žå£ãããçäŸã§ã®ç 究ãã被éšè
ã«2ã€ã®åèªãå瀺ããã®å¹²æžå¹æãç 究ãããªã©ã®å¿çåŠçç 究ãäž»ã«ãªãããŠãããã1980幎代åŸåããè³æ©èœã€ã¡ãŒãžã³ã°ç 究ãææ³ã«å ããã被éšè
ãããŸããŸãªèšèªèª²é¡ãè¡ã£ãŠãããšãã®è³æŽ»åãèŠèŠåã§ããããã«ãªã£ãã |
ã»ãšãã©ã®å³å©ãã®äººã§ã¯ãåèªãææ³ãèªåœãªã©ã®äž»èŠãªèšèªæ©èœã¯å·Šåçåªäœã§ãããããã声ã®ææ(ãããœãã£)ã®ææ¡ãæ¯å©ã®ç解ã«ã€ããŠã¯å³åçåªäœã§ãããšèšãããŠããã |
ãããå€æ¹é¢ããç 究ãããŠãããå人ã®èšèªèœåã¯ãèªåé害ããŠã£ãªã¢ã ãºçå矀ãèªéçãªã©ã®ããã«å
šäœçãªç¥çèœåãšã¯ä¹é¢ããããšããããåäœçºçãããã®é²åã«ãããèšèªã®èµ·æºãªã©ã«ãã³ããäžããŠããããŸããããã¯ç°å¢ã®äžã§èŽåããé³å£°ããèªåã§ææ³ãªã©ã®èŠåãèŠåºãåŠç¿ããæ©èœãçåŸçã«åããŠãããããç¹ã«æãããªããŠãèšèªãåŠç¿ã§ãããšããçåŸè«ãšããèããååšããã |
æè¿ã®è¿èµ€å€ç·åå
æ³ãçšããç 究ã«ãããŠãçåŸ2ãã5æ¥ã®æ°çå
ãéåçãããé åçã®å£°ãèããã»ããããããã¯å€åœèªããæ¯åœèªãèãããšãã®æ¹ãèŽèŠç®è³ªã®è¡æµå¢å ã倧ããã£ããšå ±åãããŠãããåºç£åããæ¯äœå
ã§èšèªãèŽããŠããããšã瀺åãããã |
æ¥æ¬èª(ã«ã»ãããã«ã£ãœãã)ã¯ãæ¥æ¬åœå
ãããã€ãŠã®æ¥æ¬é ã ã£ãåœããããŠåœå€ç§»æ°ã移äœè
ãå«ãæ¥æ¬äººå士ã®éã§äœ¿çšãããŠããèšèªãæ¥æ¬ã¯æ³ä»€ã«ãã£ãŠå
¬çšèªãèŠå®ããŠããªãããæ³ä»€ãã®ä»ã®å
¬çšæã¯å
šãŠæ¥æ¬èªã§èšè¿°ãããåçš®æ³ä»€ã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬èªãçšããããšãèŠå®ãããåŠæ ¡æè²ã«ãããŠã¯ãåœèªãã®æç§ãšããŠåŠç¿ãè¡ããªã©ãäºå®äžæ¥æ¬åœå
ã«ãããŠå¯äžã®å
¬çšèªãšãªã£ãŠããã |
䜿çšäººå£ã«ã€ããŠæ£ç¢ºãªçµ±èšã¯ãªãããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®äººå£ãåã³æ¥æ¬åœå€ã«äœãæ¥æ¬äººãæ¥ç³»äººãæ¥æ¬ããã€ãŠçµ±æ²»ããå°åã®äžéšäœæ°ãªã©ãçŽ1å3,000äžäººä»¥äžãšèããããŠãããçµ±èšã«ãã£ãŠååŸããå Žåããããããã®æ°ã¯äžçã®æ¯èªè©±è
æ°ã§äžäœ10äœä»¥å
ã«å
¥ã人æ°ã§ããã |
ãŸã第äžæ¬¡äžç倧æŠåŸ(æ¥ç¬æŠäº)ãåœæãã€ãåžåœã®æ€æ°å°ã§ãã£ãçŸåšã®ãã©ãªå
±ååœã¯æŠååœã®æ¥æ¬ã«å§ä»»çµ±æ²»(åæŽè«žå³¶ãåç
§)ãããããšãšãªã£ããããçŸåšãäžéšå°åã§æ¥æ¬èªãå
¬çšèªãšå®ããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã®é³é»ã¯ããã£ãããããé€ããŠæ¯é³ã§çµããéé³ç¯èšèªã®æ§æ Œã匷ãããŸãæšæºèª(å
±éèª)ãå«ãå€ãã®æ¹èšãã¢ãŒã©ãæã€ãã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã¯é«äœã¢ã¯ã»ã³ãã§ããã |
ãªã©ã®ç¹åŸŽããã£ã(ã系統ãããã³ãé³é»ãã®ç¯åç
§)ã |
æã¯ããäž»èªã»ä¿®é£Ÿèªã»è¿°èªãã®èªé ã§æ§æãããã修食èªã¯è¢«ä¿®é£Ÿèªã®åã«äœçœ®ããããŸããåè©ã®æ Œã瀺ãããã«ã¯ãèªé ãèªå°Ÿãå€åãããã®ã§ãªããææ³çãªæ©èœã瀺ãæ©èœèª(å©è©)ãåŸãã«ä»ãå ãã(è çããã)ããããã®ããšãããèšèªé¡åè«äžã¯ãèªé ã®ç¹ã§ã¯SOVåã®èšèªã«ã圢æ
ã®ç¹ã§ã¯è çèªã«åé¡ããã(ãææ³ãã®ç¯åç
§)ã |
èªåœã¯ãå€æ¥ã®å€§åèšè(åèª)ã®ã»ãã挢èª(åé³èª)ãå€æ¥èªãããã³ããããã®æ··ãã£ãæ··çš®èªã«åãããããåé³èª(挢åã®é³èªã¿ã«ç±æ¥ããèªã®æãäžè¬ã«ã挢èªããšç§°ãã)ã¯çŸä»£ã®èªåœã®äžéšåãå ããŠããããŸãããçµµ/ç»(ã)ããªã©ãããšããšé³ã§ãããåèªãšèªèãããŠãããã®ããããããã«è¿ä»£ä»¥éã«ã¯è¥¿æŽç±æ¥ã®èªãäžå¿ãšããå€æ¥èªãå¢å€§ããŠãã(ãèªçš®ãã®ç¯åç
§)ã |
åŸ
éè¡šçŸã®é¢ã§ã¯ãææ³çã»èªåœçã«çºéããæ¬èªäœç³»ããããåè¿°ããã人ç©ã©ããã®åŸ®åŠãªé¢ä¿ãè¡šçŸãã(ãåŸ
éè¡šçŸãã®ç¯åç
§)ã |
æ¥æ¬èªã¯å°æ¹ããšã«å€æ§ãªæ¹èšãããããšãããçç諞島ã§æ¹èšå·®ãèãã(ãæ¹èšãã®ç¯åç
§)ãè¿äžäžæãŸã§ã¯äº¬éœæ¹èšãäžå€®èªã®å°äœã«ãã£ãããè¿äžåŸæã«ã¯æ±æžæ¹èšãå°äœãé«ããæ治以éã®çŸä»£æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯æ±äº¬å±±ã®æã®äžæµéçŽä»¥äžã®æ¹èš(å±±ã®æèšè)ãåºç€ã«æšæºèª(å
±éèª)ã圢æããã(ãæšæºèªãåç
§)ã |
è¡šèšäœç³»ã¯ã»ãã®è«žèšèªãšæ¯ã¹ãŠæ¥µããŠè€éãã€æè»æ§ã®é«ããç¹åŸŽã§ããã挢å(åœåãå«ããé³èªã¿ããã³èšèªã¿ã§çšãããã)ãšå¹³ä»®åãçä»®åãæ¥æ¬èªã®äž»èŠãªæåã§ãããåžžã«ãã®3çš®é¡ã®æåãçµã¿åãããŠè¡šèšãã(ãåçš®ãã®ç¯åç
§)ãè¡šé³æåã§è¡šèšäœç³»ãè€æ°æã€ãããåœãŠåãããã«å€æ¥èªãè¡šèšããããšãå¯èœã ããã©ãã³æå(ããŒãå)ãã®ãªã·ã£æå(å»åŠã»ç§åŠçšèªã«å€çš)ãªã©ããã°ãã°çšããããããŸãã瞊æžããšæšªæžãã®ã©ã¡ãã§ãè¡šèšããããšãå¯èœã§ãã(è¡šèšäœç³»ã®è©³çŽ°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®è¡šèšäœç³»ãåç
§)ã |
é³é»ã¯ãåé³+æ¯é³ãé³ç¯ãåºæ¬ãšããæ¯é³ã¯5çš®é¡ãããªããªã©ãåãããããæ§é ãæã€äžæ¹ãçŽé³ãšæé³ã®å¯Ÿç«ãã1é³ç¯2ã¢ãŒã©ãã®ååšãç¡å£°åæ¯é³ãèªã®çµã¿ç«ãŠã«äŒŽã£ãŠç§»åããé«ãã¢ã¯ã»ã³ããªã©ã®ç¹åŸŽããã(ãé³é»ãã®ç¯åç
§)ã |
æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãäž»ã«æ¥æ¬åœå
ã§äœ¿çšãããã話è
人å£ã«ã€ããŠã®èª¿æ»ã¯åœå
ã»åœå€ãåããããŸã ãªãããæ¥æ¬ã®äººå£ã«åºã¥ããŠèããããããšãäžè¬çã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬åœå
ã«ãæ³ä»€äžãæ¥æ¬èªãå
¬çšèªãªããåœèªãšå®ããçŽæ¥ã®èŠå®ã¯ãªããããããæ³ä»€ã¯æ¥æ¬èªã§èšãããŠãããè£å€ææ³ã«ãããŠã¯ãè£å€æã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªãçšããã(åæ³74æ¡)ãšãããæåã»æŽ»åæåæ¯èæ³ã«ãããŠã¯ãåœèªããšãæ¥æ¬èªããåäžèŠãããŠãã(åæ³3æ¡ã9æ¡)ããã®ä»å€ãã®æ³ä»€ã«ãããŠãæ¥æ¬èªãå¯äžã®å
¬çšèªãªããåœèªã§ããããšãåæãšãããŠããããŸããæ³æã ãã§ãªãå
¬çšæã¯ãã¹ãŠæ¥æ¬èªã®ã¿ãçšããããåŠæ ¡æè²ã§ã¯æ¥æ¬èªããåœèªããšããŠæããããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬ã§ã¯ããã¬ããã©ãžãªãæ ç»ãªã©ã®æŸéãå°èª¬ã挫ç»ãæ°èãªã©ã®åºçã®åéã§ããæ¥æ¬èªã䜿ãããããšãã»ãšãã©ã§ãããåœå€ã®ãã©ããæ ç»ãæŸéãããå Žåã§ããåºæ¬çã«ã¯æ¥æ¬èªã«èš³ããåå¹ãä»ããã声ãåœãŠããããŠããæŸéããããªã©ãåãæãæ¥æ¬èªã®ã¿ãç解ããããšãåæãšããŠäœæããããåèªã®ãŸãŸæŸéã»åºçããããã®ãååšãããããããã¯å€åœåãã«çºè¡šãããåæã®è«æããããã¯æ¥æ¬åšäœã®å€åœäººããããã¯åèªã®åŠç¿è
ãªã©éããã人ã察象ãšããŠããã倧å€æ°ã®æ¥æ¬äººã«åãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã |
æ¥æ¬åœå€ã§ã¯ãäž»ãšããŠãäžåç±³(ãã«ãŒã»ãã©ãžã«ã»ããªãã¢ã»ãããã«å
±ååœã»ãã©ã°ã¢ã€ãªã©)ããã¯ã€ãªã©ã®æ¥æ¬äººç§»æ°ã®éã«æ¥æ¬èªã®äœ¿çšãã¿ããããã3äžã»4äžãšäžä»£ãäžãã«ãããã£ãŠéæ¥æ¬èªè©±è
ãå€ããªã£ãŠãããšããããŸãã倪平æŽæŠäºã®çµçµä»¥åã«æ¥æ¬é ãªããæ¥æ¬ã®å¢åäžã«ãã£ãæé®®ç·ç£åºã®æé®®å島ã»å°æ¹Ÿç·ç£åºã®å°æ¹Ÿã»æ§æºå·åœã§çŸåšäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã®äžéšã»æšºå€ªåºã®æšºå€ª(ãµããªã³)ã»æ§åæŽåºã®åæŽè«žå³¶(çŸåšã®åããªã¢ã諞島ã»ãã©ãªã»ããŒã·ã£ã«è«žå³¶ã»ãã¯ããã·ã¢é£éŠ)ãªã©ã®å°åã§ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªæè²ãåãã人ã
ã®äžã«ãçŸåšã§ãæ¥æ¬èªãèšæ¶ããŠè©±ã人ããããå°æ¹Ÿã§ã¯å
äœæ°ã®ç°ãªãéšæå士ã®äŒè©±ã«æ¥æ¬èªãçšããããããšãããã ãã§ãªããå®èã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«ãªã©æ¥æ¬èªãšã¿ã€ã€ã«èªã®ã¯ã¬ãªãŒã«èšèªãååšããŠããããŸãããã©ãªã®ã¢ã³ã¬ãŠã«å·ã§ã¯æŽå²ççµç·¯ããæ¥æ¬èªãå
¬çšèªã®äžã€ãšããŠæ¡çšããŠããããçŸåšå·å
ã«ã¯æ¥æ¬èªãæ¥åžžäŒè©±ã«çšããäœæ°ã¯ååšããã象城çãªãã®ã«çãŸã£ãŠããã |
æ¥æ¬åœå€ã®æ¥æ¬èªåŠç¿è
ã¯2015幎調æ»ã§365äžäººã«ã®ãŒããäžè¯äººæ°å
±ååœã®çŽ95äžäººãã€ã³ããã·ã¢ã®çŽ75äžäººã倧éæ°åœã®çŽ56äžäººããªãŒã¹ãã©ãªã¢ã®çŽ36äžäººãå°æ¹Ÿã®çŽ22äžäººãäžäœãšãªã£ãŠãããå°åå¥ã§ã¯ãæ±ã¢ãžã¢ã»æ±åã¢ãžã¢ã§å
šäœã®åŠç¿è
ã®çŽ8å²ãå ããŠãããæ¥æ¬èªæè²ãè¡ãããŠããå°åã¯ã137ãåœã»å°åã«åãã§ããããŸããæ¥æ¬åœå
ã®æ¥æ¬èªåŠç¿è
ã¯ãã¢ãžã¢å°åã®çŽ16äžäººãäžå¿ãšããŠçŽ19äžäººã«äžã£ãŠããã |
ãæ¥æ¬èªãã®ç¯å²ãæ¬åæ¹èšã®ã¿ãšããå Žåãççèªãæ¥æ¬èªãšå系統ã®èšèªã«ãªãäž¡è
ã¯æ¥çèªæã圢æããã |
æ¥æ¬èª(æ)ã®ç³»çµ±ã«ã€ããŠã¯æ治以æ¥æ§ã
ãªèª¬ãè°è«ãããŠããããããããä»ã®èªæãšã®åç³»ã®èšŒæã«è³ã£ãŠããããäžæã®ãŸãŸã§ããã |
ã¢ã«ã¿ã€è«žèªã«å±ãããšãã説ã¯ãææ²»æ代æ«ããç¹ã«æ³šç®ãããŠããããã®æ ¹æ ãšããŠãå€ä»£ã®æ¥æ¬èª(倧åèšè)ã«ãããŠèªé ã«ré³(æµé³)ãç«ããªãããšãäžçš®ã®æ¯é³èª¿åãèŠãããããšãªã©ãæãããããå€ä»£æ¥æ¬èªã«äžèšã®ç¹åŸŽãèŠãããããšã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªãé¡åãšããŠãã¢ã«ã¿ã€åãã®èšèªã§ããæ ¹æ ãšããããã¢ã«ã¿ã€è«žèªã«å±ãããšãããããããã®èšèªã®èŠªæé¢ä¿ãæ¯æããåŠè
ã®ã»ãããŸã å€ãããæè¿ã®ã€ã®ãªã¹ã§ã¯ã¢ã«ã¿ã€è«žèªã®èŠªæé¢ä¿ãåŠå®ããåŠè
ãçŸããŠããã |
æé®®èªãšã¯èªé ãææ³æ§é ã§é¡äŒŒç¹ãéåžžã«å€ããé³é»ã®é¢ã§ããåºæèªã«ãããŠèªé ã«æµé³ãç«ããªãããšãäžçš®ã®æ¯é³èª¿åãèŠãããããšãªã©ãå
±éã®é¡äŒŒç¹ããã(ãã®çµæãæ¥æ¬èªãæé®®èªãã¢ã«ã¿ã€è«žèªãšåé¡ãããå Žåããã)ãäžçã®è«žèšèªã®åºãæ¯èŒããå Žåãåºããæé®®èªã¯æ¥æ¬èªãšæãè¿ãèšèªããšãããŠããããã ããéé³ç¯ãåé³é£çµãååšãããæ声ã»ç¡å£°ã®åºå¥ãç¡ãããšãã£ãçžéããããåºç€èªåœã¯ãå
±éç¹ãããããããªãçžéããé¢ãããã |
çŽå
8äžçŽãŸã§ã«èšé²ãããæé®®å島ã®å°å(ãé«å¥éºå°åããæã)ã®äžã«ã¯ãæºå·åéšãå«ãæé®®å島äžéšä»¥åã«ãæå³ãé³é»ã§æ¥æ¬èªãšé¡äŒŒããå°åãè€æ°èŠãã ããããããè«æ ãšããŠãå€ä»£ã®æé®®å島ã§ã¯æé®®èªãšãšãã«æ¥æ¬èªãšè¿çžã®èšèªã§ãããå島æ¥æ¬èªãã話ãããŠãããšèããããŠããã |
ãŸããé«å¥éºèªã«é(ãªãŸã)=é£å¿(ãã ã«)ãæ³(ããã¿)=æŒä¹ãå(ã€ã¡)ã¯å
ãå£(ãã¡)ã¯å£æ¬¡ãšåŒãã§ããèšé²ããããé«å¥éºã®æŠå°ã§ããæ³èèæã¯æ¥æ¬æžçŽã§äŒæ¢šæ¯é åœ(ã€ãªã«ã¹ã)ãšèšé²ãããŠããŠãæ³(ããã¿)ã¯é«å¥éºèªã§æŒä¹(ã€ãª)ãšåŒã°ããŠããããšãåããã件ã®å°åãé«å¥éºã®æ§é åå
ã«ååžããŠããããšãããå€ãã®ç 究ã¯å島æ¥æ¬èªã¯ãé«å¥éºèªãã§ãããšããŠããã |
äŒè€è±äººã¯å島æ¥æ¬èª(倧éžåèª)ãé«å¥éºèªãšããäžã§ãæ¥æ¬èªãšå島æ¥æ¬èªã¯åãç¥èªããåãããå系統ã®èšèªã§ãããå島æ¥æ¬èªéå£ããåãããéå£ãçŽå
å900幎ããçŽå
700幎ã«ãããŠæ°Žç°èŸ²èãæºãæ¥æ¬å島ã«æž¡æ¥ãããšèããã |
ãªããäŒè€è±äººã¯å島æ¥æ¬èªã京éªåŒã¢ã¯ã»ã³ããšé¡äŒŒããŠããããšãææããŠããã |
äžåœèªãšã®é¢ä¿ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã¯äžåœã®æŒ¢åãåçšèªãšããŠåºç¯å²ã«åãå
¥ããŠãããèªåœã®ãã¡æŒ¢åãçšãããã®ã«é¢ããŠã圱é¿ãåããŠãããã ãèªé ãææ³ãé³é»ã倧ããç°ãªãã®ã§ã系統è«çã«ã¯å¥ç³»çµ±ã®èšèªãšãããã |
ã¢ã€ãèªã¯ãèªé (SOVèªé )ã«ãããŠæ¥æ¬èªãšäŒŒãããã ããææ³ã»åœ¢æ
ã¯é¡åè«çã«ç°ãªãæ±åèªã«å±ããé³é»æ§é ãæ声ã»ç¡å£°ã®åºå¥ããªãéé³ç¯ãå€ããªã©ã®çžéããããåºç€èªåœã®é¡äŒŒã«é¢ããææãããããäŸã¯äžå
åã§ãããäžè¬ã«äŒŒãŠãããšãããèªã®äžã«ã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªããã¢ã€ãèªãžã®åçšèªãå€ãå«ãŸãããšã¿ãããã |
åæ¹ç³»ã®ãªãŒã¹ãããã·ã¢èªæãšã¯ãé³é»äœç³»ãèªåœã«é¢ããé¡äŒŒãææãããŠããããããã¯å¶ç¶äžèŽãããã®ã§ãããäºãã«é¢ä¿ããããšããæ ¹æ ã¯ãªãã |
ãã©ãŽã£ãèªæãšã®é¢ä¿ã䞻匵ãã説ããããããããèªããç 究è
ã¯å°ãªãã倧éæã¯æ¥æ¬èªãèªåœã»ææ³ãªã©ã®ç¹ã§ã¿ãã«èªãšå
±éç¹ãæã€ãšã®èª¬ãå±ããããæ¯èŒèšèªåŠã®æ¹æ³äžã®åé¡ããæ¹å€ãå€ã |
ãŸããã¬ããã£èªã»ããã©ã€èªãªã©ãšã®åç³»è«ãéå»ã«ååšããããããã«é¢ããŠã¯ã»ãšãã©ç䌌ç§åŠã®ç¯çã«åãŸãã |
æ¥æ¬èªè©±è
ã¯æ®éãããã£ãœã(äžæ¬)ããšããèªããããã»ã£ã»ãœã»ããã®4åäœãšæããŠãããé³ç¯ããšã«ãŸãšãããªãã° ã®ããã«2åäœãšãªããšããã§ããããé³é»çãªæãæ¹ã¯ãããšç°ãªããé³å£°åŠäžã®åäœã§ããé³ç¯ãšã¯åºå¥ããŠãé³é»è«ã§ã¯ããã»ã£ã»ãœã»ããã®ãããªåäœã®ããšãã¢ãŒã©(æ)ãšç§°ããŠããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã®ã¢ãŒã©ã¯ã倧äœã¯ä»®åã«å³ããŠäœç³»åããããšãã§ãããããã£ãœãããšããŸã£ãããã¯ãé³å£°åŠäžã¯ ã§ãã£ãŠå
±éããåé³ããªãããæ¥æ¬èªè©±è
ã¯ãã£ããšããå
±éã®ã¢ãŒã©ãèŠåºãããŸãããããã¯ãé³å£°åŠäžã¯åŸç¶ã®é³ã«ãã£ãŠ ãªã©ãšå€åããããæ¥æ¬èªã®è©±è
èªãã¯åäžé³ãšèªèããŠããã®ã§ãé³é»è«äžã¯1çš®é¡ã®ã¢ãŒã©ãšãªãã |
æ¥æ¬èªã§ã¯ãã»ãšãã©ã®ã¢ãŒã©ãæ¯é³ã§çµãã£ãŠãããããããã«æ¥æ¬èªã¯éé³ç¯èšèªã®æ§æ Œã匷ããšããããšãã§ããããã£ãšããç¹æ®ã¢ãŒã©ã®ãã£ããããã«ã¯æ¯é³ãå«ãŸããªãã |
ã¢ãŒã©ã®çš®é¡ã¯ã以äžã«ç€ºãããã«111çšåºŠååšããããã ããç 究è
ã«ããæ°ãæ¹ãå°ããã€ç°ãªããããè¡ãã®é³ã¯ãèªäžèªå°Ÿã§ã¯éŒ»é³(ãããã錻æ¿é³)ã®ããé³ãšãªãå Žåãããããããè¡ããšãããšã®éãã¯äœãåŒå¥ã®æ©èœãæäŸãããåãªãç°é³ã©ããã«éããªããããã§ããããé€å€ããŠæ°ããå Žåãã¢ãŒã©ã®æ°ã¯103çšåºŠãšãªãããã以å€ã«ããå€æ¥èªã®è¡šèšã第1è¡šã«ããããã·ã§ãããã§ãããã¡ã»ãã§ã»ãã©ãããã£ãããã¡ã»ãã£ã»ãã§ã»ãã©ããã®ä»ã®å€æ¥é³ãå«ããå Žåã¯ãããã«ãŸãæ°ãå€ãã£ãŠããããã®ã»ããå€æ¥èªã®è¡šèšã«ãããŠçšããããããŽã¡ã»ãŽã£ã»ãŽã»ãŽã§ã»ãŽã©ãã«ã€ããŠã¯ããè¡ãšããŠçºé³ãããããšãå€ããã®ã®ãç¬ç«ããé³é»ãšããŠçºé³ãããããšããããããããå«ãããšããã«å¢ããããšãšãªãã |
ãªããäºåé³å³ã¯ãé³é»äœç³»ã®èª¬æã«äœ¿ãããããšããã°ãã°ããããäžèšã®æ¥æ¬èªã¢ãŒã©è¡šãšæ¯ã¹ãŠã¿ããšãå°ãªãããç°ãªãéšåããããäºåé³å³ã®æç«ã¯å¹³å®æ代ã«ããã®ãŒããã®ã§ãããçŸä»£èªã®é³é»äœç³»ãåæ ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãããšã«æ³šæãå¿
èŠã§ãã(ãæ¥æ¬èªç 究å²ãã®ç¯ã®ãæ±æžæ代以åããåç
§)ã |
æ¯é³ã¯ãããã»ãã»ãã»ãã»ããã®æåã§è¡šããããé³é»è«äžã¯ãæ¥æ¬èªã®æ¯é³ã¯ãã®æåã§è¡šããã5åã§ãããé³çŽ èšå·ã§ã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«èšãããã |
äžæ¹ãé³å£°åŠäžã¯ãåºæ¬ã®5æ¯é³ã¯ããããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãããã¯ãåœéé³å£°èšå· (IPA) ã§ã¯åèæ¯é³ ãšåŸèæ¯é³ ã®äžéé³ ã«åœããããããã¯å°ãåŸå¯ãã§ãã ãè¿ãããããã¯åçæ¯é³ ãšååºæ¯é³ ã®äžéé³ã§ããããããã¯åçæ¯é³ ãšååºæ¯é³ ã®äžéé³ã§ããã |
æ¥æ¬èªã®ãããã¯ãæ±äº¬æ¹èšã§ã¯ãè±èªãªã©ã® ã®ãããªåååŸèæ¯é³ãããå°ãäžèããã§ãããã«äŒŽãååæ§ã匱ãŸããäžèæ¯é³ã®ãããªåŒµåã§ãååã§ããªããã¥ãŒãã©ã«ãªåããããããã»ãã®å
ãã«åã«çªãåºããåã§çºé³ããããååŸè埮ååçæ¯é³ã§ãããããã¯èãšåã®åãã®é£é¢ã§ãåèæ¯é³ã¯åŒµåãäžèæ¯é³ã¯å¹³åã»ãã¥ãŒãã©ã«(ãã ããã¥ãŒãã©ã«ã¯ãçŸè¡ã®IPAè¡šèšã§ã¯éååãšããŠã匵åãšåãã«ããŽãªãŒã«å
¥ããããŠãã)ãåŸèæ¯é³ã¯ååãšãªãã®ãèªç¶ã§ãããšããæ³åã«é©ã£ãŠãããããããããã¯æ¯é³èåãªã©ã§èŠãããããã«ãé³é»äžã¯æªã ã«åååŸèçæ¯é³ãšããŠæ©èœããããŸãã[ɯβ] ãšããè¡šèšãè¡ãããã |
ååæ§ã®åŒ±ãã匷調ããããã«ã ã䜿ãããšãããããããã¯æ¬æ¥æé®®èªã«èŠããããiã®ãããªå®å
šãªåŒµåã§ãããªãããu ã®ããã«åŸèã®çæ¯é³ãè¡šãèšå·ã§ãããååæ§ãæžè¡°ãã€ã€ãæ®åãããã€åŸèããããåããã§ããæ¥æ¬èªã®æ¯é³ãããã®é³å£°ãšã¯éããæããããŸããã®çš®ã®æ¯é³ã¯ãåãšèã®é£é¢ããå€ãããããæ¯é³æ°5以äžã®èšèªã§ãªãéããçºçããã®ã¯çšã§ããããããã¯åé³ã®åŸã§ã¯ããå®å
šãªååæ¯é³ã«è¿ã¥ã(çºé³ã®è©³çŽ°ã¯ããããã®æåã®é
ç®ãåç
§)ãäžæ¹ã西æ¥æ¬æ¹èšã§ã¯ãããã¯æ±äº¬æ¹èšããã奥èã§ãåãäžžããŠçºé³ãã ã«è¿ãã |
é³é»è«äžããã³ãŒããŒããã²ãã²ãããªã©ãããŒããããè¡ãã®ä»®åã§è¡šãé·é³ãšããåäœãååšãã(é³çŽ èšå·ã§ã¯ )ãããã¯ããçŽåã®æ¯é³ã1ã¢ãŒã©ååŒãããšããæ¹æ³ã§çºé³ãããç¬ç«ããç¹æ®ã¢ãŒã©ã§ããããé³¥ã(ããª)ãšãéãã(ããŒãª)ã®ããã«ãé·é³ã®æç¡ã«ããæå³ãåŒå¥ããããšãå€ãããã ããé³å£°ãšããŠã¯ãé·é³ããšããç¹å®ã®é³ãããããã§ã¯ãªããé·æ¯é³ ã®åŸåéšåã«çžåœãããã®ã§ããã |
ãããããããããšæžãããæåã¯ãçºé³äžã¯ãããããããããšåããé·æ¯é³ ãšããŠçºé³ãããããšãäžè¬çã§ãã(ãããããããããªã©ãé åé³ãä»ããå Žåãåæ§)ãããªãã¡ããè¡æããå¿çããæ¿å
ãã¯ããšãŒã»ãŒãããªãŒããŒããã»ãŒããŒãã®ããã«çºé³ãããããã ããä¹å·ãååœåéšã»è¥¿éšãçŽäŒå島åéšãªã©ã§ã¯ããããã ãšçºé³ããããæããããåãããªã©ã®åèªã¯å¿
ãäºéæ¯é³ãšãªãããŸãè»éªšéã®ãšã€ãªã©ãèªåœã«ãã£ãŠäºéæ¯é³ã«ãªãå Žåãããããããã«ã¯å人差ãããã1æå1æåäžå¯§ã«çºè©±ããå Žåã«ã¯ããããã ãšçºé³ãã話è
ãå€ãã |
End of preview. Expand
in Dataset Viewer.
README.md exists but content is empty.
Use the Edit dataset card button to edit it.
- Downloads last month
- 31