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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to energy transducer systems and, more particularly, to method of and apparatus for converting energy through a pivotally mounted fluid filled vessel utilizing the buoyant force of the fluid contained therein. 2. History of the Prior Art The prior art is replete with a myriad of apparatus utilizing water as a working or power fluid. The genesis of water powered systems extends into technological antiquity due in part, to the abundance of water on the planet and the ever growing need for more energy. Such systems include water wheels and more conventional water turbines. More conventional applications of water power are manifested in numerous patents issued by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for water motors and the like. Certain ones of there patents address simply the weight characteristic of water in its liquid state, such as U.S. Pat. No. 556,391 issued to Wood. This 1896 reference utilizes the weight of water and its fluid nature for achieving an hydraulic motor. Water from a reservoir is sequentially vented into opposing collection troughs disposed on opposite ends of a pivotal beam. Sequential filling and emptying of the water from the reservoir into the troughs causes pivotal actuation and the generation or the transducing of energy from the rocking action thereof. In this manner a secondary fluid such as air or hydraulic fluid may be pumped by the motor for further utilization. The oscillation of beams and water collection means disposed at opposite ends thereof is also set forth as shown in prior U.S. Pat. No. 927,789 issued to Broadwell in 1869, U.S. Pat. No. 223,930 issued to Lay in 1880, U.S. Pat. No. 429,392 to Smyth in 1890, U.S. Pat. No. 479,291 to Marsh in 1892, and U.S. Pat. No. 1,036,587 to Doyle et al in 1912. These prior art references each reflect certain new and useful improvements in water motors. For example, the Smyth patent utilizes not only the weight of the water but the buoyant characteristic thereof by utilizing a series of flotation elements for controlling the accumulation of the water within the vessel and the release thereof for flotation. In each of these cases it is the liquid weight of the fluid which effects the transfer of energy. More conventional prior art applications of hydraulics to energy conversion systems are set forth as shown in U.S. Pat. No 3,803,847 to McAllister, U.S. Pat. No. 3,521,445 to Grable, U.S. Pat. No. 3,100,965 to Blackburn, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,086,765 to the inventor of the subject application. These references clearly show the advancement in technology affording new and multiple uses of liquid hydraulics and advances in systems incorporating same. For example, several of the aforesaid patents incorporate compressed air derived from a storage tank or the like to pressurize pumping or hydraulic chambers. These energy conversion systems have multiple uses including heating, cooling, and generating electrical or mechanical power. Similarly, many of these systems address the aspect of limiting the amount of fluid wasted in the cycling process to create a more energy conservative system. By utilizing compressed air, it is said that the pressure head of a more dense fluid such as water may be converted to an air pressure in not only a single but a plurality of vessels having a much greater volume than the original pressure generating volume. The potential energy in the form of air pressure may then be utilized to reduce the pressure across a compressed gas pumping system to reduce the power required for fluid recirculation. While numerous aspects of fluid hydraulics in energy conversion have been tapped in the aforesaid prior art approaches, conventional technology has not fully addressed the buoyant characteristics of water in shifting or pivotal systems. For example, water contained within a vessel afforded the option of rocking about a center point will manifest a shift in the center of gravity of the system which may be utilized in the conversion of energy. It would be an advantage therefore to utilize the inherent fluid characteristics of a mass such as water in a liquid state in association with a controlled shifting of its center of gravity. The methods and apparatus of the present invention provide such a system by utilizing low pressure air or the like to actuate a ballast network coupled to a rocking flotation vessel containing such fluid therein. Flotation elements disposed within the vessel are then buoyed by the contained fluid and the rocking of the vessel creates a shift in the fluid level relative to the respective flotation elements for the creation of differential flotation forces. By tapping this buoyancy differential manifested through the rocking of the vessel, an energy transducer system is provided. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a energy conversion system for generating power through a shifting fluid mass contained within a vessel by the utilization of flotation elements disposed therein. More particularly one aspect of the present invention comprises an energy transducer system comprising a flotation tank and means supporting the flotation tank in first and second unbalanced positions. Means are provided for rocking the tank between the first and second positions. First and second flotation means are disposed within the tank and are adapted for floating upon fluid disposed within the tank which is shifted therein by the aforesaid rocking. Means are then coupled to the flotation means for actuation therewith in transducing energy from the shifting fluid level within said tank between the respective unbalanced positions. In another aspect, the present invention comprises the aforesaid system wherein the energy transducing means includes first and second piston and cylinder assemblies coupled to the first and second flotation elements adapted for receiving the energy produced by the flotation element within the flotation tank during the shifting fluid level therein. The cylinder means comprises hydraulic cylinders adapted for the pumping of hydraulic fluid during the rise in water level commensurate with shifts of the water level during movement of the tank between the first and second positions. Ballast means are secured to the tank for imparting the rocking action between the unbalanced positions. The ballast means includes first and second upstanding ballast vessels disposed on opposite sides of the tank and means, such as compressed air, coupled to the first and second ballast vessels for alternating the relative fluid levels in each. In another aspect the invention includes a method of transducing energy by shifting fluid levels within a containment vessel comprising the steps of mounting the containment vessel for first and second off-balance positions and providing means for imparting the first and second off-balance positions of the containment vessel. First and second flotation means are disposed within the containment vessels on opposite sides thereof. Means are then provided for absorbing power from the flotation elements within the flotation vessels in response to shifts of fluid level therein. The flotation elements are then coupled so the power absorbing means while the containment vessel is rocked between the first and second positions for the shifting of the fluid level therein. The rocking produces a sequential raising and lowering of the flotation elements within the fluid in response to variations of the fluid level during the shifting of the containment vessel. In yet another aspect, the aforesaid invention includes the step of shifting the ballast means secured to the containment vessel for moving the center of gravity of the containment vessel. The step of shifting the ballast means includes the steps of providing first and second ballast tanks on opposite sides of the containment vessel, providing means for communicating the first and second ballast tanks, and driving fluid from opposite ones of the ballast tanks into the other for shifting the center of gravity of the containment vessel secured thereto. The step of shifting the ballast between the first and second ballast tanks includes the steps of providing compressed gas in flow communication with the ballast tanks and sequentially exposing the ballast tanks to the compressed gas for forcing the fluid in opposite ones thereof to the other through the flow communication means and the shifting of the center of gravity of the containment vessel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be had to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a diagramatic schematic illustrating the methods and apparatus of the present invention in a first off-center rock position of the flotation tank; FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, diagramatic schematic of the flotation tank in a second, opposite off-center position; and FIG. 3 is an end elevational view of the flotation tank of the present invention in an on-center position. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring first to FIG. 1 there is shown one embodiment of a system 10 incorporating the principles of the present invention and comprising a flotation vessel 12 having first and second flotation means 14 and 16 disposed therein. A volume of fluid such as water 18 is also contained within the vessel 12 and imparts a supporting buoyant force to the floats 14 and 16. Means are provided for shifting the center of gravity of the vessel 12 and includes a fluid ballast network 20 comprising a first ballast tank 21 and second, oppositely disposed ballast tank 22. The ballast tanks 21 and 22 are connected by a flow conduit 24 for the fluid communication therebetween. The tank 12 is further constructed with a curved bottom region 26 which is mounted upon a base plate 28 adapted for receiving and supporting the rocking action of the vessel 12. An energy coupling system 30 is connected to the vessel 12 and the floats 14 and 16 therein for transducing the rocking motion of said vessel through the buoyant force of the shifting fluid therein into hydraulic energy in a manner described in more detail below. Still referring to FIG. 1, the energy coupling system 30 comprises first and second power cylinders 31 and 32, preferably of the hydraulic variety adapted for being driven by the floats 14 and 16 in response to variations of fluid level within the vessel 12. The hydraulic cylinders 31 and 32 are coupled together through power line network 34 constructed for supplying and utilizing the driven power fluid from cylinders 31 and 32. The power line network 34 includes a supply line system 35 and a drive system 39. A fluid accumulator 36 is shown coupled to the supply line system 35 for fluid storage. A fluid motor 37 is provided in flow communication with a fluid reservoir 38 which is coupled to cylinders 31 and 32 through the drive line system 39. It should be noted that other uses of the accumulated fluid may be selected in accordance with conventional hydraulic systems. Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown the vessel 12 in a second, off-balance position, having rocked to the opposite side of base plate 28 as compared to that of FIG. 1. It may also be seen that the flotation elements 14 and 16 have likewise moved as water level 17 has shifted relative to the opposite sides of the rocked vessel 12. Float 14 is thus shown in the upwardly displaced position in response to the buoyant force of the fluid 17 therebeneath. Hydraulic cylinder 31 has thus been actuated and fluid drive therefrom through system 39. The rocking process may itself be effected by appropriate ballast shifting means, and in the present invention, is effected by a compressed air source in flow communication with opposite ballast tanks 21 and 22. Still referring to FIG. 2, a compressed air source 40 is coupled to ballast tank 21 through a flow line 41 and coupled to ballast tank 22 by flow line 42. A valve 44 positioned in line with ballast tank 21 is actuated to permit the compressed air from source 40 to drive fluid from ballast tank 21 into ballast tank 22 through conduit 24, coupling the tanks. Likewise supply line 42 is provided with a valve 47 for simultaneously venting ballast tank 22 during actuation of ballast tank 21. At the same time compressed air is shut off and prevented from flowing into ballast tank 22 from source 40 or through the vent of valve 47. In like fashion valve 44 of ballast tank 21 shifts into a similar venting mode relative to ballast tank 21 when valve 47 energizes valve tank 22 with compressed air from source 40. Referring now to FIG. 3 there is shown an end elevational view of the vessel 12 of FIG. 1. The vessel 12 and the flotation element 16 are illustrated herein with a generally rectangular cross-sectional configuration. This is but one embodiment of possible constructions of said elements. The float 16 may of course, assume any appropriate shape necessary for buoyancy and maximum efficiency in operation. Likewise the vessel 12 maybe constructed with the curved, cylindrical bottom region 26 as shown in FIG. 3 or with a hemispherical surface for rolling (as compared to rocking) around a center axis in a continuous off-balance position in such a configuration; a plurality of flotation elements could be utilized for receiving the buoyant force of the fluid contained therein through changes in the fluid level during the rolling motion of the vessel 12. Likewise, a ballast network of modified design adapted for imparting a rolling action to the vessel 12 would be incorporated. Such a ballast design could, for example, include two additional ballast tanks each disposed 90° from the ballast tanks 21 and 22 for forming a quadrant array wherein each is sequentially actuated for shifting the fluid balance in a circular direction about the vessel 12. This circumferential shifting would cause rolling of the vessel 12 about a cylindrical bottom region with concomitant variations in relative water level around the vessel walls. In operation, the transducer system 10 of the present invention is actuated by first providing a source for shifting ballast. In the embodiment presented in FIGS. 1-3, ballast shifting is effected between outwardly disposed ballast tanks 21 and 22 that are coupled to compressed air source 40. It should be noted that any compressed gas may be utilized as well as pressured fluid generated from windmills and the like. The utilization of the pressurized fluid such as air, to actuate the ballast system 20 requires the utilization of valves 44 and 47 as set forth above for purposes of pressurizing and venting respective ballast elements. In operation, the actuation of the aforesaid valve elements for the ballast system is effected simultaneously with the actuation of a valve network in the energy coupling system 30. A valve 50 is thus provided in flow communication with cylinder 31 for permitting flow from fluid accumulator 36 to cylinder 31 during the downstroke of float 14 as shown in FIG. 1. In such a mode, cylinder 31 is isolated from fluid reservoir 38 through valve 50. In like manner a valve 51 disposed in flow communication with cylinder 32 permits flow to fluid reservoir 38 therefrom while terminating communication with fluid accumulator 36. In the reverse stroke as shown in FIG. 2, valves 50 and 51 are actuated in opposite performance modes for permitting fluid to be driven from cylinder 31 to fluid reservoir 38 while fluid 32 is filled from fluid accumulator 36. The operation of one embodiment the present invention is thus effected by simultaneous valve actuation between the ballast actuation fluid and the power drive fluid. By mounting the cylinders 31 and 32 directly to the vessel 12, all relative motion imparted by the position of flotation elements 14 and 16 upon the fluid 18 contained therein is absorbed by the cylinders 31 and 32. For this reason, a support strut 55 shown secured to side wall sections 56 and 57 of the vessel 12 for securing the relative interaction between the fluid level and the respective cylinders. Each cylinder 31 and 32 is pivotally mounted to the strut 55 through pivotal fastening means 59 to permit the necessary arcuate motion of the cylinders during the rotation of the flotation elements within the vessel. Likewise flotation elements 14 and 16 are pivotally mounted to the side walls of the vessel 12 by pivot mounts 61 to further permit the necessary interaction to be effectively absorbed by the respective cylinders 31 and 32 during changes is level of fluid 18. As stated above the fluid of containment vessel 12 may be water or other sufficiently viscous liquid which will produce a buoyant force for supporting the flotation elements 14 and 16 and effecting the necessary shift of position relative to the rocking or rolling action of the vessel 12 as described above. To further secure the rocking or the rolling action of the vessel 12, the bottom portion 26 is preferably mounted with gear teeth, or a rack gear for mating engagement with a rack gear mounted in the base plate 28. As shown most clearly in FIG. 2 a curved gear 63 is illustrated to engage a planar mating gear section 64 secured to plate 28. In this manner the mesh of gear teeth prevents slippage of the vessel 12 relative to the base 28. The base 28 is also preferably hinged through hinge sections 71 and 72 as shown in FIG. 2 leaving a substantially horizontal base member 75. In this manner, the end sections 73 and 74 can be elevated and/or adjusted to "fine tune" the rocking latitude of the vessel 12 to maximize the efficiency of the ballast weight. It may further be seen that the fluid supply power lines of FIGS. 1 and 2 are shown diagramatically. For example, lines 41 and 42 are shown simply as single lines in a schematic format. In construction of the present invention the necessary fluid coupling network could be provided in accordance with said diagram and conventional skills in pneumatic and hydraulic systems. All gas and fluid hoses attached to the vessel 12 are preferably flexible so as not to interfere with the movement of the vessel 12 during the rocking or rolling action. It may thus be seen that the method and apparatus of the present invention will permit low pressure gas such as air to move a sufficient quantity of fluid, such as water, in a ballast system 20 to shift the center of gravity of a vessel 12 to impart rocking thereto. A shifting of the vessel 12 by 20° either side of its horizontal position will be effective in completing pressure strokes of cylinders 31 and 32 to drive a hydraulic system such as motor 37. It should also be noted that it is an important element of the present invention to provide fluid in the vessel 12 in relation to the base 28 wherein the vessel 12 is in a "near balance" condition at all times. The transferable ballast provides the necessary control to implement the off balance configurations presented in FIGS. 1 and 2 but such off-balance configurations are likewise susceptible to movement through shifting of fluid within the ballast system 20. In accordance herewith, a multiplicity of uses of the system may be appreciated wherein low pressure compressed air can be utilized to directly generate pressurized hydraulic fluid in an efficient and fluid transducer system. It is thus believed that the operation and construction of the present invention will be apparent from the foregoing description. While the method and apparatus shown and described has been characterized as being preferred, it will be obvious that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims.

4y

REFERENCE TO RELATED PUBLICATIONS German Patent Disclosure Document DE-OS 17 80 062, WEHDE et al.; German Patent Disclosure Document DE-OS 19 16 518, ATKINS (corresponding to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 716,709, filed Sept. 23, 1968). The present invention relates to vehicle wheel anti-skid or anti brake-lock systems, and more particularly to such systems used in automotive vehicles in which wheel speed sensors provide output signals representative of wheel speed and rotation in order to provide derived signals, such as wheel acceleration or deceleration, vehicle speed, and the like. BACKGROUND Anti brake-lock or vehicle anti-skid systems utilize sensors coupled to the wheels. Such sensors are subject to mechanical disturbances, particularly vibrations, and may also respond by spurious signals to uncontrollable conditions in the transducer elements, such as out-of-round conditions of transducer components, and the like. Consequently, malfunction or interference with proper, controlled operation of the anti-skid system may occur. Vibrations and out-of-round conditions, particularly, may cause interference or disturbance signals which are within the frequency and/or amplitude range of the actual signal which is intended to be derived. If such disturbance signals are, erroneously, evaluated as actual wheel signals, malfunction of the anti-skid system may occur. It has previously been proposed--see German Patent Disclosure Document DE-OS 17 80 062--to utilize filter circuits coupled to a speed transducer, in which the time constants of the filters are suitably selected to exclude, as far as possible, disturbance signals. Later, it was proposed--see German Patent Disclosure Document DE-OS 19 16 518 (based on U.S. application Ser. No. 716,709, filed Sept. 23, 1968, ATKINS, assigned Kelsey-Hayes Co.)--to construct filters which have low-pass characteristics utilizing an R/C series circuit arrangement. It has been found that filters may, in connection with the remaining circuits in which they are used, form oscillatory systems if output signals from wheel rotation transducers are subjected to vibration or other recurring disturbances. If the circuit becomes oscillatory, disturbance and noise signals will be enhanced, which, in spite of other precautions taken to exclude disturbance signals, may lead to erroneous response, and hence malfunction of the anti-skid system. THE INVENTION It is an object to provide an anti-skid or anti brake-lock system in which disturbance effects, particularly recurring disturbance effects, are essentially eliminated. In accordance with the invention, the filtering network includes two filters, in which the second one has a band-pass characteristic different from the first, preferably formed as a high-pass filter, whereas the first one is a low-pass filter; and controlled switching means are provided to selectively connect or disconnect the second filter in dependence on predetermined operating parameters, as represented by signals, which occur within or are available within the anti-skid system. Typically, the control signals which may selectively connect the second filter may be based on wheel speed, vehicle speed, or response of the wheel anti-lock system. In accordance with a feature of the invention, the output from the system is conducted to a threshold sensing circuit in which the threshold level dynamically changes with level of the signal, so that the response of the threshold circuit will change with signal amplitude. If the signal amplitude increases, the response level of the threshold circuit, likewise, is increased, so that the threshold circuit will have a variable response level, following changes in amplitude of the signal to which it is to respond, so that the threshold level will remain a predetermined fraction of a signal level regardless of the amplitude of signal being applied thereto. The system has the advantage of substantially improved noise signal rejection. Inherent resonance effects due to circuitry between the sensor or transducer element and the filter, and which may include the filter component, can be readily suppressed. In accordance with a feature of the invention, the second, selectively connectable filter preferably is an R/C circuit element in which the resistance portion is selectively connectable, based on operating parameters such as vehicle or wheel speed, for example. Shifting the threshold level of a threshold detector in accordance with amplitude of the signal being applied thereto has the additional advantage that large output signals will exceed the threshold level by a predetermined percentage, rather than a predetermined fixed level, thus resulting in extremely good noise rejection. DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a general block diagram of an anti brake-lock system (ABS) including the present invention; FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram and illustrating a further embodiment; and FIG. 3 is a series of graphs illustrating signals in the circuit of FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A wheel speed sensor 10 is coupled to the wheel of a vehicle. Such sensors or transducers, typically, are magnetic transducers which provide sine wave output signals upon passage of ferromagnetic elements in front of a pick-up coil. Other types of transducers may be used. The output signal of the vehicle rotation transducer is used in the automatic anti brake-lock control unit (ABS) 13 to derive from the signals from the transducers other signals representative of slip, speed, acceleration or deceleration of the respective wheel. Further signals can be derived therefrom, for example by averaging, and modifying, in accordance with known criteria, wheel speed signals in order to derive a vehicle speed signal. The various signals are processed--as well known--in the control unit 13 to provide output signals representative of control action, and if the control unit 13 should respond at all. Each one of the wheel transducers 10 is connected to a low-pass filter 11, as known. The customary inductive-type speed sensors provide output signals which increase with increasing wheel speed. The low-pass filter 11, connected to the transducer 10, dampens frequencies at higher range, so that the signal obtained from the filter 11 is essentially linear. The low-pass filter 10, however, also suppresses disturbance signals so that threshold circuits, customarily included within the control unit 13, will not respond. Under certain operating conditions, and particularly under the influence of out-of-round conditions within the transducer system of which the transducer 10 is a part, vibration, and the like, the transducer 10 and the low-pass filter 11 may form a resonance system. This is particularly so if the sensor or transducer 10 is periodically mechanically disturbed, for example due to vibration or other similar periodically recurring conditions. Resonance systems, as well known, cause substantial signal level increases. Under such conditions, thus, disturbance signals may be unduly enhanced, and may cause erroneous response of a threshold circuit within the control unit system 13. In accordance with a feature of the invention, a high-pass filter 12 is connected to the low-pass filter 11, and selectively connectable in circuit with the low-pass filter 11 and the control unit 13. Of course, the control unit 13 will have similar signals applied thereto from the other wheels of the vehicle, as indicated by the broken connecting lines with the arrows leading to the control unit 13. Switch 14 is provided for selective connection or disconnection of the high-pass filter 12. Switch 14 is operated in dependence on the output from an OR-gate 15. The OR-gate 15 is controlled by two output lines 16, 17 connected to the control unit 13. The output line 16 carries a signal derived from vehicle speed, and, if the speed drops below a predetermined minimum speed, OR-gate 15 is enabled to close switch 14. Line 17 carries a signal which is representative of response of the control unit 13, which may occur, for example, if one of the wheels of the vehicle is about to block, which may lead to skidding, as sensed by the control unit 13. If at least one of these two signals is present on lines 16, 17, OR-gate 15 is enabled and switch 14 will close. Under those conditions, then, the high-pass filter 12 is bridged, so that it will no longer influence signal processing from the transducer 10 and the filter 11 in the control unit 13. Thus, the high-pass filter 12 will be excluded from influencing the signal if the speed of the respective wheel, or vehicle speed--in dependence on the nature of the signal on the line 16--is below a predetermined reference level; or if the ABS unit 13 has responded. The reason for bridging the high-pass filter 12 is this: At low vehicle or wheel speeds, the output signals from the transducer 10 are low, and no additional attenuation by further circuit components of the signal should result; further, at low wheel or vehicle speeds, disturbance signals with relevant amplitude at the relevant frequency are not expected. Further, such disturbance signals usually do not occur during the time that the control unit of the anti-skid or anti brake-lock system has responded; any disturbance signals which occur during response of the control unit 13, can be suppressed by signal processing within the control unit, as well known. FIG. 1 illustrates the simplest case in which the high-pass filter 12 is merely bridged or shunted by the switch 14. Other switching arrangements may be used and, of course, the switch 14 may be replaced by an electronic switch, such as a controlled semiconductor. Further, of course, the shunting circuit formed by switch 14 need not be of the ON/OFF type; rather, the effectiveness of the filter 12 can be decreased with decrease of vehicle or wheel speed, for example by attenuating the effect of the filter 12 by including in the parallel circuit a variable resistor which, in a limiting case, forms a continuous conductor, such as a transistor which provides a shunting path to the filter 12 of variable resistance, changing in dependence on the level of a control signal applied through an analog OR-gate 15 between a high or essentially blocked value, intermediate levels, to an essentially zero resistance or entirely conductive level. FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment in which the speed transducer 10 is connected to a low-pass filter formed by the series circuit of a resistor 20 and a capacitor 21. This low-pass filter is connected to a high-pass filter formed by a capacitor 22 and resistor 23. Switch 14 is provided to change the characteristics of the high-pass filter by, selectively, connecting a further resistor 24 in parallel to resistor 23 upon closing of switch 14. Of course, similar effects can be obtained by switching the capacitor 22. Switch 14 is shown only in symbolic representation and, of course, can be replaced by an electronic switch of the ON/OFF type, or of the gradually increasing resistance type, for example a transistor. The output from the filter circuits 20, 21 and 22, 23 , with or without connection of resistor 24, provides the filtered utilization signal, which is applied to an evaluation circuit 25. The output of the evaluation circuit 25 is connected to two threshold circuits K 1 , K 2 connected as comparators. The output from evaluation circuit 25, thus, is connected to the direct input of an operational amplifier forming comparator K 1 and the inverting input of a second, and preferably similar operational amplifier forming comparator K 2 . The output signal U S is, additionally, connected to a peak detector 26. The output from the peak detector 26 is connected to the inverting input of the first comparator K 1 and, further, through an inverter 27 to the direct input of the other comparator K 2 . The outputs of the comparators K 1 , K 2 are connected to the SET and RESET inputs of a flip-flop FF, respectively, as shown in FIG. 2. Operation, with reference to FIG. 3: The filtered sensor voltage U S , derived from the evaluation circuit 25, is shown in the top graph of FIG. 3. The states of the comparators K 1 , K 2 are shown in the next subsequent graphs, and the state of the flip-flop FF in the last line of the graphs of FIG. 3. The circuit including components 26, 27, K 1 , K 2 and FF is used to provide output signals representative of a threshold which changes with increasing signal amplitude. In order to obtain such a changing threshold, the peak value of the signal U S at the output of the evaluation circuit 25, as determined by the peak signal circuit 26, is sensed and stored for one signal undulation, as clearly seen in FIG. 3, see top graph U S . The output signal of the peak value circuit 26 is shown at 31. This signal is connected to a weighting circuit, for example a voltage divider, which forms a weighted signal of somewhat smaller or lower value, to determine a threshold level which varies with the overall level or peak value of the signal being applied thereto, so that the threshold will change as a function of the peak value. The weighted signal is shown by broken line 32. The weighting of signal 31 to obtain signal 32 can be carried out directly within the peak value detector 26 or, separately, by suitable adjustment setting or biassing of the comparators K 1 , K 2 . The graphs of FIG. 3 show input signals 30 of increasing amplitude, and hence an increasing threshold level. Of course, as the signals decrease, the threshold level likewise will decrease. The comparators K 1 , K 2 compare the weighted peak value of U S --see broken line 32--with the instantaneous peak value of the signals, see chain-dotted line 31. Referring to FIG. 3: After the first undulation or period of U S , the weighted value, line 32, is applied to comparator K 1 . At time T 1 , the second undulation reaches the value of line 32, causing the flip-flop FF to be SET. The flip-flop FF is RESET when the negative threshold in the second comparator K 2 is reached. This negative threshold, illustrated by a broken-line curve, is the inverse of the curve 32. As can be clearly seen, the curve 32, at time T 2 , is at a greater difference level from zero or null than the curve 31 was at time T 1 . Thus, the RESET time of the thresold T 2 now has considered the increase in signal amplitude of the second undulation above the peak value 30 of the first undulation. The signal voltage, prior to reaching the negative portion of the output signal, has passed through a maximum so that, in the time after T 1 , the weighted value 32 has shifted, thus shifting the response value of the second comparator K 2 . Thus, with response of the comparator K 2 at time T 2 , the flip-flop FF is RESET. The cycles will repeat between the times T 3 /T 4 and T 5 /T 6 , respectively. As is clearly apparent from the graphs, the switching threshold of the comparators K 1 , K 2 follows the signal voltage 30, and increases with increasing signal voltage level. Any interference or disturbance or noise voltages, thus, are increasingly suppressed as the signal voltage increases, so that malfunction or erroneous response of the control unit 13 is thereby prevented. The output signal from the flip-flop FF is connected to the control unit 13, the circuit portion between the evaluation circuit 25 and the flip-flop FF being, for example, connected just in advance of the control unit 13. Various changes and modifications may be made, and features described in connection with one of the embodiments may be used with the other, within the scope of the inventive concept. The control unit 13 is well known in the literature and in industry, and could, for example, take the form described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,437. The evaluation circuit 25 comprises DC-blocking means and potentiometer means for adjusting the trigger level of comparators K 1 and K 2 .

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This is a continuation-in-part of and claims the benefit of priority from application Ser. No. 10/344,336, filed Feb. 11, 2003, entitled Improved Support Base for a Bed Mattress, and currently pending. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to a bedding apparatus and in particular to a method of forming an improved bed. More particularly the invention relates to an adjustable configuration of a bed. BACKGROUND [0003] A bed ensemble is a combination of an upper mattress supported on a lower base and forms a typical bedding apparatus in common use as shown in FIG. 1 . The upper mattress can be of any type, composition or configuration to provide the necessary comfort and primary or secondary support for the user. The base foundation is used to elevate the mattress off the ground and to provide ventilation, but importantly to also provide controlled support for the upper mattress. [0004] Macro support is important to give the mattress the correct and optimal overall support to suit the user's physique and orthopaedic requirements. [0005] The fine tuning or micro support of a bed is generally confined to the upper mattress which can be supplied in a range of hardness to suit the user. In addition, the upper mattress can be tailored to suit individual requirements with the provision of hybrid components to suit dual occupancy. [0006] The correct and careful selection and adjustment of both the macro and micro support of a mattress is vital to achieve the optimal bedding support to suit the variety of user requirements which vary with the different physical and medical requirements of each individual. [0007] To date, the ability of a bed base to provide adequate macro support has been limited by the crude systems available. Currently available base systems include innerspring bases and platform bases using transverse slats. [0008] While innerspring bases give the user an impression of “comfort” by feeling soft, this system provides minimal controlled macro support and results in a “bouncy feel” rather than adequate overall support for an upper mattress. [0009] Platform bases also provide macro support but have limited adjustment potential even with the incorporation of double slats and firmness adjusters which allow individual slats to be adjusted to provide various degrees of flex over the length of the slat. Such systems do little to provide the upper mattress with the necessary macro support to give the user's body optimal orthopaedic support. Double slats may provide variable flex giving rise to differential support but such slats only allow a deflection difference of up to about 15 mm over a standard slat when under load. Adult human bodies may have shape differences between the shoulders and waist of up to perhaps 80 mm. Accordingly, the potential deflection compensation available from double slats is quite insufficient to cater for such variations in the end user. [0010] Furthermore, double slats do not provide an individual height adjustment for the slats but only an individual flex adjustment. [0011] In order to provide a further level of macro adjustment, height adjustment of individual slats in a platform base would provide clear advantages. While some prior art devices are known which provide slating adjustment for bed bases incorporating individual transverse slats, none of the known prior art devices provide a ready means of adjusting individual slats in a quantitative and calibrated manner so as to allow the user or a medical adviser a satisfactory means of making suitable adjustment to confidently meet an individual's particular requirements. [0012] If such individual height adjustment could be provided and could be operated external to the bed base, a means of ready and convenient alteration of a bed's macro support would be achieved. [0013] Since people have unique body shapes and weight distribution along the length of their bodies, mattress and bed ensembles need some means of variable support along the length of the mattress. In particular the adjustment is required from the shoulder down to the waist, lower back, hip, under the knees and ultimately at the lower leg and feet. [0014] Of prime importance is the correct support of a person in a bed, particularly if a person is in bed for a long period such as in the case of incapacitated people or patients in hospitals. It is well recognized throughout the health fraternity that ‘a person's bed plays a significant part in the person's health and well being’. Health experts tell us that for the human body to rest well, it needs to be supported in its natural shape. This natural/neutral posture imposes the least amount of stress on muscles, joints and the spinal/vertebral column. The user can get distortion from this position, stresses occur in muscles, nerves, joints and of course wedging occurs in the spinal disks. [0015] A principal object of a bed mattress is to provide optimal support for the user commensurate with their physical and medical requirements. Such optimal support requires the mattress to conform substantially to the shape of the users body when resting on the mattress. Unfortunately, most available mattresses react proportionally to the weight distribution of the users body, compressing most where the body is heaviest and least where the body is lightest. This results in mattress conformation which does not reflect the actual physical shape of the users body, but rather reflects a shape imposed on the mattress by the weight distribution of the body. Accordingly, the users body adopts a shape, which results from the weight distribution of body segments, which does not reflect the actual body shape when resting on a standard mattress. The users skeleton is then twisted and distorted to fit the shape of the mattress as it has reacted to the users weight distribution. [0016] The areas of greatest distortion are the shoulder and lumbar/hip regions. The shoulders are usually the widest part of the human body but occur at the lightest region of the torso. Accordingly the shoulders, when a user is resting on their side, do not push a mattress down much in accordance with the body shape resulting in a degree of twisting of the body when the user is sleeping on their side. In contrast to the shoulder and upper torso region, the hips and lumbar region of the torso are generally much heavier and this region of the users body will compress that part of a mattress disproportionately. In standard mattresses of uniform stiffness this results in the pelvis region being the lowest supported part of the body. Furthermore, the close proximity of the hip region to the waist region of the user tends to deprive the waist, and important lumbar region, of the user with adequate support as the mattress is highly compressed at the hip region and the adjoining area of the mattress leading into the lumbar region is also compressed where it should actually be providing support. [0017] In order to provide optimal support a bed mattress should be able to react independently to the different regions of the users body and at least able to provide dedicated support for the upper, middle and lower torso regions, which all have quite distinct weight distribution and support requirements. [0018] An analysis of these three regions designated Region “C” for upper torso; Region “B” for middle torso; and Region “P” for lower torso, highlights the different requirements needed to provide optimal support. [0019] Given that the weight of the lower torso (pelvis region “P”) Wp is about 130% of the weight of the middle torso (Belly region “B”) Wb; and the weight of the upper torso (chest region “C”) Wc is about 50% of the weight of Wb. Then Wb=Wp/1.3=0.77 Wp Wc=0.5 Wb=0.39 Wp [0020] If the mattress deflection at region B is minimal-say 15 mm and the lumbar curve of a users spine is about 60 mm then for a mattress of uniform stiffness or elasticity, deflection at region P and region C should be about 15+60 mm =75 mm. Such a deflection will require a spring stiffness Kb of (75/15)×[(1.0/1.3)×Kp]=385% Kp The spring stiffness Kc at region C should be (0.5/1.3)×Kp=39% Kp In summary, in order to provide optimal support over the region C, B and P the following general variation in firmness of the support material would be desirable. Upper Middle Lower Torso Kc Torso Kb Torso Kp 0.4 Kp 3.8 Kp    Kp    Kc 9.5 Kc  2.5 Kc 0.1 Kb    Kb 0.26 Kb Such variation in firmness of the support material is not usually available in production mattresses. The high cost of producing a mattress with such degrees of variation in stiffness plus the differing height of the end user necessitating different placement of regions C, B and P has prohibited the manufacture and availability of mattresses with such performance characteristics to date. [0021] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an improved support mattress and an improved mattress support base system for a bed that allows better specific support for a range of users of beds. [0022] It is also an object of the invention to provide an improved support mattress and base system for a bed that overcomes or at least ameliorates the problems of the beds of the prior art. SUMMARY [0023] In accordance with the invention there is provided a bed system having support means with at least one part formed with an elongated resilient means, the support means including at least two longitudinally related sections able to be affected by a selection of voids, solid shapes or resilient inserts to locally alter the resilience of the at least two longitudinally related sections for selectively adjusting the support means along its length. [0024] Preferably the support means is altered by the selection of voids, solid shapes or resilient inserts to alter locally when in use the compression and the profile of the at least two longitudinally related sections according to a predetermined requirement of the user to allow for natural or neutral sleeping position of the user. [0025] “Natural or neutral sleeping position of the user” means in this document a normal substantially neutral body position to allow substantially natural standing spine position. [0026] In particular there are three predefined areas—a first corresponding with the waist or lumbar, a second corresponding with the hip, and a third corresponding with the shoulders; wherein the assessed determined related zone firmness of the three predefined longitudinally related areas sections are according to: Ks = Ps Dw + L + S Kw = Pw Dw and Kh = Ph Dw + L With a vertical embedment at the waist=Dw, then the vertical displacement of the shoulder=Dw+L+S and=The total vertical displacement of the shoulder a) produced by the mattress+b) produced by the base. [0027] The invention also provides a method of forming a bed system having a support base and a bed mattress which has at least two longitudinally related sections positioned to provide a waist & lumbar support and another of the at least two longitudinally related sections positioned to provide a shoulder support for the user of the bed with at least one planar portion able to compress relative to an adjacent planar portion with a planar flexible continuous mattress able to extend over both the planar portion and the adjacent planar portion including the steps of: a. assessing a shape of a user; b. determining required relative dimensions of at least a hip area and a shoulder area according to the assessed shape of the user; c. assessing a determined related zone firmness of the at least two longitudinally related sections according to the determined required relative dimensions of at least a hip area and a shoulder area for the user to adjust the support means to provide a waist & lumbar support and shoulder support means for the user; wherein the support base allows for adjustment to a predetermined supporting formation relative to a proposed user with the predetermined compressible support means providing localized support. [0031] In one aspect the invention provides a bed mattress including an outer casing adapted to house one or a plurality of different supportive materials within the casing in a distinct region wherein the outer casing provides for the ready insertion, removal and/or replacement of one or more of the supportive materials without dismantling the mattress or the casing so as to allow a user to vary the supportive quality of the distinct region of the mattress. [0032] The distinct region or regions may be orientated transversely along the length of the mattress to correspond with the different regions of the users body. In such embodiments, the supportive materials may be inserted through a side wall of the mattress. [0033] The supportive materials may be selected from any suitable products including inner spring segments, foam, latex, padding, rolled cotton, loose filling, water bladder sections etc. [0034] The outer casing provides the necessary housing for assembling the selection of supportive materials and may be formed of foam or soft fabric, having side edges, top and bottom edges and a top and bottom face. [0035] Ports in the outer casing may provide access to regions of the mattress to allow modification of the in situ supporting material to increase or decrease local areas of stiffness. [0036] In another aspect the invention provides a bed mattress including an outer casing adapted to house one or a plurality of different supportive materials within the casing in distinct transverse regions wherein fixed supportive materials are provided at the top and bottom regions of the mattress corresponding to the head and foot regions of a user; and an intermediate region so formed between is provided with a transverse array of fixed supportive materials having vacant regions between adjacent materials, wherein the outer casing has a plurality of ports corresponding to the vacant regions which are adapted to facilitate the ready insertion, removal and/or replacement of one or more auxiliary supportive materials so as to allow the user to vary the supportive quality of the intermediate region of the mattress. [0037] The array of fixed supporting means may be a bank of inner springs formed in transverse rows, although any suitable supportive materials can be used. [0038] The intermediate zone may be bordered by a foam edge having slot openings or apertures corresponding to the vacant spaces between rows to receive the supportive materials which can be slid in between the rows to provide additional support to the intermediate zone. [0039] The outer casing of the mattress may be provided with port openings on the side edges thereof corresponding to the intermediate zone. [0040] In accordance with the invention there is provided a support base system for a bed mattress, the support base including a predetermined compressible support means for selectively adjusting a portion of the mattress relative to the longitudinal plane of extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress. [0041] The predetermined compressible support means can be used to selectively adjust a portion less than a quarter of the mattress. The predetermined compressible support means can be positioned so as to adjust an end portion of the mattress to provide a headrest or footrest for the user of the bed. However, in another form the predetermined compressible support means can be positioned so as to adjust a middle portion of the mattress to provide a lower lumbar support or a shoulder part or a knee support for the user of the bed. [0042] The operation of the predetermined compressible support means in conjunction with the remainder of the bed mattress or support can use inserts or voids to provide adjusting a portion of the mattress or support relative to an adjacent remainder of the mattress or support. [0043] Also in accordance with the invention there is provided a support base for a bed mattress having at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress is defined relative to one another, and the construction of the support base further including a predetermined compressible support means able to adjust a portion of the mattress out of the plane of longitudinal extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress. [0044] The predetermined compressible support means can be able to selectively adjust a portion less than a quarter of the mattress. A secondary predetermined compressible support means can be positioned so as to adjust an end portion of the mattress to provide a headrest or footrest for the user of the bed. However primarily the predetermined compressible support means can be positioned so as to adjust a middle portion of the mattress to provide a lower lumbar support or hip support for the user of the bed. [0045] The invention also provides a support base for a bed mattress which can have at least two planar portions with at least one planar portion able to compress relative an adjacent planar portion with a planar flexible continuous mattress able to extend over both the planar portion and the adjacent planar portion, and the support base further including an predetermined compressible support means at least partially mounted on the planar portion and selectively able to adjust a portion of the mattress resting on the planar portion out of the plane of extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress wherein the support base allows for adjustment to a predetermined supporting formation relative to a proposed user with the predetermined compressible support means providing localized support. [0046] Preferably there are three predefined areas—a first corresponding with the waist or lumbar, a second corresponding with the hip, and a third corresponding with the shoulders. [0047] The support base for a bed mattress can further include a differential displacement member connected to the at least one planar portion, the differential displacement member engaging the predetermined compressible support means so as to displace the predetermined compressible support means towards the a portion of the mattress resting on the planar portion such that compression of the at least one planar portion relative to the another causes adjustment of the portion of the mattress out of the plane of extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress. [0048] The differential displacement member can be connected to the planar portion and engages a fixed means so as to displace the predetermined compressible support means towards the a portion of the mattress resting on the planar portion such that compression of the at least one planar portion relative to the another causes adjustment of the portion of the mattress out of the plane of extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress. [0049] The differential displacement member is in one form an elongated member connected to the planar portion and engaging a fixed means so as to extend at an differing angle to the compressible planar portion such that compression of the compressible planar portion causes a differential movement of the differential displacement member to the compressible planar portion to displace the predetermined compressible support means towards the a portion of the mattress resting on the planar portion such that compression of the at least one planar portion relative to the another causes adjustment of the portion of the mattress out of the plane of extension of the adjacent remainder of the mattress. [0050] The invention can have a support base for a bed mattress including a housing having a plurality of transverse at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress for supporting the mattress wherein one or more of the at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress are individually adjustable relative to the housing to provide calibrated positive or negative height adjustment for each at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress, characterised in that the height adjustment is provided by at least one predetermined compressible support means . [0051] The predetermined compressible support means, which can cause relative height adjustment, can be (a) insertable structures having predetermined compression factor positioned at either end of a given at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress, (b) structures having voids to allow ready compressibility of adjacent supporting material; (c) elongate insertable structures having predetermined compression factor supporting the length of each at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress, (d) general height adjusting blocks, or (e) height adjusting blocks calibrated to a height adjustment scale shared by other means for height adjustment, such as insertable structures having predetermined compression factor. (f) “humps and troughs—like shapes” that are insertable between the underside of the mattress and the foundation or base surface to impart a desired vertical displacement +ve or −ve as required. [0058] If the elongate insertable structures having predetermined compression factor are made of suitable diameter the at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress can be eliminated with the bed mattress supported directly on the insertable structures having predetermined compression factor, which function as at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress. [0059] Accordingly, in another aspect the invention provides a support base for a bed mattress including a housing having a plurality of transverse elongate insertable structures having predetermined compression factor for supporting the mattress and an adjustment means for the insertable structures having predetermined compression factor wherein one or more of the insertable structures having predetermined compression factor are individually adjusted relative to the housing to provide height calibrated adjustment for the bed mattress. [0060] Preferably the height adjustment means is provided by a means, which is inserted external to the housing. In this way the bed can be modified to the specific dimensional requirements of the purchaser. [0061] The insertable structures having predetermined compression factor may be colour coded to determine different compressible rates such that measurements pf a purchaser can be assimilated with the predefined compressible insert which can be inserted into the housing to provide the required relative longitudinal height adjustment. The insertable structures having predetermined compression factor may also be provided with calibrations to provide quantitative data on the amount of adjustment occurring. Handles or other fittings may be attached to the insertable height adjustment means. [0062] The adjustment can be either totally individual from one height adjustment means to the next, or may be coordinated between height adjustment means to provide compound adjustment. [0063] The height adjustment may be achieved by “general” height adjusting blocks or may be faithfully duplicated by the use of height adjusting blocks corresponding to the calibrations. [0064] Preferably there are three major predefined areas—a first corresponding with the waist, a second corresponding with the hip depression of the lumbar (take out), and a third corresponding with the shoulders. The amount of height adjustment of the second or third zones is determined relative to the depression at the first zone. [0065] With a vertical embedment at the waist=Dw, then the vertical displacement of the shoulder=Dw+L+S and=The total vertical displacement of the shoulder a) produced by the mattress+b) produced by the base. [0066] The vertical + or −ve displacement could be produced by transverse object supported on blocks, or an object placed transversely and movable towards head or foot of bed and part of supporting bed base underneath or independent of that. [0067] Support material varies in height +ve or −ve from hip to lumbar to shoulder such variations from support material of the same or different constitution blocks supporting transverse object, giving +ve or −ve displacement transverse material of varying height transverse member to full or half cross mattress made from a type material able to bear weight-different, similar or including materials used within the various comfort layers of a mattress. [0068] The support base may be adapted for a range of bed sizes including single, double and larger sizes. The adjustment means can be coordinated for both sides of a multiple user bed or separate systems incorporated in either side. [0069] In another aspect the invention provides a support base for a bed mattress wherein the support base housing has a hinged portion adapted for raising to support the user in a partially upright position wherein the raiseable portion of the housing incorporates one or more transverse at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress or transverse elongate insertable structures having predetermined compression factor for supporting the mattress wherein the at least two longitudinally related portions of a mattress or support for the mattress or insertable structures having predetermined compression factor are individually adjusted relative to the housing to provide local adjustment of the mattress wherein the adjustment is provided by a predetermined compressible support means providing relative height adjustment along the length of the bed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0070] In order that the invention is more readily understood embodiments of the invention will be described by way of illustration only with reference to the drawings wherein: [0071] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a user of a bed system being supported in a natural or neutral sleeping position of the user; [0072] FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the components of a bed system; [0073] FIG. 3 is a first form of structure for establishing a bed system in accordance with the invention for fulfilling the relative positioning of L and S of FIG. 1 ; [0074] FIG. 4 is a first form of structure for establishing a bed system in accordance with the invention for fulfilling the relative positioning of L and S of FIG. 1 ; [0075] FIG. 5 is a first form of structure for establishing a bed system in accordance with the invention for fulfilling the relative positioning of L and S of FIG. 1 ; and [0076] FIGS. 6 and 7 show Tables 1A and 1B, which depict tables of relative positional measurements of L and S of FIG. 1 for a range of users in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0077] In order to provide a mattress or bed base or combination, which can be considered as a ‘whole body support structure’ in one embodiment, it is necessary to calculate the requirements it needs to fulfill in order to minimize distortion of the body being supported. There are three predefined areas—a first corresponding with the waist and lumbar, a second corresponding with the hip, and a third corresponding with the shoulders. [0078] The relative positions and distortions required for natural or neutral position can be designated as follows: i) the depression of the mattress at the waist/lumbar (or the correction needed at this zone) as Dw, the weight of a unit area at that part of the body as Pw, ii) the depression of the mattress at the shoulders (or the correction needed at this zone) as Ds, the weight of a unit area at that part of the body as Ps, iii) the depression of the mattress at the hips (or the correction needed at this zone) Dh, the weight of a unit area at that part of the body as Ph, iv) the width differential (extra to the waist) or the lumbar curve depth as L and the extra width of the shoulders to that as S v) the stiffness/supportive ability of the mattress of a unit area at that part of the body as Ks (shoulder), Kw (waist/lumbar), and Kh hips). [0084] Calculations have been carried out for such range of values as: vi) L or lumbar curve=20, 35, 50, 65) vii) Pw the weight/unit area at the Waist as being Double the weight that at the Shoulders and=(2*Ps), and the weight per unit area at the hips Ph as 2.5 times that at the shoulders=(2.5*Ps) p 1 viii) The depression on the bed at the waist/lumbar: Dw as 1 to 30 mm, (calculate for Dw=to 1, 5, 10, 20, 30) ix) the shoulders to be wider than the hips by S which can be from 0 to 100 mm (calculate for S=to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100) x) it should be noted that for stomach sleepers, L refers to the vertical difference between the compressed stomach and upper thighs, ans S as the vertical difference between the compressed stomach and the outer part of the body (usually the chest). [0089] Since the depression Dn of the bed at a point ‘n’ is given by the equation Dn=Pn/Kn , conversely: Kn=Pn/Dn (Where Pn is the weight supported by the bed at point ‘n’ and Kn is the effective firmness of the bed at point ‘n’) [0090] Then the equation for firmness of the mattress at each of the 3 areas is: Ks = Ps Dw + L + S Kw = Pw Dw and Kh = Ph Dw + L So Ks Kh = Ps ( Dw + L + S ) × ( Dw + L ) Ph and Kw Kh = Pw Dw × ( Dw + L ) Ph or Ks = Kh × ( Dw + L ) ( Dw + L + S ) × Ps Ph & ⁢ Kw = Kh × ( Dw + L ) Dw ⁢ Pw Ph Tabulating values for these different combinations gives a picture of the values and inter-relationship between these factors. See Tables 1A and 1B of FIGS. 6-7 , respectively. [0091] For a male, one not-so-extreme situation would be: Weight at stomach approx.=2*that at shoulders, [0093] Weight at hips and upper thighs approx.=to weight at stomach so Pw=2*Ps, Ph=Pw=2*Ps A Lumbar curve or hips wider than waist 35 mm of say: and shoulders wider than hips 75 mm TOTAL VARATION 110 mm This body shape is very common with athletes and tradesmen [0094] For a female, one not-so-extreme situation would be: Weight at stomach approx.=2.0*that at shoulders, [0096] Weight at hips and upper thighs approx. 15% extra to weight at stomach so Pw=2*Ps, Ph=1.15*Pw=2.3*Ps A Lumbar curve or hips wider than waist 65 mm of say: and shoulders wider than hips −15 mm TOTAL VARATION 50 mm Here are 3 examples of how to shape the bed for each (male and female) on their own or on each respective side of the bed if they were a couple: EXAMPLE BED 1 Corrective Shaping is Affected Fully within the Mattress [0097] The mattress for each is made with a hybrid of varying firmnesses along the bed such that the depression at the 3 key points are appropriate for each. [0098] i) for the male, for a mattress on which the Dw (depression at waist)=20 mm, Ks,m=Kh×(20+35)/(20+35+75)×½=0.21*Kh and Kw,m=Kh×(20+35)/20× 1/1=2.75*Kh [0101] ii) for the female, for a mattress on which the Dw (depression at waist)=20 mm, Ks=Kh×(20+65)/(20+65−15)× 1/2.3=0.53*Kh Kw=Kh×(20+65)/(20)× 1/1.15=3.70*Kh The mattress is manufactured with the 3 important zones at these calculated values and the areas in between are blended to smoothen the curves produced at the shoulders to waist to hips. EXAMPLE BED 2 Corrective Shaping is Affected Fully from Means Under the Mattress [0105] The mattress is entirely of uniform firmness for both the Male and the Female. [0106] i) The Male compresses the mattress by 40 mm at the waist and therefore only 40/2=20 mm at the shoulders (Ps=½ Pw) which are now 20 mm above the waist instead of 110 mm below, and compresses the mattress also 40 mm at the Hips (Ph=Pw) which should be 35 mm below the waist,—so the base system (using blocks or some other means) or ‘hump and through system’ under the bottom surface of the mattress has to correct the vertical displacement the mattress top surface by a) −ve 10 mm at the hips, (now −40−10=−50 mm) b) +ve 25 mm at waist, (now −40+25=−15 mm) net compression at waist, and (25+10=35 mm above hips which is correct) c) −ve 105 mm at the shoulders so they are (−20−105−(−40)+25=−110 mm below waist) [0110] ii) The female also happens to compresses the mattress at the waist by 40 mm but (because of her weight) only 40/2=20 mm at the shoulders, and 40*1.15=46 mm at the hips.—so the base system (using blocks or some other means) or ‘hump and through system’ under the bottom surface of the mattress has to correct the vertical displacement the mattress top surface by a) +ve 24 mm at the waist (this is now a nett −40+24=−16 mm depression at the waist) b) −ve 35 mm at the hips (this is now 6+24+35=65 mm below the waist) c) −ve 46 mm at the shoulders (this is now −20+16−(−40)+24=−50 mm below the waist) EXAMPLE BED 3 Corrective Shaping is Affected Fully by a Hybrid of Means: From i) within the Mattress, ii) Underneath the Bottom Surface of the Mattress But Above the Top Surface of the Base, and iii) by Shaping of the Top Surface of the Base Means Under the Mattress [0114] The user can use a full combination of Zoning (shaping) within the mattress and applying the net applicable corrections by the mattress supportive system. [0115] Using a zoned mattress with voids and other predetermined compressible support means such that its properties from Table 3 are—as follows: [0116] Dw=20 mm, L=35, Ks=0.2, Kw=2.2, S=25 mm. (for Pw=2Ps and Ph=2.5Ps) [0117] Then: i) The Male compresses the Mattresses at the waist by 20 mm, L=35*( 2/2.5)=28 mm, so hips are 28 mm below the waist and S 25 mm so the shoulders are 25 mm below the waist So the—base system (using blocks or some other means) or ‘hump and through system’ under the bottom surface of the mattress is able to correct the vertical displacement the mattress top surface as follows: a) place a +ve 25 mm shape (flat in this case) from below the shoulder area to the feet, this means that the shoulders are now −25−25=−50 mm below the waist b) −ve 7 mm vertical displacement of the hips (28−7=−35 mm) which aligns the hips correctly with the waist. c) −ve 60 mm vertical displacement at the shoulder area so shoulders are aligned, ii) The Female compresses the Mattresses at the waist by 20 mm, L=35*(1.15* 2/2.5)=32 mm, so hips are 32 mm below the waist and S 25 mm so the shoulders are 25 mm below the waist So the—base system (using blocks or some other means) or ‘hump and through system’ under the bottom surface of the mattress has to correct the vertical displacement the mattress top surface by a) place a +ve 25 mm shape (flat in this case) from below the shoulder area to the feet, this means that the shoulders are now −25−25=−50 mm below the waist which is correct, b)—depress the hip area only by the base supportive surface by −ve 33 mm this now makes the hips (−33−32=)−65 mm below the waist—which is correct Referring to FIGS. 3 to 5 there is shown three forms of structure that allow for selection of voids, solid shapes or resilient inserts to alter locally when in use the compression and the profile of the at least two longitudinally related sections according to a predetermined requirement of the user to allow for natural or neutral sleeping position of the user. [0129] In FIG. 3 there is a mattress and a base. The stiffness/supportive ability of the mattress of a unit area at that part of the body as Ks (shoulder), Kw (waist/lumbar), and Kh hips) is provided by a combination of base and mattress. In the base there can be located voids to allow the mattress to sink into the base. Further there can be calibrated blocks to allow upward distortion of the mattress. Further in the mattress are linear top-level voids in the top layer of the mattress and overlying deep voids or low-density material sections. [0130] The combination at the hips in a longitudinal direction of the top layer void, deep internal void or low density void of the mattress and the void in the base allow the sufficient variation of depression with required compression relative to other sections to accommodate the persons differing weight along the length of the bed. The section though is particularly shaped due to the variation at each section such as shaping or full void alongside low-density material. At the shoulder area are a range of differing sized, shaped and variable high density material in the mattress overlying shaped calibrated blocks in the base to provide differing shaped support of the shoulders compared to the waist and hips. [0131] In FIG. 4 there is a bedding with differeing top layers and in each section multiple central sections. The stiffness/supportive ability of the bedding at each part of the body defined as Ks (shoulder), Kw (waist/lumbar), and Kh hips) is provided by Sm support comprising light supportive materials in shoulder area with a series of shaped voids and softer padding layers to decrease firmness and allow more compression thus making way for shoulder to fit in deeper into supportive shaped. At the waist to provide Kw there is Wm comprising firmest supportive material plus thicker and firmer padding layers to cause more firmness and less depression at the waist. At the hip there is Hm to provide Kh comprising medium firmness support, materials and padding layers with/without use of voids in order to allow the hips to depress into the mattress b the desired amount. [0132] In FIG. 5 there is a latex or core bedding which is able to have varying voids V alongside each other and above each other in one section with the voids able to receive various density foam or other material inserted therein to change the compression and depression of that section of he bedding. At another section can be chambers for receiving dumbbell shaped firmer density materials with varying heights placed within the core or latex bedding. The dumbbell shape controls the variation of compression while altering the depression in a shaped manner. [0133] It should be understood that the above description is of preferred embodiments and included as illustration only. It is not limiting of the invention. Clearly variations of the method of forming a bed system would be understood by a person skilled in the art without any inventiveness and such variations are included within the scope of this invention as defined in the following claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention generally relates to synthetic nonwoven materials fabricated by wet-laid processes. In particular, the invention relates to a paper-like web made with nylon fibers which is useful as a battery separator. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Nickel-cadmium batteries generally consist of a wound anode interleaved with a wound cathode, the wound anode and cathode being spaced apart at regular intervals in an electrolyte. The interval between the anode and cathode may be as small as 0.05 mm. Although it is desirable to place the cathode and anode close together to increase the load capacity of the battery, the electrodes must not touch to avoid producing a short circuit. To accomplish this end, separators made of suitable material are arranged between the anode and cathode to keep them apart. The separator material must be inert to the electrolyte and to the reactions occurring at the surfaces of the electrodes. In addition, the separator material should be sufficiently elastic to conform to the shape of the electrode surfaces. Also the separator material should be sufficiently porous to allow unimpeded migration of ions between the electrodes, yet be able to filter out solid particles which separate from the electrodes and attempt to pass through the separator. The separator material further must be wettable by the liquid electrolyte to prevent the establishment of dry areas on the separator fabric. Finally, the separator should have the capacity to adsorb and store the liquid electrolyte. Separator material made from woven fabric is disadvantageous because fabric stores insufficient quantities of the liquid electrolyte. Furthermore, because pores formed between the warp and weft of the fabric are large, solid particles which dislodge from the electrodes can pass through the fabric. Such particles accrete until a bridge is formed between an anode and cathode, giving rise to a short circuit in the battery. It is known in the prior art that the foregoing disadvantages can be overcome by providing a battery separator material made from nonwoven nylon fabric. U.S. Pat. No. 3,344,013 to Fahrbach discloses a separator material for batteries comprising a highly porous and highly elastic structurally modified nonwoven fibrous material consisting of either nylon 6 (i.e., polycaprolactum) fibers or nylon 6--6 (i.e., polyamide) fibers or both. The separator material is manufactured by impregnating the fibrous material with a solvent consisting of a low-percentage aqueous salt solution to effect preliminary dissolution of the surface portions of nylon fibers. The impregnated nonwoven material is then squeezed under light pressure to remove excess salt solution therefrom and to initially strengthen the nonwoven material by fusing the fibers to each other at their superficially dissolved surface portions. Then the nonwoven material is dried and finally strengthened by heating. U.S. Pat. No. 5,202,178 to Turner discloses a laminated nylon battery separator material for use in nickel-cadmium batteries. The laminate comprises a nonwoven web of nylon staple fibers sandwiched between a pair of webs of spunbonded nylon fibers. The staple web comprises nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 fibers. The spunbonded fibers are nylon 6,6. The three webs are laminated by passing them through a stack of heated calendar rolls. The maximum temperature of the stack of calendar rolls is greater than the softening temperature of the nylon 6 fibers, but less than the melting temperature of the nylon 6,6 fibers. Upon cooling, the webs of spunbonded fibers will be bonded to the staple web by the re-solidified nylon 6 fibers, whereby the laminated battery separator material is formed. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of Turner, the amount of nylon 6 may be in the range of 5-60 wt. % with the remainder being nylon 6,6 fibers. U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,865 to Wetherell discloses a battery separator comprising a nonwoven mat of polypropylene fibers bonded with polyacrylic acid. In lieu of polypropylene fibers, polyethylene or polyamide fibers may be used. U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,122 to Miura et al. discloses a method for manufacturing a battery separator material by subjecting an aqueous dispersion of olefinic resin fibers to a sheet-forming operation; drying the resulting wet nonwoven mat; and heat-treating the dried mat to form a self-supporting nonwoven mat. The drying and heat treatment of the nonwoven mat can be performed by passing it through a hot air dryer or "by means of dryers used in conventional papermaking machines, such as a Yankee dryer". After heat treatment, the mat is preferably calendared to increase the surface smoothness. U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,280 to Kono et al. discloses a battery separator comprising glass fibers entangled to form a sheet and without use of a binder. Glass fibers of two types are dispersed in water and then sheet-formed by an ordinary papermaking method. U.S. Pat. No. 4,216,281 to O'Rell et al. discloses a battery separator comprising 30-70% polyolefin synthetic pulp, 15-65% siliceous filler and 1-35% by weight of long fibers made of polyester or glass. Cellulose may be included in an amount up to 10%. The battery separator material is formed using standard papermaking equipment. The papermaking equipment disclosed in the O'Rell '281 patent comprises a pulper, a chest, a head box and a rotoformer drum which rotates in the head box to pick up slurry and form a web. The web is removed from the rotoformer drum and passed over a felt. The web is pressed by calendars. The calendared web is fed to an oven and then onto a series of heated cans. The cans feed to a windup station. In Example 1, the steam cans were operated at surface temperatures of about 270° F. The steam cans both dried the web and increased fiber bonding. U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,379 to Gross et al. discloses a battery separator comprising 30-80 wt. % perlite granules and 20-70 wt. % glass fibers. The compositions are formed into sheets of paper using conventional papermaking techniques, i.e., the glass fibers and perlite are dispersed in a water slurry and mixed; then the mixture is deposited from the water slurry onto a conventional papermaking screen or wire, as in a Fourdrinier machine or a Rotoformer machine, to form a matted paper. U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,979 to Benson et al. discloses a battery separator material. The major fibrous component of the material is polyolefin pulp having a prefused microfibrillar structure similar to wood pulp. The minor fibrous component is a high-tenacity polyamide fiber having a length greater than about 6 mm. The material is heat bonded by partial fusion of the microfibrillar polyolefin. The preferred polyamide is nylon, the amount of nylon fibers being preferably in the range of 10-25%, although the Benson patent states that 10-50% can be employed with satisfactory results. Alternatively, polyolefin staple fibers can be added with the polyamide fibers. The sheet material is made in accordance with conventional papermaking techniques. The major and minor fiber components are interentangled to provide sufficient structural integrity without the use of binders. The fibrous web thus formed is typically dried at drying temperatures of about 220° F. and higher. In this way the polyolefin pulp softens during drying and partially exceeds its fusion temperature, thereby bonding the web. Then the thickness of the sheet material is reduced by calendaring, which also has the effect of imparting added strength to the sheet material. U.S. Pat. No. 4,699,858 to Nakao et al. discloses a battery separator formed of a nonwoven fabric of polyamide fibers wherein the polyamide has a CONH/CH 2 ratio of from 1/9 to 1/12. U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,275 to Brecht et al. discloses a battery separator material made of a mat of glass microfibers and a binder. The glass mat is formed on a conventional papermaking machine, such as a Fourdrinier machine. The mat is then moved through an impregnating bath of an aqueous mixture of a binder. U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,523 to Catotti et al. discloses an electrochemical cell having separator layers formed of nonwoven mats of 67% nylon 6,6 and 33% nylon 6. U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,844 to Hagens et al. discloses a battery separator in the form of a nonwoven fibrous web of water-dispersible fibers incorporating up to 65 wt. % of fibers having a high cross-sectional aspect ratio. The high aspect ratio fibers include collapsible hollow fibers and ribbon fibers that have a width 5 to 10 times greater than their thickness. The separator is produced using conventional papermaking techniques. The fibers are preferably a mixture of polyvinyl alcohol and rayon. U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,498 to Muto et al. discloses a sheet-like battery separator for a lead acid battery. The sheet material is made from glass fibers on a papermaking machine using a wet method. U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,094 to Horimoto et al. discloses a bulky synthetic pulp sheet useful as a separator for sealed lead batteries. The pulp sheet contains 5-95 wt. % of a synthetic pulp and 5-50 wt. % of a polymer binder. The sheet is made by subjecting a mixture of synthetic pulp and fibrous binder to wet-laid sheet-making followed by a heat treatment. The pulp can consist of polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, nylon or other polymers. The binder may take the form of synthetic pulps, synthetic fibers, sheath-core type composite fibers, resin powders and emulsions. The type of binder selected is dependent on which kind of synthetic pulp is used as the chief material. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a nonwoven nylon battery separator material which is formed by a wet process on a papermaking machine. Dispersion of the nylon fibers is enhanced by the addition of formation aids, such as surfactants, to the fiber slurry. The web coming off the papermaking machine is partially dried using infra-red dryers and is then completely dried in a dryer can section. Specific dryer can temperatures are needed to facilitate drying and partial bonding of the binder fiber and also to prevent the fabric from sticking to the cans. The partially bonded fabric is thereafter thermally bonded on a calendar stack, which squeezes and bonds the material. The foregoing wet-laid product yields a more uniform web as compared to the dry-laid product. The overall formation of a wet-laid product is greatly improved over existing dry-laid grades. Coverage of the fiber across the web is more random and not directional as in a dry-laid product. A more uniform web improves potassium hydroxide absorption in a nickel-cadmium battery. Because of this improved absorption, the life of the battery is extended. The enhanced potassium hydroxide absorption is achieved without the need for a post-drying application of surfactant. In addition, the fiber furnish has a relatively low percentage of nylon 6 binder fibers. It has been determined that with higher amounts of nylon 6, the battery separator deteriorates at a faster rate. The reduction in nylon 6 binder fiber is projected to increase the lifetime of the battery and the number of recharges which are possible. This invention also has the benefit of eliminating the manufacturing costs associated with dry web formation. The nonwoven battery separator material in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention is a composite material comprising two types of nylon 6,6 staple fibers and nylon 6 binder fibers. The nylon 6 binder fibers melt at a temperature of 433° F. Before entering the dryer can section, the web is run through infra-red dryers to begin to drive off moisture from the sheet. The nylon 6 binder fibers soften at a temperature less than that to which the wet-laid web is subjected in the dryer can section. The partially bonded web is wound on a roll and transported to the calendar rolls. The nylon 6 binder fibers are melted as the partially bonded web passes through the heated calendar rolls. The web is completely bonded when the nylon 6 binder fibers fuse upon cooling. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the fiber furnish, the staple fibers are made of nylon 6,6 of two different denier and the binder fibers are made of nylon 6. The nylon 6 binder fibers preferably make up 10 to 40 wt. % of the fiber furnish, with the two different denier nylon 6,6 fiber percentages making up the balance of the furnish and in equivalent amounts. Alternatively, nylon 12/6,6 bicomponent fibers can be substituted for the nylon 6 binder fibers. The nylon 12/6,6 bicomponent fibers preferably make up 5 to 40 wt. % of the fiber furnish, with the two different denier nylon 6,6 fiber percentages making up the balance of the furnish and in equivalent amounts. These bicomponent fibers have a sheath made of nylon 12 and a core made of nylon 6,6. In accordance with a further variation, the fiber furnish may include 1 to 10 wt. % polyvinyl alcohol fibers to help give strength to the sheet during calendaring. The percentage of polyvinyl alcohol fibers is substituted for equal amounts of the two different denier nylon 6,6 fiber types, keeping the percentage of nylon 6 binder fibers or nylon 12/6,6 bicomponent fibers unchanged. The component fibers are combined with water into a homogeneous mixture and formed into a mat employing a wet-lay process. A high strength paper-like material is formed by thermally bonding the mat under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus for preparation of stock or furnish for manufacture of the composite material of the invention. FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus for formation and drying of a web employed in the manufacture of the composite material. FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus for thermally bonding the web to form the composite material of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber furnish comprises 10 to 40 wt. % of nylon 6 binder fibers, 30 to 45 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a first denier, and 30 to 45 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a second denier greater than the first denier. In accordance with a second preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber furnish comprises 5 to 40 wt. % of nylon 12/6,6 bicomponent fibers, 30 to 47.5 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a first denier, and 30 to 47.5 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a second denier greater than the first denier. The nylon 12 sheath of the bicomponent fibers melts at a temperature below the melting temperature of the nylon 6,6 material, enabling preliminary bonding of the web in the steam-heated dryer section. In accordance with a third preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber furnish comprises 10 to 40 wt. % of nylon 6 binder fibers, 25 to 44.5 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a first denier, 25 to 44.5 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a second denier greater than the first denier, and 1 to 10 wt. % of polyvinyl alcohol fibers. The polyvinyl alcohol fibers are preferably added at 3 wt. % for the purpose of providing initial bonding of the web before final bonding in the calendaring stack. In accordance with a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention, the fiber furnish comprises 5 to 40 wt. % of nylon 12/6,6 bicomponent fibers, 25 to 47 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a first denier, 25 to 47 wt. % of nylon 6,6 fibers having a second denier greater than the first denier, and 1 to 10 wt. % of polyvinyl alcohol fibers. The preferred fiber furnishes in accordance with the first preferred embodiment are as follows: (1) 40 wt. % nylon 6 binder fibers (1.7 dtex×12 mm), 30 wt. % nylon 6,6 fibers (0.7-0.9 denier×1/2") and 30 wt. % nylon 6,6 fibers (3.0 denier×3/4"); and (2) 10 wt. % nylon 6 binder fibers (1.7 dtex×12 mm), 45 wt. % nylon 6,6 fibers (0.7 denier×1/2") and 45 wt. % nylon 6,6 fibers (3.0 denier×3/4"). A nonwoven battery separator material is formed by a wet-laying process on a conventional papermaking machine. Then the nonwoven material is thermally bonded under controlled temperature and pressure conditions. In accordance with the method of the invention, a wet-laid mat of the composite material is dried at temperatures in the range of 150-325° F. and then thermally calendared with rolls heated to temperatures in the range of 250-450° F. and nip pressures of 150-250 psi. The weight per unit area of the composite following thermal calendaring can be varied from 60 to 85 gm/m 2 depending on the sheet composition and the calendaring conditions chosen to effect a certain set of physical properties. Nylon staple fibers of 0.2 to 3.0 denier can be used and blended in various ratios to effect desired physical properties. FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus for preparation of stock or furnish for manufacture of the composite in accordance with the preferred embodiment. A batch of nylon fibers is prepared in a hydropulper 10, which contains water. In preparation of the slurry, the water is agitated, surfactant is added, and the nylon fibers are introduced into the furnish in the following sequence: (1) 3.0 denier×3/4" nylon 6,6 staple fibers; (2) 0.7 denier×1/2" nylon 6,6 staple fibers; and (3) nylon 6 binder fibers. The preferred surfactant is F-108, which is a polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene block copolymer. F-108 surfactant is commercially available from BASF Corporation and is added at 10 pounds per 12,000 gallons of water. After all of the fibers have been added to the furnish, the furnish is mixed for approximately 2 to 5 minutes to disperse the nylon fibers. A web formation aid, e.g., an anionic polyacrylamide, is added to the furnish. The preferred formation aid is Reten 235, which is an anionic acrylamide coploymer. Reten 235 is supplied by Hercules Inc. Four hundred gallons of Reten 235 are added at 0.3% per 12,000 gallons of water. Thereafter the slurry is mixed for a sufficient time to disperse the nylon fibers in a uniform fashion. Visual inspection is used to determine when the fibers are totally separated and well dispersed. In the alternative, instead of adding 400 gallons of Reten 235, 3.2 gallons of Nalco 7534 polyacrylamide from Nalco, Inc. and 48 gallons of I-14 acrylamide from Parachem are added to the furnish. The volume of water and amount of fiber is such that the consistency of the furnish in the hydropulper 10 is about 3.6% solids. After the fibers have been dispersed in a uniform fashion, the fiber slurry is transported to mixing chest 14 via valve 12. In mixing chest 14 the nylon fiber slurry is diluted to the desired consistency, i.e., approximately 0.9% solids, adding water to 12,000 gallons. After the nylon fiber slurry has been suitably mixed in mixing chest 14, the slurry is transported via opened valve 16 to the machine chest 18, where the slurry is further diluted to a consistency of approximately 0.6% solids. Thereafter, the slurry is transported to the web-forming machine via valve 20. FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of an apparatus for formation and drying of a web employed in the manufacture of the composite in accordance with the invention. The homogeneous fiber slurry is received by headbox 26. In the headbox, the slurry has a consistency of about 0.05% solids. A web 32 is formed by machine 28 using a wet-lay process in accordance with conventional papermaking techniques. Preferably machine 28 is an inclined wire Fourdrinier machine. Alternatively, a Rotoformer, a cylinder or a flat wire Fourdrinier machine can be used. The temperature which the fibers are exposed to on the inclined wire Fourdrinier machine lies in the range of 70-85° F. Thereafter, the web 32 passes through a pair of wet press rolls 34, which remove excess water from the web. The web then enters an infra-red dryer 36. After preliminary drying in the infra-red dryer section, the web enters a dryer can section 38 comprising a stack of dryer cans. The temperatures of the dryer cans should lie in the ranges given in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________Dryer Can TemperaturesDryer Can No. Temperature (° F.)______________________________________1 315-3252 300-3253 300-3254 225-2505 225-2506 200-2257 200-2258 200-2259 150-20010 150-200______________________________________ The foregoing specific temperatures are required to facilitate drying and partial bonding of the binder fiber and also to prevent sticking to the cans. As the web is passed over the dryer cans, the nylon 6 softens and begins to melt, which starts the bonding of the nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 fibers. The major amount of bonding takes place during the web running through the first eight dryer cans. The cans are reduced in temperature as the web passes through in order to minimize shrinkage. The dried web 32 is then wound up on a reel 40 for further processing. A high-strength and densified composite material is provided by thermally bonding the dried web 32 in a calendar stack 42, as shown in FIG. 3. On the process line, the web 32 is unwound from the reel 40, and fed by guide roll 44 to the nip between a stack of calendar rolls 42A-42D. Calendar rolls 42A-42D, which are preferably fabricated of steel, are heated to a temperature and maintained at a compression pressure in the range of 250-450° F. and of 800-1,000 pli. Thickness values ranging from 5 to 10 mils and air permeability values ranging from 25 to 200 cfm were obtained by calendaring with the rolls having the temperature range of 250-450° F. Preferred results are obtained at a temperature of approximately 400° F. and pressure of 800 pli. Alternatively, the rolls could be cotton filled or Teflon coated to improve fiber tie-down. After thermal bonding in the calendar rolls, the web contacts guide roll 48 and is then wound up on a reel 50. In the alternative, the web can be partially wrapped around a roll 46 (shown by dashed lines in FIG. 3) which is heated to a temperature of about 200-300° F. and then passed between the calendar rolls. The heated roll 46 preheats the web before it enters the calendaring roll nip. Preheating allows a faster speed of the production line. Table 2 sets forth physical properties of the preferred embodiment having 60 wt. % nylon 6,6 and 40 wt. % nylon 6 both before and after thermal bonding. TABLE 2______________________________________Physical Properties of 40 wt. % Nylon 6 EmbodimentTAPPI* No. Physical Property Uncalendared Calendared______________________________________410 Basis Weight 38.6 39.5 (3000 ft.sup.2)411 Caliper (mils) 9.7 5.98251 Porosity-Permeability, 203 111.1 Frazier Air (cfm)494 Instron Tensile (lb/in.) 18.2/3.4 35.4/5.16 (MD/CD)______________________________________ *Standards of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry ("TAPPI"), Technology Park, Atlanta, Georgia. Table 3 sets forth physical properties of the preferred embodiment having 90 wt. % nylon 6,6 and 10 wt. % nylon 6 both before and after thermal bonding. TABLE 3______________________________________Physical Properties of 10 wt. % Nylon 6 EmbodimentTAPPI No. Physical Property Uncalendared Calendared______________________________________410 Basis Weight 40.7 40.7 (3000 ft.sup.2)411 Caliper (mils) 10.9 6.59251 Porosity-Permeability, 294.8 77.4 Frazier Air (cfm)494 Instron Tensile (1) 10.14/0.44 11.3/1.65 (MD/CD)______________________________________ The calendared composite exhibits a microstructure in which fiber interfaces are fused due to melting of the nylon 6 binder fiber material. The nylon 6 has a melting point lower than that of the nylon 6,6 staple fibers. The calendaring of the composite web effects a reduction in the fiber spacing, i.e., by fiber compression and bonding. The density of the web material and the flatness (levelness) of the surface of the web material are substantially enhanced in the calendaring process. The foregoing preferred embodiments have been described for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims hereinafter. Variations and modifications of the composition and method of manufacture may be devised which are nevertheless within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the claims appended hereto. For examples, it will be apparent to practitioners of ordinary skill that nylon binder fibers different than those specified herein may be used, so long as the nylon binder fiber material has a melting point lower than that of the nylon staple fibers and provides adequate bonding of those nylon staple fibers to form a nonwoven web with high tensile strength. In addition, nylon staple fibers of 0.2 to 3.0 denier can be used and blended in various ratios to effect desired physical properties. The range and blend of binder fibers may also be varied to effect desired physical properties. Furthermore, the physical properties as well as the performance of the sheet material can be altered to fit a particular set of physical specifications by adjusting the furnish composition and ratio as well as the calendaring parameters. The length and denier of the nylon fibers may be varied provided that the air permeability of the calendared sheet lies in the range of 75-200 cfm. Sheet basis weights may also vary from 60 to 85 gm/m 2 depending on the sheet fiber composition and the calendaring conditions chosen to effect a certain set of physical properties. All such variations and modifications are intended to be encompassed by the claims set forth hereinafter.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/852,218 filed May 25, 2004, and issued Sep. 18, 2007 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,272,693. Priority is claimed based on U.S. application Ser. No. 10/852,218 filed May 25, 2004, which claims the priority of Application No. JP 2004-102377 filed on Mar. 31, 2004, all of which is incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a storage system capable of generational management, and a back-up method for a storage system. 2. Description of the Related Art For example, in various organizations, such as businesses, self-governing bodies, schools, or the like, large volumes of data of various different types are managed. These large volumes of data are managed by a storage system formed separately from a host computer. The storage system is constituted by comprising at least one or more storage device, such as a disk array device, for example. A disk array device is constituted by arranging storage devices, such as hard disk drives, or semiconductor memory devices, for example, in an array configuration. The disk array device provides a storage region based on a RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Inexpensive Disks). In the storage system, by managing the storage contents of a main volume, separately from the main volume, provision is made for cases in which data in the main volume is lost, or the like. For example, as one such method, a technique is known whereby the contents of the volume at a prescribed point in time are saved, by copying the storage contents of the main volume, exactly, to a secondary volume (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. (Hei)11-259348). In another such method, a technique is also known whereby an image (snapshot), which takes a static impression of the main volume at a prescribed point in time, is acquired, in such a manner that the data of the main volume can be managed in a plurality of generations (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-278819). If the storage contents of the main volume are copied exactly to another volume, then a back-up volume of the same volume of the main volume is required, in order to store back-up data for a single generation. Consequently, if the back-up data is managed by means of a plurality of generations, then a large number of volumes are required and hence the back-up costs increase. Moreover, each time a new-generation volume is created, then it is necessary to execute an initial copy for transferring the whole volume, and hence the system load increases. If the storage contents at a particular point in time are taken as a reference, and a differential snapshot is used to manage the differential only, then the required storage contents are relatively small compared to the aforementioned method, and back-up data can be managed in the form of a plurality of generations. However, the actual data used for managing generations on the basis of differential snapshots is not backed up, and there only exists one version of this data. Furthermore, the data for generational management cannot serve the purpose of data back-up on its own. The user is able to restore the data of a desired generation by referring to both the main volume forming the reference, and the data used for generational management. Therefore, if a fault occurs in the main volume, it is not possible to restore data simply by means of the data for generational management in the differential snapshot. Furthermore, in the event that the data for generational management has been lost, it becomes impossible to revert to the storage contents of the main volume at a prescribed point of time in the past. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention was devised with the foregoing problems in view, one object thereof being to provide a storage system and a back-up method for a storage system whereby it is possible also to back up generational management information from a copy source, to a copy destination. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a storage system whereby data management of a plurality of data generations is carried out respectively in both a copy source and a copy destination. In order to achieve the aforementioned object, in the present invention, it is possible to manage data of a plurality of generations, respectively, in both a copy source and a copy destination, by also backing up the generational management information of the copy source disk array device to the copy destination disk array device. The storage system according to the present invention comprises a first disk array device and a second disk array device mutually connected. (1) The first disk array device comprises: a first volume; a first withdrawal volume for storing data withdrawn from the first volume; a generational management control section for generating generational management information which records the storage contents of the first volume at a prescribed point in time, in the form of differential data, and managing generations of back-up data in the first volume; a first storing section for storing the generational management information generated by the generational management control section; a generational management information transferring section for transferring the generational management information stored in the first storing section to the second disk array device; and a volume transferring section for respectively transferring the storage contents of the first volume and the first withdrawal volume, to the second disk array device. (2) The second disk array device comprises: a second volume to which the storage contents of the first volume received from the volume transferring section are copied; a second withdrawal volume to which the storage contents of the first withdrawal volume received from the volume transferring section are copied; and a generational management information duplicating section which causes the generational management information received from the generational management information transferring section to be copied to a second storing section. Here, the first disk array device and the second disk array device may be respectively constituted by comprising, for example, a channel adapter for controlling transmission and reception of data to and from an external device (a corresponding display device or host computer), a disk adapter for controlling transmission and reception of data to and from a storage device providing a storage volume, and a memory shared by the aforementioned channel adapter and disk adapter (a cache memory or control memory). When data is withdrawn from the first volume to the first withdrawal volume, for example, the disk adapter reads out the data to be withdrawn, temporarily, to the cache memory, and then writes the data to a prescribed position in the first withdrawal volume. Furthermore, if the first volume is copied to a second volume, or if the first withdrawal volume is copied to a second withdrawal volume, then the disk adapter reads out the data to be copied, to the cache memory. The channel adapter reads in the data from the cache memory, and transmits it to the copy destination disk array device, via a communications network. The generational management information may be constituted by a set of a plurality of partial information elements, such as a differential bitmap table, or a withdrawal destination address management table, or the like, for example. A differential bitmap table contains information for managing whether or not data has been updated, with respect to each demarcated block of a prescribed size. The withdrawal destination address management table is used for managing the address to which the data prior to updating is withdrawn. According to the composition described above, the main volume, the first withdrawal volume and the generational management information are each copied respectively to the second disk array device forming the copy destination. Therefore, the back-up data can be managed respectively in a plurality of generations, in both the first disk array device forming the copy source, and the second disk array device forming the copy destination. Moreover, the generational management information records the storage contents of the first volume in the form of differential data. Therefore, in contrast to a method in which the contents of the volume at any given point in time are copied completely and exactly, only the difference with respect to the previous generation needs to be managed, for example, and therefore the amount of storage capacity required for back up can be reduced, and the data transfer time can also be shortened. In the present embodiment, the volume transfer section is composed in such a manner that it can transmit the differential in the first volume and the differential in the first withdrawal volume, respectively to the second disk array device. Transmitting the differential of the volume means, for example, that only the portion that has changed in comparison to the contents in the case of the previous transmission (namely, the differential), is transmitted. By copying the differential only in this way, it is possible to reduce the amount of data transferred. In the present embodiment, the transfer of the respective differentials of the first volume and the first withdrawal volume by means of the volume transferring section, and the transfer of the generational management information by means of the generational management information transferring section are respectively carried out simultaneously. Thereby, the management of the respective generations of the first disk array device (copy source) and the second disk array device (copy destination) can be synchronized. In the present embodiment, prior to transferring the generational management information to the second disk array device, the generational management information transferring section reports the data size of the respective partial information elements constituting the generational management information, respectively, to the generational management information duplicating section, and the generational management information duplicating section manages the storage position of the generational management information on the basis of the data size of each partial information element. For example, the partial information, such as the differential bitmap table, the withdrawal destination address management table, and the like may be stored in a distributed fashion in a plurality of storage devices, such as the memory, disks, or the like, of the first disk array device. Alternatively, the respective partial information elements may be stored respectively in different locations of the same storage device. By previously reporting the data size of each partial information element, from the generational management information transferring section to the generational management information duplicating section, the generational management information duplicating section is able to reserve a storage area for storing the respective partial information elements, and to manage the storage positions of the respective partial information elements. In the present embodiment, the generational management information transferring section is composed in such a manner that it can transfer the generational management information for any previously selected generation, to the second disk array device. In the present embodiment, a generation restoring section is provided in the second disk array device for restoring the storage contents of a designated generation, by referring to the second volume and the second withdrawal volume, on the basis of the generational management information copied to the second storing section. In the present embodiment, a restoring section capable of transferring the storage contents respectively stored in the second volume, the second withdrawal volume and the second storing section, to the first disk array device, is provided in the second disk array device. The present invention may also be realized in the form of a computer program for causing the first disk array device to execute prescribed functions (generational management control functions, generational management information transfer functions, volume transfer functions), or a computer program for causing the second disk array device to execute prescribed functions (generational management information duplication functions, generation restoring functions, restoring functions). This program may, for example, be distributed by being recorded onto a storage medium of various types, such as a hard disk device, a semiconductor memory device, or the like. Alternatively, this program may be distributed by means of a communications network, for example. Further objects of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an illustrative diagram showing an overview of an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is an external view of a disk array device which can be used in the present invention; FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of the composition of a disk array device; FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the overall composition of a storage system in which all data, including generational management information in the copy source, is backed up to a disk array device forming a copy destination; FIG. 5 is an illustrative diagram showing the composition of tables, wherein (a) shows a differential bitmap table, and (b) shows a withdrawal destination address management table; FIG. 6 is an illustrative diagram showing a schematic view of the copying of generational management information; FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing back-up processing; FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing processing for creating a virtual volume; FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing back-up processing relating to a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 is a block diagram of a storage system relating to a third embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing processing for restoring a volume, or the like. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Below, embodiments of the present invention are described with respect to the drawings. In the present embodiment, as described hereinafter, a plurality of disk array devices, each constituted by a plurality of channel adapters, a plurality of disk adapters, a cache memory, a shared memory, and the like, are connected mutually. By also backing up the generational management information of the copy source disk array device onto the copy destination disk array device, it is possible to manage back-up data, for a plurality of generations, in the copy source and the copy destination, respectively. The present embodiment discloses a back-up method for a storage system comprising: a step of transmitting the back-up data of a main volume, from a first disk array device to a second disk array device, and storing same in the second disk array device, and a step of transmitting generational management information used for generational management, from the first disk array device to the second disk array device, and storing same in the second disk array device. FIG. 1 is an illustrative diagram showing an overview of the present embodiment. This storage system comprises a primary site 1 having a copy source disk array device, and a secondary site 2 having a copy destination disk array device. An example of the specific composition of a disk array device is described in more detail below. The primary site 1 holds, for example, a data group used by the current server (host computer). The secondary site 2 is used as a back-up site for the primary site 1 , for example. The primary site 1 and the secondary site 2 may be respectively provided inside frames which are physically separate, for example. Alternatively, for example, the primary site 1 and the secondary site 2 may be provided respectively within the same frame. For example, a host computer 3 constituted as a server is able to access both sites 1 and 2 , respectively. By setting up access control, it is also possible to achieve a composition wherein only a particular host computer is able to access a particular site. The respective host computers 3 and the respective sites 1 , 2 are connected by means of a communications network 4 . The respective sites 1 , 2 are connected mutually by means of a separate communications network 5 . The communications network 4 may be constituted by a LAN (Local Area Network), or the like, for example. The communications network 5 may be constituted by a SAN (Storage Area Network), or the like, for example. The primary site 1 may comprise, for example, a main volume 1 A, a main pool 1 B, generational management information 1 C, and a generational management information transferring section 1 D. The main volume 1 A is a logical storage region for storing data used by the host computer 3 . The main pool 1 B is a logical storage region used for withdrawing the original data, before the data in the main volume 1 A is updated. The generational management information 1 C acquires a static image of the main volume as a prescribed point in time, on the basis of a snapshot acquisition request from the user. This snapshot is acquired in the form of a differential snapshot which obtains the differential created by the change in the data. The generational management information transferring section 1 D transfers the generational management information 1 C to the secondary site 2 . The secondary site 2 may comprise, for example, a secondary volume 2 A, a secondary pool 2 B, generational management information 2 C, and a generational management information duplicating section 2 D. The secondary volume 2 A forms a copy pair with the main volume 1 A. The main volume 1 A and the secondary volume 2 A are synchronized. The secondary pool 2 B forms a copy pair with the main pool 1 B, and it stores the storage contents of the main pool 1 B. The main pool 1 B and the secondary pool 2 B are synchronized. The generational management information 2 C is generated by copying the generational management information 1 C to the secondary site 2 . The generational management information duplicating section 2 D receives the generational management information 1 C from the generational management information transferring section 1 D and copies the information. This storage system executes operations of the following kind. Firstly, the storage contents of the main volume 1 A are copied to the secondary volume 2 A (S 1 ). Thereupon, the storage contents of the main pool 1 B are copied to the secondary pool 2 B (S 2 ). Here, when the respective volumes are synchronized, the storage contents of the copy source volumes 1 A, 1 B at a particular point in time are respectively copied, exactly, to the copy destination volumes 2 A, 2 B (initial copy), and thereafter, only the difference generated after completion of the initial copy is copied (differential copy). A host computer 3 accesses the main volume 1 A and updates the data therein. Accordingly, the storage contents of the main volume 1 A change occasionally, from time to time. In the primary site 1 , the storage contents of the main volume 1 A are managed for a plurality of generations. In other words, each time a snapshot acquisition request is issued by the user, the storage contents of the main volume 1 A at that respective point in time (generation) are managed. After creating a copy of the main volume 1 A and the main pool 1 B in the secondary site 2 (S 1 , S 2 ), generational management information 1 C is transmitted from the primary site 1 to the secondary site 2 (S 3 ). By this means, generational management information 2 C is created and stored in the secondary site 2 . Thereby, it is possible to manage back-up data for a plurality of generations of the main volume 1 , in both the primary site 1 and the secondary site 2 . 1. First Embodiment Firstly, an example of a disk array device provided respectively in the primary site and the secondary site is described, whereupon the unique composition according to the present invention is described. The disk array device in the primary site and the disk array device in the secondary site may also have different compositions. FIG. 2 is a general oblique view showing the external composition of a disk array device 10 . The disk array device 10 may be constituted, for example, by a base frame body 11 and a plurality of add-on frame bodies 12 . The base frame body 11 is the smallest compositional unit of the disk array device 10 , and it is provided with both storage functions and control functions. The add-on frame bodies 12 are optional items of the disk array device 10 , and are controlled by means of the control functions provided in the base frame body 11 . For example, it is possible to connect a maximum of four add-on frame bodies 12 to the base frame body 11 . The base frame body 11 comprises a plurality of control packages 13 , a plurality of power supply units 14 , a plurality of battery units 15 , and a plurality of disk drives 26 , provided respectively in a detachable fashion. A plurality of disk drives 26 , a plurality of power supply units 14 and a plurality of battery units 15 are provided detachably in the add-on frame bodies 12 . Moreover, a plurality of cooling fans 16 are also provided respectively in the base frame body 11 and the respective add-on frame bodies 12 . The control packages 13 are modules for respectively realizing the channel adapters (hereinafter, CHA) 21 , disk adapters (hereinafter, DKA) 22 and cache memory 23 , and the like, described hereinafter. More specifically, a plurality of CHA packages, a plurality of DKA packages, and one or more memory package are provided in a detachable fashion in the base frame body 11 , in such a manner that they can be exchanged in package units. FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing a general overview of a disk array device 10 . The disk array device 10 can be connected respectively to a plurality of host computers 30 , in a mutually communicable fashion, via a communications network CN 1 . The communications network CN 1 is, for example, a LAN, SAN, the Internet or a dedicated circuit, or the like. If a LAN is used, then the data transfer between the host computer 30 and the disk array device 10 is conducted in accordance with a TCP/IP protocol. If a SAN is used, data transfer is conducted between the host computer 30 and the disk array device 10 in accordance with a fiber channel protocol. Furthermore, if the host computer 30 is a mainframe computer, then data transfer is conducted in accordance with a communications protocol, such as FICON (Fibre Connection: registered trademark), ESCON (Enterprise System Connection: registered trademark), ACONARC (Advanced Connection Architecture: registered trademark), FIBARC (Fibre Connection Architecture: registered trademark), or the like. Each of the host computers 30 is constituted, for example, by a server, personal computer, workstation, mainframe computer, or the like. For example, the respective host computers 30 are connected via a separate communications network to a plurality of client terminals, which are situated outside the range of the drawing. The respective host computers 30 provide services to the respective client terminals, by reading or writing data, from or to the disk array device 10 , in response to requests from the respetive client terminals, for example. Each of the CHAs 21 controls data transfer with the respective host computers 30 , and is provided with a communications port 21 A. 32 CHAs 21 , for example, can be provided in the disk array device 10 . A CHA 21 is prepared, for example, in accordance with the type of host computer 30 , such as an open CHA, a main frame CHA, or the like, for example. Each CHA 21 receives commands and data requesting data read out, or writing, from the host computer 30 connected respectively thereto, and operates in accordance with the commands received from the host computer 30 . To describe the operation of the CHA 21 and that of the DKA 22 , in advance, when the CHA 21 receives a read command from the host computer 30 , this read command is stored in the shared memory 24 . The DKA 22 refers to the shared memory 24 occasionally, and if it discovers an unprocessed read command, then it reads out the data from the disk drive 26 , and stores this data in the cache memory 23 . The CHA 21 reads out the data transferred to the cache memory 23 , and then transmits the data to the host computer 30 . On the other hand, if the CHA 21 receives a write command from the host computer 30 , then it stores this write command in the shared memory 24 . Moreover, the CHA 21 stores the received data (user data) to the cache memory 23 . When the CHA 21 has stored the data in the cache memory 23 , it then reports completion of writing to the host computer 30 . The DKA 22 reads out the data stored in the cache memory 23 , in accordance with the write command stored in the shared memory 24 , and stores this data in the prescribed disk drive 26 . Each of the DKAs 22 may be provided in a plural fashion, for instance, comprising 4 or 8 adapters, in the disk array device 10 . Each DKA 22 respectively controls data communications with a particular disk drive 26 . The respective DKAs 22 and the respective and the respective disk drives 26 are connected by means of a communications network CN 4 , such as a SAN, for example, and perform data transfer in block units, in accordance with a fiber channel protocol. Each DKA 22 monitors the state of the corresponding disk drive 26 occasionally, and the result of this monitoring operation is transmitted via the internal network CN 3 , to the SVP 28 . The respective CHAs 21 and the respective DKAs 22 are provided respectively with a printed circuit board on which a processor, memory, and the like, are mounted, and a control program stored in the memory, for example, (neither of these elements being depicted in the drawings), and they respectively achieve prescribed functions by means of combined operation of these hardware and software elements. The cache memory 23 stores user data, and the like, for example. The cache memory 23 is constituted by a non-volatile memory, for example. When a volume copy, or a differential copy, or the like, is performed, the data to be copied is read out to the cache memory 23 , and it is then transferred from the cache memory 23 to the copy destination, by means of either the CHA 21 or DKA 22 , or alternatively, by means of both the CHA 21 and the DKA 22 . The shared memory (or the control memory) 24 is constituted by a non-volatile memory, for example. Control information, management information, and the like, is stored in the shared memory 24 , for example. The shared memory 24 and cache memory 23 may respectively be provided in a plural fashion. Furthermore, it is also possible to provide both a cache memory 23 and a shared memory 24 on the same memory board. Alternatively, one portion of the memory may be used as a cache region and another portion thereof may be used as a control region. The switching section 25 respectively connects together the respective CHAs 21 , the respective DKAs 22 , the cache memory 23 and the shared memory 24 . Thereby, all of the CHAs 21 and the DKAs 22 may respectively access the cache memory 23 and the shared memory 24 . The switching section 25 may be constituted as an ultra-high-speed cross-bar switch, or the like, for example. A plurality of disk drives 26 may be installed in the disk array device 10 . Each of the disk drives 26 can be realized in the form of a hard disk drive (HDD), a semiconductor memory device, or the like, for example. A disk drive 26 is a physical storage device. Although the situation varies depending on the RAID composition, or the like, a RAID group 27 which is a virtual logical region is constructed on a physical storage region provided by one group of four disk drives 26 , for example. Moreover, one or more virtual logical devices (LU: Logical Unit) can be established in a RAID group 27 . The storage resources used by the disk array device 10 do not all have to be provided inside the disk array device 10 . The disk array device 10 is able to incorporate and use storage resources existing externally to the disk array device 10 , exactly as if there were its own storage resources. The service processor (SVP) 28 is connected respectively to each of the CHAs 21 and the DKAs 22 , by means of an internal network CN 3 , such as a LAN. Furthermore, the SVP 28 may be connected to a plurality of management terminals 31 , by means of a communications network CN 2 , such as a LAN. The SVP 28 accumulates the respective states inside the disk array device 10 , and provides this information to the management terminal 31 . FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing the main composition of a storage system for carrying out back up including generational management information. The storage system is constituted by connecting a copy source disk array device 100 provided in the primary site and a copy destination disk array device 200 provided in the secondary site. The respective disk array devices 100 , 200 may each be provided with the composition described above with reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 , for example. The respective disk array devices 100 and 200 are connected together by means of a communications network CN 11 , such as a SAN, or the like, for example. Furthermore, the respective disk array devices 100 , 200 and the host computers (hereinafter, “hosts”) 30 A, 30 B are connected by means of a communications network CN 12 , such as a LAN, SAN, or the like, for example. The host 30 A accesses the disk array device 100 of the primary site. The host 30 B accesses the disk array device 200 of the secondary site. Where there is no need to distinguish between the primary host 30 A and the secondary host 30 B, these devices are referred to simply as “host 30 ”. The disk array device 100 comprises a main volume 110 , a main pool 120 , a differential transfer section 130 , a snapshot control section 140 , a generational management information storing section 150 , and a generational management information transferring section 160 . The main volume 110 is a volume for storing a group of data used by the host 30 A. The main pool 120 is a volume for saving data withdrawn from the main volume 110 . The differential transfer section 130 serves to transfer the respective differential data in the storage contents of the main volume 110 and the main pool 120 , to the disk array device 200 of the secondary site. The differential transfer section 130 may be realized, for example, by means of a processor provided in the CHA 21 executing micro code for differential transfer, for example. Here, for example, it is possible to transfer a plurality of differential data elements, together, once a prescribed amount of differential data has been accumulated, or when a prescribed time has been reached, or the like. The snapshot control section 140 manages data by acquiring a snapshot of the main volume 110 , on the basis of an instruction (user instruction) from the host 30 A. A snapshot may be a volume snapshot in which the whole of the volume is copied, exactly, or it may be a differential snapshot in which only the differential from the time at which the previous snapshot was created, is controlled. The snapshot control section 140 creates a differential snapshot. The storage contents of the main volume 110 at a prescribed point in time can be managed by means of a differential bitmap table 151 and a withdrawal destination address management table 152 stored in the generational management information storing section 150 , for example. As shown in FIG. 5 , for example, it is possible to constitute the generational management information 153 by means of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 . The generational management information 153 is respectively created for each generation of data. The generational management information 153 does not have to be stored in the same storage device, and it may also be stored in a distributed fashion in different storage devices. The differential bitmap table 151 can be understood as a table which associates flag information indicating an updated status or a non-updated status, respectively, to each of a plurality of blocks achieved by dividing the main volume 110 into blocks of a prescribed size, for example. The withdrawal destination address management table 152 can be constituted by associating each block of the main volume 110 , with a withdrawal address indicating whereabouts in the main pool 120 the data stored in that block is to be withdrawn to, for example. The composition of the generational management information 153 illustrated in FIG. 5 is simply an example, and differential snapshots of the main volume 110 can be managed by means of various methods. The generational management information transferring section 160 transmits the generational management information 153 stored in the generational management information transferring section storing section 150 , to the disk array device 200 of the secondary site. The generational management information transferring section 160 transmits the generational management information 153 at approximately the same timing as that at which the differential transfer section 130 transmits the respective differential data of the main volume 110 and the main pool 120 . The secondary disk array device 200 may comprise a secondary volume 210 , a secondary pool 220 , a virtual volume creating section 230 , a virtual volume 240 , a generational management information storing section 250 , and a generational management information duplicating section 260 . The secondary volume 210 forms a copy pair with the main volume 110 . The storage contents of the main volume 110 are copied to the secondary volume 210 . The secondary pool 220 forms a copy pair with the main pool 120 . The storage contents of the main pool 120 are copied to the secondary pool 220 . The virtual volume creating section 230 generates a virtual volume 240 for the designated generation, on the basis of an instruction from the host 30 . The virtual volume creating section 230 refers to the secondary volume 210 and the secondary pool 220 , on the basis of the generational management information 253 stored in the generational management information storing section 250 , and creates a virtual volume 240 which reproduces the storage contents of the designated generation, in a virtual manner. The generational management information storing section 250 stores the generational management information 253 . This generational management information 253 is a copy of the generational management information 153 of the primary site. Therefore, the generational management information 253 comprises, for example, a differential bitmap table 251 , which is a copy of the differential bitmap table 151 , and a withdrawal destination address management table 252 which is a copy of the withdrawal destination address management table 152 . The generational management information duplicating section 260 stores the generational management information 253 in the generational management information storing section 250 , on the basis of data received from the generational management information transferring section 160 of the primary site. As described hereinafter, the generational management information duplicating section 260 establishes and manages a storage destination address for the generational management information 253 , on the basis of the data size of the generational management information 153 reported by the generational management information transferring section 160 . The storage destination of the generational management information 253 is recorded in the generational management information storage destination address information 261 . FIG. 6 is an illustrative diagram showing a schematic view of the process of storing generational management information 253 in the generational management information storing section 250 . Firstly, the respective partial information elements (differential bitmap table 151 , withdrawal destination address management table 152 ) constituting the generational management information 153 are stored respectively in a distributed fashion, in the disk array device 100 of the primary site. For example, the differential bitmap table 151 is stored in the cache memory of the disk array device 100 . Moreover, for example, the withdrawal destination address management table 152 is stored in a prescribed disk. The generational management information transferring section 160 acquires the respective data sizes of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 constituting the generational management information 153 , when transferring the generational management information 153 . The generational management information transferring section 160 previously reports the data sizes of the respective tables 151 , 152 , to the generational management information duplicating section 260 , before transferring the generational management information 153 . Upon receiving the data sizes of the respective tables 151 , 152 , the generational management information duplicating section 260 reserves the storage region required for copying the generational management information 153 , in the generational management information storing section 250 . The generational management information duplicating section 260 stores a differential bitmap table 251 , which is a copy of the differential bitmap table 151 , and a withdrawal destination address management table 252 , which is a copy of the withdrawal destination address management table 152 , respectively, in the reserved storage region. The generational management information duplicating section 260 records the storage positions of the respective tables 251 , 252 , in the generational management information storage destination address information 261 . The generational management information storage destination address information 261 is formed by associating, for example, the name of the element constituting the generational management information (the name of the partial information), information for identifying the destination storage device (for example, the device number, or the like), a header address, and a data size. FIG. 6 shows a case where the respective tables 151 , 152 stored in a distributed fashion in the disk array device 100 are stored together in the cache memory of the disk array device 200 . It is also possible to adopt a composition wherein the tables 251 , 252 in the generational management information 253 are stored in a distributed fashion in the disk array device 200 . Furthermore, the storage destination device in the generational management information 253 is not limited to being a cache memory, and may also be one or a plurality of disks. The outline of processing in the storage system is now described with reference to FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 . FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an overview of back-up processing for backing up data to a secondary site, including the generational management carried out in the primary site. Firstly, the disk array device 100 transfer the storage contents of the main volume 110 , to the disk array device 200 (S 11 ). Thereupon, the disk array device 100 transfers the storage contents of the main pool 120 to the disk array device 200 (S 12 ). Upon receiving the data of the main volume 110 , the disk array device 200 of the secondary site stores this data in a prescribed position of the secondary volume 210 , and thereby creates a copy of the main volume 110 (S 21 ). Moreover, upon receiving the data of the main pool 120 , the disk array device 200 of the secondary site stores this data in a prescribed position of the secondary pool 220 , and thereby creates a copy of the main pool 120 (S 22 ). The disk array device 100 in the primary site acquires the respective data sizes of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 constituting the generational management information 153 , and it reports these respective data sizes to the disk array device 200 (S 13 ). The disk array device 200 of the secondary site reserves the required storage region, on the basis of the data size of the differential bitmap table 151 and the data size of the withdrawal destination address management table 152 . The disk array device 200 records the storage destination addresses of the differential bitmap table 251 and the withdrawal destination address management table 252 , in the generational management information storage destination address information 261 (S 23 ). The disk array device 100 in the primary site transmits the data of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 constituting the generational management information 153 , respectively, to the disk array device 200 (S 14 ). The disk array device 200 in the secondary site creates respective copies of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 , on the basis of the data thus received, and it stores these copies at prescribed positions in the generational management information storing section 250 (S 24 ). The disk array device 100 of the primary site monitors data update requests from the host 30 (S 15 ). If there has been an update request (S 15 : YES), then the disk array device 100 manages the differential generated by this update (S 16 ). If, for example, the amount of differential data reaches a prescribed volume, or if a prescribed transfer timing has been reached, (S 17 : YES), then the disk array device 100 repeats the processing in S 11 -S 14 . Here, the differential management carried out in S 16 will be described in simple terms. When the host 30 seeks to update data in the main volume 110 , the disk array device 100 refers to the differential bitmap table 151 which manages the most recent snapshot of the main volume 110 . If the update flag for the data block to be updated has already been set to on (set to “1”), then the original data stored in that data block has already been withdrawn to the main pool 120 . Consequently, in this case, the disk array device 100 writes over the new data, without withdrawing the data in the main volume 110 . If the update flag for the data block to be updated is set to off (if it is set to “0”), then it is necessary for the data stored in that data block to be withdrawn before overwriting the data. Therefore, the disk array device 100 reads out the data stored in the data block to be copied, from the main volume 110 , and copied the data to the main pool 120 . Once copying has been completed, the disk array device 100 records the withdrawal destination address of the data, in the withdrawal destination address management table 152 . Furthermore, the disk array device 100 sets the update flag for that block in the differential bitmap table 151 , to on. FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing an overview of generation restore processing. Firstly, the disk array device 200 in the secondary site monitors whether or not there has been an instruction to restore a data generation, from the host 30 (S 31 ). If an instruction has been received from the host 30 indicating that a virtual volume for the prescribed generation is to be created (S 31 : YES), then the disk array device 200 refers to the generational management information storage destination address information 261 , and acquires the respective storage addresses of the differential bitmap table 251 and the withdrawal destination address management table 252 (S 32 ). The disk array device 200 acquires the generational management information 253 (the differential bitmap table 251 and the withdrawal destination address management table 252 ), from the generational management information storing section 250 (S 33 ). On the basis of the generational management information 253 , the disk array device 200 creates a virtual volume 240 of the generation designated by the host 30 , from the storage contents of the secondary volume 210 and the secondary pool 220 (S 34 ). Here, the virtual volume 240 is, for example, a read out conversion table for restoring the storage contents of the designated generation, in a virtual fashion. It is recorded in the virtual volume 240 which of the secondary volume 210 and the secondary pool 220 the target data is stored in. If the target data is stored in the secondary volume 210 , then this data is read out from the secondary volume 210 . If the target data is stored in the secondary pool 220 , then this data is read out from the secondary pool 220 . When creating a virtual volume 240 for the designated generation, the disk array device 200 causes all or a portion of that virtual volume 240 to be transmitted to the disk array device 100 in the primary site (S 35 ). The disk array device 100 in the primary site then stores the data received from the disk array device 200 of the secondary site, in the main volume 110 (S 41 ). By adopting the composition described above, the present embodiment has the following beneficial effects. In the present embodiment, a composition was adopted wherein the generational management information in the copy source is also backed up to the copy destination. Therefore, it is possible to manage the back-up data for a plurality of generations, in the back-up destination (copy destination) also. By this means, protection against failure can be increased. In the present embodiment, a composition is adopted wherein management of a plurality of data generations is carried out on the basis of differential snapshots, in the disk array device 100 in the copy source, and all data, including the generational management information 153 for these respective generations, is backed up to the disk array device 200 in the copy source. Therefore, it is possible to manage a plurality of data generations by means of a small volume data capacity, in comparison with cases where the whole volume is copied for each generation. 2. Second Embodiment A second embodiment is now described on the basis of FIG. 9 . The present embodiment is equivalent to a modification example of the first embodiment. The characteristic feature of the present embodiment lies in the fact that only the back-up data for a previously designated generation is transferred to the secondary site and held in same. FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing an overview of back-up processing. Firstly, the disk array device 100 of the primary site acquires the generation to be backed up (S 51 ). The generation for which data is to be backed up can be instructed to the disk array device 100 by the host 30 . The disk array device 100 transmits the respective storage contents of the main volume 110 and the main pool 120 , to the disk array device 200 in the secondary site (S 52 , S 53 ). Thereupon, the disk array device 100 respective acquires the data sizes of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 contained in the generational management information 153 relating to the designated generation. The disk array device 100 respectively reports the data sizes of the tables 151 , 152 , to the disk array device 200 (S 54 ). The disk array device 100 transmits the contents of the differential bitmap table 151 and the withdrawal destination address management table 152 relating to the designated generation, to the disk array device 200 (S 55 ). The disk array device 100 monitors update requests from the host 30 (S 56 ), and if an update request has been issued, then the differential generated in the main volume 110 is managed (S 57 ). When a prescribed transfer timing has arrived (S 58 : YES), the disk array device 100 repeats the processing in steps S 52 -S 55 . In this way, in the present embodiment, it is possible to cause the generational management information 153 , or the like, relating to the generation designated by the host 30 , to the disk array device 200 of the secondary site, and hence ease of use is improved. A composition is adopted wherein, when the storage contents of the main pool 120 are transferred to the disk array device 200 , only the portion relating to the storage contents of a generation designated by the user is transferred. 3. Third Embodiment A third embodiment is now described on the basis of FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 . The present embodiment is equivalent to a modification example of the first embodiment. The characteristic feature of the present embodiment lies in the fact that copies of a main volume, a main pool, and respective generational management information, held in the copy destination are transferred to the copy source, on the basis of an instruction from the user. FIG. 10 is an approximate block diagram showing the general composition of a storage system. The disk array device 200 in the secondary site comprises a restoring section 270 . In FIG. 10 , in order to facilitate the description, the virtual volume creating section 230 is omitted from the drawing. As shown in FIG. 11 as well, the restoring section 270 respectively transfers the storage contents of the secondary volume 210 , the storage contents of the secondary pool 220 , and the generational management information 253 , to the disk array device 100 of the primary site, thereby respectively restoring the main volume 110 , the main pool 120 and the generational management information 153 . FIG. 11 is a flowchart showing an overview of restore processing. When the disk array device 200 of the secondary site detects a restore instruction from the host 30 (S 61 : YES), it transfers the storage contents of the secondary volume 210 to the disk array device 100 (S 62 ). The disk array device 100 of the primary site stores the data received from the disk array device 200 , in the main volume 110 , and thereby restores the main volume 110 (S 71 ). Thereupon, the disk array device 200 of the secondary site transfers the storage contents of the secondary pool 220 to the disk array device 100 (S 63 ). The disk array device 100 of the primary site stores the data received from the disk array device 200 , in the main pool 120 , and thereby restores the main pool 120 (S 72 ). The disk array device 200 refers to the generational management information storage address information 261 , and acquires the storage address of the generational management information 253 (S 64 ). The disk array device 200 respectively acquires the differential bitmap table 251 and the withdrawal destination address management table 252 , from the generational management information storing section 250 , on the basis of the acquired address (S 65 ). The disk array device 200 transmits the contents of the differential bitmap table 251 and the withdrawal destination address management table 252 , respectively, to the disk array device 100 (S 66 ). The disk array device 100 of the primary site stores the data received from the disk array device 200 , in a prescribed position of the generational management information storing section 150 , and thereby restores the generational management information 153 (S 73 ). In this way, in the present embodiment, the copies of the main volume 110 and the main pool 120 and the copy of generational management information 153 held in the copy destination disk array device 200 are respectively returned to the copy source disk array device 100 . The present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. It is possible for a person skilled in the art to make various additions, modifications, or the like, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention pertains generally to processes for producing biofuel from oil in algae. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a portable system that grows algae cells having a high oil content and synthesizes the oil into biofuel. The present invention is particularly, but not exclusively, useful as a portable system and method that utilizes available carbon in waste and pollution to grow algae for processing into biofuel. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] As worldwide petroleum deposits decrease, there is rising concern over shortages and the costs that are associated with the production of hydrocarbon products. As a result, alternatives to products that are currently processed from petroleum are being investigated. In this effort, biofuels such as biodiesel have been identified as a possible alternative to petroleum-based transportation fuels. In general, biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from plant oils or animal fats. In industrial practice, biodiesel is created when plant oils or animal fats are reacted with an alcohol, such as methanol. [0003] For plant-derived biofuel, solar energy is first transformed into chemical energy through photosynthesis. The chemical energy is then refined into a usable fuel. Currently, the process involved in creating biofuel from plant oils is expensive relative to the process of extracting and refining petroleum. It is possible, however, that the cost of processing a plant-derived biofuel could be reduced by maximizing the rate of growth of the plant source. Because algae is known to be one of the most efficient plants for converting solar energy into cell growth, it is of particular interest as a biofuel source. However, current algae processing methods have failed to result in a cost effective algae-derived biofuel. [0004] In overview, the biochemical process of photosynthesis provides algae with the ability to convert solar energy into chemical energy. During cell growth, this chemical energy is used to drive synthetic reactions, such as the formation of sugars or the fixation of nitrogen into amino acids for protein synthesis. Excess chemical energy is stored in the form of fats and oils as triglycerides. Thus, the creation of oil in algae only requires sunlight, carbon dioxide and the nutrients necessary for formation of triglycerides. Nevertheless, with the volume requirements for a fuel source, the costs associated with the inputs are high. [0005] In certain applications, costs associated with conventional fuels are also quite high. Specifically, forward military bases and remote exploratory camps experience high fuel costs due to the expenses involved in delivering fuel. Also, ships typically must travel to ports simply to refuel. Therefore, fuel costs can be reduced if fuel is produced at the desired site, rather than transported to the desired site. [0006] In light of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for producing biofuel from algae which reduces input costs. For this purpose, a number of systems have been developed, such as those disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ for an invention entitled “High Efficiency Separations to Recover Oil from Microalgae,” which is filed concurrently herewith, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,532 for an invention entitled “Photosynthetic Oil Production in a Two-Stage Reactor” filed Oct. 13, 2006, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,541 for an invention entitled “Photosynthetic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Pollution Abatement” filed Oct. 13, 2006, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,552 for an invention entitled “High Photoefficiency Microalgae Bioreactors” filed Oct. 13, 2006, and co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/549,561 for an invention entitled “Photosynthetic Oil Production with High Carbon Dioxide Utilization” filed Oct. 13, 2006. All aforementioned co-pending U.S. patent applications are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and are hereby incorporated by reference. Another object of the present invention is to provide a portable recycling system for feeding oil harvesting byproducts back to the conduit where high oil content algae is grown. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system for supplying nutrients to algae cells in the form of processed algae cell matter. Another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system for recycling the glycerin byproduct from the creation of biofuel as a source of carbon to foster further oil production in algae cells. Another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system for processing oil from algae that defines a flow path for continuous movement of the algae and its processed derivatives. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system and method for producing biofuel from algae with high oil content that is simple to implement, easy to use, and comparatively cost effective. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] In accordance with the present invention, a portable system is provided for efficiently producing biofuel from algae. For this purpose, the system utilizes a collapsible plastic bladder that forms a chemostat and a plug flow reactor. Structurally, the chemostat defines a conduit for growing algae cells. The chemostat's conduit includes input ports for feeding material into the conduit as well as an output port. Further, the plug flow reactor defines a conduit for fostering oil production within the algae cells. For the present invention, the plug flow reactor has an input port that is positioned to receive material from the output port of the chemostat. Also the system is provided with a temperature control that monitors and maintains the temperature within the conduits. [0008] In addition to the plastic bladder and temperature control, the system includes an algae separator. Specifically, the algae separator is positioned in fluid communication with the plug flow reactor to remove an algae cell concentrate from the plug flow reactor's conduit. Structurally, the algae separator includes an outlet for the remaining effluence which is in fluid communication with the input port of the chemostat. Further, the system includes a device for lysing algae cells to unbind oil from the algae cells. For purposes of the present invention, the lysing device is positioned to receive algae cells from the algae separator. [0009] Downstream of the lysing device, the system includes an oil separator that receives the lysed cells and withdraws the oil from remaining cell matter. For purposes of the present invention, the oil separator has an outlet for the remaining cell matter which is in fluid communication with the input port of the chemostat. Further, the system may include a hydrolyzing device interconnected between the oil separator and the chemostat. In addition to the cell matter outlet, the oil separator includes an outlet for the oil. For the present invention, the system includes a biofuel reactor that is in fluid communication with the outlet for oil. In a known process, the biofuel reactor reacts an alcohol with the oil to synthesize biofuel and, as a byproduct, glycerin. Structurally, the biofuel reactor includes an exit for the glycerin that is in fluid communication with the input port of the plug flow reactor. [0010] For purposes of the present invention, the system includes a scrubber having a chamber for receiving a pollutant-contaminated fluid stream and a scrubber solution. Typically, the fluid stream comprises flue gas from a combustion source, such as a power plant or incinerator. Further, the scrubber solution is typically a caustic or sodium bicarbonate. Downstream of the algae separator, the system includes a channel for recycling an effluence from the plug flow reactor to the scrubber for reuse as the scrubber solution. [0011] In operation, the flue gas from the power plant is flowed through the chamber of the scrubber. At the same time, the scrubber solution is sprayed into the scrubber chamber to capture the pollutants in the flue gas. The scrubber solution with the entrapped pollutants is then delivered to the chemostat through its input port. Also, a nutrient mix may be fed into the chemostat through the input port to form, along with the scrubber solution, a medium for growing algae cells. As the medium circulates through the conduit of the chemostat, the algae cells grow using solar energy and converting the pollutants and other nutrients to cell matter. Preferably, a continuous flow of the medium washes the algae cells and constantly removes them from the chemostat as overflow. In the plug flow reactor, the algae cells are treated to produce intracellular oil. Thereafter, the algae separator removes the algae cells from the remaining effluence in the plug flow reactor. [0012] Then, the effluence is recycled through a channel back to the scrubber for reuse as the scrubber solution. At the same time, the algae cells are delivered to the cell lysis apparatus. At the cell lysis device, the cells are lysed, preferably with steam, to unbind the oil from the remaining cell matter. This unbound cell material is received by the oil separator from the cell lysis device. Next, the oil separator withdraws the oil from the remaining cell matter and effectively forms two streams of material. The stream of remaining cell matter is transferred to the hydrolysis device where the cell matter is broken into small units which are more easily absorbed by algae cells during cell growth. Thereafter, the hydrolyzed cell matter is delivered to the chemostat to serve as a source of nutrition for the algae cells growing therein. At the same time, the stream of oil is transmitted from the oil separator to the biofuel reactor. In the biofuel reactor, the oil is reacted with an alcohol to form biofuel and a glycerin byproduct. The glycerin byproduct is fed back into the plug flow reactor to serve as a source of carbon for the algae cells therein during the production of intracellular oil. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] The novel features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, both as to its structure and its operation, will be best understood from the accompanying drawing, taken in conjunction with the accompanying description, in which the FIGURE is a schematic view of the portable system for producing biofuel from algae in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0014] Referring to the FIGURE, a portable system for producing biofuel from algae in accordance with the present invention is shown and generally designated 10 . As shown, the system 10 includes a plastic bladder 12 that forms at least one chemostat 14 for growing algae cells (exemplary cells depicted at 16 ) and a plug flow reactor 18 for treating the algae cells 16 to trigger cell production of triglycerides. For purposes of the present invention, the plastic bladder 12 is easily collapsed and stored to facilitate transportation to, and assembly of the system 10 , at remote locations. [0015] As shown in the FIGURE, the chemostat 14 includes a conduit 20 . As further shown, the conduit 20 is provided with an input port 22 for receiving a medium 24 . For purposes of the present invention, the input port 22 is also in communication with a reservoir (not illustrated) holding a nutrient mix (indicated by arrow 26 ). Preferably, the nutrient mix 26 includes phosphorous, nitrogen, sulfur and numerous trace elements necessary to support algae growth. Further, the chemostat 14 is provided with an Archimedes screw 28 for causing the medium 24 and the nutrient mix 26 to continuously circulate around the conduit 20 at a predetermined fluid flow velocity. Also, each conduit 20 is provided with an output port 30 in communication with the plug flow reactor 18 . [0016] As shown, the plug flow reactor 18 includes an input port 32 a for receiving overflow medium (indicated by arrow 24 ′) with algae cells 16 from the output port 30 of the chemostat 14 . As further shown, the plug flow reactor 18 includes a conduit 34 for passing the medium 24 ″ with algae cells 16 downstream. The flow rate of the medium 24 ″ is due solely to gravity and the force of the incoming overflow medium 24 ′ from the chemostat 14 . Preferably, the plug flow reactor 18 has a substantially fixed residence time of about one to four days. For purposes of the present invention, the system 10 is provided with a reservoir (not shown) that holds a modified nutrient mix (indicated by arrow 36 ). Further, the conduit 34 is provided with an input port 32 b for receiving the modified nutrient mix 36 . In order to manipulate the cellular behavior of algae cells 16 within the plug flow reactor 18 , the modified nutrient mix 36 may contain a limited amount of a selected constituent, such as nitrogen or phosphorous. For instance, the nutrient mix 36 may contain no nitrogen. Alternatively, the algae cells 16 may exhaust nutrients such as nitrogen or phosphorous in the nutrient mix 26 at a predetermined point in the plug flow reactor 18 . By allowing such nutrients to be exhausted, desired behavior in the algae cells 16 can be caused without adding a specific modified nutrient mix 36 . Further, simply water can be added through the modified nutrient mix 36 to compensate for evaporation. In addition to input ports 32 a and 32 b, the conduit 34 is further provided with an input port 32 c to receive other matter. [0017] For purposes of the present invention, the system 10 further includes a temperature control 38 that is connected to the chemostat 14 and the plug flow reactor 18 via leads 39 . Specifically, the temperature control 38 monitors the temperature of the medium 24 and heats or cools the medium 24 as needed to provide a suitable environment for algae growth. [0018] As shown in the FIGURE, the system 10 also includes an algae separator 40 for removing the algae cells 16 from the plug flow reactor 18 . Specifically, the algae cells 16 form an algae cell concentrate 41 that is separated by the algae separator 40 from the medium 24 ″ and the remaining nutrients therein through flocculation and/or filtration. As further shown, the algae separator 40 includes an effluence outlet 42 and an algae cell outlet 44 . [0019] For further purposes of the present invention, the system 10 includes a scrubber 46 for scrubbing a pollutant-contaminated fluid stream. Specifically, the scrubber 46 includes a chamber 48 and an input port 50 a for receiving flue gas from a combustion source such as a power plant or incinerator 52 and a scrubber solution 54 . Typically, the flue gas includes pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and/or nitrogen oxides. Also, the scrubber solution 54 typically comprises sodium phosphate or sodium bicarbonate. As further shown, the scrubber 46 includes a solution outlet 56 and a gas outlet 58 . As illustrated, the solution outlet 56 is in fluid communication with the input port 22 of the chemostat 14 . For purposes of the present invention, the scrubber 46 includes a solution input port 50 b in the scrubber chamber 48 . Further, the system 10 includes a channel 60 providing fluid communication between the effluence outlet 42 and the scrubber 46 through the solution input port 50 b. Also, the system 10 includes an oxidation stage 62 for oxidizing pollutants in the flue gas to facilitate their removal from the flue gas. As shown, the oxidation stage 62 is interconnected between the carbon source 52 and the scrubber 46 . [0020] In the FIGURE, the system 10 includes a cell lysis apparatus 64 that receives algae cells 16 from the algae outlet 44 of the algae separator 40 . As shown, the cell lysis apparatus 64 is in fluid communication with an oil separator 66 . For purposes of the present invention, the oil separator 66 is provided with two outlets 68 , 70 . As shown, the outlet 68 is connected to a hydrolysis apparatus 72 . Further, the hydrolysis apparatus 72 is connected to the input port 22 in the conduit 20 of the chemostat 14 . [0021] Referring back to the oil separator 66 , it can be seen that the outlet 70 is connected to a biofuel reactor 74 . It is further shown that the biofuel reactor 74 includes two exits 76 , 78 . For purposes of the present invention, the exit 76 is connected to the input port 32 c in the conduit 34 of the plug flow reactor 18 . Additionally or alternatively, the exit 76 may be connected to the input port 22 in the chemostat 14 . Further, the exit 78 may be connected to a tank or reservoir (not shown) for purposes of the present invention. [0022] In operation of the present invention, pollutant-contaminated flue gas (indicated by arrow 80 ) is directed from the carbon source 52 to the oxidation stage 62 . At the oxidation stage 62 , nitrogen monoxide in the flue gas 80 is oxidized by nitric acid or by other catalytic or non-catalytic technologies to improve the efficiency of its subsequent removal. Specifically, nitrogen monoxide is oxidized to nitrogen dioxide. Thereafter, the oxidized flue gas (indicated by arrow 82 ) is delivered from the oxidation stage 62 to the scrubber 46 . Specifically, the oxidized flue gas 82 enters the chamber 48 of the scrubber 46 through the input port 50 a. Upon the entrance of the oxidized flue gas 82 into the chamber 48 , the scrubber solution 54 is sprayed within the chamber 48 to absorb, adsorb or otherwise trap the pollutants in the oxidized flue gas 82 as is known in the field of scrubbing. With its pollutants removed, the clean flue gas (indicated by arrow 84 ) exits the scrubber 46 through the gas outlet 58 . At the same time, the scrubber solution 54 and the pollutants exit the scrubber 46 through the solution outlet 56 . [0023] After exiting the scrubber 46 , the scrubber solution 54 and pollutants (indicated by arrow 86 ) enter the chemostat 14 through the input port 22 . Further, the nutrient mix 26 is fed to the chemostat 14 through the input port 22 . In the conduit 20 of the chemostat 14 , the nutrient mix 26 , scrubber solution 54 and pollutants form the medium 24 for growing the algae cells 16 . This medium 24 is circulated around the conduit 20 by the screw 28 . Further, the conditions in the conduit 20 are maintained for maximum algal growth. For instance, in order to maintain the desired conditions, the medium 24 and the algae cells 16 are moved around the conduit 20 at a preferred fluid flow velocity of approximately fifty centimeters per second. Further, the amount of algae cells 16 in the conduit 20 is kept substantially constant. Specifically, the nutrient mix 26 and the scrubber solution 54 with pollutants 86 are continuously fed at selected rates into the conduit 20 through the input port 22 , and an overflow medium 24 ′ containing algae cells 16 is continuously removed through the output port 30 of the conduit 20 . [0024] After entering the input port 32 a of the plug flow reactor 18 , the medium 24 ″ containing algae cells 16 moves downstream through the conduit 34 in a plug flow regime. Further, as the medium 24 ″ moves downstream, the modified nutrient mix 36 may be added to the conduit 34 through the input port 32 b. This modified nutrient mix 36 may contain a limited amount of a selected constituent, such as nitrogen or phosphorous. The absence or small amount of the selected constituent causes the algae cells 16 to focus on energy storage rather than growth. As a result, the algae cells 16 form triglycerides. [0025] At the end of the conduit 34 , the algae separator 40 removes the algae cell concentrate 41 from the remaining effluence (indicated by arrow 88 ). Thereafter, the effluence 88 is discharged from the algae separator 40 through the effluence outlet 42 . In order to recycle the effluence 88 , it is delivered through channel 60 to the input port 50 b of the scrubber 46 for reuse as the scrubber solution 54 . Further, the removed algae cells (indicated by arrow 90 ) are delivered to the cell lysis apparatus 64 . Specifically, the removed algae cells 90 pass out of the algae cell outlet 44 to the cell lysis apparatus 64 . For purposes of the present invention, the cell lysis apparatus 64 lyses the removed algae cells 90 to unbind the oil therein from the remaining cell matter. After the lysing process occurs, the unbound oil and remaining cell matter, collectively identified by arrow 92 , are transmitted to the oil separator 66 . Thereafter, the oil separator 66 withdraws the oil from the remaining cell matter 92 as is known in the art. After this separation is performed, the oil separator 66 discharges the remaining cell matter (identified by arrow 94 ) out of the outlet 68 of the oil separator 66 to the input port 22 of the chemostat 14 . [0026] In the chemostat 14 , the remaining cell matter 94 is utilized as a source of nutrients and energy for the growth of algae cells 16 . Because small units of the remaining cell matter 94 are more easily absorbed or otherwise processed by the growing algae cells 16 , the remaining cell matter 94 may first be broken down before being fed into the input port 22 of the chemostat 14 . To this end, the hydrolysis apparatus 72 is interconnected between the oil separator 66 and the chemostat 14 . Accordingly, the hydrolysis apparatus 72 receives the remaining cell matter 94 from the oil separator 66 , hydrolyzes the received cell matter 94 , and then passes hydrolyzed cell matter (identified by arrow 96 ) to the chemostat 14 . [0027] Referring back to the oil separator 66 , it is recalled that the remaining cell matter 94 was discharged through the outlet 68 . At the same time, the oil withdrawn by the oil separator 66 is discharged through the outlet 70 . Specifically, the oil (identified by arrow 98 ) is delivered to the biofuel reactor 74 . In the biofuel reactor 74 , the oil 98 can be reacted with alcohol, such as methanol, to create mono-alkyl esters, i.e., biodiesel fuel. This biodiesel fuel (identified by arrow 100 ) is released from the exit 78 of the biofuel reactor 74 to a tank, reservoir, or pipeline (not shown) for use as fuel. Alternatively, a biofuel 100 may be synthesized in the reactor 74 and converted to jet fuel. In addition to the biofuel 100 , the reaction between the oil 98 and the alcohol produces glycerin as a byproduct. For purposes of the present invention, the glycerin (identified by arrow 102 ) is pumped out of the exit 76 of the biofuel reactor 74 to the input port 32 c of the plug flow reactor 18 . [0028] In the plug flow reactor 18 , the glycerin 102 is utilized as a source of carbon by the algae cells 16 . Importantly, the glycerin 102 does not provide any nutrients that may be limited to induce oil production by the algae cells 16 or to trigger flocculation. The glycerin 102 may be added to the plug flow reactor 18 at night to aid in night-time oil production. Further, because glycerin 102 would otherwise provide bacteria and/or other non-photosynthetic organisms with an energy source, limiting the addition of glycerin 102 to the plug flow reactor 18 only at night allows the algae cells 16 to utilize the glycerin 102 without facilitating the growth of foreign organisms. As shown in the FIGURE, the exit 76 of the biofuel reactor 74 may also be in fluid communication with the input port 22 of the chemostat 14 (connection shown in phantom). This arrangement allows the glycerin 102 to be provided to the chemostat 14 as a carbon source. [0029] While the particular Transportable Algae Biodiesel System as herein shown and disclosed in detail is fully capable of obtaining the objects and providing the advantages herein before stated, it is to be understood that it is merely illustrative of the presently preferred embodiments of the invention and that no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown other than as described in the appended claims.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. The Field of the Invention The present invention relates to methods, systems, and computer program products for accessing electronic documents. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods, systems, and computer program products for providing a voice interface to electronic documents. 2. The Prior State of the Art As computers have become ubiquitous in our day-to-day activities, the advantages of storing information electronically have steadily increased. One of the primary advantages of electronically stored information is its inherent versatility. For example, editing and exchanging electronic information is greatly simplified as compared to editing and exchanging documents stored in paper form only. Furthermore, any advantage attributable to having a physical document is retained in electronic storage because a “hard copy” of an electronic document may be readily produced from the electronic version. Another significant advantage of electronically stored documents is that of providing enhanced access to information. Over the past few years, the improved access offered by electronic documents has become so important that many organizations expend substantial resources in scanning paper documents to store them electronically. Routine facsimile transmission further exemplifies the value of electronic access to documents. Arguably, it is access to information that fuels what many refer to as the Information Age. Today, perhaps the most prominent example of access to electronically stored information is the Internet. Literally millions of people depend on the Internet for email, banking, investing, shopping, news, entertainment, and social interaction. Not too many years ago, sharing information over the Internet was principally the domain of academicians and scientists. For members of the general public, the cryptic nature of access tools and the essentially prohibitive computer hardware requirements meant virtual anonymity for the Internet. However, the advent of hypertext navigation and the World Wide Web (“Web”), in conjunction with modestly priced and increasingly powerful personal computers, has propelled the Internet to the forefront of public attention and has made the Internet an almost indispensable source of information. Likewise, use of early cellular telephone technology was also limited. Initially, problems included providing coverage beyond major metropolitan areas, the expense and size of cellular telephones, and the expense of airtime. As a result, cellular telephones were used mostly for vital business concerns rather than for personal matters. Over the past few years, however, the cellular industry has solved, to one degree or another, most of the problems that inhibited cellular's general acceptance. Today, cellular telephone use has dramatically increased and, for many people, is the primary means of communicating with others. Increasing dependence on cellular telephones as a primary means of communication together with increasing dependence on the Internet as a source of information presents an unfortunate problem: a primary means of communication, the cellular telephone, does not interface well with a vital source of information, the Internet. The problem is compounded in that the hypertext navigation of the Web is visually oriented, making a computer with a relatively large screen an obvious choice for access, yet the size of cellular telephones is much more conducive to convenient portability. Frequently cellular telephones are clipped to belts or placed in pockets or purses; portable computers require their own case and a free hand to carry. Moreover, public telephones are available to those who do not carry cellular telephones, whereas public computers have a minimal presence at best. Although the prior art includes some attempts to solve the problem of accessing electronic documents by voice, none of the prior art teachings offer the comprehensive solution provided by the present invention. Specifically, FIGS. 1 and 2 show the prior art's approaches to accessing Internet documents, approaches that have proven to be generally inadequate in many ways. The approach designated generally at 100 illustrates a Source 110 of electronic content that is accessible through Telephone 120 . The content in Source 110 is written in a markup language specifically designed for telephone access. Using Motorola's Voice extensible Markup Language (“VoxML”), the information includes explicit elements or tags for enabling voice interaction. However, requiring explicit voice elements presents a serious drawback: it provides no means for accessing content that does not include the VoxML's voice elements. Thus, VoxML provides no access to the wealth of content already available on the Web, written mostly in HyperText Markup Language (“HTML”). In other words, to provide full Web access, the entire content of the Web would need to be rewritten to include VoxML's explicit voice tags. Moreover, VoxML's facilities for authoring voice content do not provide for using a common source to generate both audio and visual interfaces. Therefore, even if a single document contains both visual and audio elements, the elements must be maintained separately; any changes to one must be replicated in the other. FIG. 2 shows another approach to the problem, designated as 200 , that has proven to be generally inadequate. HTML Source 210 , representing existing Web content, can be accessed through one of two interfaces. First, as is well known in the art, Visual Browser 220 provides a visual interface for Monitor 230 . Second, Static Translation 240 provides an audio interface for Telephone 250 . Static Translation 240 is a copy of at least a portion of HTML Source 210 that has been manually altered to include audio elements. Someone examines HTML Source 210 , creates a corresponding audio interface, and then stores the audio interface in Static Translation 240 . A user who is interested in accessing HTML Source 210 through telephone 250 interacts with the audio interface provided by Static Translation 240 . The solution of FIG. 2 has the advantage of providing an audio interface without obligating HTML content providers (e.g., providers of HTML Source 210 ) with the responsibility of maintaining an audio interface. However, this approach imposes new problems that may be nearly equal to the one it proposes to solve. Like the approach in FIG. 1, a significant amount of work must be devoted to identifying HTML content of interest and then modifying that. Once the content has been initially modified, each time HTML Source 210 changes, corresponding changes must be made to the Static Translation 240 . Naturally, some delay will occur between the time HTML Source 210 changes and the corresponding modifications are made to Static Translation 240 . For content that changes frequently, such as information regarding financial markets, frequent and constant updating is a significant burden. Moreover, because of the incredible amount of HTML content available on the Web, only a small portion could be modified to include an audio interface and placed in Static Translation 240 , leaving vast Web content completely inaccessible to Telephone 250 . One area that may be particularly well-served by telephone access is the personal home page market, as it is becoming increasingly popular for content providers, such as Yahoo!, to offer personal Web home pages. These personal pages allow a user to select from a variety of content that is placed on a single Web page. For example, a user may chose to have current data regarding various financial markets, weather, sports stories, headlines, technology, calendaring, contacts, entertainment, travel, reference, etc., appear on a personal home page. By providing a single, convenient source of diverse information, these personal home pages are highly attractive. There is no end in sight for the increasing growth of the Internet nor is it likely that the Internet's expanding importance as a source of information will diminish any time soon. Considering the corresponding growth in cellular telephone use and the cellular telephone's convenient size, providing cellular access to the Internet in particular and electronic content in general would be a great benefit. Furthermore, public telephones also could provide beneficial Internet access for those who do not carry cellular telephones. However, the prior art lacks effective methods, systems, and computer program products for providing voice or audio interfaces to electronic content. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The problems in the prior state of the art have been successfully overcome by the present invention, which is directed to methods, systems, and computer program products for providing a voice interface to electronic documents. The present invention allows for access to existing electronic content without requiring any modification to the content source. Furthermore, the present invention allows for a common content source to incorporate both a visual and audio interface, without including separate markups for each interface, making the content source more easily maintained. Although embodiments of the present invention are described as applied to Web pages in an Internet context, the invention is not limited to any particular format of electronic information or any particular network typically used for accessing electronic content. In one preferred implementation, the present invention works with content that operates as an index to additional content, such as is typical with personal home pages. The present invention takes the content of a personal home page and creates a hierarchy of categories that are presented to a client. There is no requirement that the client is necessarily a person. For example, the client may be an intervening service needing an audio interface to electronic documents. The present invention generates an audio representation of the available categories and allows the client to select one. Navigating through the hierarchy, the client may eventually reach the bottom hierarchy level, with links pointing to content that includes text mixed with links. At this point, the present invention reports the number of links, and provides an audio representation of the text. Because creating categories requires some knowledge of the layout for personal home pages, Web content in general will not be mapped into various categories. For unmapped content, the present invention operates as described above with respect to text mixed with links, by reporting the number of links on a page and providing an audio representation of the page's text. Alternatively, a client may choose to hear an audio representation that only includes links. In response, the client may select a link of interest to follow. The present invention also provides a variety of global commands that are available to assist navigation. The foregoing methods, systems, and computer program products provide significant advantages over the prior art. Because the present invention provides an audio interface without requiring any modification to existing content, the telephone access will be readily available to the vast information available electronically. Moreover, the present invention also provides for organizing certain content by mapping links and text to a hierarchy of categories to aid navigation. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by practicing the invention as set forth below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more extensive description of the present invention, including the above-recited features, advantages, and objects, will be rendered with reference to the specific embodiments that are illustrated in the appended drawings. Because these drawings depict only exemplary embodiments, the drawings should not be construed as imposing any limitation on the present invention's scope. As such, the present invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a prior art solution for providing a voice interface to electronic content; FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing another prior art solution for providing a voice interface to electronic content; FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating the relationship of the present invention to other components used in accessing electronic content; FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing increased detail of the components that make up the present invention; FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention that includes the use of mapped categories; FIG. 6 is an example of electronic content that is used to describe the operation of the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5; FIG. 7 shows the portfolios portion of the content from FIG. 6 in greater detail; FIG. 8 shows the weather portion of the content from FIG. 6 in greater detail; FIG. 9 shows the headlines portion of the content from FIG. 6 in greater detail; FIG. 10 illustrates the hierarchy generated by the present invention for the content shown in FIGS. 6-9; FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a preferred embodiment of the present invention that does not include the use of mapped categories; and FIG. 12 is an example of electronic content that is used to describe the operation of the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention is describe below with reference to drawings. These drawings illustrate certain details of specific embodiments that implement the systems, methods, and computer program products of the present invention. However, describing the invention with drawings should not be construed as imposing, on the invention, any limitations that may be present in the drawings. For example, the embodiments that follow describe the present invention in the context of Web pages usually accessed over the Internet. Nevertheless, the scope of the present invention is not limited to electronic content formatted as Web pages nor is it limited to content that is ordinarily accessed through the Internet. The present invention relates to methods, systems, and computer program products for providing an audio interface to electronic content. Two embodiments are described below. Each embodiment is a significant advance over the prior art because no modification of the content's source is required. The first embodiment is most useful for content that is arranged as a hierarchical index, with broad topic indices leading to more specific topic indices and eventually to individual documents discussing a particular subject. The present invention creates a hierarchy of categories and indices. A corresponding audio representation allows a client to navigate through the content, where the client need not be a person. For example, the present invention could be accessible to other services needing a voice interface to electronic content. Upon reaching the bottom level in the index hierarchy, selection of a link leads to specific documents. Reaching specific documents introduces the operation of the second embodiment. Here, the present invention identifies the number of links and provides the user with an audio representation of the document text. A client may also choose to hear the links to navigate among various documents. Depending on the initial page identified by a client, the present invention may begin operating according to either of these two embodiments. Each embodiment includes the benefits of providing an audio interface to dynamic Web content without requiring providers to modify their documents. The embodiments of the present invention may comprise a special purpose or general-purpose computer comprising various computer hardware. Other embodiments within the scope of the present invention also include computer-readable media having computer-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such computer-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. When information is transferred or provided over a network or other communications connection to a computer, the computer properly views the connection as a computer-readable medium. Thus, such a connection is also properly termed a computer-readable medium. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. Computer-executable instructions comprise, for example, instructions and data which cause a general-purpose computer, special-purpose computer, or special-purpose processing device to perform a certain function or group of functions. The computer-executable instructions and associated data structures represent an example of program code means for executing the steps of the invention disclosed herein. The invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. Turning now to FIG. 3, an environment, including the present invention, for accessing electronic content is referenced generally as 300 . HTML Source 310 is an example of electronic content that is common to the Web. However, the invention imposes no particular requirement on the format of the content's source or on how the content typically is accessed. Visual Browser 320 accesses HTML Source 310 and provides a visual representation for Monitor 330 . Visual browsers, such as Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Netscape's Navigator are both well known in the art. Voice Browser 340 provides an audio interface to HTML Source 310 that is suitable for use by Telephone 350 . Alternatively, Voice Browser 340 could be used in conjunction with Visual Browser 320 to provide simultaneous visual and audio interfaces. Similarly, Visual Browser 320 could also be specialized to generate content that would be suitable for the limited space of a telephone display. Then, Visual Browser 320 and Voice Browser 340 could be used simultaneously through Telephone 350 . FIG. 4 shows some of the basic components that make up Voice Browser 340 . In addition to the following relatively brief treatment, the operation of these basic components will be described in greater detail with respect to the flow chart of FIGS. 5 . Line/Call Manager 410 is responsible for establishing and maintaining telephone connections. Text to Speech 420 converts the text it receives to speech that can be communicated to a client and is an example of processor means for generating an audio representation of electronic content. Text to Speech 420 may also include some prerecorded speech. For example, prerecorded speech could be used for frequently used words, links, text or prompts. Modules for implementing both Line/Call Manager 410 and Text to Speech 420 are well known in their respective arts. Document Parsing and Audio Layout 430 receives electronic content and identifies any text and links included within the electronic content and is an example of processor means for parsing electronic documents. (Links are content elements that lead to other locations in the same document or to other documents entirely. HTML links, for example, create locations within a document's visual representation that may be selected to further explore the link's subject, such a defining a word or leading to related material.) The audio layout portion may organize certain content into a hierarchy as an aid to navigation and is an example of processor means for mapping any text and links identified into one or more categories. Speech Recognition 440 interprets the audio or voice data received from a client so that Command Processing 450 can execute the client's request. Speech Recognition 440 is an example of processor means for receiving a spoken instruction from a client. Modules for implementing Speech Recognition 440 are well known in the respective art. Command Processing 450 may also perform various general control functions and coordinate the operation of other components. Document Retrieval Protocols 460 request and receive the electronic content of interest and are examples of processor means for obtaining electronic documents and for following links. These Document Retrieval Protocols 460 are also well known in the art of accessing electronic content, especially in the context of HTML documents. As described in FIGS. 3 and 4, Voice Browser 340 provides an audio interface without imposing the limitations found in prior art solutions. Specifically, Voice Browser 340 does not require content providers to modify their documents to support a voice interface. Therefore, the dynamic content of the Web is available to Voice Brower 340 at the same instant it is available to Visual Brower 320 . How Voice Browser 340 operates to create an audio interface is described more fully with reference to FIG. 5 . All acts shown in the flow chart of FIG. 5 will be described by using the document shown generally in FIG. 6, and more specifically in FIGS. 7-9. Because each figure number is incorporated into individual references, i.e., reference 650 appears in FIG. 6 and reference 940 appears in FIG. 9, the specific figure number may be inferred and therefore may not be explicitly identified in the discussion that follows. It should also be noted that while the steps of FIG. 5 are shown sequentially, there is no requirement that one step be completed prior to the next step beginning. For example, the prompts can be interrupted or anticipated by making a selection before the prompt finishes or before it even begins. FIG. 6 is an example of content that provides hierarchical indices leading to more textually oriented material and is suitable for enhanced mapping. In step 510 , a particular document is identified or selected. For example, Text to Speech 420 may prompt the client to select or request a desired source of information. Options include unified messaging, home page, favorites, etc. Prompts for unified messaging, home page, favorites, etc., are examples prompts that may be prerecorded and included in Text to Speech 420 . In response, the client selects the personal home page shown in FIG. 6 . The present invention can also include a variety of global spoken navigation commands, such as fast forward, rewind, cancel, forward, back, home, links, fax, telephone, and email. Fax, telephone, and email are instructions to fax, telephone (voice mail), or email the current document's contents, or some portion thereof, in audio and/or visual form based on what is appropriate for the particular instruction given, to someone selected from the client's contact list; the other terms retain their ordinary meaning. For example, an instruction to fax would send a visual representation of at least a portion of the document's contents to the fax recipient. Links is a request to hear a page's links only rather than its text. Next, in step 520 , Document Retrieval Protocols 460 retrieve or obtain the document. No particular protocols are imposed according to the present invention. For example, the document may be stored locally, stored on a local area network, stored on a private wide area network, or stored on the Internet. The document shown in FIG. 6 is retrieved from the Internet. Having obtained the requested document, in step 530 Document Parsing & Audio Layout 430 next parses the content to identify any title, any text, any links, and any link names included within the document. A link name is simply the text that forms the link. For example, “Weather” is the link name of Weather category 810 . Parsing the retrieved document to identify title, text, links, and link names that may be present illustrates how an audio interface may be provided without requiring changes to the document source. In conjunction with the other aspects of the present invention, this allows immediate audio access to dynamic visual content that otherwise would be unavailable in the prior art. Once parsed, in step 540 the text and links included within the document are mapped to various categories. FIG. 6 identifies the categories present in the selected document and also shows some portions of the document that are filtered out and ignored. Top Banner 610 and Bottom Banner 660 include a variety of images and other content that is not particularly suitable for voice interaction. However, the enhanced mapping identifies three categories of information stored on the page, Portfolios 630 , Weather 640 , and Headlines 650 . Each of the categories may also include content that is ignored. For example, Graphic 840 (see FIG. 8) is eliminated because there is no speech analog, although alternate information provided within the image tag, such as the text of the “alt” attribute, could be used. Search Fields and Instructions 770 and 850 (see FIGS. 7 & 8) are eliminated because it is impractical to enter this type of data by speaking into a telephone. There are a variety of ways to identify the page content that should be mapped. For example, it may be possible to use HTML tags, including attributes, as an indication of various categories. The enhanced mapping feature of the present invention for My Yahoo! pages looks for a tag with a particular background color attribute. Other mappings may use other HTML tags and/or tag attributes to identify categories. While enhanced mapping beyond the default mapping provided by parsing text and links requires some degree of customization, a single mapping can be used for all corresponding pages provided by a site. Thus, a single My Yahoo! enhanced mapping provides enhanced mapping for all My Yahoo! pages. FIG. 10 shows the hierarchy created by enhanced mapping of the document shown in FIG. 6 . The Categories 1010 include Portfolios 710 , Weather 810 , and my Front Page Headlines 910 . The First-level of Links 1020 includes Quotes 720 within the Portfolios 710 category, Salt Lake City, Utah 820 within the Weather 810 category, and Top Stories from Reuters 920 , Tech News from News.com 930 , and Top Sport Stories from AP 940 within the my Front Page Headlines 910 category. The Second-level of Links 1030 includes DJIA 730 and NASDAQ 750 within the Quotes 720 first-level of Portfolios 710 and the individual story headlines 922 - 926 , 932 - 936 , 942 - 946 within the first-level links Top Stories from Reuters 920 , Tech News from News.com 930 , and Top Sport Stories from AP 940 all within the My Front Page Headlines 910 category. The Text of Stories 1040 are documents that are produced by selecting any of the Second-level Links 1030 . In step 550 , Text to Speech 420 generates the audio representation that corresponds to the document. It is not necessary that all of the audio representation be generated at one time. For example, a portion of the audio may be generated and communicated to the client while another portion is being generated. The audio may also be generated on demand as each level in the mapped hierarchy is accessed. Next, in steps 560 - 590 , Text to Speech 420 prompts the client to make various selections from categories 1010 , First-level Links 1020 , and Second-level Links 1030 to reach Text of Stories 1040 . Again, some of these prompts may be prerecorded. Because each of the categories shown in FIGS. 7-9 includes options that may not be relevant to or available in other categories, steps 560 - 590 will be discussed separately for FIG. 7, FIG. 8, and FIG. 9 . Thus, steps 560 - 590 represent all possible choices. For certain documents, some of the steps may not be required. The foregoing description presumes that the selections made in steps 560 - 580 do not result in a document that is mapped. Assuming that a client chooses Portfolios 710 in response to the category selection prompt in step 560 , the following will occur. Because Portfolios 710 includes only a single first-level link, Quotes 710 , prompting in step 570 is skipped, but the text of Quotes 710 played, and the client will be prompted to select a second-level link, either DJIA 730 or NASDAQ 750 (i.e., “Quotes, please choose from DJIA or NASDAQ”). In step 590 , choosing DJIA 730 will play audio of Text 740 and choosing NASDAQ 750 will play audio of Text 760 . However, DJIA 730 and NASDAQ 750 are also links. Although choosing the Links global command would not alter the choices offered, it would alter the action taken by making a selection. In this case choosing DJIA 730 or NASDAQ 750 would follow the respective links rather than playing the audio representation of Text 740 or Text 760 . Selecting Weather 810 at step 560 similarly leads to skipped steps. However, in this case, both steps 570 and steps 580 are skipped because Salt Lake City, Utah 820 is the only first-level link and there are no second-level links. Therefore, selecting Weather 810 will result in the audio representation of Text 830 being played (i.e., “Salt Lake City, Utah, 49 to 82 F”) at step 590 . A Links command could also be issued here to identify Salt Lake City, Utah 820 , but the link would only be followed if the client explicitly selected it. In contrast, selecting My Front Page Headlines 910 at step 560 does not result in any skipped steps. In step 570 , the client will be prompted to select from the first-level links Top Stories from Reuters 920 , Tech News from News.com 930 , and Top Sports Stories from AP 940 . Selecting any of these first-level links in step 570 will result in step 580 prompting for the stories associated with the first-level link. For example, selecting Top Sport Stories from AP 940 in step 570 will lead to step 580 prompting the client to select from NL Playoffs Notebook 942 , NFL Roundup 944 , and America's Cup Enters Third Day 946 . In step 590 , an audio representation of the document text corresponding to the selection made in step 580 will be played to the client. Portfolios 710 , Weather 810 , and My Front Page Headlines 910 present a large amount of information to the client. As the client moves from one category to another, each category presents an increasing number of links or options. In a visual environment, it is a relatively simple matter for the client to scan a page and remember the links or options that are currently available. However, in an audio representation, it is significantly more difficult to keep the links and options of one page separate from the links and options of another page. Therefore, one aspect of the present invention accumulates all links and options from certain pages that are visited and makes the accumulated links and options of a previously visited page available in a subsequent page. Accumulation is desirable because “pages” are a visual motif that does not necessarily carry over into an audio representation. Particularly in a personal home page environment, a client may view the personal home page as simply a monolithic source of information. Someone familiar with the available content who is moving between various levels in the hierarchy, may find an explicit requirement of returning to a particular page, for the sole purpose of selecting a link or other option from that page, cumbersome or even annoying. Therefore, accumulation preserves the organizational benefits of hierarchical organization-the client continues to be informed regarding the content of a particular page-without limiting the availability of links to only those present on the particular page. For example, selecting the NL Playoffs Notebook 942 link of Top Sport Stories from AP 940 found in the category My Front Page Headlines 910 , will lead to the NL Playoffs Notebook document. That document contains both text and links that are available to the client. In a typical visual browser, if the client next wanted to choose category Weather 810 , the user would need to return to Web Page 600 first. However, the present invention, by accumulating links, would allow the client to select Weather 810 from the NL Playoffs Notebook document since Web Page 600 had been previously visited. In a preferred embodiment, accumulation is limited to certain predetermined Web content that would benefit from the feature, such as personal home pages. In contrast to FIG. 5, FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating the operation of a preferred embodiment of the present invention that provides only the default mapping of separating text and links. In step 1110 , a client selects the option of starting with a list of favorite Internet sites. Text to Speech 420 prompts the user to select one of the sites listed, step 1120 . As before, in step 1130 the document is retrieved using the protocols that are appropriate given the document's location. Again, as before, the content is parsed in step 1140 to identify any title, any links, any link names, and any text included in the document. FIG. 12 is an example of Electronic Content 1200 that is useful in describing the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 11 . Parsing step 1140 identifies title 1240 (HTML titles are indicated by explicit tags), links and corresponding link names 1210 , 1220 , and 1230 , as well as the document text. With these various elements identified, audio representation of Electronic Content 1200 is generated in step 1150 . Once generated, the document title is reported in step 1160 and is followed by reporting the number of links in step 1170 . Just as with the description of FIG. 5, parsing the retrieved document to identify any title, any text, any links, and any corresponding link names that may be present shows how an audio interface may be provided without requiring changes to the document source. Together with the other aspect of the present invention, this provides immediate audio access to dynamic, visually-oriented, content that otherwise would be inaccessible to the prior art. In the case of the Electronic Content 1200 , the present invention reports the document title as Guide to Filing a Utility Patent Application 1240 . There are three links, named U.S. Patent and Trademark Office 1210 , www.uspto.gov 1220 , and Patent and Trademark Depository Library 1230 . Then, in step 1180 , an audio representation of the electronic document's text is played for or communicated to the user. In the case of Electronic Content 1200 , this text includes everything except the title 1240 . The client may also choose the global Links command, to hear an audio representation of the three links, 1210 , 1220 , and 1230 . By choosing a link, the client instructs the present invention to follow the link, as in step 1120 , beginning audio interface process anew at step 1130 . The present invention may be embodied in other forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. As properly understood, the preceding description of specific embodiments is illustrative only and in no way restrictive. For example, using Web pages accessible over the Internet to describe the present invention does not limit the invention to any specific format of electronic content or any particular means of accessing electronic content. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims as follows.

4y

[0001] This application claims priority to and incorporates by reference U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/630,316 filed Nov. 23, 2004. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention relate generally to centering reactive forces in a spring. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Three basic types of coil compression springs are known in the industry. An open end spring consists of a wire coil which typically follows a single helix angle to the end of the wire. An unground, closed end spring has an end with a reduced angle so the wire end touches the last coil of the spring. In a ground, closed end spring, the face of the final coil is shaped and ground flat such that when the face touches the last coil of the spring, a flat spring surface is produced that is substantially square to the central axis of the main helix. Most standard automotive suspension springs are open end springs as they are relatively inexpensive to produce. In contrast, most high-performance springs used in racecars are ground, closed end springs. [0004] Typically, as a load is applied to compress a coil spring, the reactive force is not distributed evenly across the face of the spring. Where this load concentration occurs on the spring varies with the type of spring used. For example, in an open end spring the reactive force is concentrated between the end of the spring and the point at which the load leaves contact with the spring. As the load is increased, this point moves away from the end tip of the spring. In closed end springs, the reactive force is concentrated primarily at or near the end tip. The consequences of this uneven loading are illustrated in lateral or offset loads such as in vehicle suspension systems. In general, a vehicle suspension system is provided with a helical compression spring designed to provide a coil axis that coincides with the direction of reaction force of the spring. In a strut-type suspension system, a shock absorber is employed as a strut for positioning the vehicle's wheels. If there is a displacement between the load axis and the strut axis, a bending moment is exerted on the strut. This lateral force may prevent the piston from sliding smoothly in the guide to act as a shock absorber. [0005] One of the most highly used coil springs types is the “closed and ground” style spring, shown illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B between fixed parallel load surfaces 40 and 44 . In spring 8 the last coil 11 is wound at a helical angle shallower than that of the main body of the spring 8 in order to allow the cut end 12 of the wire to touch the end of the previous coil. The last coil 11 —the “end coil”—is then ground to produce a surface that is substantially flat and preferably square; (i.e. perpendicular) to the spring central axis C. Often the opposing end is ground in the same manner. It has always been presumed that producing such a precision surface would centralize the spring reactive loads, and minimize the potential for the production of undesirable lateral loads. [0006] However, in springs of this type, as illustrated by vector arrows in FIG. 1A , the reactive force produced within the wire of the spring in the compressed (stressed) state is actually concentrated near the cut wire end, in the area of the overlap between the last active coil and the end coil 14 , and does not spread over the full face of the end coil in an equal manner. As a result, the virtual spring load axis V L ( FIG. 1A ) in these springs is resolved at an angle, or an offset, to the spring central axis C, with that angle or offset dependent on many factors in the design of the spring, the bearing surfaces against which it is loaded, and the load level. The offset load axis produces highly undesirable side loads (lateral loads) upon those load bearing surfaces, which decrease the spring efficiency, for example by increasing frictional losses in most devices upon which that spring is loaded. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] One preferred embodiment of the present invention, provides a method for centering the reactive force of a coil spring to an applied load. The method provides a coil spring which defines a spring natural centerline. The spring has opposing ends and at least one end coil with an end coil tip. Opposing loads with parallel load axes and at least one fixed load surface are applied to the opposing ends of the spring. The spring natural centerline is maintained parallel to the applied load axes. The end coil is initially engaged to at least one of the applied loads at a point substantially opposite the end coil tip. [0008] In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, a coil spring and an applied load are combined. A plurality of helically wound coils define a spring with a natural centerline and at least one end coil. The end coil defines an end coil tip. A load is applied parallel to the natural centerline with at least one fixed load surface, wherein the applied load initially engages the end coil at a point substantially opposite the end coil tip. [0009] Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention shall become apparent from the detailed drawings and descriptions provided herein. Each embodiment described herein is not intended to address every object described herein, and each embodiment does not include each feature described. Some or all of these features may be present in the corresponding independent or dependent claims, but should not be construed to be a limitation unless expressly recited in a particular claim. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a prior art closed end ground spring between fixed load surfaces. [0011] FIG. 2A illustrates a prior art closed end ground spring between a fixed load surface and a non-fixed load surface. [0012] FIG. 2B illustrates a prior art closed end ground spring between two non-fixed load surfaces. [0013] FIGS. 3-5 illustrate a sequence of load distribution of a spring according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. [0014] FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate a sequence of load distribution of a spring according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention. [0015] FIGS. 7A-7C illustrate a sequence of load distribution of a spring according to a third less preferred embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0016] For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiments illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, and alterations and modifications in the illustrated device and method and further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein, are herein contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates. [0017] Coil springs are used in a variety of applications. For example, in the vehicle industry, they are used in suspension systems with struts, or in a different application with valves and valve lifter assemblies. Such uses prefer to maximize efficient spring performance, for example, balancing spring weight and size for a desired load and reaction. In order to reduce or eliminate the lateral loads which result when using prior art springs, the end coil or engagement method can be pre-arranged and allowed to flex relative to the spring natural centerline to reach a perpendicular or “square” orientation as the spring accepts loads upon its full face. The allowance for flexing, or the ability to “tilt” to square relative to the spring central axis upon loading, allows the force developed within the stressed spring wire to distribute itself evenly around the face of the end coil. Once the loading is evenly distributed, the spring load, by definition, is centered on the spring central axis, and lateral load production is eliminated. [0018] In some cases, the surface upon which the spring acts can be designed to allow this desired end coil flexing or tilting ability apart from the spring. Examples of spring perch devices which allow tilting apart from the spring through a mechanical movement can be seen in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/205,163, filed Jul. 25, 2002. At present, these tilting spring “perches” are in use in the automobile and motorcycle racing industry to decrease frictional losses in spring-over-damper assemblies (“coilovers”), with the result being increased tire grip, and faster lap times. There are, however, many applications within which separate spring perches cannot be physically fit due to space restrictions, or where operating conditions are too severe for long-term operation reliability. [0019] Preferably, embodiments of the present invention automatically center the load on a coil spring from at least one, or alternately two, fixed load surfaces through modification of the physical construction of the spring, or modification of the engagement between the spring and the surfaces through which the external load is applied. Equal distribution of an applied load can be produced by “pre-tilting” or “reverse tilting” the end coils or the load surfaces in such a manner that the end coils flex as desired during the initial application of the designed load. In certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, it is possible to significantly reduce the development of undesirable lateral loads by pre-tilting or reverse tilting the end coil of the spring or the load surface in a manner that will produce concentric and equal loading about the face of that end coil at a specified load level, and near-concentric loading at load levels somewhat lesser and greater than that specified load. Alternately, the engagement with the load surface can be configured to create a tilted effect. [0020] In contrast to two opposing fixed load surfaces, FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate arrangements of a square ground spring between at least one fixed surface and a free-to-tilt surface, such as a spring perch, or between two free-to-tilt surfaces respectively. In an arrangement between a fixed surface and a tiltable spring perch, the tilting action of the spring perch distributes the load on the spring face at one end of the spring, reducing the offset of the virtual load axis, and causing the virtual load axis to be in greater, although not complete, alignment with the spring natural centerline. In an arrangement between two tiltable spring perches, the offset of the virtual load axis at each end is substantially eliminated by the tilting movement of the perches which distribute the opposing loads on the spring face, and causes the virtual load axis to be substantially aligned with the spring natural centerline. This distribution does not occur between a spring end and a fixed load surface. Certain preferred embodiments of the present invention are used with at least one, and alternately two, fixed load surfaces. [0021] In greater detail, FIG. 2A illustrates one embodiment of the present invention, with a square ground spring 8 between a fixed lower surface 44 and a non-fixed upper load applying surface 40 ′. In the illustration, the spring upper load application surface 40 ′ is free to tilt with the end coil during application of the upper external load 42 ′ in response to the spring reactive forces. For the purpose of clarity, the external load 42 ′ is shown to be a point applied at the plane across a surface on the upper end coil 11 of the spring. A spring ID or “inner diameter” flange 13 is illustrated with each load surface as an example means to retain the spring perch in position. [0022] As the load is applied, the load application surface 40 ′ tilts in response to the spring reactive forces until those forces become equally distributed about the face of the end coil, at which time the applied load V L ′ and the spring reactive forces are in equilibrium at the spring upper surface, and the spring reactive force at the spring upper surface is centered at the point of external load application and is coincides with the spring natural centerline C at that upper surface. In contrast, the lower load surface 44 is fixed and does not tilt with the lower end coil. This results in the spring reactive virtual load axis V L ′ being offset from the spring centerline C when the spring is loaded. The offset of the virtual load axis V L ′ has been substantially reduced compared to FIG. 1 , and is now in substantially greater agreement with the spring natural centerline C. [0023] FIG. 2B illustrates a square ground spring 8 between two non-fixed load application surfaces such as spring perches 40 ′ and 44 ′. In the illustration, both perches are free to tilt with the end coils during compression. For the purpose of clarity, the external loads 42 ′ and 46 ′ are shown to be points applied to the spring perches at the planes describing the coil surfaces. As the external load is applied, the load application surfaces tilt in response to the spring reactive forces until those forces become equally distributed about the faces of the end coils, at which time the virtual load axis V L ′ is in agreement with the natural spring centerline C. This distribution does not occur if the load application surfaces are fixed. [0024] A spring according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in a side view in FIG. 3 in combination with parallel fixed load surfaces 40 and 44 . Spring 10 is formed of a helical wire or metal coil wound with substantially equal turning angles except for the end coils. Upper end coil 20 is wound in a shallower or a horizontally “reverse” angle to the coil angles of the remainder of spring 10 , so that upper wire tip 22 contacts the adjacent or prior coil. The reverse angle can be characterized as offset in a direction across an axis perpendicular to the spring natural centerline, the direction being opposite the turning angle direction of the other coils. Similarly, lower end coil 30 is wound with a reverse angle so that lower wire tip 32 contacts the adjacent or prior coil. For the sake of clarity, the illustration shows the upper and lower tip ends wound to end in symmetric positions 180 degrees apart. In actual practice, the ends may be clocked at positions other than symmetrical. [0025] In spring 10 , the upper end coil 20 is arranged so it is “reverse-tilted” at an angle θ 1 extending from upper wire tip 22 to the diametrically opposed point 24 of end coil 20 . Preferably this angle is slightly offset from perpendicular to the spring central axis A 1 . As illustrated in FIG. 3 , when the spring is oriented vertically, the perceived tilt of spring 10 results in the highest point or point of initial contact 50 with upper load surface 40 being a point 24 substantially diametrically opposite the tip 22 . For upper end coil 20 , the reverse angle θ 1 places end coil tip 22 below a line which intersects a point 24 substantially opposite coil tip 22 and which is perpendicular to the spring centerline A 1 . [0026] In one preferred embodiment, upper coil 20 is ground so that opposed point 24 is higher, i.e., has less grinding, than does wire tip 22 . The angle θ 1 that can be ground will be limited by the thickness of the wire and the end coil winding angle. [0027] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates spring 10 between parallel, fixed orientation load surfaces 40 and 44 . Although not shown for clarity, spring 10 is maintained “vertical” or with axis A 1 perpendicular to the load surfaces, and in inhibited from tilting as an entire structure. In certain embodiments, contact points 50 and 60 are retained from lateral movement. The retention can occur through friction, or for example with an ID guide 13 such as shown in FIG. 2B , an outer diameter guide, a fastener, a bracket, a seat, a flange or a similar physical restraint. [0028] As further illustrated in FIG. 3 , when the spring is oriented vertically, the perceived resulting lowest point or point of initial contact 60 with lower load surface 44 is opposing point 34 . Preferably, the lower end coil 30 is ground at a parallel angle θ 1 to the upper end coil 20 . For example, lower end coil 30 is ground at an angle extending from lower wire tip 32 to the diametrically substantially opposed point 34 of end coil 30 . In the illustrated embodiment, lower coil 30 is ground so that opposed point 34 is lower than wire tip 32 . [0029] Preferably, the size, material, and tilt angles of spring 10 are selected and designed to distribute a specified applied load applied through load surfaces 40 and 44 to centralized distribution along natural spring center axis A, and to substantially eliminate lateral loading in a desired or preferred load range for the spring. [0030] In one less preferred embodiment, a closed-end, unground spring with pre-tilted end coils is used. In an alternate, less preferred embodiment, an open end spring with pre-tilted end coils is used. In these embodiments, the upper and lower faces of the spring are pre-tilted by angling the upper and lower end coils from a base point in the coil adjacent the wire tip so that the end coil is tilted at an angle so that a point opposite the wire tip is higher or lower, respectively, than the corresponding upper or lower wire tip. [0031] A load distribution progression as a designed load X is applied between two fixed parallel load surfaces 40 and 44 to spring 10 is illustrated in FIGS. 3-5 . FIG. 3 shows spring 10 at the instant of initial contact with the load surfaces 40 and 44 . The initial contact points 50 and 60 are approximately 180 degrees circumferentially away from the upper and lower wire ends 22 and 32 respectively. In this position, no load is yet applied to the spring and a gap exists between the coil end tips 22 and 32 and the load surfaces. [0032] FIG. 4 shows the upper and lower end coils 20 and 30 in full contact with the load surfaces 40 and 44 at the instant that a pre-calculated portion (illustrated as “X-x”), for example with x=½, of the designed load X is applied. At this instant, a pre-calculated portion of the design load X has been absorbed by the flexing of the upper coil 20 and lower coil 30 from an angled upper and lower arrangement to a substantially flat or parallel engagement to load surfaces 40 and 44 . At this point, there is zero or near zero load applied at tip contact points 52 and 62 between load surfaces 40 and 44 and the wire ends 22 and 32 . The effective load axis L 1 is angled between initial contact points 50 and 60 under this applied load. [0033] FIG. 5 shows the spring 10 partially compressed to accept the fully applied design load X. At this instant, in the example of x=½, substantially one-half of the applied load X is spread over one-half of the end coil face symmetrically around the circumference to either side of the respective initial contact points 50 and 60 , and one-half of the applied load X is spread over the end coil face symmetrically around the circumference to either side of the tip contact points 52 and 62 . Preferably at this instant and load, the applied load is evenly distributed over substantially the full face of the end coils, the load axis L 1 is centralized with the spring central axis A 1 and preferably there are no lateral loads produced. [0034] A second preferred embodiment with tilted or offset from perpendicular fixed load application surfaces is illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6C . FIG. 6A illustrates a side view of a standard closed-and-ground spring 110 with the ground end coil surfaces substantially perpendicular to the spring central axis A 2 . In this example, the load axis is parallel with the spring axis A 2 ; however, the fixed load-applying surfaces 140 and 144 are tilted or offset at a reverse angle θ 2 measured from a line perpendicular to spring axis A 2 . Angle θ 2 is calculated for a particular spring and the designed load level. In this example, points 124 and 134 are substantially opposite the coil end tips 122 and 132 and are arranged to contact the load applying surfaces first. [0035] A load distribution progression as a designed load X is applied between two tilted load surfaces 140 and 144 to spring 110 is illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6C . For the sake of clarity, guides to keep the spring central axis A 2 in alignment with the load direction are omitted. FIG. 6A shows spring 110 at the instant of initial contact with the load surfaces 140 and 144 . For illustration the initial contact points 150 and 160 are approximately 180 degrees circumferentially away from the upper and lower wire ends 122 and 132 respectively. In this position, no load is yet applied to the spring. [0036] FIG. 6B shows the upper and lower end coils 120 and 130 in full contact with the load surfaces 140 and 144 at the instant pre-calculated portion X-x of the design load X has been absorbed by the flexing of the upper coil 120 and lower coil 130 from substantially flat upper and lower surface to a tilted or parallel engagement to load surfaces 140 and 144 . At this point, there is zero or near zero load applied at tip contact points 152 and 162 between load surfaces 140 and 144 and the wire ends 122 and 132 . The effective load axis L 2 is angled between initial contact points 150 and 160 under this pre-calculated load. [0037] FIG. 6C shows the spring 110 partially compressed to accept the fully applied design load X. At this instant, with an example of x=½, substantially one-half of the applied load X is spread over one-half of the end coil face around the face circumference symmetrically to either side of the respective initial contact points 150 and 160 , and one-half of the applied load X is spread over the end coil face for one-forth of the face circumference to either side of the tip contact points 152 and 162 at the points of closure. Preferably at this instant and load, the applied load X is evenly distributed over substantially the full face of the end coils, with the load axis L 2 centralized with the spring central axis A 2 , and preferably there are no lateral loads produced. [0038] A third, less preferred embodiment illustrating a combination using tapered shims to create the effect of a tilted load engagement between fixed load application surfaces and a spring is illustrated in FIGS. 7A through 7C . FIG. 7A illustrates a side view of a standard closed-and-ground spring 210 with the ground end coil surfaces substantially square to the spring central axis A 3 . For simplicity of illustration, the fixed load-applying surfaces 240 and 244 are substantially parallel or square to the spring and perpendicular to central axis A 3 . Tapered shims 270 and 280 each have a load engaging surface and a spring engaging surface. The load engaging surface and the spring engaging surface are non-parallel, and are tapered at an angle θ 3 . Angle θ 3 is calculated for the desired spring and the desired load level. Angle θ 3 is a reverse angle slightly offset from perpendicular to spring axis A 3 In this example, points 224 and 234 are substantially opposite coil end tips 222 and 232 , and arranged to contact the applied loads, via the shims, first. [0039] As illustrated, shims 270 and 280 are shown with perpendicular surfaces abutting load surfaces 240 and 244 and a gap between end coil tips 222 and 232 and the load surfaces. Alternately, the shims can be reversed so that the perpendicular surfaces abut end coils 220 and 230 , yet still define a reverse angle and a gap between the end coil tips 222 and 232 and the load surfaces. In a preferred embodiment, two shims are used between two fixed, parallel load surfaces; alternately one shim can be used for a partial effect or alternately a combination may have one shim at one end of a spring and a reverse tilted end coil or reverse tilted load surface engaged at the opposing end. [0040] Preferably, the shim engaging sides are configured to matingly engage with the load surface and the spring end coil surface respectively. In this context, the shim surface is configured when engaged to have a substantially continuous contact with the respective surface. For example, in a closed-end spring, the engagement may be substantially planar. In an open end spring, the shim may have a helically matched surface to mate with an end coil. Although not shown for clarity, the shims optionally include flanges, such as the ID guides 13 shown in FIG. 2B , engaging the inside or outside of the spring coil to maintain the position of the shims to the spring. [0041] A load distribution progression as a designed load X is applied between two fixed and shimmed load surfaces 240 and 244 to spring 210 is illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C . FIG. 7A shows spring 210 at the instant of initial contact with shims 270 and 280 between the spring and load surfaces 240 and 244 . The initial contact points 250 and 260 are approximately 180 degrees circumferentially away from the upper and lower wire tip ends 222 and 232 respectively. In this position, no load is yet applied to the spring. [0042] The load surfaces are illustrated as parallel to each other and perpendicular to the load axis for ease of reference in the present example. Alternately, the load surfaces may be tilted with respect to a line perpendicular to the axis. Alternately the spring and the load surfaces may be tilted with respect to each other and/or with respect to the perpendicular to the spring centerline. In these arrangements, the angle θ 3 of each shim may be configured to compensate. [0043] FIG. 7B shows the upper and lower end coils 220 and 230 in full contact with the parallel shimmed load surfaces 240 and 244 at the instant pre-calculated portion X-x of the design load X (for example with x=½) has been absorbed by the flexing of the upper coil 220 and lower coil 230 from a substantially flat upper and lower surface orientation to a tilted or parallel engagement to engage the spring engagement surfaces 272 and 282 of the shims. At this point, there is zero or near zero load applied at tip contact points 252 and 262 between shim engagement surfaces 272 and 282 and the wire ends 222 and 232 . The effective load axis is substantially angled between initial contact points 250 and 260 under this pre-calculated load. [0044] FIG. 7C shows the spring 210 partially compressed to accept the fully applied design load X. At this instant, in the example of x=½, substantially one-half of the applied load X is spread over one-half of the end coil face for one-forth of the face circumference to either side of the respective initial contact points 250 and 260 , and one-half of the applied load X is spread over the end coil face for one-forth of the face circumference to either side of the tip contact points 252 and 262 at the points of closure. Preferably at this instant and load, the applied load X is evenly distributed over substantially the full face of the end coils, the load axis L 3 is centralized at the spring central axis A 3 , and preferably there are no lateral loads produced. [0045] While the invention has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiment have been shown and described and that all changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the invention are desired to be protected. The articles “a”, “an”, “said” and “the” are not limited to a singular element, and include one or more such element.

4y

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 173,483 filed Mar. 25, 1988, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a novel antibacterial polypeptide which is obtained from a body fluid of an insect and more particularly from flesh fly (Sarcophaga peregrina). 2. Related Arts It has been known that a certain antibacterial substance will appear in a body fluid, when a vaccine is inoculated to an invertebrate such as insecta ["Eur. J. Biochem." Vol. 106, page 7 (1980)]. The present inventor has also found that the Sarcophaga peregrina produces a certain antibacterial polypeptide in its body fluid, when a larva of the insect is injured in its body wall. The polypeptide was isolated and purified and its physicochemical properties have been investigated [see Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 59-13730 (A) published Jan. 24, 1984 and 61-122299 (A) published Jun. 10, 1986]. Since the polypeptide induced in the insect shows a wide antibacterial spectrum and almost no toxicity, the substance has been expected to be an edible antibiotic. Its yield, however, is rather low. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A primary objective of the invention is to provide a novel antibacterial polypeptide isolated from the body fluid of the Sarcophaga peregrina larvae and which has a wide antibacterial spectrum, low toxicity and can be obtained in with higher yield than the molecules disclosed in the prior art described above. According to the invention, the objective is accomplished by the discovery of an antibacterial polypeptide obtained from Sarcophaga peregrina injured in its body wall and having ______________________________________a) a molecular weight of about 7000, as estimated (identified) by SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, andb) an amino acid composition of Asp + Asn 12.6 (mol %) Thr 3.8 Ser 7.7 Glu + Gln 9.9 Pro 8.1 Gly 15.9 Ala 2.1 Cys 0 Val 4.6 Met 0 Ile 1.3 Leu 3.9 Tyr 5.1 Phe 5.7 Lys 6.8 His 3.1 Arg 9.3 Trp 0.______________________________________ This polypeptide shows an antibacterial activity which is comparable with that of the polypeptide (molecular weight of about 4000) disclosed in the Japanese patent publications identified above, has a relatively low toxicity and excellent thermal stability. The polypeptide of the present invention can be obtained in a manner similar to that disclosed in said prior art, namely by rearing pupae or larvae of Sarcophaga peregrina over a certain period of time, thereafter injuring its body wall, drawing out the body fluid or homogenizing a whole body, removing solids to obtain a liquid component, and finally fractionating the liquid component by ion-exchange chromatography and HPLC reverse-phase chromatography to collect fractions with an antibacterial activity. The reason the pupae or larvae, instead of the mature form (imago) of Sarcophaga peregrina, was selected as the producing insect is because it is known in the art that antibacterial polypeptides are also produced when an imago of the insect is injured in its body, but the specific activities of the induced polypeptides are lower in comparison with those produced by the pupa or larva thereof. The time from the insect injury to the time when the body fluid is taken out or the whole body of the insect is homogenized has been selected to give a sufficient period of time for production of the desired antibacterial polypeptide. The preferred rearing period in this instance is 24 to 48 hours. The reduction of antibacterial activity of the produced polypeptide will occur when the rearing period is too long. The ion-exchange chromatography is carried out in a multi-step manner. In its last step, two activity peaks are eluted and collected from the CM Sepharose column. The first peak, consisting of fractions showing relatively high antibacterial activity, has been purified by HPLC reverse-phase chromatography to give an antibacterial polypeptide having a molecular weight of about 4000. This polypeptide was disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 59-13730 (A) and 61-122299 (A). The second peak consisting of fractions showing relatively low antibacterial activity has been purified by reverse-phase HPLC in a similar manner. It has been found unexpectedly that this peak contains the antibacterial polypeptide having a molecular weight of about 7000 and amino acid composition disclosed above. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the elution pattern of antibacterial polypeptides from a second CM cellulose column. The fractions have been eluted with a linear gradient of NaCl in phosphate buffer. The absorbance at 280 nm and an antibacterial activity of each fraction are presented; FIG. 2 is similar to FIG. 1 with the exception that it shows the relationship of the absorbance of each fraction eluted with a linear gradient of ammonium formate solution from a CM cellulose column and corresponding antibacterial activity. Peak C-II was originally loaded on the column. FIG. 3 shows a resolution profile of the C-III peak on reverse-phase HPLC. An acetonitrile linear gradient has been used for desorption of polypeptides from the column. FIG. 4 is a comparison of anti-virus activities of pooled peaks A, B and C in FIG. 3 and a known antibacterial polypeptide having molecular weight of about 4000 plotted against amount of tested substance. FIG. 5 shows the results of SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of purified novel peptide M.W. 7000 and known peptide M.W. 4000. Bars at the left indicate positions of molecular weight markers run in parallel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The invention will be explained further with reference to an Example for obtaining an antibacterial polypeptide, as well as Test Examples. EXAMPLE 1) Preparation of Raw Material A body wall of each larva of Sarcophaga peregrina (third-instar larvae, namely those matured or mellowed by repeating an ecdysis 3 times) was injured with an injection needle and then reared for 24 to 28 hours at room temperature. A tail end of the larvae was cut with scissors. The body fluid was squeezed out into ice-cooled petri dish. The body fluid was centrifuged at 200×g, for 10 minutes to remove solid substances. The obtained supernatant has been employed as raw material. For storage, the supernatant is frozen at -80° C. 2) Pre-Treatments (Multi-Step Ion-Exchange Chromatography) a) First CM cellulose column chromatography To 30 ml of raw material, 120 ml of 10 mM-phosphate buffer was added to adjust the pH to 6.0 The resulting solution was applied onto a CM cellulose column (3.4×20.0 cm). The column was washed with 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. Elution was done with 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 250 mM NaCl. Fractions (5 ml) were collected. Antibacterial activity was assayed according to the method of Okada et al and using an Escherichia coli (K12 594) strain ["Biochem. J." Vol. 211, pages 724 to 734 (1983)]. Additionally, adsorbances at 250 and 650 nm were measured to identify fraction(s) having antibacterial activity. b) Sephadex G-50 column chromatography The antibacterial fractions confirmed in said Item a were combined and heated at 100° C. for 10 minutes and then centrifuged to remove a precipitate formed therein. The resulting supernatant was concentrated through ultrafiltration. The concentrate was applied to a Sephadex G-50 column (1.5×60.0 cm) and eluted with 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) containing 130 mM NaCl. Two milliliter fractions were collected. Antibacterial activity and an absorbance at 280 nm of each fraction were assayed as described in a). The results obtained in a and b are substantially the same as those disclosed in the aforementioned Japanese Patent Publications 59-13730 (A) and 61-122299 (A). c) Second CM cellulose column chromatography The fractions showing highest antibacterial activity were pooled and diluted 5 times (vol/vol) with 10 mM-phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. The solution was applied again to a CM cellulose column (2.0×4.0 cm). The bound material was eluted with a linear gradient of 25 mM to 100 mM-NaCl in 10 mM phosphate buffer. Three milliliter fractions were collected. Antibacterial activity and absorbance at 280 nm of each fraction were measured as above. The resulting elution profile is shown in FIG. 1. d) CM Sepharose column chromatography As presented in FIG. 1, two peaks (C-I and C-II) show antibacterial activity. One of the peaks (C-I) is that obtained some time after beginning the elution with a phosphate buffer containing 130 mM-NaCl and shows relatively high antibacterial activity. If the fractions in this area are further treated and purified in a manner similar to that to be described later, an antibacterial polypeptide having a molecular weight of about 4000 can be obtained, as disclosed in the aforesaid Japanese Patent Publications 59-13730 (A) and 61-122299 (A). Fractions 44-53 (30 ml total volume) in the C-II area are obtained some time after beginning the elution with a phosphate buffer containing 260 mM-NaCl and show relatively low antibacterial activity. The fractions were pooled and diluted with 250 ml of ammonium formate solution. A CM Sepharose column (0.8×20 cm) was equilibrated with 10 mM ammonium formate solution and the diluted solution of pooled fractions 44-53 was applied on the column. The adsorbed proteins were eluted with 60 ml of a linear gradient of 0.1M to 0.5M-ammonium formate solution. One millimeter fractions were collected. Antibacterial activity and absorbance at 280 nm of each fraction were measured as described in a. Results are shown in FIG. 2. 3) Purifying Treatment (Purification of Antibacterial Polypeptide) As shown in FIG. 2, two fraction peaks have antibacterial activity. The first peak (C-III, Fraction Nos. 52 to 56, 5 ml in total) which shows relatively high antibacterial activity was recovered and concentrated. The concentrate was fractionated by reverse-phase HLPC (Synchropack RPP-C18 column) chromatography under following conditions. Reagent A: 0.05% Trifluoroacetate/water, Reagent B: 0.05% Trifluoroacetate/99% Acetonitrile, Gradient: Linear gradient with use of 15% Reagent B in Reagent A and 50% Reagent B in Reagent A, Flow rate: 2 ml/min. Results are shown in FIG. 3. An increase in a concentration of acetonitrile yielded fractions showing peaks (A, B and C) in absorbance. Each fraction area was recovered and the antibacterial activity thereof was measured as described in a. Results are shown in FIG. 4. Only the fractions corresponding to the peak C show the antibacterial activity. In FIG. 4, there is also shown as a reference, the antibacterial activity of the known antibacterial polypeptide disclosed in Japanese Patent Publications 59-13730 (A) and 61-122299 (A) and having molecular weight of about 4000. Comparing the data thereof with those in the antibacterial polypeptide (fractions corresponding to peak C) according to the invention, the latter is somewhat weak. TEST EXAMPLE 1 (Measurement of Molecular Weight) A molecular weight of the antibacterial polypeptide (fractions corresponding to peak C) obtained by said Example was estimated by 15% SDS polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The antibacterial polypeptide disclosed in Japanese Patent Publications 59-13730 (A) and 61-122299 (A) was used as a control. This polypeptide has molecular weight of about 4000. Before electrophoresis, all samples were pre-treated with 1% SDS and 2% β-mercaptoethanol. Chymotrypsinogen (MW: 25,000), cytochrome C (MW: 12,400) and aprotinin (MW: 6,500) were selected as molecular weight markers. Results are shown in FIG. 5. From the comparison with the positions of the molecular weight markers, it is apparent that the control sample (Lane 1) and test sample (Lane 2) have molecular weight of about 4000 and about 7000, respectively. Thus both antibacterial polypeptides are different. TEST EXAMPLE 2 (Amino Acid Analysis) 25 μg of the antibacterial polypeptide (fractions corresponding to peak C) obtained by said Example was treated with 6N-HCl for 12 hour at 120° C. to cause a hydrolysis thereof. An amino acid analysis of the resulting hydrolysate was carried out with use of an automatic amino acid analyzer (Type 835, manufactured and marketed by Hitachi Ltd., Japan). As a result, it was found that the antibacterial polypeptide has the following amino acid composition. ______________________________________ Asp + Asn 12.6 (mol %) Thr 3.8 Ser 7.7 Glu + Gln 9.9 Pro 8.1 Gly 15.9 Ala 2.1 Cys 0 Val 4.6 Met 0 Ile 1.3 Leu 3.9 Tyr 5.1 Phe 5.7 Lys 6.8 His 3.1 Arg 9.3 Trp 0.______________________________________ TEST EXAMPLE (Toxicity) The antibacterial polypeptide obtained in the Example was dissolved in saline, and the resulting solution was injected subcutaneously or intra peritoneally into BALB/c mice and ICR mice over 10 days in a amount of 100 μg/kg. Neither anaphylactic shock nor necrosis, inflammation or the like, have been observed in autopsied animals. TEST EXAMPLE (Thermal Stability) The antibacterial polypeptide obtained in the Example was dissolved in saline, and the resulting solution was heated to 100° C. and kept for 20 minutes at that temperature, and then left to stand to allow cooling. Antibacterial activity of the solution was measured in accordance with the method proposed by Okada et al. No noticeable reduction in the activity has been found.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (a) from Korean Patent Application No. 2004-67715 filed on Aug. 27, 2004 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present general inventive concept relates generally to a method of generating a power to supply to elements in a power supply apparatus. More particularly, the present general inventive concept relates to a method of generating a power to drive elements at a primary side of a power supply apparatus. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] A liquid crystal display (LCD) applies electro-optic effects of a liquid crystal to a display device. The liquid crystal is between a liquid state and a solid state and flows having the characteristics of both a liquid and a solid. The LCD is used as a monitor, a digital television, and other display devices. Hereinafter, a power supply apparatus to drive an LCD is described with reference to FIG. 1 . [0006] FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional power supply apparatus to drive an LCD back-light (lamp). The power supply apparatus includes an alternating current (AC) input section 100 , a rectifier 102 , a power factor correction (PFC) section 104 , a converter 110 , a main board 130 , an inverter 120 , and a lamp 132 . The PFC section 104 includes a PFC 106 and a rectifier 108 . The converter 110 includes a switch 112 , a transformer 114 , and a rectifier 116 . The inverter 120 includes a switch 122 and a transformer 124 . Operations of the elements of the power supply apparatus for driving the LCD will now be described. [0007] The AC input section 100 receives an AC power supply. An intensity of the AC power may vary depending on a user setting. The rectifier 102 rectifies the AC power received from the AC input section. [0008] The PFC section 104 improves a power factor with respect to the power received from the rectifier 102 . Typically, if the power received from the rectifier 102 is used without any power factor processing, power utilization may decrease. Accordingly, the PFC section 104 improves the power factor with respect to the power received from the rectifier 102 in order to enhance the power utilization. [0009] The power output from the PFC section 104 is transferred to the converter 110 and the inverter 120 as a primary power. The switch 112 of the converter 110 repeatedly switches between on and off states to transfer the received primary power (hot) to a secondary side (cold) of the conventional power supply apparatus. Generally, the primary side of the conventional power supply apparatus includes elements up to a primary coil of the transformer 114 , and the secondary side includes elements after a secondary coil of the transformer 114 . Thus, the secondary side includes the main board 130 , the rectifier 116 , and the secondary coil of the transformer 114 . The primary side includes the lamp 132 , the inverter 120 (including the switch 122 and the transformer 124 ), the switch 112 , and the primary coil of the transformer 114 . [0010] The transformer 114 transfers the primary power at the primary side to the secondary side depending on whether the switch 112 is in the on or off state. In particular, the transformer 114 generates an induced power in the secondary coil thereof according to whether the switch 112 is in the on or off state and transfers the power induced in the secondary coil to the secondary side. The rectifier 116 then rectifies the power received from the secondary coil of the transformer 114 . [0011] The power output from the converter 110 is a secondary power provided to the main board 130 . Elements in the main board 130 utilize the secondary power received from the converter 110 as a driving power. The number of secondary output powers received from the converter 110 may vary depending on a user setting or an amount of power required by the elements of the main board 130 . That is, the user can vary the amount of secondary power output by the transformer 114 and/or the number of secondary output powers by changing the configuration of the transformer 114 . [0012] The primary power output from the PFC section 104 is also transferred to the inverter 120 . The inverter 120 inverts the primary power received from the PFC section 104 , which is a DC power, to an AC power. The switch 122 and the transformer 124 included in the inverter 120 operate in the same manner as the switch 112 and the transformer 114 included in the converter 110 . However, the transformer 114 reduces the amount of the primary power received (i.e., step down) while the transformer 124 increases the amount of the primary power received (i.e., step up). Typically, the power output from the transformer 124 is about 1.8 kV. The power output from the inverter 120 is then provided to the lamp 132 . The lamp 132 is driven using the power provided by the inverter 120 . [0013] As mentioned above, the elements of the main board 130 are driven using the secondary power received from the converter 110 . The elements in the switch 122 of the inverter 120 are driven using the primary power supplied by the PFC section 104 . In this situation, the elements of the switch 122 cannot use the power output from the converter 110 . Specifically, the power output from the converter 110 is the secondary power, and the elements of the switch 122 are at the primary side of the conventional power supply apparatus. If the elements at the primary side of the conventional power supply apparatus use the secondary power, a short circuit is likely to occur. Accordingly, the elements at the primary side should be driven using the primary power. [0014] FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus to generate the primary power to be supplied to the elements at the primary side of the conventional power supply apparatus. The primary power to be supplied to the elements at the primary side is derived from the power output from the PFC section 104 . The power output from the PFC section 104 is input to a regulator 200 . The regulator 200 reduces the input power to a predetermined level and outputs the reduced power. Typically, the power input to the regulator 200 is between 300V and 400V, and the power output from the regulator 200 is about 5V. The power output from the regulator 200 is then supplied to the elements of the switch 122 at the primary side. The elements of the switch 122 at the primary side are driven using the power supplied by the regulator 200 . [0015] The difference between the power input to the regulator 200 and the power output from the regulator 200 determines a power loss at the regulator 200 . The greater the difference between the input and output power in the regulator 200 , the greater the power loss that occurs in the regulator 200 . Moreover, since the 300V to 400V power from the PFC section 104 is reduced to 5V by the regulator 200 and is then input to the inverter 120 , the transformer 124 is now required to provide a larger increase in power from 5V to about 1.8 kV used to power the lamp 132 (as opposed to between 300V and 400V to about 1.8 kV). Therefore, it would be desirable to reduce the power loss that occurs in the regulator 200 by adjusting the amount of the power input to the regulator 200 . SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0016] The present general inventive concept provides an apparatus and method of reducing a power loss at a regulator in a power supply apparatus used to provide power to an LCD device. [0017] The present general inventive concept also provides an apparatus and method of adjusting an amount of a power input to a regulator to reduce a power loss at the regulator in a power supply apparatus used to provide power to an LCD device. [0018] Additional aspects of the present general inventive concept will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the general inventive concept. [0019] The foregoing and/or other aspects of the present general inventive concept are achieved by providing a power supply apparatus including an input unit to receive an alternating current (AC) power, a power factor improvement unit to improve a power factor of the received AC power, a transformer to receive the AC power having the improved power factor on a primary coil and to generate an induced power on a secondary coil, and a predetermined element located on a primary side of the power supply apparatus to be driven, in part, by the AC power received from the primary coil. [0020] The power supply apparatus may further include a switch to alternate between an on and off switching state at predetermined time intervals with respect to the AC power input to the primary coil to generate the induced power at the secondary coil, and a rectifier to convert the AC power received from the primary coil to a direct current (DC) power. [0021] The power supply apparatus may further include a regulator to receive the DC power and to reduce the DC power to a predetermined level when the DC power from the rectifier exceeds the predetermined level. The predetermined level comprises an amount of power appropriate to drive the predetermined element located at the primary side. [0022] The foregoing and/or other aspects of the present general inventive concept are also achieved by providing a power supply method of supplying power to a predetermined element on a primary side of a power supply apparatus including receiving an alternating current (AC) power, improving a power factor of the received AC power, providing the AC power having the improved power factor to a primary coil of a transformer and generating an induced power at a secondary coil of the transformer, and driving the predetermined element on the primary side of the power supply apparatus using, in part, the AC power received from the primary coil. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0023] These and/or other aspects and advantages of the present general inventive concept will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description of the embodiments, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: [0024] FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional power supply apparatus; [0025] FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus to generate a power to be supplied to a primary side of the conventional power supply apparatus; [0026] FIG. 3 illustrates a power supply apparatus to drive a liquid crystal display (LCD) according to an embodiment of the present general inventive concept; and [0027] FIG. 4 illustrates an operation of the power supply apparatus of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the present general inventive concept. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0028] Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiment of the present general inventive concept, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to the like elements throughout. The embodiment is described below in order to explain the present general inventive concept by referring to the drawings. [0029] The present general inventive concept provides an apparatus and a method to transfer a power from a primary coil of a transformer directly to a regulator. Therefore, it is possible to reduce a power loss at the regulator. [0030] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a power supply apparatus to drive a liquid crystal display (LCD) according to an embodiment of the present general inventive concept, which is described below. The power supply apparatus of FIG. 3 has some of the same elements as the conventional power supply apparatus of FIG. 1 ; therefore, the same reference numerals are used to refer to the elements that are the same in both figures. The power supply apparatus to drive the LCD includes an AC input section 100 , a rectifier 102 , a power factor correction (PFC) section 104 , a converter 110 , a main board 130 , an inverter 120 , and a lamp 132 . [0031] The AC input section 100 receives an AC power supply. An amount of the AC power may vary depending on a user setting or an amount of the power supplied from the power supply apparatus. The rectifier 102 rectifies the received AC power. Generally, the rectifier 102 may include a rectifier diode and a capacitance. The rectifier diode passes only a portion of the AC power having a value that is greater than a predetermined level, and the capacitance smoothes the portion of the AC power passed by the rectifier diode. Accordingly, the AC power is converted to approximate a direct current (DC) power. It should be understood that the rectifier 102 may include other elements instead of (or in addition to) the rectifier diode and the capacitance. [0032] A PFC 106 of the PFC section 104 improves a power factor of the received power. Generally, if the power received from the rectifier 102 is used without any processing thereof, a power utilization may decrease. For example, without the power factor improvement performed by the PFC 106 , the power factor ranges from 0.5 to 0.6. In contrast, the power factor improvement performed by the PFC 106 increases the power factor to almost 1. Thus, by using the PFC 106 , the power supply apparatus can improve the power factor of the received power, thereby enhancing the utilization of the power. The power having the improved power factor is then rectified by a rectifier 108 . [0033] The rectified power is then input to the converter 110 as a primary power. A switch 112 of the converter 110 repeatedly switches between an on and off state to transfer the received primary power to a secondary side. [0034] The transformer 114 transfers the primary power to the secondary side according to whether the switch 112 is in the on or off state. The transformer 114 generates an induced power in a secondary coil (i.e., a secondary power) of the transformer 114 according to whether the switch 112 is in the on or off state, and transfers the secondary power induced in the secondary coil to the secondary side of the power supply apparatus. A rectifier 116 rectifies the received secondary power and outputs the rectified secondary power from the converter 110 . The secondary power output from the converter 110 is then input to the main board 130 . [0035] Elements of the main board 130 are driven by the secondary power received from the converter 110 . According to an amount of the secondary power used by the elements of the main board 130 , the main board 130 may receive at least two secondary power supplies from the converter 110 . In general, the main board 130 may receive secondary power of about 5V. [0036] The primary power output from the PFC section 104 is also transferred to the inverter 120 . The inverter 120 inverts the primary power received from the RFC section 104 , which is a DC power, to an AC power. A switch 122 and a transformer 124 included in the inverter 120 operate in the same manner as the switch 112 and the transformer 114 of the converter 110 . Yet, while the transformer 114 reduces the amount of the primary power received (i.e., step down), the transformer 124 increases the amount of the primary power received (i.e., step up). Typically, the power output from the transformer 124 is about 1.8 kV. The transformer 124 provides the output power from the inverter 120 to the lamp 132 . The lamp 132 can be driven using the power received from the inverter 120 . [0037] The following describes a method of generating the primary power to drive elements (i.e., the switch 122 of the inverter 120 ) at the primary side. As mentioned above, the power at the primary side of the transformer 114 ranges between 300V and 400V. The power supply apparatus induces the required power using, in part, a primary coil of the transformer 114 . By using the power at the primary side, it is possible to prevent a short-circuit, which may occur when using the power at the secondary side. Referring to FIG. 3 , a power level of 20V is induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 . The power induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 , which is an AC power, is then input to the rectifier 300 . The rectifier 300 converts the received AC power to DC power. The power output from the rectifier 300 is input to a regulator 302 . The regulator 302 steps down (i.e., reduces) the received power to a power level that is suitable to drive the elements at the primary side. [0038] The power level output from the regulator 302 is about 5V, as described above. The power output from the regulator 302 is then transferred to the elements at the primary side. For instance, in FIG. 3 , the power output from the regulator 302 is provided to the switch 112 of the converter 110 and the switch 122 of the inverter 120 . FIG. 3 illustrates that the power is induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 in the converter 110 , but not limited to this coil. It should be understood that the user can set the power supply apparatus to induce the power from a primary coil of the transformer 124 in the inverter 120 . Since the power level input to the regulator 302 depends on a number of coils at the primary side of the transformer 114 , the user can vary the number of coils to obtain a desired amount of the power. [0039] In various embodiments, the transformer 114 may include an auxiliary coil adjacent to the secondary coil on the secondary side of the power supply apparatus. Thus, while about 5V used to drive the rectifier 116 (and the main board 130 ) is induced on the secondary coil, about 20V can be induced on the auxiliary coil to drive the rectifier 300 and the regulator 302 . For example, if the voltage on the primary coil of the transformer 114 is 300V, a first coil ratio from the primary coil to the secondary coil could be used to induce the 5V on the secondary coil. Additionally, a second coil ratio from the primary coil to the auxiliary coil could be used to induce the 20V on the auxiliary coil. The regulator 302 then reduces the 20V to 5V used to drive the switch 122 of the inverter 120 and the switch 112 of the converter 110 . Thus, since the regulator 302 reduces the voltage from 20V to 5V, a power loss that occurs in the regulator 302 can be reduced. Additionally, since the 5V is not provided from the secondary coil on the secondary side to the primary side, the possibility of a short circuit is reduced. It should be understood that other voltages can be induced by the secondary and auxiliary coils to drive the primary and secondary sides, respectively, and the coil ratios can be modified accordingly to induce the other voltages on the secondary and auxiliary coils of the transformer 114 . [0040] In various embodiments, 20V is induced on the secondary coil of the transformer 114 and is provided to the rectifier 300 and the regulator 302 . The regulator 302 reduces the 20V to 5V and provides the 5V to drive the switch 122 in the inverter 120 and the switch 112 of the converter 110 on the primary side. [0041] FIG. 3 illustrates that the power level of about 20V is induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 . Alternatively, the power used to drive the elements at the primary side may be induced directly from the primary coil of the transformer 114 . For example, the power of 5V may be induced directly from the primary coil of the transformer 114 to the auxiliary coil. The power induced on the auxiliary coil is then rectified to the DC power by the rectifier 300 and is supplied to the elements at the primary side. Thus, the regulator 302 would be unnecessary. [0042] Although the description of FIG. 3 refers to the main board 130 as typically being driven at 5V, the main board 130 may alternatively be driven at a different voltage level. For example, the main board 130 may be driven at 3.3V. For this reason, a voltage used to drive the switches 112 and 122 is isolated from the voltage used to drive the main board 130 . [0043] FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating operations of the power supply apparatus of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the present general inventive concept. In particular, FIG. 4 illustrates a method of generating the power to be supplied to the elements at the primary side. [0044] The rectifier 102 of the power supply apparatus rectifies an AC power received at the AC input section 100 at operation S 400 . The rectifier converts the received AC power into a DC power. The PFC 106 of the power supply apparatus improves a power factor of the received power at operation S 402 . It should be understood that the operation S 402 may be omitted according to a user setting. [0045] The rectifier 108 of the power supply apparatus then re-rectifies the power having the improved power factor at operation S 404 . As a result of the re-rectification operation S 404 , the received power can be rectified to more closely approximate a DC power. [0046] The power supply apparatus transfers the received power to the secondary side and generates the power to drive the elements at the primary side at operation S 406 . As described above, the power to drive the elements at the primary side is induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 in order to prevent a short circuit from occurring. The amount of the power induced from the primary coil of the transformer 114 may differ according to the user setting. The power induced from the transformer 114 is then rectified by the rectifier 300 . When the amount of the rectified power is equal to the power level required by the elements at the primary side (e.g., the switch 122 of the inverter 120 and the switch 112 of the converter 110 ), the power supply apparatus proceeds to operation S 408 . When the amount of the rectified power exceeds the power level required by the elements at the primary side, the regulator 302 of the power supply apparatus reduces the voltage and proceeds to operation S 408 . [0047] The power supply apparatus then transfers the induced power to the elements at the primary side at operation S 408 . The elements at the primary side are driven by the power received by the rectifier 300 and/or the regulator 302 . [0048] In light of the foregoing embodiments, the power used to drive the elements at the primary side of the power supply apparatus is generated from the primary coil of the transformer 114 , not from the PFC section 104 . Accordingly, it is possible to prevent waste of unnecessary power. As the power consumption depends on the amount of the power provided to the regulator 302 , the power consumed at the regulator 302 can be reduced by decreasing the amount of the power provided to the regulator 302 . Furthermore, the regulator 302 may not be necessary, because the power used to drive the elements at the primary side can be generated directly from the primary coil of the transformer 114 . [0049] Although a few embodiments of the present general inventive concept have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the general inventive concept, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Retail establishments continously seek means for increasing traffic through a store. A promotional game will frequently be utilized and has for its purpose increased consumer awareness of a retail establishment while simultaneously indirectly increasing the purchases which a consumer makes in the store because of being attracted into the store by the promotional game. A promotional game must be relatively inexpensive to implement in order to permit mass distribution of the promotional game coupons so as to contact the greatest number of potential consumers. Consequently, the cost for producing the coupons must be very low in order to minimize the overhead costs associated with the game. Promotional games, particularly those which are widely distributed through mass distributions, present the possibility of fraud by an individual capable of duplicating the coupons. Should an individual, particularly an employee of the retail establishment, be able to sort the large prize coupons from those with a less substantial prize reward, then the possibilities of fraud are most evident. While many retail establishments prohibit their employees from participating in the promotional games, this prohibition alone is not satisfactory The retail establishment utilizing a promotional game will obtain maximum benefit from the game if accurate records and accountings are maintained. These records and accountings should permit the retail establishment to keep records of which stores have most benefited from the promotional coupons, which stores and even which employees have received the most prize awarding coupons, during which hours are the coupons most utilized, as well as much additional information which may be readily appreciated by one skilled in the promotional game art. Many retail establishments, particularly supermarkets, have recently begun to install equipment capable of scanning the Uniform Product Code (UPC ) printed on many articles. This scanning equipment permits the retailer to scan the coded bars on the product and to interpret those bars so as to maintain accurate control of inventory and to provide greatly enhanced accounting records. The ordinary consumer is incapable of interpreting the information coded by the UPC. Consequently, UPC coding, when utilized in combination with a promotional game coupon, permits accurate accounting while preventing an employee or a consumer from sorting through the coupons. Goodell, No. 700,761, (now abandoned) discloses multilayer railway ticket having means to prevent a consumer from reading the ticket prior to its being accepted. Goodell discloses an opaque strip of dyed paper which covers the destination and which prevents the destination from being read until the dyed strip is removed. Perforations are disposed within the ticket defining a tongue which cooperates with the dyeing strip so that the perforations must be torn in order to remove the dyeing strip and therefore serves to indicate to the conductor or ticket taker that the ticket has been previously opened in violation of the terms of the ticket. The Goodell ticket is a rather complicated structure which is expensive to manufacture and is therefore not suitable for use in a retail establishment promotional game. Wilson, No. 3,211,470, discloses a coated coupon employing UPC coding. The UPC coding of Wilson is, however, disposed so as to be readily visible with the effect that it may be scanned in advance, thereby permitting employee fraud. Jacobstein, et al, No. 3,180,808, discloses a chance ticket having a flexible tab retained by a tongue in a closed position. The prize is disposed beneath the tab and lifting of the tab breaks the tongue and permits the prize to be known. Jacobstein, et al, does not, however, utilize UPC coding. Bachman, No. 4,241,942, discloses a secure contest card having an intermediate layer disposed between two outer layers. Various patterns are printed on the intermediate layer to defeat techniques and equipment capable of compromising the game. Bachman discloses an opaque mask which is disposed over the intermediate layer and which is readily removable by means of a coin or the like. The ticket of Bachman is, however, difficult to manufacture and provides no guidance in utilizing UPC coding in a promotional game. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above disadvantages of the prior art, a new promotional game coupon having means for preventing fraud while permitting accurate accounting records to be maintained is desirable. The coupon must be relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture in order to permit mass distribution of the coupon to the greatest number of potential consumers. The coupon must contain irreversible safeguards to indicate and prevent premature scanning of the coupon. The safeguards must be readily apparent. A primary object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art promotional coupons. An additional object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which utilizes UPC coding techniques in order to permit accurate accounting, distribution and use records to be maintained. An additional object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which may be mass produced at relatively little cost. Yet an additional object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon having means for altering the UPC image in order to disrupt unauthorized scanning of the coupon. Still an additional object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon having means for irreversibly indicating that the coupon has been opened. Yet a further object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon having means to facilitate opening of the coupon which cooperates with the indicating means. Yet a further object of the disclosed invention is to provide a fraud preventing coupon which is adhesively sealed and bonded to prevent unauthorized premature viewing of the coded UPC image. A further object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which is manufactured from paper panels. Yet a further object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which is manufactured in strip form. Still yet another object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which must be scanned in order to determine if a prize is to be awarded. Yet still another object of the disclosed invention is to provide a scannable fraud preventing coupon which has UPC image altering means on a surface disposed adjacent the UPC coding to thereby prevent scanning of the UPC image through the closed unopened coupon. These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent in view of the following description and drawings of the above described invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects and advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a closed scannable fraud preventing coupon constructed according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the coupon of Figure 1 in the opened condition; FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a blank used for manufacturing the coupon of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a blank for manufacturing another embodiment of the coupon in FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of two strips of coupon panels for mass producing the coupons of FIG. 1; and, FIG. 6 is a top plan view of the coupon of FIG. 4 in the closed position. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A scannable fraud preventing coupon 10, as best shown in FIGS. 1-3, includes interconnected first panel 12 and second panel 14. First panel 12 and second panel 14 are, preferably, constructed and manufactured from paper sheets and have a planar rectangular configuration. The panels 12 and 14 are, preferably, manufactured from 80 pound paper. This weight paper imparts sufficient rigidity and strength to the coupon 10 to permit coupon 10 to be mass produced and to be capable of being handled by numerous individuals. First panel 12 has a first surface 16 on which a plurality of spaced parallel bars 18 are imprinted or disposed for providing an image scannable by an electronic scanner (not shown) of a type well known in the art. The bars 18 are arrayed so as to be coded according to the requirements of the UPC. UPC coding permits interaction with a computer for thereby providing interpretation of the bars 18 while also permitting accurate accounting information to be maintained. Second panel 14 is adhesively secured to panel 12 by peripherally disposed glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26. While glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 are disclosed, one skilled in the art will appreciate that many others means for adhesively securing and bonding first panel 12 to second panel 14 are known. Similarly, while FIG. 3 discloses that glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 are disposed on first panel 12, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 may be disposed on second panel 14. Glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 are disposed around the periphery of first panel 12 in order to bond the panels 12 and 14 together at their edges. This assures that the panels 12 and 14 may not be separated and thereby prevents unauthorized premature viewing of coded bars 18. As best shown in FIGS. 1 and 3, a plurality of perforations 28 are provided in second panel 14 and arrayed to define a tongue 30 integral with second panel 14. Perforations 28 thereby define a weakened web permitting tongue 30 to be severed from second panel 14. Preferably, tongue 30 has a notch 32 to permit ease of separation of tongue 30 from second panel 14. As best shown in FIG. 2, tongue 30 is flexibly connected to second panel 14 along fold line 34 which defines a hinge. Consequently, insertion of an object or a finger (not shown) through notch 32 and between tongue 30 and first panel 12 causes the weakened web to be severed. Tongue 30 is flexibly connected by fold line 34 to second panel 14 and may be angularly pivoted to permit viewing of bars 18. It will be noted in FIG. 2 that tufts 36 extend peripherally from tongue 30 after tongue 30 has been pulled upwardly and the weakened web defined by perforations 28 has been torn. Similar tufts 38 extend peripherally from pocket or aperture 40 in second panel 14. The tufts 36 and 38 are caused by the tearing of tongue 30 from second panel 14. The tufts 36 and 38 indicate to any observer that the tongue 30 has been torn from second panel 14 and that the weakened web defined by perforations 28 has been torn. These tufts 36 and 38 irreversibly indicate, consequently, that tongue 30 has been pulled open from pocket or aperture 40. As best shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, a plurality of lines 42 are imprinted or disposed on first surface 44 of tongue 30. Spaced parallel lines 42 are arrayed to be generally transverse of coded bars 18 and thereby overlie bars 18 when the tongue 30 is integral with second panel 14. A line 46 is disposed adjacent notch 32 on first surface 44 and is connected to lines 42. Lines 42 may be dark colored and arrayed to simulate bars 18. This causes improper interpretation of the coding scheme. The image being scanned is thereby a composite of the bars 18 and the transverse lines 42. The scanning of this image is difficult or impossible because the electronic scanning equipment is adapted for scanning only one set of bars 18 or lines 42. Consequently, this composite image, which is not generally visible to the eye but is visible to the illuminated scanning equipment, confuses the scanning equipment. When the coupon 10 has been peripherally sealed by glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 and the tongue 30 has not been severed from second panel 14, then the lines 42 alter the image defined by coded bars 18. Coded bars 18 are scannable through either of panels 12 and 14. Without the image altering lines 42, then the coded bars 18 could be scanned without the tongue 30 being opened. The lines 42 which overlie coded image 18 alter the image 18 and thereby disrupt scanning of the image 18 with the effect that the coded image 18 cannot be scanned until such time as the tongue 30 has been opened and pulled away from aperture 40. While lines 42 have been disclosed as being transverse of parallel coded bars 18, it should be obvious that the lines 42 may be angularly disposed or otherwise configured relative to the coded image 18 and still have the same effect of altering the image 18. Similarly, the lines 44 may be disposed in lines sets with two lines 42 for each of the parallel spaced line sets. As best shown in FIG. 3, the coupon 10 may be manufactured from a single paper blank 48 which is folded along fold line 50 so that the second panel 14 overlies first panel 12, as best shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The second panel 14 is merely folded along fold line 50 until it overlies and is in contact with first panel 12. Glue strips 20, 22, 24 and 26 maintain second panel 14 securely bonded to first panel 12. It is frequently desirable that the coupons 10 be manufactured in strip form, as best shown in FIG. 5. Strip 52 comprises a plurality of second panels 14 interconnected by weakened webs defined by perforations 54. Second strip 56 comprised of a plurality of first panels 12 interconnected by weakened webs defined by perforations 58 is adhesively secured to strip 52. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the use of strips 52 and 56 permits glue strips 60 and 62 to be applied in a continous manner parallel to the longitudinal axis of the strips 52 and 56. Glue strips 64 and 66 may then be applied transverse of strips 60 and 62 and parallel to perforations 58. This, therefore, permits efficient manufacture of numerous coupons 10. Each coupon 10 may then be severed from the joined strips 52 and 54 by tearing along perforations 54 and 58. This permits a plurality of coupons 10 to be manufactured in strip form while also permitting the coupons 10 to be individually removed from the joined strips 52 and 56. Another embodiment of the coupon 10 is shown in Figures 4 and 6. Blank 68 is used to manufacture this embodiment. A first panel 70 is integral with a second panel 72 and a third panel 74. First panel 70 has a first surface 76 on which UPC scannable image 78, which is similar to UPC scannable image 18, is imprinted. Integral second panel 72 extends from fold line 80 and is adapted for being folded along fold line 80 so as to be in an overlying relationship with first panel 70. Second panel 72 has a first surface 82 on which spaced parallel lines 84 are imprinted. Panel 72 is folded so that lines 84 are transverse of image 78 when second panel 72 is secured to first panel 70. Lines 84 are similar to lines 42 of coupon 10. Transverse line 86 is connected to lines 84. Transverse line 86 is parallel to and adjacent to fold line 80. Third panel 74 is integral with first panel 70 and is foldable along fold line 88 to be overlying second panel 72 when the coupon is sealed. It will be noted in FIG. 4 that parallel glue strips 90 and 92 are longitudinally disposed along the peripheral edges of blank 68. Strips 90 and 92 seal panel 72 to first panel 70 and third panel 74 to second panel 72. This sealing prevents the unauthorized premature viewing of coded image 78. Similarly, lines 84 which overlie coded image 78 alter the image 78 should the coupon be scanned while second panel 72 overlies first panel 70. Preferably a tear string or opening means 94 is secured to first panel 70 first surface 76 adjacent fold line 80. The tear string 94 permits ease in opening the coupon by merely pulling on the string 94. Image 78 may then be scanned. Additionally, fold line 80 may include perforations 96 to permit easy tearing along fold line 80 by tear string 94. The tearing of string 94 also indicates that the coupon has been opened prematurely and without authorization. As best shown in FIG. 6, coupon 98 has a generally rectangular configuration with tear string 94 extending outwardly from one edge thereof. Pulling on tear string 94 causes the coupon 98 to be severed along fold line 80 with the effect that coded image 78 may therefore be viewed and scanned. As was previously explained for coupon 10, the tearing apart of first panel 70 and second panel 72 along fold line 80 and perforations 96 causes tufts to extend from between the perforations 96. The tufts indicate that the coupon 98 has been prematurely opened. OPERATION The use of coupons 10 and 98 is relatively simple and yet provides the retail establishment with much valuable information. The coupons 10 and/or 98 are distributed to potential customers of the retail establishment. In order for the coded images 18 and 78 to be scanned, the coupons 10 and 98 must be brought to the retail establishment. The images 18 and 78 may only be interpreted by scanners and, consequently, the scanners, which are tied into a host computer, permit the retail establishment to keep highly accurate records. The host computer permits information to be accumulated on which stores the coupons are returned to, what time of day the coupons are returned, and which scanners scanned the winning coupons. This last piece of information prevents an employee from scanning the coupons in advance and then distributing them to compatriots. Should an employee attempt to separate winning coupons from the others by premature opening, scanning and sorting, then the large number of winning coupons at one scanning station in a short period of time will indicate fraud. Additionally, rapid scanning of coupons for sorting purposes would also be evident and indicate fraud. It can be seen, therefore, that the coupons 10 and 98 protect the integrity of the promotional game while also permitting accurate records of the game's value to be maintained. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modifications, uses and/or adaptations of the invention following in general the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the central features herein before set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention of the limits of the appended claims.

4y

FIELD OF INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to a method of biogas generation. [0002] Particularly, the present invention relates to a dual anaerobic fermentation process for biogas generation using microbial consortia. [0003] More particularly the present invention relates to a combined dual anaerobic fermentation process for biogas generation and in two or more different anaerobic digesters. GLOSSARY Biomethanation: [0004] Biomethanation is the formation of methane, a metabolic by product in anoxic conditions by microbes known as methanogens under anaerobic condition. Biomass: [0005] Biomass is defined as the total amount of living material in a given habitat. Herein biomass is referred to as any carbonaceous organic substrate including, but not limited to, sewage sludge, forestry waste, food waste, agricultural waste, municipal waste, agricultural feeds, agricultural produce, and the like. Dual Process of Biomethanation: [0006] Herein defined as a biomethanation process in solid phase/state as one step and biomethanation process in liquid phase/state as the other step Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT): [0007] The hydraulic retention time (HRT) is a measure of the average length of time that a substance/material/compound remains in a constructed reactor. Methane Digester: [0008] Methane digesters are anaerobic (low or no oxygen) chambers which facilitate the breakdown of manure (substrate) by anaerobic bacteria with the release of methane and other, gases as byproducts of their metabolism, including ammonia, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide. Herein substrate used is any biomass as defined above. Liquid State Methane Digester: [0009] Herein defined as a methane digester wherein the leachates from solid state methane digester, fresh culture and feed are in liquid state, i.e. in a flowable form. Solid State Anaerobic Fermentation: [0010] A process of anaerobic fermentation wherein the contents of the digester are in a non pump-able i.e. dry form—it may have considerably high percentage of liquid absorbed in the solid mass. Solid State Methane Digester: [0011] Herein defined as a methane digester wherein culture, feed is in a moist but solid state i.e. the contents of the digester are in non pump-able form. Total Solids (T.S.): [0012] The total content of suspended and dissolved solids in liquid BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0013] Anaerobic digestion is a biological process to degrade organic matter to produce biogas which is a renewable energy source and a sludge that could be used as fertilizer. In the absence of oxygen (anaerobic digestion), the organic matter is degraded partially by the combined action of several types of micro-organisms. A succession of biological reactions takes place leading to the formation of biogas and sludge. The bacteria which carry out these reactions exist in natural state in the liquid manure and the anaerobic ecosystems; it is not necessary to add more, they grow and multiply naturally in a medium without oxygen. [0014] Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which biodegradable material is broken down by microorganisms and biochemical processes in the absence of oxygen and is widely used to treat wastewater. Anaerobic digestion is also widely used as a renewable energy source because the process produces methane rich biogas suitable for use as a source of energy helping replace fossil fuels as also, the nutrient-rich digestate can be used as fertilizer. The digestion process begins with bacteria assisted hydrolysis of the biomass materials to break down insoluble organic polymers such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and the like into some variety of sugars and/or amino acids, and make them available for another consortium of bacteria. Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids. Acetogenic bacteria further convert these resulting organic acids primarily into acetic acid and partially into other volatile fatty acids, along with additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Methanogens, finally convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide. This conversion is brought about by various processes and using substrates in different forms, phases i.e. wet and dry. Dry phase fermentation solves the scum formation problems as like created in the wet phase process of biomethanation. The slurry developed after biomethanation process is let out or is dumped out, hereby creating lose of microbes which succeeding can be utilized for biogas generation and manure production, and creating minimum amounts of than produced slurry and/or sludge. [0015] Utilizing anaerobic digestion technologies help to reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses in a number of ways: Replacement of fossil fuels Reducing methane emission from landfills Displacing industrially-produced chemical fertilizers Reducing electrical grid transportation losses; as the electricity produced by a biogas plant is invariably consumed by localized consumers. [0020] Herein is an option developed to overcome the above mentioned limitations with regards to single phase digestion biomethanation process. Some of the current technologies available for anaerobic digestion and their shortcomings are as follows. PRIOR ART [0021] 1) Patent Application (WO/2007/096392) discloses “BIOREACTOR FOR METHANIZATION OF BIOMASS HAVING A HIGH SOLIDS FRACTION.” [0022] Abstract: A bioreactor having improved gas yield is specified, in which the necessary residence time of the biomass in the rotting vessel is decreased. On fermentation of dry, that is to say non-pumpable, biomass, owing to the moisture present in the biomass, percolating juices, what is termed percolate, are formed and are taken off via a drainage system and, if appropriate, is recirculated from the top onto the biomass to be fermented. It has, now turned out that the biogas yield is significantly increased, in the region between 10% and 40%, when the resultant percolate is not taken off immediately via the drainage system, but is backed up in the rotting vessel up to a certain level. This is achieved in terms of the device in such a manner that the rotting vessel is designed so as to be liquid-tight, that is to say even the flap for charging and unloading the rotting vessel has to be made in a liquid-tight manner, and also must be constructed in a correspondingly stable manner in order to withstand the resultant liquid pressure. By means of the combination of the existing percolate drainage system with a percolate control unit it is possible to set the liquid level of the percolate in the biomass to be fermented and to control it in such a manner that the biogas production rate or the biogas yield is maximal. [0023] Limitation: The patent claims that the percolate from the first digester is stored in a rotting vessel which if desirable is recirculated from the top onto the biomass. No attempt has been made to convert the rotting vessel into another methane generating digester, as also the present entire process is anaerobic. [0024] 2) U.S. Pat. No. 7,144,507 discloses “DRY CYCLE ANAEROBIC DIGESTER”. [0025] Abstract: The present invention provides a digester for handling waste or contaminated materials. A process and an apparatus for processing are disclosed. A Dry Cycle Anaerobic Digester (DCAD) uses tanks to perform aerobic and anaerobic digestion to eliminate the waste, while producing little or no sludge. [0026] Limitation: The invention claims handling waste in liquid form storing it for a defined period and thereby emptying the tanks followed by drying of the tank. This does not have any effect on digester size. As also the process is aerobic and anaerobic, whereas the present invention describes a dual state anaerobic process. [0027] 3) Patent Application No WO/2007/075762 discloses “ANAEROBIC PHASED SOLIDS DIGESTER FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC SOLID WASTES.” [0028] Abstract: The present invention provides methods for the generation of methane by a two phase anaerobic phase system (APS) digestion of organic substrates. Also provided is a device for practicing the methods of the invention. The APS-digester system is a space-efficient, high-rate solids digestion system. The APS-digester system consists of one or more hydrolysis reactors, a buffer tank and one biogasification reactor. [0029] Limitations: This invention describes biogas production in two stages: hydrolysis and methanization. In the first hydrolytic reactor, volatile fatty acids are produced, which are converted into biogas in the second hydrolytic reactor. Thus the process needs two reactors wherein only the second reactor is for anaerobic biomethanation. [0030] 4) Patent Application No WO 2006/017991 discloses “Stepped Sequential Treatment method for municipal domestic refuse.” [0031] Abstract: The present invention provides a treatment method of municipal domestic refuse. In the method the organic matter processes an anaerobic fermentation; the obtained methane can be helpful to burning to generate electricity. The biogas residue from the anaerobic fermentation can be used as a culture material for growing edible mushrooms. The residue discharged from edible mushrooms can be used to cultivate earthworm. Besides the organics, the other substance of the municipal domestic refuse will be incinerated to generate electricity. The present invention realizes a comprehensive utilization of waste resource. [0032] Limitations: The process is restricted only for municipal refuse. No treatment is specified for any other type of waste. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0033] The present invention will be more fully understood and appreciated by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [0034] FIG. 1 is the process flow diagram of dual phase digestion process using the solid state digester and the liquid state digester of the present invention in which; PART LIST [0000] 1 ) Feed Storage Tank 2 ) Solid State Methane Digester 3 ) Reaction chamber of solid state methane digester 4 ) A vertical perforated unit (tube) 5 ) Liquid State Methane Digester 6 ) Reaction chamber of liquid state methane digester 7 ) Biogas Storage Vessel (Dome) 8 ) Inlet port for collecting percolate 9 ) Outlet port for recycling the percolate 10 ) Culture Preparation Tank 11 ) Filtration Unit 12 ) Manure Preparation Unit 13 ) Spray recirculation system 14 ) Solid handling pump 15 ) Control valves/Regulators 16 ) Insulated Feed Inlet port 17 ) Leachate outlet port connected to the liquid digester 18 ) Digested material outlet port 19 ) Gas outlet port DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION [0054] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of biomethanation from biomass by combined solid and liquid state anaerobic fermentation. [0055] An object of the present invention is to provide a method of biomethanation from biomass in two phases i.e. solid and liquid. [0056] A further object of the present invention is to overcome problems associated with floating layers of scum formation which reduces the output of the biomethanation process. [0057] A further object of the present invention is to reduce the digester size as compared to existing anaerobic digesters. [0058] A further object of the present invention is to reduce the overall hydraulic retention time of the biomethanation process. [0059] Still further object of the present invention is to provide a method for biomethanation of organic solid waste feeds, which utilizes minimum natural resources like water; electricity etc & can handle heterogeneous waste in the same digester scheme. [0060] Another object of the present invention is to utilize the percolate produced through percolating units from the dry state digester biomass for further biogas production in other i.e. liquid state methane digester. [0061] Yet another object of the present invention is to generate a self sustaining system, generation of biogas, generation of fuel, producing manure and producing minimum liquid effluent. [0062] Yet another object of the present invention is to reduce waste water as compared to liquid state digestion systems and therefore reduce the requirement of equipment for managing the effluent stream. [0063] Another object of the present invention is to provide a fast, economic and efficient biomethanation process. [0064] Still another object of the present invention is to reduce the capital cost of biogas generation process. [0065] Further object of the present invention is to reduce the processing and drying needs to use the non-digested biomass as manure or base material for organic fertilizer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0066] The present invention envisages a combined dual biomethanation process and in two or more different digesters. The number of digesters depends upon the retention time of the biomass used for the biomethanation process and the choice of the designer of the system. In solid state methane digester, the one phase, bacterial cultures developed for a specific feed material and the biomass is mixed in a desired ratio by mechanical means. The leachates generated in the solid state methane digester are collected at the base of the reaction chamber of the solid state methane digester by means of percolating pipes or other appropriate mechanism. The percolates produced are re-circulated by means of sprinkler or other appropriate arrangement incorporated in the solid state methane digester and in fluid communication with the liquid state methane digester. The contents of liquid state methane digester is heated and stirred occasionally as required, therein for producing methane rich gas, wherein, both the methanogenic digesters are maintained under anaerobic conditions. The process thus maintains the required temperature for microbial activity for biogas generation in both solid state and the liquid state methane digesters due to recirculation of lechates produced in the biomethanation process. The liquid state methane digester is fed with specific cultures to convert readily degradable organic matter like sugars and volatile fatty acids into biogas. Simultaneously, heating of liquid state methane digester and recirculation of the culture into the solid state methane digester helps improve the digestion rate. Part of the sludge produced from the solid state methane digester and some portion of the slurry produced from the liquid state methane digester is carried into a culture preparation unit for use as culture for next cycle of biogas production. The remaining solids and liquid is than filtered through appropriate filtration and/or drying units for converting it into manure of desired consistency. The biogas produced from both the digesters is collected in a common gas storage unit. [0067] The present invention results into overall reduction in retention time for biomethanation. Both the digesters are heated between temperatures of about 30 Degree Centigrade to about 40 Degree Centigrade for mesophilic cultures. The temperature range is varied based on the type of bacteria used, viz. mesophilic, thermophilic, and the like. The methane rich gas generated is collected in a gas collecting assembly. The resultant produce i.e. methane and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) containing biogas may be used for cooking purposes or for generating electricity or as vehicle fuel, etc., either as is or after cleaning and/or compressing to higher pressures. This mixture can also be converted to purified methane and compressed to replace CNG and used in vehicles or other applications. It could even be introduced in natural gas pipelines to add to their existing capacity. [0068] The said process is thus a self sustaining system generating biogas from substrate, generation of fuel, producing manure, resulting in minimum effluent slurry. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0069] The foregoing objects of the said invention are accomplished and the problems and shortcomings associated with the prior art techniques are overcome by the present invention as described below in the preferred embodiment. [0070] Embodiments of the invention are discussed below with reference to FIG. 1 . In a preferred embodiment, the process comprises two or more anaerobic reactors or digesters a culture preparation tank, a filtration unit, a manure preparation unit and a gas storage unit. The two stages/phases i.e. solid state methanogenesis and liquid state methanogenesis are carried out separately in the said two types of digesters. The number of digesters varies depending on the retention time of the biomass used. The first and the second or the one and the other phase are carried out in presence of microorganisms. The reactors are provided with facilities for temperature control and stirring mechanism as required. [0071] In a preferred embodiment, the process of biomethanation comprises two or more methane digesters ( 2 ), ( 5 ), gas collecting unit ( 7 ), culture preparation tank ( 10 ), filtration unit ( 11 ) and manure preparation unit ( 12 ). The solid state methane digester ( 2 ) comprising a reaction chamber ( 3 ) for conversion of biomass into biogas, a vertical perforated unit probably tube ( 4 ), spray recirculation system ( 13 ), leachate outlet port ( 17 ) is in fluid communication with the liquid state methane digester ( 5 ), digested material outlet port ( 18 ) which is in communication with the culture preparation tank ( 10 ) and a fixed gas collecting chamber. The dry feed/biomass and substrate specific culture is introduced into the solid state methane digesting tank ( 2 ) from the feed storage tank ( 1 ). The feed/biomass preferably used are agro residues, oilcakes like paddy straw; wheat straw, maize, Napier grass, press mud, castor, sal, food waste, biodegradable municipal waste and alike. The total solids of the biomass preferably are in the range of 15-20 percent. The organic solid waste is digested by addition of specially developed microbial population capable of producing required enzymes. The microbial consortium is specifically prepared for a particular feed as a target and is enriched with natural microbial mixtures such as cow-dung, sewage and the like, by a process of restricting its nutrition to the subject feed over a period of time. Once enriched, this consortium can be propagated and made available for deploying in the reactor. The said solid state methane digester ( 2 ) has a percolation unit/tube ( 4 ) internally connected in parallel to the base of the reaction chamber of said solid state methane digester ( 3 ) to facilitate percolation of lechates from the feed present in the said digester ( 2 ). The process maintains the required temperature for microbial activity for biogas generation due to recirculation of lechates produced by the biomethanation process. The lechates are heated to a desired temperature for optimum performance of the bacterial consortium present in the digesters. The organic solid waste is digested to produce biogas, which generates percolate and solid digestate. The solid digestate is further utilized for feed and manure preparation. A sprinkler and/or spray recirculation system ( 13 ) is introduced into the said solid state digester ( 2 ) which sprinkles digested slurry on top of the reaction mixture from the said liquid state methane digester ( 5 ) and collects percolate and/or lechates in a manifold created at the base of the solid state methane digester ( 2 ). The lechates produced from individual percolation unit are collected through a manifold into the said liquid state methane digester ( 5 ). The sprinkler ( 13 ) is in fluid communication with the said liquid state methane digester ( 5 ) and is suspended internally in the head space of the said solid state methane digester ( 2 ). The solid state methane digester ( 2 ) has a conduit/outlet arranged ( 18 ) at the lower region of the digesting tank for discharging sludge from the digesting tank, which is in communication with the culture preparation tank ( 10 ). The biomass is passed through the reaction chamber ( 3 ) for a period of time (about 5 to 20 days) sufficient for the feed mixture to be anaerobically digested. The period for degradation of biomass to biogas is variable, which depends on the retention time of the substrate used. [0072] The liquid state methane digester ( 5 ) consists of a reaction chamber ( 6 ) and a flexible biogas collecting vessel preferably a dome shaped ( 7 ) for extraction of biogas generated from solid state methane digester ( 2 ) and liquid state methane digester ( 5 ). The biogas collecting vessel ( 7 )/dome is mounted in the head region of the liquid state methane digester ( 5 ), which is movable and displaces gas by vertically upward movement. The liquid state methane digester ( 5 ) has provisions for collecting the percolate at the lower region of the digester ( 8 ) and an outlet at another lower end ( 9 ) for recycling the digested slurry into the solid state methane digester ( 2 ) by means of spray pumps and dispensers. The sludge produced is further filtered through a filtration unit ( 11 ) which may be sand filter or any other appropriate filter unit. The filtered sludge is finally dispatched for manure preparation into the manure preparation unit ( 12 ) manually. The number of solid state methane digesters varies with respect to the retention time of the biomass/substrate used for biogas generation. The spray recirculation system ( 13 ) maintains the desired temperature conditions inside the solid state methane digester ( 2 ) which in turn is controlled by solid handling pump ( 14 ). In the said liquid, state methane digester ( 5 ), the conversion into biogas is brought by housing enriched microbial consortia, leachates and/or percolates from said solid state methane digester ( 2 ). The conversion into biogas is brought by addition of enriched microbial consortia, followed by heating it between temperature ranges of about 30 Degree Centigrade to about 40 Degree Centigrade or as may be required by the consortia of microbes, with or without occasional stirring. The reactor size is optimized taking into consideration the microbial population and retention time required for digestion. Introduction of the liquid state methane digester optimizes biogas generation from the non digested slurry which otherwise is disposed off. [0073] Valves and regulators ( 15 ) or any other appropriate flow control mechanism are introduced to control the flow of lechates/slurry. The culture preparation tank ( 10 ) is than regularly fed with the substrate and portion of the solid digested material from the solid state methane digester ( 2 ). The gas generated from the digesters is collected in storage vessel. The mixture produced in the said culture preparation tank ( 10 ) is utilized as feed further to obtain biogas. [0074] The said non digested material prepared in the said culture preparation unit ( 10 ) is introduced partly in the said solid state methane reactor along with fresh biomass and partly treated for manure preparation. The said non digested material is introduced onto filtration tank ( 10 ) for draining excess water/liquid present in the solid digested material. The said, non digested material further is subjected for composting to manure ( 12 ) in order to achieve the desired quality of carbon to nitrogen ratio. Biogas generated from both the digesters ( 2 , 5 ) is collected in a gas collecting assembly which further can be utilized for cooking purposes or generating electricity or other productive uses like vehicle fuel with or without cleaning. Biogas can also be converted to purified methane and compressed to replace CNG in vehicle. The said process reduces the hydraulic retention time for the biomethanation process to 5 to 20 days depending on the substrate. The said process also reduces water consumption by about 50 percent as to that required by conventional method of biomethanation. The said process introduces dual biomethanation process by introduction of liquid state methane digester ( 5 ). [0075] While considerable emphasis has been placed herein on the specific steps of the preferred process and components of the preferred embodiment, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be appreciated that many alterations can be made and that many modifications can be made in the preferred embodiment without departing from the principles of the invention. These and other changes in the preferred embodiment as well as other embodiments of the inventions will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the disclosure herein, whereby it is to be distinctly understood that the foregoing descriptive matter is to be interpreted merely as illustrative of the invention and not as a limitation. [0076] The invention is further described with the help of following non limiting illustrations. Illustration 1: [0077] 1) Fresh Napier Grass is Used as Substrate. [0078] Fifteen kilograms of fresh Napier grass with total solids (TS) ranging from 20 to 25 percent, is pulverized upto 3 to 4 mm and allowed to undergo the said process of biomethanation. [0079] The results observed are as follows: [0000] Biogas Potential Reten- Expected Actual Digester recovery tion Biogas Biogas Sr. to Gas (Liters/ Time production production No. Substrate Ratio kg T.S.) (Days) (liters/day) (liters/day) 1 Fresh 1.2-1.5 250-350 18 900 1300-1400 Napier grass Observations: [0080] As the actual biogas output is about 50 percent more than the expected, the biogas to digester volume ratio is improved from 0.85 to about 1.2-1.5. The retention time is reduced to 18 days, whereby the conventional wet biogas digester producing biogas at similar gas potential recovery required over 25 days retention time. Thereby confirming the said invention. Illustration 2: [0081] 2) Dry Paddy Straw is Used as Substrate: [0082] 2.5 Kilograms of Paddy straw with total solids (TS) of about 88 to 90 percent is allowed to undergo the said biomethanation process. The following results are observed: [0000] Biogas Potential Reten- Expected Actual Digester recovery tion Biogas Biogas Sr. to Gas (Liters/ Time production production No. Substrate Ratio kg T.S.) (Days) (liters/day) (liters/day) 1 Paddy 1.1-1.2 260-300 18 700 600-700 Straw (dry) Observations: [0083] The conventional wet type biogas digester producing biogas at similar gas potential recovery required over 25 days retention time, the route followed by the said process takes 18 days retention time to produce biogas. Thus confirming the said process. ADVANTAGES OF THE PRESENT INVENTION [0084] The process reduces the overall hydraulic retention time required for the biomethanation process, thereby reducing the size of the biogas digester of equivalent capacity. [0085] The process describes a solid state anaerobic fermentation, thus the invention overcomes the problem of scum formation, thereby increasing the efficiency of the biomethanation process. [0086] The process allows use of mixed and/or multiple solid feeds as substrates for anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and manures. [0087] The process describes dual biomethanation, wherein leachate from the solid state methane digester is utilized in liquid state methane digester to maximize biogas production. [0088] The process produces less waste water than wet digestion systems and therefore requires less equipment for managing this effluent stream. [0089] The process involves minimum auxiliary power/energy consumption:

4y

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 07/802,950, filed Dec. 3, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,383 which is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 07/791,749, filed Nov. 12, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,125, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/584,325, filed Sept. 17, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,111,497, which are all three completely incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of electrical connectors, especially for telephone communication equipment, and more particularly to environmentally protected modular electrical connections. Most particularly, in one embodiment the present invention provides a method and apparatus for protecting modular telephone jacks from damage due to moisture, environmental pollutants, and corrosion, such as often found in coastal regions, islands, and the like. Telephone line connections at subscriber locations are commonly made with the RJ11 type of plug and socket connector. These connectors are exemplary of electrical connections susceptible to failure from oxidation, corrosion, humidity, salt, and the like, especially in the presence of a live voltage on the conductors within the connector. For example, it is sometimes difficult to establish and maintain an adequate environmental seal in a removable male RJ11 plug, particularly when wires lead from the male RJ11 plug. Accordingly, moisture and other environmental contaminants are allowed to enter such plugs, sometimes resulting in corrosion and/or failure of the connection of the tip and ring connections in the socket/plug combination. RJ11 sockets are likewise subject to moisture contamination and corrosion, as well as being subject to dust buildup. In hot, humid environments, such as in Florida and along the Gulf Coast of Texas, failure can occur within several months of installation. Servicing these failures is costly for the consumer or the telephone company. Sometimes problems have also arisen in connection with test ports for customer telecommunications equipment such as remote terminals at customer facilities, described in the parent application, and the like. It is often desirable to provide an RJ11 connector of the type well known to those of skill in the art, or other such connector, at an external location at subscriber facilities such as a junction box leading to a house or a remote terminal of the type described above. Previously, such access is provided by installing a female RJ11 socket at such locations which is normally connected to a male RJ11 plug. The tip and ring wires (among other wires in some cases) lead from the female RJ11 socket, and connect to tip and ring connections in the male RJ11 plug, thereafter leading into the subscriber facility. When it is desired to connect test equipment to the RJ11 female socket, the plug is removed, and another male RJ11 is inserted into the female socket, thereby providing tip and ring connections for the test equipment. Even though the equipment may be contained in a protective housing, such arrangements are sometimes subject to much of the same moisture/corrosion degradation. It would, therefore, be desirable to provide an improved method and associated apparatus for protecting plug and socket electrical connectors from the environment. In particular, an environmentally resistant RJ11 plug and socket apparatus as well as a method of making a sealed plug would be especially desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An improved method and apparatus for environmentally protecting electrical connections are disclosed which provide in various embodiments for the previously recited desirable features, as well as many others obvious to the ordinary skilled electrical connection designer after reviewing this disclosure. A preferred embodiment according to one aspect of the present invention provides for an environmentally protected electrical socket and plug assembly that retains electrical stability and environmental security throughout repeated connections and disconnections. For example, in the case of an RJ11, the present invention provides for environmental protection after repeated electrical connections and disconnections of telephone equipment. An improved socket-and-plug electrical connector and a method of manufacturing a protected plug are disclosed. According to one aspect of the invention an electrical connector includes a socket, containing an electrical conductor, that is adapted to insertably receive a plug, an environmental sealant at least partially filling the socket so that the sealant is at least partially displaced from the socket when the plug is inserted into the socket, and an elastomeric containment means for accommodating displaced sealant when the plug is inserted into the socket and for urging the sealant back into the socket when the plug is removed. Another aspect of the invention is directed to telephone connectors, such as RJ type sockets, in which the socket contacts are provided by a modular spring-block inserted into the socket. Such a socket may be environmentally protected by forming sealant around a spring-block before inserting the spring-block into the socket. Yet another aspect of the present invention directed to RJ type telephone sockets that employ a spring-block to provide the female contacts is directed to modifications to the RJ socket housing to improve the sealing performance of a gel filling. Such a modified RJ type socket according to this aspect of the invention is configured to seat the spring-block farther away from an inserted RJ type plug, and has shorter teeth in the internal comb for holding the spring-block contacts; these modifications provide a better passage for gel sealant to flow out of and back into the socket as a plug is inserted and removed. Other embodiments of an improved socket according to this aspect of the invention are configured to seat the spring-block back from the front of the socket so a gel-filled well is formed in front of the spring-block, and has a notch along a major portion of an edge, closest to the spring block, of the opening for the RJ plug; these modifications reducing the shearing of the front edge of the gel by an inserted plug, and improve the ability of the gel to return to cover the socket contacts when the plug is removed after repeated insertions and removals. A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention may be had with reference to the following figures and description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is rear perspective view of an RJ11 wall socket embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is cross-sectional view of the RJ11 wall socket of FIG. 1, taken through line 2--2. FIG. 3 is a cutaway perspective view of a modular RJ11 socket according to an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 4 is cross-sectional view of the modular socket of FIG. 3, taken through line 4--4. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate embodiments of a process of encapsulating a spring-block with gel prior to insertion in a socket housing, according to one aspect of the present invention. FIGS. 6A and 6B illustrate a particular embodiment of a gel-encased spring-block according to one aspect of the present invention. FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D illustrates two particular embodiments of gel encased spring-blocks being inserted into different socket housings. FIG. 8A is a front view of an RJ11 socket housing modified according to an aspect of the present invention for improved gel sealing. FIG. 8B is a cut-away side view of the RJ11 socket housing of FIG. 8A. FIG. 8C is a cut-away side view of the RJ11 socket housing of FIG. 8A with a gel encapsulated spring block inserted. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of an RJ11 plug according to an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a particular embodiment of a diaphragm for attachment to the back of a RJ11 socket housing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An RJ11 wall socket assembly 10 according to the present invention is illustrated by a rear perspective view in FIG. 1. The wall socket assembly 10 includes a faceplate 20 and a rear socket housing 30. Only a portion of the rear socket housing 30 is visible in FIG. 1, as it is predominantly covered by an elastomeric containment diaphragm 40. The elastomeric diaphragm 40 features an inset dimple 50, discussed further below, and a wire passage 60 through which telephone wires 70 pass. Shown in FIG. 2 is a partly cut-away cross-sectional view of the RJ11 wall socket of FIG. 1, taken through line 2--2. As shown, wires 70 attach to a spring-block or "jack-head" 80, which includes wire contacts 85. An RJ11 plug 90 is shown inserted into a socket 100 until abutting a bridge 110, so as to form an electrical connection with the contacts 85. Beneath the bridge 110 is shown a passage 120 which couples the socket 100 to a rear cavity 130 formed by the socket housing 30 and the elastomeric containment diaphragm 40. In order to protect the electrical contacts from moisture and other corrosives, an environmental sealant 140 is disposed within the socket 100, the coupling passage 120, and the cavity 130. The environmental sealant is preferably a hydrophobic dielectric designed to exclude moisture and insulate the wires and contacts. Gels are preferred, with the most preferred being silicone gels. The preferred gels have a cohesiveness greater than their tack (adhesion to other surfaces), so that when the plug is removed from the socket, the gel will release the plug rather than separating from the main body of gel within the socket. The gel requires a sufficient adhesion, however, so that it will form an acceptable seal around the contacts, wires, and other portions of the apparatus in need of environmental protection. The sealant should have a hardness sufficient to provide lasting protection against environmental contaminants. On the other hand, the sealant should be soft enough to be displaced by the plug and conform to the shape of the socket assembly and adequately seal it. The gel's hardness also impacts a customer preference: an audible "click" when the RJ11 plug is fully inserted and latches into the RJ11 socket. If the sealant is too stiff, this click will be muted. The sealant's elasticity is also an important characteristic, as it enables return of the sealant to protective placement when the plug is removed. A wide variety of sealants are available for this use, including, for example, elastic hot melt materials, greases, and flexible epoxies. Preferably, the sealant is a dielectric gel such as an oil or plasticizer extended aliphatic urethane gels, urea gels, silicone gels, and thermoplastic gels like styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene or styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene, or other soft gels having the required properties below whether or not oil or plasticizer extended, including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,634,207; 4,600,261; 4,643,924; 4,865,905; 4,662,692; 4,595,635; 4,680,233; 4,716,183; 4,718,678; 4,777,063; and 4,942,270, which are completely incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. Yet another preferred gel is Dow Sylgard gel. Preferred gels used in conjunction with the present invention include those having a cone penetration value from about 50 to about 350×10 -1 mm, more preferably about 100 to about 300×10 -1 mm, and most preferably about 100 to about 250×10 -1 mm. Preferred gels also have an ultimate elongation of at least about 50%, more preferably at least about 100% to 200%, and most preferably between about 400% and 800%. Alternatively from cone penetration, another measurement for hardness is Voland hardness. The Voland hardness is generally measured on a Voland texture analyzer apparatus. Voland hardnesses from about 15 grams to at least about 50 grams are acceptable for the gel, with preferred gels having Voland hardnesses from about 20 to about 40 grams. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 the preferred environmental sealant is a silicone gel having a Voland hardness of about 31±6 grams, a stress relaxation of about 28±10%, and a tack of about 17±5 grams. The cavity 130, the coupling passage 120, and any interior spaces or cavities of the RJ11 plug 90 are preferably substantially completely filled with the sealant 140. The socket 100 is also preferably substantially filled with the sealant 140, or at least sufficiently filled so as to cover the contacts 85 when no RJ11 plug is inserted. When the plug 90 is inserted into the socket 100, it will displace some of the sealant 140. The displaced sealant flows through the coupling passage 120 to the cavity 130. The pressure of the displaced sealant causes the inset dimple 50 to deflect outward and accommodate the additional sealant. The containment diaphragm 40 is preferably made of a flexible material such as rubber, most preferably Santoprene rubber made by MonSanto Corp. Other acceptable materials include flexible plastic, rubberized cloth, or essentially any flexible material that can be formed into a diaphragm or membrane. The containment diaphragm 40 is flexible enough to make room for sealant displaced by the insertion of the RJ11 plug 90, but it preferably is also stiff enough to create a force urging the sealant back into the socket 100 when the plug 90 is removed, so that the sealant covers and protects the contacts 85. This force also places the sealant under pressure when the plug 90 is inserted, and this pressure further helps to keep out corrosive contaminants. Preferably, the diaphragm 40 has a Shore A hardness of about 20 grams to about 100 grams, more preferably about 45 grams to about 75 grams, and most preferably a hardness of about 55 grams to about 65 grams. The diaphragm 40 also works in conjunction with the sealant to provide a seal around the wires 70 as they exit the socket assembly. Many prior systems have had difficulty sealing even one wire in such a situation, let alone four, but the combination of the diaphragm and gel seals up to eight or more wires. This sealing of the wires could also be achieved by the diaphragm in conjunction with some other environmental sealant, such as a grease, rather than the gel, but such sealing is inferior after repeated reentries. Another feature of the invention to enhance the sealant surrounding and protecting the contacts 85 includes on a portion of contacts 85 a coating 150 having a bonding affinity for the sealant. The contacts 85 are preferably gold coated, and sealants tend not to stick well to the gold. The coating 150 is applied to the front portion of the contacts 85. The coating 120 preferably forms a strong bond with the contacts 85, and also is preferably adhesive to the sealant 140. For gels, a suitable material is a tacky or adhesive base component of the gel. In this way, when the plug 90 is inserted, a portion of the gel remains attached to the front of the contacts 85; the gel is stretched and the main portion of it is pushed in front of the plug 90, but thin strands remain attached. When the plug 90 is then removed, the gel will contract and be pulled back to the front of the contacts 85, thereby protecting them. A sufficient portion of the contacts 85 must be free of the coating so that the contacts 85 may form electrical connections with any corresponding contacts in the plug 90. In the preferred embodiment the coating 150 is a silicone rubber adhesive that is applied to the contacts 85; this may be Dow Corning RTV silicone rubber sold as Silastic T silicone rubber, having a hardness of 20 as reported by Dow Corning. Preferably, the coating 150 is applied to the contacts 85 at a preliminary stage of construction, such as prior to insertion of spring-block 80 into socket housing 30, and allowed to harden. The socket assembly may then later filled with silicone gel. The gel, as it cures, will bond with the coating. Of course, essentially any material that forms a good bond both with the contacts and with the sealant may be used for the coating. The coating also performs the useful function of sealing the holes of contacts 85 to their plastic holder. For this purpose the coating does not need to bond with the gel. Yet another feature shown in FIG. 2 is a spring loaded dust cover 160 (partially shown) that pivots about screw 170 so as to cover socket 100 when plug 90 is removed. An additional embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, in which corresponding reference numerals indicate features corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 3 is a partially cutaway perspective view of a modular RJ11 socket housing 30'. The socket housing 30' is shown to have two attachment lips 200 and 210, for snapping the socket housing 30' into a socket faceplate (not shown). The socket housing 30' is also shown to have a ridge 220 which helps secure diaphragm 40'. FIG. 4 is cross-sectional view of the modular socket of FIG. 3, taken through line 4--4. This view shows that the attachment lip 210 is an extended member that can deflect to allow the socket housing 30' to snap fit into a socket faceplate. The sealant may be provided by filling the socket housing as discussed above, or by surrounding the spring-block with sealant prior to inserting the spring-block into the socket housing. The latter approach both simplifies manufacturing and reduces costs, and is illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B. As shown in FIG. 5A, gel curing fixture 300 has a plurality of rectangular spring-block receptacles 310. A spring-block, complete with wires and contacts, is inserted into a receptacle 310, which is then filled with gel. Once the gel has been cured and is affixed to the spring-block, the spring-block is removed, resulting in a gel-encased spring-block such as indicated by reference numeral 320. Differently shaped receptacles may also be employed, as shown in FIG. 5B, which illustrates a gel curing fixture 300' that has a plurality of cylindrical spring-block gel molding receptacles 310'. The dimensions of the shape of gel are at least about 10% greater than the plug, preferably at least about 25% greater than the plug, and most preferably about 50% greater than the plug, but less than a larger dimension that would preclude the plug's insertion. Because of the large variance in shape of currently existing socket housings, the most suitable outside dimensions for gel-encased spring-blocks will also vary. The general shape of a preferred gel-encased spring-block is illustrated in FIGS. 6A and 6B, which show a front view and side view, respectively, of a gel-encased spring-block 330. Gel-encased spring-block 330 is generally block-shaped, with a top-front sloping surface 331 extending from the front to the rear, and a lower-front sloping surface 332 extending from the front to a midpoint towards the rear, with a flat front portion 333. The spring-block is totally encased by gel, and its features are therefore not shown, although the contacts should be understood to travel from the front, down and towards the rear. In some embodiments top-front sloping surface 331 will meet lower-front sloping surface 332 at an edge, without any flat front portion 333. Gel-encased spring-block 330 can in this case be described generally by a height h, width w, length l, vertical extent s1 of surface 331, vertical extent s2 of surface 332, vertical extent s3 of surface 333, and lengthwise extent s4 of surface 332. For a majority of RJ11 socket housings, suitable dimensions for a gel encased spring block will be with height ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 0.8 inches, width ranging from about 0.3 inches to 0.65 inches, length ranging from about 0.5 inches to about 0.73 inches, s1 ranging from about 0.05 inches to about 0.3 inches, s2 ranging from about 0.27 inches to about 0.45 inches, s3 ranging from about 0.0 inches to about 0.23 inches, and s4 ranging from about 0.18 inches to about 0.33 inches. For a silicone gel having the most preferred parameter ranges discussed above, this results in about 1.6±0.05 grams of gel encapsulating the spring-block. FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, and 7D illustrates two particular embodiments of gel encased spring-blocks being inserted into different socket housings. FIG. 7A shows a rear view of an gel-encased spring-block 350 being inserted into an RJ11 socket 360. FIG. 7B shows a front view of RJ11 socket 360 after gel-encased spring-block 350 is inserted. FIG. 7C shows a rear view of a gel encased spring-block 370 being inserted into a modular RJ11 socket 380, and FIG. 7D shows a front view of modular RJ11 socket 380 after gel-encased spring-block 370 is inserted. FIG. 8A is a front view of an RJ11 socket housing modified according to an aspect of the present invention for improved gel sealing. RJ11 socket housing 400 is shown with socket opening 405, for an RJ11 plug, facing forward. Socket opening 405 has been modified so that lower edge 410, which is adjacent to the spring block and contacts when inserted, has a central notch 415 extending along most of its length and about 0.035 inches deep, leaving corner spacers 420. In an unmodified RJ socket filled with gel, the gel has a tendency to press up against lower edge 410 of opening 405, so that the insertion of a plug will tend to shear the gel against edge 410. As the gel is sheared, repeated insertions of a plug will tend to push it back with no elastic connection to the gel at the front of the spring block, causing the gel to be "rolled back" and not return to its protective positioning over the front of the spring block contacts after the plug is removed. The inclusion of notch 415, with spacers 420 to maintain an inserted plug in its standard position, provides a space between the plug and housing edge, which reduces the shearing effect on the gel and improves its performance over repeated insertions and removals of a plug. Also shown in FIG. 8A is internal comb 425 with teeth 430 that maintain in place the contacts of an inserted spring block. Teeth 430 have been shortened in comparison to other designs, to about 0.05 inches, to allow a better passage for gel to flow out of and back into the socket as a plug is inserted and removed. Also, the number of teeth has been reduced. For a number n of wires, only n+1 teeth are necessary to hold them in place. Reducing the number of teeth has a similar effect to the shortening of the teeth, and improves the passage for the flow of gel. FIG. 8B is a cut-away side view of the RJ11 socket housing of FIG. 8A. This view shows a socket housing sidewall spacer 435 for supporting the bottom of an inserted spring block, and socket housing sidewall slot 440 for engaging with a spring block side ridge. These features control the elevation of the inserted spring block, and have been modified to be about 0.05 inches lower than normal. Wire slot 445 is cut into the rear top side of socket housing 400, to hold wires from an inserted spring-block. Also shown in FIG. 8B is spring block latch 450, which has been modified from previous designs to be a notch rather than a simple step, so it controls both forward an rearward movement of an inserted spring block rather than simply preventing rearward movement of an inserted spring block. The significance of these modifications is illustrated in FIG. 8C, which is a cut-away side view of RJ11 socket housing 400 in which a spring block 455, encapsulated with gel 460, is inserted. The shorter teeth 430 of comb 425, together with the lowered position of spring block 455 create a passage 465 through which gel may flow when a plug is inserted or removed. Furthermore, notch 450 is positioned so as to distance spring block 455 from the front of socket housing 400, creating a well 470 filled with gel. This well 470 of gel helps maintain an elastic connection between gel at the front of spring block 455 with gel that has been pushed back by an inserted plug, so that when the plug is removed the displaced gel is pulled into place over contacts 475. Well 470 is preferably between about 0.1 and 0.2 inches, most preferably about 0.12 inches. Illustrated in FIG. 9 is an RJ11 plug for forming a completed telephone connection according to an aspect of the present invention. RJ11 plug 500 having contacts 505 is filled with gel, which is then cured. Either before or after curing the gel, wires 510 are inserted and pressure is applied at crimp point 515 to secure wires 510 within plug 500. RJ11 plug 500 has three points that need to be sealed to provide environmental protection: contacts 505, the entry point for wires 510, and crimp point 515. The filling of plug 500 with gel serves to seal the entry point for wires 510 and also seals crimp point 515. Upon being inserted into a gel filled socket, contacts 505 will also be sealed, providing a completely environmentally sealed telephone connection. Illustrated in FIG. 10 is an alternative embodiment of an elastic diaphragm for attachment to the back of a RJ11 socket housing according to the present invention. Diaphragm 600 is made of a rectangular plastic frame 605, on the inside of which is attached an elastic membrane 610. According to a preferred embodiment, membrane 610 is a double sided foam tape that bonds both with frame 605 and with the socket housing when attached. Diaphragm 600 also has a slide slot which may be matched to a wire slot in the socket housing, for securing and sealing the wires. Diaphragm 600 may also have internal ridges that couple with ridges on the sides of the socket housing to hold it firmly in place. The inventions claimed herein provide a substantially improved method and device for environmentally protecting electrical socket connections. It is to be understood that the above description is intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many embodiments will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. By way of example, the inventions herein have been illustrated primarily with regard to RJ11 telephone sockets, but teachings herein can also be applied to other RJ type telephone sockets such as RJ14 and RJ48 sockets, and to other electrical socket connections, such as power outlet sockets in a high humidity area such as an oil rig. By way of further example, the specific embodiments described herein have employed diaphragms surrounding the circumference of the socket and mounted directly opposite the entry point of the plug, but both of these characteristics could be varied. By way of still further example, the specific connectors and the roles of the male and female connectors disclosed herein could readily be reversed or altered. The scope of the inventions should, therefore, be determined not with reference to the above description, but should instead be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled by the ordinary skilled artisan.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the production of semiconductor products. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of filling trenches, holes and other surface discontinuities in semiconductor products. The invention also relates to an apparatus for forcing conductive metal into openings in semiconductor products. 2. Discussion of the Related Art A method of filling metal into openings in semiconductor products is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,561 (Dobson). According to the Dobson process, via holes are formed in a semiconductor wafer. An aluminum layer is formed over the holes by sputtering. The aluminum layer is deformed and caused to flow into the holes by high pressure and high temperature. The high pressure is applied by pressurized gas. The Dobson process has several disadvantages. First, it may not always fill the via holes as desired. The process will not work unless the holes are completely covered over by aluminum. That is, the process will not work if openings in the aluminum layer permit equalization of the pressures inside and outside the holes. Openings in the aluminum layer may be formed during the sputtering process or during the application of high pressure and high temperature. Another problem with the Dobson process is that it would be difficult to operate efficiently. It takes time to pressurize the gas in the Dobson process. The time it takes to handle the pressurized gas reduces the rate at which wafers can be processed. In addition, the mechanisms that would be used to create and maintain the high pressure are relatively large and complicated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The disadvantages of the prior art are overcome to a great extent by the present invention. The invention uses explosive force to fill trenches, via holes and/or other openings or surface discontinuities. The invention relates to a method of making a semiconductor product. The method includes the steps of providing a conductive layer on an insulating layer, and applying an explosive force to the conductive layer. The explosive force is used to efficiently and reliably drive the conductive material into openings defined in the insulating layer. According to one aspect of the invention, the conductive material is a malleable metal material. The semiconductor product may be a semiconductor wafer in an intermediate stage of production. The metal material may form electrical interconnects in the wafer. The explosive force may be provided by a variety of reactive materials and other instrumentalities. In one embodiment of the invention, the explosive force is generated by igniting a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen. In another embodiment of the invention, the reactive materials include alcohol and a suitable oxidizing agent. To control or buffer the explosive force, a baffle may be interposed between the explosion and the wafer being processed. The baffle may be a solid structure. Alternatively, the wafer may be immersed in liquid or gas. In another embodiment of the invention, a piston is used to transmit and/or regulate the explosive force. According to another aspect of the invention, the conductive material is softened by preheating, before the explosive force is applied to it. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for processing semiconductor wafers. The apparatus includes a support member for supporting the wafers and a reaction chamber for containing explosive forces. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the apparatus also includes a heater for preheating the wafers. In addition, an ignition device may be provided for initiating combustion reactions. An advantage of the invention is that it may be practiced with compact equipment. The invention does not require bulky, complicated mechanical systems for producing and handling pressurized gas. Another advantage of the invention is that explosive forces can be generated consistently and rapidly, resulting in faster sequential processing of semiconductor wafers. Moreover, it has been found that explosive forces, characterized by high energy waves, are preferable to forces produced by gradually increasing gas pressure, in terms of reliably forming high quality electrical interconnects. The present invention is particularly well suited for filling trenches and holes that have high height to width aspect ratios. According to one aspect of the invention, a porous baffle may be used to protect semiconductor wafers from contaminants, such as contaminants created by sliding pistons. The baffle may be formed, for example, of sintered stainless steel. According to another aspect of the invention, a piston with differential surface areas may be used to increase or decrease the intensity of waves applied to the surfaces of the wafers being processed. If desired, an annular space at the periphery of the piston may be maintained at atmospheric pressure to further protect the wafers from contaminants. An advantage of the present invention is that it can be practiced with both gaseous and liquid fuels and oxidizing materials. According to one aspect of the invention, the oxidizer may be supplied to the reaction chamber under relatively high pressure. These and other features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial cross sectional view of a semiconductor wafer at an intermediate stage of production. FIG. 2 is a partial cross sectional view of the wafer of FIG. 1 at another stage of production. FIG. 3 is a partial cross sectional view of the wafer of FIG. 1 at yet another stage of production. FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a wafer handling apparatus constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 11 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 12 is a cross sectional view of yet another wafer handling device constructed in accordance with the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, where like reference numerals designate like elements, there is shown in FIG. 1 a semiconductor wafer 10 in an intermediate stage of production. The wafer 10 has a silicon substrate 12 and an insulating layer 14 . The substrate 12 has an active structure 16 . The insulating layer 14 has an opening 18 for providing access to the active structure 16 . The opening 18 may be a trench, a via hole, a contact well, or any other desired surface discontinuity. For clarity of illustration, only one opening 18 is shown in the drawings. In practice, the insulating layer 14 may have numerous openings 18 of different shapes and sizes for providing access to a variety of active structures 16 and other devices. The openings 18 may be orthogonal to the insulating layer 14 , as shown in the drawings. The invention is also generally applicable, however, to openings that are inclined with respect to the insulating layer 14 . In operation, a layer of conductive material 20 is deposited on the upper surface 22 of the insulating layer 14 . Then, an explosive force is used to move the conductive material 20 into the opening 18 (FIG. 2 ). Then, the wafer 10 may be subjected to further processing. For example, the conductive material 20 remaining on the insulating surface 22 may be removed, leaving just the interconnect metal 20 in the opening 18 . The conductive material 20 may be deposited by sputtering, vapor deposition, or by another suitable technique. The deposition process creates ledges 24 , 26 (FIG. 1) that extend over the side edges 28 , 30 of the opening 18 . The ledges 24 , 26 define a spacing 32 . If the deposition process is continued, the spacing 32 typically becomes closed over. That is, a bridge 34 (FIG. 3) may be formed over the opening 18 . The bridge 34 seals the interior of the opening 18 from the atmosphere. The present invention may be used to fill the opening 18 even when the bridge 34 is not fully formed. In particular, an explosive, high energy force may be used to move the ledges 24 , 26 (FIG. 1) abruptly into the opening 18 even when the opening 18 is open to the atmosphere. The present invention should not be limited to the deposition patterns illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3. Different deposition techniques and different materials tend to cover openings in different ways. The deposition pattern may also be a function of the size and shape of the opening 18 , the temperature of the deposited material, and the surface characteristics of the insulating layer 14 . The conductive material 20 is preferably malleable or deformable metal such as aluminum, gold, tungsten, platinum, copper, titanium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, and/or alloys thereof. Other materials, including plastic materials, may also be used to practice the invention. Referring now to FIG. 4, a filling apparatus 40 constructed in accordance with the invention has a sealed reaction chamber 42 , a table 44 for supporting the wafer 10 , an inlet/outlet system 46 for supplying a combustible gas mixture, and an igniter 48 for igniting the gas mixture to initiate an explosion. The explosion generates an explosive force that propagates as waves throughout the reaction chamber 42 . The explosive force drives the ledges 24 , 26 (FIG. 1) or the bridges 34 (FIG. 3) into the respective openings 18 . The openings 18 are not shown in FIG. 4 for the sake of clarity. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the combustible gas mixture includes hydrogen and oxygen in amounts that react completely with each other. If desired, a buffering agent may be added to the combustible mixture to promote a smooth but rapid expansion, and to promote clean burning of the combustible mixture. The combustible mixture preferably reacts chemically without producing residual soot or other byproducts that would damage the filling apparatus 40 or contaminate the wafer 10 . For example, the reaction byproducts may consist essentially of water vapor. The reaction byproducts may be removed from the reaction chamber 42 by the inlet/outlet system 46 . The term “explosive force,” as used herein, is not limited to forces generated by combustion reaction explosions. The term is used herein generally to include any force characterized by high energy waves of the type produced by explosions. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an explosive force generates a pressure equivalent to about seven hundred to eight hundred atmospheres on the exposed surfaces of the wafer 10 . The invention should not be limited to the preferred embodiments illustrated and described in detail herein. A suitable transport mechanism (not illustrated) may be provided for rapidly moving wafers 10 into and out of the filling apparatus 40 . The wafers 10 may be cycled through the apparatus 40 one by one or in groups for batch processing. The movement of the wafers 10 may be synchronized with the ignition of the combustible gas mixture. A suitable programmable control device (not illustrated) may be connected to the transport mechanism, the inlet/outlet system 46 and the igniter 48 for high speed, synchronized operation. The illustrated filling machine 40 has a baffle 50 . The baffle 50 is an optional piece of equipment. The filling machine 40 may be operated without the baffle 50 , if desired. The baffle 50 may be used to regulate and/or smooth out the impact of the compression waves applied to the conductive material 20 . The baffle 50 provides flexibility for the operator in terms of the amounts and types of explosive materials that may be employed in the reaction chamber 42 . That is, the baffle 50 makes it possible to initiate high intensity explosions in the reaction chamber 42 without damaging the wafer 10 . It may be more economical to permit such high intensity explosions than to operate without the baffle 50 . The illustrated baffle 50 is formed of a suitable solid material such as an elastomeric material or metal. The baffle 50 may be supported by the walls 52 , 54 of the filling machine 40 . In the illustrated embodiment, the baffle 50 is a flexible diaphragm. Pressurized argon or another suitable inert gas may be located in the area 56 between the baffle 50 and the wafer 10 . The table 44 may be provided with a heater for preheating the wafer 10 or for maintaining the temperature of the wafer 10 . The wafer 10 is preferably preheated to soften the metal material 20 . In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the wafer 10 is preheated to a temperature of about five hundred to six hundred degrees Fahrenheit. A second filling machine 60 constructed in accordance with the invention is shown in FIG. 5 . The second filling machine 60 is essentially the same as the filling machine 40 shown in FIG. 4, except that the second filling machine 60 has a liquid baffle. The liquid baffle may be formed of de-ionized water 62 located in the bottom of the reaction chamber 42 . The wafer 10 may be completely immersed in the water 62 . The liquid baffle (or water blanket) 62 may be used to dampen, reduce and/or smooth out the impact of the explosive forces generated in the reaction chamber 42 . The liquid baffle 62 may also protect the wafer 10 by providing a physical barrier against contaminants. If desired, the liquid baffle 62 may be replaced with a baffle formed of heavy gas. The term “heavy gas” means gas that is substantially more dense than the combustible gas mixture. The heavy gas would tend to collect at the bottom of the filling machine 60 , causing the combustible gas mixture to remain near the top of the reaction chamber 42 (in the vicinity of the igniter 48 ) prior to exploding. The gas baffle may be used to ensure that the combustible gas mixture is located near the igniter 48 during ignition. The gas baffle may also protect the wafer 10 by isolating the wafer 10 from reactive chemicals. Referring now to FIG. 6, a third filling machine 70 may be constructed with a ram piston 72 . The edges 74 , 76 of the piston 72 are slidably sealed to the walls 52 , 54 of the filling apparatus 70 . The combustible gas mixture may be located in a reaction chamber 42 above the piston 72 . A compressible inert gas may be located below the piston 72 . The inert gas surrounds and protects the wafer 10 . The piston 72 helps prevent contamination of the wafer 10 and isolates the wafer 10 from reactive materials. In operation, an explosion is initiated in the reaction chamber 42 . The explosion causes the piston 72 to move rapidly downward toward the wafer 10 . The rapid downward movement of the piston 72 causes a sudden compression of the inert gas, initiating a high energy wave that impacts the ledges 24 , 26 (FIG. 1) and thereby force fills the conductive material 20 into the openings 18 . The downward movement of the piston 72 may be stopped at a desired location by a suitable stop mechanism (not illustrated). In addition, the piston 72 may be biased upward by a compression spring (not illustrated). When the combustion products are withdrawn from the reaction chamber 42 through the inlet/outlet system 46 , the compression spring returns the piston 72 to the start position shown in FIG. 6 . The inert gas in the lower chamber 78 (beneath the piston 72 ) may be precharged. For example, the lower chamber 78 may be pressurized to an initial pressure of about two thousand to three thousand pounds per square inch. The precharging may eliminate the need for the compression spring. In addition, pressurizing the gas in the lower chamber 78 may facilitate the rapid formation of intense compression waves. The pressure in the lower chamber 78 may be maintained by a suitable inlet/outlet mechanism 80 . As shown in FIG. 7, a filling machine 82 may be provided with a baffle 84 for protecting the wafer 10 . The baffle 84 may be formed of porous filter media. The baffle 84 may be used to prevent contaminants from falling on the wafer 10 . The contaminants may be produced, for example, by frictional wear between the piston edges 74 , 76 and the contacting walls 52 , 54 . The high energy waves transmitted by the piston 72 are propagated through the pores in the porous baffle 84 . The porous baffle 84 may be formed, for example, of sintered stainless steel having pores that are about one-half micron or less in diameter. FIG. 8 shows a fifth filling apparatus 90 constructed in accordance with the invention. The illustrated apparatus 90 has a differential piston 92 with first and second piston surfaces 94 , 96 . The surface area of the first surface 94 is smaller than the surface area of the second surface 96 . The first surface 94 is slidably sealed within a fixed cylinder 98 . The differential piston 92 reduces the intensity of the explosive force applied to the wafer 10 . The annular space 100 between the two platens 94 , 96 may be maintained at atmospheric pressure. A vent 102 may provide fluid communication between the space 100 and the exterior of the device 90 . The vent 102 and the space 100 may be used to isolate the combustion chamber 42 from the lower chamber 78 . That is, the space 100 may be used to prevent combustion or reaction products from seeping into the lower chamber 78 . By maintaining the pressure in the lower chamber 78 above atmospheric pressure, contaminants located at the edge of the lower platen 96 are urged upwardly toward the annular space 100 . The piston travel distance 104 may be selected such that the vent 102 is never covered by the top platen 94 . The fifth filling apparatus 90 may be constructed either with or without the porous plate 84 . Referring now to FIG. 9, a sixth filling apparatus constructed in accordance with the invention has a differential piston 192 with first and second piston surfaces 194 , 196 . The first surface 194 has a greater diameter (and surface area) than the second surface 196 . The second surface 196 is slidably sealed within a fixed cylinder 198 . The space 100 between the platens 194 , 196 may be maintained at atmospheric pressure as in the apparatus of FIG. 8 . The differential piston 192 (FIG. 9) increases the intensity of the explosive force supplied to the wafer 10 . A seventh filling apparatus 210 is shown in FIG. 10 . The seventh filling apparatus 210 operates with liquid reactants. A liquid fuel is introduced into the reaction chamber 42 through a first input pipe 212 . The fuel may be, for example, alcohol. The fuel may be introduced at relatively low pressure. A liquid oxidizer (for example, hydrogen peroxide) flows into the reaction chamber 42 at a higher pressure through a second inlet 214 . The oxidizer is pressurized by a pressurizing system that includes first and second one-way valves 216 , 218 and a high pressure reciprocating syringe type pump 220 . The pump 220 may have a reciprocating plunger 222 for applying pressure to the oxidizer. An exhaust valve 224 is provided for cyclically removing the reaction products from the reaction chamber 42 . The pump 220 may be used to control the pressure and feed rate of the oxidizer to thereby control the reaction rate in the reaction chamber 42 . A metering orifice 225 may be located in the inlet line 214 to control the feed rate of reactant flowing into the reaction chamber 42 . The metering orifice 225 may be operatively connected to a suitable programmable controller and/or transducers (described in more detail below). Referring now to FIG. 11, there is shown an eighth filling apparatus 230 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The illustrated apparatus 230 has a high pressure injection chamber 232 located above the reaction chamber 42 . As in the embodiment described above, fuel (such as alcohol) flows into the reaction chamber 42 at relatively low pressure (for example, atmospheric pressure) through a first inlet 212 . The oxidizer flows through a first check valve 234 , a metering orifice 236 , and then through a second inlet 238 into the reaction chamber 42 . The injection chamber 232 has a second piston 240 . The second piston 240 is integrally connected to the main piston 72 , for example, by a sealed piston rod 244 . A cyclically operating exhaust valve 224 is provided as in the embodiment of FIG. 10 . In operation, as an explosive reaction occurs in the reaction chamber 42 , the second piston 240 moves downward with the main piston 72 . The downward movement of the injection piston 240 creates high pressure in the injection chamber 232 . The high pressure causes the oxidizer to flow through the metering orifice 236 into the reaction chamber 42 . The metering orifice 236 may be used to control the rate at which the reactants (the fuel and tie oxidizer) are mixed. The rate at which the reactants are mixed may be the same as in the syringe pump embodiment of FIG. 10 . If desired, the pressure, temperature, and change of volume in the reaction chamber 42 may be controlled by a suitable programmable controller (not illustrated). Transducers (not illustrated) may be provided to measure the pressure, temperature and displacement of the lower surface 242 of the reaction chamber 42 . The controller may be programmed with a feedback system to control the operational parameters as desired. FIG. 12 illustrates another filling apparatus 250 constructed in accordance with the invention. The filling apparatus 250 has a differential piston 192 like the one shown in FIG. 9 . The apparatus 250 is adapted to operate on liquid fuel. The liquid fuel is introduced into the reaction chamber 42 by a suitable inlet 212 . The inlet 212 may be connected to a suitable upstream source of fuel (not shown). The oxidizer, which may also be a liquid, is introduced through one-way valves 252 , 254 that are connected together in series. In addition, a pressure accumulator 256 may be provided between the one-way valves 252 , 254 . The lower chamber 258 of the accumulator 256 is in fluid communication with the space 78 beneath the differential piston 192 . In operation, as an explosive reaction is initiated in the reaction chamber 42 , an operating pressure is applied to the upper chamber 260 of the accumulator 256 by the increasing pressure in the space 78 beneath the piston 192 . The operating pressure causes the oxidizer accumulated in the upper portion 260 of the accumulator 256 to flow through the second one-way valve 254 and into the reaction chamber 42 . The oxidizer flows into the reaction chamber 42 because of the difference in pressure created by the differential piston 192 . If desired, the piston 192 may be replaced by a piston having equal surface area on both sides. In this alternative embodiment, a differential piston arrangement may be provided in the accumulator 256 , instead of the illustrated cylindrical piston 257 , to cause the reactant to flow into the reaction chamber 42 . As in the previously described embodiments, suitable transducers and a feedback system may be provided for controlling the temperature, fuel and oxidizer flow rates, temperature and displacement of the piston 192 to achieve the desired pressure waves for processing the wafer 10 . If desired, the feedback system may be operatively connected to one or more metering orifices 259 , 261 . The metering orifices 259 , 261 may be used to control the feed rate of reactant into the reaction chamber 42 . In each of the above-described embodiments, a suitable cooling apparatus or heat dissipation apparatus may be provided for the reaction chamber 42 and/or other parts of the system. Thus, for example, systems constructed in accordance with the invention may employ suitable fluid coolant and/or fins for dissipating heat. An important advantage obtained with the present invention is that a large amount of energy may be obtained using a small amount of combustible materials, which may be gas or liquid. For most wafer products, a single application of explosive force should be sufficient to produce high quality interconnects in the openings 18 . For other products, such as wafers that have non-orthogonal openings, or where indirect infusion of metal is required, it may be desirable to apply successive force waves to complete the filling operation. The above descriptions and drawings are only illustrative of preferred embodiments which achieve the features and advantages of the present invention, and it is not intended that the present invention be limited thereto. Any modification of the present invention which comes within the spirit and scope of the following claims is considered part of the present invention.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a stacker device for packages of a plurality of identical plastic or paper containers supported in a tray or shipping carton for the purpose of providing compressive load-bearing capability to the package. Although not limited thereto, the invention is especially adapted to shrink wrapped packages of a plurality of plastic or paper containers supported in a tray and surrounded by a plastic wrap. For many goods the packing of multiple containers in a relatively shallow base tray surrounded by a transparent shrinkable plastic wrap, instead of a conventional corrugated cardboard carton, has become commonplace. With the increasing popularity of warehouse-type grocery stores and supermarkets, such packages offer convenience in that upon removal of the plastic wrap, the entire package may be shelved or stacked for display purposes. Where the goods themselves have considerable load-bearing strength, such as canned goods and glass bottled goods, such shrink wrapped packages can readily be stacked. More recently, it has become commonplace to package many goods in lighter weight synthetic resinous plastic containers such as bottles, jugs, and the like. Other goods are packed in paper containers offering little or no load-bearing strength. Shrink wrapped packages of such lighter weight plastic or paper containers are easier to handle, are cheaper to ship, etc. However, they lack significant compressive load-bearing strength so that, if, stacked too high, one or more of the containers in the lowermost package may rupture. Whether the contained goods are beverages or table syrups or motor oils or cooking oils, an undesirable mess is created which may ruin not only the goods in the package including the ruptured container, but adjacent packages as well. Frangible goods, such as chips and flakes and the like, which are often sold in paper containers, may be rendered unsaleable if crushed. The present invention is directed to the alleviation of these problems. THE PRIOR ART Prior attempts to increase the load-bearing capacity of packages of varying kinds are exemplified by the following U.S. Patents: ______________________________________Kim 3,327,919 June 27, 1967Sargent et al 3,595,384 July 27, 1971Roth 3,826,357 July 30, 1974Meighan 4,062,448 December 13, 1977Schwaner 4,251,020 February 17, 1981______________________________________ SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a package of a plurality of identical plastic or paper containers supported in a tray or box. The stacker device functions to impart load-bearing strength to the package and serves as a divider or partition for separating at least some of the containers. The stacker is composed essentially of stiff sheet material laminated together into a unique structure which is collapsible for ease of storage and shipment and feeding into automated packaging equipment. The stacker comprises similar first and second rectangular segments each having a relatively narrow end section, a center section, and a relatively wider end section, all connected along parallel vertically extending fold lines and having a width at least equal to the height of the plastic or paper containers to be packaged. The stacker also includes similar third and fourth segments of the same height, which optionally may have a narrow end section connected along a vertically extending fold line. The first and second segments are joined together in first and second laminated joints between the inner surfaces of each of the narrow end sections of those segments and the outermost edge surface of the wider sections of the other of said segments. The third and fourth segments are joined to the composite first and second segments in laminated joints between the outer surface of each of the center sections of the first and second segments and one surface of the third and fourth segments. Where the third and fourth segments have a separate end section, those end sections are joined to the composite structure in fifth and sixth laminated joints between those end sections and the narrow end sections of the first and second segments on the outer surfaces thereof opposite from the first and second laminated joints. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which corresponding parts are identified by the same numerals and in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a typical shrink wrapped package including a stacker according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view of the paperboard components of such a package showing one configuration of stacker; FIG. 3 is an elevation in section on the line 3--3 of FIG. 2 and in the direction of the arrows, and showing two packages stacked one above the other; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the stacker device of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 in partially collapsed form; FIG. 5 is a plan view of the paperboard components of a package showing an alternative stacker configuration; and FIG. 6 is a plan view of the paperboard components of a package showing a still further stacker configuration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, and particularly to FIGS. 1 through 3, there is shown a typical shrink wrapped package indicated generally at 10. The package 10 includes a standard rectangular shallow paperboard tray 11 having a bottom wall and side and/or end walls. A plurality of identical standard synthetic resinous plastic containers 12 are supported within tray 11, containers 12 as shown being of a type commonly used in the packaging of motor oil. A stacker device, as hereinafter described in detail, rests upon the bottom wall of tray 11 and provides partitioned compartments for containers 12. A shrunken plastic film 13 extends partially or completely around the assembled tray, containers and stacker, as is well known in the art. The stacker device is composed essentially of similar first and second rectangular segments 14 and 15, respectively, of stiff sheet material, such as corrugated cardboard as is commonly used in the packaging industry. The corrugations extend vertically for maximum strength. Stacker segment 14 includes a relatively narrow end section 16 joined to a center section 17 along a fold line 18 and a relatively wider end section 19 joined to center section 17 along a fold line 20. Similarly, second stacker segment 15 includes a relatively narrow end section 21 joined to a center section 22 along a fold line 23 and a relatively wider end section 24 joined to the center section 22 along a fold line 25. The fold lines are vertically extending and parallel. The narrow end section 16 of segment 14 is connected to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 24 of stacker segment 15 in a first laminated joint 26. Similarly, the narrow end section 21 of stacker segment 15 is joined to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 19 of stacker segment 14 in a second laminated joint 27. The stacker also includes third and fourth rectangular stacker segments 28 and 29 composed of stiff paperboard sheet material similar to that of the first and second stacker segments. Third stacker segment 28 is joined to the center section 17 of stacker segment 14 in a third laminated joint 30. Similarly, the fourth stacker segment 29 is joined to the center section 22 of stacker segment 15 in a fourth laminated joint 31. The laminated joints are substantially coextensive in area with the respective parts joined together. The joints are made with glue or other adhesives, as are commonly used in the packaging industry. The first and second stacker segments 14 and 15 are foldable along the fold lines 18, 20, 23 and 25 into a zig-zag or Z-fold to define a central container-holding space or compartment 32 which is rectangular in the assembled stacker device used in a shrink wrapped package. The elements defining compartment 32 form a strong weight-bearing hollow column, the strength being enhanced by the laminated joints 30 and 31, supplemented by the projecting wing-like columns formed by laminated joints 26 and 27. The first and second laminated joints 26 and 27, respectively, project outwardly in opposite directions from the diagonally opposite corners of the compartment 32. Similarly, the free ends of stacker segments 28 and 29 project outwardly in opposite directions from the other diagonally opposite corners of compartment 32. The height of the assembled stacker is at least equal to that of the containers 12, but preferably about 1/4 to 1/2 inch higher than the height of said containers. The stacker is readily assembled by adaptation of existing automatic packaging equipment. Standard corrugated shipping boxes and cartons have some inherent load-bearing and stacking capability. This capability may be enhanced to some extent by the inclusion of dividers within the box. It may be enhanced further by the use of the stacker of this invention. Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown a plan view of the paperboard components of a package showing an alternative stacker configuration in which the third and fourth stacker segments each have an optional narrow end section as described hereinafter. The package includes a tray 11A as heretofore described. The alternative form of stacker device is composed essentially of similar first and second rectangular segments 14A and 15A. Stacker segment 14A includes a relatively narrow end section 16A joined to a center section 17A along a fold line 18A and a relatively wider end section 19A joined to center section 17A along a fold line 20A. Similarly, second stacker segment 15A includes a relatively narrow end section 21A joined to a center section 22A along a fold line 23A and a relatively wider end section 24A joined to the center section 22A along a fold line 25A. The narrow end section 16A of segment 14A is connected to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 24A of stacker segment 15A in a first projecting wing-like laminated joint 26A. Similarly, the narrow end section 21A of stacker segment 15A is joined to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 19A of stacker segment 14A in a second laminated joint 27A. The alternative stacker also includes third and fourth rectangular stacker segments 28A and 29A. Stacker segment 28A has a wide end section 33 and a narrow end section 34 connected along a vertically extending fold line 35 and foldable into an L-fold. Similarly, fourth alternative stacker segment 29A is composed essentially of a wide end section 36 and a narrow end section 37 connected along a vertically extending fold line 38. In the assembled stacker, the end of the wide section 33 of stacker segment 28A adjacent to fold line 35 is joined to the center section 17A of stacker segment 14A in a third laminated joint 30A. The narrow end section 35 of stacker segment 28A is joined to the composite structure of joint 26A in a fifth laminated joint 39 with the opposite surface of narrow end section 16A of stacker segment 14A. Similarly, the end section 36 of alternative stacker segment 29A adjacent to fold line 38 is joined to the center section 22A of stacker segment 15A in a fourth laminated joint 31A. The narrow end section 37 of stacker segment 29A is joined to the composite structure of joint 27A in a sixth laminated joint 40 with the opposite surface of narrow end section 21A of stacker segment 15A. The stacker components defining central compartment 32A form a strong weight-bearing hollow column by virtue of the laminated joints 31A and 32A. This strength is enhanced by the auxiliary projecting wing-like columns formed by the composite laminated joints 26A and 39 and 27A and 40, respectively. The free ends of the wider end sections 33 and 36 of alternative stacker segments 28A and 28B, respectively, project outwardly from the diagonally opposite corners of compartment 32A to position the stacker within the tray and provide compartments for the packaged containers. This alternative form of stacker is collapsible, as previously described, and may also be used in standard shipping cartons to enhance their load-bearing capability. Referring now to FIG. 6, there is shown a plan view of the paperboard components of a package showing a further alternative form of stacker configuration. The package includes a shallow tray 11B as heretofore described. The alternative stacker device is composed essentially of similar first and second rectangular segments 14B and 15B. Alternative stacker segment 14B includes a relatively narrow end section 16B joined to a center section 17B along a fold line 18B and a relatively wider end section 19B joined to center section 17B along a fold line 20B. Similarly, alternative second stacker segment 15B includes a relatively narrow end section 21B joined to a center section 22B along a fold line 23B and a relatively wider end section 24B joined to the center section 22B along a fold line 25B. The narrow end section 16B of alternative segment 14B is connected to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 24B of alternative stacker segment 15B in a first projecting wing-like laminated joint 26B. Similarly, the narrow end section 21B of alternative stacker segment 15B is joined to the outermost edge surface of the wider section 19B of alternative stacker segment 14B in a second laminated joint 27B. The alternative stacker also includes third and fourth rectangular stacker segments 28B and 29B. Third stacker segment 28B is composed of a relatively wider end section 41 and a relatively narrower end section 42 connected along a fold line 43 and foldable into an L-fold. Similarly, the fourth alternative stacker segment 29B has a relatively wider end section 44 and a relatively narrower end section 45 joined along fold line 46. The relatively wider section 41 of alternative stacker segment 28B is joined to the center section 17B of alternative stacker segment 14B in a third laminated joint 30B. Similarly, the wider end section 44 of the fourth alternative stacker segment 29B is joined to the center section 22B of alternative stacker segment 15B in a fourth laminated joint 31B. The narrower end section 42 of alternative stacker segment 28B is joined to the narrow end section 16B of stacker segment 14B in a fifth laminated joint 39A. Similarly, the narrow end section 45 of alternative stacker segment 29B is joined to the narrow end section 21B of stacker segment 15B in a sixth laminated joint 40A. In this alternative form of stacker device, the width of the hollow column formed by the stacker elements defining compartment 32B is essentially the width of the inside of tray 11B so that the stacker fits therein with a loose slide fit. Thus, the third and fourth stacker segments 28B and 29B do not have wings extending beyond the limits of the central column, as in the other forms of stacker device. As in the other forms of stacker device, the stacker elements defining compartment 32 form a strong weight-bearing hollow column whose strength is enhanced by laminated joints 30B and 31B. The strength of the stacker is further enhanced by the outwardly projecting composite columns formed by laminated joints 26B and 39A, and 27B and 40A, respectively. This alternative form of stacker is collapsible, as previously described, and may also be used in shipping cartons or boxes. It is apparent that many modifications and variations of this invention as hereinbefore set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The specific embodiments described are given by way of example only and the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/909,784, filed Jul. 30, 2004, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/491,075, filed on Jul. 30, 2003. The disclosure of the above application is incorporated herein by reference. FIELD The present disclosure relates to systems for providing a torque to move an object that needs to be rotated, and more particularly to an energy shuttle apparatus and method that converts linear motion into a rotary motion for providing a torque to a component that is required to be rotated or twisted. BACKGROUND The ability to controllably twist or bend a wing, airfoil or rotorcraft blade, during various phases of flight of an aircraft or rotorcraft, has been a goal of design engineers for some time. The ability to controllably twist or deform a wing, air foil, rotorcraft blade, etc. during various phases of flight can significantly enhance the performance of an aircraft or rotorcraft. A major obstacle to implementing actuators or other devices that are designed to twist a wing of an aircraft, a blade of a rotorcraft, etc. is that the actuator or other device used for this purpose must overcome the inherent structural stiffness of the material used to form the wing or rotorcraft blade. This limitation has required that such actuators or other like devices be physically large in relation to the wing or rotorcraft blade which they are associated with, as well as expensive, and further require a significant degree of power to overcome the structural stiffness of the structure which needs to be twisted or flexed. Accordingly, there still exists a need in the art for a relatively lightweight, compact apparatus capable of being integrated for use with an air foil, wing, rotorcraft blade, etc. that can twist or deform the air foil, wing or rotorcraft blade as needed, and which further does not require the use of large actuators. SUMMARY In one aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for providing torque to assist in moving a component of a mobile platform. The method may comprise applying biasing forces to opposing portions of a torque transferring member to exert forces on the torque transferring member that enable the torque transferring member to be maintained in a position of equilibrium. A torque may be applied to one of the component and the torque transferring member such that the biasing forces cooperatively exert a torque on the torque transferring member to assist in moving the torque transferring member out from the position of equilibrium. Motion of the torque transferring member out from the position of equilibrium may be used to assist in moving the component. In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for providing a torque to a component of an airborne mobile platform to assist in moving the component. The method may comprise coupling a torque transferring member to the component. A biasing member may be disposed under one of compression and tension relative to the torque transferring member to exert a force that acts on the torque transferring member when the torque transferring member is moved from a first position of equilibrium, wherein the component experiences no rotation causing force from the torque transferring member, to a second position wherein the torque transferring member exerts a torque on the component. An actuator may be used to initiate movement of one of the torque transferring member and the component to urge the component into the second position, wherein the force from the biasing member assists in urging the torque transferring member to move rotationally, to cause movement of the component to the second position. In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method for moving a flight control structure on an airborne mobile platform between first and second positions in a manner that overcomes an inherent structural stiffness of the structure. The method may involve coupling at least one end of a force transferring member fixedly to the structure. A biasing element may be loaded, while the structure is being held in the second position, with a force sufficient to substantially hold the structure in the second position. Energy stored in the biasing element may be used to move the torque transferring member so as to assist in moving the structure from the first position to the second position when movement of the structure is initiated by an external component, to thus substantially transfer the stored energy of the biasing element to the structure through the torque transferring member. The biasing element may be used to again store the energy when the structure is moved from the second position back to the first position. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present disclosure will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a side view of an apparatus in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure; FIG. 2 is a simplified plan view of a portion of a wing showing the apparatus incorporated in the wing; FIG. 3 is a view of the apparatus imparting a torque to a torque tube to twist the wing of FIG. 2 ; FIG. 4 is a side view of the tension adjuster; FIG. 5 is an end view of the tension adjuster taken in accordance with directional line 5 - 5 in FIG. 4 ; FIG. 6 is a side view of the end guide; FIG. 7 is a front view of the end guide; FIG. 8 is an end view of the spring guide; FIG. 9 is a side view of the spring guide taken in accordance with directional line 9 - 9 in FIG. 8 ; FIG. 10 is an end view of the end cap of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 11 is a side view of the center support; FIG. 12 is a front view of the center support taken in accordance with directional line 12 - 12 in FIG. 11 ; FIG. 13 is a front end view of the end bearing; FIG. 14 is a side view of the end bearing taken in accordance with directional line 14 - 14 in FIG. 13 ; FIG. 15 is a rear end view of the end bearing taken in accordance with directional line 15 - 15 in FIG. 14 ; FIG. 16 is a plan view of the end link; FIG. 17 is a side view of the end link taken in accordance with directional line 17 - 17 in FIG. 16 ; FIG. 18 is a side view of the center link; FIG. 19 is a plan view of the center link taken in accordance with directional line 19 - 19 in FIG. 18 ; FIG. 20 is an end view of the torque tube; FIG. 21 is a side view of the torque tube; FIG. 22 is an end view of the housing; FIG. 23 is a side view of the housing taken in accordance with directional line 23 - 23 in FIG. 22 ; FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional side view of the end members secured to the housing; FIG. 25 is a plan view of one of the end members; FIG. 26 is a side view of the end member of FIG. 25 taken in accordance with directional line 26 - 26 in FIG. 25 ; FIG. 27 is a side view of the outer bearing member; FIG. 28 is an end view of the outer bearing member taken in accordance with sectional line 28 - 28 in FIG. 27 ; FIG. 29 is side view of the inner bearing member; FIG. 30 is an end view of the inner bearing member taken in accordance with directional line 30 - 30 in FIG. 29 ; FIG. 31 is a plan view of the inner bearing member taken in accordance with directional line 31 - 31 in FIG. 30 ; FIG. 32 is a simplified diagram of the apparatus of the present disclosure to aid in understanding the pertinent formulas dealing with the torque generated by the apparatus; FIG. 33 is a graph of the energy stored in the torque tube in relation to the biasing force of the biasing assembly; FIG. 34 is a graph of the energy required to return the torque tube to its position of equilibrium; and FIG. 35 is a view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1 but incorporating coil springs instead of Belleville washers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following description of various embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the disclosure, its application, or uses. Referring to FIG. 1 , there is shown an apparatus 10 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present disclosure. The apparatus is useful for storing energy that can be “shuttled” between it and a structure such as a wing, airfoil, or rotorcraft blade to provide a twisting force (i.e., torque) to assist in twisting the wing, air foil, rotorcraft blade or any other structure requiring a bending or twisting force to be applied thereto. It is anticipated that the apparatus 10 will find significant utility in aircraft and aerospace applications where it is highly desirable to flex or twist a wing, air foil or rotorcraft blade during various phases of flight. However, the apparatus 10 may be adapted for use with virtually any structure that requires that its structural stiffness be overcome during twisting, bending or other movement thereof. With reference to FIG. 1 , the apparatus 10 generally includes a first assist assembly 12 , a torque tube assembly 14 , and a second assist assembly 16 which is identical in construction to the first assist assembly 12 . However, it will be appreciated immediately that the present disclosure 10 can be implemented with only one of the assist assemblies 12 or 14 if desired, but will obviously provide only one-half of the torque that would be provided with both of the assist assemblies 12 and 16 . Since assist assemblies 12 and 16 are identical in construction, only the construction of assist assembly 12 will be described. Assist assembly 12 includes a tension adjuster 18 , an end cap 19 , an end guide 20 , a spring guide 22 , a biasing member or assembly 24 , an end bearing 26 , a center support 28 and a linkage assembly 30 . Components 18 - 30 , as well as the torque tube assembly 14 , are disposed within a tubular housing 32 . The housing 32 is supported within or adjacent the structure to be twisted or deformed, as will be explained in greater detail in the following paragraphs. Referring to FIGS. 1 , 4 and 5 , the tension adjuster is shown in greater detail. The tension adjuster includes a preferably hex shaped shaft 34 on which a suitable wrench can be used to rotate the tension adjuster 18 . The shaft 34 has a bore 35 . A main body 36 has a mid flange 38 and an inside flange 40 . The main body 36 also includes an opening 42 that communicates with bore 35 . Referring to FIGS. 1 and 6 - 7 , the end guide 20 can be seen to include a bore 44 . The end guide 20 further includes relief areas 46 for reducing weight. The end guide 20 fits over the outer surface of inside flange 40 of tension adjuster 18 such that the end guide 20 is supported on the inside flange. Referring to FIGS. 1 , 8 - 10 , the spring guide 22 includes a body 48 having a flange 50 and a bore 52 . A portion of the body 48 extends within the bore 44 of the end guide 20 and is free to slide therewithin linearly (i.e., horizontally) in the drawing of FIG. 1 . With further reference to FIG. 1 , the biasing assembly 24 is illustrated as a plurality of Belleville washers stacked one against another. However, it will be appreciated that a coil spring 24 ′ or other suitable biasing element could just as readily be incorporated, as shown in FIG. 35 . The Belleville washers, however, are particularly advantageous in that they provide a non-linear spring rate. The biasing assembly 24 thus serves to exert a biasing force that tends to urge the spring guide 22 to the right in the drawing of FIG. 1 . Referring to FIGS. 1 and 10 , the end cap 19 includes a threaded bore 54 and a threaded internal recess 56 . The threaded internal recess 56 fits over a threaded outer end 58 of the housing 32 to affix the end cap 19 to an end of the housing 32 . The threaded bore 54 receives the threaded main body 36 of the tension adjuster 18 . The position of the tension adjuster 18 can thus be adjusted by rotating with a suitable tool the hex shaped shaft 34 , which causes the end guide 20 to be urged over the spring guide 22 which compresses the biasing assembly 24 . In this manner, the biasing force exerted against the flange 50 of the spring guide can be adjusted. Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12 , the center support 28 can be seen to include a main body 60 having a protruding portion 62 . A bore 64 extends through the main body 60 and portion 62 . A plurality of holes 66 are preferably provided for weight reduction. Referring to FIGS. 13-15 , the end bearing 26 can be seen. End bearing 26 includes a shaft 70 extending from a body 68 . A mounting portion 71 having a bore 72 is also formed to extend from the body 68 . A hole 73 extends through the mounting portion 71 . With further reference to FIGS. 1 and 13 - 15 , the shaft 70 of the end bearing 26 extends into the bore 52 of the spring guide 22 , while the body 68 extends within the bore 64 of the center support 28 . Referring to FIGS. 16 and 17 , an end link 74 associated with the linkage assembly 30 of FIG. 1 can be seen in greater detail. The end link 74 comprises an H-shaped component having arms 76 which include openings 78 and 80 formed therein. Openings 78 are aligned to receive a dowel pin 80 ( FIG. 1 ) for coupling the end link 74 to the mounting portion 71 of the end bearing 26 . Thus, the end link 76 is free to pivot about the mounting portion 71 . With reference to FIGS. 1 , 18 and 19 , a portion of the torque tube assembly 14 can be seen in the form of a center link 82 . The center link 82 includes a hex-shaped opening 84 and a pair of bores 86 on opposite sides of the hex-shaped opening 84 . One of the bores 86 fits between one pair of the arms 76 of the end link 74 and is held therein by a dowel pin 88 ( FIG. 1 ) that extends through openings 80 ( FIG. 16 ) to pivotally couple the center link 82 to the end link 74 . The other bore 86 is identically coupled to the end 74 link of the second assist assembly 16 . Referring to FIGS. 20 and 21 , a torque tube 90 associated with the torque tube assembly 14 is shown. Torque tube 90 includes a hex-shaped outer surface and a bore 92 formed to reduce the weight of the torque tube 90 . The torque tube 90 is slidably received within the hex-shaped opening 84 of the center link 82 . Referring briefly to FIG. 1 , the torque tube 90 also extends out through an opening 94 in the housing 32 . Thus, the torque tube 94 extends normal to the direction of motion of the end bearing 26 . Referring now to FIGS. 22 and 23 , the housing 32 will be described in greater detail. In addition to the opening 94 , the housing 32 includes an inner bore 96 extending entirely through its length with a reduced diameter section 98 along a mid portion thereof. Reduced diameter area 98 thus forms a pair of steps 100 internal to the housing 32 . Each step 100 abuts one of the center supports 28 of the apparatus 10 . End guide 20 ( FIG. 1 ) is further dimensioned to fit within bore 96 so as to be able to move slideably within the bore 96 . On opposite sides of the bore 94 are a pair of openings 102 . Another pair of openings 104 are provided outside of openings 102 . Still another plurality of bore openings 106 are provided about the opening 94 . Openings 102 , 104 and 106 all extend through to the back (i.e., hidden from view) side of housing 32 so as to allow fastening elements such as dowel pins or threaded fasteners to extend entirely through the housing 32 . Referring now to FIGS. 24-26 , the use of a pair of end members 108 can be seen. In FIG. 24 , the end members 108 are shown secured to the housing 32 . End member 108 essentially forms a support to assist in holding the torque tube 90 and to prevent “bowing” of the torque tube in response to torque applied by the linkage assembly 30 . The end member 108 is shown in detail in FIGS. 25 and 26 and includes face portions 110 which each include an opening 112 . Dowel pins or other like securing members (not shown) extend through the openings 112 and are used to secure the face portions 110 to the outer surface of the housing 32 perpendicularly to the housing. The end member 108 further includes a bore 114 which extends through the end member. A reduced diameter portion 116 ( FIG. 26 ) of the bore 114 forms an internal circumferential shoulder. Holes 116 are formed on opposite sides of bore 114 and align with openings 102 in the housing 32 shown in FIG. 23 . Dowel pins or like elements (not shown) extend through holes 116 and through openings 102 in the housing 32 to help secure the end member to the housing 32 . Referring now to FIGS. 27-30 , an outer bearing member 120 ( FIGS. 27 and 28 ) and an inner bearing member 122 ( FIGS. 29-31 ) are shown. The outer bearing member 120 includes a body 124 and a flange 126 . Body 124 includes an opening 128 extending therethrough. The inner bearing member 122 ( FIGS. 29-31 ) includes a neck 130 and a body 132 . A bore 134 extends through the length of the inner bearing member 122 and a threaded set screw opening 136 opens into the bore 134 . Neck 130 fits within the bore 128 of the outer bearing member 120 and the body 132 of the inner bearing member 122 abuts the flange 126 of the outer bearing member 120 as shown in FIG. 24 . The bore 134 is further hex-shaped, as seen in FIG. 30 . This hex-shaped bore 134 receives the torque tube 90 therethrough and thus provides support, in combination with the end member 108 , to prevent bowing of the torque tube. One implementation of the apparatus 10 is shown in FIG. 2 in simplified form. The torque tube 90 extends within a rotorcraft blade 138 from approximately a root portion 140 of the blade to a tip portion 142 thereof. A suitable supporting structure 144 is disposed within the blade 138 at the tip portion 142 to affix the outermost end 90 a of the torque tube 90 to the blade 138 . A bearing assembly 146 is disposed within the blade 138 near the root portion 140 . The housing 32 is also secured to an interior area 146 of the blade 138 . Alternatively, the housing 138 can be secured to spars or other structural elements inside a wing or airfoil. An actuator 148 is mechanically coupled to the torque tube 90 and is used to initiate rotational movement of the torque tube 90 . However, due to the significant mechanical energy stored by the biasing assemblies 24 , the actuator 148 is able to rotate the torque tube 90 using only a small fraction of the force that would otherwise be required from the actuator 148 . Put differently, the apparatus 10 provides the great majority of the mechanical energy (i.e., torque) required to twist the blade 138 due to the negative spring force experienced by the blade 138 . In practice, the apparatus 10 essentially “shuttles” energy between the blade 138 and biasing assembly 24 . When the blade 138 is in its twisted state, the blade is storing the energy that was previously stored in the apparatus 10 . When the actuator 148 returns the torque tube 90 to its initial position (i.e., to de-flex the blade 138 ), the energy in the blade 138 is transferred back to the apparatus 10 . The apparatus 10 thus provides substantially a “zero stiffness” at the root portion 140 of the blade 90 that allows the blade 138 to twist with only a very small force from the external actuator 148 . With further reference to FIG. 1 , the apparatus 10 is assembled such that the biasing assemblies 24 are under compression (i.e., preloaded) when the torque tube 90 is in the position shown in FIG. 3 . Thus, the linkage assemblies 30 will each have three points of equilibrium, one being represented by the position of the coupling assemblies 30 in FIG. 3 , one by the position of the linkage assemblies in FIG. 3 , and one where the torque tube 90 has been rotated slightly clockwise from the orientation shown in FIG. 3 . The coupling assemblies 30 are thus free to move the torque tube 90 either clockwise or counterclockwise in the drawings of FIGS. 1 and 3 , and the position of the linkage assembly 30 in FIG. 1 represents rotation of the torque tube in the counterclockwise direction. Once the actuator 148 ( FIG. 2 ) applies a very small force to the torque tube 90 , the biasing force provided by the biasing assemblies 24 immediately assists in rotating the torque tube 90 either clockwise or counterclockwise depending upon the movement of the actuator 148 . With the linkage assemblies 30 in the position of equilibrium shown in FIG. 3 , only a very small force is required from actuator 148 to hold the torque tube 90 stationary. However, as described above, rotation of the torque tube in either the clockwise or counterclockwise directions (relative to FIGS. 1 and 3 ) requires only a very small force from the actuator 148 . In practice, the reduction of torque required by the actuator 148 can be up to an order of 1/1000 of the torque that would otherwise be required to twist the blade 138 . Referring now to FIGS. 32-34 , the force required to move the torque rod 90 and the energy required to return the torque rod to its initial position of equilibrium will be described in connection with several formulas. The torque provided by each linkage assembly 30 to the torque tube 90 can be expressed by the following formula: T SES-to-Ptt =2* L*F spring *sin(Θ Ptt )  Equation 1 Where: T SES-to-Ptt is the torque applied to the torque tube 90 . The change in length of the biasing assembly (i.e., spring) can be represented by the following formula: δ X =2 *L (1−cos(Θ Ptt ))  Equation 2 The force needed to move the biasing assemblies from one stable position to the other is represented by: F min = T Ptt - max 2 * L * sin ⁡ ( Θ Ptt - max ) Equation ⁢ ⁢ 3 Referring to FIG. 33 , graph 150 illustrates that the energy stored by the torque tube 90 is essentially equal to the energy provided by the baising assemblies 24 . Referring to FIG. 34 , the energy required to return the torque tube 90 to its initial position of equilibrium (shown in FIG. 3 ) is represented by portion 154 of graph 152 . From the foregoing, then, it will be appreciated that the apparatus 10 provides a means for dramatically reducing the force needed by an actuator to twist or bend an air foil, wing, rotorcraft blade or any other object that requires a bending or twisting force to be applied thereto during its operation. While various embodiments have been described, those skilled in the art will recognize modifications or variations which might be made without departing from the inventive concept. The examples illustrate the disclosure and are not intended to limit it. Therefore, the description and claims should be interpreted liberally with only such limitation as is necessary in view of the pertinent prior art.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to loop acquisition and, more particularly, to a system and method for determining the frequency tolerance of a synthesized signal without a frequency reference source. 2. Description of the Related Art The use of oscillators and synthesized frequency sources are well known in communications. These frequencies are used in the generation of carrier signal and local oscillator signals, or used in the modulation and demodulation of information. The frequency tolerance of these signals is critical, and communications are degraded when the synthesized signal is out of tolerance. Conventionally, a frequency source, such as a crystal, that is highly stable with respect to temperature, initial calibration, and aging is used in the generation of the signals. Often the reference signal is baseband and must be translated up in frequency for use in the communication circuitry. However, there are problems with the use of reference frequency circuits. The reference circuits use valuable board real estate and consume power, that may be critical in portable or battery operated equipment. Further, the parts can be expensive, with a premium paid for increased accuracy. In some applications the reference circuitry must be warmed up. If the warm up time is significant, a significant amount of data can be lost before the required frequency accuracy is obtained. Further, the additional parts count of the reference circuit increases the probability of circuit failure. In some applications, the communication carrier frequency or modulation frequency may be variable, so the reference circuit must provide a plurality of reference frequencies. Thus, additional crystals may be required, or selectable loop dividers. A so-called Bang-Bang phase detector can be used to acquire an input data signal without the need of a reference signal. However, the Bang-Bang phase detector cannot control the oscillator frequency with a fine degree of resolution. For example, it is difficult to use a Bang-Bang phase detector to control an oscillator sufficiently to meet synchronous optical network (SONET) standards. The accuracy of the oscillator remains uncertain unless a frequency reference is used. It would be advantageous if accurate oscillator or clock frequencies could be generated without a reference frequency. It would be advantageous if the oscillator frequency needed to receive communications could be derived from the received carrier signal or data signal. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the invention provides a system and method for determining when the oscillator or voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) clock frequency and the input date rate are within a specified frequency tolerance, without the use of a reference clock. The method comprises: measuring the frequency of an oscillator signal; measuring the difference between the oscillator signal frequency and a data signal rate; reinitializing the measurement of the oscillator signal frequency in response to the frequency difference beatnote, or reset signal, between the oscillator and data signals; and, determining a sufficient tolerance (lock) between the oscillator frequency and data signal rate, in response to completing the measurement of the oscillator signal frequency. More specifically, the oscillator frequency is measured by counting cycles of the oscillator signal, and a lock is determined between the oscillator signal frequency and data signal rate by counting a predetermined first number of cycles without an intervening beatnote occurrence. When a beatnote occurs, the count of the oscillator signal cycles is reinitialized. Once lock is determined, the method further comprises: determining an insufficient tolerance (loss of lock) between the oscillator signal frequency and the data signal rate in response to generating reset signals. However, for reasons of hysteresis, at least a predetermined second number of consecutive reset signals must be counted, without an intervening count of the first number of oscillator cycles. That is, without an intervening first number count. Additional details of the frequency tolerance determination method, and a system for determining frequency tolerance without the use of a reference frequency are presented below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 illustrates the present invention system for determining frequency tolerance; FIG. 2 is a more detailed depiction of the beatnote regulator of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a more detailed depiction of the lock analyzer of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplary use of the system of FIG. 1; and FIGS. ( 5 a , 5 b ) is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for determining frequency tolerance. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates the present invention system for determining frequency tolerance. The system 100 comprises a beatnote regulator 102 having a first input on line 104 to accept a beatnote signal. The beatnote signal has a frequency equal to the difference between input frequencies. For example, between an oscillator signal frequency and a data signal rate. The beatnote regulator has an output on line 106 to provide a reset signal in response to the beatnote signal. A counter 108 has a first input to accept and count cycles of the oscillator signal on line 110 . The counter 108 has an output on line 112 to provide an overflow signal, or most significant bit (MSB) in response to meeting a first count. The counter has a second input connected to the beatnote regulator output on line 106 to reinitialize the count. A lock analyzer 114 has a first input connected to the output of the beatnote regulator on line 106 and a second input connected to the output of the counter on line 112 . The lock analyzer 114 analyzes the reset and overflow signals to supply a lock signal at a first output on line 116 when the oscillator and data signal frequencies are within a sufficient tolerance. In normal operation, the lock analyzer 114 generates a lock signal in response to receiving a single overflow signal. The lock analyzer 114 ceases to generate the lock signal in response to receiving a predetermined number of reset signals, subsequent to the initial lock signal. The lock analyzer 114 also has a second output to supply an interrupt signal on line 118 in response to generating an initial lock signal. The beatnote regulator 102 has a second input connected to the second output of the lock analyzer on line 118 to accept the interrupt signal. The beatnote regulator 102 interrupts the supply of reset signals on line 106 that are generated in response to the beatnote signal, when the interrupt signal has been received. The lock analyzer 114 ceases to supply the interrupt signal on line 118 in response to receiving an overflow signal on line 112 , subsequent to the generation of the initial lock signal. Thus, the system 100 ignores the reception of beatnotes in the time period between the generation of an initial lock signal and the subsequent lock signal. This feature is useful when the system 100 uses the lock signal to perform functions that may be momentarily unstable, or that temporarily generate beatnote signals. More specifically, the beatnote regulator 102 generates a single reset signal in response to receiving the interrupt signal, or the initiation of the interrupt signal. This reset signal is used to reinitialize the counter 108 . After generating the next overflow, which in turn causes the subsequent lock signal, the beatnote regulator 102 generates another reset signal in response to the cessation of the interrupt signal. The counter 114 is reinitialized for normal operation where beatnote generated reset signals are once more analyzed. That is, the counter 114 is reinitialized in response to the reset signals generated by the interrupt signal. FIG. 2 is a more detailed depiction of the beatnote regulator 102 of FIG. 1 . In some aspects of the invention, the beatnote signal on line 104 includes a first beatnote signal on line 104 a responsive to the oscillator signal frequency being higher than the data signal rate. A second beatnote signal on line 104 b is responsive to the oscillator signal frequency being lower than the data signal rate. A first AND gate 200 has a first input on line 104 a to receive the first beatnote signal, and a second input on line 104 b to receive the second beatnote signal. The first AND gate 200 has an output on line 202 that provides the ANDed function of the two input signals. Typically, only one line will have beatnotes to communicate at any particular time, while the other line remains high. The ANDed beatnotes are passed on the line 202 . A rising edge one-shot 204 has an input on line 202 connected to the first AND gate 200 output. The rising edge one-shot 204 creates a pulse supplied at an output on line 206 , in response to each received beatnote. A second AND gate 208 has a first input connected to the second output of the lock analyzer to accept and invert the interrupt signal, a second input connected to the output of the rising edge one-shot 204 , and an output on line 210 to supply the reset signal. In some aspects of the invention (not shown) a degliching circuit may be used between the first AND gate 200 and the rising edge one-shot 204 . An either edge one-shot 212 has an input connected to the second output of the lock analyzer to accept the interrupt signal on line 118 . The either edge one-shot 212 has an output on line 214 to supply a signal in response to the initiation of the interrupt signal and the cessation of the interrupt signal. An OR gate 216 has a first input connected to the output of the either edge one-shot 212 on line 214 , a second input connected to the output of the second AND gate on line 210 , and an output connected to the second input of the counter on line 106 . Although the beatnote regulator 102 has been depicted as a specific combination of logic elements, the present invention is not limited to depicted combination of elements or signal polarities. An equivalent circuit could be easily designed to generate reset pulses in response to equivalent stimuli. FIG. 3 is a more detailed depiction of the lock analyzer 114 of FIG. 1 . The lock analyzer further comprises a first flip-flop 300 having a clock input connected to the counter output on line 112 . A reset input of the first flip-flop 300 is connected to the beatnote regulator output on line 106 . The first flip-flop 300 has an output on line 302 to supply a saved, or gated overflow signal. Note that the data input is tied to a logic high signal and the output is derived from the “Q” output of the first flip-flop in this particular configuration of the invention. A divider 304 has a clock input connected to the output of the beatnote regulator on line 106 and a reset input connected to the output of the first flip-flop on line 306 . The divider 304 has an output on line 308 to supply a divided reset signal. In some aspects of the invention, the divider 304 is a divide-by-four, and the reset signal on line 106 is divided by four. A second flip-flop 310 has a clock input connected to the divider output on line 308 , a reset input connected to the output of the first flip-flop on line 306 , and an output to supply the lock signal on line 116 . The data input of the second flip-flop 310 is tied to a logic high. The lock analyzer 114 includes further elements to enable the interrupt function. A third flip-flop 312 has a data input connected to the output of the second flip-flop on line 116 , a clock input connected to the output of the first flip-flop on line 302 , and a reset input. The third flip-flop 312 has an output on line 314 connected to the reset input, to supply an interrupt reset signal. A fourth flip-flop 316 has a clock input connected to the output of the second flip-flop on line 116 , a reset input connected to the output of the third flip-flop on line 314 , and an output connected to the second input of the beatnote regulator on line 118 to supply the interrupt signal. Note that the data input is tied to a logic high. In some aspects of the invention, the second flip-flop 310 has a first propagation delay for supplying an output responsive to resetting the flip-flop. Then, the lock analyzer 114 further comprises a delay element 318 , with a second propagation delay, and an input connected to the output of the first flip-flop on line 302 . The delay 318 has an output connected to the reset input of the divider 304 and the reset input of the second flip-flop 310 on line 306 . Further, the third flip-flop 312 has a data input hold-time that is less than the combination of the first and second propagation delays. Alternately, the delay element 318 can be eliminated if the propagation of the first flip-flop output signal is delayed sufficiently through second flip-flop 310 . That is, if the third flip-flop hold-time is less than the propagation delay through the second flip-flop. However achieved, the propagation delays are important to assure that the third flip-flop 312 is clocked with a “0”, to prevent the generation of an interrupt reset signal on line 314 . Likewise, the first flip-flop 300 has a third propagation delay for supplying an output responsive to resetting the flip-flop in response to reset signals on line 106 . Then, the divider 304 has a clock pulse processing delay that is less than the combination of the second and third propagation delays. Alternately, the same effect is achieved if the circuit is designed so that the first flip-flop 300 has propagation delay that exceeds the divider clock processing delay. This timing concern insures that the reset signal on line 106 is ignored by the divider 304 (if line 302 is high), before the first flip-flop 300 is reset. Returning to FIG. 1, in some aspects of the invention, the counter 108 has a third input on line 350 to accept commands selecting the first count. Then, the lock analyzer 114 supplies a lock signal with a relaxed tolerance of frequency differences between the oscillator and data signals in response to decreasing the value of the first count. Alternately stated, if the first count is decreased, then it is more likely that an overflow signal will be generated, in turn generating a lock signal, before a reset signal is received. Since it is easier to generate lock signals with a smaller first count, the system has a greater tolerance of beatnotes and, therefore, of frequency differences between the oscillator frequency and data signal rate. Likewise, when the first count is increased, the frequency tolerance is tightened. FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating an exemplary use of the system 100 of FIG. 1. A first phase detector 400 has a first input on line 402 to accept the oscillator signal, a second input on line 404 to accept the data signal, a first output to supply the first beatnote signal on line 104 a , and a second output to supply the second beatnote signal on line 104 b . A second phase detector 406 also has inputs connected to receive the oscillator signal and data signal, and has differential outputs on lines 408 and 410 . A Bang-Bang frequency phase detector provides a beatnote signal that is responsive to the frequency of the inputs, and it can be used as the first phase detector 400 to lock a loop or control the frequency of an oscillator. The data signal does not have a frequency per se, however, the information is clocked at a rate which can be thought of as a frequency for the purpose of the present analysis. A switch 412 has a control input connected to the first output of the lock analyzer on line 116 to receive the lock signal. The switch 412 has data inputs connected to the first phase detector 400 on lines 104 a and 104 b , and to the second phase detector 406 on lines 408 and 410 . The switch 412 selects the second phase detector 406 for use in response to the lock signal on line 116 . The switch 412 selects the first phase detector 400 for use in response to the cessation of the lock signal. In some aspects, the second phase detector 406 is a Hogge phase detector. Then, the circuit of FIG. 4 uses the Bang-Bang 400 and Hogge 406 phase detectors to recover a clock signal from an input data signal. This recovery is accomplished without a reference frequency, and can be designed to meet SONET tolerance standards. The Bang-Bang frequency detector 400 is used in acquisition. When the oscillator 414 frequency is close enough (in frequency) to the data rate, control of the loop is passed from the Bang-Bang frequency detector 400 to the Hogge detector 406 for improved frequency/phase tracking. Additional details of this use of the system 100 for selecting a phase detector can be found in copending patent application Ser. No. 09/667,264, entitled Dual-Loop System and Method for Frequency Acquisition and Tracking, invented by Bruce Coy, filed on Sep. 22, 2000, and assigned to the same assignee as the instant invention. However, the present invention is not limited to merely this specific implementation. A more functional explanation of system 100 follows that requires the simultaneous reference to FIGS. 1 through 4. If the frequency difference between the oscillator signal and the date rate is large, resets occur before the counter 108 can overflow. Likewise, if the frequency difference is within the tolerance of “lock”, the counter 108 overflows before a reset signal is generated. If the counter 108 overflows, an overflow state is triggered and lock is indicated. Once lock is indicated, the lock signal on line 116 cannot change for a time period equal to one entire counter cycle (the first count). After this wait, “lock” can be lost only with four consecutive non-overflow resets (assuming the divider is divide-by-four). This event occurs when the oscillator frequency and the data rate difference are consistently outside of the “lock” tolerance. The lock analysis circuit 114 can start in any internal state and will work itself out within four rising beatnote edges. Assuming the difference in frequency between the oscillator signal and the data rate is more than the “lock” tolerance, the lock signal on line 116 , the gated overflow signal on line 302 , and the interrupt signal on line 118 are low. The first AND gate 200 monitors rising edges of the beatnote signals on lines 104 a and 104 b . Since the interrupt signal is low, whenever a rising edge occurs a reset signal (high) is generated on line 106 . Assuming that the reset signal is generated before the counter overflows, the gated overflow signal on line 302 is reset before clocking in a “1”, and lock signal on line 116 does not go high. The reset signal also reinitializes the counter 108 and increments the count at divider 304 . When the divider 304 reaches “4”, the second flip-flop 310 clocks in a “1”. As the frequency of the reset signal on line 106 decreases, such that the counter 108 can generate an overflow signal, the lock signal on line 116 goes high. When the gated overflow signal on line 302 pulses high, long enough to reset the second flip-flop 310 , the lock signal on line 116 goes high. At the same time, the divider 304 is reset. Once the lock signal goes high, the interrupt signal on line 118 also goes high. This flag turns “off” the second AND gate 208 , but the action of the either edge one-shot 212 , which generates a pulse in response to either a low or high signal, causes a reset signal, and the counter 108 is reset. The beatnote regulator 102 ignores beatnotes during the time the interrupt signal is high. In the context of FIG. 4, this transition could occur as the switch 412 changes from the first phase detector 400 to the second 406 . The counter 108 is reset so that beatnotes are ignored for the entire 2048 count (assuming the first count equals 2048). When the counter 108 overflows, with the lock signal already high, the third flip-flop 312 is clocked, the fourth flip-flop 316 is reset, and the interrupt signal goes low. The falling edge on the interrupt signal reactivates the second AND gate 208 , and the either edge one-shot 212 causes the counter 108 to reset. Thus, a full count (2048) will occur before the MSB goes high. The divider is also reset, to ensure that four consecutive non-overflow counts are required to lose lock. In some aspects of the invention, the selectable phase detector circuit of FIG. 4 has a 488 parts per million (PPM) tolerance specification. Since any beatnote period over 2048 count indicates 488 PPM frequency difference, or less, between the data rate and the oscillator, it is not desirable to increment the divider 304 when a beatnote reset occurs, after the counter has overflowed. Therefore, it is important that (delayed) gated overflow signal on line 306 is held high and the divider 304 is held in reset, once the counter 108 has reached 2048. Since there is no limit to the period of beatnotes on lines 104 a and 104 b , an overflow indicator must be used. Also, since a beatnote occurring after a counter overflow should not result in a loss of lock, the divider 304 must be held in reset despite the occurrence of the reset signal on line 106 . An “illegal” initial condition logic circuit can be used to remove the system 100 from the state in which the interrupt signal on line 118 is high and the lock signal on line 116 is not high. In this situation the fourth flip-flop 316 will never be reset. When the counter 108 will overflows, the lock signal remains high, and stays high forever because the interrupt signal is high. In some aspects of the invention (not shown), a simple AND gate has one input connected to accept the interrupt signal on line 118 , a second input to accept an inverted lock signal, and an output to feed an OR gate. The other input of the OR gate is connected to line 314 . The OR output is connected to reset inputs (line 314 ) of the third and fourth flip-flops 312 / 316 . If the system 100 starts up in the interrupt and not locked state, the circuit will go into the not interrupt and not locked state. The following is a case where four consecutive beatnotes, with a period less than 2048 oscillator cycles, cause the system 100 to lose lock. The first beatnote period is 2052 cycles long and all subsequent beatnote periods are 2045 cycles long. VCO CLOCKS   0 reset occurs and counter is set to 0 2048 counter overflows and rolls back to 0   4 reset, counter is set to 0 (divider not incremented) 2045 reset occurs and counter is set to 0 (divider = 1) 2045 reset occurs and counter is set to 0 (divider = 2) 2045 reset occurs and counter is set to 0 (divider = 3) 2045 reset occurs and counter is set to 0 (divider = 4) The system is out of lock after 4 beatnote periods that are less than 2048 oscillator cycles long. FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating the present invention method for determining-frequency tolerance. Although the method is depicted as a sequence of numbered steps for clarity, no order should be inferred from the numbering unless explicitly stated. The method begins at Step 500 . Step 502 measures the frequency of a first signal. Step 504 accepts a measurement of the difference in frequency between the first signal and a second signal. Step 506 reinitializes the measurement of the first signal frequency in response to the frequency difference between the first and second signals. Step 508 determines a sufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in response to completing the measurement of the first signal frequency. Measuring the frequency of the first signal in Step 502 typically includes counting cycles of the first signal. Then, determining a sufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in response to completing the measurement of the first signal frequency in Step 508 includes counting a predetermined first number of cycles, or more than the first number of cycles, to obtain a first count. Reinitializing the measurement of the first signal frequency in response to the frequency difference between the first and second signals in Step 506 includes reinitializing the count of the first signal cycles. In some aspects of the invention, the second signal is a data signal with a data rate. Then, accepting a measurement of the difference in frequency between the first signal and a second signal in Step 504 includes generating a reset signal having a frequency that is the absolute difference in frequency between the first signal frequency and second signal data rate. Reinitializing the count of the first signal cycles in Step 506 includes restarting the count at zero in response to the reset signal. Following the determination of a sufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in Step 508 , Step 510 interrupts the generation of the reset signal. Following the interruption of the generation of the reset signal in Step 510 , Step 512 generates a single reset signal. Step 514 reinitializes the count of the first signal cycles in response to the reset signal. Step 516 counts a first number of first signal cycles. Step 518 ceases the interruption of the reset signal in response counting the first number of cycles. Following the cessation of the interruption of the reset signal in Step 518 , Step 520 generates a single reset signal. Step 522 reinitializes the count of the first signal cycles in response to the reset signal. The method includes the further steps. Step 524 counts at least a predetermined second number of reset signals without an intervening first count. Step 526 determines an insufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in response to generating reset signals. More specifically, determining an insufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in response to generating reset signals in Step 526 includes counting the second number of (consecutive) reset signals. Reset signals are considered to be consecutively generated if they occur without an intervening first signal cycle first number count (Step 508 ). In some aspects of the invention, counting at least a second number of (consecutive) reset signals in Step 526 includes disregarding an initial reset signal, subsequent to counting a first number of first signal cycles (the first count). In some aspects of the invention, an oscillator, data signal, and a first phase detector are supplied. Then, measuring the frequency of a first signal in Step 502 includes measuring the frequency of the oscillator signal. Accepting the measurement of the difference in frequency between the first signal and a second signal in Step 504 includes the first phase detector measuring the frequency difference between the oscillator signal frequency and the data signal rate. In other aspects of the invention, a system, using a selectable first and second phase detector, is supplied, as shown in FIG. 4 . Then, in response to determining a sufficient frequency tolerance in Step 508 , Step 509 selects the second phase detector for use in the system. In response to determining an insufficient frequency tolerance in Step 524 , Step 526 selects the first phase detector for use in the system. In some aspects of the invention a further step, Step 501 selects the first number of cycles of first signals to be counted. Then, determining a sufficient tolerance between the first and second signal frequencies in Step 508 includes tightening the tolerance in response to selecting a larger first number of cycles. A system and method have been provided for determining a frequency tolerance between input frequencies without the use of a reference frequency. The invention compares externally generated beatnotes to an overflow count generated by the clock. Although a specific example is given of using the invention to select between phase detectors, and the generation of a oscillator frequency, the invention is applicable to other types of frequency or loop analysis. Other variations and embodiments of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art.

4y

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a Continuation-In-Part of application Ser. No. 10/863,849, filed Jun. 7, 2004. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] This invention relates to the partial metallization of a non-conductive cloth or fabric employed in the manufacture of an artificial dielectric, which includes the dielectric constant varying with frequency. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Various procedures exist for metallizing cloth or fabric. These include vapor deposition and electroless plating. Prior art in these fields relates to the production of a metal or metallic coating that will yield the properties of heat resistance, electromagnetic insulation, or reflection or bulk conductivity. [0006] While useful for the various applications for which they are intended, the dielectric constant of a metallic or conductive material is very high (e.g., above 10,000). These materials are not applicable to electromagnetic applications where low or medium dielectric constants are desired. High dielectric materials effectively exclude electromagnetic energy and can function as insulators simply by blocking the transmittance of such energy. [0007] For purposes herein, a low dielectric constant is less than 10, a medium dielectric constant is 10-100 and a high dielectric constant is above 100. [0008] Alternatively, a low or medium dielectric constant material will allow the penetration of the energy into the material where it may be attenuated by resonant cancellation or simply absorbed. [0009] Furthermore, the dielectric constant of the prior art material being metallic, would tend to remain constant over any frequency range. This limits applicability since a certain dielectric constant is useful for only a small frequency in many systems. By contrast, the material produced by the techniques presented herein have a dielectric constant that varies with frequency. This allows the insulating or attenuation effects to function over a broader range of frequencies. [0010] Percolating composite materials typically use powders, fibers, microspheres or microcylinders in conjunction with a polymer matrix. Often, these composites require advanced technology, i.e. in terms of shape and size of particles, in order to produce a significant effect. [0011] U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,743 discloses a metallized and electrically conducting gauze, deformed by deep drawing, based on a flat-shaped resin-coated textile material which has a metallized surface. The surface metal coating is up to 300 microns thick, although it is 20-100 microns thick in the preferred embodiment. The gauze product is made by impregnating a gauze fabric with a suitable resin suitable for mechanical stabilization and then pre-treating the resin-coated gauze by activating it with a solution containing noble metal ions or noble metal colloid followed by acceleration treatment in an aqueous acid followed by the step of depositing a metal such as copper, nickel or gold. The metal is deposited by treating the prepared gauze with an aqueous solution containing the relevant metal ions and a reducing agent. Another layer of same or different metal can then be deposited electrolytically on the chemically deposited metal layer. [0012] The Browning et al article in Journal of Applied Physics, in Vol. 84, No. 11, on pp. 6109-6113, entitled “Fabrication and radio frequency characterization of high dielectric loss tubule-based composites near percolation” discloses microscopic lipid tubules with an average aspect ratio of about 12 that were metallized elecrolessly with copper or nickel-on-copper and mixed with vinyl to make composite dielectric panels. As loadings increased, the metal tubule composites displayed an onset of electrical percolation with accompanying sharp increases in real and imaginary permitivities. Gravity-induced settling of the tubules, while the vinyl was drying, increased true loading density at percolation threshold for nickel/copper tubules to about 12 volume percent. This threshold was at a significantly lower loading density than that previously measured for percolation by composites containing spherical conducting particles. Qualitatively, the shape of the composite permitivity versus loading density curves followed predictions by the effective-mean field theory for conducting stick composites. Changes in permitivity of the vinyl panels were observed for several days after fabrication and were apparently associated with solvent evaporation from the matrix. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] An object of this invention is a metallized artificial dielectric material with a dielectric constant of low, medium or high magnitude that is especially useful for electromagnetic applications. [0014] Another object of this invention is a metallized fiber, woven or non-woven, wherein the metallized surface is provided by electroless plating wherein the motive force is imparted by a reducing agent. [0015] Another object of this invention is a metallized fabric with non-continuous or semi-continuous electrically conducting path that can be used in the general electromagnetic insulation, isolation and/or absorbance fields. [0016] Another object of this invention is a metallized fabric with a dielectric constant that varies with frequency. [0017] Another object of this invention is metallized fabric with a negative dielectric constant. [0018] These and other objects are achieved by an artificial dielectric article comprising a non-conductive matrix coated, for a selected period of time, with a metallic material wherein the article yields a measurable conductivity at microwave frequencies despite the article being non-conductive at DC, and wherein the article includes properties of electromagnetic percolation and the article includes an additional property of a dielectric constant that varies over frequency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] These and other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be more readily appreciated from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a metal deposition process onto a cellulose surface. [0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a comparison of resistance to plating time of the article as metal deposition is increasing. [0022] FIG. 3 illustrates limited variation in real and imaginary dielectric constants over the frequency range of up to 19 GHz at a loading of 5 minutes of electroless metal deposition. [0023] FIG. 4 illustrates a pronounced variation in real and imaginary dielectric constants over the frequency range of up to 19 GHz at a loading of 10 minutes of electroless metal deposition. [0024] FIG. 5 illustrates a more pronounced variation in real and imaginary dielectric constants over the frequency range of up to 19 GHz at a loading of 15 minutes of electroless metal deposition. [0025] FIG. 6 illustrates a very pronounced variation in real and imaginary dielectric constants over the frequency range of up to 19 GHz at a loading of 20 minutes of electroless metal deposition. [0026] FIG. 7 illustrates a dramatic variation in real and imaginary dielectric constants over the frequency range of up to 19 GHz at a loading of 25 minutes of electroless metal deposition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] FIG. 1 is illustrative of an electroless metallic deposition process used to generate a conductive fiber to be used in a composite of conductive fibers within a non-conductive matrix. Accordingly, cellulose surface 10 of a cloth or fabric, for example, is treated with metal substance 15 to act as the “catalyst”, activating the surface for further treatment, 20 . The treatment is continued, as shown by items 30 a - d . Based on existing commercial technology for electroless metallization, Shipley Cataposit 44, a Palladium compound, is used for the catalyst, for example. However, it is important to note, an embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this particular catalyst. Other catalysts have been described in the prior art, including Platinum. The Palladium compound of Cataposit 44 has been found to bind strongly to cellulose and is particularly suitable. In addition, gold or silver fulminate can also be employed as the catalyst. Silver is typically used because it is less expensive. Fulminates, when mixed with a reducing compound, precipitate conductive metal non-selectively on any available surface. Thus, they can be used in place of the Palladium compound to activate the surface. [0028] Following catalysis, the fabric 10 is treated with copper electroless plating bath, not shown. This bath is composed of two parts. The first part is a concentrated solution of copper salt, a reducing agent (such as formaldehyde) and stabilizers. The second part is a pH adjuster, usually Sodium Hydroxide. When properly diluted and mixed, the resulting bath will specifically deposit Copper onto the Palladium catalyst. [0029] The electroless copper used for this study includes Shipley 328, for example. Other metals are also capable of being deposited in this manner. [0030] If the catalyst is uniformly and densely attached to the surface, with each particle directly adjacent to other particles, the fabric will become conductive upon metallization with Copper. However, if, as with an embodiment of the present invention, the catalyst is applied less fully then significant metallization is achieved without the fabric becoming DC conductive, as shown in 30 a - c . In other words, materials that are significantly polarizable under the influence of an electric field, can result in materials that have a measurable conductivity at microwave frequencies despite being non-conductive at DC. Over time the individual domains of Copper deposition are connected to form an increasingly connected network. Only after extended plating is a large-scale conductive fabric 30 d obtained. [0031] The invention disclosed herein has properties of a percolating system of materials. In these systems, an insulating matrix is combined with metal or metallic inclusions to form an artificial dielectric material. As the amount of metal or metallic inclusions increases, such materials approach the percolation threshold where they begin to take on the bulk properties of an electrical conductor, as described above and seen in FIG. 1 . [0032] For ordinary non-conductors, the dielectric constant (ε) is usually presented as a real number related to the ability of a material to store electric field energy. However, more generally considered, the dielectric constant is a complex number with a real part and an imaginary part which is proportional to the conductivity (σ) of the material, as shown by the following equations. ε=ε′+ iε″ ε″=σ/ωε 0 Where ω is the radian frequency and δ 0 is the permittivity of free space, or 8.85×10 −12 F/m. So for a non-conductor σ is close to zero and the ε″ term can be neglected. The dielectric constant is usually expressed as a term relative to ε 0 so the value for free space is given as 1+0i and is dimensionless. Some typical values of a real dielectric constant for nonconductors are 2.5 (polystyrene), 2.1 (Teflon), 3.8 (quartz), and 90 (titanium dioxide). [0033] For metal conductors (such as gold, silver or copper) the conductivity is in the range of 4-7×10 7 (Ωm) −1 . The ε″ or imaginary dielectric constant for these metals is very high, but dependant on frequency. A typical value will be on the order of ˜1×10 8 . [0034] The corresponding real dielectric constant (ε′) is indeterminate or at least very hard to measure. This property is a measure of the interaction of an electric field with the material. However, materials with high conductivity also have a very high attenuation. Skin depth is a measure of the penetration of electromagnetic energy into a material, and for copper is given as δ S =6.6 f −1/2 cm or about 0.6 microns at 10 GHz. Thus a highly conductive material has insufficient penetration of energy for ordinary measurements to be valid. For theoretical purposes the complex dielectric constant of conductors is often taken to be ε=1+1×10 8 i. [0035] The materials described in this disclosure are intermediate between the two extremes (i.e., non-conductors and those materials that are highly conductive) mentioned above. The imaginary dielectric constant is significantly greater than zero, and significantly less than 1×10 6 , at microwave frequencies. At DC, or low AC, the conductivity (and thus ε″) of these materials is essentially that of a non-conductor, about zero. [0036] The difference between DC and microwave dielectric constants is determined by the structure of the material. A unique aspect to an embodiment of the present invention includes materials that are significantly polarizable under the influence of an electric field thus yielding a measurable conductivity at microwave frequencies despite the fact that they are fundamentally non-conductors at DC. For example, composites made of a polymer mixed with conductive inclusions (powders, fibers, etc) may be non-conductive at DC or low frequencies. However, at higher frequencies, the induced polarization, switching orientation at the microwave frequencies, can lead to electromagnetic effects (such as loss or reflection) that are realized in terms of conductivity or imaginary dielectric constant. [0037] This effect is sometimes referred to as electromagnetic percolation. It is known to those skilled in the art that when the loading of conductive particles is increased from a low value to a high value the dielectric constant varies in a complicated manner. Initially, a slightly loaded composite has a low value of ε′ and ε″ near zero, as typical for a non-conducting polymer. Increasing the loading a small amount tends to increase ε′ while leaving ε″ unchanged, or increasing very slightly. At higher loadings still, both values continue to increase, but ε″ begins to increase faster, as the increasing polarizability of the composite begins to generate significant RF conductivity. The point at which the magnitude of the real and imaginary dielectric constants are equal is often termed the “critical loading” or the “percolation threshold”. The percolation threshold is the situation where a non-conductive matrix (in this case the fabric) has enough metallic inclusions (in this case the plated metal) that it begins to take on the large scale properties of a conductor. Conventionally, the percolation threshold is defined as the point when the real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant are approximately equal within about 10%. [0038] When loadings are higher still, the imaginary dielectric constant will take on very large values. This is taken to indicate the formation of conductive interactions between the metal particles. At very high loadings these particles can form a somewhat continuous network and yield values of ε″>1000. Conductivity at DC can be achieved at the very highest metallic loadings when the metallic particle density is so high as to be continuous in all directions. At this point the microwave ε″ is much greater than 1000. At and near the percolation threshold, these materials have unique dielectric properties that are useful in electromagnetic applications. [0039] This concept is best illustrated by FIG. 2 which illustrates the resistivity in Ohms/Sq. as plating time increases, in the process mentioned above. It is important to note that the experimentation conducted to achieve this result is different from the experiments conducted to achieve the results illustrated in FIGS. 3-7 . Specifically, an embodiment of the present invention includes materials whose resistive properties decrease as plating time increases. The materials that are of interest with respect to the present invention are those that lie within the dotted lines of the graph as depicted in FIG. 2 . Thus, the graph illustrates the concept that resistivity decreases as plating time increases. By contrast the resistivity of copper is on the order of 10 −8 Ohm.M. [0040] In a process used to achieve an embodiment of the present invention, an artificial dielectric material was fabricated conventionally from an organic matrix that can be a cloth or a fabric composed of common textile materials selected from natural materials such as cotton, wool, hemp, jute and synthetic material such as polybutadiene polyester, acrylics, and the like. Hereinafter, fabric will be used to denote the organic matrix, be it a cloth or a fabric, woven or non-woven, and can be composed of any of the common textile materials. In the example given herein, the cotton fabric includes a white Workhorse brand Manufactured Rags (Kimberly Clark). This cotton fabric is described as a high pulp content non-woven composite fabric. [0041] The fabric was first rinsed in water for about a quarter of an hour in order to hydrate the fibers and remove any loose or soluble matter that was present. [0042] A commercial tin-palladium catalyst was then used to sensitize the fabric to the metal plating bath. In this case, the catalyst was Shipley Cataposit 44 and Cataprep 404. The amounts used followed the manufacturer's recommendation of 270 g/l for the solid Cataprep 404 and for liquid Cataposit 44, the final concentration of 0.01% by volume was used. Cataprep 404 can be used at concentrations of 50-300 g/l whereas Cataposit 44 can be used at concentrations of 0.001-2.0%. [0043] The fabric was agitated in the catalyst aqueous solution for a quarter of an hour during which time, the fabric changed in color from white to brown, i.e. the color of the palladium catalyst, indicating that the palladium catalyst was bound to the fibers of the fabric. The fabric was then rinsed with water to remove excess catalyst solution. [0044] The fabric may be metallized with any plating bath, according to manufacturer's instructions. In this example, the plating bath was Shipley Cuposit 328 which was a multi-part aqueous solution for copper plating. The plating bath may be heated, according to the manufacturer's instructions, but it was found that plating at room temperature resulted in slower plating and allowed greater control over the level of plating. [0045] Continuing with the procedure, the fabric was immersed in the plating bath and allowed to react for an amount of time appropriate for the level of metallization required. In this example, different samples were plated for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes, yielding fabrics with low to high dielectric properties. [0046] To terminate the plating reaction, the fabric was immersed in a large volume of water and then rinsed to remove residual plating bath. It was then air dried, with or without heating. [0047] If desired, the fabric may be formed into a composite by the addition of an epoxy coating or other polymer treatment to yield rigidity or other mechanical properties. [0048] The materials employed in an embodiment of the present invention have the electromagnetic properties of a percolation system but without the use of a non-conductive polymer and a conductive filler. Instead a non-conductive textile fabric is partially metallized with a conductive metal to yield the appropriate dielectric constants. In contrast to a traditional percolating system, which is composed of conductive particles formed into a network within a non-conducting polymer; this system uses a pre-formed non-conducting network based on a textile fabric and adds metal to it in a partial, incomplete fashion. [0049] Between the onset of metallization and the onset of DC conductivity the materials properties (i.e. dielectric constant) of the product will be similar to those of a percolating system. Data presented with the disclosure show a range of samples, plated between 5 minutes and 25 minutes under the conditions described. The data show how the complex dielectric constant varies with increasing plating time, and also demonstrates such phenomena as frequency dispersion (change in dielectric with frequency). [0050] The benefit of this disclosure lies in the properties of the resultant fabric product. The table below, i.e., Table 1, summarizes the dielectric properties of the samples in the example above at the frequency range of 2 Mhz-20 GHZ. TABLE 1 Plating Dielectric Constant Percolation Frequency Time Real Imaginary Threshold Dispersion 5 ˜2-5 ˜0 below low 10 ˜4-6 ˜0.5-1.0 below minor 15  ˜7-15 ˜5-7 near strong 20  ˜50-˜25  ˜75-300 above strong 25 <˜50   ˜250-˜>1000 above strong [0051] Measurements of dielectric constant as a function of frequency over the range of 2 MHz-20 GHz is shown in FIGS. 3-7 for plating times of 5-25 minutes. It should be noted that FIG. 7 shows dielectric constant variation with frequency for a material with a negative real dielectric constant. This is an example of a so-called “left-handed” material. By classical theory, negative dielectric constants are impossible. However, recently several approaches to this class of material have been presented, and are of interest for various applications including employing left-handed materials to manufacture perfect lens and other products. [0052] The examples summarized in Table 1, above, show the expected result for a percolating system that as the amount of metal increases, both the real and imaginary dielectric constants increase until the threshold at which the imaginary value rises dramatically while the real value decreases. [0053] For purposes herein, useful dielectric constants are estimated to be in the range of 1-1000, typically 1-50, for the real dielectric constants and 0-1000, typically 0-50, for the imaginary dielectric constants over the microwave frequency range of 2 MHz-100 GHz. Thickness of the metallic coating is expected to be in the range of 0.05-50 microns. [0054] Frequency dispersion is a measure of the change in dielectric constant with frequency. Most materials retain a dielectric constant that does not change across a frequency range. The materials described here demonstrate a variable dielectric constant over the range tested. The importance of this is that for an insulator/absorber of microwave energy to function at different frequencies (i.e., to be broadband), the optimal dielectric constant is different at each frequency. Hence, with this material, it is possible to design higher performance electromagnetic composites. Optimal dielectric constant for a particular frequency can be determined by trial and error. [0055] The fact that dielectric constant varies with frequency allows insulating or attenuating effects to function over broader range of frequencies. This should be understood in the context of using multiple coatings each imparting a different dielectric constant that is effective for energy absorbance at a different frequency. [0056] It is known from electromagnetic theory that optimal absorbance over a broad range of frequency is achieved with appropriate materials having a dielectric constant as a function of frequency. For best performance, the real component of the dielectric constant should vary as an inverse proportion to the square of the frequency, while the imaginary dielectric constant should vary as a simple inverse proportion to the frequency. [0057] Shielding from radar or antennae isolation are principal concerns for the artificial dielectrics of this invention which involve wave reflection or attenuation. One way to provide for antireflection is to provide a coating on a structure, for example an aircraft, which would produce at least two reflections of which, one reflection would be off the structure and the second reflection would be off the coating. Cancellation of the two waves causing the reflections is possible only if the waves are 180° out of phase. Thus the waves cancel each other out and in theory, the result can be a zero reflection. However, in order to observe this 180° out of phase reflection, the spacing between the reflecting structure and the coating is typically odd multiples of ¼ wavelength of the impinging energy. [0058] Although a typical microwave wavelength is about 3 centimeter, ¼ thereof is about 0.8 cm which is considerable and impractical cancellation spacing. However, in a dielectric material, a wavelength is able to shrink allowing for wave cancellation and essentially zero reflection. For instance, if wavelength of 10 GHz radiation is 3 cm, its wavelength in a dielectric medium with a dielectric constant of 2 would be 2.1 cm; in a dielectric medium with a dielectric constant of 5, the wavelength would be 1.3 cm: for a medium with a dielectric constant of 10, the wavelength would be 9.5 mm; and for a medium with a dielectric constant of 25, the wavelength would be 6 mm. Thus, in a situation where maximum cancellation is desired, matrix dielectric constant is adjusted, as by matrix material selection, and thickness, and other adjustments are made in order to achieve the desired result. [0059] Rather than plating uniformly across the fabric, it is possible to plate non-uniformly. Plating also can be limited to only one side of the fabric. Plating can be carried out in such a manner as to create a gradient of dielectric properties across the length or breadth of the fabric. It is also possible to pattern the fabric by various techniques and a complex geometric pattern of dielectric properties can thus be created. [0060] Artificial dielectrics as represented by an embodiment of the present invention can be used in wearable antenna applications, for example. In this application radar shielding is a major concern and this intention has shown promise in gain enhancement and radiation hazard reduction and particularly in antenna isolation or shielding. [0061] While the above embodiments have been shown of the novel artificial dielecrics, and of the several modifications thereof, persons skilled in this art will readily appreciate that various additional changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, as defined and differentiated by the following claims.

4y

DESCRIPTION Cross-Reference to Previous Application This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 314,553, filed Oct. 26, 1981, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 203,563, filed Nov. 5, 1980 now abandoned. TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to security devices, anticounterfeiting devices, diffraction and holography. More particularly, the invention is directed to a method of making graphic patterns using holographic effects to prevent photographic copying and a covering layer to prevent mechanical copying. BACKGROUND PRIOR ART Holography has been used widely for the generation of diffraction gratings (U.S. Pat. No. 3,578,845) and three-dimensional images of objects and scenes (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,506,327; 3,580,655; 3,758,186). To make a diffraction grating, the interference pattern formed by the interference between two or more mutually coherent optical wavefronts (usually one spherical or planar wavefront and another spherical, cylindrical, or planar wavefront) is recorded on a high-resolution optical recording medium, such as a Lippman emulsion, photopolymer, photoresist, or dichromated gelatin. Such gratings are used in spectrophotometers, headsup displays, and other optical instruments. To make a three-dimensional image, the interference pattern formed by the interference between a spherical or planar wavefront and a complex wavefront formed by the reflection of coherent light from the surface of an object (or by transmission of coherent light through an object) is recorded on a high-resolution photographic medium. Alternatively, a three-dimensional image may be synthesized as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,206,956 by recording a large number of two-dimensional views of an object, in which case each individual recording step usually involves only the interference between a spherical or planar reference wavefront and a spherical, planar, or other wavefront carrying a two-dimensional image. An improved form of holography to record three-dimensional images, described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,633,989, reduces or eliminates all vertical parallax and thereby allows unblurred reconstruction with a white light source. As a consequence, the image appears in nearly pure spectral colors. Latex extensions of the technique have included multiple images, each with different recording conditions to produce multicolored, three-dimensional images. Radially symmetric, mechanically ruled diffraction gratings, especially spiral gratings, have been used to provide decorative color effects. Segments of spiral gratings have been joined to form diffractive mosaic patterns. These gratings and grating mosaics have been generated as surface relief patterns and have been replicated by thermoplastic embossing. The embossed grafting mosaics have been used as substrates for printed graphics. In some instances, simple, holographically generated diffraction gratings have been replicated by embossing and used as decorative material. In such instances, the diffraction gratings have been limited to low-frequency, very simple, nonrandom patterns incapable of providing the types of effects provided by the methods disclosed herein, such as selected arbitrary textural effects, predetermined uniform color effects, and the illusion of motion. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention uses holographically generated diffractive patterns to generate graphical compositions which are difficult to copy. These compositions and patterns are not the three-dimensional images which are the usual goal of holography; they are confined to the surface they are made upon. No three-dimensionality beyond perhaps a slight depth of texture or a possible kinetic illusion of depth is to be expected. A diffrative pattern of predetermined texture and motion is generated by first recording a conventional hologram of a flat object whose surface has the desired texture on a first holographic recording medium. The conventional hologram is coherently reconstructed in order to image the textured surface onto a second holographic recording medium. A reference beam is brought in to interefere with the reconstructed image and thereby form a second hologram on the second medium. An illusion of motion is produced when a mask with vertical apertures is placed between the conventional hologram and the reconstructed image, or in the light beam which reconstructs the conventional hologram. Any predetermined color may be produced by proper configuration of the reference beam relative to the conventional hologram and the second holographic medium, and by reconstructing selected regions of the conventional hologram to determine a desired color mix. A particular class of arrangements of reference beam, second recording medium, and conventional hologram provides the best results. A diffractive pattern having a predetermined uniform color with minimal texture may be produced by substituting a fine random diffuser for the conventional hologram. Additional kinetic illusions are produced by using a coarse scatterer instead of a fine diffuser. The diffractive patterns are used in any of several ways. First, a graphical composition may be made directly on the second holographic medium by placing a first mask upon the second holographic medium to limit a first exposure to certain areas, changing the mask and altering the setup to record a second diffractive pattern on a second set of predetermined areas, and continuing in this fashion until the desired composition is formed. The composition may then be replicated by contact printing, embossing, injection molding, or other suitable means. Secondly, the diffractive patterns may be used to compose graphical designs by using the patterns themselves as contact printing masks. In this case, a third holographic recording medium is exposed through selected contact-printable diffractive patterns placed in contact, and exposure is limited to predetermined areas by a selected mask. Further exposures through further diffractive patterns and further masks are used to compose the desired graphical design. Instead of using masks to limit exposure to predetermined areas, a conventional image projector may be used to project selected images onto selected diffractive patterns placed in contact with the third holographic recording medium and thereby compose a graphical design or multicolored image on the third medium. Alternatively, graphical compositions may be formed by mechanically combining segments bearing various diffractive patterns. An object of this invention is to provide a low cost optical anticounterfeiting device easily distinguishable by eye from possible imitations. Other objects of the invention will, in part, be obvious and will, in part, appear hereafter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an isometric view showing a typical arrangement for making a conventional hologram to be used in making a textured diffractive pattern; FIG. 2 is an isometric view showing a typical arrangement for making a diffractive pattern which will provide a predetermined color and textural effect; FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a typical viewing arrangement for a graphical pattern or a diffractive pattern incorporating diffractive colors and textures; FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a representative system for generating a diffractive graphical composition by projection contact printing; FIG. 5 is an isometric view of a representative system for generating a diffractive graphical composition by the projection of a graphical pattern from a transparency; FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a set of embossing plates designed to form a diffractive graphical composition in three steps by hot stamping; FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the diffractive composition formed by using the plates of FIG. 7 in a hot stamping machine; FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a diffractive graphical composition used as an anticounterfeiting device on a concert ticket; and FIG. 9 is an isometric view of an example of a diffractive graphical composition used as an anticounterfeiting device. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A first step involves production of conventional holograms of several different textured surfaces by the method shown in FIG. 1. Textured surface 100 is illuminated by laser light. Scattered light from surface 100 is incident upon holographic plate 110. Holographic plate 110 is illuminated by collimated laser light 130 derived from the same laser as light 120. Plate 110 is tilted with respect to surface 100 so that the extended planes of plate 110 and surface 100 intersect at line 150, whose center point is 160. The interference pattern formed by collimated light 130 and light scattered from surface 100 upon plate 110 is a conventional hologram of textured surface 100, with the exception that plate 110 is tilted at a preselected angle 170. The purpose of the tilt of plate 110 is explained in the following sections. In the second step, a hologram such as recorded on plate 110 in FIG. 1 may be used in the setup shown in FIG. 2 to produce a diffractive pattern of any chosen color having the texture of the recorded surface (e.g., surface 100). In FIG. 2, the surface recorded in hologram 200 (e.g., surface 100 in hologram 110) is imaged onto the surface of holographic plate 210 by reconstructing hologram 200 with collimated laser light beam 220. Light from the same laser source as beam 220 is diverged from point 230 to illuminate plate 210, thereby forming an interference pattern upon plate 210 comprising a hologram of the surface recorded in plate 200. Means such as mask 240 is employed to select the portions of hologram 200 contributing to the reconstruction of said surface. Point 230 is located on line 250, which is the line which passes through point 260 and the center of plate 200. Line 270 is the intersection of the extended planes of plate 200 and plate 210; point 260 is the midpoint of line 270. The diffractive pattern on plate 210 is illuminated as indicated schematically in FIG. 3. At a position 300, which is found by extending a line 330 from light source 320 through point 260 (see FIG. 2) and finding the intersection of line 330 with line 310 extending normal to plate 210, the contribution of each horizontal strip 280 of hologram 200 defined by mask 240 will be a monochromatic image of the surface recorded in hologram 200. For best results, point 260 (FIGS. 2 and 3) corresponds to point 160 (FIG. 1). The particular color of the monochromatic image contribution depends on the color of laser light used in forming diffractive pattern 210 and the angular separation of point 230 and strip 280 as seen from the midpoint of plate 210. What is actually observed at point 300 is the superposition of substantially identical images of a textured surface, each image being in a different color. The result is a diffractive pattern having the texture of a surface and a color distribution determined by mask 240 of FIG. 2. A complex mask 240 can produce a complex pattern of color distributions that change with different viewpoints. Plate 110 is tilted relative to plate 100 in FIG. 1 so that, according to FIG. 3, light source 320 can be located relatively close to plate 210. The diffractive pattern on plate 210, resulting from reconstructing only a thin horizontal strip of plate 200, will generate a monochromatic field at position 300. Each horizontal strip of plate 200 will produce a different color monochromatic field at position 300 only if point 230, point 260, and the entire plate 200 all lie on a straight line. If plate 200 is parallel to surface 100 (and thus to plate 210), then point 260 is removed to infinity and consequently point 300 and light source 320 are also removed to infinity if each horizontal strip of plate 200 is to contribute a monochromatic field. When it is desired that the diffractive pattern is to be illuminated by a distant source (effectively at infinity), such as the sun, and that the pattern is to be viewed from a large distance, such as across a street, plate 200 should be parallel to plate 210, and point 230 should be in the extended plane of plate 200. Consequently, plate 110 should be parallel to surface 100. If the above arrangements are not employed, a vertically varying color distribution will result. If a vertically varying color distribution (such as a full rainbow spectrum) is desired, the relationship between points 260, 160, 320, and 300, as indicated in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3, may be altered. While it is preferable to generate diffractive patterns with predetermined color distribution by using a simple reference beam and a complex object beam, it is also practical to use a complex reference beam. The essential characteristic of the optical system is that the resulting interference pattern itself should closely resemble a pattern made by the above-described methods. Such an interference pattern is characterized by the diffractive effects it produces: it diffuses light more or less uniformly in the horizontal direction, and it diffuses light in the vertical direction according to an angular distribution which results in a predetermined mix of colors. The light wavefronts whose interference produces such a pattern are characterized by a substantial degree of spatial incoherence in the horizontal direction and a selected distribution of spatial incoherence in the vertical direction. "Spatial incoherence" as used here means a complex spatial phase dependence of high spatial frequency with negligible time dependence. To form a graphical composition of several textures and colors directly on plate 210, exposures are made on plate 210 using different holograms 200 and masks 240 for each exposure. Separate masks 214 may be used to limit each exposure to a different predetermined region on plate 210 and thereby compose a graphical image or pattern. The term "graphical composition" as used herein means an arrangement of colored or textured areas on a surface wherein the arrangement itself forms a desired picture, image, or pattern. The color and texture effects described herein are used in much the same way that paints might be used to form such a graphical composition. If only color effects are desired, hologram 200 in FIG. 2 may be replaced by a diffusing screen. In that case, the only visible texture will be the speckle pattern due to self-interference of the spatially incoherent light emanating from the screen. Graphical compositions formed from diffractive patterns generated using a diffuser 200 have a wide range of utility and are relatively easier to produce than those formed using a hologram 200. Diffractive patterns formed as in FIG. 2 are preferably used in a third step, as illustrated in FIG. 4. A mask 420 allows light 430 to pass through diffractive pattern 410 in preselected regions 440 to expose holographic plate 400, thereby contact printing a replica of diffraction pattern 410 onto plate 400 in regions 440. Further exposures may be made onto plate 400 using different patterns 410 and masks 420 to compose a desired graphical pattern. If pattern 410 is in sufficiently close contact with plate 400, the exposure may be made with light from an incandescent or arc light source. However, using a laser light source will avoid numerous problems that can arise, such as might be caused by the presence of dust particles between plates 400 and 410. Instead of or in addition to masks 420, a graphical pattern may be defined by the method shown in FIG. 5. A conventional projector 540 is used to project a pattern 530 onto holographic plate 400 through diffractive pattern 410. The projector 540 uses light from a source 520 which may be a laser, an arc light, or an incandescent light bulb, to project a transparency onto plates 400 and 410. Several interesting and useful variations on this technique are possible. For example, if source 520 generates a wide range of colors, such as red, green, and blue, then transparency 500 can be a color image. A filter 550 can select a particular color from source 520, thereby selecting a particular color component of transparency 500. Separate exposures onto plate 400 through separate diffractive patterns 410 thus can produce a true color or pseudocolor copy of the image in transparency 500. Similarly, different color components of transparency 500 may be recorded on plate 400 in different textures but in the same color. The diffractive effects described above are not exclusively applicable to flat shapes. The essential aspects of the invention are equally applicable to other shapes, such as spheres, toruses, cylinders, cones, and so on. For a textural effect to work well on such shapes, the shape of the real image bearing the desired textural effect should be approximately the same shape as the surface of the photosensitive medium onto which it is imaged. That is, the real image should be conformal to the shape of the photosensitive medium. Furthermore, the terms "vertical" and "horizontal" which are used herein refer to a relationship between the optical system and the diffractive pattern being formed, with "vertical" being the direction orthogonal to "horizontal," and "horizontal" being a direction in the pattern substantially parallel to the line joining an observer's two eyes in the arrangement used to display and view the final graphical composition. The reference beam used to make the abovedescribed holographic diffractive patterns may be incident upon either side of the photosensitive recording medium. That is, the holographic pattern may be of the front-beam or the back-beam type. However, it is preferable for the pattern to be of the front-beam type for most applications, such as applications wherein the pattern will be replicated as a surface relief pattern. A specific example of making a graphical composition incorporating diffractive color and texture effects employing the disclosed methods is as follows: Employing the setup of FIG. 1, a wooden plank is used to provide surface 100 with a wood-grained texture. Plate 110 is a glass plate coated with dichromated gelatin. Exposure is made with 200 millijoules per square centimeter at a beam ratio R:0 of 20:1 using the 4579-Angstrom line of an argon-ion laser. Line 150 is removed to infinity so that plate 110 is parallel to surface 100. Plate 110 is placed 24 inches away from surface 100. After exposure, plate 110 is developed in water and isopropanol to yield a dichromated gelatin hologram. Then, developed plate 110 is used as plate 200 in FIG. 2. Employing the setup of FIG. 2, a glass plate 210 is coated with AZ 1350 J photoresist and is exposed using a reference source 230 placed so as to form an angle 290 of 35 degrees. Plate 200 is placed 24 inches away from and parallel to plate 210, and is reconstructed with 4579 argon-ion laser light. A mask 240 with a single horizontal transparent strip 280 is placed over plate 200. Strip 280 is located in a direction directly normal to the center of plate 210. Another mask 214, comprising a positive transparency of a photogram of a human face, is placed on plate 210. An exposure of 100 millijoules per square centimeter and a beam ratio R:0 of 1:1 is used. A resist-coated plate is developed for one minute in diluted AZ developer to generate a surface relief interference pattern. The pattern is then vacuum-coated with aluminum to achieve a transmissivity of 2 percent, and finally covered with a glass plate which is attached with ultraviolet-cured optical cement. This graphical composition is viewed reflectively at a distance by illuminating it with a distant spotlight at an angle of 45 degrees. The composition appears as a flat yellow-green image of the human face bearing a wood-grained texture. Another specific example is as follows: A set of three transmissive diffractive patterns are made as in the setup of FIG. 2 using a long, narrow horizontal strip of opal glass as a diffuser instead of a hologram for plate 200. Plate 200 is located 12 inches away from an Agfa 8E75 holographic plate 210. A reference source (a microscope objective with a pinhole filter at its focus) is placed so that angle 290 is 38 degrees for the first pattern, 46 degrees for the second pattern, and 58 degrees for the third pattern. Exposure is determined by the plate manufacturer's recommendation, using a helium-neon laser. Each of the three plates is developed in D-19 developer and bleached in iodine-methanol bleach. When the plates are illuminated by a flashlight bulb located at 40 degrees (angle 290 in FIG. 3) at a distance of 17 inches, an observer three feet away sees the first plate as a uniform red field, the second plate as a uniform green field, and the third plate as a uniform blue field. These plates may now be used as contact-printable diffractive patterns. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a series of diffractive patterns are first formed in a surface relief medium, such as photo-resist or gum bichromate. A metal plate replica of each pattern is formed by electroless deposition of nickel onto the surface relief medium or a replica thereof, followed by electrodeposition of nickel according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art of electroforming. The nickel plates thus formed may be replicated by techniques also well known to those skilled in the art. A diffractive graphical composition can be formed as an embossing plate using the nickel plate replicas as follows: First, the replica plates are coated with a photoresist. Regions of the plates are exposed to light and developed to uncover the metal in predetermined patterns. The metal in the uncovered regions is deeply etched 600,630,660, and the resist is removed from the covered regions 610, 640,670. The resulting plates appear as in FIG. 6, wherein the elevated (unetched) regions bear relief diffractive patterns. These plates may be used as embossing dies in sequence to produce a graphical composition (as indicated in FIG. 7) combining the shapes 700,710,720 from the various plates. Alternative ways to emboss diffractive graphical compositions are apparent, such as to form a composition on a single metal plate or to mechanically join parts from different plates to form a single plate. The term "embossing," as used herein, means impressing a relief pattern onto a surface by any means, such as casting, molding, hot stamping, or calendaring. Graphical compositions formed from complex diffractive patterns are extraordinarily difficult to counterfeit. They are much more finely detailed than the finest engraving, yet they can easily be recognized by eye. For example, a concert ticket (FIG. 8), stock certificate, or other such item whose value depends on its genuineness, may have a particular diffractive graphical composition 800,810,820 embossed therein or affixed thereto. To counterfeit the item would require counterfeiting the diffractive composition, which is not possible by the methods normally employed by printers, such as photocopying. If the composition is to be viewed by either reflected or transmitted light, and if it is embossed, it may be covered by a transparent coating of a material having a different refractive index than the embossed material. If the composition is to be viewed by reflected light, and is embossed, it may be coated with a thin layer of aluminum or other material to enhance its reflectivity, then overcoated with a transparent material. It is important to "bury" the embossed surface beneath a transparent coating both to protect it from damage and to prevent direct mechanical copying of the embossed pattern. Paper itself is not usually a suitable material to be embossed, but paper coated with a thermoplastic, such as polyethylene, is suitable. If a reflective, embossed, diffractive composition is employed as a security device, it is best protected by a transparent material which adheres strongly. One way to assure strong adhesion while employing a reflective interlayer, such as aluminum, is to remove or displace the interlayer at many points which are small compared to the details of the composition, and to directly fuse a covering layer to the embossed substrate at those points. A way to form a virtually uncounterfeitable, embossed, diffractive composition on a paper substrate (FIG. 9) is to apply a large number of small, noncontiguous dots 920 of embossable material to the substrate 940. Alternatively, a layer of embossable material with multiple connectivity (such as having missing spots) may be applied. The composition is embossed onto the top surface 910 of the embossable material and then aluminized. A transparent overcoat 900 is applied which penetrates the fibers of the paper substrate 930. The resulting structure is very difficult to disassemble without destroying the diffractive pattern. In some embodiments of the invention, the diffractive graphical pattern may in fact be a three-dimensional hologram and the above-described method of protecting the embossed surface is equally usable on embossed three-dimensional holograms. In some further embodiments of the invention, the diffractive graphical pattern may "have the form of" a holographically recorded interference pattern while having been generated by non-holographic means, such as mechanical scribing, e-beam writing, or the like. The phrase "having the form of a holographically recorded interference pattern" is intended herein (and within the following claims) to mean having a substantial morphological resemblance and having a substantially similar optical effect as a holographically recorded interference pattern. The phrase "multiply connected," as used herein, has the meaning it is normally given in the field of general topology. A multiply connected region is a region that has more than one continuous boundary, including, without limitation, holes, slits, isolated islands, etc. The forms of the invention disclosed herein constitute preferred embodiments of the invention. Many other forms and embodiments are possible, and it is not possible nor intended herein to illustrate all of the possible equivalent forms, variations, and ramifications of the invention. It will be understood that the words used are words of description rather than limitation, and that various changes, such as changes in shape, relative size, wavelength, orientation, arrangement of parts and steps, recording materials, and recording geometries, may be substituted without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention herein disclosed.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to power converter apparatus and methods, and more particularly, to clamped converters, asymmetrical half-bridges, and similar power conversion apparatus that use a clamped inductance. DC—DC converters and other power conversion apparatus often use “clamped converter” and “asymmetrical half-bridge” configurations. A common feature of such devices is the use of a power conversion cycle in which a transformer winding, inductor or other inductance is energized in an “on” phase by application of an input voltage (directly or via magnetic coupling) and then “clamped” during an “off” phase using a capacitor and/or other circuitry that receives magnetizing energy from the inductance. Examples of such converter configurations may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,146 to Vinciarelli; U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,764 to Bassett; U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,382 to Cohen; “Small-Signal Modeling of Soft-Switched Asymmetric Half-Bridge DC/DC Converter,” by Korotkov et al, IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference, Record, 1995, p. 707-711. Many conventional clamped converter and asymmetrical half-bridge designs use a capacitor to receive energy during the “off” phase. A potential drawback of such circuits is that an abrupt change in the converter's duty cycle can lead to an incomplete energy transfer during the “off” phase due to premature entry into the “on” phase. This can lead to undesirably large peak currents in the inductance. For example, in a transformer-type clamped converter, an abrupt change in duty cycle may lead to excessive magnetizing current in the transformer, which can, in turn, lead to saturation of the transformer. In circuits that use a transistor with an integral body diode to switch the clamping circuit, such premature entry into the “on” phase can also damage the transistor through uncontrolled reverse recovery of the body diode. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In some embodiments of the invention, a power converter apparatus, such as a DC—DC converter, power supply, or the like, includes an input port, an output port, an inductance, a clamping circuit coupled to the inductance and an output circuit coupled to the inductor and the output port. The inductance may include, for example, a transformer winding and/or a discrete inductor. The apparatus also includes a switch operative to control energy transfer between the input port and the inductance. The apparatus further includes a control circuit operative to control the switch responsive to a current in the inductance while current is being transferred between the inductance and the clamping circuit. For example, the control circuit may include a current sensor configured to be coupled in series with the inductance while current is being transferred between the inductance and the clamping circuit and operative to generate a current sense signal indicative of the current in the inductance, along with a switch control circuit operative to control the first switch responsive to the current sense signal. The switch control circuit may be operative to prevent transition of the switch from the first state to the second state until the current sense signal meets a predetermined criterion, e.g., a signal state indicative of a desired current condition, such as a current approximating zero or a current reversal. In further embodiments of the invention, the switch includes a first switch. The clamping circuit includes an impedance, such as a capacitor, a second switch operative to control current flow between the impedance and the inductance, and a clamping control circuit operative to control the second switch. The second switch may include a transistor that is responsive to a clamping control signal, and a diode, such as a transistor body diode, coupled in parallel with the transistor. A current limiting circuit may be provided to limit current in the second switch. In some embodiments, the current limiting circuit may be asymmetrical, i.e., may provide a variable impedance responsive to the direction of the current between the impedance and the inductance. In other embodiments of the invention, a power converter apparatus includes an input port, an output port, and an inductance. A first switch is coupled to the input port and the inductance and controls current flow between the input port and the inductance. A second switch is coupled to an impedance and the inductance, and controls current flow between the impedance and the inductance. A control circuit operates the first and second switches in a substantially complementary fashion to provide energy transfer between the inductance and respective ones of the input port and the impedance, and is further operative to control operation of the first switch responsive to a current in the inductance. An output circuit couples the inductance to the output port. In method embodiments of the invention, a power converter apparatus that transfers energy from a power source to a load by cyclically energizing an inductance is operated. The power source is decoupled from the inductance. The inductance is then clamped while sensing a current therein. The power source is then coupled to the inductance responsive to the sensed current. Embodiments of the invention may provide significant advantages over convention converter configurations. In particular, by controlling coupling of a clamped inductance to a power source responsive to current in the inductance while it is being clamped, e.g., responsive to a sensed current in the clamping circuit, the present invention may limit peak current generated in the inductance during transient conditions when the charging/clamping cycle of the inductance abruptly changes and, thus, may prevent saturation of the inductance. In some converter configurations, the invention may also reduce damaging effects, such as uncontrolled reverse recovery of switching diodes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a clamped converter apparatus according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a clamped converter apparatus according to other embodiments of the invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a clamped converter apparatus with an exemplary control circuit configuration according to some embodiments of the invention. FIGS. 4A and 4B are waveform diagrams illustrating exemplary operations of the converter apparatus of FIG. 3 according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a clamped converter apparatus with an exemplary current limiting circuit configuration according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a power converter apparatus according to still further embodiments of the invention. FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating a power converter apparatus with an exemplary current limit/current sense circuit according to some embodiments of the invention. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating still another power converter configuration according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a power converter apparatus with an exemplary current limit circuit according to still further embodiments of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Specific embodiments of the invention now will be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. FIG. 1 illustrates a power converter apparatus 100 according to embodiments of the invention. The apparatus 100 includes an input port 110 a , 110 b at which a voltage v in , for example, a DC voltage produced by a rectifier, may be applied. The apparatus 100 also includes an output port 140 a , 140 b , an inductance in the form of a primary winding 122 of a transformer 122 , a clamping circuit 170 and an output circuit 130 , here shown as including a secondary winding 124 of the transformer 120 , coupled to the inductance 122 and the output port 140 a , 140 b . The apparatus further includes a switch 150 that is operative to couple and decouple the input port 110 a , 110 b and the inductance 122 to selectively apply the input voltage v in thereto. The apparatus 100 further includes a control circuit 160 , here shown as including a current sensor 162 coupled in series with the clamping circuit 170 and a switch control circuit 164 that is responsive to the current sensor 162 . The control circuit 160 is operative to sense a current in the inductance 122 while the clamping circuit 170 receives current from the inductance 122 . The control circuit 160 is further operative to control the switch 150 responsive to the current in the inductance 122 . It will be understood that, in a particular application, the converter apparatus 100 will typically include other components. In particular, the control circuit 160 and/or the clamping circuit 170 may be further controlled responsive to, for example, a voltage and/or current at the output port 140 a , 140 b , or to another circuit state, such as a voltage and/or current of additional circuitry coupled to the apparatus. For purposes of the generality of description, detailed discussion of such voltage and/or current feedback control techniques will not be provided herein. It also will be appreciated that the configuration of FIG. 1 may be modified within the scope of the invention. For example, rather than using a current sensor 162 coupled in series with a clamping circuit 170 as shown in FIG. 1, other current sensing techniques can be used with the invention, including, for example, a current sensor coupled in series with the inductance 122 . It will also be understood that the invention is not limited to the “clamped converter” configuration shown in FIG. 1 . In general, the invention is also applicable to a variety of power converter configurations, including configurations that use types of inductances other than transformer windings. The invention is also generally applicable to configurations using a variety of different types of clamping circuits, including, but not limited to, resonant (e.g., capacitive) clamping circuits, dissipative (e.g., resistive) clamping circuits, and combinations thereof. Moreover, the invention may be embodied in a variety of different types of devices, such as DC—DC converters, power supply devices, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) devices, and the like. The invention generally may be implemented using discrete electrical components, integrated circuits, and combinations thereof. FIG. 2 illustrates a power converter apparatus 200 according to other embodiments of the invention. The apparatus 200 includes an input port 210 a , 210 b , an output port 240 a , 240 b , an inductance in the form of a primary winding 222 of a transformer 220 , and an output circuit 230 , here shown as including a secondary winding 224 of the transformer 220 , coupled to the inductance 222 and the output port 240 a , 240 b . A switch 250 , here shown as including a transistor Q and associated body diode DB, is operative to couple and decouple the input port 210 a , 210 b and the inductance 222 to selectively apply an input voltage v in thereto. A clamping circuit 270 includes a capacitor C and second switch 272 , here shown as including a transistor Q and a body diode D B , that is operative to control current flow between the capacitor C and the inductance 222 . A current sensor 262 is coupled in series with the switch 272 and is operative to sense a current in the inductance 222 while the switch 272 couples the clamping capacitor C across the inductance 222 . A switch control circuit 264 generates respective control signals that are applied to respective ones of the switches 250 , 272 . In particular, the switch control circuit 264 is operative to control the switch 250 responsive to a current sense signal 263 generated by the current sensor 262 . As illustrated in FIG. 3, a power converter apparatus 300 according to other embodiments of the present invention is similar to the apparatus 200 of FIG. 2, with like components being indicated by like reference numerals, description of which is provided in the foregoing discussion of FIG. 2 . The apparatus 300 includes a switch control circuit 264 ′ including a switching signal generator circuit 310 that generates first and second switch control signals S 1 , S 2 . The switch control signal S 1 is applied to an AND gate circuit 320 , which also receives a current sense signal SCS generated by a current sensor 262 ′ coupled in series with a clamping circuit 270 . The AND gate 320 generates a control signal S 1 ′ that is applied to the switch 250 , which controls current flow between the inductance 222 and the input port 210 a , 210 b responsively thereto. Exemplary operations of the apparatus 300 may be understood by reference to FIGS. 4A and 4B. In the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4 A and 4 B, the first and second drive signals S 1 , S 2 transition in a substantially complementary fashion, i.e., in a complementary fashion that may incorporate a small amount of “dead time” such that signal S 1 delays transition to a “high” state for a short period after transition of the signal S 2 to a “low” state, and/or vice versa. Generation of the control signals S 1 , S 2 may be achieved via any of a number of conventional control techniques commonly used in clamped converter apparatus, for example, using voltage and/or current feedback techniques. Prior to a time t 1 , it is assumed that the first and second signals S 1 , S 2 transition at substantially constant complementary duty cycles such that the first signal S 1 has a duty cycle approaching 0% and such that the second signal S 2 has a duty cycle approaching 100%, i.e., such that the second signal S 2 is at nearly a continuous “high” state while the first signal is at nearly a continuous “low” state. As a result, the switch 272 of the clamping circuit 272 is “on” substantially more than the switch 250 . Accordingly, the current i 1 in the inductance 222 remains relatively low and, consequently, the voltage v C across the clamping capacitor C remains relatively low. Such a condition might occur, for example, when the apparatus 300 is lightly loaded at the output port 240 a , 240 b. At time t 1 , however, the duty cycles of the signals S 1 , S 2 abruptly change such that the duty cycle of the signal S 1 abruptly increases to around near 50% and the duty cycle of the switch S 2 abruptly decreases to around 50%. Such a change might occur, for example, in response to an increase in load at the output port 240 a , 240 b . In a first “on” interval of the switch 250 from time t 1 to time t 2 , the current i 1 ramps up to a relatively high level, such that, when the switch 250 is turned off at time t 2 and the switch 272 turns “on” by forward biasing of the body diode D B shortly thereafter, a relatively large current i 2 begins to flow from the inductance 222 to the capacitor C. Because the decay time for this large initial current is relatively long due to the highly discharged state of the capacitor at time t 2 , the current i 2 remains relatively high when the signal S 1 goes “high” again at time t 3 . However, the current sense signal SCS remains “low” due to the positive, nonzero level of the current i 2 , maintaining the switch 250 in an “off” state until the current i 2 falls to near zero at time t 4 , several cycles of the signals S 1 , S 2 later. For the operations illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, this current limiting action continues for subsequent cycles of the signals S 1 , S 2 . However, assuming that the duty cycles of the signals S 1 , S 2 remain relatively constant, the converter may approach a steady state, wherein the current i 2 reaches zero before each new rising edge of the signal S 1 and the voltage v C remains relatively constant. The action of the current sense signal SCS serves to limit the peak value of the current generated in the inductance 222 during the transient period following the abrupt change in the substantially complementary duty cycles of the signals S 1 , S 2 at time t 1 . This can prevent saturation of the transformer 220 . The action of the current sense signal SCS can also provide a more controlled reverse recovery of the body diode D B of the switch 272 . It will be understood that apparatus and operations described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 A- 4 B may be modified within the scope of the invention. For example, rather than configure the current sensor 262 ′ to transition the current sense signal SCS when the current i 2 is approximately zero, the current sensor 262 ′ could be configured to transition the current sense signal SCS at some other current level, such as a positive level that can still provide saturation protection, or a negative level that can provide better reverse recovery for the body diode D B of the switch 272 . FIG. 5 illustrates a converter apparatus 500 according to other embodiments of the invention. The converter apparatus 500 is similar to the apparatus 200 of FIG. 2, with like components indicated by like reference numerals, description of which is provided in the foregoing description of FIG. 2 . The converter apparatus 500 further includes an asymmetrical current limiting circuit 280 coupled in series with the clamping circuit 270 . Here shown as including a current limiting resistor R CL connected in parallel with a bypass diode D BP , the asymmetrical current limiting circuit 280 serves to limit current in the switch 272 of the clamping circuit 270 in an asymmetrical fashion. In particular, the current limiting circuit 270 allows relatively large currents to flow from the inductance 222 to the clamping capacitance C through the forward biasing of the bypass diode D BP , but limits reverse current through the action of the current limiting resistor R CL . This latter characteristic may be particularly advantageous in limiting currents in the switch 272 during transients in which the switch 250 transitions abruptly from a relatively high duty cycle, e.g., near 100% (corresponding to a heavily loaded condition) to a substantially lower duty cycle, with concomitant transitioning of the switch 272 from a relatively low duty cycle, e.g., near 0%, to a substantially higher duty cycle. Although the bypass diode D BP could be omitted, its presence can reduce unnecessary power dissipation in comparison to use of the current limiting resistor R CL alone. As noted above, the invention is not limited to “clamped converter” embodiments, and is generally applicable to many types of converter configurations that cyclically charge a transformer winding, inductor, or other inductance and “clamp” the charged inductance using a resonant, dissipative or other type of clamping circuit. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 6, a converter 600 according to embodiments of the invention may have a structure like that found in an asymmetrical half-bridge converter. As shown, the converter 600 includes a first switch 620 that control current flow between and inductance L and an input port 610 a , 610 b at which an input voltage v in is applied. As shown, the first switch 620 includes a transistor Q and associated body diode D B . Current flow between the inductance L and a clamping capacitance C is controlled by a second switch 630 , here also shown as including a transistor Q and associated body diode D B . The inductance L may be coupled to an output port (not shown for purposes of generality of illustration) in a number of different ways, including, for example, via magnetic coupling (as in a transformer) or electrical coupling to the inductance L. A switch control circuit 664 controls the first and second switches 620 , 630 . In particular, the switch control circuit 664 controls the first switch 620 responsive to a current sense signal generated by a current sensor 662 coupled in series with the clamping capacitor C. Much like the embodiments described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5, the switch control circuit 664 operates the switches 620 , 630 in a substantially complementary fashion. The switch control circuit 664 is further operative to condition closure of the switch 620 responsive to the current in the inductance L while the capacitor C is still coupled to the inductance L. In this manner, peak current in the inductance L can be limited, and reverse recovery of the body diode DB of the switch 630 can be controlled. FIG. 7 illustrates a converter apparatus 700 according to other embodiments of the invention. The apparatus 700 is similar to the apparatus 600 , with like components illustrated by like reference numerals, description of which is provided in the foregoing description of FIG. 6 . The apparatus 700 includes a combined current limiting/current sensing circuit including a current limiting resistor R CL , a bypass diode D BP , and a current sense diode D CS coupled in series with the current limiting resistor R CL . A voltage v CS at a node 680 at which the current limiting resistor R CL is coupled to the clamping capacitor C serves as a current sense signal provided to a switch control circuit 664 ′ that controls the first and second switches 620 , 630 . Along the lines of the switch control circuit 664 of FIG. 6, the switch control circuit 664 ′ is operative to condition closure of the switch 620 responsive to the current sense signal v CS , which is representative of the current in the inductance L while the capacitor C is coupled to the inductance L. In particular, assuming the voltage at the second terminal 610 b of the input port is signal ground (zero volts), when the current i C in the clamping capacitor C is positive (in the sense defined by the arrow), the voltage v CS is approximately one diode drop (e.g., 0.6 volts) positive due to the forward biasing of the bypass diode D BP . However, when the current ic approaches zero and passes to a negative value, the bypass diode becomes reversed biased, and the current sense diode D CS becomes forward biased. This causes the current sense voltage v CS to transition to at least one diode drop negative (e.g., −0.6 volts or lower). This change in voltage can be detected by the switch control circuit 664 ′, which may responsively enable closure of the first switch 620 . For example, the switch control circuit 664 ′ may include, for example, comparator and/or other signal detection circuitry that detects such a transition of the current sense voltage v CS . In this manner, saturation of the inductance L and/or reverse recovery of the body diode D B of the switch 630 can be controlled. FIG. 8 illustrates yet another possible converter topology according to embodiments of the invention. The converter apparatus includes an inductance L and a clamping capacitance C. As with the converter apparatus of FIGS. 6 and 7, the inductance L may be coupled to an output port (not shown for purposes of generality of illustration) in a number of different ways, including magnetic and electrical coupling. A first switch 820 , including a transistor Q and associated body diode D B , is operative to control current flow between the inductance L and an input port 810 a , 810 b at which an input voltage v in is applied. A second switch 830 , also including a transistor Q and body diode D B , is operative to control current flow between the clamping capacitor C and the inductance L. A switch control circuit 864 operates the first and second switches 820 , 830 in a substantially complementary fashion, and is further operative to condition operation of the switch 820 on a current sense signal v CS generated at a node 880 at which the second switch 830 is connected to a current limit/current sense circuit including a current limiting resistor R CL , a bypass diode D BP , and a current sense diode D CS . The current limit/current sense circuit can operate in a manner similar to that described with reference to FIG. 7 . FIG. 9 illustrates a converter apparatus 900 according to yet other embodiments of the invention. The apparatus 900 is similar to the apparatus 800 of FIG. 8, with like elements indicated by like reference numerals, description of which is provided above with reference to FIG. 8 . The apparatus 900 differs from the apparatus 800 in that the current limiting resistor R CL and bypass diode D BP are moved to the other side of the transistor switch 830 . This allows the switch 830 to operate in a linear, current limiting manner when current i C in the clamping capacitance C becomes excessive in the negative direction. A current sensor 862 coupled in series with the switch 830 provides a current sense signal to a switch control circuit 864 ′ that controls the first and second switches 820 , 830 . In the drawings and foregoing description thereof, there have been disclosed typical embodiments of the invention. Terms employed in the description are used in a generic and descriptive sense and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This Non-Provisional Patent Application, filed under 35 U.S.C. §111(a), claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e)(1) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/839,141, filed under 35 U.S.C. §111(b) on Aug. 16, 2006, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety and U.S. non-Provisional application Ser. No. 11/893,480, filed Aug. 16, 2007, now abandoned. This Non-Provisional Patent Application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/922,342, entitled “Screen assemblies utilizing screen elements retained in perforated troughs,” and filed on Aug. 20, 2004 now abandoned, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/838,565, entitled “Screen assemblies utilizing screen elements retained in perforated supports,” and filed on Aug. 18, 2006. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT Not applicable. INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON COMPACT DISC Not applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to methods of manufacturing an apparatus with which material is separated or assorted according to size or dimensions of components by presentation to a series of openings or passages through which the components having dimensions below those of the openings or passages pass while those having dimensions greater than those of the passages or openings do not pass through. More specifically, the present invention relates to methods of manufacturing screen assemblies used in vibratory separators. 2. Description of Related Art Vibratory screen separators with replaceable screen assemblies have long been known, and include a base, a resiliently mounted housing, a vibratory drive connected to the housing, and screen assemblies positioned on the housing. The screen assemblies are periodically replaced when process conditions dictate or when the performance of the screening media degrades due to abrasion, failure, or blinding. The screening media can be flat or pleated, single or multi-layered, laminated or un-laminated. Screen assemblies include screening media bonded to components structural in nature that are used to fasten or tension the screening media to a vibratory separator so that the motion of the separator is imparted to the screening media. Flexible rectangular screen assemblies constructed by using structural components that form a “J” or similar shape on two sides of screen are known as hookstrip style screens. Hookstrip style screens are fastened to vibratory separators by pulling the screen assembly taut over a crowned deck. The “crown” or “radius” in the deck is necessary because the geometry of the crown keeps the flexible screen in contact with the vibrating deck without approaching tension levels that would damage the screening media. Screen assemblies constructed by bonding screening media to rectangular structural frames that minimize the flexibility of the screen assembly are known as panel style screens. The structural frame may or may not have internal supporting cross members. Panel style screens are fastened to vibratory separators by clamping one or more surfaces of the structural frame to a mating surface (or deck) of the vibratory separator. The decks of vibratory separators that accept panel screens are noticeably less crowned than the decks of vibratory separators that accept hookstrip style screens, but the decks are usually slightly crowned to prevent panel style screens from flexing or chattering when the vibratory separator is in motion. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to novel methods of manufacturing screen elements for vibratory separators, especially in mass production environment. Such screen assemblies include a structural frame that is mounted in a vibratory separator into which a plurality of lightweight and flexible screen elements are inserted into multiple rows of perforated screen supports. The perforated screen supports are bonded to each other and to the structural frame. The perforated screen supports are aligned parallel to the direction in which solids are conveyed by the vibratory motion. The perforated screen supports are assembled to the structural frame so that unscreened material cannot substantially bypass the screening media. The cross sectional geometry of the perforated screen support and of the formed screen elements can be rectangular, triangular, half-circular, half-ellipsoid, catenary, hyperbola, or other similar geometric shape. The screen elements include one or more layers of screening media that may be bonded to each other and may be preformed to conform to the geometry of the perforated screen support. The present invention provides methods of manufacturing screen elements that substantially increase the available area for screening compared to the available area of the prior art when a screen assembly creates a flat or crowned screening surface on a vibratory separator. Furthermore, the ease of replacing small, (typically three inches wide and 24 inches long) and lightweight (typically less than one pound) individual screen elements in the present invention saves time and material by eliminating the periodic replacement of large, heavy, and cumbersome screen assemblies in conventional vibratory separators. Typically, these conventional screen assemblies weigh anywhere from 20 to 50 pounds and are approximately two to three feet long and up to four feet wide. In addition, when the present invention is used to replace hookstrip style screens with crowned screening surfaces, the effective screening area is increased by channeling the flow of unscreened material and preventing the pooling of liquid on either side of a crown deck. The crowned screen deck causes the processed material to flow away from the center of the screen (the crown) towards the sides, causing a large area of the screen surface to be under-utilized. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a further understanding of the nature, objects, and advantages of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, read in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements. FIG. 1 shows a screen element frame created by perforating a sheet of thin metal plate—preferably flat—to achieve a preferred pattern. FIG. 2 shows a screen element forming or molding press according to the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a formed screen element frame—a screen element frame of FIG. 1 formed to a predetermined diameter by the molding press of FIG. 2 . FIG. 4 shows the screen element forming or molding press at different stages of operation, acting upon a screen element frame to produce a formed screen element frame. FIG. 5 shows a fluidized bed into which formed (curved) screen element frames are dipped after being heated. FIG. 6 shows a finished screen element. FIG. 7 shows a cooling rack. FIG. 8 shows a screen element laminating press. FIG. 9 shows the removal of a round heating element from a laminated screen element. FIG. 10 shows a support frame assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Before the subject invention is further described, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments of the invention described below, as variations of the particular embodiments may be made and still fall within the scope of the appended claims. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments, and is not intended to be limiting. Instead, the scope of the present invention will be established by the appended claims. In this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Example 1 Screen Element Frame Manufacturing Steps The invention features, in one aspect, a screen element frame ( 80 ) created by perforating a sheet of thin metal plate, preferably flat, to achieve a preferred pattern ( FIG. 1 ). The perforation pattern is designed to maximize open area, to provide adequate heat capacity for powder coating requirements (discussed below), and to give proper support for the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ). Using a special molding press ( 31 ), the screen element frame ( 80 ) is then curved to a predetermined diameter, thus forming a curved screen element frame ( 85 ) ( FIGS. 2 , 3 , & 4 ). This process maximizes the overall screen area and at the same time permits use of the entire available shaker (not shown) width for any shakers of the prior art. The molding press ( 31 ) is designed to produce an exact amount of curvature to the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) with a unique feature in the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) design utilizing the two cradle side extensions ( 45 , 55 ) that are forced towards each other by horizontal side supports ( 50 , 60 ), respectively, to increase the roundness of the semi-circular cradle bottom ( 90 ) when the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) is pushed down against the support beam ( 70 ), as shown in FIG. 4 . The semi-circular cradle bottom ( 90 ) of the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) will wrap around the forming element ( 10 ) as the horizontal side supports ( 50 , 60 ) force up the side extensions thus extending the proper curvature all the way to the edges of the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) being formed. This is important in order for the finished screen element ( 86 ) be seated properly into the support frame ( 98 ), shown in FIG. 10 , to provide sealing ( 99 ) between the finished screen element ( 86 ) and the support frame ( 98 ) to minimize potential process liquid bypass (not shown). The exact forming method is described in Example 5, “Description of the frame forming press,” below. Example 2 Curved Element Frame Coating The curved screen element frame ( 85 ), shown in FIG. 3 , is then cleaned to be free of contaminants such as oil, dirt, etc. by dipping it into a hot caustic bath. This is important for the epoxy ( 25 ) to properly adhere to the surface, as discussed below. The curved screen element frame ( 85 ) is then heated in an oven (not shown) of any type for metal heating of the prior art. Normal temperature range for epoxy coating of metal components is 400 to 500° F., however, higher temperatures (up to 600+° F.) may be required due to the small volume of metal in the curved screen element frame ( 85 ), to compensate for rapid heat loss depending of the time it takes to move the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) from the oven to the fluidized bed ( 14 ), shown in FIG. 5 . Generally, the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) is heated to a temperature which lies between the sintering point and the decomposition point of the coating composition (the epoxy), and below the deteriorating point of the curved element frame. The hot curved screen element frame ( 85 ) is then dipped into a fluidized bed ( 14 ) containing special epoxy ( 25 ), specially designed to have low heat cure temperature and a suitable thixotropic index to prevent molten epoxy ( 25 ) from spreading, during the laminating process, into areas of screen cloth ( 92 ) covering the perforations in the curved screen element frame ( 85 ). The curved screen element frame ( 85 ) is kept in the fluidized epoxy ( 25 ) for three to five seconds. Depending on the desired epoxy coat thickness, a longer or shorter time—such as one to seven seconds—may be needed. The coated frame ( 88 ) is then placed on a cooling rack ( 16 ) to cool ( FIG. 7 ). It is important to understand that the epoxy ( 25 ) on the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) has not been cured i.e. the molecules have not fully cross linked. This state of cure is called a B-stage cure. The purpose of this type of cure is to allow the epoxy coating to be re-melted in order to laminate the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) into it. To cure the epoxy requires that it be maintained at an elevated temperature for a sufficient time to cure the coating, as will be described below. Example 3 Coated Frame Lamination The heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) of FIG. 8 is substantially the same as the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) of FIG. 4 , with the exception of having a slightly larger cradle bottom ( 91 ) diameter to allow the coated frame ( 88 ) and the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) to properly fit into it. A round heating element ( 73 ) is attached to pneumatic cylinders ( 22 ). The round heating element ( 73 ) is located directly above and is aligned parallel to the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ). The round heating element ( 73 ) has a tubular internal heating element ( 66 ) mounted substantially in the center of round heating element ( 73 ). The coated frame ( 88 ) is placed into the special heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ), as shown at FIG. 8 . Precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) (1 to 3 separate layers) are placed over the coated frame ( 88 ). The round heating element ( 73 ) is then lowered into the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ). The temperature achieved by the round heating element ( 73 ) is sufficient to re-melt the epoxy coating of the coated frame ( 88 ). The heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) is designed such that when the round heating element ( 73 ) is pushing down on it, the sides of the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) are forced against the coated frame ( 88 ), causing in turn very uniform pressure on the coated frame ( 88 ) and the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) against the round heating element ( 73 ). This provides uniform melting (“fluidizing”) of the epoxy ( 25 ). The uniform pressure is a result of the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) being pushed down against the support beam ( 70 ) and the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) cradle side extensions ( 46 , 56 ) will force the cradle bottom ( 91 ) shape more towards a full circle thus forcing the coated frame ( 88 ) with the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) to be wrapped around the round heating element ( 73 ) very tightly. The round heating element ( 73 ) is then kept down in the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) at sufficient temperature and for a predetermined amount of time, preferably about four to five minutes, for the epoxy ( 25 ) coating to first melt and be forced through all the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) and then to cure it. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the temperature and time required to cure any epoxy that could be used with the present invention may depend on particular characteristics of the epoxy used, but that such temperature and time are readily ascertainable by one skilled in the art without undue experimentation. The round heating element ( 73 ) is then lifted up, and the laminated screen element ( 89 ) is removed from the heat lamination press cradle ( 42 ) and allowed to cool ( FIG. 9 ). Example 4 Laminated Screen Element Trimming Once the laminated screen element ( 89 ) has been cooled, all excess screen cloth will be trimmed away along the outer edges of the laminated screen element ( 89 ) curved screen element frame ( 85 ), yielding a finished screen element ( 86 ) as shown at FIG. 6 . The finished screen element ( 86 ) is then labeled to indicate the cut point, checked for defects and boxed for shipping. Preferably, curved screen element frame ( 85 ) should be constructed of material that would allow adequate support for the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ), such as carbon or stainless steel. Also preferably, the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) should have the maximum open area possible to maximize process liquid throughput. Also preferably, the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) should be made of material at allows precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) to attach to it by fluidized epoxy ( 25 ), such as carbon or stainless steel. Also preferably, the curved screen element frame ( 85 ) should be light weight, inexpensive and suitable for mass production. Also preferably, the finished screen element ( 89 ) should retain its designed shape to facilitate installation into a support frame ( 98 ). Also preferably, the element ( 89 ) should withstand the process environment long enough to yield lower overall operating cost. Example 5 Description of the Frame Forming Press FIG. 4 shows the principle of operation of the screen element frame forming press ( 21 ). The forming element ( 10 ) is mounted on a plurality of air or hydraulic cylinders ( 20 ). The hydraulic cylinders ( 20 ) are mounted on a support structure ( 30 ). The frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) is placed under the forming element ( 10 ) between two horizontal side supports ( 50 , 60 ). The frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) is shaped in a special way, preferably with a semi-circular cradle bottom ( 90 ) and cradle side extensions ( 45 , 55 ) extending outward in approximately 45 degree angle ( FIGS. 2 & 4 ). Approximately 1 inch under the bottom of the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) is a horizontal support beam ( 70 ), as shown by FIG. 4 . The flat screen element frame ( 80 ) is placed approximately horizontally between the cradle side extensions ( 45 , 55 ) in FIG. 4 . The forming element ( 10 ) is then lowered onto the flat screen element frame ( 80 ) and then allowed to push the screen element frame ( 80 ) down into the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ). When the forming element ( 10 ) hits the bottom of the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ), the cradle with the screen element frame ( 80 ) in it is then pushed further down until the bottom of the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) comes in contact with the support beam ( 70 ) underneath, preventing any more downward movement ( FIG. 4 ). While the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) is pushed down, the outward pointing cradle side extensions ( 45 , 55 ) will slide between the horizontal side supports ( 50 , 60 ), respectively, forcing the curvature of the semi-circular cradle bottom ( 90 ) of the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) to be more than a half circle thereby forcing the long sides of the screen element frame ( 80 ) to conform to the shape of the forming element ( 10 ). The forming element ( 10 ) is then lifted up from the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) and the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) will move upwards opening up to a half circle shape again. The curved screen element frame ( 85 ) is then removed from the frame forming press cradle ( 40 ) and the forming process is complete for curved screen element frame ( 85 ). Example 6 Description and Operation of the Fluidized Bed Fluidized powdered epoxy resins are applied by dipping heated metal parts into an aerated powder bed. The powdered resin coats the hot metal part, and melts. The result is a smooth, continuous plastic film encapsulating the metal part. It should be noted, however, that although a metal part may be coated with epoxy, the epoxy may or may not be cured. If the epoxy is not yet cured, certain advantages may be gained by re-melting the epoxy coat and then curing it, as described herein. The fluidized bed ( 14 ) of FIG. 5 includes a tank ( 15 ) which is divided into separate upper ( 24 ) and lower ( 35 ) compartments by a porous membrane ( 47 ). Fluidizable powdered epoxy resin ( 25 ) is placed into the upper compartment ( 24 ) via the open top of the tank ( 15 ). Compressed air is introduced into the lower compartment ( 35 ) via an air inlet ( 37 ). When the lower compartment ( 35 ) is pressurized, the porous membrane ( 47 ) allows a uniform air flow (arrows, FIG. 5 ) through its microscopic openings into the upper compartment ( 24 ). The rising air surrounds and suspends the finely divided powdered epoxy ( 25 ) particles, causing the powdered epoxy ( 25 ) to float, or “fluidize” and form a dense-phase fluidized bed, and the powder-air mixture resembles a boiling liquid. Example 7 Description of the Screen Element Laminating Press FIG. 8 shows the operation of the screen element laminating press. The press itself is constructed like the screen element frame forming press ( 21 ) with the exception of having a round heating element ( 73 ) attached to the pneumatic cylinders ( 22 ). Inside the round heating element ( 73 ) is a tubular internal heating element ( 66 ). The round heating element ( 73 ) is heated to approximately 430° F. The required temperature for melting and curing the epoxy ( 25 ) on the coated frame ( 88 ) depends on the time the heater is kept against the frame. The lower the temperature, the longer time is required to cure the epoxy. Desired temperature range is preferably between 350-500° F. When the round hearing element ( 73 ) is heated to 430° F., it takes about five minutes to cure the epoxy. The combination of proper time and temperature is required to produce a finished product without over bleeding of epoxy on the screen cloth and with the precut screen cloth layers ( 92 ) taut and free of wrinkles. TABLE 1 Listing of Components 10 forming element 14 fluidized bed 15 tank 16 cooling rack 20 hydraulic cylinders 21 screen element frame forming press 22 pneumatic cylinders 24 upper compartment 25 epoxy 30 support structure 31 molding press 35 lower compartment 37 air inlet 40 frame forming press cradle 42 heat lamination press cradle 45 cradle side extension 46 cradle side extension 47 porous membrane 50 horizontal side support 55 cradle side extension 56 cradle side extension 60 horizontal side support 66 tubular internal heating element 70 support beam 73 round heating element 80 screen element frame 85 curved screen element frame 86 finished screen element 88 coated frame 89 laminated screen element 90 semi-circular cradle bottom 91 cradle bottom 92 precut screen cloth layers 98 support frame 99 sealing All references cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as though each reference was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. The citation of any reference is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such reference by virtue of prior invention. It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together may also find a useful application in other types of methods differing from the type described above. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention set forth in the appended claims. The foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only; the scope of the present invention is to be limited only by the following claims.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/876,805, filed Jun. 7, 2001, pending, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/487,935, filed Jan. 20, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,065 B1, issued Nov. 20, 2001, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/072,260, filed May 4, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,089,920, issued Jul. 18, 2000. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for electrically connecting semiconductor devices to circuit boards. More particularly, the invention relates to a socket into which one or more bare semiconductor die may be inserted for connection to a circuit board without wire bonding of the contact pads of the semiconductor die. 2. State of the Art The assembly of a semiconductor device from a leadframe and semiconductor die ordinarily includes bonding of the die to a paddle of the leadframe, and wire bonding bond pads on the die to inner leads i.e. lead fingers of the leadframe. The inner leads, semiconductor die, and bond wires are then encapsulated, and extraneous parts of the leadframe excised, forming outer leads for connection to a substrate such as a printed wiring board (PWB). The interconnection of such packaged integrated circuits (IC) with circuit board traces has advanced from simple soldering of package leads to the use of mechanical sockets, also variably known as connectors, couplers, receptacles and carriers. The use of sockets was spurred by the desire for a way to easily connect and disconnect a packaged semiconductor die from a test circuit, leading to zero-insertion-force (ZIF), and low-insertion-force (LIF) apparatus. Examples of such are found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,529 of Tsurishima et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,381,130 of Sprenkle, U.S. Pat. No. 4,397,512 of Barraire et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,499 of Sochor, U.S. Pat. No. 5,244,403 of Smith et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,266,840 of Seidler, U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,617 of Randolph, U.S. Pat. No. 4,527,850 of Carter, U.S. Pat. No. 5,358,421 of Petersen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,169 of Lai, U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,854 of Buck et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,489 of Bickford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,833 of Capps, U.S. Pat. No. 4,995,825 of Korsunsky et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,134 and 5,209,675 of Korsunsky, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,998 of Ikeya et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,635 of Ikeya, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,736 of Demnianiuk, U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,408 of Hanlon et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,525 of Griffin. New technology has enabled the manufacture of very small high-speed semiconductor dice having large numbers of closely spaced bond pads. However, wire bonding of such semiconductor dice is difficult on a production scale. In addition, the very fine wires are relatively lengthy and have a very fine pitch, leading to electronic noise. In order to meet space demands, much effort has been expended in developing apparatus for stack-mounting of packaged dies on a substrate in either a horizontal or vertical configuration. For example, vertically oriented semiconductor packages having leads directly connected to circuit board traces are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,444,304 of Hara et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,450,289 of Kweon et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,815 of Taniguchi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,019 of Ueda et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,619,067 of Sua et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,635,760 of Ishikawa, U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,161 of Burns, U.S. Pat. No. 5,668,409 of Gaul, and U.S. Reissue Pat. No. Re. 34,794 Farnworth. However, none of the above patents relates to the socket interconnection of a bare i.e. unpackaged semiconductor die to a substrate such as a circuit board. Sockets also exist for connecting daughter circuit boards to a mother board, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,078 of Lwee et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,781,612 of Thrush. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,501,461 and Re. 28,171 of Anhalt show connectors for connecting a socket to a circuit board, and wiring to an electronic apparatus, respectively. U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,927 of Farnworth et al. discloses a semiconductor die having an added protective layer and traces, and which is insertable into a multi-die socket. The conductive edges of the semiconductor die are connected through an edge “connector” to circuit board traces. The number of insertable semiconductor dice is limited by the number of semiconductor die compartments in the socket, and using fewer dice is a waste of space. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A modular bare die socket is provided by which any number of bare (unpackaged) semiconductor dice having bond pads along the edge of one major side may be interconnected with a substrate in a densely packed arrangement. The socket is particularly applicable to high speed, e.g. 300 MHZ dice of small size or those dice of even faster speeds. The socket comprises a plurality of plates which have a semiconductor die slot structure for aligning and holding a bare die or dice in a vertical orientation, and interconnect structure for aligning and retaining a multi-layer lead tape in contact with conductive bond pads of an inserted die. The interconnect lead tapes have outer ends which are joined to conductive traces on a substrate such as a printed wiring board (PWB). Each lead tape includes a node portion which is forced against a bond pad to make resilient contact therewith. Various means for providing the contact force include a resilient lead tape, an elastomeric layer or member biasing the lead tape, or a noded arm of the plate, to which the lead tape is fixed. A multi-layer interconnect lead tape may be formed from a single layer of polymeric film upon which a pattern of fine pitch electrically conductive leads is formed. Methods known in the art for forming lead frames, including negative or positive photoresist optical lithography, may be used to form the lead tape. The lead tape may be shaped under pressure to the desired configuration. The plates with intervening interconnect lead tapes are bonded together with adhesive or other means to form a permanent structure. The plates are formed of an electrically insulative material and may be identical. Each plate has “left side structure” and “right side structure” which work together with the opposing structure of adjacent plates to achieve the desired alignment and retaining of the semiconductor die and the lead tape for effective interconnection. Any number of plates may be joined to accommodate the desired number of bare semiconductor dice. Assembly is easily and quickly accomplished. If desired, end plates having structure on only one side may be used to cap the ends of the socket. Thus, a socket is formed as a dense stack of semiconductor die-retaining plates by which the footprint per semiconductor die is much reduced. The modular socket is low in cost and effectively provides the desired interconnection. A short interconnect lead distance is achieved, leading to reduced noise. The impedance may be matched up to the contact or semiconductor die. The primary use of the modular bare semiconductor die socket is intended to be for permanent attachment to circuit boards of electronic equipment where die replacement will rarely be required. Although the socket may be used in a test stand for temporarily connecting dice during testing, new testing techniques performed at the wafer scale generally obviate the necessity for such later tests. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is illustrated in the following figures, wherein the elements are not necessarily shown to scale: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a modular socket of the invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of partially assembled modules of a modular socket of the invention; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional edge view of a portion of a modular socket of the invention, as generally taken along line 3 — 3 of FIG. 1 and having an exploded portion; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a multi-layer lead tape useful in a modular bare die socket of the invention; FIG. 5 is a plan view of a multi-layer lead tape useful in a modular bare die socket of the invention; FIG. 5A is a plan view of another embodiment of a multi-layer lead tape of a modular bare die socket of the invention; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of a multi-layer lead tape of a modular bare semiconductor die socket of the invention; FIG. 7 is a perspective view of partially assembled modules of a further embodiment of a modular bare semiconductor die socket of the invention; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of partially assembled modules of an additional embodiment of a modular bare semiconductor die socket of the invention; FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional edge view of a portion of a further embodiment of a modular bare semiconductor die socket of the invention, as taken along line 3 — 3 of FIG. 1, and having an exploded portion; FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional edge view of a portion of another embodiment of a modular bare semiconductor die socket of the invention, as taken along line 3 — 3 of FIG. 1; FIG. 11 is a view of a semiconductor die for use in the modular bare semiconductor die socket of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a view of the semiconductor die of FIG. 11 used in the modular bare semiconductor die socket of FIG. 10; and FIG. 13 is a view of an alternative embodiment of the semiconductor die and modular bare semiconductor die socket of FIG. 12 illustrating a modified lead tape. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As depicted in drawing FIG. 1, a modular bare die socket 10 of the invention comprises a plurality of modules 12 A, 12 B and 12 C formed of plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C, and 14 D which are stacked perpendicular to a substrate 16 . A bare (unpackaged) semiconductor die 18 with conductive bond pads (not visible) near one edge on a major surface 20 thereof, e.g. the “active surface” may be inserted as shown into a die slot 22 and have its bond pads interconnected to conductive traces (not visible) on the surface 24 of the substrate 16 . The internal structures of plates 14 C and 14 D are depicted in drawing FIG. 2 . Each of the plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C and 14 D has a first side 26 and an opposing second side 28 . The plates have first ends 30 having die slots 22 , and second ends 32 having lead slots 44 through which lead tapes pass. In these figures, the first side 26 is taken as the left side of each plate and the second side 28 is taken as the right side. The regular plates 14 A, 14 B and 14 C have structure on both sides 26 , 28 and may be the exclusive plates of the socket 10 . The structure provides for accommodating bare semiconductor dice 18 of a particular size, number and spacing of bond pads, etc. and for electrically interconnecting the semiconductor dice 18 to a substrate 16 . Typically, all regular plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C of a bare die socket 10 are identical but in some cases may differ to accommodate semiconductor dice of different size, bond pad configuration, etc. within different modules 12 A, 12 B, 12 C, etc. of a socket. Alternatively, one or two end plates 14 D may be used to cap any number of intervening regular plates 14 A, 14 B and 14 C. In contrast to the regular plates 14 A, 14 B and 14 C, such end plates 14 D have cooperating structure on one side only, i.e. the internal side, and may simply have a flat exterior side which in drawing FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 is the second side 28 . Specifically designed end plates 14 D may be used on either, neither or both ends of the socket 10 , and have structure on one side to complement the facing side of the adjacent regular plate 14 A, 14 B, 14 C. The structure of the second side 28 of the regular plates 14 A, 14 B and 14 C is shown as including an upwardly opening die slot 22 with a side wall 34 , edge walls 38 , and stop end wall 36 of lower beam 40 . Lower beam 40 has an exposed surface 42 which is one side of an interconnect lead slot 44 . The lower beam 40 is shown as having a width 41 exceeding width 46 for accommodating means for accurate alignment and retention of a multi-layer interconnect lead tape 50 , not shown in drawing FIG. 2 but to be described later in relation to drawing FIGS. 3 through 6. The first sides 26 of plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C and 14 D are as shown with respect to end plate 14 D. In this embodiment, first side 26 is largely flat with a recess 48 for accommodating portions of the interconnect lead tape. Recess 48 has a width 60 which is shown to approximate the width 46 of the die slot 22 , and has a depth 62 which is sufficient to take up the lead tape 50 when it is compliantly moved into the recess upon insertion of a semiconductor die 18 into die slot 22 . The module 12 C including the first side of plate 14 D and the second side of plate 14 C has alignment posts 52 and matching holes 54 for alignment of the plates 14 C, 14 D to each other. Also shown are alignment/retention posts 56 and matching holes 58 for (a) aligning and retaining an interconnect lead tape 50 in the module, and for (b) aligning the plates 14 C, 14 D with each other. The posts 52 , 56 and matching holes 54 , 58 together comprise a module alignment system. Mating portions of adjacent plates are joined by adhesive following installation of the lead tape 50 on alignment/retention posts 56 . Each of the posts 52 , 56 is inserted into holes 54 , 58 so that all of the plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C and 14 D are precisely aligned with each other to form a monolithic socket 10 . In drawing FIG. 3, all of the regular plates 14 A, 14 B, and 14 C are identical. In the views of drawing FIGS. 3 through 5, a multi-layer interconnect lead tape 50 is shown as comprised of a first insulative layer 64 , with a second layer 66 of conductive leads 70 fixed to it. The insulative layer 64 may be formed of a film of polymeric material such as polyimide, polyimide siloxane, or polyester. A conductive layer 66 , typically of metal, is formed on the insulative layer 64 in the form of individual leads 70 A, 70 B, 70 C, etc. Methods well-known in the industry for producing multi-layer lead frames may be used for forming the fine pitch leads 70 on the insulative layer 64 . Thus, for example, the leads 70 may be formed by combining metal deposition with optical lithography using either a positive or negative photoresist process. Any method capable of providing fine pitch leads 70 on the first layer 64 of the lead tape 50 may be used. The lead tape 50 has an upper portion 72 which is configured with a total width 76 of leads 70 which generally spans the semiconductor die 18 , but will be less than width 46 of die slot 22 (see FIG. 2 ). A lower portion 74 has a greater width 78 which may correspond generally to width dimension 41 of the lower beam 40 (see FIG. 2 ). Alignment apertures 80 , 82 are formed in the lower portion 74 to be coaxial along axes 84 , 86 , respectively, with alignment/retention posts 56 . The upper portion 72 includes lead portions which contact the bond pads 90 of the dice. The lower portion 74 includes lead portions which are joined to substrate 16 . In the embodiments of drawing FIGS. 3, 4 , 5 and 5 A, the lead tape 50 is shown as being formed in the general shape of the letter “S”. A contact node 88 is formed in each lead 70 in the upper portion 72 by forming the upper portion as a bend. The node 88 is configured to be pushed away by contact with a bond pad 90 of a semiconductor die. The resistance to bending of the lead produces compression therebetween and enables consistent electrical contact with the bond pad 90 of a semiconductor die. Where the surfaces of the bond pads 90 of the semiconductor die 18 are essentially coplanar, contact between the bond pads 90 and the leads 70 is maintained. The compressive force between the semiconductor die 18 and the leads 70 is dependent upon the particular material of insulative layer 64 and its thickness, the thickness and material of conductive layer 66 , and lead displacement from the unbiased position which results from die insertion. Typically, the insulative layer 64 may vary in thickness from about 12 to about 300 μm. The preferred thickness of the conductive layer 66 is about 25 to about 75 μm. The total thickness of the combined first and second layers of the lead tape 50 is preferred to be from about 75 μm to about 100 μm. The lower ends 92 of leads 70 are shown as bent to a nearly horizontal position for surface attachment to a substrate 16 . The lower ends 92 are shown as having the insulative layer 64 removed to provide a metal surface for attachment by soldering or other method to a substrate 16 . In a variation of the lead tape 50 shown in drawing FIG. 5A, the upper ends of the leads 70 , i.e. the leads in the upper portion 72 , may have both the insulative layer 64 and conductive layer 66 removed between the leads, thereby singulating them. Each lead 70 retains both layers 64 , 66 for retaining a required resistance to bending in each lead. Thus, each lead is independently compliant with respect to an inserted semiconductor die 18 to retain conductive contact with a bond pad 90 on the semiconductor die 18 . An alternative embodiment of the interconnect lead tape 50 is depicted in drawing FIG. 6 . The lower ends 92 of leads 70 are bent in the opposite direction from drawing FIGS. 5 and 5A and in addition, the insulative layer 64 is not removed from the lower ends 92 . The lead tape 50 may be bent to the desired shape by a suitable stamping tool or the like, wherein the “at-rest” shape is uniform from tape to tape. The placement of the module components, i.e. the die slot 22 , lower beam 40 , interconnect lead slot 44 , and recess 48 may be varied in the longitudinal direction 94 (see FIG. 3) of the plates, and may be apportioned in any convenient way between the first side 26 of one plate and the facing second side 28 of an adjacent plate. Turning now to drawing FIGS. 7, 8 and 9 , several other embodiments of the modular socket 10 are illustrated. As depicted in drawing FIG. 7, a plurality of regular plates 14 A, 14 B and 14 C and an end plate 14 D, the plates providing for an interconnect lead tape 50 using a compressible elastomeric member 96 to bias the tape to the bond pads 90 of the semiconductor die 18 . The elastomeric member may be formed of silicone foam, solid silicone that has been perforated, or low durometer hardness silicone which is attached to the tape by adhesive. The elastomeric member 96 may be variably shaped as a narrow strip 96 A with limited biasing strength to a more general coverage 96 B with greater biasing strength. Both are illustrated in drawing FIG. 9 . The narrow strip 96 A is intended to be used in the module design of drawing FIG. 7, and the high coverage member 96 B may be used in the module embodiment of drawing FIG. 8, wherein sufficient space is provided in the interconnect lead slot 44 for the elastomeric member. Preferably, the elastomeric member 96 A or 96 B comprises a single continuous unit extending across all of the leads 70 . Alternatively, a series of elastomeric members 96 may be arrayed on the tape 50 . Referring to drawing FIG. 10, illustrated is another form of the invention, in which the compliant member of a module 12 comprises a projecting portion 100 of the plate 14 . The projecting portion 100 may be in the form of a ledge, as shown in the figure, and includes a longitudinal ridge 102 within a recess 48 in the side 26 . A multi-layer interconnect lead tape is attached, e.g. by adhesive to the projecting portion 100 and ridge 102 . The resulting node 104 in the lead tape 50 is forced away by an inserted die 18 and forcibly abuts the bond pads on the die surface 20 . The force holding the leads 70 against inserted bond pads 90 of a semiconductor die 18 will depend upon the distance 106 from the node 104 to the attachment point 108 of the ridge 102 . In order to provide the desired effect, the polymeric material of the plate 14 and projecting portion 100 is selected in combination with distance 106 and ledge thickness 110 . In this embodiment, it is unnecessary for the lead tape 50 to be aligned and retained on alignment posts. Where a bare semiconductor die 18 has two rows of bond pads 90 , illustrated in drawing FIG. 11 as first row 112 and second row 114 , the lead tape 50 of the modular socket 10 may be adapted for lead contact with both rows. A lead tape 50 for providing contact with two rows 112 , 114 of bond pads 90 is shown in drawing FIG. 12 . The tape 50 comprises three layers including a first insulative layer 64 , a second conductive layer 66 for contacting the first row 112 of bond pads 90 , and a third conductive layer 68 for contacting the second row 114 of bond pads on the die 18 . The first and second layers 64 , 66 are terminated at locations 116 , 118 , respectively, between the first and second rows 112 , 114 of bond pads. An elastomeric member 96 C such as a foam is attached to the third layer 68 and abuts the recess wall 120 . The member 96 C is compressed by insertion of the semiconductor die 18 into the socket and retains forced contact between the leads and bond pads. As shown in drawing FIG. 13, the first (insulative polymer) layer 64 may alternatively be provided with holes 122 through which individual leads 70 of the third (conductive) layer 68 are preinserted for contact with the second row 114 of bond pads 90 . The foregoing delineates several examples of the use of a multi-layer lead tape with means for contacting the bond pads of a bare die. Other types of biasing apparatus may be used for maintaining contact between interconnect leads 70 and the bond pads 90 of a semiconductor die 18 , including mechanical springs suitable for the miniature devices. The plates 14 A, 14 B, 14 C, 14 D, etc. may be molded of a suitable insulative polymeric material, examples of which include polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone (PEEK), or polyphenylene sulfide. Following assembly of the modular socket 10 and attachment to a substrate 16 , the modular socket, or portions thereof, may be “glob-topped” with insulative sealant material, typically a polymer. The socket 10 of the invention permits connection of bare semiconductor dice with very fine pitch bond pads to substrates, whereby short leads are used for improved performance. The semiconductor dice may be readily replaced without debonding of wires or other leads. Multiple semiconductor dice may be simultaneously connected to a substrate, and the apparatus permits high density “stacking” of a large number of dice. The socket uses leads which may be produced by well-developed technology, and is easily made in large quantity and at low cost. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the bare die socket module of the invention, sockets formed therefrom and methods of making and practicing the invention as disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims. It is particularly noted that with respect to numbers and dimensions of elements, the illustrated constructions of the various embodiments of the modular bare semiconductor die socket are not presented as a limiting list of features but as examples of the many embodiments of the invention.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS Reference is hereby made to the following copending U.S. patent applications concerning related subject matter and assigned to the assignee of the present invention: "Apparatus and Method for Loading Fuel Rods into Grids of a Fuel Assembly" by E. E. DeMario et al, assigned U.S. Ser. No. 717,263 and filed Mar. 28, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,651,403. "Spring Retainer Apparatus and Method for Facilitating Loading of Fuel Rods into a Fuel Assembly Grid" by E. E. DeMario, assigned U.S. Ser. No. 881,996 and filed July 3, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,729,867. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to nuclear fuel assemblies and, more particularly, to an apparatus and a method for facilitating scratchless loading of fuel rods into a fuel assembly. Most nuclear reactors utilize cores composed of elongate, upright fuel assemblies each comprising a unitary structure, or skeleton, and a plurality of fuel rods or pins loaded into the skeleton and supported therein in a predetermined array and in parallel spaced relationship with respect to each other. Usually, support for the fuel rods is provided by transverse grids which form part of the skeleton and are spaced from each other therealong, each such grid being constructed of plates or straps interlaced in an egg-crate-like manner to define open cells through which the individual fuel rods extend. The straps have formed thereon detents which protrude into the respective cells so as to engage the fuel rods therein and to hold them against vibration and against lateral displacement such as could result in localized neutron flux peaking and, consequently, in hot spots. The detents associated with each cell usually comprise springs and dimples formed from the metal of the strap portions defining the walls of the cell, as disclosed in U.S. Pats. No. Re. 28,079 to Andrews et al, and 3,920,515 to Ferrari et al, for example, or they may comprise only dimples arranged in sets, as disclosed in copending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 729,387 of J. A. Rylatt, filed May 1, 1985, and assigned to the present assignee. In order that such detents can perform their intended function effectively, they are designed to exert upon the fuel rods a considerable restraining force, such as 8 to 10 lbs. (ca. 3.6 to 4.5 kg). This force, while beneficial on the one hand, poses a problem on the other, namely, one arising during loading of the fuel rods into the skeleton when the fuel rods slide over the detents in moving therepast and thereby might be scratched. Scratches in the outer surfaces of fuel rods tends to induce and aggravate corrosion of the fuel rod cladding during use. Moreover, scratching of fuel rods has been observed to result in a buildup of fine chips scraped from the cladding surface and accumulating in the grid cells, there to form so-called "gall balls" which will fret against, and may eventually even fret through, the cladding of fuel rods extending through the affected grid cells. Moreover, if gall balls collect at cell springs, they can cause abnormal spring deflection lessening the restraining force exerted by the springs upon the fuel rods; and if such gall-ball buildup occurs at springs located in peripheral cells of a support grid, it can result in spring deformation causing the springs abnormally to protrude outward from the peripheral grid straps and beyond the grid boundary. Of course, chips scraped from the cladding of fuel rods and accumulating in grid cells also reduce the free cross-sectional area of the cells and, hence, impair the flow of reactor coolant therethrough. The problem of fuel rod scratching is well recognized in the art, and various endeavors have been made to overcome it. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 3,757,403 (Bleiberg) proposes to subject fuel rods, prior to their insertion into the grids of a fuel assembly, to a cooling treatment carried out in a humid atmosphere and in a manner such as to form, on each fuel rod to be inserted, a hoarfrost-like coating intended to act as a lubricant during the insertion of the fuel rod, a function which of course the hoarfrost-like coating can perform only so long as it remains intact and is not removed by the grid-cell detents bearing against the fuel rod as it is being inserted through the cells of successive grids. Another technique intended to permit scratchless fuel- rod insertion is disclosed in U.S. Pats. Nos. 3,795,040 and 3,892,027 (both to Jabsen) which propose first to insert a rod-like spring retractor of generally square transverse cross-section through axially aligned cells of the grids; then to partially rotate the spring retractor about its longitudinal axis in order to cam fuel-rod supporting detents on resilient wall portions of the grid cells out of the path of the fuel rod to be inserted; thereafter to lock the detent-bearing cell wall portions in their deflected positions by means of bar-shaped keys first inserted laterally into the grid cells through cut-outs in the straps or plates of the respective grids, and then turned to locking positions; thereafter to withdraw the spring retractor from the cells and to insert the fuel rod into them; and finally to turn the keys to unlocking positions and to withdraw them from the grid cells, thereby enabling the detent-bearing cell wall portions to resiliently return to their normal positions and, hence, enabling the detents thereon to engage the fuel rod. In Japanese Patent Document No. 53-11294, there is disclosed an assembly made of stainless steel and comprising a unitary member which consists of an end block and, extending therefrom, four thin armoring strips which are similar in length to a fuel rod and are cylindrically arrayed in quadrature and in parallel spaced relationship with respect to each other. Prior to insertion of a fuel rod into a fuel assembly, the fuel rod is placed between the thin armoring strips, the distal ends of which are then fixed in position by means of a holding ring placed round the strips and the fuel rod, and a fixing ring applied to the holding ring. Thereafter, this whole assemblage is inserted into the fuel assembly by axially moving it through serially aligned cells of the support grids while, at the same time, carefully maintaining the four armoring strips aligned with and protectively sandwiched between the respective grid-cell detents and the fuel rod cladding. When insertion is complete, the entire assemblage is rotated about its longitudinal axis to an extent calculated to slide the armoring strips laterally from between the fuel rod and the respective detents applying the fuel-rod restraining force, whereupon the holding and fixing rings are removed from the one end of the fuel rod, and the unitary member consisting of the end block and the strips then is ready to be withdrawn from the other end, provided that all of the armoring strips have in fact come free of the detents and still are straight, undistorted and flat against the inserted fuel rod. In the present assignee's copending first patent application initially cross-referenced herein, there is disclosed an arrangement for facilitating the loading of fuel rods into a fuel assembly, comprising first means insertable axially into the cells of the spacer grids of the fuel assembly so as to deflect the springs therein to retracted positions, and second means insertable laterally into the respective grids so as to hold the deflected springs in their retracted positions upon withdrawal of the first means and during insertion of the fuel rods, the movements of the first and second means being linear. Finally, the present assignee's second patent application initially cross-referenced herein discloses a spring retainer apparatus designed for use in retracting detents in the form of grid springs which are arranged in pairs, with the springs of each pair disposed back-to-back with respect to each other and protruding each into one of two adjoining grid cells. These earlier techniques, with the exception of the one relying upon the formation of hoarfrost-like deposits as lubricants, require the use and manipulation of several independent parts and elements, and each is designed for use with a particular configuration of fuel-rod detents employed in the support grids. Thus, there exists a need for a different approach, one which is not subject to these limitations, and the present invention has for its prinicipal object to satisfy this need. SUMMARY OF INVENTION Accordingly, the invention provides improved ways and means for facilitating the scratchless insertion of a fuel rod into cells of support grids forming part of a nuclear fuel assembly and including detents for resiliently engaging and laterally supporting fuel rods inserted into the cells. The invention, from one aspect thereof, resides in the provision of a thin-walled tubular member adapted to be received in said cells so as to have its thin wall interposed between said detents and the fuel rod during insertion of the latter, said thin-walled tubular member having an inner diameter substantially corresponding to the outer diameter of the fuel rod, and a longitudinal slit formed in the wall thereof so as to render said wall resiliently deflectable in a diameter-reducing sense. From another aspect thereof, the invention resides in a method of inserting a fuel rod into cells of said support grids, comprising the steps of mounting the aforesaid thin-walled tubular member in position to protectively envelope the fuel rod during insertion thereof; inserting the fuel rod, with said tubular member in position to envelope it, into said cells of the support grids; and axially withdrawing the tubular member from the inserted fuel rod. The thin-walled tubular member according to the invention is a unitary element capable of affording the desired protection without requiring the use of any additional parts needing to be handled separately. Moreover, the protective tubular member according to the invention is not limited in its applicability to any particular detent configuration, and inserting it into grid cells entails virtually no risk of causing spring detents within the cells to be deflected outwardly to such an extent as to impair their ability to fully recover. In the method according to the invention, the steps of mounting the tubular member in position and of inserting the fuel rod preferably consist in first inserting the tubular member into the cells of the support grids, and then inserting the fuel rod into the inserted tubular member. Alternatively, these steps may consist in first disposing the tubular member telescopically upon the fuel rod, and then inserting the tubular member together with the fuel rod disposed therein into the cells of the support grids. Inserting the tubular member before the fuel rod affords a special advantage in situations where the grid cells intended to receive the fuel rod have associated therewith mixing vanes of the kind ordinarily provided on fuel-assembly grids for the purpose of promoting the mingling of coolant flow along the fuel rods. If employed with such grids, the initially inserted tubular member will protect the mixing vanes from being bumped and damaged by the fuel rod as well as protect the fuel rod from being scratched by the detents within the grid cells. In this context, it should be noted that insertion of the tubular member by itself, that is to say, without a fuel rod inserted therein, is made possible by the single longitudinal slit which extends throughout the length of the tubular member and, during insertion of the latter, enables the detents within the grid cells to readily deflect the wall of the tubular member, yet which slit does not impair the structural integrity and stability of the tube wall to a degree rendering it vulnerable to distortion or buckling under the compression force longitudinally acting upon the tubular member when pushed into the cells of a whole complement of support grids. Moreover, the longitudinal slit has a width which is sufficient to preclude overlapping of the edges of the tube wall along the slit but insufficient for any of the detents to enter the slit, and the wall of the tubular member being, apart from the slit, essentially solid so that there is virtually no risk of any circumferential displacement of wall material occurring such as could result in a widening of the longitudinal slit to an extent enabling grid-cell detents to invade the slit and to penetrate to the cladding surface of the fuel rod being inserted. If a fuel rod is to be loaded into grids which have no mixing vanes or, if they do, where interference of the vanes with the fuel rod being inserted is unlikely to occur due either to the particular design and/or placement of the mixing vanes or to the shape of the lower end plug of the fuel rod (i.e. the plug at the end of the fuel rod which is its leading end during insertion thereof), it may be desirable to use the second or alternative approach mentioned above which permits both the fuel rod and the protective tubular member to be inserted simultaneously and, as described in detail later herein, permits fuel-rod insertion and subsequent withdrawal of the protective tubular member to be carried out in one continuous operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is an elevational view, partly in section, of a conventional fuel assembly shown vertically foreshortened and with parts broken away for clarity; FIG. 2 is an isometric partial view of the skeleton of the fuel assembly, illustrating two support grids and portions of fuel rods inserted through some of the grid cells; FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, sectional view of one of the support grids, as taken along line III--III in FIG. 1, with all but two of the fuel rods omitted and showing one of the two fuel rods as extending through a protective tubular member; FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line IV--IV in FIG. 3; FIG. 5 schematically illustrates conventional fuel-rod loading equipment together with a fuel assembly shown, in longitudinally foreshortened form, in position for loading; FIG. 6 is an enlarged partial view of a gripper of the fuel rod loader seen in FIG. 5, and of an end portion of a fuel rod together with an end plug shown in longitudinal section; FIG. 7 is an enlarged longitudinal and partly sectioned view of a protective tubular member embodying the invention, shown in longitudinally foreshortened form; FIGS. 7A-C schematically depict different phases in utilizing the protective tubular member of FIG. 7 for inserting a fuel rod into the grids of the fuel assembly, only the uppermost and lowermost grids of which are indicated; FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of the protective tubular member, as taken along line VIII--VIII in FIG. 7; FIG. 9 is a longitudinal and partly sectioned view of a modification of the protective tubular member, shown in longitudinally foreshortened form; FIGS. 9A-B schematically depict different phases in utilizing the protective tubular member of FIG. 9 for inserting a fuel rod into the fuel assembly grids, only the lowermost one of which is indicated; FIG. 10 is a view similar to FIG. 7 but showing a further modification of the protective tubular member; FIGS. 10A-C schematically depict different phases in utilizing the protective tubular member of FIG. 10 for inserting a fuel rod into the fuel assembly grids, only the uppermost and lowermost ones of which are indicated; FIG. 11 is an enlarged, isometric partial view of an upper end portion of the protective tubular member of FIG. 10, and of a lower end portion of a tool used for withdrawing the protective tubular member from an inserted fuel rod; FIG. 12 is a view similar to FIG. 7 but showing still a further modification of the protective tubular member; and FIGS. 12A-C schematically depict different phases in utilizing the protective tubular member of FIG. 12 for inserting a fuel rod into the fuel assembly grids, only the uppermost and lowermost ones of which are indicated. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings, and to FIG. 1 in particular, the fuel assembly illustrated therein and generally designated with reference numeral 10 is of the kind commonly employed in pressurized water reactors. Basically, it comprises a lower end structure or bottom nozzle 12 adapted to support the fuel assembly on the lower core plate (not shown) of a nuclear reactor, guide tubes or thimbles 14 connected to the bottom nozzle 12 and extending longitudinally upwards therefrom, transverse support or spacer grids 16 spaced from each other along the guide thimbles 14 and fastened thereto, an instrumentation tube 20 extending longitudinally through the center of the fuel assembly, and an upper end structure or top nozzle 22 attached to upper end portions of the guide thimbles 14. These parts all together form an integral unit known as the skeleton of the fuel assembly. The complete fuel assembly includes an array of fuel rods 18 loaded into the skeleton, in a manner to be described later herein, and supported by the grids 16 in parallel spaced relationship with respect to one another. Each fuel rod 18 comprises a cladding tube 23 which is hermetically sealed at its opposite ends by means of end plugs 26,28, and nuclear-fuel pellets 24 contained in the cladding tube and held firmly stacked therein by means of a pressure spring 30 interposed between the upper end plug 26 and the stack of fuel pellets 24. During reactor operation, the fuel pellets, composed of fissile material, are the source of energy generated in the form of heat which is extracted from the reactor core by means of a liquid moderator/coolant, such as water or water containing boron, circulated therethrough. Fissioning is controlled by means of control rods (not shown) which are connected to a control mechanism 34 mounted in the top nozzle 22 and operable to effect axial movement of the control rods into and out of preselected ones of the guide thimbles 14, all as well known in the art. Only some of the support grids 16 of the fuel assembly 10 are shown in FIG. 1. Typically, there would be eight or ten, each comprising, as illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, and cellular structure composed of a plurality of inner straps 40 interlaced and joined together in an egg-crate-like manner so as to form open cells, as indicated at 42, and of outer or peripheral straps 44 interconnected at their ends and connected to the outer ends of the inner straps 40 so as to add strength to the whole grid structure. The inner and outer grid straps are made of a material having a low neutron-capture cross-section, such as for example a zirconium alloy known as Zircaloy, and they are provided with detents, such as detents 46 and 48 (see FIGS. 3 and 4), which project from the various cell-defining strap portions, or cell walls, into the respective cells 42 so as to resiliently engage and laterally support the fuel rods, such as fuel rod 18, inserted therein. The spacing between the detents on each pair of strap portions forming oppositely disposed walls of a cell 42 is somewhat less than the outer diameter of the fuel rod to be received in the cell, the difference being accommodated, upon insertion of the fuel rod, due to resilience of the detent or detents on one of the respective pair of oppositely disposed cell walls or, if only relatively stiff detents are employed, by the resilience of the strap portions themselves. As noted earlier herein, the detents in the fuel-rod receiving cells of a support grid may take various forms. In the embodiment illustrated, they consist of elongate springs 46 and relatively rigid dimples 48 formed out of the grid straps, each cell-defining strap portion having thereon one elongate spring 46 which projects into the cell 42 located on one side of the strap portion, and a pair of dimples 48 which are located adjacent the opposite ends of the elongate spring 46 and project into the cell 42 located on the other side of the same strap portion. Thus, each grid cell 42 has associated therewith two resilient springs 46 projecting from two cell walls located adjacent each other, and four relatively stiff dimples 48 arranged in two pairs projecting from the two remaining cell walls opposite the spring-bearing walls, so that there are altogether six detents 46, 48 per grid cell 42 to engage and bear against the fuel rod 18 extending through the cell. The springs 46 and the dimples 48 are elongate and generally trapezoidal, with the springs 46 oriented to extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axes of (i.e. to the coolant-flow direction through) the cells 42, as seen best from FIG. 4, and with the dimples 48 oriented to extend transversely of said longitudinal axes and said coolant-flow direction, as seen best from FIG. 3. There are other known grid designs (not shown) which have the dimples as well as the springs oriented in parallel to the longitudinal axes of the grid cells. As seen from FIGS. 3 and 4, the support grid 16 partially illustrated therein includes mixing vanes 50 which extend from upper (i.e. downstream, with regard to the coolant flow direction) edge portions of the grid straps 40, 44, and have the function of promoting the mixing of coolant flow along the fuel rods in order to avoid local hot-spot conditions and to average the enthalpy rise in order to maximize power output, as well known in the art and as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,395,077 to Long Sun Ton et al. Usually, fuel rods are loaded into a fuel assembly from its top end, either by pulling them from the bottom end of the fuel assembly or by pushing them from its top end, depending primarily upon whether the fuel assembly is readily accessible from either end, as during manufacture of a new fuel assembly, or is readily accessible only from the top, as during reconstitution or reassembly of a fuel assembly standing upright in a submerged work station. It should be noted in this context that terms such as "top", "bottom", "upper", "lower" and the like are generally used herein with reference to the operational or upright position of the fuel assembly rather than necessarily the disposition in which the fuel assembly might be held during a fuel-rod loading operation. Referring now to FIG. 5, it schematically illustrates equipment typically employed for pulling fuel rods into a fuel assembly skeleton while the latter is supported in a prone position and with its top and bottom nozzles not yet in place. Basically, the equipment comprises a fuel rod magazine 52 for holding a complement of fuel rods (only one being indicated at 18), and a fuel rod loader 54 including at least one axially extendable and retractable gripper 56. As seen from FIG. 6, the gripper 56 comprises a sleeve 57 and an expander rod 60. The sleeve 57 is partially split longitudinally from the distal end thereof and, at the latter, has a gripping portion or gripper head 58. The expander rod 60 extends into the sleeve 57 and is axially movable therein in one direction to expand the gripper head 58, and in the opposite direction to permit elastic return of the gripper head 58 to its normal, i.e. non-expanded, condition. When in its non-expanded condition, the gripper head 58 is insertable into and withdrawable from a suitably shaped socket 62 formed in the lower end plug 28 of each fuel rod 18, as described, for example, in copending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 797,331 of D. A. Boatwright, filed Nov. 12, 1985, and assigned to the present assignee. Operation of the expander rod 60 effecting expansion or contraction of the gripper head 58 while the latter is inserted in the socket 62 causes the gripper head to be locked to or to be released for separation from, respectively, the end plug 28 of the fuel rod 18. The initial step of a fuel-rod loading operation resides in placing the fuel assembly 10, or rather the fuel assembly skeleton without its end structures (top and bottom nozzles), in position between the magazine 52 and the loader 54 such that its top and bottom are facing toward and are properly aligned with the magazine and the loader, respectively, as seen from FIG. 5. With the skeleton thus positioned, the gripper 56 of the loader is extended through the grid cells and into the end-plug socket 62 of the fuel rod 18 held aligned therewith in the magazine 52. Then, the expander rod 60 is operated to lock the gripper head 58 to the end plug 28, whereupon the gripper 56 is retracted so as to pull the fuel rod out of the magazine 52 and into the aligned cells of all of the support grids 16 of the fuel assembly 10. Once the fuel rod is in its fully inserted position, the expander rod 60 is operated in release the gripper for disengagement thereof from the inserted fuel rod 18. This operation is repeated until all of the fuel rods to be loaded into the fuel assembly 10 are in place. It is during this loading operation that a fuel rod, if unprotected, is at risk of having its cladding surface scratched by the detents 46, 48 in the various grid cells, as explained hereinbefore. Scratchless fuel rod insertion: In accordance with the present invention, each fuel rod, during insertion thereof, is protected by means of a thin-walled metallic tubular member which has a uniform wall thickness of not more than about 0.008 inch and is positionable so as to have its wall interposed between the detents within the grid cells and the fuel rod being inserted therein. Referring to FIGS. 7 and 8, basically, the protective tubular member comprises a thin-walled tube 70 which has an as-formed inner diameter substantially equal to the outer diameter of the fuel rod to be received, and a longitudinal slit 72 formed in its wall 71 so as to render it resiliently deflectable in a diameter-reducing sense. The slit 72, as shown in FIG. 7, extends throughout the length of the tube 70; furthermore, it has a width sufficient to permit inward deflection of the tube wall to an extent enabling the tube alone to be inserted into the grid cells essentially without causing outward deflection of the detents therein, but insufficient to permit any of the detents within the grid cells 42 to enter the slit 72. The tube 70 is of sufficient length to extend at least through a majority and preferably through all but one of the support grids of the fuel assembly to be loaded. The thin-walled tube may be formed from any suitable metallic stock lending itself to being shaped into a longitudinally split tube having the above-mentioned characteristics, the currently preferred material being stainless steel having a thickness substantially in a range of from 0.006 to 0.008 inch (ca. 0.15 to 0.20 mm). It is noted in this context that the wall thickness of the tubular member as shown in some of the various drawings is exaggerated for the purpose of greater clarity in illustration. If desired, the inner wall surface of the tube may be coated with a suitable anti-friction material chemically compatible with the environment in which the tube is to be utilized, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, for example. In order to facilitate insertion of the thin-walled tube 70 into the cells 42 of the various grids 16, the tube 70 as shown in FIG. 7 is provided with a tapered, frusto-conical end portion 74 formed integral therewith at the end thereof which during insertion is its leading end. The tubular member also includes tube withdrawal means comprising two openings 76 formed in diametrically opposed wall portions of the tube 70 proximate to its leading end and adapted to receive a suitable withdrawal tool or implement, such as, for example, a pin 78 (see FIG. 7C) adapted to be inserted into the openings 76 and used in pulling the tubular member from the inserted fuel rod. As mentioned hereinbefore, the longitudinal slit 72, splitting the wall 71 of the tube 70 preferably from end to end and thereby rendering it radially deflectable through application of a moderate force, enables the tube 70 to be readily inserted into grid cells 42 alone, that is to say, prior to insertion of the fuel rod. Hence, during insertion of the fuel rod, the tube 70 will serve the dual purpose of protecting mixing vanes, such as indicated at 50 in FIGS. 3 and 4, from being bumped and damaged by the fuel rod, and of protecting the fuel rod from being scratched by the detents 46, 48 within the grid cells 42. Referring now to FIGS. 7A-C in which reference characters 16a and 16z designate the uppermost grid and the lowermost grid, respectively, of the fuel assembly 10 (FIG. 1), the protective tubular member or tube 70 is shown in FIG. 7A as inserted in the grids 16 and ready to receive a fuel rod 18 from the magazine 52 (FIG. 5). To load the fuel rod 18 into the grids 16, the gripper 56 is extended axially through the protective tube 70, as indicated in FIG. 7A by an arrow, is engaged with and locked to the lower end plug 28 of the fuel rod 18, and then is retracted so as to pull the latter into the tube 70, during which movement the wall 71 of the tube 70 will protect the fuel rod from being scratched by the detents 46, 48 within the grid cells 42. When the fuel rod 18 has reached its fully inserted position, as shown in FIG. 7B, it is suitably restrained from further movement while the protective tube 70 is advanced, such as by being pushed from the top, far enough to render the openings 76 near its leading end accessible, as seen from FIG. 7C, for engagement thereof with the above-mentioned tube withdrawal implement or pin 78 which then is used to pull the protective tube 70 off the fuel rod 18. Disengagement and full retraction of the gripper 56 may be effected either after utilizing the gripper for holding the fuel rod 18 in its inserted position during withdrawal of the protective tube 70, or immediately after arrival of the fuel rod 18 in its inserted position in which event the fuel rod 18 is restrained in another suitable manner, such as, for example, by means of a holding implement (not shown) engaged with the upper end plug 26 or one held axially against the lower end plug of the inserted fuel rod 18. Referring now to FIG. 9 which shows a modification of the protective tubular member, the latter as illustrated therein comprises a split tube 70' similar in every respect to the one just described, except that the tube 70' has no openings for receiving a tube withdrawal tool and instead has its tapered end portion 74 terminating in an in-turned lip 80 which, in cooperation with a shoulder 59 (see FIG. 6) formed on the gripper 56 at the juncture between the gripper head 58 and the sleeve 57, serves as the means for withdrawing the protective tube 70' from an inserted fuel rod. More specifically, the in-turned lip 80 is dimensioned such as, during initial extension of the gripper 56 into the protective tube 70', to be engaged and resiliently cammed aside by the entering gripper head 58, and then to resiliently snap back to its natural position in which it is subsequently engaged by the shoulder 59 (FIG. 6) on the gripper head 58 when the gripper 56 is retracted and has pulled the fuel rod 18 to its fully inserted position, as shown in FIG. 9A. Once the fuel rod 18 has reached this fully inserted position, the gripper 56 is operated to release its head 58 for withdrawal from the socket 62 in the lower end plug 28 of the inserted fuel rod 18, whereupon retraction of the gripper 56 is continued, as shown in FIG. 9B, thereby causing the shoulder 59 on the gripper head, in cooperation with the in-turned lip 80 of the protective tube 70', to pull the latter from the inserted fuel rod 18 whilst the fuel rod is suitably retained in its inserted position, for instance by means of the previously mentioned implement (not shown) engaged with the upper end plug of the fuel rod 18. A further modification of the protective tubular member embodying the invention is illustrated in FIG. 10 wherein the tubular member again comprises a thin-walled tube 70" which is similar in every respect to the thin-walled tube 70 of FIGS. 7-8, except that the tube 70" has no tapered end portion and has a substantially uniform diameter throughout its length. Consequently, the protective tube 70" is particularly suitable for use with fuel assemblies which are not readily accessible from the bottom and, therefore, require the protective tube to be withdrawn from the top. In order to minimize the chance of the tube's getting caught on any of the detents within the grid cells during insertion therein, the tube 70" preferably is provided with a chamfer 85 formed at the edge thereof which is its leading edge during insertion. The means for withdrawing the protective tube 70" from an inserted fuel rod is shown in FIG. 10 to comprise a generally L-shaped slot 84 which is formed in a wall portion of the tube 70" adjacent the end thereof which is the leading end of the tube during its withdrawal, one leg of the L-shaped slot 84 extending into the tube wall in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal slit 72, and the other leg of the L-shaped slot 84 extending partly circumferentially of the tube 70" and preferably terminating in an up-turned toe portion, as seen best from FIG. 11. The L-shaped slot 84 is adapted to receive a radial pin 88 on a lower end portion 86 of a long-handled tool 85 which is partially insertable into the slit tube 70". In order to facilitate entry of the radial pin 88 into the L-shaped slot 84, the latter preferably is flared outward at the entrance thereof, as seen from FIG. 11. Referring to FIGS. 10A-C, the protective tubular member 70" is shown in FIG. 10A as inserted into the grids of the fuel assembly and ready to receive a fuel rod 18. If the fuel assembly were readily accessible from the bottom the fuel rod 18 could be pulled into the slit tube 70" in the same manner as described hereinbefore. However, it is assumed that the fuel assembly is not readily accessible from the bottom and that, therefore, the fuel rod 18 must be pushed into the protective tube 70" from the top. This can be done in any suitable manner known to the art, and may be done by utilizing the long-handled tool 85 as a push-rod. Once the fuel rod 18 has been inserted into the protective tube 70", the lower end portion 86 of the long-handled tool 85 is engaged in the upper end portion of the protective tube 70" while, at the same time, the radial pin 88 thereon is inserted into the vertical leg of the L-shaped slot 84 until it bottoms therein, whereupon the tool 85 is partially rotated to move the pin 88 into the horizontal leg of the L-shaped slot 84 and to the end thereof where it is aligned with the up-turned toe portion of the slot, as seen from FIG. 10B. With the tool 85 thus connected to the protective tube 70", it is retracted so as to pull the tube 70" from the inserted fuel rod 18, as depicted in FIG. 10C, while the fuel rod is being restrained in a suitable manner, for instance by means of an elongate restraining element (not shown) incorporated in the long-handled tool 85 and slideably supported therein such that it can be held restrainingly engaged with the upper end plug 26 of the inserted fuel rod 18 while the tool 85 is used simultaneously to pull the protective tube 70" off the inserted fuel rod. It should be noted that each of the protective tubular members 70, 70' and 70" described above lends itself to being inserted into the suppport grids 16 either alone, i.e. separate from and before the fuel rod, as shown herein, or simultaneously with a fuel rod while disposed thereon. If a fuel rod is to be loaded into grid cells which have mixing vanes associated therewith, it will likely be preferred to insert the protective tube before the fuel rod in order to protect the mixing vanes from being damaged through contact with the fuel rod, as explained hereinbefore. Insertion of each protective tubular member 70, 70' or 70" along may be effected by suitably guiding and pushing, or pulling, the tubular member into the selected cells 42 of the grids 16; if to be pulled, a similar technique may be employed as used in pulling the tubular member off an inserted fuel rod, as set forth above with particular reference to FIG. 7C, 9B or FIG. 10C, respectively. Turning now to FIGS. 12 and 12A-C, they illustrate an embodiment wherein the protective tubular member is adapted for insertion thereof together and simultaneously with a fuel rod. As seen best from FIG. 12, the protective tubular member comprises a thin-walled tube 90 for receiving a fuel rod, and means 94 both for pulling the tubular member, together with the fuel rod disposed within the tube 90, into the grids 16 (FIG. 1) of the fuel assembly 10, and for withdrawing the protective tubular member from the fuel rod after insertion thereof. The thin-walled tube 90 corresponds essentially to the tube 70" shown in FIG. 10 in that it has a longitudinal slit 92 formed in its wall and is of uniform diameter throughout its length. The means 94 for inserting the protective tubular member together with the fuel rod, and for subsequently withdrawing the tubular member from the inserted fuel rod, comprises an end plug 94 secured to the tube 90 at the end thereof which is its leading end during insertion into the grids. The end plug 94 is similar to the fuel-rod end plug 28 shown in FIG. 6 in that it is tapered and has formed therein a socket 96 adapted to be engaged with the gripper head 58, and it may be secured to the thin-walled tube 92 in the same conventional manner as employed in securing the end plug 28 to the cladding tube of the fuel rod. The initial step in utilizing the protective tubular member of FIG. 12 is to mount the latter telescopically upon the fuel rod 18 to be inserted, followed by a fuel-rod loading operation the same as initially described herein with respect to FIG. 5, except that now the gripper head 58 of the extended gripper 56 is engaged with the end plug 94 of the protective tubular member 90 (see FIG. 12A) instead of with the lower end plug 28 of the fuel rod 18. Upon retraction of the gripper 56, the protective tubular member, together with the fuel rod 18 disposed within the thin-walled tube 90, is pulled into the cells 42 of the successive grids 16 until it reaches the fuel rod fully inserted position shown in FIG. 12B, whereupon the fuel rod 18 is restrained from further movement while the gripper 56 and the protective tubular member 90 still locked thereto continue to be retracted, thereby to pull the protective tubular member from the inserted fuel rod 18, as depicted in FIG. 12C. In this case as in the preceding ones, restraint for the inserted fuel rod against further movement thereof while the protective tubular member is being withdrawn may be provided by any suitable means, such as the previously mentioned tool or implement (not shown) adapted to be restrainingly engaged with the upper end plug of the inserted fuel rod. Such tool or implement may be of a kind to be manipulated manually or it may be one which, for instance, is supported from the fuel-rod magazine 52 (FIG. 5) and adapted to restrainingly engage the upper end plug of the fuel rod automatically as the latter leaves the magazine and reaches its fully inserted position within the fuel assembly 10. Additionally or alternatively, such restraint may also be provided by arranging for the protective tubular member 70, 70', 70" or 90 to extend, when in the fuel-rod inserted position, through all of the support grids 16 of the fuel assembly except the end grid 16a or 16z which is nearest the end of the protective tubular member representing its trailing end during withdrawal of the tubular member from the inserted fuel rod. With each of the arrangements as depicted in FIGS. 7A-C, 9A-B and 12A-C, wherein the respective tubular members 70, 70' and 90 are withdrawn downwardly, the end grid nearest said trailing end of the tubular member is the uppermost grid 16a, whereas with the arrangement as depicted in FIGS. 10A-C, wherein withdrawal of the tubular member 70" occurs in the upward direction, the end grid nearest said trailing end of the tubular member 70" is the lowermost grid 16z. This step of leaving an end portion of the fully inserted fuel rod exposed may be employed with any of the schemes disclosed herein but is illustrated, by way of example, only in connection with the embodiment shown in FIGS. 12A to 12C. As seen best from FIG. 12B, the protective tube 90 has a length such as to leave the upper end portion of the fuel rod 18 exposed. Thus, as the protective tube 90 together with the fuel rod therein approaches the fully inserted position during insertion, its upper end will ride off the detents 46,48 within the cell 42 of the uppermost grid 16a. This enables the detents 46,48 to frictionally engage the bare end portion of the fuel rod 18 and to apply thereto a restraining force which will cause the movement of the fuel rod to be arrested even as the gripper 56 and the protective tubular member 90 still connected thereto continue to be retracted. In this manner, the insertion of the fuel rod and the withdrawal of the protective tubular member from the inserted fuel rod can be effected in one continuous operation. It is believed that leaving an end portion of the fuel rod 18 thus exposed during insertion is not likely to result in any objectionable scratching of its cladding surface since the bare end portion will come into direct moving contact with the detents of only one grid cell, and movement of the fuel rod relative to the detents will cease almost immediately after such direct contact has been established. Although each of the foregoing embodiments has been described with respect to only one protective tubular member 70, 70', 70" or 90, and even though it is possible of course to use a single protective tubular member repeatedly for loading several fuel rods in succession, it will be appreciated that in practice it may well be found more expedient to employ a separate protective tubular member individually for each of a plurality of fuel rods. Thus, protective tubes such as the one shown in FIGS. 7-8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10 or FIG. 12 may be placed one on each of a whole complement of fuel rods stored in the magazine 52 (FIG. 5) and to be loaded into the fuel assembly 10. Alternatively, a whole complement of protective tubular members such as the one shown in FIGS. 7-8, FIG. 9 or FIG. 10 may be inserted into the grids 16 of the fuel assembly 10 for having fuel rods subsequently loaded therein. This latter approach offers a particular advantage if practiced with the kind of protective tube illustrated in FIG. 10, and in conjunction with a new fuel assembly skeleton being prepared for shipment to, and subsequent loading with fuel rods at, a nuclear power plant. Where protective tubes can or must be inserted and withdrawn from the same end of a fuel assembly, such as the top, it may be desirable to cluster several of the tubes, for instance by supporting them from a common plate (not shown) having the ends of the protective tubes connected thereto and having apertures for enabling fuel rods to be inserted therethrough and into the respective tubes. Preferably, such plate would include means engageable with suitable retraction apparatus (not shown) for withdrawing the plate, together with the protective tubes connected thereto, upon completed insertion of the fuel rods. Finally, it will be appreciated that even though the invention has been described herein in conjunction with a fuel assembly designed for use in a pressurized water reactor, it is applicable just as well with respect to fuel bundles for boiling water reactors.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the representation and manipulation of binary decision diagrams in a computer system. More particularly, the present invention relates to improved memory management during the processing of binary decision diagrams in a computer system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Boolean algebra is an important aspect of computer science and digital system design. For example, many problems in computer-aided design for digital circuits can be solved through the use of Boolean functions. Thus, the efficient symbolic representation and manipulation of Boolean functions in the memory of a computer system is important. One technique for representing a Boolean function is the use of a binary decision diagram (BDD). A BDD is a directed acyclic graph with each non-terminal node labeled with a Boolean variable and having a 0-branch and a 1-branch, corresponding to the value of the Boolean variable. Nodes which are directly connected to the 0-branch and 1-branch of a higher level node are called the child nodes of the higher level node. The higher level node is called the parent node of the child nodes. The BDD also has terminal nodes, which are labeled 0 or 1, representing the constant Boolean functions 0 and 1. An example of a BDD 100 representing the Boolean function X*Y+Z (* represents the Boolean operator AND; + represents the Boolean operator OR) is shown in FIG. 1 . The BDD 100 has three non-terminal nodes, X , Y and Z, and terminal nodes 0 and 1 . Nodes are represented herein as follows: a node with label x having a 0-branch child y and 1-branch child z, is represented by the notation node (x,y,z). An ordered binary decision diagram (OBDD) is a BDD with the constraint that the input variables are ordered such that the traversal of any branch of the BDD will result in visiting the variables in the given order. Thus, given a variable ordering of X,Y,Z, the BDD 100 in FIG. 1 is ordered because the traversal of any of the branches of the BDD will result in visiting the variables in the given order. Finally, a reduced ordered binary decision diagram (ROBDD) is an OBDD where each node represents a distinct logic function. As used hereinafter, the term BDD refers to a ROBDD. The use of BDD's for the efficient processing of Boolean functions is described in detail in R. Bryant, Graph-Based Algorithms for Boolean Function Manipulation, IEEE Transactions On Computers, Vol. C-35, No. 8, August 1986; and K. Brace, R. Rudell, and R. Bryant, Efficient Implementation of a BDD Package, paper 3.1, 27 th ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conference, 1990; both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Thus, the details of the use of BDD's for processing Boolean functions is well known to those skilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein. One problem with the use of the known techniques for representing and manipulating BDD's during the processing of Boolean functions in a computer system is that performance of the computer system may become slow because of the large number of main memory accesses required. Main memory has slow access time relative to the speed of the central processing unit. The use of cache memory can sometimes improve processing speeds when sequential main memory accesses are made to memory locations which are near to each other. However, one of the problems with the known BDD representation and manipulation techniques is that there may be many sequential main memory accesses to locations which are in widely disparate memory locations. This results in many cache misses, further slowing the overall processing speed. Additionally, during the processing of BDD's which are stored in the memory of the computer system, it is often required to create a new BDD in memory. During the creation of the new BDD, various nodes will be created. If the same node is to be created more than once, it is desirable to refer to the already created node rather than to create a duplicate of an existing node, thereby saving memory space. In accordance with known techniques, each time a new node is created in memory, an entry is made in a hash table. The hash table entry contains a pointer to the memory location in which the newly created node is located. Thus, when a new node is about to be created, the hash key of the new node is computed and the hash table entry corresponding to the computed hash key is interrogated. The node in the memory location contained in the hash table entry is retrieved from main memory to determine whether the stored node is the same as the node that is about to be created. However, as a result of the general properties of hash tables, various unrelated nodes may have the same hash key and will therefore be assigned the same entry in the hash table. Thus, a single hash table entry may be linked to various memory locations. As a result, when a particular node is being searched for, each of the nodes with the same hash key must be retrieved from memory in order to determine whether they match the desired node. Each of these memory accesses slows the performance of the system. In view of the current state of the art in high speed central processing units, the biggest performance bottleneck in the known BDD computer packages is the relatively long latency of main memory. Thus, each access to main memory severely impairs the processing speed of the computer while performing BDD manipulation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the problem of slow BDD processing because of a large number of main memory accesses by exploiting several characteristics of BDD processing in a computer system. More specifically we have recognized that new BDD's are created from the bottom, i.e., leaves, up, and as a result the children of a node must be chronologically older than the node itself. Thus, in accordance with the invention, when trying to find a particular node in memory, only nodes which were created subsequent to the child nodes of the particular node are retrieved from memory. Nodes which were created prior to the child nodes of the particular node are not retrieved from memory, as was the practice in the prior art techniques. Thus, the invention provides a technique which advantageously reduces the number of main memory accesses when trying to find a particular node in memory. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the chronological age of a node is determined by reference to the address at which the node is stored in memory. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, newly created nodes are stored in memory locations which are higher than any of the previously created nodes. Thus, when searching for a particular node in memory, only nodes which are stored in memory locations which are higher than the memory locations in which the children of the particular node are stored are retrieved from memory. Of course, alternatively, the chronological ordering of nodes could be reversed such that newly created nodes are stored in memory locations which are lower than any of the previously created nodes. In which case, when searching for a particular node in memory, only nodes which are stored in memory locations which are lower than the memory locations in which the children of the particular node are stored are retrieved from memory In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a hash table is used to identify a linked list of nodes stored in memory. The linked list identifies nodes which may match the particular node being searched for, and is linked in increasing chronological order. The list is searched sequentially for the particular node being searched for, but the search is terminated at the last linked node which was created subsequent to both of the child nodes of the particular node being searched for. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a BDD representing the Boolean function X*Y+Z; FIG. 2 shows a node record which is used to represent a node in the memory of a computer; FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the memory of a computer system; FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing the steps performed in the computer system during the processing of a BDD in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the memory of a computer system; and FIG. 6 shows a schematic of the components of a computer system which can be configured to implement the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 2 shows a node record 200 which is used to represent a node of a BDD in the memory of a computer. Node record 200 includes a label field 202 which contains the node's label, a field 204 which contains a pointer to the memory location in which the node's 0-branch child node is stored, a field 206 which contains a pointer to the memory location in which the node's 1-branch child node is stored, and a field 208 which contains a collision chain link. Field 208 will be described in further detail below. FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the memory 300 of a computer system and is used to illustrate the problem of slow BDD processing because of a large number of main memory accesses of the prior art. In accordance with prior techniques, a hash table 305 is maintained in memory to assist in finding nodes which have already been created and stored in memory. In the example shown, the hash table 305 begins at memory location 0000 and ends at location 9999 and the general main memory 310 starts at location 10000 and ends at location 100000. Although it is sometimes conventional to use binary or hexadecimal representation when referring to memory locations, all memory location references herein are made in decimal representation for ease of reference. When a new node is created, its hash key is computed and the node's location in memory 310 is stored at the appropriate entry in the hash table 305 . For example, consider a node having label X, and child nodes A and B, which is stored at memory location 12000. When this node was created, it was stored in memory location 12000 and its hash key was determined to be 1234 using well known hashing techniques. Therefore, the value 12000 was stored at location 1234 of the hash table 305 . Next, assume that the node having label Y with children C and D was about to be created. In order to determine if the node already exists, the hash key of node Y is computed. Assume for purposes of this example that the hash key of node Y is computed to be 1234, which is the same as the hash key of node X. Thus, the hash table 305 entry at location 1234 is accessed and the location 12000 is retrieved. Therefore, a main memory 310 access is made to retrieve the node stored at location 12000. Upon retrieving node X from location 12000, it is determined that the newly created node Y is not already stored at location 12000, and thus the newly created node Y must be stored in memory with an appropriate entry in the hash table 305 . To this end, node Y is stored in main memory 310 at location 60000. However, with respect to the hash table 305 entry for node Y, there is already an entry at Y's computed hash key of 1234, namely the entry for node X. Thus, there is a hash table collision. A hash table collision is resolved by using the collision chain link field 208 (FIG. 2) of the node representation, which is a pointer to the next node with the same hash key. Such a linking of elements having the same hash key is called a collision chain. In the example, the memory location of 60000 is stored in the collision chain link field of node X to resolve the collision. Next, assume that the node having label Z with children F and G is about to be created. In order to determine if the node was already created, the hash key of node Z is computed. Assume for purposes of this example that the hash key of node Z is computed to be 1234, which is the same as the hash key of nodes X and Y. Again, the hash table 305 entry at location 1234 is accessed to retrieve location 12000, and a main memory 310 access is made to retrieve the node stored at location 12000. Upon retrieving node X from location 12000 it is determined that the newly created node Z is not already stored at location 12000. It is also determined that the collision chain link of node X contains the location 60000. This necessitates another main memory 310 access to retrieve the node stored at location 60000. Note that there is a high likelihood that this main memory access will result in a data cache miss because nodes X and Y are likely to be stored in widely disparate memory locations, thus further slowing down the processing of the computer. Upon retrieving node Y from location 60000, it is determined that the newly created node Z is not already stored at location 60000. Since at this point node Y would have nothing stored in its collision chain link, the newly created node Z must be stored in memory with an appropriate entry in the hash table 305 . Node Z is stored in main memory location 30000 and the memory location 30000 is stored in Y's collision chain link. One skilled in the art will appreciate that, as the collision chain grows, an increasing number of accesses to main memory will be made during a find operation, thus substantially slowing down the processing speed of the computer. Of course, as part of the processing, if the size of the collision chains grow too long, an increasing of the size of the hash table may be undertaken. However, such re-hashing and reconfiguring of the collision chains takes time, which also slows down the processing speed of the computer. Thus, there is a tradeoff between the length of the collision chains and how often re-hashing must be done. Generally, collision chain links are kept at a maximum average length of approximately 4 links. The present invention solves the main memory access problem by exploiting, several characteristics of BDD processing in a computer system. Initially, it is important to note that during the creation of a new BDD, the new BDD is created from the bottom up. That is, a child node is always created prior to the parent node of that child. In other words, child nodes must be chronologically older than their parent node. Thus, in accordance with the present invention, during a find operation for a desired node, i.e., determining if the desired node exists in memory, it is only necessary to look at nodes which have the same hash key as the desired node and which are younger than, i.e., were created after, both of the child nodes of the desired node. Advantageously, doing so, along with the resulting method of performing a find operation, result in a significant reduction in the number of main memory accesses during BDD processing. Thus, when searching for a particular node in memory in accordance with the inventive method, it is necessary to determine the age of other nodes stored in memory. In accordance with an advantageous embodiment, the age of a node is determined by its memory address. As new nodes are created, they are stored in increasing memory locations. In this way, older nodes occupy lower memory locations. Of course, there are other ways to store age information for nodes. For example, another field can be added to the node representation shown in FIG. 2 to store the age of the node. However, this results in a non-trivial memory cost. The steps performed in the computer system during the processing of a BDD in accordance with the present invention are shown in the flowchart of FIG. 4 . In step 402 , the find node (x,y,z) function is initiated to find the node having label x and children y and z. In step 404 the hash key (x,y,z) for the node is computed. In step 406 a hash table lookup is performed using the hash key computed in step 404 and the address stored at the hash key entry in the hash table is retrieved and stored in mem-loc-ptr. In step 408 it is determined whether mem-loc-ptr is greater than max-mem-loc(y,z), where max-mem-loc(y,z) represents the higher memory location of nodes y and z. Thus, step 408 determines whether the address mem-loc-ptr retrieved from the hash table is greater than both the memory locations of the child nodes y and z. Since newly created nodes are stored in memory in increasing memory locations, the test in step 408 determines whether the node identified in the hash table is younger than both child nodes of x. If the test returns no, then the node pointed to by mem-loc-ptr cannot be the same as node x, and control passes to step 420 and the method ends with the node (x,y,z) not being found in memory. If the test in step 408 is yes, then the node pointed to by mem-loc-ptr may be the same as node x because it is younger than both child nodes of node x. Control passes to step 410 where the node located at mem-loc-ptr is retrieved from memory. In step 412 the node retrieved from location mem-loc-ptr is compared with the desired node (x,y,z). If they are the same, then the node has been found and control passes to step 418 and the method ends. If the test of step 412 is no, then in step 414 it is determined whether there is a pointer in the retrieved node's collision chain link. If there is not, then the retrieved node is the last node in the collision chain, and control is passed to step 420 because the desired node has not been found. If the test in step 414 is yes, then there is another node in the collision chain and in step 416 the address in the retrieved nodes collision pointer link is retrieved and stored in mem-loc-ptr. Control now passes back to step 408 to determine whether the new address stored in mem-loc-ptr is greater than max-memloc(y,z). Thus, as described above, step 408 determines whether the new address stored in mem-loc-ptr retrieved from collision chain link of the prior tested node is greater than both the memory locations of the child nodes y and z. This determines whether the node stored at mem-loc-ptr is younger than both the child nodes of node x. Processing continues as described above. The method shown in FIG. 4 will now be described further in conjunction with an example. FIG. 5 represents the memory 500 of a computer system. The memory 500 contains a hash table 502 at memory location 0000 through 9999 and main memory 504 at locations 10000 through 100000. Main memory stores the following nodes: node (r,s,t) at memory location 20000 and having a hash key of 1234, node (b,h,v) at memory location 25000 and having a hash key of 3456; node (z,f,g) at memory location 30000 and having a hash key of 3456; node (y,c,d) at memory location 40000 and having a hash key of 5678; and node (x,a,b) at memory location 50000 and having a hash key of 3456. It is noted that the nodes have been stored in memory in increasing memory locations based on chronological age, so that older nodes are stored at lower memory locations. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the collision chain for any given hash key is linked in decreasing order of memory location, which means that younger nodes are stored at the beginning of the collision chain and older nodes at the end of the collision chain. Thus, as newly created nodes are added to the collision chain, they must be inserted at the beginning of the chain. This ordering of the collision chain allows for the improved processing as will be seen from the example. Assume now that the BDD processing requires the creation of a new node (j,r,y). As. described above, before the node is created, it is determined whether the node already exists in memory so that duplicate nodes will not be created. Referring now to FIG. 4, at step 402 the method begins looking for node (j,r,y) in memory 504 . In step 404 the hash key (j,r,y) is computed. Assume for this example that the hash key (j,r,y) is 3456 . In step 406 the address at location 3456 in the hash table 502 is retrieved and stored in mem-loc-ptr. For purposes of the example, the mem-loc-ptr is 50000. In step 408 it is determined whether 50000 is greater than 40000, because 40000 is the greater memory location of the two child nodes (r and y) of the node being looked for. Since 50000 is greater than 40000 control is passed to step 410 to retrieve the node (x,a,b) stored at location 50000. This step is performed because since the test at step 408 was yes, then the node (x,a,b) stored at location 50000 could be the node being looked for, because it is younger than both the child nodes of the node being looked for. In step 412 is it determined that the node (x,a,b) is not the same as the node (j,r,y) being searched for, and control passes to step 414 where it is determined that there is a collision link pointer in node (x,a,b). In step 416 the collision link pointer 30000 is retrieved from node (x,a,b) and is stored as the new mem-loc-ptr. Control is passed to step 408 where it is determined that 30000 is not greater than max-mem-loc(r,y) (40000) and therefore control is passed to step 420 and the method ends without finding the node (j,r,y). It is noted that the last test at step 408 indicates that the node identified in the collision chain link of node (x,a,b), namely node (z,f,g), is older than the youngest child node (node (y,c,d)), and therefore cannot be the node being searched for. It is also noted that this determination was made without having to retrieve the node (z,f,g) from memory, thus saving a main memory access. Also note that by using the inventive method of ordering the collision links youngest to oldest, there was no need to retrieve node (b,h,v) from memory, which is part of the collision link for the node being searched for. Thus, in accordance with the invention, two main memory accesses have been avoided. The present invention may be implemented on any type of well known computer system. As used herein, the term computer includes any device or machine capable of accepting data, applying prescribed processes to the data, and supplying the results of the processes. The functions of the present invention are advantageously performed by a programmed digital computer of the type which is well known in the art, an example of which is shown in FIG. 6 . FIG. 6 shows a computer system 600 which comprises a display monitor 602 , a textual input device such as a computer keyboard 604 , a graphical input device such as mouse 606 , a computer processor, i.e., CPU, 608 , a main memory unit 610 , and a non-volatile storage device such as a disk drive 620 . The main memory unit 610 stores, for example, computer program code and data. The computer processor 608 is connected to the display monitor 602 , the memory unit 610 , the non-volatile storage device 620 , the keyboard 604 , and the mouse 606 . The external storage device 620 may be used for the storage of data and computer program code. The computer processor 608 executes the computer program code which is stored in memory unit 610 . During execution, the processor may access data stored in memory unit 610 , and may access data stored in the non-volatile storage device 620 . The computer system 600 may suitably be any one of the types which are well known in the art such as a mainframe computer, a minicomputer, a workstation, or a personal computer. Of course, one skilled in the art will appreciate that there are many other components which may be included in a computer system but which are not shown in FIG. 6 for clarity. The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing form the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, although the present invention describes a certain memory ordering to determine the chronological age of a node, a reverse memory ordering could also be used. Further, a mechanism other than memory ordering could be used to determine the age of a node.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The processes of the present invention produce compounds both old and new which are intermediates in the syntheses of β-lactam compounds. 2. Description of the Prior Art Chemical transformations involving primarily monocyclic β-lactams have been reviewed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,927 (see columns 1 and 2) and disclosed therein and, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,681,380; 3,843,682; 3,860,577; 3,862,164; 3,872,086; 3,880,872; 3,880,880; 3,883,517; 3,900,487; 3,917,644; 3,919,209; 3,920,696; 3,923,795; 3,925,363; 3,927,013; 3,939,151; 3,939,157; 3,943,123; 3,944,545; 3,951,951; 3,953,424; 3,954,732; and 3,960,851. Excellent reviews are provided in the appropriate chapters of Cephalosporins and Penicillins - Chemistry and Biology, edited by Edwin H. Flynn, Academic Press, New York, 1972, e.g. Chapters 5 and 6. A more recent review is A. K. Mukerjee and A. K. Singh, Reactions of Natural and Synthetic β-Lactams, Synthesis (International Journal of Methods in Synthetic Organic Chemistry) Number 9, 547-589 (September, 1975), Academic Press, New York. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION There is provided by the present invention a compound having the formula ##STR2## wherein R is an amine protecting group and R 1 is the residue of an ester group which can be removed readily including the individual isomers represented by the structures ##STR3## A preferred embodiment of the present invention is a compound having the formula ##STR4## including the individual isomers represented by the structures ##STR5## The generic structure can also be written in more detail as ##STR6## the amino protecting group R includes those conventional in the β-lactam art, particularly acyl, and includes but is not limited to, those named in the art as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,947,413; 3,932,465; 3,954,732; 3,660,396; and 3,948,927. The carboxyl protecting group R 1 includes those conventional in the β-lactam art, and particularly those which are readily removed with disrupting a cepham ring when such is present, and includes but is not limited to those named in the art as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,947,413; 3,932,465; 3,954,732; and 3,660,396. Derivatives of the type E (S. Wolfe et al., Can. J. Chem. 52, 3996 (1974); Belgium Pat. No. 832,174 (Derwent 00109X), ex. I-F, III-D, VI, XIII-C, claims 30-33) and F. (S. Wolfe et al., loc. cit.; Belgium Pat. No. 832,174, ex. II-C, VI, IX, claims 30, 31, 33) are known and have been shown to be convertible to 1-oxacephem (S. Wolfe et al., loc. cit.; Belgium Pat No. 832,174, ex. I-G, VII, claims 1, 3, 5-9) and epi-1-oxacephem (S. Wolfe et al., loc. cit.; Belgium Pat. No. 832,174, ex. I-G, II-H, III-E, claims 1, 2) derivatives. Various 1oxacephem derivatives have been shown to be interesting antibacterial agents [L. D. Cama and B. G. Christensen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 96, 7582 (1974)]. ##STR7## This invention discloses the preparation of derivatives of the type E and F in relatively few steps (compared to previously described methods) from relatively available cephem derivatives. Recent interest in the nuclear modified cephalosporins [1a, L. D. Cama and B. G. Christensen, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 96, 7582 (1974); 1b, S. Wolfe, J. B. Ducep, K. C. Tin and S. L. Lee, Can. J. Chem. 52, 3996 (1974); 1c, West Germany Offenlegungsschrift No. 23 55 209 and 23 55 210 (Derwent abstracts 38606V and 38607V)], prompted me to attempt the chemical transformation of the dihydrothiazine ring of a cephalosporin 1 into the dihydrooxazine ring (1-oxacephem) 1a 2. ##STR8## The reaction of the cephalosporin ester 3 with N-chlorosuccinimide in methanol-methylene chloride (1:1) gave the 2-methoxy cephem 4, [D. O. Spry, Tetrahedron Letters, 3717 (1972)] m.p. 132°-133° C. in 85% yield after recrystallization from ether. Treatment of 4 with chlorine in carbon tetrachloride (2.5 eq, -20° C., 60 min.) [S. Kukolja, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93, 6267 (1971)], followed by an aqueous work-up gave a quantitative conversion to the aldehyde 5 as a mixture of cis and trans isomers (α chloro/β chloro ≈ 1/9). ##STR9## The chlorinolysis may proceed via intermediates 6 and 7 as shown in Scheme I. Intermediate 7 could be isolated by anhydrous work-up and quantitatively converted into the aldehyde 5 by water. It is not clear at this moment why the thermodynamically less stable β-chloro isomer 5b is predominant in the reaction mixture. ##STR10## The reaction of the isomeric mixture 5 with AgBF 4 -Ag 2 O (1:1) in methylene chloride gave the oxazolone 8 in 85% yield. Treatment of a methylene chloride solution of 8 with HCl gas at 0° C. gave quantitatively the α-chloro isomer 5a by a stereospecific ring opening [D. F. Cobett and R. J. Stoodley, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin I 185 (1974); ibid., 432 (1975)]. Reduction of aldehyde 5 with sodium cyanoborohydride [R. F. Borch, M.D. Bernstein and H. D. Durst, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93, 2897 (1971)], in THF-acetic acid produced the alcohol 9 in over 90% yield. Ring closure of 9a or a mixture of 9a and 9b with AgBF 4 -Ag 2 O (1:1) in methylene chloride gave the 6-epi-1-oxacephem 10b in 87% yield after silica gel chromatography. Hydrogenation of 10b over Pd/C in dioxane-water gave the free acid 12b, m.p. 139°-141° C. which displayed no antibacterial activity when compared with 1 (R=φOCH 2 ) at levels as high as 125 mcg./ml. ##STR11## ______________________________________Chemical Shift Values (CDCl.sub.3).sup.i) ii)Compounds δH6 δH7______________________________________4 5.1 (d, J=g.0) 5.9 (q, J=5.0, 9.8) 5a 6.2 (d, J=1.2) 5.1 (q, J=1.2, 10) 5b 6.3 (d, J=4.2) 5.7 (q, J=4.2, 11.5)8 6.3 (d, J=4.5) 5.4 (d, J=4.5) 9b 5.9 (d, J=3.9) 5.6 (q. J=3.9, 9.5)10b 5.2 (d, J=0.8) 4.8 (q, J=0.8, 8.7)12b 5.1 (d, J=0.8) 4.7 (q, J=0.8, 8.5)______________________________________ .sup.i) Varian HA 100 MHz spectrometer .sup.ii) J values in hertz Satisfactory elemental analyses were obtained for all compounds. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS EXAMPLE 1 ##STR12## To a stirred solution of 514 mg. (1.0 mmole) of the cephem benzhydryl ester 3 in 30 ml. of methanolmethylene chloride (1:1) was added 147 mg. (1.1 mmole) of N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and the solution was stirred for 3 hours at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with 30 ml. of methylene chloride, washed with 5% bicarbonate and two portions of 100 ml. of water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness affording 546 mg. (100%) of 4 as yellow foam, which was pure enough for further reactions. An analytical specimen was obtained, by recrystallizing from methylene chloride and n-pentane, as white prisms, m.p. 132°-133° C. Anal. Calc'd for C 30 H 28 N 2 O 6 S: C, 66.25; H, 5.15; N, 5.15. Found: C, 66.60; H, 5.30; N, 5.46. ir (KBr) 1780, 1725 and 1675 cm -1 . nmr (CDCl 3 ) δ2.1 (s. 3H), 3.45 (s.3H), 4.56 (s. 2H), 5.15 (d. J=5.0 Hz 1H), 5.90 (q, J=5.0, 12 Hz, 1H), 6.8-7.8 (m. 16H). EXAMPLE 2 ##STR13## To a cooled (-20° C.) solution of 5.40 g. (10.0 mmole) of the 2-methoxycephem 4 in 80 ml. of dry methylene chloride was added dropwise a solution of 1.57 g. (22.0 mmole) of chlorine in 15 ml. of carbon tetrachloride over a 10 minute period and the slightly yellow solution was allowed to stir at -20° C. for 60 minutes under nitrogen. The reaction was poured into 120 ml. of ethyl acetate and shaken vigorously with 100 ml. of ice-cold water for 10 minutes. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and evaporated to dryness affording 5.9 g. (quantitative yield) of yellow oil which was a mixture of cis 5b and trans 5a (α-chloro/β-chloro = 1/9). This oily material was chromatographed over 200 g. of silica gel and elution with 10% ethyl acetate in methylene chloride giving 4.3 g. (75%) of a pure mixture of 5a and 5b as a white foam. Anal. Calc'd for C 29 H 25 N 2 O 6 Cl·H 2 O: C, 63.30; H, 4.92; N, 5.10; Cl, 6.45. Found: C, 63.84; H, 4.64; N, 5.31; Cl, 6.04. ir (KBr) 1795,1730, 1685 and 1530 cm -1 . nmr (CDCl 3 ) of 5b δ2.2 (s, 3H), 4.62 (s, 2H), 5.70 (q, J=4.2, 11.5 Hz, 1H), 6.3 (d, J=4.2 Hz, 1H), 6.8-7.5 (m) 10.0 (s, 1H). nmr (CDCl 3 ) of 5a δ2.15 (s, 3H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 5.10 (q, J=1.2, 10 Hz, 1H), 6.20 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.8-7.5 (m) 9.95 (s, 1H). EXAMPLE3 ##STR14## To a cooled (0° C.) solution of 1.13 g (2.0 mmole) of 5b and 5a (9:1) in 15 ml. of dry methylene chloride was added at once 487 mg. (2.5 mmole) of silver fluoroborate and 800 mg. (2.5 mmole) of silver oxide and stirred vigorously at 0° C. for 60 minutes under nitrogen. The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was treated with 10 ml. of brine. The mixture was filtered again through "Celite" under suction. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and condensed to 5 ml. of volume which was then poured into 150 ml. of n-pentane to give 895 mg. (85%) of 8 as a white powder. Anal. Calc'd for C 29 H 24 N 2 O 6 : C, 70.15; H, 4.87; N, 5.31. Found: C, 69.29; H, 5.09; N, 5.75. ir (KBr 1780, 1720 and 1680 cm -1 . nmr (CDCl 3 ) δ2.15 (s, 3H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 5.40 (d, J=4.5Hz, 1H), 6.3 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 6.8-7.5 (m, 15H), 9.85 (s, 1H). EXAMPLE 4 ##STR15## To a cooled (0° C.) solution of 2.11 g. (4.0 mmole) of 8 in 50 ml. of dry methylene chloride was bubbled HCl gas slowly for 2 minutes. No starting material was detected by tlc. The reaction was washed with ice-cold 5% bicarbonate and dried over magnesium sulfate. The dried solvent was evaporated to dryness affording 2.2 g. (almost quantitative yield) of 5a as a slightly yellow foam. Nmr of this material was identical with the minor component in the ring opening products of 2-methoxycephem 4 by chlorine. EXAMPLE 5 ##STR16## To a cooled (0° C.) solution of 564 mg. (1.0 mmole) of 5b and 5a (9:1) in 9 ml. of THF and 1 ml. of acetic acid was added 100 mg. (1.6 mmole) of sodium cyanoborhydride (NaCNBH 3 ) and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes under nitrogen. The reaction was poured into ice cold 50 ml. of ethyl acetate -30 ml. of 5% bicarbonate solution. The organic layer was then washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was evaporated to a colorless oil which gave 510 mg. (91%) of 9b and 9a (ca 9:1) as amorphous solids upon trituration with n-pentane-ether (5:1). Anal. Calc'd for C 29 H 27 N 2 O 6 Cl: C, 65.01; H, 5.05; N, 5.23. Found: C, 64.67; H, 4.69; N, 5.69. ir (KBr) 3400 (broad), 1785, 1730, 1690 and 1530 cm -1 . nmr (CDCl 3 ) of 9b δ2.35 (s, 3H), 4.2 (d, J=12Hz, 1H), 4.4 (d, J=12Hz, 1H), 4.51 (s, 2H), 5.6 (q, J=3.9, 9.5 Hz, 1H), 5.9 (d, J=3.9Hz, 1H), 6.7-7.5 (m, 15H). nmr (CDCl 3 ) of 9a (only following peaks could be observed in the spectrum of 9b and 9a mixture. δ2.34 (s), 5.0 (q, J=1.5, 10Hz), 5.8 (d, J=1.5Hz).

4y

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to machining equipment and processes. More particularly, this invention relates to a method and apparatus that combines a fluid-jet system and an electrical-discharge machining (EDM) system for use in the repair of air-cooled airfoil components of gas turbine engines. 2. Description of the Related Art Components located in the high temperature sections of gas turbine engines are typically formed of superalloys. Such components, which include combustors and turbine nozzles (vanes) and buckets (blades), are under strenuous high temperature conditions during engine operation, which can lead to various types of damage or deterioration. For example, erosion, cracks and other surface discontinuities tend to develop at the trailing edges of airfoils (e.g., buckets and nozzles) during service due to foreign object impact (foreign object damage, or FOD). Because the material and processing costs of superalloys are relatively high, repair of damaged or worn superalloy components is typically preferred over replacement. For this purpose, weld repair methods have been developed using tungsten inert gas (TIG) and other welding processes. The first and second stage power nozzles of industrial gas turbine engines are notably prone to damage caused by impact with foreign objects. For purposes of discussion, a section of a nozzle segment 50 is represented in FIG. 1, in which multiple nozzle partitions 52 are supported between a pair of bands 54 . In a typical repair process, the nozzle segment 50 is removed and then undergoes repair by hand. The damaged area of the nozzle segment 50 may be a small surface region of the segment 50 , such as the trailing edge 58 of a partition 52 , or encompass a much larger area. If the former, the damaged area can be selectively removed by grinding using a high speed grinder with a burr attachment, while the latter may require removal of an entire partition 52 using a high speed grinder with an abrasive cutting disc. Each of these operations is labor-intensive, often requiring about four man-hours or more. After removal of the damaged area, the repair process is completed by welding and grinding. If a partial partition 52 has been removed, a replacement may be welded in its place. Smaller surface areas are repaired by TIG welding to build up a weldment that replaces the removed material. The welding process is followed by grinding in order to closely duplicate the original contours (e.g., suction and pressure surfaces) of the partition 52 . Weld repairs of air-cooled turbine components, such as the partitions 52 of FIG. 1, are further complicated by the presence of cooling holes 60 , which are typically formed at the trailing edge 58 by such drilling techniques as electrical-discharge machining (EDM) and laser machining. During welding, cooling holes 60 in the surfaces of a nozzle partition 52 are susceptible to blockage by weld filler material that enters the holes 60 . The performance of a partition is directly related to the ability to provide uniform cooling of its surfaces with a limited amount of cooling air. In particular, the size and shape of each hole 60 determine the amount of air flow exiting the hole 60 and the distribution of the air flow across the downstream surface of the partition 52 , and also affect the overall flow distribution within the cooling circuit containing the hole 60 . Consequently, it is important that the cooling holes 60 in a weld-repaired partition are substantially restored to their original size, shape and location. Methods for reestablishing cooling holes or blocking existing cooling holes are known, such as through the use of carbon rods. However, this technique challenges the welder in retaining the integrity of the weld around the carbon rod, and often requires rework. In view of the above, it can be seen that the removal and repair of a gas turbine airfoil component is labor-intensive, particularly with the added demand that the contours and cooling holes of the repair closely duplicate that of the original component. While various other approaches have been proposed for repairing nozzle partitions, such as in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,895,205 to Werner et al., there is an ongoing effort to develop improved repair methods. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention provides a method and apparatus for repairing an article, and particularly an air-cooled airfoil, during which at least a portion of the airfoil must be removed and replaced. The method and apparatus make use of a combined fluid-jet system and an electrical-discharge machining (EDM) system that enables the contours and cooling holes of a repaired airfoil to closely duplicate that of the original. The apparatus of this invention includes at least one workpiece holder adapted to position and secure an airfoil on the apparatus, a multi-axis head adapted for movement relative to an airfoil positioned and secured on the apparatus, a nozzle mounted to the multi-axis head and operable to remove at least a portion of the airfoil with a jet of fluid discharged therefrom, an electrical-discharge electrode mounted to the multi-axis head and operable to form surface holes in the airfoil by electrical-discharge machining, and means for controlling the movement of the multi-axis head. More particularly, the controlling means is operable to precisely position and move the nozzle relative to surface contours of the airfoil when removing the portion of the airfoil, and to precisely position and move the electrical-discharge electrode relative to surface contours of the airfoil when forming the surface holes in the airfoil. The above-described apparatus makes possible a method of repairing an air-cooled airfoil by positioning the airfoil on the apparatus, operating the multi-axis head to remove at least a portion of the airfoil by cutting the airfoil with a jet of fluid discharged from the nozzle mounted to the multi-axis head, removing the airfoil from the apparatus, welding the airfoil to form a replacement section that replaces the portion removed from the airfoil, positioning and securing the airfoil to the apparatus with a workpiece holder, and then operating the multi-axis head to form surface holes in the replacement section of the airfoil by electrical-discharge machining the replacement section with an electrical-discharge electrode mounted to the multi-axis head. In view of the above, the apparatus and method of the present invention are able to improve the productivity, quality and safety of the operation of repairing an air-cooled airfoil by combining equipment for two separate cutting operations on a single multi-axis head that is configured and controlled to be highly and precisely maneuverable. Use of a multi-axis head enables movement of both the fluid-jet nozzle and the electrical-discharge electrode to be controlled so as to precisely position and move the nozzle relative to surface contours of the airfoil when removing the portion of the airfoil, and later to precisely position and move the electrical-discharge electrode relative to surface contours of the airfoil when forming the surface holes in the repaired airfoil, based on contour data that can be stored by the apparatus. Other objects and advantages of this invention will be better appreciated from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 represents a section of a nozzle segment of an industrial gas turbine engine. FIG. 2 is a schematic elevational view of an apparatus that combines the functionalities of an EDM and waterjet in accordance with this invention. FIG. 3 is a more detailed schematic view of a multi-axis head of the apparatus of FIG. 2, on which an electrical-discharge electrode and waterjet nozzle are mounted in accordance with this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 is an apparatus 10 adapted to perform both waterjet and EDM machining operations on components, such as in the repair of an air-cooled airfoil to closely duplicate the contours and cooling holes of the original in accordance with a preferred aspect of this invention. While the apparatus 10 and the process performed by the apparatus 10 will be discussed in reference to repairing air-cooled nozzle partitions (such as the partitions 52 of FIG. 1 ), the apparatus 10 can be used to perform similar repair operations on other types of hardware, including various air-cooled components of other turbomachinery. The apparatus 10 includes a multi-axis head 12 suspended from a gantry 14 , and an EDM unit 16 and a waterjet unit 18 mounted to the head 12 . Aside from the EDM unit 16 and its associated equipment and controls, the apparatus 10 , including the head 12 and waterjet unit 18 , can be of a type commercially available. More preferably, the apparatus 10 is a modified adaptation of a waterjet cutting system equipped with a five-axis waterjet head that is commercially available from PAR Systems under the name Vector®. The PAR System waterjet cutting system provides a desirable and convenient foundation from the apparatus 10 of this invention can be built. Various features of this cutting system advantageously used in the apparatus 10 include a pressure capability of about 60,000 psi (about 4130 bar), a linear positioning accuracy of about +/−0.003 inch (about +/−75 micrometers), and the versatility of a five-axis positioning capability, which is particularly advantageous in view of the complex three-dimensional contours of airfoils. However, while the apparatus 10 is depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3 as being based on the PAR Systems waterjet cutting system, various other configurations are possible for the apparatus 10 . FIG. 2 shows the apparatus 10 as including a controller 20 , which can be of a type provided with the PAR System waterjet cutting system, e.g., preferably PC-based with standard CNC programming capability to control the movement of the head 12 using absolute and relative point coordinate data. A single handheld remote pendant 44 is provided with which the movement of the multi-axis head 12 can be controlled by a single operator. The controller 20 preferably stores coordinate data for the particular airfoil (not shown) to be processed, so that the head 12 can be operated to precisely position the EDM unit 16 , and optionally the water jet unit 18 , relative to the surface contours of the airfoil. The waterjet unit 18 shown in FIG. 3 includes a waterjet nozzle 22 mounted to the multi-axis head 12 . The nozzle 22 can be of any suitable type capable of discharging a jet stream capable of cutting through the material of the airfoil, e.g., nickel-base and cobalt-base superalloys commercially-known under the names GTD-222 and FSX-414, respectively. A high-pressure fluid line 24 delivers water (or another suitable fluid) to the nozzle 22 . A separate supply line 26 is provided for delivering to the nozzle 22 an abrasive media (e.g., garnet) of a type known and used to promote the cutting action of waterjets. The EDM unit 16 is shown as being supported on a side of the multi-axis head 12 opposite the waterjet nozzle 22 . As with the waterjet unit 18 , the EDM unit 16 can be of a type commercially available. More preferably, the EDM unit 16 is adapted from an EDM electrode machine commercially available from Ann Arbor Machine, Inc. While a particular type and configuration for the EDM unit 16 is represented in FIG. 3, it is foreseeable that various other configurations and types could be used. In the repair of airfoils such as the nozzle segment 50 of FIG. 1, the EDM unit 16 is intended to restore the cooling holes in a weld-repaired section of the airfoil such that the contours and cooling holes of the repaired section closely duplicate that of the original airfoil. It is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art to appropriately identify operational parameters for the EDM unit 16 that render the unit 16 capable of quickly penetrating the airfoil material to consistently produce accurately-sized cooling holes without distorting the surrounding material. FIG. 3 shows the EDM unit 16 as comprising an EDM head 28 modified to include a quick-position adapter plate 29 . The adapter plate 29 is secured with two quick-snap bushing and plug sets 31 to a second adapter plate 30 bolted to the multi-axis head 12 . The bushing and plug sets 31 enable the quick-position adapter plate to be quickly released from the adapter plate 30 , so that the EDM head 28 can be can be readily removed from the head 12 . As a result of the manner in which the quick-position adapter plate 29 is mounted, the head 28 generally has an inverted L-shape. An electrode guide 32 is mounted to the EDM head 28 , with the lower end of the guide 32 projecting below the lower end of the head 28 . The guide 32 can be of a conventional type for supporting one or more EDM electrodes 33 . A power source 34 is shown mounted to an upper end of the head 28 , by which voltage and current are supplied to the electrode 33 . The electrode 33 may be formed of graphite or another suitable material (e.g., brass), and preferably has a cross-sectional shape corresponding to the desired shape of the cooling holes to be machined in the airfoil. With the multi-axis head 12 , the electrode 33 can be precisely and repeatably positioned a specified distance from the surface of an airfoil to be machined, establishing a spark gap that is typically on the order of about 0.001 to about 0.003 inch (about 25 to about 75 micrometers). The power source 34 is operated to cause a charge to build up on the electrode 33 , which when sufficient causes an electrical current to jump the spark gap. Charge buildup and discharge is achieved by providing a suitable dielectric electrical-discharge medium between the electrode 33 and airfoil, such that material is removed from the airfoil by a sparking discharge action while the airfoil surface is being flushed with the medium. The medium can be delivered to the electrode-to-airfoil spark gap via appropriate plumbing through the center of the electrode 33 to the cutting contact surface. While oils have been widely used for this purpose, the present invention preferably makes use of partially deionized water. As used herein, partially deionized water has an electrical resistance that is greater than that of tap water, but less than that of pure distilled water. A preferred range for the electrical resistance of the water used with the present invention is about 1000 to about 1500 ohms per centimeter. According to commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,489,582 to Roedl et al., partially deionized water is a desirable medium for the EDM machining of cooling holes in air-cooled airfoils because, in addition to cooling the airfoil and aiding in removing the residual material machined therefrom, water is less likely to plug the cooling holes in comparison to oil-base media. Using partially deionized water as the machining medium, suitable EDM machining results can be achieved with the apparatus 10 of this invention by operating the power source 34 to supply an applied voltage of about 480 VAC to about 40 VDC operational at the tip of the electrode 33 with an applied current capable of generating about 120 amperes. In addition to its airfoil surface being flushed with partially deionized water, the nozzle segment is preferably immersed in a bath of partially deionized water during machining. For this purpose, FIG. 2 shows the apparatus 10 as including a catch tank system 38 comprising an EDM tank 42 within a larger tank 40 , the latter of which collects spent water from the waterjet operation. As such, the tank 40 can generally be of a type conventionally used in waterjet cutting systems, such as the PAR System unit discussed above. The EDM tank 42 is preferably adapted to be placed within the larger tank 40 when needed for the EDM operation, so that the EDM head 28 can be positioned over the EDM tank 42 , with a workpiece holder 36 (schematically represented in FIG. 3 ), nozzle segment, and lower end of the electrode 33 submersed in the EDM tank 42 so that partially deionized water within the tank 42 is present in the spark gap between the electrode 33 and the surface of the partition being machined. The EDM tank 42 collects the partially deionized water used in the EDM operation, and then delivers the collected water to a deionizing system (not shown) that supplies the EDM operation. The EDM tank 42 is preferably equipped with a float valve (not shown) for controlling the water level within the tank 42 , and sensors (not shown) for monitoring the electrical resistance of the partially deionized water. As discussed above, the apparatus 10 is particularly adapted to repair air-cooled nozzle segments of a gas turbine engine. The section of a nozzle segment 50 represented in FIG. 1 comprises multiple partitions 52 (airfoils), each of which is at last partially hollow, with cooling holes 60 present in the airfoil wall generally along the trailing edges 58 of the partitions 52 . In service, cooling air is forced into the hollow interior of the partitions 52 and exits through the cooling holes 60 , with the effect that the temperature of each partition 52 is minimized through a combination of heat transfer and film cooling. When repair of a partition 52 is necessary, the region most likely to need replacement is the airfoil trailing edge 58 , encompassing the region in which the cooling holes 60 are present, though any surface region of a partition 52 may require repair, from the trailing edge 58 forward to the leading edge 56 , and the suction and pressure surfaces therebetween. Removal of a damaged portion of a partition is performed after the nozzle segment is removed from the turbomachine in which it is installed. The nozzle segment is placed on an appropriate support or fixture (e.g., a platform or a specially adapted workpiece holder similar to the holder 36 of FIG. 3) in the waterjet tank 40 . The EDM tank 42 is preferably removed from the waterjet tank 40 for this part of the operation, so as to permit relatively conventional operation of the waterjet unit 18 . The operator then controls the position of the waterjet nozzle 22 relative to the nozzle segment through the controller 20 and pendant 44 . Depending on the particular application, the waterjet nozzle 22 is typically positioned about 0.25 to about 0.30 cm from the surface of the partition (or another region of the segment that requires repair), and then traversed across the surface of the partition to cut a preselected damaged region from the partition using waterjet parameters (e.g., pressure, jet diameter and traversal rate) appropriate for the partition (e.g., based on material, thickness, etc.). During this operation, the operator can use the pendant 44 to visually position the waterjet nozzle 22 relative to the surface being cut. Alternatively, the controller 20 could be used to control the movement of the multi-axis head 12 so that the waterjet nozzle 22 is precisely positioned and moved relative to the surface contours of the partition, based on the stored coordinate data of the nozzle 22 . Once the intended damaged region is removed (e.g., the trailing edge of the partition), the nozzle segment is removed from the apparatus 10 and undergoes a welding repair operation by which a replacement section is fabricated, such as by building up a weldment or welding a preformed insert in place. In either case, the welding operation preferably yields a replacement section that is as close as practical to the final aerodynamic shape desired for the partition, though additional grinding, etc., may be necessary for this purpose. However, the cooling holes having the appropriate shape and size required to achieve adequate air cooling of the partition cannot be readily produced or maintained during the welding repair operation. For this purpose, the nozzle segment is placed on the workpiece holder 36 of the EDM tank 42 , which has now been positioned within the larger waterjet tank 40 , and the multi-axis head 12 is operated with the pendant 44 and controller 20 to appropriately control the position and orientation of the electrode 33 relative to the surface of the partition before operating the EDM unit 16 to electrical-discharge machine the desired cooling holes in the replacement section of the partition. As previously noted, the EDM operation is performed while partially deionized water is present as the dielectric medium between the replacement section and the electrode 33 . As with the waterjet cutting operation, the multi-axis head 12 is controlled during this step of the operation, though at this time the movement of the multi-axis head 12 is controlled to precisely position and move the electrode 33 relative to surface contours of the partition based on the stored coordinate data that precisely locates the surface of the partition relative to the electrode 33 . While the invention has been described in terms of a particular embodiment, it is apparent that other forms could be adopted by one skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an improved composition for producing synthetic, flammable compositions which are in the shape of fireplace logs which utilize by-products (sawdust and petroleum waxes) along with common waste materials generated in the formation of wax treated food packaging materials, particularly corrugated cardboard cartons. These materials and other such used materials provided for disposal are not readily recyclable. Also disclosed are processes for forming the artificial logs. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Fireplaces have been used in homes over the years for providing heat as well as to provide a desired ambiance. While wood and coal have been the primary fuels for burning in fireplaces, in the recent past there has been an increasing demand for synthetic or artificial fireplace logs. These logs are easier to purchase and store, provide better Btu/lb value than wood or coal, are easier to light, safer to use with virtually no maintenance during burning, and can be used to build fires of a known duration, generally from 2 hours to 4+ hours. These logs are usually manufactured by combining a carrier material, usually of cellulosic origin, such as sawdust, with a combustible binder/fuel such as a petroleum wax. Over the years there have also been several attempts to use a variety of agricultural and industrial waste products as the carrier material. Thus for example: U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,419 describes the use of rice hulls or shredded paper as partial or total replacements for sawdust. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,843,336 and 3,880,611 utilized reclaimed pulp and Northern Kraft paper beater stock respectively as sawdust substitutes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,040,796 describes logs composed of ground bark and peanut shells. U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,765 described crushed nut shells, straw, paper pulp, and cotton waste as suitable substitutes for sawdust. U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,666 provided firelog formulations in which sawdust is substituted with shredded newsprint. Some other sawdust substitutes described in various U.S. Patents are sawdust splinters, cotton linter and charcoal powder (U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,210), bagasse, chopped straw, waste paper in pulp, shredded or flaked form, sphagnum moss, nut shells, coffee grounds, fibrous residue left after fruit or vegetable juice extraction, cotton waste, and bark (U.S. Pat. No. 4,326,854), green sawdust, coal liquid, and sorghum (U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,738), and grass clippings and leaves with chipped and ground branches and twigs (U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,310). The cellulose material is then combined with wax to form a log-like structure. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,297,419 the synthetic log comprises wax (the flame supporting material) and sawdust (the filler or extender) and a binder/fuel. Paraffin wax is preferred as the flame supporting material and the preferred binder/fuel is microcrystalline wax. Use of slack wax which contains both the paraffin wax and the microcrystalline wax is also disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 3,637,355 is primarily directed to pyrogenic coloring matter, primarily chlorinated vinyl polymers applied to a sawdust/wax log. added to color the flame. U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,655 also discloses use of a pyrogenic colorant added to a sawdust /wax log. U.S. Pat. No. 4,169,709 discloses the use of a metallic per chlorate to color the flame. While each of the prior disclosed compositions can be used to prepare artificial logs which perform substantially as expected, there is a need to produce these products from less expensive materials while at the same time using waste materials which to a great extent end up in land fill because they have very limited recyclability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention consists of the use of waxed cardboard or paper products with a petroleum wax binder/fuel, possibly blended with sawdust. The waxed cardboard material is of the type used for packaging food stuff, such as fruit and vegetables, the wax being a food grade wax, generally a paraffin wax. Alternative materials include waxed cups, plates, wrapping paper and various other food contacting wax treated paper product s. The material, either alone or blended with sawdust, is heated to 100-190° F. to liquefy the paraffin wax for mixing with the added petroleum wax binder/fuel, or possibly blended at ambient temperature with the added petroleum wax binder/fuel at 205-210° F. In either case, the added petroleum wax binder/fuel is in the range of 10-70% of the total binder/fuel in the product. In other words, the artificial log is formed from cellulose in the form of cardboard with the possible addition of sawdust, and a mixture of paraffin from the card board and additional petroleum wax (binder/fuel). The wax treated cardboard is a significant waste product in land fills as there are no major useful recycle products utilizing the waste cardboard. It is an object of this invention to produce a synthetic fireplace log utilizing waxed corrugated cardboard, the waxed cardboard being of the type where the cardboard boxes are treated or impregnated with a significant amount of food grade paraffin wax for shipping meats, vegetables, fruits, etc. in refrigerated trucks and cars. The presence of paraffin wax renders them unsuitable for conventional recycling, and often they end up in land fills. Another object of the invention is to produce synthetic fireplace logs that are environmentally friendly by utilizing waxed corrugated cardboard that currently ends up in land fills because of unsuitability for conventional recycling. A further object and advantage of the invention is to reduce manufacturing cost by fully utilizing the paraffin wax already present in association with the cardboard, which results in lesser quantities of added binder/fuel materials such as petroleum waxes. None of the above noted prior patents use waxed corrugated cardboard as the cellulosic filler or extender. Only two of the above cited references use cardboard, one impregnated with flammable materials for use as an igniter strip (U.S. Pat. No. 4,043,765) and the other as a relatively non-flammable paperboard sheath to retain the flammable core material (U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,011). DESCRIPTION The above objects are achieved in the preferred embodiment, by specially preparing and processing waxed cardboard along with a binder/fuel and possibly sawdust. In particular, a suitable composition contains 72 parts of corrugated cardboard treated with 10-40% paraffin wax to 28 parts sawdust, and sufficient petroleum wax binder/fuel to bring the total wax content of the composition to about 40% to 65%. Composition--Cardboard boxes treated with paraffin wax are often used for packing, storing and shipping vegetables, fruits, meats and other foodstuff. in refrigerated trucks and railroad cars. Typical waxed cardboard boxes are treated with more than 10% paraffin wax making those containers unsuitable for conventional recycling. Preferred cartons contain about 30% paraffin wax. Suitable sources of waxed cardboard include box production quality control rejects, carton fabrication waste and trimmings as well as cardboard boxes discarded after the produce reaches its destination, such as the retailers, supermarkets, warehouses, restaurants, and other large scale users. Because edible goods are packaged in these cartons, the paraffin wax used to treat the cardboard is generally of food grade, with a melting point of 120° F. or more. For the formation of artificial logs, cardboard material treated with paraffin waxes having a melting point range of 120°-160° F. are considered most suitable, since those paraffin waxes when combined with petroleum waxes, whether single or mixed, produce a blended wax which is not only suitable for binding the cardboard together, but also serves as an additional fuel in the formation of firelogs with desired burning properties. The fiber portion of the firelogs is primarily the waxed cardboard, mixed with varying proportions of wood fiber. Waxed cardboard material containing 10 to 40% paraffin wax can be used to produce a molded or extrudable mass which, when mixed with sawdust from a variety of species of woods in proportions varying from 1% to 100% of waxed cardboard material to 99% to 0% of wood fiber, possibly with a suitable added binder/fuel; produces a suitable flammable, artificial log. However, a waxed cardboard to wood fiber ratio of 72 to 28 is preferred. Sawdust from a variety of hardwoods (such as Oak) or softwoods (such as pine, incense-cedar, etc.), could be used. However, sawdust containing no more than 50% particles finer than or passing, through U.S. Sieve #70 is preferred. The preferred binding materials are petroleum waxes that are predominantly microcrystalline in nature having a congealing point ranging from 90° to 180° F. A suitable shapable mass (prepared by extrusion, molding, compression or otherwise formed) can be produced by controlling the amount of total binder/fuel (including the paraffin wax present in the cardboard) from 25% to 75%, while 58% to 65% total binder/fuel is preferred. Processing conditions--The waxed cardboard is processed into a particulate or granular form so that it can be effectively mixed with varying proportions of wood fiber in the form of sawdust and chips from different species of woods. The blend is then heated, either alone or along with the wood fiber, to a temperature at least 20° F. higher than the melting point of the paraffin wax associated with the cardboard so that the paraffin wax is readily flowable for blending in situ with the binder/fuel wax. Various different appropriate industrial shredders, choppers, granulators, and other comminuting equipment are commercially available which are capable of suitable size reduction of the waxed cardboard. While shredded material resembling the output from a typical shredder is suitable (about 1/16 inch to 1/2 inch in size), the preferred final product (granulated) passes through a 4-5 mm or 1/4 inch screen resulting in a product having less than 10% particles or fines, which pass through US Sieve #40 (smaller than 425 microns). This can be accomplished in one stage using industrial granulators equipped with appropriate screens to produce the desired size distribution. The total percentage of the smaller particles or "fines" smaller than 425 microns (either alone or in combination with similar particles in the wood fiber) determines the characteristics and composition of the binder/fuel which is added, and the hardness and performance characteristics of the final product. Alternatively, the waxed cardboard can be processed in a hammer mill. This is also accomplished in two stages, viz., initial shredding using an appropriate industrial shredder, followed by feeding into a conventional hammer mill, preferably simultaneously along with some sawdust to reduce wax buildup on the knives and the screen. The result is a pulverized material that is a little fluffier in character resembling cotton linter in texture. The waxed cardboard material processed as described above is then heated along with the wood fiber by tumbling in a steam jacketed mixer or a steam jacketed continuous mill. The mixing and blending can be in a batch mode or a continuous operation. Preferably, the waxed cardboard and sawdust mixture is heated to a temperature well above (at least more than 20° F.) the melting point of the paraffin wax in the cardboard before mixing it with additional binder/fuel material. After the waxed cardboard and sawdust mixture has reached the appropriate temperature, the additional binder/fuel is added and the blend is maintained at about 190° F. with mixing. An alternative procedure is to thoroughly mix the comminuted waxed cardboard and sawdust at ambient temperature and then add hot binder/fuel previously heated to about 205° F. to 210° F. After a period of thorough mixing, the material is allowed to cool to a temperature below 100° F., with the selected temperature being determined by the nature of the components in the resulting mass, and the operating parameters of the subsequent processing technique (extrusion, molding, compression etc.) used to form the synthetic logs. One approach for adding the binder/fuel is to spray the appropriate hot binder/fuel wax (about 205° to 210° F.) on to the comminuted, granulated, shredded or pulverized waxed cardboard with or without added sawdust using a gear pump and a manifold with spray nozzles and then add the sawdust to the cardboard/wax mix. This results in a better mixture of the fiber and the binder/fuel. Again, this could be accomplished in a batch mixer or a continuous mill. After a period of thorough mixing, the material can be further processed to form firelogs. The logs can be formed using typical techniques used to form or mold plastics or pulp paper products, such as papier mache. A preferred process is to extrude the composition into suitable shapes, such as cylindrical or similar shapes, and cut it into desired lengths. A second approach, to make product which has the rough, bark-like outer appearance of a log, possibly with stubs of cut-off branches is to extrude or pour the hot, comminuted cardboard/wax mixture into a mold having the desired shape and texture. A still further approach is to subject a partially solidified but formable mass to compression. Alternatively, the forming techniques could be combined (i.e., extrude a cylinder and subject the cut, cylindrical shape to compression molding). One skilled in the art will recognize that numerous different techniques can be used to form the hot or cold (ambient temperature) mixture into any desired shape. Also the logs can be formed in either a batch or a continuous process. Table 1 below lists various different combinations of materials and operating conditions which have been found to be suitable for producing synthetic logs with various different performance characteristics. Referring to the table below, waxed cardboard (WCB) was comminuted to the form listed as WCB Form, and the combination of WCB and sawdust (SD) was either pre-heated and blended with hot wax binder/fuel (WB), or the WCB and SD at ambient temperature was blended with hot wax binder/fuel. The temperature and time are set forth under Blend. An indication of whether the processing is batch or continuous is set forth under process. Any additional processing or materials added following immediately after the Blend step are listed as Additional Steps. The composition of the final product and comments regarding the nature, appearance or performance of the artificial log formed is listed under Comments. For example, in Experiment 1, which is a batch process, 72 parts of a waxed cardboard containing 28% wax was granulated, blended with 28 parts of sawdust, pre-heated to 135° F. and mixed with 55% of a petroleum binder/fuel wax at 190° F. (the WCB and SD together constituting 45%) for 3-10 minutes to achieve thorough mixing. The mix was then allowed to cool to about 85° F. and extruded into appropriate shape. The final product would weigh about 5-lb., and consisted of 64% wax and 36% fibrous material (wax free cardboard and sawdust) where approximately 67% of the fiber was from the cardboard and 33% was from the sawdust. The resultant product, upon combustion in a fireplace gave a suitable flame which lasted for about 3 hours. The other experiments disclose various different compositions and processing conditions to produce various different end products. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________REPRESENTATIVE OPERATING CONDITIONSExperiment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8__________________________________________________________________________WCB + SD 45% 100% 53% 49% 41% 45% 45% 60%WCB, parts 50% Cardboard 71% Wax 29WCB Form pulverized granulated granulated granulated granulated granulated granulated shreddedSawdust (SD) parts 50Wax binder/fuel 40%Wax binder/fuel temp. 0 190° F. 190° F. 210° F. 190° F.WCB/SD temp. 135° F° F. 135° F.Blend Heat ° F. --80° F. 180° F.Time, min 3-10ous 3-10uous continuousProcess batch batch continuous batch batchus continuousAdditional Steps compresssion extrusion extrusion extrusion extrusion extrusion extrusionFinal Prod. Weight 3 lbFinal Prod., % CB Fiber 25% Sawdust 25%Wax 50Comments bruns for burns for burns up burns for burns for burns for burns for burns for 3 hrs 3 hrs. to 4 hrs 3 hrs 3 hrs 3 hrs 2 hrs__________________________________________________________________________ The foregoing is meant to illustrate, but not to limit, the scope of the invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art can readily envision and produce further embodiments, based on the teachings herein, without undue experimentation. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its essential characteristics. The described embodiment is to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not as restrictive. For example, one skilled in the art will recognize that various additives can be blended with the mix to create logs of different appearances, other fibrous materials can be used in place of the sawdust and binder/fuel materials may be used with or in place of the petroleum wax binder/fuel. Therefore, the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of the equivalence of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

4y

BACKGROUND [0001] The field of the disclosure relates generally to wing assemblies, and, more particularly, to rotary drive assemblies for rotating a wing tip relative to a wing body. [0002] The number of available airports that an aircraft is able to operate out of is typically limited, at least in part, by the size of the aircraft. Specifically, hanger and runway dimensions may prevent relatively large aircraft from operating out of smaller airports. For example, airports may be classified into different groups based on the permitted wingspans. [0003] Accordingly, at least some known wing assemblies enable an aircraft to decrease its wingspan once the aircraft has landed, allowing to aircraft to operate out of smaller airports. For example, at least some known wing assemblies facilitate rotating a wing tip relatively to the remainder of the wing to shorten the overall length of the wing. However, known assemblies may include a direct drive system that places relatively large strains on the rotation mechanism. Further, known assemblies may require relatively large and/or complex components that may be too large to fit within the wing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION [0004] In one aspect a rotary drive assembly is provided. The assembly includes a tip hinge box, a body hinge box pivotably coupled to the tip hinge box, a rotary actuator positioned within the body hinge box, and a linkage mechanism coupled between the rotary actuator and the tip hinge box, the linkage mechanism including a first linkage fixedly coupled to the rotary actuator, and a second linkage coupled between the first linkage and the tip hinge box, wherein rotation of the rotary actuator causes the tip hinge box to rotate relative to the body hinge box. [0005] In another aspect, a wing assembly for an aircraft is provided. The wing assembly includes a wing body, a wing tip, and a rotary drive assembly coupling the wing body to the wing tip such that the wing tip is rotatable with respect to the wing body. The rotary drive assembly includes a tip hinge box extending from the wing tip, a body hinge box extending from the wing body and pivotably coupled to the tip hinge box, a rotary actuator positioned within the body hinge box, and a linkage mechanism coupled between the rotary actuator and the tip hinge box, said linkage mechanism including a first linkage fixedly coupled to the rotary actuator, and a second linkage coupled between the first linkage and the tip hinge box, wherein rotation of the rotary actuator causes the wing tip to rotate relative to the wing body. [0006] In yet another aspect a method of assembling a rotary drive assembly configured to rotate a wing tip relative to a wing body is provided. The method includes coupling a body hinge box extending from the wing body to a tip hinge box extending from the wing tip, positioning a rotary actuator within the body hinge box, and coupling a linkage mechanism between the rotary actuator and the tip hinge box, the linkage mechanism including a first linkage fixedly coupled to the rotary actuator and a second linkage coupled between the first linkage and the tip hinge box such that rotation of the rotary actuator causes the tip hinge box to rotate relative to the body hinge box. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0007] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of an exemplary aircraft production and service methodology. [0008] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an aircraft. [0009] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a wing assembly that may be used with the aircraft shown in FIG. 2 . [0010] FIGS. 4-6 are perspective views of an exemplary rotary drive assembly that may be used with the wing assembly shown in FIG. 3 . [0011] FIG. 7 is a perspective partial cut-away view of the rotary drive assembly shown in FIG. 4 . [0012] FIGS. 8-10 are side views of the rotary drive assembly shown in FIG. 4 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0013] The systems and methods described herein provide a rotary drive assembly for a wing tip. The assembly includes a body hinge box coupled to a tip hinge box. A rotary actuator rotates the tip hinge box via a linkage mechanism. Notably, the linkage mechanism provides a mechanical advantage, putting less stress on the rotary actuator and facilitating the use of a relatively small rotary actuator. [0014] Referring more particularly to the drawings, implementations of the disclosure may be described in the context of an aircraft manufacturing and service method 100 as shown in FIG. 1 and an aircraft 102 as shown in FIG. 2 . During pre-production, exemplary method 100 may include specification and design 104 of aircraft 102 and material procurement 106 . During production, component and subassembly manufacturing 108 and system integration 110 of aircraft 102 takes place. Thereafter, aircraft 102 may go through certification and delivery 112 in order to be placed in service 114 . While in service by a customer, aircraft 102 is scheduled for routine maintenance and service 116 (which may also include modification, reconfiguration, refurbishment, and so on). [0015] Each of the processes of method 100 may be performed or carried out by a system integrator, a third party, and/or an operator (e.g., a customer). For the purposes of this description, a system integrator may include without limitation any number of aircraft manufacturers and major-system subcontractors; a third party may include without limitation any number of venders, subcontractors, and suppliers; and an operator may be an airline, leasing company, military entity, service organization, and so on. [0016] As shown in FIG. 2 , aircraft 102 produced by exemplary method 100 may include an airframe 118 with a plurality of systems 120 and an interior 122 . Examples of high-level systems 120 include one or more of a propulsion system 124 , an electrical system 126 , a hydraulic system 128 , and an environmental system 130 . Any number of other systems may be included. Although an aerospace example is shown, the principles of the disclosure may be applied to other industries, such as the automotive industry. [0017] Apparatuses and methods implemented herein may be employed during any one or more of the stages of production and service method 100 . For example, components or subassemblies corresponding to production process 108 may be fabricated or manufactured in a manner similar to components or subassemblies produced while aircraft 102 is in service. Also, one or more apparatus implementations, method implementations, or a combination thereof may be utilized during production stages 108 and 110 , for example, by substantially expediting assembly of or reducing the cost of aircraft 102 . Similarly, one or more of apparatus implementations, method implementations, or a combination thereof may be utilized while the aircraft 102 is in service, for example and without limitation, to maintenance and service 116 . [0018] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of an exemplary wing assembly 300 that includes a wing body 302 and a wing tip 304 . Wing assembly 300 may be included, for example, on aircraft 102 (shown in FIG. 2 ). Wing body 302 extends from a first end 306 to a second end 308 , and wing tip extends from a first end 310 to a second end 312 . Wing body second end 308 is rotatably coupled to wing tip first end 310 using a rotary drive assembly 320 , as described in detail. More specifically, wing tip 304 is selectively rotatable between a first position (shown in FIG. 3 ), in which wing tip 304 is oriented substantially parallel to wing body 302 , and a second position, in which wing tip 304 is oriented upright and substantially orthogonal to wing body 302 . [0019] Accordingly, by rotating wing tip 304 from the first position to the second position, an overall length, L, of wing assembly 300 is reduced. During flight, wing tip 304 is fixed in the first position. However, once aircraft 102 lands, wing tip 304 may be switched to the second position. Thus, the overall profile of aircraft 102 can be reduced during ground maneuvers (e.g., taxiing, parking, etc.). Accordingly, because the profile of aircraft 102 is reducible upon landing, aircraft 102 may be certified to operate out of smaller airports (e.g., airports that aircraft 102 would be too large to operate out of without rotating wing tip 304 ). [0020] FIGS. 4-6 are perspective views of rotary drive assembly 320 . In the exemplary implementation, rotary drive assembly 320 includes a body hinge box 402 that extends from wing body 302 and a tip hinge box 404 that extends from wing tip 304 . As shown in FIG. 4 , body hinge box 402 is coupled to tip hinge box 404 in an interlocking relationship. Specifically, in the exemplary implementation body hinge box 402 is coupled to tip hinge box 404 using bushings 410 . Each bushing 410 extends through apertures formed in body hinge box 402 and tip hinge box 404 . Alternatively, body hinge box 402 may be coupled to tip hinge box 404 using any connection mechanism(s) that enables rotary drive assembly 320 to function as described herein. A skin (not shown) of aircraft 102 covers components of rotary drive assembly 320 to protect rotary drive assembly 320 . [0021] To rotate wing tip 304 between first and second positions, body hinge box 402 rotates with respect to tip hinge box 404 , as described herein. In FIG. 4 , wing tip 304 is in the first position, in FIG. 5 , wing tip 304 is in an intermediate position between the first and second positions, and in FIG. 6 , wing tip 304 is in the second position. [0022] As seen best in FIGS. 5 and 6 , in the exemplary implementation, a pair of fittings 414 are coupled to tip hinge box 404 . Each fitting 414 includes two apertures 416 defined therein. When wing tip 304 is placed in the first position, four latch pins (not shown) extend from wing body 302 and are received in respective apertures 416 , locking wing tip 304 in the first position. [0023] FIG. 7 is a perspective partial cut-away view of rotary drive assembly 320 . Further, in FIG. 7 , wing tip 304 and tip hinge box 404 have been removed for clarity. As shown in FIG. 7 , rotary drive assembly 320 includes a rotary actuator 430 housed within body hinge box 402 . In the exemplary implementation, rotary actuator 430 is a geared rotary actuator (GRA). Alternatively, rotary actuator 430 may be any type of actuator that enables rotary drive assembly 320 to function as described herein. [0024] Rotary actuator 430 enables rotary drive assembly 320 to move wing tip 304 between the first and second positions. Specifically, a drive shaft 432 extends into wing body 302 and is coupled to rotary actuator 430 . Further, a linkage mechanism 434 is coupled between rotary actuator 430 and tip hinge box 404 . When drive shaft 432 drives rotary actuator 430 , rotary actuator 430 rotates linkage mechanism 434 , rotating tip hinge box 404 , and accordingly, wing tip 304 . [0025] In the exemplary implementation, linkage mechanism 434 includes a first linkage 440 and a second linkage 442 . First linkage 440 is fixedly coupled to rotary actuator 430 such that first linkage 440 rotates when rotary actuator 430 rotates. In the exemplary implementation, as shown in FIG. 7 , first linkage 440 includes a pin 450 that extends between two parallel arms 452 at a first end 456 of first linkage 440 . Pin 450 is coupled to rotary actuator 430 also extends into an aperture 458 formed in body hinge box 402 . Pin 450 rotates freely within aperture 458 such that first linkage 440 rotates with respect to body hinge box 402 . Alternatively, first linkage 440 may have any configuration that enables rotary drive assembly 320 to function as described herein. [0026] A first end 470 of second linkage 442 is rotatably coupled to a second end 460 of first linkage 440 . Specifically, second linkage 442 includes a pin 472 that is received in apertures 462 formed in arms 452 of first linkage 440 . Pin 472 rotates freely within apertures 462 such that second linkage 442 rotates with respect to first linkage 440 . A second end 474 of second linkage 442 is rotatably coupled to tip hinge box 404 , such that tip hinge box 404 rotates when second linkage 442 rotates. [0027] FIGS. 8-10 are side views of rotary drive assembly 320 . In FIG. 8 , tip hinge box 404 is in the first position (corresponding to FIG. 4 ), in FIG. 9 , tip hinge box 404 is in the intermediate position between the first and second positions (corresponding to FIG. 5 ), and in FIG. 10 , tip hinge box 404 is in the second position (corresponding to FIG. 6 ). [0028] As shown in FIGS. 8-10 , rotating first linkage 440 with respect to body hinge box 402 causes tip hinge box 404 to rotate with respect to body hinge box 402 . Specifically, first linkage 440 rotates, causing second linkage 442 , which in turn causes tip hinge box 404 to rotate. [0029] As shown in FIG. 8 , rotary actuator 430 rotates about a first axis 800 , and tip hinge box 404 rotates with respect to body hinge box 402 about a second axis 802 . Notably, first axis 800 is offset with respect to second axis 802 . Accordingly, rotary drive assembly 320 provides a mechanical advantage. For example, in one implementation for every 160 degrees that rotary actuator 430 rotates, tip hinge box 404 , and consequently, tip 304 , rotates 80 degrees. This requires less force from rotary actuator 430 than if rotary actuator 430 operated on second axis 802 to directly rotate tip 402 . Accordingly, rotary actuator 430 may be smaller than a direct-drive rotary actuator, which enables rotary actuator 430 to fit within body hinge box 402 . [0030] The implementations described herein provide a rotary drive assembly for a wing tip. The assembly includes a body hinge box coupled to a tip hinge box. A rotary actuator rotates the tip hinge box via a linkage mechanism. Notably, the linkage mechanism provides a mechanical advantage, putting less stress on the rotary actuator and facilitating the use of a relatively small rotary actuator. [0031] The implementations described herein provide improvements over at least some known wing assemblies. As compared to at least some known wing assemblies, the rotary drive assembly described herein includes a configuration that provides a mechanical advantage for a rotary actuator. Accordingly, while at least some known wing assemblies utilize a direct drive configuration (i.e., with little or no mechanical advantage), the systems and methods described herein facilitate reducing strain on the rotary actuator. Further, because of the linkage mechanism described herein, the size of the rotary actuator can be reduced, as compared to at least some known wing assemblies. [0032] This written description uses examples to disclose various implementations, which include the best mode, to enable any person skilled in the art to practice those implementations, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

4y

The present invention relates to fire hydrants which include additional valving in order to render more difficult the task of introducing toxins into a water supply. BACKGROUND Conventional fire hydrants offer access to a municipal water supply in a manner in which operatives with ill intent may appreciate. Briefly, conventional fire hydrants include at least one nozzle for coupling to a fire hose. The nozzle is closed off by a threaded cap when the hydrant is not in use. The hydrant also includes a hydrant valve which controls flow of water from the water supply to and through the hydrant, through the nozzle, and into the fire hose. Conventionally, the barrel of the hydrant between the nozzle and the hydrant valve, which is in the lower portion of the hydrant, accommodates several gallons of fluid. Accordingly, it is possible to unscrew a nozzle cap, introduce gallons of toxin, reattach the nozzle cap and open the hydrant valve to allow the toxins to communicate with and flow by gravity and perhaps at least to some extent by Bernoulli's principle, into the municipal water supply, since when the nozzle cap is attached, water pressure from the water supply would not force the toxins back out of the hydrant. SUMMARY One or more of various structures and embodiments according to the present invention may be introduced between the nozzle and the hydrant valve in order to make it more difficult or impossible to introduce toxins to a water supply through a fire hydrant. Structures such as valves according to various embodiments of the present invention permit flow of water when a nozzle is open and the hydrant valve is open, but prevent or substantially prevent flow of water through the valve and thus close off portions of the hydrant barrel when a nozzle is open but the hydrant valve is closed. Valves or other structure according to various embodiments of the present invention are preferably introduced between the lowest nozzle in the hydrant and the main hydrant valve. They may form at least two general types: (1) Valves which operate logically as an “and” gate to open only when both the hydrant valve and at least one nozzle is open but to be closed at all other times; and (2) Valves which operate in concert with the hydrant valve. Preferably, valves according to various embodiments of the present invention are located in the vicinity of the bottom of the lowest nozzle in the hydrant. It is accordingly an object of various embodiments of the present invention to provide additional structure for fire hydrants in order to reduce the possibility of toxins being introduced into a water supply. It is an additional object of various embodiments of the present invention to provide structures for retrofitting into fire hydrants in order to reduce the possibility of toxins being introduced into a water supply. It is an additional object of various embodiments of the present invention to provide structure interposed between nozzles of fire hydrants and their hydrant valves, through which water actually flows when at least one nozzle and the hydrant valve is open. Other objects, features, and advantages of various embodiments of the present invention will become apparent with respect to the remainder of this document. BRIEF DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a cross section of one version of a conventional fire hydrant with nozzle cap removed and hydrant valve closed. FIG. 2 shows toxins being introduced into the nozzle of the hydrant of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 shows the cap replaced on the nozzle of the hydrant of FIG. 1 after toxins have been introduced. FIG. 4 shows opening of the hydrant valve of the hydrant of FIG. 1 after toxins have been introduced and the nozzle closed. FIG. 5 shows toxins being introduced into a water supply as a result of the sequence shown in FIGS. 1-4 . FIG. 6 shows the hydrant of FIG. 1 , which can be any conventional hydrant, which includes one embodiment of a second valve according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 shows the second valve of FIG. 6 opening as the nozzle cap is removed and the hydrant valve opened. FIG. 8 shows the second valve open as water flows through the hydrant valve, the hydrant, the second valve, and the nozzle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a conventional fire hydrant 10 . Hydrant 10 typically includes a substantially vertical barrel 12 through which water may flow from a water main to a fire hose given certain circumstances as discussed generally below. At one end of the barrel 12 is a hydrant valve 14 which controllably interrupts fluid flow between a water supply 16 and the barrel 12 . At the upper end of the barrel 12 may be found a cap structure 18 which can include, for instance, a housing cover 20 and an operating nut 22 which rotates within the housing cover. The operating nut 22 includes threads which receive threads on an actuator rod 24 which in turn connects to the hydrant valve 14 . Not only does the cap structure 18 seal the top portion of the barrel 12 in waterproof fashion, but operating nut 22 may be used by fire fighters or others to open the hydrant valve 14 via actuator rod 24 . Hydrant 10 includes at least one nozzle 26 and can include more nozzles 26 . Each nozzle 26 may be closed with a cap 28 such as a threaded cap. The hydrant may also include breakaway structure such as a traffic feature 30 . In normal operation, the hydrant 10 may be employed as follows to help fight fires, provide refreshing summer breaks for overheated urban citizens and/or their offspring, participants in road races, or for other purposes or beneficiaries. First, a hose (not shown) may be connected to nozzle 26 , usually in a threaded fashion after the cap 28 has been removed (See, e.g., FIG. 1 ). Then, after the hose is connected, operating nut 22 may be rotated with a wrench to cause actuator rod 24 to push down on relevant portions of hydrant valve 14 in order to open hydrant valve 14 (See, e.g., FIG. 4 ). When valve 14 opens, water flows from the water supply 16 through hydrant valve 14 through barrel 12 , out nozzle 26 into the hose and accordingly toward its desired application or destination. However, hydrant 10 may also be the subject of attention from miscreants who have the temerity to attempt to introduce toxins into a public water supply. Such concerns have heightened since the date known as “9-11” (Sep. 11, 2001) when terrorists activities became the focus of heightened concern. Accordingly, the need for structures according to various embodiments of the present invention became more apparent after that bellweather event, even if the were foreseen by the inventor named in this document beforehand. More particularly, a person with ill design can attempt to introduce toxins into a water supply 16 taking advantage of the fact that the barrel 12 of a hydrant 10 between the nozzle 26 and the hydrant valve 14 can accommodate several gallons of liquid. Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 1-4 , a malefactor can unscrew cap 28 as shown in FIG. 1 , introduce toxins as shown in FIG. 2 , screw the cap back on as shown in FIG. 3 , and open the hydrant valve 14 as shown in FIG. 4 . When the nozzle 26 or all nozzles 26 are closed off and the valve opened, the liquid in the valve can communicate with liquid in the water supply 16 in order to foul the water supply 16 to the potential detriment of all those whose facilities are in communication with such water supply 16 . Various structures according to various embodiments of the present invention prevent or reduce the possibility of such unworthy and direct reprobatory activity. Generally, various structures according to various embodiments of the present invention introduce physical structure between nozzle 26 and hydrant valve 14 through which water flows only when a nozzle 26 and hydrant valve 14 are open. Alternatively or in combination, such structure may close off portions of the barrel 12 below the nozzle 26 in order to deprive miscreants of a space into which to load toxins before closing the nozzle 26 and opening the valve 14 . According to a first embodiment shown in FIGS. 6-8 , a second valve 32 according to the present invention operates in logical fashion as an and gate, the logical operands being at least partial openness of both the nozzle 26 and the hydrant valve 14 (or otherwise when water pressure is applied through the barrel 12 to nozzle 26 thus miscreants or others the opportunity to introduce toxins into the hydrant 10 . In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6-8 , second valve 32 includes a seat 34 which is mounted to barrel 12 preferably but not necessarily in a manner which allows valve 32 to be retrofitted to the hydrant 10 . A restriction member 36 cooperates with seat 34 to obstruct barrel 12 in waterproof or substantially waterproof fashion and thereby prevent or substantially prevent flow of water or other liquids upon certain conditions being met. In addition, the seat 34 and valve 32 close off portions of the barrel 12 to preclude or render more difficult introduction of toxins into the closed-off portions of the barrel 12 . In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6-8 , the valve 32 also includes an “O” ring 38 which helps form a seal between seat 34 and barrel 12 , on the one hand, and seat 35 and restriction member 36 on the other hand. A biasing structure 40 can be disposed to bias the restriction member 36 against “O-ring” 38 and/or 40 valve seat 34 . Biasing structure 40 may include any of the following, among others: any resilient member such as, for instance, including but not limited to a spring, any form of resilient material shaped or formed as desired, and/or a weight applied to restriction member 36 for biasing via gravity. As discussed below, biasing structure 40 may also include the actuator rod 24 if the restriction member 36 is coupled to the actuator rod 24 to travel in a manner corresponding to travel of rod 24 such as being mounted to rod 24 . Restriction member 36 may be disc shaped to correspond generally to the inside surfaces of barrel 12 , and it may include a collar 42 to receive portions of rod 24 in sliding fashion or otherwise being connected to or mounted to rod 24 . When nozzle cap 28 is removed and nozzle 26 is open, the restriction member 36 prevents or substantially prevents toxins or other liquid, solids or materials from being poured into the barrel 12 below the nozzle 26 . A reprobate, miscreant, villain or other unworthy type with ill will cannot push down on or puncture restriction member 36 to open up the barrel 12 according to restriction members 36 formed according to preferred embodiments of the invention which provide suitable resistance to deformation or destruction such as by screwdrivers, crow bars, or other implements employed on occasion by those with ill design or for other purposes. Such malefactory activity is prevented because the restriction member 36 closes off second valve 32 in all cases except where wider is flowing outwardly from water supply 16 through nozzle 26 . A logical table for operation of second valve 32 as shown in FIGS. 6-8 is shown in Table 1 may be as follows, where “O” means “open” and “C” means closed: TABLE 1 Hydrant Valve O C O C Nozzle O C C O Second Valve O C C C Flow from water supply Y N N N through nozzle According to a second embodiment, restriction member 36 is mounted to rod 24 in order to move with rod 24 . In this embodiment, the restriction member 36 seats against bottom portions of valve seat 34 or an O-ring 38 interposed below valve seat 34 so that second valve 32 opens when and only when rod 24 moves down, which also means that hydrant valve 14 is opening. In this embodiment, the second valve 32 could, unlike the valve of embodiment one, at least theoretically open to some extent when hydrant valve 14 is open but nozzle 26 is closed. As a practical matter, that makes no difference since cap 28 is on the nozzle 26 preventing introduction of undesired materials into hydrant 10 . A logical diagram for embodiments of this type is shown in Table 2, the operands being at least partial opening of the hydrant valve and the nozzle respectively and again where “O” means “open” and “C” means closed: TABLE 2 Hydrant Valve O C O C Nozzle O C C O Second Valve O C O C Flow from water supply Y N N N through nozzle Any desired physical structure may be employed to accomplish the objective of meeting logical Tables 1 or 2 in order to produce or preclude introduction of undesired materials into fire hydrants. Components of embodiments according to the present invention are preferably durable materials but may be of any desired material. For example, it is conventional for many components of fire hydrants to be bronze, and at least some or all of metallic components of structures according to various embodiments of the present invention may be formed of bronze or other conventional or even unconventional materials. O-rings may be formed of conventional materials used in fire hydrants, or unconventional materials. Suitable resilient structures such as springs which may form biasing structures 40 may be formed of any desired material having requisite modulus of elasticity, durability, costs, and other properties. Modifications, adaptations, changes, deletions, and additions may be made to various embodiments of the present invention as disclosed in this document without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention.

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to securing cables to an electrical box. BACKGROUND When electrical cables are inserted into an electrical box, such as a junction box, metal or plastic traps are used to secure the cables to the box. This prevents longitudinal forces from stressing wire connections in the box and separating the connections. When a metal trap is used, a pre-punched knockout in the side of the box is removed and the metal trap is inserted in the resulting hole. The trap then is secured in place using a threaded nut in the interior of the box. The electrical cable is then threaded through the trap. Next, the wires of the cable are stripped and any excess cable is backed out of the electrical box. Two screws on the metal trap then are tightened to secure the electrical cable in place. Finally, the wires of the cable are connected and a cover is placed on the electrical box. When a plastic trap is used, a pre-punched knockout is removed, and the plastic trap is placed around the cable. The plastic trap then is inserted into the hole in the electrical box corresponding to the knockout. The wires then are stripped and connected. Finally, the cover is placed on the electrical box. A representative electrical cable in both of these examples is a Romex® cable, also known as non-metallic sheathed cable (type NM-B). Such a cable includes multiple conductors and an outer plastic protective sheath. In both examples, an external trap is positioned in a knockout hole to ensure that the electrical cable remains in place. Normally, the external sheath of the cable and the insulation around individual conductors are removed after the cable is passed through the trap. SUMMARY In one general aspect, a side insertion trap for cable or wire includes a base and two arms extending from the base to define an opening between the arms that permits lateral insertion of a cable or wire between the arms. The trap also includes a retention member that resists motion of the wire or cable between the arms perpendicularly to the lateral insertion direction. Implementations of the trap may include one or more of the following features. For example, in a low-profile implementation, the retention member is positioned in a space defined between the arms. In another implementation, the retention member extends away from a space defined between the arms. The retention member may include one or more teeth that resist movement of the cable perpendicularly to the lateral insertion direction. The teeth may be located on each side of the opening. For example, a tooth may be located on each arm of the trap. The teeth may be, for example, triangular or rectangular in cross section. In general, the side insertion trap may be sufficiently resilient to allow compression of the arms of the trap for insertion into a cutout in a wall of an electrical box, and to cause the trap to expand when released to lodge the trap in the cutout. To this end, the opening may include an enlarged portion at the intersection of the arms with the base to ease compression of the arms. The cutout may include tabs that fit in indentations in the side insertion trap to retain the side insertion trap in place. The trap may be made from plastic. Each arm may include a groove along an outer surface of the arm, with the groove serving to retain the trap in place in the cutout. The grooves may extend around the base to define a single continuous groove. The grooves may be modified to be mated with tabs in the cutout. Each arm may include a detent that resists movement of the cable or wire laterally out of the opening. In addition, at least one of the arms may include a flared inner surface that serves to ease insertion of a cable or wire into the opening. The side insertion trap may be positioned in a cutout in a wall of an electrical box or light fixture, or may be implemented as part of the box or fixture. The box also may include traditional pre-punched knockouts, such as circular knockouts. When implemented as part of the box, the side insertion trap may include a wall segment and an opening cut into an edge of the wall segment. Generally, the opening is wide enough to permit lateral insertion of a cable or wire in a lateral insertion direction. Portions of the wall segment adjacent to the opening are bent to inhibit motion of the wire or cable between the walls perpendicularly to the lateral insertion direction. The side insertion trap provides an inexpensive, labor saving, cable fitting for inserting and securing an electrical cable in an electrical box. The cable is laterally retained in the trap by a cover of the electrical box, and can be easily removed upon removal of the cover. Detents may be used to further secure the cable laterally. By allowing lateral insertion of a wire or cable, the side insertion trap eliminates the need to thread the wire or cable through the trap. This permits insulation to be removed (and connections to be made) prior to insertion of the wire or cable into the trap. This, in turn, eases installation. Other features and advantages will be apparent from the following description, including the drawings, and from the claims. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a side insertion trap. FIGS. 2A-2C are top, end and side views of the side insertion trap of FIG. 1. FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a lighting fixture and an electrical box including several side insertion traps with an electrical cable positioned to be inserted into one of the side insertion traps. FIG. 3B is a perspective view of an electrical box in which the electrical connections are made prior to the electrical cable being positioned into the side insertion trap. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a lighting fixture with a covered electrical box and an electrical cable secured by a side insertion trap. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an electrical box including a side insertion trap with a cable inserted in the trap. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a lighting fixture with an electrical box including a second implementation of a side insertion trap. FIGS. 7A-7C are top, end and side views of the side insertion trap of FIG. 6. FIGS. 8A-8C are top, front, and side views of a third implementation of a side insertion trap. FIG. 8D is a sectional view of the side insertion trap of FIG. 8A taken along line 8D--8D of FIG. 8A. FIG. 8E is a sectional view of the side insertion trap of FIG. 8A taken along line 8E--8E of FIG. 8B. FIGS. 9A-9C are top, front and side views of a fourth implementation of a side insertion trap. FIG. 9D is a sectional view of the side insertion trap of FIG. 9A taken along line 9D--9D of FIG. 9A. FIG. 9E is a sectional view of the side insertion trap of FIG. 9A taken along line 9E--9E of FIG. 9B. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of an electrical box including a fifth implementation of a side insertion trap. FIGS. 11A and 11B are top and side views of the side insertion trap of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a cover of an electrical box with breakaway tabs for use with an electrical box containing side insertion traps. FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a prior art electrical box with a pre-punched knockout removed, a metal trap inserted, and an electrical cable inserted through the metal trap. FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a prior art electrical box with a pre-punched knockout removed and a plastic trap and an electrical cable inserted through the plastic trap. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2A-2C, a side insertion trap 100 is generally U-shaped and includes a pair of resilient arms 105 extending from a rear portion 110. The arms define a passage 115 into which a cable may be laterally inserted. To ease cable insertion, cutouts 120 on interior surfaces of the and provide the passage with a flared opening. The arms 105 also include narrow regions 122 at their intersections with the rear portion 110. These narrow regions ease compression of the arms during insertion of the trap into a cutout. As best shown in FIG. 2B, three angled teeth 125 defined on each arm serve to retain the cable in the electrical box. The angled teeth 125 are positioned within the height of the arms 105 and rear portion 110, and do not extend further into the electrical box. This reduces the height of the side trap, reduces the amount of material used to make the side trap, and maximizes the amount of space available inside the electrical box for electrical connections. The angled teeth 125 allow an electrical cable to be pushed down through the trap, but inhibit the cable from being pulled up. A groove 130 is formed along the sides and on the back of the side insertion trap 100 to secure the side insertion trap within the cutout of the electrical box. Resiliency of the arms holds the trap in place with the wall of the electrical box positioned in the groove. Detents 135 laterally retain an electrical cable in the trap. The cable may be inserted laterally into the side insertion trap 100 in the direction 140 indicated in FIG. 1. The detents 135 squeeze the cable as it passes between them. Once the cable moves past the detents 135, the cable returns substantially to its original shape. Thereafter, detents 135 retain the cable in the trap and inhibit the cable from moving laterally out of the trap. Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, side insertion traps 100 are positioned in an opening 300 cut in an electrical box 305. The electrical box 305 is comparable to a traditional electrical box, with the exception that it includes the openings 300 along its sides. A cable 310 may be inserted laterally into a side insertion trap 100. Because the cable does not need to be inserted into an enclosed opening, the cable sheath 315 and the insulators 320 of the individual wires 325 in the cable 310 can be removed before the cable is inserted laterally into the side insertion trap 100. Indeed, electrical connections may even be made prior to inserting the cable into the side insertion trap 100 as shown in FIG. 3B. This promises to substantially reduce the time associated with installing cables and electrical boxes since electricians will no longer be forced to strip wires and make connections within the confines or the immediate area of the electrical box. Once the electrical connections are made, and the electrical wires are properly inserted into the side insertion traps 100, the electrical box's cover 400 is placed on the electrical box as shown in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, the side insertion trap 100 also may be used in conjunction with traditional traps. Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7A-7C, another side insertion trap 600 includes angled teeth 605 that extend beneath the trap. This increases the overall height of the trap and places the angled teeth 605 inside the electrical box 300. In this configuration, there are no angled teeth within the portion of the trap which passes through the side wall of the electrical box 300. Instead, the angled teeth are on the inner surface of the portion 610 of the trap which extends into the interior of the electrical box 300. The trap 600 also includes a rear portion 615, a pair of resilient arms 620, a passageway 625, cutouts 630, a groove 635, and detents 640. These elements function as discussed above with respect to trap 100. Referring to FIGS. 8A-8E, another side insertion trap 800 includes box-like teeth 805, which may extend beneath the trap 800. This slightly increases the overall height of the trap. In this configuration, the majority of the box-like teeth are within the portion of the trap which passes through the side wall of the electrical box 300. The trap 800 includes a rear portion 805, a pair of resilient arms 810, a passageway 815, cutouts 820, and a groove 825. The cutout in the wall of the electrical box includes tabs which mate with indentations 830 in the groove 825. This mating between the indentations 830 and the tabs in the cutout in the wall of the electrical box 300 helps retain the side insertion trap 800 in place. Referring to FIGS. 9A-9E, another side insertion trap 900 includes angled teeth 905 that are within the portion of the trap which passes through the side wall of the electrical box 300. The trap 900 includes a rear portion 905, a pair of resilient arms 910, a passageway 915, cutouts 920, and a groove 925. The cutout in the wall of the electrical box includes tabs which mate with indentations 930 in the groove 925. This mating between the indentations 930 and the tabs helps retain the side insertion trap 900 in place. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11A-11B, cutouts in the side wall of an electrical box 300 also may serve as a trap 1000. The trap 1000 includes angled portions 1005 that prevent an electrical cable from being pulled out of the electrical box. The trap 1000 also includes a rear portion 1010 and a passageway 1015. A cable inserted laterally into the passageway 1015 is held in place longitudinally by the angled portions 1005. Referring to FIG. 12, a cover 1200 for an electric box includes breakaway tabs 1205. A tab 1205 corresponding to a side insertion trap being used may be removed to allow room for the cable inserted in the side insertion trap. FIG. 13 shows an electrical cable 1300 retained by a prior art metal trap 1305 inserted through a pre-punched knockout 1310 in an electrical box 1315. FIG. 14 shows an electrical cable 1400 retained by a prior art plastic trap 1405 inserted through a pre-punched knockout 1410 in an electrical box 1415. Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Definitions [0001] To facilitate understanding of the method of this invention, the following definitions of terms used in this specification and claims are provided. 1. The term “material” is defined to include: cells, organisms, bacteria, viruses, histological sections, organic and inorganic particulates and matter, and any other discernible material which provides diagnostic and/or analytical information whatsoever. 2. The term “microscopic analysis” is defined to be a process wherein a microscope under human and/or a machine control is used for visualization, analysis, and/or enumeration, and/or categorization, and/or photography, and/or electronic image acquisition of material. 3. The term “receiving surface member” will be used in a generic sense to describe all discrete objects which serve as substrates to support material for microscopic viewing and/or observation and/or analysis. The current, most common receiving surface member is a microscope slide, which is glass rectangular object that is approximately 1 mm thick, 25 mm wide, and 75 mm long. These are the items conventionally referred to as microscope slides for laboratory and commercial purposes. 4. The term “monolayer” is defined as a substantially two-dimensional layer of uniformly distributed material. For cytological applications, this material is predominantly made up of single cells and small clusters of cells, on a receiving surface member, such as a microscope slide or other appropriate substrate, without substantial folding or overlapping of cells or particles. 5. The term “specimen processor” will be used to describe a system that prepares one or more fixed, stained monolayer of material, such as cells or other particles, on receiving surface members. 6. The term “motor” is defined as an element or system that can index to specific angles and/or maintain rotatory motion. 7. The term “upfield direction” will be used to describe the direction opposite to the centrifugal field. 8. The term “downfield direction” will be used to describe the direction of the centrifugal field. 9. The term “random access” is defined in accordance with its use in clinical chemistry to be a process wherein one or more individual treating agents are delivered to specific members of a group of containers, such as: reaction containers, and/or, sample containers, and/or chamber block assemblies, and/or cuvettes. 10. The term “batch” is defined in accordance with its use in clinical chemistry to be a process wherein one treating agent is delivered to all members of a group of containers, such as: reaction containers, and/or, sample containers, and/or chamber block assemblies, and/or cuvettes. 11. The term “stain” is defined to include any species that alters one or more optical properties of materials, such as cells or other particles. Thus, “stains” include: conventional small molecular histological or cytological stains such as DAPI, fluorescein, hematoxylin, europium Quantum Dye R and eosin. “Stains” also include macromolecular species, such as proteins, polysaccharides, RNA, and DNA that have been labeled with conventional stains, fluorescent macromolecules or contain an internal fluorochrome. 12. The term “treating agent” is defined to include any species or solution or fluid that alters one or more properties of materials. Thus, treating agents include: reagents; stains; buffers; fixatives; solvents, dehydrating and rehydrating liquids or solutions; lanthanide enhanced luminescence solutions; liquid coversliping solutions; cell permeating solutions; specific cell lysis solutions; gases; and molecules, particles or other cells that specifically combine with analytes present in or on the cells or other particles Prior Art Citations [0014] To facilitate a complete understanding of the Background of the Invention, as well as uses of the invention and its advantages over the prior art, numerous citations will be referenced (Ref.) by a number hereinafter, sometimes with page numbers and other times with direct quotation. These citations are sequentially numbered next. 1. G. N. Papanicolaou, “ATLAS of Exfoliative Cytology, Published for the Commonwealth Fund by Harvard University Press. (1954). 2. Hutchinson, M L. Isenstein L M. Goodman A. et al., “Homogeneous sampling accounts for the increased diagnostic accuracy using the ThinPrep® Processor”, Am J. Clin. Path, Vol. 101, pp. 215-219 (1994). 3. Tezuka, F. Shuki, H. Oikawa, H. et al., “Numerical counts of epithelial cells collected, smeared and lost in conventional Papanicolaou smear preparation”, Acta Cytol., Vol. 39, pp. 838-838 (1995). 4. Leif, R C., “Swinging Buckets (Centrifugal Cytology)”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,830 (1981). 5. Zahniser, D J. and Hurley, A A., “Automated Slide Preparation System for the Clinical Laboratory”, Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry), Vol. 26, pp. 60-64 (1996). 6. Leif, R C., “Methods for Preparing Sorted Cells as Monolayer Specimens”. In Living Color, Protocols in Flow Cytometry and Cell Sorting, Eds. R. A. Diamond and S. DeMaggio, Springer, ISBN 3-540-65149-7, pp. 592-619, (2000). 7. Knesel, Jr. E A., Roche Image Analysis Systems, Inc. Acta Cytologica, Vol. 40 pp. 60-66. (1996). 8. Zahniser, D. J. and Garcia, G. L., “Monolayer device using filter techniques”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,493 (1983). 9. Garcia, G. L. and Tolles, W. E., “Ultrasonic Disaggregation of Cell Clusters”, J. Histochem. Cytochem., Vol. 25 pp. 508-512 (1977). 10. Rosenthal, D. L. Stern, E. McLatchie, C A. Lagasse, L D. Wall, R. and Castleman, K. R., “A Simple Method of Producing a Monolayer of Cervical Cells for Digital Image Processing”, Anal. Quant. Cytol., Vol. 1, pp. 84-88 (1979). 11. Lapidus, S N. Polk, Jr., L T. Farber, F L. Barlas, J M. and Hurley, A A., “Method and Apparatus for Preparing Cells for Examination”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,627 (1992). 12. Polk, Jr., L T. Bottomley, T E. and Brown, P P., “Specimen Processor Method and Apparatus”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,978 (1994). 13. Polk, Jr., L T. Vartanian, H. Brown, P P. and Sloan, III, W M., “Apparatus for Collection and Transfer of Particles and Manufacture Thereof”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,802 (1996). 14. Polk, Jr., L T. Vartanian, H. Brown, P P. and Sloan III, W M., “Apparatus for Collection and Transfer of Particles and Manufacture Thereof”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,818 (1998). 15. Lapidus, S N., “Method and Apparatus for Controlled Instrumentation of Particles with a Filter Device”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,909 (2000). 16. Carrico, Jr., C. L. Fox, W A. Geyer, J W. and Knesel, Jr., EA., “Cytorich Process System”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,831 (1994). 17. Carrico, Jr., C L. Fox, W A. and Knesel, Jr., E A., “Apparatus for depositing and staining cytological material on a microscope slide”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,279 (1995). 18. Voet L, Hannig K, and Zeiller K., “Cytofluorometric analysis of R-Thy-1. antigens in various rat lymphocytes with different electrophoretic mobility and organ distribution.”, J Histochem Cytochem., Vol. 27 pp. 426-431 (1979). 19. Leif, R C. Easter, Jr., H N. Warters, R L. et al. “Centrifugal cytology I. A quantitative technique for the preparation of glutaraldehyde-fixed cells for the light and scanning electron microscope”, J. Histochem. Cytochem. Vol. 19 pp. 203-215 (1971). 20. Schachman, H K., “Ultracentrifugation in Biochemistry, pp. 25-31 (1959). 21. Goldstein, R H. and Stahl, R M., “Cuvette with reagent release means”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,407 (1978). 22. Leif, R C. “FDA 510 K, Centrifugal Cytology” (1981). 23. Leif, R C. Chew, K L. King, E B. et al., “The Potential Of Centrifugal Cytology Dispersions For Automated Cytology”, in The Compendium on the Computerized Cytology and Histology (G. L. Wied, P. H. Bartels, D. L. Rosenthal, and U. Schenck Ed.). Tutorials of Cytology, Chicago Ill. (1994). 24. Leif, R C. Gall, S. Dunlap, L A. et al., “Centrifugal cytology IV: The preparation of fixed stained dispersions of gynecological cells”, Acta Cytologica, Vol. 19, pp. 159-168 (1975). 25. Leif, R C. Silverman, M. Bobbitt, D. et al., “Centrifugal Cytology: A New Technique for Cytodiagnosis”, Laboratory Management, Vol. 17, September: pp. 38-41 (1979). 26. Leif, R C. Bobbitt, D. Railey, C. et al., “Centrifugal Cytology of Breast Aspirate Cells, Acta. Cytologica, Vol. 24, pp. 255-261 (1980). 27. Bobbitt, D. Silverman, M. Ng, A B P. et al., “Centrifugal Cytology of Urine”, Urology, Vol. 28, pp. 432-433 (1986). 28. Stulting, R D. Leif, R C. Clarkson, J. et al., “Centrifugal Cytology of Ocular Fluids”, Arch. Ophthalmol., Vol. 100, pp. 822-825 (1982). 29. Thornthwaite, J T. and Leif, R C., “Plaque cytogram assay I. light and scanning electron microscopy of immunocompetent cells”, J. Immunology, Vol. 113, pp. 1897-1908 (1974). 30. Leif, R C. Hudson, J. Irvin II, G. et al., “The Identification by Plaque Cytogram Assays and BSA Density Distribution of Immunocompetent Cells”, in Critical Factors in Cancer Immunology (J. Schultz and R. C. Leif Ed.), pp. 103-158. Academic Press, New York (1975). 31. Leif, R C. Ledis, S. and Fienberg, R., “A Reagent System and Method for Identification, Enumeration and Examination of Classes and Subclasses of Blood Leukocytes”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,935 (1993). 32. Leif, R C. Ingram, D J. Bobbitt, D. Gaddis, R. Nordqvist, S. and Ng, A B P., “Centrifugal Cytology, Dissociation and Staining of Gynecological Cells”, In The Automation of Cancer Cytology and Cell Image Analysis, Edited by H. J. Pressman and G. L. Wied, Tokyo, pp. 53-62 (1979). 33. van Duijn, P., “Valve-Centrifuge”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,250, (1980). 34. Kelley, T F. and Floyd, A D., “Cytology Centrifuge Apparatus”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,484 (1996). 35. Bouclier, R J., “Chamber with Removable Supernatant Collection Vial”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,514 (1981). 36. Boeckel, J W., “Chamber Block Having a Supernatant Collection Receptacle Therein”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,661 (1982). 37. Boeckel, J W., Rohde, V C., and Wells, J R., “Centrifuge Rotor Apparatus for Preparing Particle Spreads”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,523 (1982). 38. Boeckel, J W., Rohde, V C., and Wells, J R., “Centrifuge Rotor Apparatus for Preparing Particle Spreads”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,699 (1984). 39. Wells, J R., Chamber block having a sample dam and a supernatant reentry barrier therein, U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,323 (1984). 40. Wells, J R., “Rotor Having a Chamber Block with an Absorbant Plug”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,110 (1986). 41. Wells, J R., “Chamber Block for a Cytocentrifuge Having Centrifugal Force Responsive Supernatant Withdrawal Means”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,729 (1986) 42. Boeckel, J W. Rohde, V C. Wells, J. R., “Centrifuge Rotor Apparatus for Preparing Particle Spreads”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,699 (1984). 43. Stokes, B O. and Quirante, C G., “Cytocentrifuge rotor for cytocentrifugation devices”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,267 (1994). 44. Kalra, K L. Zhang, J Z. Chang, Z-W. and Shui, J., “Automated Staining Apparatus”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,359 (1999). 45. Shi, S—R. Tandon, A K. Kalra, K L. Mallhotra, N. Su, S—H. Yu, C-Z., “Enhancement of Immunochemical Staining in Aldehyde-fixed Tissues”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,452 (1996). 46. Zahra P N. and Stavrianopoulos, J G. Mounting Medium for Microscope Slide Preparations, U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,837 (1996). 47. Stokes, B O. Bradshaw, G D. Barlow, W K., “Apparatus for Applying a Controlled Amount of Reagent to a Microscope Slide or the Like”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,606 (1993). 48. Cullis, H M. Fordham, W E. and Soodak, C I., “Rotor Apparatus”, U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,470 (1974). 49. Revillet, G. and Thevoz, M., “Multicuvette Rotor for Analyzer”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,606 (1984). 50. Ferguson, G W., “Microscope Slide with Removable Layer and Method”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,193 (1998). 51. Leif, R C. Ingram, D. J. Clay, C. Bobbitt, D. Gaddis, R. Leif, S B. and Nordqvist, S., “Optimization of the Binding of Dissociated Exfoliated Cervico-Vaginal Cells to Glass Microscope Slides”, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25, pp. 538-543 (1977). 52. Ginsberg, G. Horne, T. and Kreiselman, R L., “Apparatus for Monitoring Chemical Reactions and Employing Moving Photometer Means”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,539 (1980). 53. Hoskins, D H. Horne, T. Jarman, G R. and Dunsmore, W., “Automatic Chemical Analysis Apparatus”, U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,305 (1975). 54. Kelln, N. and Loughlin, K. “Liquid Transfer Module for a Chemical Analyzer”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,349 (1994). 55. Boon, M E. Kok, L P. Mango, L J. Rutenberg, A. and Rutenberg, M R. “Automated histological specimen classification system and method”, U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,278 (1999). 56. Suurmeijera, A J H. and Boon M E. “Pretreatment in a High-pressure Microwave Processor for MIB-1 Immunostaining of Cytological Smears and Paraffin Tissue Sections to Visualize the Various Phases of the Mitotic Cycle”, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 47, pp. 1015-1020 (1999). [0071] 1. Field of the Invention [0072] This invention relates to an automated system that, from a sample of cells in a liquid medium, produces a monolayer preparation suitable for microscopic analysis. [0073] 2. Description of the Prior Art [0074] G. N. Papanicolaou, for his clinical cytology studies, did not use the conventional smearing technique, classically used in hematology, to produce air-dried smears of cells. He stated (Ref. 1, p. 4), “Drying of the smears should be avoided throughout the procedure as it results in flattening and distortion of the cells and their nuclei and a loss of their structural characteristics and affinity for stains.” This realization by Papanicolaou of the utility of wet fixation enabled him to start the field of cytological screening. The most successful use of cytological screening has been gynecological cytology. [0075] The standard Papanicolaou wet fixed smear has the very significant problem of inadequate sampling of the material scraped from the cervix. Pap smears do not provide a representative sample of the sample obtained (Ref. 2 and Ref. 3). This has been solved as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,830 (Ref. 4) by the transfer of the material to a liquid suspending medium and subsequent deposition of the cells on a receiving surface member. These liquid preparations have the further advantages of permitting the cell clumps to be partially disaggregated and monolayers to be formed with minimal adventitious cell overlap. They have the further advantage of permitting the sample to be separated into aliquots (split) to be used for multiple means for analysis. For instance, a first sample of a specimen containing gynecological cells can be used for conventional cervical cell microscopic screening and a second for clinical laboratory detection of an infecting organism, such as human papilloma virus. [0076] Conventionally, after the cells have been deposited on the slide, the slides are then processed in groups. This processing includes changing of the stains and solvents, customarily by sequentially lifting one or more slides out of one vessel of treating agent and lowering them into a different vessel of treating agent. This has the significant problem that cells can fall off of a receiving surface member, such as a microscope slide, and even worse be transferred and adhere to a different receiving surface member. Since small numbers of abnormal individual cells or clumps of cells are all that is available and sufficient to make a diagnosis, the loss of these cells or clumps containing these cells from a receiving surface member can result in no evidence of disease when cancer cells were present in the sample. If these diagnostic cells instead of being lost from a first slide adventitiously attach to a second slide, then a false diagnosis of malignancy can occur. [0077] The sum of the costs of processing of the cells to 1) produce monolayers, 2) stain and 3) apply a coverslip is sufficient to act as a deterrent to effective cancer screening. This is true even if each individual step includes automation. [0000] Present Status of Exfoliative Cytology Monolayer Specimen Preparation Instrumentation [0078] The preparation of cells from a suspension on a receiving surface member, such as a microscope slide or similar receiving surface member, consists of the following steps: (1) Obtain the sample; (2) Suspend the sample in a solution, which often serves to fix and/or dissociate the cells; (3) place the cells on a receiving surface member; (4) stain the material on the receiving surface member; (5) coverslip the receiving surface member; (6) move one or more receiving surface members to a temporary storage device; (7) transfer the receiving surface member to the microscope stage; (8) analyze the material; and (9) transfer the receiving surface member to an archive. [0088] The three major factors controlling recovery of cells from a suspension onto a slide are: 1) cell losses in the apparatus; 2) the adhesiveness of the cell binding surface; and 3) the force pushing the cells onto the surface. The two basic methods for preparing monolayers are: 1) pressure transfer, where the cells are initially placed on a nonadhesive substrate and transferred by pressure to a slide which binds them (Ref. 5); and 2) centrifuging the cells onto a receiving surface member. (Ref. 6). One variation of centrifugation is to have the cells settle at unit gravity (Ref. 7). [0000] Pressure Transfer [0089] U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,493 (Ref. 8) is the first of a group of patents that describe a process for producing monolayers of cells by first collecting the cells from a sample suspension on a filter and then transferring the cells from the filter to a microscope slide with simultaneous fixation. This device is based on the initial studies of Garcia and Tolles (Ref. 9) and Rosenthal et al. (Ref. 10). [0090] U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,493 teaches a device that consisted of: a cell suspension in a sample bath that under positive pressure delivered a cell containing suspension to conventional cell sensor, preferably an electronic cell counter, Coulter type. A control system metered this volume through the counter and into an application vessel, which had a rectangular window at its bottom which is closed by a filter strip or tape, which formed a water tight seal with a matching rectangular shaped top of a drain. This drain was connected to a vacuum source, which was activated while or after the sample suspension entered the vessel. This negative pressure sucked the liquid of the sample suspension through the tape or filter and deposited the cells on the upper surface of the tape. After withdrawing all liquid from vessel, the vacuum source was deactivated and the vessel drain and tape were separated. [0091] The cell carrying tape was then advanced to a second location, where a conventional microscope slide is located on the cell-containing side of the tape; and a hard sponge, which has previously been wetted with fixative, is located on the opposite side of the tape. The block that supports the fixative containing sponge is moved in the direction of the microscope slide. This presses the hard sponge against the tape, thereby pressing the tape against the microscope slide. This facilitates the transfers of the cells to the slide and fixes them further. The inventors state, “not only fixes the cells, but helps them to adhere to the slide”. (Col. 3, lines 39-40) The inventors provided an example of a fixative, which “contains in one liter: 95% ethanol (107.7 milliliters); distilled water (995.2 milliliters); sodium chloride (7.7 grams) and thymol (0.25 grams).” (Col. 3, lines 42-44) After the cells have been transferred, the sponge, tape, and slide are separated. Thereafter, the slide could be manually removed or transferred by some automated means “implemented by known devices in the art.” (Col. 3, lines 50-51) The combination of standard or specialized robotics to transfer the microscope slide and the automated staining machine can be can be complex and is expensive in labor, capital cost, and bench space. The subsequent refinements of this invention, U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,493 (Ref. 8), to the CYTYC corporation, still have these problems and employ expensive filters. The CYTYC system has the problem of selective loss of cells and other diagnostic materials. This can occur by passage through the filter of small cells, bacteria, viruses, fibers, and particles, which can have diagnostic significance and selective transfer of the cells and other material from the tape to the slide. Subsequent patents, U.S. Pat. No. 5,143,627 (Ref. 11) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,978 (Ref. 12) have described refinements, which include the use of a disposable sample collector with a complex mechanism to laterally and vertically move, rotate and invert it. The sample collector is terminated by either a circular or ellipsoidal filter. The sample collector is: 1) lowered into sample container with its filter end down; 2) rotated to induce a shear force, that disaggregated some of the clumps of cells; pumped under vacuum to selectively transfer the fluid that contains the cells from the sample container into the sample collector. This results in the cells being collected on the external surface of the filter. 3) The sample collector is then removed from the sample container and inverted. 4) A microscope slide is placed above the filter end of the sample collector; and 5) the cells are transferred from the surface of the filter to the microscope slide. This has been accomplished in two ways: either by applying alcohol to the inner surface of the filter, by action of an alcohol wetted sponge, or by air pressure applied to the inner side of the filter. Because of the critical nature of the contact between the filter and microscope slide, special manufacturing techniques, U.S. Pat. No. 5,503,802 (Ref. 13) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,818 (Ref. 14) have been developed to maintain the flatness of the filter and to provide a reliable seal between the filter and the body of the sample collector. In order to collect a selected quantity of cells for cytological examination, special means to provide feedback on the effect of the cells blocking the pores of the filter had to be developed, U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,909 (Ref. 15). The systems described in the above patents are complex, involve significant numbers of moving parts including belts, and require a complex disposable, the sample collector, which includes an expensive filter. These systems only produce one cell dispersion at a time, are expensive; because their mechanical complexity results in significant maintenance costs; and requires ancillary expensive equipment, such as a slide stainer. In the case of air-driven dislodgement of the cells, air drying is possible. The dispersions of the slides produced have selected loss of particles smaller than the pore size of the filters; and the possibility of selective transfer of different types of cells from the filter to the slide can not be totally eliminated. [0000] Unit Gravity Sedimentation [0092] U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,831 (Ref. 16) describes a process for producing monolayers of cells on a cationically charged microscope slide. U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,831 states: “The method comprises the steps of separating the cytological material by centrifugation over a density gradient, producing a packed pellet of the cytological material, mixing the pellet of the cytological material, withdrawing an aliquot of a predetermined volume from the mixed pellet, depositing the aliquot and a predetermined volume of water into a sedimentation vessel, which is removably secured to the cationically-charged substrate, allowing the cytological material to settle onto the substrate under the force of gravity, and after settlement of the cytological material, removing the water from the sedimentation vessel. For automated analysis, the sedimentation vessel may be detached from the substrate.” (Col. 2, Lines 7-21) [0093] The sedimentation vessel and its use are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,279 (Ref. 17). A cationically-charged, conventional microscope slide is sandwiched between a cylindrical tube and a base plate. The cylindrical tube has a flange at its base, which both holds an O-ring and locks into the base plate. A cylindrical chamber is formed by sealing the cylindrical tube to the conventional microscope slide surface with the O-ring. After a suspension of cells is added to the cylindrical chamber, the cells sediment under the earth's gravitational field and some settle and adhere to the slide. The supernatant solution is aspirated and then the cells are “stained using standard staining methods”. (Col. 4, line 24) [0094] U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,279 (Ref. 17) includes the statement, “After settlement of the cells onto the slide, the supernatant is removed by aspiration which also includes removal of excess cells which have not adhered to the slide.” (Col. 4, lines 17-21) Since the cells in the sample either have not all sedimented on to the conventional microscope slide or have different surface charges (Ref. 18), which could result in differing capacities to adhere to the cationically-charged receiving surface of the receiving surface member (conventional microscope slide), the cells recovered on the slide need not be representative of the cells transferred to the cylindrical chamber. [0095] U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,831 (Ref. 16) describes two centrifugation steps in 12 ml conical tubes followed by final resuspention of a small volume of sample, 150 ul, “followed by 500 ul of deionized H 2 O into a sedimentation vessel attached to a slide”. (Col. 4, lines 48-49) This 650 ul is a smaller volume than is present in many samples, such as cervical scrapes. [0096] Centrifuging the Cells [0097] The first technique to prepare dispersions of wet fixed cells by centrifugation was centrifugal cytology (Ref. 19). The cells were centrifuged onto a conventional microscope slide, the supernatant removed and a fixative applied by a means that did not dislodge the cells. During fixation, the cells were held in position by the application of a centrifugal force. An apparatus used for this process is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,830 (Ref. 4.), which is incorporated herein by reference. The design and use of an apparatus to perform centrifugal cytology has been described recently by Leif (Ref. 6), which is incorporated herein by reference. The present embodiment of the Leif Centrifugal Cytology bucket, as described in Ref. 6, is based on a swinging bucket rotor. Either an aluminum carrier serves as a replacement for the standard swing-out cup of a swinging bucket rotor, or a special plastic carrier is supported by a swing-cup of a swinging bucket rotor. In either case, a fluid tight chamber is formed by pressing and sealing an elastomeric chamber block against a standard 3 by 1 inch microscope slide (Ref. 4). The slide serves as the base of the pyramidal sample chambers present in the block. The incline of the slanted chamber walls follows the radius emanating from the center of the centrifuge. Since materials, such as cells and other particles, follow a radial trajectory, this incline prevents their deposition on the chamber walls. The cell containing suspension is first placed in a chamber and then the cells are centrifuged onto the slide. Most of the supernatant is removed and a fixative is added in a manner that does not dislodge the cells. A frit is used as a synthetic boundary valve, which limits the delivery of the bulk of the fixative to after the centrifugal field is applied. The designs of synthetic boundary cells, which are a means to transfer fluid in a centrifuge into a centrifugation chamber, have been described by Schachman (Ref. 20) and another design to deliver a reagent into a cuvette mounted in a centrifuge has been described by Goldstein et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,407 (Ref. 21). During fixation, the cells are pressed onto the slide by centrifugal force. After fixation, the slide is separated from the chamber block and can then be processed by conventional staining techniques. The centrifugal cytology bucket was designed to facilitate the cytological examination of cells from dilute biological fluids. [0098] The centrifugal cytology bucket can be used clinically to prepare cells for human screening (Ref. 22) and shows great potential for automated clinical cytology (Ref. 23). The Leif centrifugal cytology bucket has been used to prepare the following tissues and body fluids for cytological examination: blood (Ref. 19), cervical scrapes (Ref. 24), body fluids including cerebral spinal fluid (Ref. 25), nipple aspirate (Ref. 26), sputum (Ref. 25), urine (Ref. 27), eye fluids including tears and vitreous humor (Ref. 28). The centrifugal cytology bucket has been employed to quantitate biologically active lymphocytes, such as Jerne Plaque and rosette forming cells (Ref. 29), as well as natural killer cells (Ref. 30). [0099] As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,935 (Ref. 31), which is incorporated herein by reference, part or all of the staining of the cells can occur prior to sedimenting the cells onto the microscope slide. In the case of the Papanicolaou stain, it was possible (Ref. 32) to treat cervical-vaginal cells with two of the cystoplasmic stains (EA and OG), which were diluted in ethanol while they were still in the centrifugal cytology bucket. This was followed with a 100% ethanol wash, wash with a mixture of 50% ethanol and 50% xylene and a final wash with 100% xylene. After the addition of the EA and OG containing solution, “centrifugation was then omitted in order to minimize precipitation of the stain after this step.” (Page 58). Complete dehydration of the cells prior to the addition EA and OG containing solution was necessary and required that the centrifugal cytology buckets be inverted. This procedure required significant manual labor, could not be directly automated, would require a complex mechanical system to invert the buckets, did not provide a complete solution to the problem of cross-contamination because the same pipette was used to add the solvents to the buckets, and provided minimal safety against the biohazards associated with human samples. [0100] Van Duijn U.S. Pat. No. 4,192,250 (Ref. 33) has described a centrifuge with an electronically controlled valve that can empty the fluid from above a conventional microscope slide through a drainage channel and can overlay this surface with a fluid. This system has the following limitations: 1) The sample chambers are part of the rotor. This requires that the cover plate be removed in order to clean the inside of the chambers. Since the chambers are part of the rotor, they cannot be premanufactured to be both clean (cell free) and attached to the slide. Each slide has to be manually inserted with the cover plate removed. 2) Each chamber requires its own electronically controlled valve, which requires transfer of a significant amount of electricity to the rotor. The valves have to be opened for each transfer. 3) Because the valves have to repeatedly retard the fluid under full load, they can be caused to leak out the cell containing fluid by the presence of an imperfection or debris. 4) The system does not drain at rest. 5) The same type of fluid must be added to all of the chambers. This is a totally batch system, which does not include the capability to treat different slides with individualized reagents to simultaneously produce slides with different histochemistries. 6) The rotor can not be removed easily from the centrifuge for cleaning and maintenance. 7) The slide must be inclined at an angle of 4° to 6° with regards to the rotation axis, which in order to prevent sliding of the cells off of the slide, limits the centrifugal force applied. 8) Only one concentration of cells per unit area is produced on each slide. A new slide must be produced if the concentration of the cells on the slide is either too high or too low for analysis. [0101] Kelly et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,484 (Ref. 34) describes a cytology centrifuge apparatus that employs a cell concentrator assembly that is tilted at rest and is vertical in a rotor during centrifugation. In one of the embodiments three fluid specimens are inserted into three separate wells prior to centrifugation; and, in another embodiment, one larger specimen is inserted into one larger well prior to centrifugation. Fluid is transferred into the well(s) “by inserting a pipette containing the sample through the fluid receiving apertures”. (Col. 8, lines 56-58) The orientation of the well(s) at rest is such that the cell containing fluid does not come into contact with the microscope slide. During centrifugation, the wells in the vertical cell concentrator assembly are in contact with the slide, which permits the cells to sediment on to the slide. After the centrifuge is stopped, the cell concentrator assembly returns to its tilted position and the supernatant liquid returns to the well(s) where it “may be removed by aspiration with a pipette inserted through the fluid receiving apertures”. (Col. 9 lines 9-10) The cells subsequently can be stained in the cell concentrator assembly. “When the concentrator 70 is used as a staining chamber, staining reagents may be inserted into the wells 94 a - c through the fluid receiving apertures 76 a - c and brought into contact with the deposited cells by inverting the concentrator 70 so that so that the slide is resting in a horizontal orientation. With the concentrator 70 in this position, the reagents flow through the corresponding fluid expulsion apertures 90 a - c , respectively, to contact and flow onto the slide 120. The concentrator 70 is effective as a staining chamber since there is no bibulous paper disposed between the chamber and the slide which would absorb the expensive staining reagents. Features of the concentrator 70 which enhance its use as a staining chamber include the shallowness and small volume capacity of the wells 94 a - c which prevent waste of expensive staining reagents.” (Col. 9 lines 31-42) This small volume capacity often makes it impossible to deliver from one centrifugation sample a sufficient number of cells for either research or clinical analysis. This problem is exacerbated by the necessity of stabilizing samples for shipment from the place where they were acquired to the clinical laboratory where they are prepared and analyzed. This stabilization of samples for liquid preparation often involves the dilution of samples with stabilizing fluids. [0102] A series of patents, all assigned to E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., describe vacuum driven means for the removal of supernatant fluid from removable chamber blocks that abut and are sealed by a deformable ring to a deposition surface. Boulclier, U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,514 (Ref. 35) and Boeckel, U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,661 (Ref. 36) described a removable chamber block that had an opening that received a cell suspension and contacted a deposition surface. A capillary, with an end proximal to the deposition surface, was connected to a vacuum line. After centrifugation has been completed, vacuum was applied and a baffle located just upfield of the capillary deflected the supernatant into a collection vial. This design “permits individual collection and segregation of supernatant withdrawn from the vicinity of the deposition surface.”(Col. 8, lines 45-47) The use of a vacuum system significantly increases the cost and complexity of the device, as well as decreases its reliability. It also significantly increases the probability of air-drying of the cells, which causes a significant decrease in the quality of their morphology. [0103] Boeckel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,523 (Ref. 37) describes a rotor and centrifuge combination that could be employed for the chamber blocks of U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,514 (Ref. 35) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,327,661 (Ref 36). The sample holder of U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,523 (Ref. 37) included a vacuum seal that permitted evacuating the chamber blocks while the rotor spun. This type of seal increases the cost and complexity of the device, as well as decreasing its reliability. [0104] Boeckel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,699 (Ref. 38) described improvements on U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,523 (Ref. 37). The vacuum system was part of the top of the rotor and an improved spring loaded mechanism and pivot arm was employed to insert, hold and remove the sample containing chambers. The introduction of a staining dye through the tube that was connecting to the vacuum line was mentioned. This was a batch system, where all of the chambers and deposition surfaces would be exposed to the same dyes. The improvement of a rotating seal also was described. [0105] Alternative embodiments of conduits that remove the supernatant from the chambers were described in FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,699. In FIG. 4, “the conduit 102 instead of being returned to the spring-loaded tube as described before, is simply brought back (radially inward) by the radial distance X and then returned (radially outward) to a point beyond the outer wall of the chamber such that once fluid fills the outlet portion of the chamber beyond the distance X, a fluid flow or siphon will be established which will be maintained until all the excess fluid is removed.” (Col. 5, lines 21-28) This flow will occur during centrifugation and will remove all of the supernatant fluid. Although “a spring-loaded interconnector, of the type illustrated in FIG. 3, disposed in the outer wall of the rotor” (Col. 5, lines 29-31) is mentioned, no means is described on how to make this type of seal operate against a centrifugal force. It was also suggested, “Or, the outer wall and base of the rotor may be slotted to accommodate the exhaust conduit 102. In this instance, the exhausted fluid will atomize or “aerosol” within the housing (not shown) for the rotor.” (Col. 5, lines 31-35) This would present an unacceptable biohazard. [0106] FIG. 5 shows “an extra transport tube 120 is introduced with a deflector 122 at its outlet end so that fluid may be specifically introduced, from the upper portion 124 of the chamber, to fill the chamber with fluid to the distance X, following centrifugation and deposition on the slides, thereby to exhaust the chamber. The transport tube may be supplied from the distributor as in FIG. 1 using a spring-loaded contact,”. (Col. 5, lines 37-44) This design will wash the chamber; however, it will not stop the premature loss of cell containing supernatant. [0107] FIG. 6 shows the exhaust tube ending in a tee at the bottom of the chamber, with the upfield end being able to use a spring-loaded contact to connect through the rotating seal to a vacuum system to aspirate the fluid from the chamber or another unspecified source, to introduce fluid into the chamber. The possibility of using a double rotating seal to return the fluid in line 130 through the rotating seal to an exhaust chamber is mentioned. Presumably this would entail the same type of spring loaded seal as described for FIG. 4 with the same problem of maintaining a seal against the force of gravity. If this type of seal is not used, then again flow can occur during centrifugation with removal of cell containing supernatant fluid. [0108] Wells U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,323 (Ref. 39) indicates that there was a significant problem with the supernatant leaving a chamber block prior to centrifugation. “Observations have indicated the possibility that a sample of particles and supernatant introduced into the inlet channel may run through the block into a collection vial before the particles have had an opportunity to deposit onto the deposition surface. This possibility is enhanced if withdrawal suction is applied to the block before the particles have been subjected to the centrifugal force field.” (Col. 1, lines 42-49) [0109] FIG. 1 of Wells U.S. Pat. No. 4,428,323 (Ref. 39) shows that the addition of a dam that defines a well for the supernatant solved this problem. However, the design shown in FIG. 1 limits the volume of sample, so that it is not suitable for cervical-vaginal and other cell suspensions of clinical interest. In order to be shipped from the physician to the clinical laboratory, these samples often have to be diluted into a stabilizing solution. Mechanical dissociation of these cells also requires a significant volume of fluid. [0110] Wells U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,110 (Ref. 40) eliminated the use of a vacuum system by installing a channel ending in a porous plug, which was at a predetermined close distance from the cell deposition surface. The plug and cell deposition surface were separated from the cell deposition channel by dam. Initially, both the region of the chamber between the cell deposition surface and the plug are filled with air, which blocks the capillary transport of the cell containing fluid. Application of the centrifugal field results in moving the fluid over the dam to contact both the cell deposition surface and the plug. The patent states, “During rotation the centrifuge force acting in a radially outward direction relative to the rotor 10 overcomes the oppositely directed capillary force exerted by the absorbant plug P.” (Col. 5, lines 15-19) The geometry of the cell containing fluid channel and the plug constitute a U tube and both are colinear with the centrifugal field. The two arms of the U tube will be brought into balance by the centrifugal field with the result that significant cell containing fluid could be lost or the volume of sample would be small and insufficient for many cytological preparations, such as cervical cytology preparations. In any event, after cessation of the centrifugal field, the downward inclination of the plug and capillarity should result in drainage of the supernatant fluid. The rotor was sealed, which will minimize the effect of internal aerosols, such as those produced by fluids draining out of the porous plug during centrifugation. Wells U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,729 (Ref. 41) commented on this possibility. “In practice, however, it has been found that while the centrifuge rotor rotates to its operating speed the presence of the absorbant plug in next adjacency to the deposition surface has the effect of prematurely withdrawing both supernatant and cells suspended therein. This is perceived as disadvantageous since it prevents the sedimentation of cells on the surface.” (Col. 1, lines 43-49) [0111] Wells U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,729 (Ref. 41) improved upon U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,110 (Ref. 40) by providing “a centrifugal force responsive arrangement which restrains the movement of the absorbent plug with respect to a chamber block in which it is inserted into the region in adjacency to the deposition surface until the rotor reaches a predetermined operating speed.” (Col. 1, lines 58-62) This stops the premature loss of cell containing fluid. Two means to restrain the movement of the plug are described. The first employs a “flared portion at the trailing edge of the plug.” (Col. 4, line 64) The tines which comprise this “flared portion” are compressed as the centrifugal force propels the plug into a cylindrical channel. The second means is essentially an O ring which is expanded by the plug. These plugs and housings are both complex and would require special instruments to remove them for the required cleaning, prior to reuse of the chamber blocks. The protruding of the trailing edge of the solid plug U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,729 (Ref. 41) can interfere with the removal of the chamber blocks from the rotor. U.S. Pat. No. 4,423,699 (Ref. 42) describes an “inner support for the back wall of the chamber and has a corresponding flat or planar portion 31 within each cavity adapted to accommodate the various chambers as described.” (Col. 3, lines 49-53). Sliding the protruding trailing edge of a solid plug past a flat wall requires a complex mechanism to retract the wall. [0112] Stokes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,267 (Ref. 43) describe an improved cytocentrifuge rotor that wets the filter pad prior to the arrival of the sample. A plurality of “liquid-receiving chambers are arranged in line successively to discharge sequentially into a conduit in common that leads to holding means for a filter pad”, (Col. 1, lines 50-52) which terminates their cytocentrifigation device. The second chamber, which only holds “a few droplets of the wetting liquid, typically two-hundred microliters” (Col. 8, lines 2-4) is located above and opens into the conduit. Since the second chamber delivers its content directly into the conduit and is located between the sample chamber and the filter pad holder, the wetting liquid arrives at and wets the filter pad prior to the cell containing suspension. This significantly reduces the number of cells absorbed into the filter pad. The surface tension of the wetting liquid prevents movement in the conduit “except under centrifugal force when such liquid will flow toward and into the opening 12 a or 27 a of the filter pad in advance of the liquid sample from chamber 23.” (Col. 8, lines 6-9). [0113] FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,267 shows a third chamber for containing fixative. It is similar in size to and upfield of the sample chamber. The fixative chamber delivers its content to the conduit subsequent to the sample. No mention is made of the effect of the relative density of the fixative solution and that of the sample. If the fixative is less dense than the sample, it will float upfield of the sample; conversely, if it is more dense, it will sink downfield of the sample. If the fixative floats, its efficacy will be greatly diminished. If it sinks, the cells will be partially fixed as they traverse the fixative and proteins and other matter in the sample will be precipitated by the fixative and contaminate the surface of the slide. Since the conduit volume has to hold the sum of the volumes of the fixative and sample, the concentration of cells on the surface of the slide will be diminished. This decrease in cell concentration and limited deposition area of this cytocentrifugation device can result in a significantly reduced number of diagnostic cells, which renders the sample inadequate or suboptimal for diagnosis (Ref. 27). No means, other than the filter pad, was described to remove the fluid. Thus, this device is incapable of stopping the rotor and performing sequential additions of liquids. [0000] Automated Staining Apparatus [0114] Kalra et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,359 describe (Ref. 44) an automated apparatus for staining cell and tissue specimens that is capable of random access and liquid coversliping a slide. This apparatus includes a unique arm that is movable in three dimensions and includes a hollow tip head. This head includes three channels, a wash tip, a blow tip and a reagent tip head. The reagent tip head “is adapted to pick up disposable plastic pipette tips from the standard containers”. (Col. 4, lines 62-64) It can sample from multiple individual reagent vials and deliver a measured amount to individual microscope slides. The blow tip ends in a slit which delivers a stream of gas, typically air, that removes excess liquids from a microscope slide. The wash tip which “is used to deliver diverse liquid solutions to the slide.” (Col. 5 lines 29-30). [0115] U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,359 (Ref. 44) states (Col. 16, lines 38-41), “Representative of protocols useful in such slide preparation protocols are the methods disclosed in PCT Publication WO 95/24498 and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,452 (Ref. 45).” U.S. Pat. No. 5,492,837 (Ref. 46) states, “Accordingly to our invention, aqueous PVP (polyvinyl-pyrrolidone) is employed as a mounting medium for hematological, histological and cytological microscope slide preparations and for any other slide mounting situation involving tissue and blood preparations.” (Col. 2, lines 38-42) [0116] Stokes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,606 (Ref. 47) have described a staining apparatus that includes a slide holding carousel, which can be interchanged “with a different, interchangeable centrifuging rotor,” (Col. 4, lines 43-44). The cells have been deposited on standard microscope slides prior to the insertion of the slides in the carousel. The microscope slides are held in the carousel with the long dimension of the slide surface oriented in the direction of the centrifugal field and the shorter dimension of the slide surface vertical. Reagents are sprayed through nozzles against the slide surface that has the deposited cells. One nozzle, “however, is arranged to spray the back side of the slides as they pass.” (Col. 7, lines 12-13) “The carousel is operated at a known rate of rotation, for example, thirty RPM, for the spraying operation.” (Col. 6, lines 41-43) In a description of the use of crystal violet as part of the gram staining protocol, U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,606 states, “It has been found that a ten second spray time (five full revolutions of the carousel) is generally satisfactory.” (Col. 6, lines 55-57) The continuing discussion of the method states, “After application of the crystal violet, it has been found beneficial to increase the speed of rotation of the carousel to between 500 to 1000 RPM for three seconds to remove the excess crystal violet reagent from the slides.” (Col. 6, lines 62-66) [0117] The application of the centrifugal field is orthogonal to slide surface that has the deposited cells, which results in a force to shear the cells from the slide. The reagents are applied in batch mode. Although U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,606 employs flow control valves which can “be operated to conserve all reagents by controlling the spray of reagent to spray only during the time the slides present in the carousel are passing the spray nozzles when less than a full load of slides is being stained”, (Col. 6, lines 20-24) no means is provided or mentioned to selectively apply a reagent to a subset of the slides in the carousel without cross-contamination. Since the reagent is applied continuously, the amount of reagent is greater than that required to just wet the surface of the slide. The use of fixed nozzles, to apply reagents to rotating slides, results in an aerosol, which, as is shown in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,606, is only contained by a top cover, which must eventually be opened. There is a running collecting area through circumferentially placed slots, which are located at the bottom portion of the carousel into drain fitting 38 in the bowl beneath the carousel, which is connected by tubing to an exit drain fitting at a lower level in instrument housing. [0000] Centrifugal Driven Dispensing Systems [0118] Centrifugal driven dispensing systems previously have been employed in chemistry analyzers, for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,470 (Ref. 48) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,606 (Ref. 49). As described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,470, each member of a pair of radially spaced chambers can be loaded with a separate fluid, such as a reagent in one chamber and an analyte containing solution in the other chamber. Centrifugal force delivers the two solutions to a third chamber where they are mixed and subsequently delivered into a cuvette for optical analysis. U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,606, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes an analytical centrifugal rotor which permits precise distribution of identical volumes into analytical cells for subsequent optical measurements of analytes through the windows of the analytical cells. This analytical centrifugal rotor includes: a common central distribution chamber, portioning cavities, two or more overflow reservoirs, and analytical cells. The common central distribution chamber is filled with a volume of liquid that is greater than the sum of the volumes of the analytical cells. The excess volume of liquid is transferred to the overflow reservoirs. This is accomplished by the employing a transfer passage, which acts as a synthetic boundary valve, that blocks fluid transfer at low centrifugal forces “of the order of 400 to 600 rpm for 4 to 8 s.” (Col. 3, lines 22-23); but permits liquid transfer from the common central distribution chamber to the portioning cavities, and subsequently transfer of the excess liquid through apertures into the overflow reservoirs. Rapidly increasing the centrifugal force “to 4,000-5,000 rpm for 2-5 seconds” (Col. 3, line 51) breaks the meniscus and both allows the escape of air and entrance of fluid through the transfer passage of the analytical cells. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0119] A centrifugal cytology system for monolayering materials, such as cells and/or small particles onto the surface of a microscope-type slide receiving surface member, which is removably mounted vertically on the downfield side of a chamber block. An array of chamber block assemblies are positioned around the periphery of a rotor capable of precise indexing and rotation at sufficient speed to sediment material. These chamber block assemblies receive sample and treating agent liquids in batch and/or random access mode, from dispensers adjacent to the rotor. Treating agent gases are received by being released at a higher pressure at one location and removed at a lower pressure at another location. Vacuum can be applied by sealing the higher pressure location and creating a vacuum at the lower pressure location. Sample is input directly into the cavity of the chamber block assembly; and then a centrifugal field is applied to sediment the sample as a monolayer onto the surface of the receiving surface member. The chamber block assembly has a drain port provided with a centrifugal force responsive valve, which opens after the centrifugal force is applied. Preferably, the cavity of the chamber block assembly contains a volume decreasing element, which decreases the sedimentation path length adjacent to a portion of the deposition surface; whereby, that portion's monolayer of sample is of decreased concentration, as compared to the remainder of the deposition surface's monolayer. [0120] The system includes a circular array of treating agent (liquid) holding troughs, one respective trough being upfield of each chamber block assembly. By centrifugal force, each trough feeds its treating agent into the upfield side cavity of the chamber block assembly, for flowing that treating agent downfield and against the sample monolayer previously formed on the receiving surface member. When the rotor is slowed and then stopped, the liquid treating agent flows out through the previously opened valve port. A sequence of treating agents thus can be applied to the monolayer of sample, to treat the sample and prepare it for analysis. Subsequently, the receiving surface member is separated from the chamber block for analysis and storage. In one embodiment, each treating agent trough is unified with a chamber block. In another embodiment, the rotor carries a treating agent (liquid) holding ring which empties into the troughs. In both embodiments, the chamber block assemblies are individually removable from the rotor. In a third embodiment, a thin walled insert containing multiple chamber blocks can be inserted into a special rotor. [0121] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an automated specimen processor, for preparing fixed monolayers of stained cells, that allows automated staining of individual receiving surface members, including microscope slides with different combinations of stains and/or treating agents, with minimal or preferably no user intervention, including where appropriate the application of a liquid coverslip. [0122] It is a further object of this invention to provide an automated specimen processor that uses treating agents, including expensive staining treating agents, efficiently with a minimum of waste and without extraneous steps. [0123] It is a still further object of this invention to include in this specimen processor the capability to be an automated monolayer forming apparatus, that can perform additional steps as part of a completely automated staining protocol. [0124] It is a still further object of this invention to minimize cell loss in any and all steps in preparing fixed, monolayers of stained cells on receiving surface members, including microscope slides. [0125] It is a still further object of this invention to provide an automated specimen processor that minimizes the risk of cross-contamination between receiving surface members, including slides, treating agents and solutions. [0126] It is also an object of this invention to minimize the cost of the preparation of fixed monolayers of stained cells on individual receiving surface members, including microscope slides, by automation of the entire process. [0127] It is yet a further object of this invention to deposit simultaneously at least two monolayers of different concentrations on different surface areas of a receiving surface member. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0128] FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic top view of the centrifugal cytology system; [0129] FIG. 2 is a side view of a chamber block assembly; [0130] FIGS. 3 A-D are top views of thin slices of the chamber block assembly, cut along lines A-A, B-B, C-C and D-D of FIG. 2 ; [0131] FIGS. 4 A,B are side views of the chamber block assembly, showing movement of sample induced by a centrifugal field; FIG. 4C is a view of the particle/cell receiving side of the receiving surface member, along line C-C of FIG. 4B , showing sedimented cells; [0132] FIGS. 5 A-D are progressive side views of the downfield portion of the rotor and upfield top portion of the chamber block; [0133] FIGS. 6 A-D are side views of the chamber block assembly, showing movement of treating agent induced by application of a centrifugal field; [0134] FIG. 7 is a top view of an area showing an embodiment of the rotor; and [0135] FIGS. 8 A and 8B are side and top views of an alternative design of the chamber block assembly. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0136] Referring to FIG. 1 , the centrifugal cytology system is identified generally by numeral 10 . The centrifugal cytology system includes a rotor 12 that holds a plurality of individual, removable chamber block assemblies 14 , arranged in the form of an array at the circumference of rotor 12 and is driven by a motor 16 (shown in dashed lines), of which the shaft 18 is shown. The rotor 12 is precisely indexed by the motor 16 and a control unit 20 . The combination of the motor 16 and a control unit 20 provide both precise indexing and a rotational speed to develop 50×gravity or more. In the preferred embodiment, the motor 16 is equipped with an optical encoder or other means that will provide position information. The motor 16 can be a servomotor or in an alternative embodiment a multipole stepper motor, with or without micro-stepping. [0137] One or more cylindrical holes 22 provides for drainage of waste fluids from the bottom of the rotor. The same or different treating agents can be delivered to each of the chamber block assemblies 14 . One or more batch dispensers 24 delivers the same treating agent to each of the chamber block assemblies 14 ; and zero or more optional individual treating agent dispensers 26 can provide random access capability by delivering a treating agent to an individual chamber block. [0138] A chamber block assembly 14 is shown in FIG. 2 and as thin sliced top views in FIGS. 3 A , B, C, and D. In contradistinction to the original centrifugal cytology swinging buckets U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,830 (Ref. 4), the chamber block assemblies 14 are maintained in a fixed position by the rotor. Each chamber block assembly comprises a cavity 28 , a chamber block 15 , and a receiving surface member or slide 32 ; on to which is to be deposited the materials such as cells or particles present in the sample. The chamber block 15 can be fabricated out of a solvent resistant plastic, such as polymethylpentene, Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc., Purchase, N.Y. [0139] The centrifugal cytology system 10 causes the cells to be deposited as one or more monolayers 30 , 30 in a fixed orientation on the receiving surface member or slide 32 (see FIG. 4C ); and also has the capability to add and remove treating agent fluids from each chamber block assembly 14 . A sample inlet 34 is located at the top of the chamber block 15 towards the center of the rotor 12 . A separate treating agent inlet 36 is located at the upfield side, near or at the top of the chamber block. FIG. 3A is a top view along line A-A of FIG. 2 , which shows both the location of the sample inlet 34 , and the treating agent inlet 36 and the full cavity 28 . The chamber block 15 preferably includes a means to produce two or more different concentrations of a material, such as cells or other particles, on a slide or receiving surface member 32 . As is shown in FIG. 3B , a view along line B-B of FIG. 2 , a reduced volume cavity 29 results when the chamber block 15 includes a volume reducing element 40 , which shortens the distance between the upfield side of the cavity 42 and the cell or particle receiving surface 38 of the receiving surface member 32 . This reduction in cavity 28 significantly decreases the volume of fluid per unit area of the cell or particle receiving surface 38 of the receiving surface member or slide 32 . As is shown in FIG. 3C , a view along line C-C of FIG. 2 , absence of the reducing element 40 maximizes the volume of cavity 28 and concurrently the volume of fluid per unit area of the cell or particle receiving surface 38 of the receiving surface member or slide 32 . [0140] As is shown in FIG. 3D , a view along line D-D of FIG. 2 , the bottom 47 of the chamber block 15 seals against the cell or particle receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 , which closes the bottom of the chamber block assembly. A cylindrical channel 44 conveys the sample from the sample inlet 34 of FIG. 2 through the volume reducing element 40 of FIG. 3B into the cavity 28 to a protuberance 46 , which is part of the bottom 47 of the chamber block 15 . This protuberance 46 contains a plug 48 , fit into an output port 50 that faces in the downfield direction. This plug 48 is to be removed by the action of the centrifugal field, as is shown in FIG. 4B . [0141] The receiving surface member 32 and the chamber block 15 , when joined together, serve as a liquid containing module, the chamber block assembly 14 . The receiving surface member and chamber block are bonded in such a manner that they can be separated easily. This bond could be: a weak adhesive, such as employed in 3M Post-it®, St. Paul, Minn.; a silastic or other adhesive that can be cut or preferentially bind to one surface; a grease such as Plews Multi-Purpose Grease, Plews/Edelman Division, Stant Corporation, Dixon, Ill. 61021; or a material, such as a wax, that can be melted at moderate temperatures. U.S. Pat. No. 5,784,193 (Ref. 50), which is incorporated herein by reference, teaches the use of a microscope slide to which is bonded a removable layer with one or more openings for cells or other materials. Another approach to producing a bond between the receiving surface member 32 and the chamber block 15 is to employ a two-pour mold to manufacture the chamber block 15 . The first pour can consist of a thin (0.1 to 2 mm) film of an elastomer; and the second pour can be the rest of the chamber block 15 . Both the durability and ease of breaking this bond are critical. The chamber block assembly 14 must not leak; yet, the chamber block 15 and the receiving surface member 32 must be separated after they leave the centrifugal cytology system, so that the material, such as cells or particles, on the surface 38 can be analyzed and/or the receiving surface member 32 stored. [0142] FIG. 4A depicts the transfer of the material, such as a cell or particle containing sample, into the chamber block assembly 14 . A sample injector 53 is lowered into the sample inlet 34 of the chamber block 15 . A volume of sample suspension is injected through sample inlet 34 and the cylindrical channel 44 into the cavity 28 , also shown in FIG. 2 . After the sample injector is elevated to remove it from the chamber block 15 , the rotor 12 is accelerated to produce a centrifugal field sufficient to form a monolayer of sedimented cells onto the receiving surface 38 of receiving surface member 32 , and to propel the plug 48 out of the port 50 , as shown in FIG. 4B . While the centrifugal field is applied, the bulk if not all of the sample suspension 54 remains in the chamber block assembly 14 . After sufficient time has elapsed to sediment the materials, such as cells or other particles, onto the material receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 , the rotor 12 is decelerated and stopped. The sample suspension fluid drains from the port 50 during deceleration and while the rotor is at rest, leaving the cavity 28 empty, except for a monolayer of material and accompanying thin layer of suspension fluid that has attached to the material receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 . This returns the chamber block assembly 14 to the same condition as in FIG. 2 , except that plug 48 has been removed and the attachment of the material to the surface of the slide or receiving surface member. [0143] The concentration of the sedimented material is proportional to the sedimentation path length. This path length can be decreased by the use of a volume decreasing spacer 40 , which extends the upfield side 43 of the cavity 28 of the chamber block 15 in the downfield direction. The distance 56 between the downfield side 42 of the volume decreasing spacer 40 and the area 41 of the opposing receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 is less than the distance 57 between the upfield side 43 of the sample suspension 54 and the area 51 of the opposing receiving side 38 . [0144] FIG. 4C is a view along line C-C of FIG. 4B . Since the concentration of material 30 and 30 on the receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 ( FIG. 4C ) is proportional to the effective width of the cavity 28 , i.e. the sedimentation path length, the concentration in area 41 is less than that in area 51 . This creation of two different concentrations of material 30 , 30 increases the probability that an area with an optimal material concentration will be produced. Use of multiple volume/path decreasing means will permit multiple concentrations of a material, such as cells or particles, to be created on opposing portions of the surface 38 of receiving surface member 32 . Also, as shown in FIGS. 4B and 4C , the receiving surface member 32 can include a barcode 39 or other means to identify the source of the material. [0145] Individual types of synthetic boundary valves 52 can be designed for a specific centrifugal force. The design of a specific type of valve can be specified to open at a specific centrifugal force. The present, preferred embodiment of the valve 52 ( FIG. 4A ) is a simple drill hole or port 50 ( FIG. 4B ) that is filled with grease forming the plug 48 . The position, diameter, length of the drill hole 50 can be modified to increase or decrease the field necessary to open the valve 52 . The viscosity of the grease and its adhesion to the walls of the drill hole both increase the force necessary to dislodge it from the drill hole to thereby open the valve. The temperature of the centrifuge can also be increased, which will decrease the viscosity of the grease or even melt the grease, and thus facilitate its removal. It should be noted that the operation of the centrifugal cytology system 10 is substantially independent of the centrifugal field necessary to open the synthetic boundary valve 52 because the bulk of the fluid only escapes after the rotor has been decelerated and is approaching rest. For most practical purposes, a releasing field of between 5 and 500 times gravity is acceptable. However, there can be specific applications were a very low field, between 2 and 5 times gravity, would be necessary, because the product of the centrifugal force and time is being minimized to decrease the relative concentration of small particles on the receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 . [0146] The production of monolayer dispersions of small particles, such as viruses or bacteria or chromosomes, is facilitated by employing centrifugal forces that are greater than that presently used for cells (100 to 1,000×gravity). Centrifugal cytology system rotors 12 which operate at these higher centrifugal fields can employ synthetic boundary valves which open at higher centrifugal forces. It also should be noted that there is a possible advantage of employing the centrifugal field of this invention to deliberately flatten the cells. If this can be accomplished without distorting the internal morphology of the cells, then the quality of the diagnostic images should be improved. Increasing the area of the individual cells and decreasing the out-of-focus material, by decreasing the thickness of the cells, should both improve the image. [0147] The initial centrifugation of the material onto the material receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 encompasses two aspects. The first aspect is to sediment the material on to the receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member, and the second is to cause the material to bind or adhere to this surface 38 . This binding of the material to the surface 38 depends upon the chemistry of the receiving surface member and/or its surface. Positively charged species or physically binding agents have been demonstrated to increase the adherence of cells to conventional microscope slides (Ref. 6, Ref. 51). In the case of fixation or staining, the time for performing each step is based on the chemistry of the step. [0148] The centrifugal cytology system 10 can have two types of dispensing systems, batch and random access. The batch dispensing system dispenses to all of the chamber blocks 15 of the chamber block assemblies 14 common solutions, such as: fixatives, wash solutions, alcohols, stains, mounting media, etc. [0149] FIGS. 5 A-D are partial side views, which show in progression the transfer of treating agents from the batch dispenser 24 of FIG. 1 and the individual dispenser 26 of FIG. 1 to a treating agent trough 58 . FIG. 5A shows an area of the rotor 12 directly upfield from the chamber block 15 . Going in the direction upfield to downfield, the top 60 of the rotor 12 is configured to produce a treating agent ring 62 , followed by the treating agent trough 58 , which is at a greater depth in the rotor. The downfield upper edge of the treating agent trough has a lip 64 which meets the upfield front wall 66 of the chamber block 15 . [0150] FIG. 5B shows part of the upfield wall 66 and part of the top 68 of a chamber block 15 , which has been inserted in the rotor 12 of FIG. 1 . The treating agent inlet 36 is located near and downfield from the treating agent trough 58 . The sample inlet 34 , which is not involved in this portion of the total process, is shown in the upfield part of the top 68 . [0151] As is shown in FIG. 5C , the tip 70 of the batch dispenser 24 is in position to deliver a treating agent fluid into the treating agent ring 62 . [0152] The individual dispensers 26 of FIGS. 1 and 5 D are for treating agents that are to be used for one or more, but conventionally not all of the chamber block assemblies 14 arrayed at the circumference of the rotor 12 . These individual dispensers can consist of an arm capable of vertical motion (not shown) and will be equipped with a treating agent dispensing means. The technology of random access delivery of treating agents is well developed. The mechanism for treating agent transfer to the chamber block assemblies 14 could be in a manner similar to that employed for the Coulter R DACOS R chemistry analyzer (U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,539 Ref. 52). U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,539 described a treating agent supply area that had separate treating agent containers located in a treating agent disc. treating agent dispensers added “appropriate reagents to specific cuvettes as those cuvettes advance around the path of movement of the annular array.” (Col. 5, lines 25-27) The control unit 20 shown in FIG. 1 could index the rotor 12 to place a chamber block assembly 14 underneath an individual treating agent dispenser 26 of FIG. 1 , which has previously been filled with a treating agent from a separate treating agent container. As described in Hoskins et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,305 Ref. 53), the aliquot and diluent transfer mechanism, as well as the treating agent dispensers, can be of the type and operate as disclosed with reference to FIGS. 13 c and 16 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,305, which is incorporated herein by reference. An alternative design for liquid transfer has been described by Kelln et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,349, Ref. 54), which is incorporated herein by reference. Such transfer dispensers would swing arcuately between the source of the sample or treating agent and a chamber block assembly 14 . Both, when receiving and dispensing fluid, the probe of the dispensers can move down into the treating agent containers (not shown), a material suspension (not shown), a treating agent ring 62 or treating agent trough 58 ( FIG. 5 ), but would be elevated to be able to swing free thereof in an arcuate path. In an alternative embodiment, each individual treating agent dispenser 26 could included a prefilled individual container, which if necessary could be kept at constant temperature. [0153] The individual dispensers 26 are located around the rotor 12 above a stopping position for a chamber block assembly 14 . Since the rotor 12 can index any chamber block assembly 14 to any dispenser location, random access is provided for: special solvents, special stains, monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acid probes, liquid coversliping material and other treating agents. FIG. 5D shows the rotor at rest. An individual dispenser tip 74 has been lowered into a treating agent trough 58 and the liquid treating agent 72 , after being pumped through the individual dispenser tip 74 , is located at the bottom of that treating agent trough 58 . The pool of the treating agent fluid 72 produced by this random access process in the treating agent trough 58 is approximately the same volume and at the same location as that delivered by the batch dispenser 24 for batch treating agents. If the same treating agent were delivered by one or more individual dispensers 26 , the system could function in batch mode. [0154] FIGS. 6 A-D show the movement of the treating agent fluid 72 in the chamber block assembly 14 . After the treating agent is in the treating agent trough 58 of FIG. 5 and the rotor 12 is accelerated to produce a centrifugal field sufficient to transfer the treating agent 72 from the treating agent trough 58 through the treating agent inlet 36 and then, as shown in FIG. 6A , into an upper channel 78 in the cavity 28 . As is shown in FIG. 6B , under the influence of the centrifugal field, a thin layer 80 of the treating agent 72 is formed on the material receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 . FIG. 6C is an enlargement of a portion of FIG. 6B , showing the layering 80 of the treating agent 72 on the material receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 . After the treating agent has had sufficient time to interact with the monolayers of material, such as 30 , 30 shown in FIG. 4C , which are present on the receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 , rotor 12 is decelerated and brought to rest. As shown in FIG. 6D , this results in the treating agent fluid 72 flowing to the bottom of the chamber block 15 and exiting through a bottom channel 82 and then through the output port 50 . [0155] Liquid coverslips are an example of a treating agent which does not need to exit the chamber block assembly 14 . Instead, they harden into a thin refractive index matching coating under the influence of a centrifugal force. This hardening can be accelerated by the application of vacuum and/or heat. Three examples of liquid coverslips that could be used with the present invention are a commercially available mounting medium, such as Clearium® Surgipath Medical Industries Inc., Richmond Ill., an aqueous polyvinyl-pyrrolidone solution (Ref. 46) and a transparent plastic with a high refractive dissolved in an organic solvent, such as Zeonor® 1020R, Zeon Chemicals L.P., Louiseville, Ky. [0156] FIG. 7 shows part of a sector 84 of a rotor 12 with an included chamber block assembly 14 . The assembly 14 receives the treating agent fluid 72 from a treating agent trough 58 that is integral with the rotor 12 . The treating agent fluid 72 is delivered by the tip 70 of the batch dispenser 24 into the treating agent ring 62 of FIG. 5C . This delivery can be accomplished quickly by simultaneously rotating the rotor 12 to produce approximately one times gravity or less and pumping the treating agent through the batch dispenser tip 70 of FIG. 5C . When the treating agent pumping rate and the velocity of the rotor are appropriately adjusted, the treating agent fluid will be continuously and evenly delivered to the treating agent ring 62 . The treating agent fluid in the treating agent ring 62 then is directed by the combination of gravity and centrifugal field into each treating agent trough 58 . The pool of the treating agent fluid 72 produced by this batch process in the treating agent trough 58 is approximately the same volume and at the same location as that delivered by the individual dispenser 26 of FIG. 1 , for random access treating agents. If necessary, the precision of this delivery of the same treating agent to more than one chamber block assembly 14 can be improved by employing the technology described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,606 (Ref. 49). [0157] The use by many cytochemical and histochemical procedures and staining protocols of mixtures of varying ratios of solvents, such as ethanol and water or ethanol and xylene, has required that each of these mixtures be stored in its own container. This creation and storage of these mixtures is expensive in terms of both time and space. These mixtures can be formed by mixing the output of two or more pumps as the solvents are delivered. The delivery rates of each pump can proportional to the final concentration of its solvent in the final solution. For instance, two small motor driven gear pumps operated at equal rates will provide a 50 percent solution. If the ethanol pump is on and the water pump is off, pure ethanol will eventually result. The ethanol and xylene pumps can then deliver solvent at the same rate and produce a 50 percent mixture, which can be followed by pure xylene. If necessary, the output of the pumps can be mixed by a helix, which is well known in the art. [0158] FIG. 8 shows an alternative chamber block assembly 14 design, with the treating agent trough 58 being an integral part of the chamber block 15 . FIGS. 8A and 8B are respectively side and top views. The sample inlet 34 is located at the top and at approximately the center of the chamber block 15 . The treating agent trough 58 is located at the upfield side, at the top of the chamber block. As previously described, while the rotor is at rest, a treating agent is dispensed into the treating agent trough; then, while the rotor is rotating, the treating agent is first transferred by the centrifugal field into the treating agent inlet 36 and subsequently to the receiving side 38 of the receiving surface member 32 ; and finally, while the rotor is decelerating or finally at rest, the treating agent exits through channel 82 and then through the output port 50 . The sample inlet 34 is not part of this process, but has been included for purposes of orientation. [0159] An alternative embodiment of the system 10 is possible. Each of the treating agent dispensers 26 could be located in a fixed horizontal position and be movable in the vertical direction. The treating agent dispenser remains sufficiently above the rotor to provide clearance, except during a filling cycle, when the appropriate chamber block assembly 14 is indexed to be in its position. The treating agent dispenser then would be lowered from its rest position and deliver a measured amount of treating agent to the treating agent trough 58 . As stated above, a treating agent dispenser 26 could include its own prefilled individual container. [0160] Two or more pipeters also could be employed to dispense individual treating agents in batch mode. In that case, there is up to one syringe and/or pipettor for each chamber block assembly. These pipeters can be driven by a common actuator. Peristaltic pumps also can be employed to dispense the individual solutions. [0161] Standard robotic equipment and procedures can be employed to insert and remove the array of chamber block assemblies 14 and/or one or more of the of the chamber block assemblies 14 into and from the rotor 12 ; as can manual handling. Subsequently, the receiving surface member 32 can be separated from the chamber block assembly so that the monolayer then can be analyzed and/or the member 32 be stored. [0162] The processing of the Centrifugal Cytology System can be accelerated by the treatment of the treating agents overlaying the materials with microwave energy Ref. 55; or the combination of microwave energy and pressure Ref. 56. [0163] The hereinabove provided specification, along with the figures, are believed to be more than sufficient to enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention, including modifications, adaptions and enhancements, without departing from the spirit and scope of the hereinafter presented claims and any subsequent amendments thereto.

4y

[0001] The present invention relates aperture making devices, and more particularly to devices and methods for drilling a multitude of holes in a ceiling. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In construction work, particularly in the remodeling of existing buildings or in constructing of new buildings, it is required to anchor or attach a multitude of hangers or suspension members of some type from the concrete ceiling. While in the past, it has been a practice to shoot or drive anchors into such concrete ceilings, such activities have been curtailed at least in many government projects for safety reasons. Today, it is required to drill holes in the concrete ceiling and then to drive expansion anchors or other anchors into such holes. Typically, an anchor will be required for every sixteen square feet (a four feet by four feet square), but in high density hanger situations, an anchor may be required for every eight square feet of ceiling. Additional hangers may be required for additional lighting and other equipment. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention comprises one or more of the features recited in the attached claims or the following features or combinations thereof. [0004] It is desirable to produce a hole or even a multitude of holes in a ceiling or similar overhead element. Often, in construction projects, such ceilings will be concrete or some material difficult to drill. In such a situation, a tool operator may be required to be placed in uncomfortable positions or even potentially harmful positions in an effort to produce the holes in the ceiling. [0005] Typically, the grid layout for the ceiling anchors is laid out on the floor using a grid of longitudinally extending and transversely extending chalk lines. Directly above the intersections of such lines, the anchor points will be established. That is, vertically above each intersection on the floor, an anchor hole will be drilled in the ceiling. [0006] Thus, an aperture making device is disclosed which allows a tool operator to remain on the floor and operate a tool actuator that moves the tool into and away from the hole-producing positions in the ceiling. The aperture making device comprises a tool configured for producing a hole, a tool support configured to support the tool above a floor, and a tool actuator configured to vertically move the tool relative to the tool support such that the tool can be placed in hole-producing range of the ceiling. [0007] The tool support may comprise a base which is movable about on the floor to locate the intersections of the chalk lines. The base may have caster wheels for facilitating easy movement of the base about the floor. Such a base may comprise four legs with a caster at the distal end of each of the four legs. With the four legs in a cross pattern, the legs will define a central portion of the base. Thus, the tool support may comprise a base having an elongated member extending vertically upwardly from the central portion of the base. This elongated member may be any type of structural member such as, for example, a square steel tube. Support brackets may be coupled to the elongated member at vertically spaced positions. The support brackets and the elongated member provide a guide for a vertically movable tool actuator. Essentially, the tool actuator may slide vertically upwardly and downwardly relative to the elongated member as required. The upper end of the tool actuator may carry the tool or cutting tool required to produce the holes in the ceiling. Such a tool may be a drill, either an electrically driven drill or a pneumatic or hydraulically driven drill. Typically, the drill will be a conventional electric motor drill which can be securely attached to the uppermost end of the actuator to drive a drill bit into the concrete ceiling when the actuator is projected upwardly. [0008] The tool actuator may comprise a foot lever pivotally mounted on the tool support and configured to move the tool upwardly when the foot lever is depressed. [0009] There is provided, therefore, a portable or movable base which moves about the floor with a vertically upwardly extending guide member such as the above-described elongated member, and a vertically upwardly extending slide member movable on the guide member. The cutting tool, such as a motorized drill, may be placed at the top of the slide member to be moved against the concrete ceiling. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] [0010]FIG. 1 is an elevation view of one embodiment of the means for producing a hole, showing a tool, a tool support, and a tool actuator for moving a tool and causing it to produce a hole; [0011] [0011]FIG. 2 is top view of the means for producing a hole of FIG. 1, showing four legs and a lever configured to move the tool and cause it to produce a hole; and [0012] [0012]FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the tool actuator 16 (foot lever) of FIG. 2, taken along the line A--A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0013] A means 10 for producing a hole is disclosed, the means comprising a tool 12 , a tool support 14 , and a tool actuator 16 , as can be seen in FIG. 1. Tool 12 is illustratively a drill, but can be any other device know in the art for creating a hole, for example, tool 12 could be an awl, a hole punch, or a similar device configured for producing a hole. For the application of drilling holes in a concrete ceiling, of course, an electric drill motor with a chuck or other tool holder holding and driving a concrete drill bit will be suitable. [0014] Tool support 14 is illustratively a base 18 having a vertically extending member 20 extending upwardly from a central portion of the base 18 , as can be seen in FIG. 1. FIG. 2 shows a top view wherein base 18 illustratively comprises four legs 22 having castor wheels 24 mounted on the outward-most portions of legs 22 . However, it should be understood that other configurations for base 18 are within the scope of the disclosure, for example, base 18 could comprise a solid platform, a stand, or any other support mechanism suitable for holding tool 12 and tool actuator 16 in a position that tool 12 can produce a hole. For drilling a multitude of holes in a concrete ceiling, however, it will be appreciated that ease of movement of the base 18 about the floor is important. The cross legs 22 with the central portion will be helpful in locating the base above intersections of chalk lines on the floor. [0015] Tool actuator 16 , as shown in FIG. 1 and in cross-sectional view in FIG. 3, illustratively comprises a foot lever constructed of two metal beams 26 aligned in parallel relationship, to beams 26 having a plurality of plates 28 mounted on a top surface of beams 26 . Tool actuator 16 is illustratively a foot lever having a fulcrum point 30 , such that depression of foot lever at outermost end 32 causes the foot lever (tool actuator 16 ) to pivot about fulcrum point 30 , driving lift end 34 of the foot lever upwardly. [0016] As lift end 34 of the foot lever is driven upwardly, lift end 34 engages pins 36 , which illustratively extend from square tube 38 . Such engagement causes tube 38 to move with the foot lever, and resultantly causes tool 12 to move into and out of hole-producing positions. [0017] Square tube 38 is illustratively a 1{fraction (1/4 )} square inch sliding steel tube, the tube 38 sliding vertically relative to vertically extending member 20 . Tube 38 is held adjacent vertically extending member 20 with brackets 40 . Additionally, a tool cord bracket 42 is mounted on vertically extending member 20 for holding the power cord of tool 12 , if applicable. The illustrative upwardly extending member 20 with its brackets 40 comprise a guide for the tube 38 which is a slide. While a guide-slide construction for moving a tool upwardly is relatively easy to construct and economical, it will be appreciated that any type of telescoping construction will suffice. The tube 38 may be sleeved over or sleeved within the upstanding member 20 to provide for relative vertical movement of the tool supported by the upper end of the tube 38 . [0018] Although the illustrative embodiment of tool actuator 16 is a foot lever, it should be understood that other means for driving tool 12 upwardly are within the scope of the disclosure. For example, pneumatic means, hydraulic means, a motor, a hand lever, or the like may be used to actuate tool 12 and cause it to produce a hole.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has been conventional to apply a relatively resilient air-impervious coating of polymeric/copolymeric material to the interior of tires by a spraying process, particularly prior to the retreading thereof. During the retreading process, the polymeric/copolymeric coating prevented pressurized air from migrating from the interior of the tire to the interface between the buffed outer surface and the new tread thereby assuring an excellent bond between the "old" tire and the "new" rubber/pre-cure bonded thereto. Such retreads, when in use, also tended not to develop "leakers" as readily as uncoated tires since the polymeric/copolymeric coating material prevented air under pressure from escaping through the tire/carcass, particularly if the latter was relatively old, porous, worn, cracked or the like. While it might be expected that tires so coated would not leak or leak appreciably less than uncoated tires, it was noted that in actual practice tires so coated at least appeared to deflate at a percentage greater than that which was expected. This was particularly true in large tractor-trailer tires but was found to be just as equally true in smaller garden-type riding tractors, as well as passenger automobile tires. While the industry has seemingly directed its efforts toward reducing/eliminating air migration through the tires, be they new, after-market or retread, applicants herein began their investigation of leakage with the assumption that air migration through the tires per se was virtually eliminated by standard practices/coatings, and there must be some underlying cause for deflation/leakage. Through observation, analysis and experimentation, it was found that apart from leakage through new and recap tires, leakage also occurred (1) between conventional rims and associated valves, (2) between tire beads and wheel rim beads, and, most surprisingly, (3) through interstices in the metallic rims and porous welds associated therewith, particularly in the case of small garden-type rims formed of two welded bodies. Some leakage also occurred (4) simply because of dirt and rust between the metallic wheel beads and the tire beads, particularly in the case of after market recap/retread tires which are simply reapplied to dirty/rusted wheel rims essentially incapable of maintaining an air-impervious seal therebetween. Accordingly, the invention provides a novel method of preventing air leakage from associated inflated tires mounted on metallic rims by (a) first cleaning and derusting the associated rims and (b) thereafter entirely coating all surfaces of the rim with an air impervious coating of resilient polymeric material whereby the porosity/nicks/cracks/remaining dirt/rust, etc. is coated and effectively sealed against air migration in association with a new or retread tire bead and an associated air valve body. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to a novel method of creating an air-impervious wheel for a vehicle by liquid-cleaning a metallic rim thereof to remove dirt, grime, rust, etc.; and applying to the entirety of all exposed surfaces of the rim an air-impervious coating of resilient polymeric/copolymeric material whereby any porosity, nicks, cracks, rust, or similar defects are sealed against air migration and the rim beads and associated valve seat are all totally coated with a resilient air-impervious coating to thereby effectively seal against air migration in association with an associated tire bead and air valve body. A further object of this invention is to provide a novel method as aforesaid wherein the rim is formed of a pair of rim bodies welded to each other along an exterior circumferential weld, and the entirety of the weld is also totally coated with the air-impervious coating of resilient copolymeric material thereby precluding air-migration through the porosity of the weld or any gaps between the rim bodies in areas in which the weld is discontinuous. Still another object of this invention is the provision of a novel method of manufacturing a leak-proof and air impervious wheel/tire rim as aforesaid in which the liquid cleaning step is performed utilizing a heated water bath including a blend of caustic alkalies, sequestrants and surfactants, and the coating applying step is performed utilizing a styrene-acrylate copolymer. Still another object of this invention is to provide a novel method as aforesaid wherein the coating-applying step is performed utilizing in conjunction with the styrene-acrylate copolymer methyl alcohol, aqua ammonia and water with the copolymer constituting a major portion of the coating. Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel method as aforesaid wherein the liquid cleaning step is performed by dipping the rim in a bath of cleaning liquid at an elevated temperature causing attendant vaporization of the cleaning liquid; elevating the rim above the cleaning liquid bath, and spraying water upon the rim to rinse the same and simultaneously therewith collecting the sprayed water in the cleaning liquid bath to replace vaporized liquid. Yet another object of this invention is to provide a novel method as aforesaid wherein the plurality of the rims are simultaneously cleaned and dipped by moving the rims successively down into and up out of a bath of the cleaning liquid and copolymeric material, respectively; and transferring the rims along a generally horizontal path from the cleaning liquid bath to the copolymeric material bath. With the above and other objects in view that will hereinafter appear, the nature of the invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description, the appended claims and the several views illustrated in the accompanying drawings: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a rim, and illustrates two rim bodies joined to each other by an associated exterior circumferential weld. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along line 2--2 of FIG. 1, and illustrates the weld, two other welds connecting the rim bodies to a shaft, beads of the rim, and a circular opening in one of the rim bodies for an air valve. FIG. 3 is an enlarged axial cross-sectional view of a portion of the rim of FIG. 2, and illustrates an air-impervious coating of resilient copolymeric material totally coating the rim including the beads thereof, the valve opening, and the welds. FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of the encircled portion of FIG. 3, and illustrates the manner in which a tire bead forms an intimate air-impervious seal with the copolymeric coating at the wheel bead. FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of the encircled portion of FIG. 3, and illustrates an air valve body sealed to the polymeric coating of the rim opening. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an apparatus constructed in accordance with this invention, and illustrates the manner in which a plurality of metallic rims are simultaneously liquid-cleaned and derusted, rinsed, coated and dried. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A method of manufacturing rust-proof, leak-proof and air-impervious tire rims in accordance with this invention will be described hereinafter, but reference is first made to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawings in which is illustrated a metallic tire rim 10. The tire rim 10 is formed of two generally identical rim bodies 11, 12 having respective beads 13, 14 and circular openings 15, 16, respectively. The rim bodies 11, 12 are generally of an annular configuration and include respective annular walls 17, 18 in abutting relationship to each other. A tubular sleeve 20 is received in the openings 15, 16 and serves as a support for an associated drive shaft (not shown). The rim body 12 also includes a circular opening 21 for an air valve/air valve body V, which will be described more fully hereinafter relative to FIG. 5 of the drawings. Three exterior circumferential welds 22 through 24 retain the three elements of the rim 10 in rigid relationship to each other. The weld 22 is an exterior circumferential weld generally at the radially outermost inner face (unnumbered) of the annular walls 17, 18, while the welds 23, 24 are also complete circumferential welds uniting radially innermost portions (unnumbered) of the annular walls 17, 18 to the tube or tubular sleeve 20. The metallic rim 10 in the preferred embodiment of the invention is specifically designed for utilization with a relatively small riding-type garden tractor, but in accordance with the present invention the rim 10 could as well be a larger passenger-type automotive metallic rim, a tractor-trailer rim or still larger rims of the type utilized in large earth-moving equipment. Furthermore, while the preferred embodiment of the invention is particularly adapted to rendering a multi-piece rim rust-proof, leak-proof and air-impervious, including the walls thereof, the invention is equally applicable to a one-piece rim, be it sheet metal or cast metal. Thus, irrespective of the specifics of the preferred embodiment of the rim 10 heretofore set forth, the method to be described hereinafter seeks to prevent air leakage between any tire and an associated rim and through any rim, one-piece or multi-piece including leakage past a seal created in accordance with the method between the rim bead and the associated tire bead and a valve rim opening and an associated valve body. Furthermore, the invention is equally applicable to new and/or used rims, although the latter presents additional problems, as, for example, excessive dirt, wear, rust, nicks, dents, etc. which tend to create a rim more susceptible to leakage than a new relatively unabused rim. Reference is now made to FIG. 6 of the drawings which illustrates a novel apparatus 50 in keeping with which the preferred method of the present invention is performed. The apparatus 50 includes conveyor means in the form of a generally horizontally disposed roller conveyor 51 formed of a plurality of rollers 52 upon which is supported a relatively shallow wire basket 55. Several of the rims 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2 are shown supported upon the basket 55 upon the peripheral beads 13, 14 thereof. If for some reason it is desired not to coat the interior of the tubes 20, the latter are preferably closed at each axially end by conventional plugs P (FIG. 2) which can be removed at the completion of the cleaning/coating method. Obviously, many rims, such as automotive and tractor-trailer rims, need not be plugged. Furthermore, the size of the basket 55 and the number of rims 10 which can be accommodated thereupon can vary, and in the case of tractor-trailer-type rims, the basket is preferably sized to accommodate a total of six rims standing on edge, although with the smaller garden riding tractor rims 10, the basket 55 could accommodate upwards of two to three dozen rims dependent upon, of course, the through-put of the overall apparatus 50. The apparatus 50 further includes a relatively large rectangular dip tank 60 containing a liquid bath B of a cleaning/derusting solution to be described more specifically hereinafter. An upper level L of the bath B is slightly below an upper edge 61 of the tank 60. A platform 62 can be elevated and lowered by conventional hydraulic cylinders 63 between an uppermost position at which the platform 62 is essentially horizontally aligned with the rollers 52 and a lower position at which the basket 55 and the rims 10 therein are totally immersed in the bath B. Preferably the platform 62 also has a plurality of horizontal or ball rollers (not shown) so that the basket 55 can eventually be readily removed therefrom by a rolling action toward another ball or roller conveyor 70 after the cleaned, degreased, and derusted rims have been rinsed by a spray S of cold water from a conventional hand-held nozzle N connected to a suitable hose H. As will be seen hereinafter, the cleaning solution of the bath B is heated (approximately 200°-210° F.) and attendant vaporization is balanced by the cold water from the spray S returning into the bath B in the tank 60 during the rinsing operation. The rims 10 are essentially maintained totally immersed in the cleaning solution of the bath B for approximately 10-30 minutes, elevated therefrom, rinsed by the cold water spray S, transferred along the conveyor 70 and subsequently positioned along with the basket 55 atop another platform 82 of a coating tank 80 containing a bath B1 of a coating solution having an upper level L1. The platform 82 can be lowered and elevated through a conventional set of hydraulic cylinders 83, and when totally immersed, the rims 10 are entirely coated with the coating solution of the bath B1. After a predetermined time period of immersion in the bath 80, for example 160 seconds, the platform 82 is elevated until it is generally horizontal to the conveyor 70 and a take-away conveyor 90, and the basket 55 is simply rolled to the right along ball or roller conveyors of the platform 82. While upon the roller conveyor 90, the coating C (FIG. 3) upon each of the rims 10 can dry under ambient condition or through conventional heat lamps 95. Excess coating solution which drips from the rims 10, the basket 55 and the conveyor 90 can be caught in a catch tank (not shown) and simply returned to the tank 80. Thereafter the coated rims 10 are removed from the basket 55 and any areas thereof which may not have been coated while in the tank 80, such as minor areas of the lower peripheral beads 13, 14 which rested upon wires of the basket 55, are then hand-coated with the coating solution of the bath B1 by a manual operation through utilization of a paint brush PB whose bristles, obviously, have been immersed in the coating solution of the tank 80 and applied to any uncoated areas of the rims 10. Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which illustrates the manner in which the coating C is totally applied to the entire exterior of the rim 10, thus assuring that when a tire T (FIG. 4) is placed thereupon in bead-to-bead contact and inflated, none of the air can escape. More specifically, the coating C forms a resilient air-impervious, rust-proof and leak-proof coating of the entire rim 10, but particularly portions C13, C14 at the beads 13, 14, a portion C22 at the weld 22, portions C23 and C24 at the welds 23, 24, respectively, and a portion C21 at the valve opening 21. In this fashion the coating portions C13, C14 form resilient air-impervious seals between the beads 13, 14 of the rim 10 and the beads Bt of the associated tire T (FIG. 4). Likewise, the resilient polymeric coating portion C21 also forms a resilient air-impervious leak-proof seal between the body V of an associated conventional valve and its sealing/securing flanges F1, F2 (FIG. 5). Finally, any imperfections, breaks, irregularities, discontinuities and/or the porosity of the welds 22-24 is effectively sealed by the peripheral impervious polymeric coating C22-C24, respectively. In this fashion, the eventual entirely coated rim 10 of FIG. 3 is most assuredly capable of preventing leakage of air in any fashion from the interior of the tire T, and is also assured of being totally protected against exterior and interior environmental attack, the latter being created simply by the moisture in the internal air which normally would cause the rim to rust interiorly in a conventional metallic rim which is, of course, precluded by the total coating C. Furthermore, any defects, such as nicks, scratches, dents or the like which are often found in the beads 13, 14 of used rims, particularly in association with retread tires, are totally covered by the coating C, particularly by the coated portions C13 and C14, thus, basically creating smooth, continuous sealing surfaces from otherwise discontinuous surfaces. In accordance with the apparatus 50 just described and the method associated therewith, the following represents the preferred formulations for the cleaning/derusting solution B of the tank 60 and the coating solution B1 of the coating tank 80. The cleaning/derusting solution B is a heated bath of water, caustic alkalies, sequestrants, and surfactants maintained at a temperature range of generally between 200°-210° F., during which the rims 10 are immersed for between 10-30 minutes, although 15 minutes is normally sufficient for virtually any size or shape rim, including the preferred embodiment rim 10. One such cleaning solution is manufactured and sold by Magnus, a division of Economics Laboratory, Inc., Osborn Building, St. Paul, Minn. 55102 under the name "Magnus 61-DRX". The latter is a powdered blend of caustic alkalies, sequestrants, and surfactants in a white granular powder which is added at the rate of 1 to 11/2 pounds (12-18%) per gallon of cool water while stirring or agitating the solution until complete dissolving is accomplished. The pH 1% solution is 13 typical and preferably the heating is accomplished through the use of stainless steel heating coils. The use of mechanical agitation will decrease the amount of time required to clean, derust, and, if painted, strip any paint thereon. (After draining and rinsing, a suitable rust preventitive could be utilized, particularly for in-plant storage, such as Magnus 26N or 1073, available from the latter corporation.) The formulation for the coating solution bath B1 is formed of the following components and proportions: ______________________________________A. 119 lb. 76 Resin 1018 82.35%12 oz. Colloids 681F .52%B. 11 oz. Aqua Ammonia .48%16 oz. Water .69%C. 13 oz. Anti-Rust Mixture .56%5.9 oz. Surfynol 104 Surfactant .25%112 oz. Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 4.84%D. 105.6 oz. Methyl Alcohol 4.57%132.8 oz. Water 5.74%______________________________________ Component A is first thoroughly mixed with high sheer agitation and components B, C and D are all individually thoroughly premixed. After premixing, component B is added to component A with high sheer agitation followed by the addition of premix C, again with high sheer agitation, followed by the addition of component D, again with high sheer agitation. When the rims are dip-coated in the bath B1, as described earlier, a coating of approximately 1-3 mm is obtained, and preferably a coating of a total thickness of 2 mm is preferable. The latter is effected during immersion of approximately 160 seconds. The 76 Resin 1018 is a trademark of Union Chemicals Division, Union Oil Company of California, 1900 East Gulf Road, Schaumburg, Ill. 60195. This resin is a styrene-acrylate copolymer which is a milky fluid, dilutable in water, and having a boiling point of approximately 212° F. (100° C.). Additives include trace amounts of formaldehyde, surfactant, ammonia and the residule acrylamide, acrylate and styrene. Colloid 681F is the tradename of a liquid anti-foam available from Colloids, Inc. 394 Frelinghuysen Avenue, Newark, N.J. 07114. Typical properties include: ______________________________________Appearance: Off-White, opaque liquidph (5% dispersion) @ 25° C.: 5.5Specific Gravity @ 25° C.: 0.88Viscosity @ 25° C.; cps: 300Pour Point, °C.: -17° C.Flash Point (PMCC); °C.: 179______________________________________ Brookfield LVF, #2 spindle @ 60 RPM. Aqua Ammonia (ammonia hydroxide--NH 4 CH) is available from Occidental Chemical Corporation, Occidental Chemical Center, 360 Rainbow Boulevard, South, Box 728, Niagara Falls, N.Y., 14302. Typical physical data and ingredients are as follows: PHYSICAL DATA ______________________________________Boiling Point (at latm-29.4% Specific Gravity (25% solution)Solution) 27° C. 0.91 (7.6 lbs/gal)Melting Point pH-98.3° F. 14Solubility In Water Vapor Pressure (mm Hg 20° C.)Soluble at all concentrations 390Appearance and Color Vapor Density (Air = 1)Clear, colorless liquid with a 0.6pungent odor______________________________________ INGREDIENTS ______________________________________Percent Threshold Limit Values______________________________________NH.sub.3 24.5-25.5 The TLV ® limits established by ACGIH (1984-85) are: TWA STEL 25 ppm 35 ppm 18 mg/m.sup.3 27 mg/m.sup.3Water 74.5-75.5 Not applicable______________________________________ The anti-rust mixture is formed from a 128 oz. Water, 36 gram Sodium Nitrate and 11.5 oz. Sodium Benzioate. Surfynol is a registered trademark of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Box 538, Allentown, PA 18105, and it is a proprietary mixture of the latter containing 2, 4, 7, 9, Tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD) and 2-butoxyethanol (butyl cellosolve) (TMDD-C 14 H 26 O 2 ; 2-butoxyethanol-C 6 H 14 O 2 ) Typical physical data includes: ______________________________________Apearance Clear, pale yellow liquidOdor Mild, methol-likeBoiling Point 11° C. at 100 mm HgSpecific Gravity (H.sub.2 O = 1) 0.903 @ 25° C.Solubility in Water <1%Vapor Pressure 11 mm Hg @ 25° C.______________________________________ Ethylene Glycol Butyl Ether is available from Dow Chemical U.S.A., Midland, Mich. 48674 under the registered trademark "Dowanol" having the following physical data: ______________________________________Boiling Point: 340 F.Vap Press: 0.88 mm Hg @ 25 C.Vap Density: 4.10Sol. in Water: InfinitelySp. Gravity: .897 @ 25/25 C.Appearance: Water white liquidOdor: Ether-like odor______________________________________ Methyl alcohol (methanol) is readily available commercially (E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del. 19898. When the latter-described solution has been applied to and dried upon the rims 10, the appearance is virtually perfectly clear and transparent and at a thickness ranging from 1-3 mm, is quite resilient and, thus, acceptable for intimate contact and air-impervious sealing with the associated tire T, the beads Tb, and the valve V. In situations in which it is also desired to "paint" the rim 10, a pigmented formulation of the cleaning solution B is obtained from the following formulation: ______________________________________A. 2224.00 oz. 76 Resin 1018 75.23%5:72 oz. Colloids 681F .19%B. 305.40 oz. Water 10.33%11.60 oz. Aqua Ammonia .39%C. 10.75 oz. Potassium Tri Poly Phosphate .36%D. 7.00 oz Surfynol 104BC Surfactant .24%119.00 oz. Ethylene Clycol Butyl Ether 4.02%21.00 oz. Anti Rust Mixture .71%E. 8.00 oz. Dowicil 75 Bactacide .27%16.00 oz. Water .54%F. 95.00 oz. Methyl Alcohol 3.21%132.80 oz Water 4.49%______________________________________ Component A is again mixed with high sheer agitation and premixed component B is then added to component A with high sheer agitation. Component C is also added to the latter admixture under high sheer agitation. Thereafter 12 to 50 pounds of dry titanium Dioxide is added with high sheer agitation until a minimum of °7 on the Hageman Gauge is attained. Color pigment is added (10 oz. to 50 oz.), as required to obtain the pigmentation desired. Premixed components D, E and F are then successively added one at a time to the latter admixture in succession, all with high sheer agitation. In this case the characteristics remain the same as the first-described solution B, except, of course, the same is pigmented rather than being clear, but all remaining characteristics are the same. Although in a preferred embodiment of the invention as has been specifically illustrated and described herein, it is to be understood that minor variations may be made in the apparatus without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims.

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD This disclosure relates generally to a system and process for reclaiming paint overspray particles, and more particularly to a paint reclamation clarifier system and process for use. BACKGROUND Spray painting either by a robot or human operator generates a large amount of overspray waste. Overspray paint byproduct or paint waste generated in paint spraying operations takes the form of either a liquid sludge or semi-cured product embedded on a filter media. The term “overspray” means those coating components that miss the target substrate during spray application of the coating and in the absence of particular precautions are lost. In the process of painting products, paint overspray and other chemicals are released into the atmosphere. If a paint booth is not properly maintained, it creates a health and safety hazard as well as an environmental hazard. There are two main methods for capturing these residual chemicals: dry filter scrubbers and water wash scrubbers. The dry filter method involves capturing the overspray in filters by pulling the soil-laden air through the filter. As the filter captures the paints it also becomes chemically laden, and then must be disposed of properly. The major trend has been a movement toward dry filter booths; however, this ultimately creates more waste with the addition of the filters now being a waste product. Water-wash paint booth systems capture oversprayed paint by using positive air pressure to force the particles into a cascading curtain of water. Various chemical and/or physical removal processes may be employed to remove the contaminants in the water. Theoretically, it is possible to recycle the water and the captured paint-by-product. The water-wash design, because of its high efficiency and wet byproduct characteristics, has faced substantial challenges with the promulgation of more restrictive landfill regulations. It is becoming increasingly prohibitive, both economically and environmentally, to dispose of paint waste byproducts because of these regulations. Therefore, it is desirable to avoid the problem of disposal by recovering and recycling the overspray paint waste produced into a high quality paint product. Paint is a tacky material and tends to coagulate and adhere to paint spray booth surfaces, particularly in sump and drain areas, and must constantly be removed from the sump to prevent clogging of the sump drain and recirculating system. In order to assist in the removal of the oversprayed paint from the air and to provide efficient operation of paint spray booths, detackifying agents are commonly employed in the water of such systems, and are typically incorporated into the water wash recirculated in the paint spray system. These agents may include, but are not limited to various fumed silicas. Detackifying the paint eliminates or minimizes the adhesive properties, or tackiness, of the paint, thereby preventing the oversprayed paint from adhering to the walls of the spray booth, etc. The use of hydrophobic fumed silica (HFS) as a paint detackifier is known. This technology is efficient in detackifying overspray paint in some currently designed booths. For example, one approach to recovering paint overspray particles is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,092,928 issued Mar. 3, 1992 to Spangler. This process includes bringing the paint particles into contact with a plurality of HFS by depositing a layer of HFS on the surface layer of the lower portion of the paint spray booth, then encapsulating and collecting the paint particles. This method has proven sufficient, however, due to the nature of the small, lightweight HFS particles, it is not a feasible material for many water wash booths. Additionally, there remains a need for a portable paint collection containment system, that may significantly reduce the amount of water required in the paint booth system, by re-using and reformulating the waste back into paint as well as reduce the Therefore, a device is needed to employ and utilize detackification agents effectively in current and newly designed booths. A system where detackification of the process water is almost immediate and is cheaper than the conventional polymer detackification employed in current paint booth systems, and that re-uses and reformulates the waste back into paint as well as reduces the solvent emissions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the present disclosure includes a paint reclamation clarifier system in communication with a sump tank in a paint booth containing a carrier fluid for capturing paint droplets and a conduit for transporting the carrier fluid mixed with paint droplets to the reclamation clarifier system. The clarifier system includes an influent port, a detackification agent inlet, a sludge tank in a lower portion of the clarifier for collecting the dispersed carrier liquid, where the paint droplets bond with the agent and settle to the bottom of the sludge tank, a sludge outlet, and, at least one effluent port located on or near an upper portion of a sidewall of the clarifier system permitting unsettled material to exit from the clarifier. In another aspect of the present disclosure, method of reclamation and clarification of paint droplets from a carrier fluid comprising the steps of introducing a carrier fluid containing paint droplets from a sump tank of a paint booth into a mixing containment chamber of a paint reclamation clarifier system, adding a detackifying agent through a detackification inlet into the mixing containment chamber of the paint reclamation clarifier system, placing the carrier fluid containing paint droplets into rigorous contact with the detackifying agent within the mixing containment chamber, directing detackified paint sludge out of the paint reclamation clarifier through a sludge outlet, whereby the sludge is created when paint droplets from the carrier fluid bond with the detackifying agent and settle to the bottom of the sludge tank, and, directing unsettled material out of the clarifier through one or more effluent ports located on or near the sidewall of the clarifier. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an illustrative water-wash paint spray booth. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of a paint reclamation clarifier system of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A representative paint booth 10 suitable for carrying out an embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 1 . The paint booth 10 is adapted for use in industrial paint operations. The illustrated paint booth 10 is a conventional down draft, water wash type paint spray booth having a paint application station disposed in the paint booth 10 and includes one or more spray guns 15 or other automated painting devices connected to a source of paint (not shown), the operation of which may be controlled automatically, by robot or human operator. As illustrated in the drawing, an article 13 to be painted is transported through or placed in the paint booth 10 by conventional means, including conveyors, stands, mounting or suspending apparatus, or other means known to those skilled in the art. The paint booth 10 has an open metal grate floor 14 or the like separating the paint booth 10 into an upper paint spray chamber 16 and a lower sump or sludge tank 18 . The paint booth 10 also includes a supply of water or an aqueous bath 20 within the sludge tank 18 . The aqueous bath 20 includes a top surface 21 separated by a prescribed distance from the grate floor 14 . Exhaust fans 24 , 26 are disposed in one or more exhaust air conduits 28 and are in flow communication with the paint booth 10 . The exhaust fans 24 , 26 provide for the movement of air out of the paint booth 10 . Flow of air into the paint booth is typically accomplished via make up air system. The make-up air system forcibly introduces a volume of air via a plenum (not shown) into the upper paint spray chamber 16 , through the metal grate floor 14 to the sludge tank 18 . The flow of air continues out one or more exhaust air conduits 28 via one or more exits or the like, that lead to exhaust air conduits and ultimately to the external environment. The exits are preferably disposed adjacent to the sludge tank 18 and proximate the top surface 21 of the aqueous bath 20 . As the air stream flows through the upper paint spray chamber 16 of paint booth 10 , paint over-spray is entrained in the air stream. Such paint overspray particles or compounds are directed or transported with the flowing air stream from the upper paint spray chamber 16 of the paint booth 10 and through the open metal grate floor 14 . After passing through the grate floor 14 , the air stream containing the over-spray paint particles or droplets 11 is directed into sludge tank 18 . Air stream flow volume through the paint booth 10 is preferably limited to about 50-100 cubic feet per second. Such a flow profile is sufficient to cause the over-spray paint particles and droplets carried by the air stream to fall from the air stream to the top surface 21 of the aqueous bath 20 . Such velocity profile, however, does not substantially interfere in the painting operations. The optimum velocity of the air stream at which the over-spray paint particles or droplets 11 will most effectively gravitationally separate from the air stream is a function of the mass and size of the over-spray particles and droplets 11 , which may be determined empirically for each industrial painting operation employing the above-described technology. Overspray paint particle laden wash water or aqueous bath sump fluid 20 is introduced to the paint reclamation mixing containment collection system or paint reclamation clarifier system 60 of FIG. 2 at the influent port 42 optionally via paint booth exit conduit 34 . The influent port 42 may have a lid (not shown) (for example, screw-on, flip top, swivel). The paint reclamation clarifier system 60 also includes a detackifying agent inlet 52 , at least one wash water outlet or effluent ports 58 located on or near a sidewall of the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 , a sludge outlet 56 , and a mixing containment chamber 62 . The at least one effluent ports 58 may be aligned vertically at varying height levels along the side wall of the clarifier system 60 providing initial horizontally directed flow, or may be near yet outboard of the sidewall, with vertically directed flow, as would be understood by one skilled in the art. A batch or continuous flow of powderous, gelatinous, or liquid detackification agent (not shown) is added to the mixing containment chamber at the detackification agent inlet 52 . The detackification agent inlet 52 may be shaped as a hopper with a volumous area for conveniently allowing a user to pre-fill the detackification agent inlet 52 with detackification agent. The detackification agent inlet 52 may include a cover 54 which may be hingedly connected to the top of the detackification agent inlet 52 . The mixing containment chamber 62 includes an upper section 63 and a lower section 64 . The paint reclamation clarifier system 60 may be cylindrical and generally shaped for gravitational fluid flow. The upper section 62 is closed at its upper end (except for the inlet areas). The lower portion 66 of the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 may have a larger overall volume than the mixing containment chamber 62 , and the mixing containment chamber 62 may be partially contained within the lower portion 66 of the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 . The upper end of the lower portion 66 is closed from the open atmosphere and operates to direct the effluent towards a weir 68 . Decant valves associated with the plurality of effluent ports 58 may operate to allow directed material flow. The weir 68 (along with a baffle system) located outside of the mixing containment chamber 62 provides the opportunity to re-introduce the detackification agent and or encapsulated process material that may be floating, back into the mixing containment area 62 via a pump system, or optionally may be siphoned off with a pumpless return. Additionally, the process material may be directed to a dewatering device (not shown), described further below. Optionally, the process water or carrier fluid paint mixture 36 may be pumped into the mixing containment chamber 62 . However, it may be possible to send process water through the containment chamber 62 either by gravity (this depends on the location of the clarifier) or by siphon. The system may optionally have two pumps if gravity or siphoning is not an option. Within the upper section 63 of the mixing containment chamber 62 , fluid at the influent port 42 and the detackification agent from the detackification agent inlet 52 are forced together through strong circulation currents. When the paint booth process water 36 is high velocity pumped into the mixing containment chamber 62 , the paint droplets 11 come in forced contact with the detackification agent. Since the detackification agent is contained (with a closed and sealed top) 54 , a rigorously strong washing effect occurs when the process water 36 is directed through the layer of detackification agent. As a result, the paint droplets 11 in the process water 36 become coated with detackification agent, within the mixing containment chamber 62 . With continuous flow of process water 36 turbulently mixing through the detackification agent in the mixing containment chamber 62 , the droplets 11 which are currently floating are continuously turned over and beat into the water beneath the layer of detackification agent within the containment chamber 62 . A mixing dispersion device 70 may optionally be located at the upper end of the upper section 60 of the mixing containment chamber 62 . The mixing dispersion device 70 may operate to disperse the paint booth process water 36 as an influent (through conduit 34 or via a batch process) in an upper portion of the mixing chamber 62 into contact with a detackification agent. The device 70 may be of any shape or undergo any process action to facilitate the forced flow contact of the detackification agent into contact with the paint booth process water 36 from the influent port 42 , such as by rotation, agitation, oscillation, vibration, or the like, or may undergo no movement at all. By way of example only, the mixing dispersion device 70 may be an inverted cone shape, a bowl shape, a two-or more headed tubular spout shape, or may be directly connected to the influent port 42 to facilitate further process water 36 flow. Over a period of time, the solids begin to sink and the detackified paint sludge or treated fluid may exit from the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 at the sludge outlet 56 . Depending on the flow rate and volume of material used, a portion of the detackification agent may be pushed beyond the central tubular mixing containment section 62 , and may rise to the top of the surface, as well as the processed encapsulated sludge which may rise, remain suspended, or sink. The material that rises to the top of the surface may be re-introduced into the clarifier system 60 for additional treatment, or optionally into the paint booth lower sump tank 18 , via the plurality of effluent ports 58 . Additionally, this material that rises may be transported to a dewatering device (not shown). The material that is suspended will eventually settle over a period of time (likely less than 24 hours, or even within a few minutes given appropriate parameters). The treated material that sinks or remains suspended (at various levels of solids concentration) may be removed from the sludge outlet 56 at the bottom of the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 . The settled paint sludge material may be sent to the clarifier 60 , or to a dewatering device (not shown), or optionally back into the lower sump tank 18 of the paint booth 10 . As is known, the dewatering device may be a filter, centrifuge, decanter, hydrocyclonic separator, filter press or the like. Once collected, detackified paint droplets or sludge (and any of the aqueous solution collected therewith) is preferably transferred to a processing reservoir and optionally, conditioned with various materials to remove bacteria and otherwise aid in the recycling process. To remove the bacteria a biocide or other solution such as hydrogen peroxide is added to the processing reservoir to kill the bacteria. If necessary, the mixture (i.e. aqueous bath solution and detackified paint sludge) may then be transferred to a de-watering device for removal of the water. The remaining material may subsequently be dried to a moisture content of less than about 5 percent, and preferably a moisture content of less than about 2 percent. The dried, detackified, paint over-spray is then particulized to a size less than about 20 microns and dissolved in an appropriate solvent. The process for transferring, conditioning, de-watering, drying, and particulizing (e.g. milling) etc. are now well known to those persons skilled in the art. In some higher volume processing situations, the carrier fluid/detackification agent mixture may be fed into a separator tank (not shown). The mixture in the tank may sit in the tank for a period of time for further separation. The upper portion of the mixture in the tank, or the detackification slurry, may be sent to the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 . The lower portion of the mixture in the tank, or the effluent, may be sent back to the paint booth 10 . The detackification slurry may intermittently be removed from the separator tank, at automatically set intervals, or at manually set times. It will be understood that the paint reclamation clarifier system 60 can be of varying size and shape, but may, as an example, hold approximately 500 gallons of water and 2 cubic feet of detackification agent in one batch. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The preferred paint reclamation or paint recovery process is initiated with the detackification of the paint particles and droplets using the detackification agent. The encapsulated paint particles and droplets typically remain buoyant for a period of time, during which time the encapsulated paint particles and droplets can be removed and collected from paint reclamation clarifier system 60 via the sludge outlet 56 or other collection processes. As indicated above, various materials can be added to the recycling materials (paint and silica) during the aforementioned process to aid the processing of the material as well as to complete the recycled paint product. In addition, specific additional ingredients such as binders, plasticizers, stabilizers, pigments, flow control agents, etc. can be included to restore properties to the recycled paint product that may have been lost during the original spraying operation. It will be appreciated that the foregoing description provides examples of a paint reclamation clarifier and mixing chamber system. However, it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may differ in detail from the foregoing examples, as would occur to those skilled in the art. All references to the disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the particular example being discussed at that point and are not intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the scope of the disclosure entirely, unless otherwise indicated. Recitation of ranges of values or dimensions herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Accordingly, this disclosure includes all modifications and equivalents of subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the disclosure unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to internalizing components in automobile fuel tanks, and more particularly relates to attaching components to the inner wall of blow-molded fuel tanks. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Attaching a component internally within a blow-molded fuel tank is a complicated process. Generally, these internal components have been designed with weld feet on the appropriate portions for attachment to the inner wall of the tank. The component is placed on a blow pin and is inserted inside a molten plastic parison. The weld feet are then melted into the molten parison as the fuel tank mold is closed. [0003] Unfortunately, this method results in several drawbacks. For example, this process increases the manufacturing cycle time and destructive testing must be done to assure that the welding of the weld feet is secure to the tank shell. Finally, these internalized components are difficult to service. Accordingly, there exists a need to provide an improved method or structure for attaching a component internally within a blow-molded fuel tank. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0004] The present invention provides an assembly for internal placement of a component within a vehicle fuel tank. The assembly generally includes a first housing having a first projection form thereon and a second housing having a second projection form thereon. The second housing is adjustable relative to the first housing, and a spring biases the first and second housings apart. The fuel tank is defined in part by a first wall and a second wall. The first wall includes a first depression sized to receive the first projection and the second wall includes a second depression sized to receive the second projection. In this way, the first and second projections are biased into the first and second depressions to securely hold the component within the vehicle fuel tank. [0005] According to more detailed aspects, the component and the first and second housings are located entirely within the fuel tank. That is, the component does not utilize an access opening extending through the fuel tank wall to provide secure attachment. A pin may be attached to the first housing to limit the movement of the second housing relative to the first housing. Preferably, the first housing telescopically receives the second housing. The first housing may contain a grade vent valve, and a third housing may be positioned between the first and second housings. Here, the spring engages the second and third housings to bias the second housing away from the first and third housings. The third housing telescopically engages the second housing. [0006] The first and second projections are preferably tapered to promote seating of the projections within the depressions. The first and second projections may include a key member which corresponds to key holes defined by the first and second depressions. In order to prevent rotation of the housings and the component, the projections may have a non-circular cross-sectional shape. Preferably, the first and second projections have an oblong cross-sectional shape. The first and second depressions are preferably formed on first and second plateaus raised from the surface of the first and second walls. This helps the manufacturer to identify the location of attachment. Further, the first and second housings can define a rim from which the projection extends to promote seating on the plateau. [0007] In another embodiment of the present invention, a component is provided for internal placement within a vehicle fuel tank. The component generally includes a first housing and a second housing. A spring biases the first and second housings apart. A first connection member is attached to the first housing and a second connection member is attached to the second housing. The second housing is adjustable relative to the first housing to position the first and second connection members for selective engagement of the fuel tank. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] The accompanying drawings incorporated in and forming a part of the specification illustrate several aspects of the present invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings: [0009] FIG. 1 is a front view of a component for internal placement within a vehicle fuel tank; [0010] FIG. 2 is a front view of an assembly having the component shown in FIG. 1 internally attached-to a vehicle fuel tank; and [0011] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken about the line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0012] Turning now to the figures, FIG. 1 depicts a front view of a component 10 for internal placement within a vehicle fuel tank 12 ( FIG. 2 ). For purposes of illustrating the present invention, the component 10 has been shown as including a grade vent valve 14 which includes a first housing 16 . The details of the valve 14 will not be described here, but suffice it to say that a grade vent valve is a typical fuel tank component which closes off the flow of fuel from the tank based on the grade or angular position of the valve 14 and vehicle relative to the ground. Nonetheless, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that numerous other components that are desired to be located within the fuel tank 12 may be employed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention. [0013] The component 10 further includes a second housing 18 and a third housing 20 . While the first and second housings 16 , 18 have been shown as separate elements connected by screws 22 , it will be recognized that the first and second housings 16 , 18 may be integrally formed as a single housing member. The second and third housings 18 , 20 are tubular in shape, and the second housing 18 telescopically receives the third housing 20 . It will be recognized that the third housing 20 could also telescopically receive the second housing 18 . In either case, the inner housing member could comprise a solid member, although the housing preferably has a tubular shape. It can be seen in FIG. 2 that the first, second and third housings 16 , 18 , 20 , and more specifically the entire component 10 is located entirely within the fuel tank 12 . That is, the component 10 does not utilize an access opening into the tank 12 to secure the component 10 therein. Stated another way, the receiving members 50 , 52 and their depressions 56 , 60 are horizontally spaced from the access opening. [0014] As best seen in the cross-sectional view of FIG. 3 , the second housing 18 telescopically receives the third housing 20 , and a spring 24 is interposed between the housings 18 , 20 . More specifically, the spring 24 is positioned within the second housing 18 and engages a first end 26 of the first housing 16 and a first end 28 of the third housing 20 . The spring 24 biases the second and third housings 18 , 20 away from each other, i.e., in opposing directions. A pin 19 extends through the second housing 18 and limits the distance which the third housing 20 may extend into the second housing 18 . [0015] The first housing 14 includes a first connection member 30 at its free end 32 , while the third housing 20 includes a second connection member 34 at its free end 36 . The first connection member 30 generally includes a projection 38 extending away from a flange 40 . Similarly, the second connection member 34 includes a projection 42 extending away from a flange 44 . [0016] As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3 , the connection members 30 , 34 are structured to correspond with receiving members 50 , 52 formed in the fuel tank 12 . More specifically, the fuel tank 12 is defined in part by a lower wall 46 and an opposing upper wall 48 . As best seen in FIG. 3 , the receiving member 50 is integrally formed in the lower wall 46 and includes a raised portion or plateau 54 defining a depression 56 . Similarly, the upper tank wall 48 includes the receiving member 52 integrally formed therein, defined by a raised plateau 58 having a depression 60 formed therein. The depressions 56 , 60 are sized and structured to correspond to the projections 38 , 42 defined by the first and third housings 16 , 20 . The flanges 40 , 44 are structured to rest against the exposed surface of the plateaus 54 , 58 . [0017] As shown in the figures, the projections 38 , 42 are tapered, as are the corresponding depressions 56 , 60 . This aids in the proper seating of the component 10 within the fuel tank 12 . As also shown, the projections 38 , 42 have a circular cross-sectional shape. However, it will be recognized that the projections 38 , 42 may have any desired shape. One preferred shape is a non-circular shape, such as a polygonal or oblong shape. Such non-circular cross-sectional shapes aid in restricting the motion of the component 10 , and more specifically the first and second housings 16 , 20 . By virtue of the non-circular shape, the structural members (i.e., housings 16 , 18 , 20 ) will be prevented from rotating within the tank 12 . To the same end, the first and second projections 38 , 42 could also include a radially extending key member (not shown) which corresponds with a key hole or key slot formed into the depressions 56 , 60 . [0018] In operation, the fuel tank 12 is molded with the receiving members 50 , 52 integrally formed therein. The component 10 is then inserted through an access opening, and the third housing 20 is displaced relative to the second housing 18 to shorten the overall length of the component 10 . The projections 38 , 42 are then located within the depressions 56 , 60 , and the biasing force provided by spring 24 presses the first housing 16 and its projection 38 into engagement with the depression 60 formed in the upper wall 48 of the tank 12 . Similarly, the third housing 20 is biased downwardly such that the projection 42 engages the depression 56 of the lower wall 46 of the fuel tank 12 . In this way, the relative positioning of the first and second connection members 30 , 34 (biased apart from each other via spring 24 ) allows for selective engagement of the fuel tank 12 , and in turn such as the attachment of the component 10 . This provides easy servicing of the component 10 while being nondestructive of the fuel tank 12 . [0019] The foregoing description of various embodiments of the invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise embodiments disclosed. Numerous modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments discussed were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally, and equitably entitled.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a toroidal type continuously variable transmission and, more particularly, to an improvement of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission for a vehicle such as an automobile. Conventionally, gear type variable transmissions have been used most frequently as vehicle variable transmissions. As gear steels for forming gears, low-alloy steels such as SCr420 and SCM420 are used among other machine structural steels and alloy steels defined by JIS G4051 to G4202. Such machine structural steels as materials are formed into the shapes of gears and subjected to a surface hardening treatment such as cementation or nitriding. However, conventional gear type (automatic) step variable transmissions are discontinuously variable transmission mechanisms. Therefore, a loss is produced during the transmission of power, or a shift shock is generated. On the other hand, continuously variable transmissions produce no intermittent shift shocks. Accordingly, continuously variable transmissions are superior to gear type step variable transmissions in power transmission characteristics and have high fuel consumption efficiency. For this reason, various researches have been made recently to incorporate continuously variable transmissions in actual automobiles, and belt type continuously variable transmissions are put to use in some automobiles. One of these continuously variable transmissions is a toroidal type continuously variable transmission including input and output disks and a power roller bearing. This toroidal type continuously variable transmission can transmit higher torque than a belt type continuously variable transmission and hence is considered to be effective as a continuously variable transmission for medium- and large-sized automobiles. Therefore, the development of a high-durability material which can transmit high torque and does not break even at high temperatures is being sought. Conventional high-durability materials for this toroidal type continuously variable transmission are as follows. That is, as disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 7-208568, rolling elements of a power roller bearing as a toroidal type continuously variable transmission component are made of medium or high carbon steel and subjected to carbonitriding, hardening, and tempering. Also, as described in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-79336, machine structural steel containing Cr is used as the material of rolling elements of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission, and the rolling elements are carbonitrided to meet the following conditions. That is, the N amount in the rolling element is 0.2 to 0.6 wt %. At depth d≦0.2 Zst where Zst is the depth at which the maximum shearing stress is produced inside the rolling element due to surface contact, the C+N amount is 0.9 to 1.3 wt %, the residual austenite amount is 20 to 45 vol %, and the hardness is Hv500 or more. Additionally, at a depth satisfying 0.5 Zst≦d≦1.4 Zst, the C+N amount is 0.6 wt %≦C+N≦1.2 wt %, and the hardness is Hv700 or more. When a conventional toroidal type continuously variable transmission is driven, a high contact pressure is produced between the input and output disks and the power roller bearing (i.e., on the traction surface of the power roller). Consequently, a high thrust load acts on the power roller bearing, so a rolling contact load similar to that of a roller bearing acts on the bearing. These contact pressure and thrust load produce a high load which is not produced in common rolling bearings. In particular, the traction surface or bearing surface of the power roller readily peels or breaks. This makes the rolling life of power roller bearing surface impossible to prolong. For example, in a toroidal CVT, the contact surface pressure of a traction power transmitter at the maximum torque and minimum speed is Pmax=3.9 GPa (when contact-ellipse major-axis radius a=5 mm and contact-ellipse minor-axis radius b=1.3 mm, maximum dynamic shearing stress generation position; Zo=0.48 b, and maximum static shearing stress generation position; Zst=0.72 b). Compared to common rolling bearings, a toroidal type continuously variable transmission has its characteristic and serious problem; since the backup stiffness is low unlike in a bearing, repeated bending stress is applied to the power roller, input disk, and output disk to produce high tensile stress (it is found from FEM calculations and results of measurements using a strain gauge that a tensile stress of approximately 90 kgf/mm 2 is produced on the traction surface at the maximum load and minimum speed), so cracks are easily formed from these portions as start points. This makes the fatigue crack resistance impossible to increase (FIGS. 3 and 4). As a series of researches on these problems, rolling life under bending stress is reported (Manuscripts for Japan Tribology Conference, Morioka, 1992-10, pp. 793 to 796). This reference describes that the life is significantly shortened when rolling contact stress and bending stress are combined. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, therefore, the combination of large repeated shearing stress and large repeated bending stress acts on the power roller bearing of this toroidal type continuously variable transmission, resulting in a severe stress loaded state unlike in general-purpose rolling bearings. For example, as shown in FIG. 5, the maximum stress generation position becomes deeper from a conventional peak value P1 to a value P2. Accordingly, simply performing cementation which is considered to be effective to improve the peeling resistance of general-purpose rolling bearings is insufficient to prolong the life of bearings. In a toroidal type continuously variable transmission, unlike general-purpose rolling bearings, heat is generated when large traction power is transmitted by the input and output disks and the power roller traction surface. The temperature of the contact point is expected to be higher than 200° C., so any conventional bearing material cannot be used. Hence, the amount of alloy element Mo which maintains its hardness even at high temperatures or the amount of alloy element Si which delays readily occurring tissue change are specified. In Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-79336 described above, carbonitriding is performed to set the N amount in the rolling element to 0.2 to 0.6 wt %. At depth d≦0.2 Zst where Zst is the depth at which the maximum shearing stress is produced inside the rolling element due to surface contact, the C+N amount is 0.9 to 1.3 wt %, the residual austenite amount is 20 to 45 vol %, and the Vickers hardness is Hv500 or more. Additionally, at a depth satisfying 0.5 Zst≦d≦1.4 Zst, the C+N amount is 0.6 wt %≦C+N≦1.2 wt %, and the hardness is Hv700 or more. As indicated by Comparative Example 1 in FIG. 6, these specified values are considered to be effective only to the contact stress. That is, since the hardness near the surface is as low as Hv500, the specified hardness distribution is unsatisfactory for the disks to which the bending stress is further applied. Also, as indicated by Comparative Example 2 in FIG. 6, the depth of 0.5 Zst to 1.4 Zst at which the hardness is specified to Hv700 is set by taking only the rolling contact stress into consideration. Therefore, if the bending stress is combined, this specified hardness is insufficient. Furthermore, although the wear resistance improves when the surface N amount is 0.2 to 0.6 wt %, this surface N amount is too large and significantly deteriorates the processability. Note that the value of Vickers hardness Hv is approximately three times the value of yield stress δ y and approximately six times the value of shearing stress τ. In Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 7-208568, the rolling elements of the power roller bearing as one component of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission are made of medium or high carbon steel and subjected to carbonitriding, hardening, and tempering. The present invention further improves a material having sufficient durability even under recent severe high-torque conditions. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to solve the characteristic problem of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission that rolling fatigue peeling, breakage, and frictional wear occur in an inner and outer rings of power roller bearing input disk, and output disk, and provide a long-life toroidal type continuously variable transmission including long-life reliable input and output disks and power roller bearing which do not crack due to fatigue. A toroidal type continuously variable transmission comprising an input disk attached to an input shaft, an output disk attached to an output shaft, and a power roller bearing including an inner ring, an outer ring, and a plurality of rolling elements, the inner ring engaging with the input and output disks to transmit power from the input shaft to the output shaft, wherein at least one component selected from the group consisting of the inner and outer rings of the power roller bearing and the input and output disks is made of a material containing 0.15 to 0.5 wt %, 0.15 to 1.5 wt %, and 0.1 to 1.5 wt % of C, Si, and Mo, respectively, equal or not more than 9 ppm of oxygen, and another unavoidable impurity element, and the at least one component is subjected to carbonitriding, hardening, tempering and grinding, such that a finished surface C and N amounts are 0.8 to 1.2 wt % and 0.05 to 0.20 wt %, respectively, and the surface hardness has a Vickers hardness of equal or not less than Hv720, and hardness of the material at a depth of Dx from a surface is not equal to or less than Hv650, the Dx being a critical equivalent stress generation position in a synthetic stress distribution of a shearing stress distribution and a bending stress distribution and meeting Dx=3.0 Zo to 5.0 Zo where Zo is a maximum dynamic shearing stress generation position from the surface. In the toroidal type continuously variable transmission according to the present invention, the inner and outer rings of the power roller bearing and the input and output disks are subjected to carbonitriding and a physical surface hardening treatment such as shot peening. This prevents peeling, breakage, and fatigue cracking of these members. The reasons why the constituent elements of the present invention are limited will be described below. 1) Finished surface C amount: 0.8 to 1.2 wt % After the power roller (inner ring), outer ring, input disk, and output disk are carbonitrided, hardened, tempered, and grinded, the finished surface C amount is specified to 0.8 to 1.2 wt % for the reasons explained below. That is, the surface C amount of 0.8 wt % or more is necessary to obtain sufficient hardness against rolling fatigue and sufficient strength against bending stress load. If the surface C amount exceeds 1.2 wt %, giant carbide is readily produced to form crack start points. 2) Finished surface N amount: 0.05 to 0.20 wt % When the surface N amount is 0.05 wt % or more, the tempering resistance improves, and fine carbide disperses and separates out. This further improves the strength. If the surface N amount exceeds 0.20 wt %, the wear resistance improves to make polishing difficult to perform. Also, the brittle crack strength lowers. 3) Finished surface hardness: Hv720 or more Hardness in position Dx: Hv650 or more It is desirable to perform carbonitriding by which the surface hardness is a Vickers hardness of Hv650 or more and the hardness at a depth of Dx from the surface is Hv650 or more after hardening and tempering are performed. The depth of Dx corresponds to a critical equivalent stress generation position in a synthetic stress distribution of a shearing stress distribution and a bending stress distribution. Note that Dx=3.0 Zo to 5.0 Zo where Zo is a maximum dynamic shearing stress generation position from the surface. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the combination of large repeated shearing stress and large repeated bending stress acts on the components of a power roller bearing 8 of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission, resulting in a severe stress loaded state different from general rolling bearings. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 5, the maximum stress generation position becomes deeper from the conventional peak value P1 to the value P2. This is because the hardness distribution is specified by performing carbonitriding by taking account of the synthetic stress load, instead of simply performing cementation which is considered to be effective to improve the peeling resistance of rolling bearings. In a toroidal type continuously variable transmission, unlike common rolling bearings, heat is generated when large traction power is transmitted by the input and output disks and the power roller traction surface. The temperature of the contact point is expected to be higher than 200° C., so any conventional bearing material cannot be used. Hence, the amount of alloy element Mo which maintains its hardness even at high temperatures and the amount of alloy element Si which delays readily occurring tissue change are specified. In Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 9-79336 described above, carbonitriding is performed to set the N amount in the rolling element to 0.2 to 0.6 wt %. At depth d≦0.2 Zst where Zst is the depth at which the maximum shearing stress is produced inside the rolling element due to surface contact, the C+N amount is 0.9 to 1.3 wt %, the residual austenite amount is 20 to 45 vol %, and the hardness is Hv500 or more. Additionally, at a depth satisfying 0.5 Zst≦d≦1.4 Zst, the C+N amount is 0.6 wt %≦C+N≦1.2 wt %, and the hardness is Hv700 or more. As indicated by Comparative Example 1 in FIG. 6, these specified values are considered to be effective only to the contact stress. That is, since the hardness near the surface is as low as Hv500, the specified hardness distribution is unsatisfactory for the disks to which the bending stress is further applied. Also, as indicated by Comparative Example 2 in FIG. 6, the depth of 0.5 Zst to 1.4 Zst at which the hardness is specified to Hv700 is set by taking only the rolling contact stress into consideration. Therefore, if the bending stress is combined, this specified hardness is inappropriate. Furthermore, when the surface N amount is 0.2 to 0.6 wt %, the wear resistance increases and the processability significantly lowers because this surface N amount is too large. In the present invention, therefore, the depth Zo at which the maximum dynamic shearing stress acts is used in calculating the rolling life of each component. The calculations of the position Zo where the maximum dynamic shearing stress acts will be described below. Point contact between steels is given by a=(50.5×10.sup.-3)μ·(P/Σρ).sup.1/3(1) a=(50.5×10.sup.-3)υ·(P/Σρ).sup.1/3(2) b/a={(t.sup.2-1)(2t.sup.-1)}.sup.1/2 =k.sub.1 (3) cosτ=|ρ.sub.11 -ρ.sub.12 +ρ.sub.21 -ρ.sub.22 |/Σρ (4) where a is a contact-ellipse major-axis radius, b is a contact-ellipse minor-axis radius, τ is an auxiliary angle, μ and υ are constants pertaining to cos τ, P is load, and Σρ (=ρ 11 +ρ 12 +ρ 21 +ρ 22 ) is the summation of principal curvatures which form a right angle at a contact point between two elastic members. Note that μ, υ, k 1 , and k 2 have the following relations: μ={2E(k 2 )/πk 12 } 1/3 υ={2E(k 2 )k 1 /π} 1/3 k 1 =b/a k 2 =(1-k 12 ) 1/2 Hence, μ and υ are constants calculated by second kind complete elliptic integral. When a and b calculated from equations (1) and (2), respectively, are substituted into equation (3) to solve the equation for a parameter t, the maximum dynamic shearing stress generation position Zo is given by equation (5) below. This is described in "Bearing Lubrication Manual (Nikkan Kogyo Shinbunsha, Bearing Lubrication Manual Editorial Committee ed., 1961)", pp. 230 to 240. Zo=b{(t+1)(2t-1).sup.1/2 }.sup.-1 (5) Zo can also be calculated by using maximum contact pressure Pmax from a relationship indicated by Pmax=[188×{P(Σρ).sup.2 }.sup.1/3 ]/μυ(6) In the present invention, a critical equivalent stress generation region obtained by synthesizing a shearing stress distribution and a bending stress distribution on the basis of the Zo value calculated as above is specified as Dx=3.0 Zo to 5.0 Zo. In the present invention, this region is considered to be important to prevent rolling fatigue peeling, breakage, and fatigue cracking of the inner and outer rings of the power roller bearing, input disk, and output disk as the components of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission when the transmission is used. To prevent these peeling and breakage, Hv650 or more is necessary in at least the position 3 Zo within the Dx range. As the load increases, the position where this hardness is necessary becomes deeper. Therefore, the hardness is more preferably Hv650 or more in the position 5 Zo. For this reason, the hardness in the position Dx is specified to Hv650 or more. 4) Residual stress in 0.5 Dx to Dx: -130 to -60 kgf/mm 2 When shot peening (SP) is performed, media (e.g., steel balls) collide against the surface of a material to plastically deform the SP-treated material surface and its vicinity (to be also referred to as surface layer portions hereinafter) constructing individual portions. This produces residual compression stress. Accordingly, the fatigue resistance improves when the SP treatment is performed such that a residual compression stress of -60 kgf/mm 2 or more is produced with respect to the combination of rolling contact stress and high tensile stress applied to each portion. However, if the residual compression stress exceeds -130 kgf/mm 2 , the effect is saturated, and the processing cost rises. In the present invention, the "residual compression stress" is residual stress with a negative sign. Therefore, the larger the absolute value of residual compression stress, the larger the residual compression stress; the smaller the absolute value of the residual compression stress, the smaller the residual compression stress. To prevent peeling and breakage of the components of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission of the present invention, the residual compression stress must be -60 to -130 kgf/mm 2 in at least a depth of 1.5 Zo in the critical equivalent stress generation region Dx. As the load increases, the position where this residual compression stress is necessary becomes deeper. That is, this value is necessary at a depth of preferably 2.0 Zo, and more preferably 3.0 Zo. The reasons why the compositions of material of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission of the present invention are limited will be described below. 5) C: 0.15 to 0.50 wt % C must be 0.15 wt % in order to obtain stable cleanness of material for mass production containing little inclusions considered to shorten the life by breakage or peeling, and to shorten the treatment time of carbonitriding performed to obtain enough hardness against rolling fatigue. If C exceeds 0.50 wt %, the crack strength lowers in a central portion, and the dimensional stability degrades at high temperatures. For these reasons, C=0.15 to 0.50 wt % is specified. 6) Si: 0.15 to 1.50 wt % Si has an effect of delaying white tissue change found under rolling fatigue and improves the hardenability. If Si is less than 0.15 wt %, no sufficient tempering softening resistance can be obtained. If Si exceeds 1.5 wt %, the processability significantly degrades. Therefore, Si=0.15 to 1.5 wt % is specified. 7) Mo: 0.1 to 1.5 wt % Mo improves the tempering softening resistance and the bearing hardness by an effect of dispersing fine carbide, so 0.1 wt % or more of Mo is necessary. However, if Mo exceeds 1.5%, the effect of Mo is saturated, and the processability may degrade. So, Mo=0.1 to 1.5% is specified. 8) Oxygen: 9 ppm or less Oxygen can produce oxide-based inclusions in steel to form start points (fisheyes) when bending stress fatigue takes place or can function as a nonmetallic inclusion which shortens the rolling life. Accordingly, the upper limit of oxygen is specified to 9 ppm. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the invention. FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission; FIG. 2A is a view showing thermal history (I) of a heat treatment performed for components of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission; FIG. 2B is a view showing thermal history (II) of cementation performed for the components; FIG. 2C is a view showing thermal history (III) of carbonitriding performed for the components; FIG. 3 is a schematic view for explaining bending stress and tangential stress acing on a disk; FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing bending stress and tangential stress acting on a power roller; FIG. 5 is a graph showing the distribution of synthetic stress acing on the disk; and FIG. 6 is a graph showing the distribution of hardness by comparing an example with comparative examples. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawing. FIG. 1 shows the longitudinal sectional structure of a toroidal type continuously variable transmission. Reference numerals 1 and 2 denote output and input shafts, respectively. An input disk 5 is rotatably and loosely fitted on the input shaft 2 via a bush 10. A cam disk 3 is fixed to the input shaft 2 by a spline 2a. Cam surfaces 3a and 5b are formed on the opposing surfaces of the cam disk 3 and the input disk 5, respectively. Rollers 4 are sandwiched between the cam surfaces 3a and 5b. An output disk 6 is fixed to the output shaft 1 by a spline 1a so as to rotate integrally with the output shaft 1. The input and output shafts 2 and 1 are rotatably supported by a casing via bearings 12 and 13, respectively. Toroidal surfaces or rolling transmission surfaces 5a and 6a of the input and output disks 5 and 6 define a common arc to form a toroidal cavity. A power roller 9 transmits power while rolling in contact with the rolling transmission surfaces 5a and 6a. This power roller 9 and a bearing 8 together form a support bearing of the power roller 9. A fixing ring 14 of the bearing 8 is attached to trunnions 7 via sliding washers 15. The bearing 8 is attached to the trunnions 7 via rocking shafts 7a. The trunnions 7 are so supported as to be tiltable such that the power roller 9 can change the speed by changing its contact positions with the rolling transmission surfaces 5a and 6a in the toroidal cavity. Lubricating oil such as traction oil is supplied to lubricate the bearing 8 and also lubricate the contact surfaces between the power roller 9 and the toroidal surfaces of the input and output disks 5 and 6. A mechanism for supplying this lubricating oil is omitted from FIG. 1. Table 1 shows chemical components, surface C and N amounts (wt %), and shot peening in examples according to the present invention and comparative examples. The examples and comparative examples shown in Table 1 were manufactured by performing heat treatment (I) (prior art 1) under conditions shown in FIG. 2A or heat treatment (II) under conditions shown in FIG. 2B and heat treatment (III) under conditions shown in FIG. 2C (examples and comparative examples), and performing shot peening. [Heat treatment (I)] As shown in FIG. 2A, a material was heated in an endothermic gas ambient at 840 to 860° C. for 0.5 to 1 hr and oil-quenched (hardened). The resultant material was heated in the atmosphere at 160 to 180° C. for 2 hr and cooled (tempered). [Heat treatment (II)] As shown in FIG. 2B, a material was heat-treated (cemented) in an endothermic gas/enriched gas ambient at 930 to 960° C. for 10 to 15 hr and allowed to cool. Subsequently, the material was heated in an endothermic gas ambient at 840 to 860° C. for 0.5 to 1 hr and oil-quenched (hardened). The resultant material was heated in the atmosphere at 160 to 180° C. for 2 hr and cooled (tempered). [Heat treatment (III)] As shown in FIG. 2C, a material was heat-treated (carbonitrided) in an endothermic gas/enriched gas/ammonia gas ambient at 930 to 960° C. for 5 to 10 hr and allowed to cool. Subsequently, the material was heated in an endothermic gas ambient at 840 to 860° C. for 0.5 to 1 hr and oil-quenched (hardened). The resultant material was heated in the atmosphere at 160 to 180° C. for 2 hr and cooled (tempered). The maximum residual stress (kgf/mm 2 ) at a depth of 0.5 Dx of each resultant power roller was measured. That is, the profile of the residual stress in the direction of depth from the rolling surface of the member was obtained, and a maximum value at the depth of 0.5 Dx was measured. The results are shown in Table 1. Note that the residual stress (kgf/mm 2 ) mentioned in the present invention indicates compression when the sign is negative (-) and tension when the sign is positive (+). Toroidal type continuously variable transmissions were assembled by using the inner and, outer rings of power roller bearing, input disks, and output disks completed through the heat treatments by using materials having the compositions shown in Table 1. Table 1 shows the residual compression stress at 3 Zo, as an example of the range of 0.5 Dx to Dx, of each component. Also, Table 2 shows the hardness of each component at 5 Zo as an example of Dx. Note that rolling elements (balls) 20 were manufactured by heating, tempering, and polishing SUJ2. The bearings in the examples and comparative examples thus obtained were tested under the following conditions. [Test conditions] ______________________________________Rotational speed of input shaft: 4,000 r.p.m.Input torque: 370 N.mOil: Synthetic lubricating oilOil temperature: 100° C.______________________________________ Under the above test conditions, the values of Zo and Dx were as follows when the maximum surface pressure was 3.9 GPa. ##EQU1## The life was evaluated by the time before peeling occurred in any of the power roller, outer ring, input disk, and output disk constructing each test piece (examples and comparative examples) or the time before fatigue cracking occurred in any of the power roller, outer ring, input disk, and output disk. If a rolling element peeled during the test, the test was continued by replacing the peeled rolling element with a new one. Also, the test was complete when 100 hours elapsed. The results are shown in Table 2 (time is indicated by hr). Table 2 shows the relationship between the hardness in position Dx=5.0 Zo and the life. As is apparent from Table 2, the life greatly improved in Examples 1 to 10 when compared to Comparative Examples 1 to 10. This proves that the life improved in the examples (present invention) in each of which the power roller (inner ring), outer ring, input disk, and output disk were made of case hardening steel containing C=0.15 to 0.5 wt %, Si=0.15 to 1.5 wt %, Mo=0.1 to 1.5 wt %, and 0≦9 ppm, and subjected to shot peening after predetermined heat treatments such as carbonitriding, hardening, and tempering. Especially in Examples 3 to 10, any of the power roller (inner ring), outer ring, input disk, and output disk neither peeled nor broke for more than 100 hr, and no fatigue cracking occurred for more than 100 hr. That is, the life greatly improved in these examples. This is so because, in each of Examples 3 to 10, all of the four components, i.e., the power roller, outer ring, input disk, and output disk had a residual stress of -80 kgf/mm 2 or more at 3 Zo as an example of the position Dx and a surface hardness of Hv740 or more. In Examples 1 and 2, the disks slightly peeled when 85 and 72 hours elapsed, respectively. It is estimated that this peeling occurred because both of the surface hardness and the hardness in the position Dx were slightly lowered. However, the service lives of Examples 1 and 2 are much longer than those of Comparative Examples 1 to 5. By contrast, in Comparative Examples 1 to 10 in which the amounts of C, Si, Mo, and 0 fell outside the aforementioned composition ranges, fatigue cracking took place within shorter time periods than any of Examples 1 to 10. Also, in Comparative Examples 6 to 9 in which one of the surface C and N amounts fell outside the aforementioned composition range, no predetermined hardness was obtained, so the components were not strong enough against the combined stress of rolling fatigue and fatigue cracking. Consequently, the components cracked or peeled within short time periods. Furthermore, in Comparative Example 10 in which the maximum residual compression stress when 3.0 Zo=Dx was -60 kgf/mm 2 or less, the life shortened by fatigue cracking start points. From the foregoing, to improve the life of toroidal type continuously variable transmission, it is necessary to perform carbonitriding by which Hv650 or more is obtained in the position Dx as indicated by the example when Dx=5.0 Zo was chosen, and to perform processing such as shot peening by which the residual compression stress at the depth of 0.5 Dx to Dx is -60 to -130 kgf/mm 2 as indicated by the example in which the residual stress was -130 to -60 kgf/mm 2 when 3.0 Zo=Dx. It is also preferable to use carbonitrided SUJ2 so that ball peeling does not frequently occur. The toroidal type continuously variable transmission of the present invention can well prevent peeling and breakage of the power roller (inner ring), outer ring, input disk, and output disk. In particular, this toroidal type continuously variable transmission can well prevent even cracking occurring from, e.g., the bearing inner circumferential surface or the traction surface. Consequently, the life of the toroidal type continuously variable transmission is greatly prolonged compared to conventional transmissions. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ O Surface Surface SP Treatment Heat C Si Mn Cr Mo (ppm) C N (kgf/mm.sup.2) Treatment__________________________________________________________________________Examples1 0.25 0.35 0.70 1.00 0.30 8 0.80 0.09 -60 (III)2 0.15 0.28 0.70 1.01 0.15 9 0.89 0.13 -60 (III)3 0.50 0.15 0.71 1.00 0.56 5 1.08 0.05 -80 (III)4 0.33 1.01 0.70 1.00 0.22 6 1.15 0.06 -80 (III)5 0.46 0.59 0.70 1.00 1.25 4 0.98 0.15 -100 (III)6 0.20 1.50 0.71 1.00 0.46 7 0.87 0.11 -100 (III)7 0.39 0.78 0.70 1.00 0.98 9 1.06 0.14 -120 (III)8 0.31 0.50 0.70 1.00 0.41 8 1.18 0.08 -120 (III)9 0.28 0.44 0.70 1.00 0.29 7 1.20 0.16 -130 (III)10 0.19 0.33 0.69 1.00 1.50 9 1.00 0.20 -130 (III)Controls1 0.98 0.24 0.70 1.00 -- 9 -- -- -60 (I)2 0.10 0.15 0.71 1.00 0.10 8 0.93 0.11 -60 (III)3 0.36 0.10 0.70 1.01 0.12 8 0.84 0.18 -65 (III)4 0.29 1.34 0.70 1.00 0.05 8 1.01 0.08 -65 (III)5 0.45 0.36 0.70 1.00 0.98 16 0.86 0.16 -65 (III)6 0.16 0.86 0.70 1.01 0.26 9 1.02 -- -85 (II)7 0.23 0.19 0.70 1.00 0.11 8 1.56 0.09 -85 (III)8 0.32 0.29 0.69 1.00 0.58 8 0.62 0.12 -100 (III)9 0.41 0.18 0.70 1.01 0.13 9 0.85 0.35 -100 (III)10 0.26 0.30 0.70 1.00 0.18 8 0.83 0.15 -30 (III)__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2______________________________________ Portion of Breakage,Surface Hardness in Service Cracking,Hardness (Hv) Position Dx (Hv) Life (hr) or Peeling______________________________________Examples1 720 651 85 Disk2 731 653 72 Disk3 743 662 100 or more None4 745 658 100 or more None5 748 655 100 or more None6 780 659 100 or more None7 765 657 100 or more None8 776 668 100 or more None9 803 679 100 or more None10 811 683 100 or more NoneControls1 745 739 5 Disk2 721 435 8 Disk3 723 653 13 Disk4 708 654 10 Disk5 721 650 39 Disk6 724 539 30 Disk7 745 561 29 Disk8 701 654 43 Disk9 743 487 38 Disk10 720 652 45 Disk______________________________________ Additional advantages and modifications will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details and representative embodiments shown and described herein. Accordingly, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the general inventive concept as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

4y

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States for all governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention is related to a resilient monolithic joint for collapsing a structure to a reduced volume for storage, and subsequently restoring the structure to its useful configuration without requiring the application of an external force. More particularly, the present invention is a joint comprised of a piece of resilient, deformable material attached at one end to a rigid member and at its other end to a structural node. The material can be deformed when it is desired to collapse the member and, when it is desired to deploy the member, will return to its original shape in the absence of the application of an external force. It is ofttimes necessary to transport a structure that occupies considerable volume. Where space on the vehicle being used to transport the structure is at a premium, e.g., a launch vehicle for reaching a space station, it is desirable to collapse the structure to occupy a considerably less volume and subsequently deploy the members to re-form the original structure without undue difficulty or requiring tools that would also occupy space as well as add mass. One approach is to construct a joint of two parts where one part rotates relative to the other by means of sliding contact, for example, a ball and socket or a pin and clevis. The two parts require a clearance between them to allow for the desired relative rotation. The inherent problem is that, for a deployable structure using a plurality of such joints, clearance between each pair of joint parts is cumulative. This creates the problem known as “dead band,” where movement at one end of a structure is not communicated to the other end until the intervening clearances are taken up. Where structural tolerances are small, “dead band” is a significant problem. Furthermore, such joints require the application of force to deploy the collapsed members and re-form the original structure, i.e., at least as much force as was required to originally collapse each member. Deployment may also require the use of tools. For terrestrial applications, the foregoing may be considered as inconveniences; however, where the deployment is to be extraterrestrial, both of the foregoing present serious drawbacks. In view of the aforementioned problems with two-piece joints, a monolithic joint comprised of a compliant material has been used. An example of such a joint is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,432,609. A further refinement is to use a joint material that is resilient and returns to its original shape without requiring the application of an external force. Examples of this approach are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,386,128; 5,196,857; 6,175,989 and 6,772,479. However, both such joints fail to ensure that the maximum design strain of the joint material is not exceeded when the attached member is rotated to an extreme position. This shortcoming could cause the joint to fail. There a need in the art for a joint that avoids the “dead band” problem inherent to two-piece joints, as well as overcomes the shortcoming of monolithic joints in failing to ensure that the strain design limit of the joint material is not exceeded. The present invention is a monolithic joint that, by its intrinsic nature, avoids the “dead band” problem, while ensuring that the strain of the joint material does not exceed its design limit. Furthermore, the work expended to bend the joint material is stored and subsequently used to restore the joint to its neutral position without requiring the application of an external force. The present invention thus fulfills the aforementioned needs in the art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, the present invention is comprised of a monolithic joint that allows a rigid, structurally efficient member to be rotatably collapsed and then subsequently deployed, without requiring the application of an external force, into its original configuration. It is thus suitable for both terrestrial as well as extraterrestrial applications. A flexure comprised of a less structurally efficient, resilient material has one end attached to a cavity in the member, while its other end is inserted into a cavity in a structural node. Both cavities are shaped to limit the flexure's bend radius. In addition, the member and the node have mating surfaces that abut to also constrain the amount of rotation. The combination of these two design elements prevents the strain in the flexure from exceeding its design limit when the joint is at its maximum angular deflection and the attached member is fully collapsed. The joint of the present invention displays strength-stability and stiffness properties comparable to those of a kinematically equivalent, sliding contact mechanism, but without the “dead band” problem. Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of two nested joints of the present invention, with the joints unbent and the respective attached rigid members in their deployed configuration. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of four joints of the present invention, with the joints unbent and the respective attached members in their deployed configuration. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the two joints shown in FIG. 1 with the joints bent to their maximum extent and the respective attached members in their collapsed configuration. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the four joints of the present invention shown in FIG. 2 , with the joints bent to their maximum extent and the respective attached members in their collapsed configuration. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a rectilinear flexure used in the joint of the present invention, which is also shown in section in FIGS. 1 and 3 . FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an arcuate flexure that may be used in the joint of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Turning to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates flexure joints 11 and 13 of the present invention. Joint 11 is comprised of flexure 15 , structural node 17 , and structural connector 19 . Node 17 is attached atop nonarticulating rigid member 20 . Node 17 includes cavity 21 and connector 19 includes cavity 23 . Flexure 15 is attached at its two ends, respectively, to base region 25 of cavity 21 and base region 27 of cavity 23 . Cavity 21 includes curved surface 29 having radius of curvature R 1 . Cavity 23 includes curved surface 31 also having radius of curvature R 1 . Cavity 21 also includes base 33 and planar, parallel lateral sides, with only side 34 being shown. Cavity 23 also includes planar, parallel lateral sides, with only side 36 being shown. Node 17 and connector 19 include mating surfaces 37 . Member 39 is fixedly attached to connector 19 . Joint 13 is comprised of flexure 41 , node 17 , and connector 45 . Node 17 also includes cavity 47 , and connector 45 includes cavity 49 . Flexure 41 is attached at its two ends, respectively, to base region 51 of cavity 47 and base region 53 of cavity 49 . Cavity 47 includes curved surface 55 having radius of curvature R 2 , base 57 , and planar, parallel lateral sides, with only side 59 being shown. Cavity 49 includes curved surface 61 also having radius of curvature R 2 , as well as parallel lateral sides, with only side 63 being shown. Node 17 and connector 45 include mating surfaces 65 . Member 67 is fixedly attached to connector 45 . Flexures 15 and 41 are composed of a resilient material such that after each is bent or otherwise deformed from its unstrained or neutral shape, i.e., the flat shape shown in FIG. 1 , each of them stores as potential energy the work expended to deform them, and thus tends to return to its undeformed, neutral shape. Such resilient materials include spring steel, Copper-Beryllium alloy, unreinforced plastic, polymer fiber reinforced plastic, fiber glass reinforced plastic, carbon fiber reinforced plastic, and various shape memory alloys. The aforementioned materials are well known to those skilled in the mechanical and material arts, and any such material may be used depending upon the desired modulus and strain-to-failure properties, as will become readily apparent from the following discussion. Near equiatomic Nickel-Titanium is an example of a shape memory alloy that may be used to form flexures 15 and 41 . The foregoing alloy, in addition to creating a restoring moment to enable self-deployment, permits the recovery of strains greater than the strain recovery for non-phase changing materials. Moreover, near equiatomic Nickel-Titanium can affect the recovery rate of a single flexure or sequence the strain release for a set of flexures by means of either passive or active manipulation of the alloy's phase. More particularly, near equiatomic Nickel-Titanium is capable of a solid state phase transformation between a high and low temperature phase where the latent energy of the transformation is either an addition or subtraction of thermal and/or mechanical energy to or from the alloy. The addition of mechanical energy alone can induce a transformation from the high to the low temperature phase, whereupon the alloy will exhibit a phenomenon known in the art as superelasticity. When in a superelastic state or a thermally and mechanically induced low-temperature state, the alloy can be deformed to a maximum recoverable strain higher than non-phase changing materials, and thus is more compliant. This response is desirable for the present invention because a greater maximum strain would permit flexure 15 to achieve a smaller bend radius for a given cross-section, and thus allow joint 11 to be more compact while having a lower mass. Furthermore, the phase of near equiatomic Nickel-Titanium may be manipulated to retard the strain release of flexure 15 , i.e., decrease the rate of its return to its neutral shape to a rate less than that of a flexure composed of a non-phase changing material, as well as coordinate the time when the strain release commences relative to other joints, to provide a degree of control over the deployment of member 39 that is not possible with flexures fabricated from non-phase changing materials. For example, phase manipulation may be used to sequence the respective strain release from a set of flexures, and thereby sequence their respective deployments. When the latent energy of the transformation is obtained from the surrounding environment, e.g., from solar radiation, or transferred to the surrounding environment, e.g., by conduction, radiation, or convection, the manipulation is considered passive. If this energy is obtained from, or transferred to, ancillary mechanical or thermal actuation systems, the manipulation is considered active. FIGS. 1 and 2 show members 39 and 67 in their deployed positions. FIG. 2 also shows deployed members 69 and 71 . To collapse member 39 to facilitate storage and transportation, an external normal force F 1 is applied to it. When the counterclockwise moment about joint 11 created by force F 1 exceeds the restoring moment of flexure 15 , flexure 15 bends and member 39 rotates counterclockwise. The application of a normal force F 2 that exceeds the restoring moment of flexure 41 similarly causes flexure 41 to bend and member 67 to rotate clockwise about joint 13 . As shown in FIG. 3 , mating surfaces 37 abut when member 39 is rotated to its fully collapsed position. This abutment limits the maximum rotation of member 39 to an angle α of 90° and, in combination with the radius of curvature R 1 of cavity surfaces 29 and 31 , limits the maximum strain realized in flexure 15 . The radius of curvature R 1 should be adjusted in view of the material used to fabricate flexure 15 to ensure that the design strain limit of flexure 15 is not exceeded. Although surfaces 29 and 31 are described as being curved with a constant radius of curvature R 1 , the aforementioned surfaces may, in the alternative, be elliptical or arcuate, in order to provide the desired strain profile for flexure 15 as it bends. When member 39 is in its fully collapsed position, i.e., at an angle α of 90°, the work expended to rotate member 39 to this position is stored in flexure 15 . While member 39 is in its collapsed position, flexure 15 is applying a restorative moment tending to rotate member 39 back to its deployed position. Thus, to maintain member 39 in its collapsed configuration, a fastening means (not shown) well known to those skilled in the mechanical arts, e.g., a fastener or launch lock, restrains it. In essence, the fastening means serves to apply a normal force F 1 to member 39 sufficient to overcome the restorative moment of flexure 15 . Upon release or disengagement of the fastening means, the restraining normal force F 1 is removed and the restorative moment stored in flexure 15 causes member 39 to return to its deployed position, i.e., the neutral position shown in FIG. 1 , without the aid of an external force. The corresponding elements of joint 13 cooperate in the same manner as described with respect to the elements of joint 11 in changing the deployed position of member 67 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 to the collapsed configuration shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 , and will not be repeated for the sake of brevity. However, it is noteworthy that the shape of mating surfaces 65 is different than the shape of mating surfaces 37 due to the different locations of joints 11 and 13 on node 17 . Flexures 15 and 41 are nested in node 17 to provide for a more compact profile when the structure is in its collapsed configuration than would be the case without such nesting. More particularly, bases 33 and 57 are separated by a nesting distance d. The width of the profile comprised of node 17 together with joints 11 and 13 decreases as the nesting distance d is increased. FIG. 4 shows members 39 , 67 , 69 and 71 in their collapsed positions. Members 69 and 71 are collapsible by means of joints 73 and 75 , respectively, which have corresponding elements cooperating in the manner previously described in detail with respect to joint 11 and member 39 . FIG. 5 is a perspective view of flexure 15 , and shows that flexure 15 has a rectilinear cross-section. Also shown is end 77 , which is attached to base region 27 of cavity 23 in connector 19 . Alternatively, a joint of the present invention may incorporate arcuate flexure 79 , a perspective view of which is shown in FIG. 6 . Flexure 79 has an arcuate cross-section, which provides a restorative moment greater than that of a rectilinear flexure, such as flexure 15 , having a similar cross-section area. Flexure 79 would thus be more stable than flexure 15 when the joint is in its deployed configuration. If joint 11 were to incorporate flexure 79 , end 81 would be attached to base region 27 . It is to be understood that the preceding is merely a detailed description of an embodiment of this invention, and that numerous changes to the disclosed embodiment can be made in accordance with the disclosure herein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. The preceding description, therefore, is not meant to limit the scope of the invention. Rather, the scope of the invention is to be determined only by the appended claims and their equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION This invention relates generally to a folding container and template therefore and specifically to a folding container for use with pharmaceutical or other consumer items wherein it is required or necessary to convey selected product information, directions, warnings, and other helpful or required data to consumers via the package exterior. Various container configurations are disclosed in the prior art. Examples include U.S. Pat. No. 6,053,325 issued Apr. 25, 2000 to Yonker and Brunck. The container of the '325 patent comprises a foldable template formed of a single sheet of material including a series of score lines or fold lines that provide a hinged display panel in combination with a container. Additional prior art includes U.S. Pat. No. 6,608,115 issued May 30, 2000 to Boulton. The invention of Boulton comprises a container having a hinged flap attached thereto, which flap encloses a foldable, “accordion-style” printing surface that may be viewed when the flap is released from the container. In addition, numerous product package designs, exist wherein a housing flap or container wall is used to contain a slide-out informational sheet. Examples of issued patents related to product packaging having expanded or expandable writing surfaces thereon include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,053,325, 2,790,587, 6,068,115, 3,207,301, 3,076,541, 4,413,730, 4,472,895, 4,666,040, 3,347,358, 5,048,870, 4,889,238, 3,278,015, 5,806,670, 5,174,442, 4,711,348, 5,119,933, 5,575,384, 5,641,062, 5,497,876, 5,458,235, 5,096,058, 5,289,917, 5,775,494, and 4,010,299. Important considerations in container design for containers having expanded writing or display surfaces thereon include convenient and inexpensive construction, minimum production of scrap or waste material during construction, ease of printing, durability, and, especially in combination with durability, package data presentation in a manner that allows consumers to view the data prior to purchase without destroying or otherwise disfiguring the product packaging. The prior art containers discussed herein have not adequately met these considerations. Other considerations include package flexibility, labeling recognizability, and package durability sufficient to withstand automated package loading processes. Packaging flexibility is an important consideration, especially for small, retail item packaging. In convenience stores and other general merchandise retail outlets, it is common for the store owner or manager to periodically design and reconfigure product placement within the store. With limited shelf or display space, this periodic planning and reconfiguration can be critical to a store's success. However, a downside of rigid store space management is a difficulty related to the introduction of new products into a store's inventory between reconfiguration dates. To provide maximum opportunity for product suppliers to enter new stores where reconfiguration may be complete and little space remains for new product display, it is advantageous to provide products to retailers in a manner that will maximize flexibility in product presentation. Such flexibility allows retail managers to place new products in stores and at locations that might not otherwise be available to accommodate a less flexibly packaged product. Labeling recognizability is critical both-for commercial success and for consumer safety. As FDA requirements for product labeling increase, the available space for product branding information necessarily decreases. Often, it is the trusted brand information rather than detailed ingredients listing that consumers use to ensure that they are receiving for example, their preferred or required choice among acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen when a pain-killer is needed. Therefore, there is not only a need to promote product awareness for the benefit of the product manufacturer or the retail manager, there is also a need to ensure consumer safety by ensuring that technical and verbose “official” labeling requirements do not interfere with branding information (which may actually provide more critical information in a form more likely to be used and relied-upon by consumers). The communication of branding information is particularly important for vending machine sales and other settings where consumers are likely to rely on branding information to determine product content. On average, Applicant loads and distributes over 50 million non-prescription drug convenience packs every year. Such a volume of containers requires automation for efficient handling and loading. In the automated package loading process, package durability is an important consideration. When the various other product packaging demands are met, it is therefore necessary to ensure that the unsealed package remains durable enough to withstand the forces associated with moving through the machinery of an automated loading and sealing process. With such a high volume, even a low rate of scrap (waste created through package destruction during loading or package formation) can rise quickly to a figure of staggering economic impact. The prior art has failed to adequately meet all of these various demands. It is therefore the object of the present invention to satisfy these various demands and thereby enhance consumer safety, retailer product placement flexibility, brand awareness and recognizability, package durability, and the minimization of waste in the production and loading processes. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention comprises a container front panel, top panel, bottom panel, rear panel and two side panels, in combination with an auxiliary or display flap. The display flap includes a display flap interior panel and a display flap exterior panel. Selected walls or “panels” or portions thereof may be extended to provide structures or reinforcements adapted to serve as load bearing hangers or other attachment means so that the product package may be displayed to consumers. Through the use of mechanical or adhesive means (preferably a combination of binding and non-biding adhesives), a single piece construction may be made more rigid or durable at selected locations to promote resistance to disfiguration when manipulated by consumers at the point of display prior to purchase, and to require general disfigurement or destruction if the package is actually opened. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a rear offset perspective view of an assembled container having a display flap. FIG. 2 is a rear offset perspective view of an assembled container having a display flap. FIG. 3 is a front offset perspective view of an assembled container having a display flap. FIG. 4 is a plan view of a deconstructed container exterior face. FIG. 5 is a plan view of a deconstructed container interior face. FIG. 6 is a rear offset perspective view of an assembled and printed container having a display flap. FIG. 7 is a front offset perspective view of an assembled and printed container having a display flap. FIG. 8 is a rear offset perspective view of an assembled container having a second preferred hanger construction. FIG. 9 is a front offset perspective view of an assembled container having a second preferred hanger construction. FIG. 10 is an illustrative example of retail store space product placement wherein product packages are displayed in a first position. FIG. 11 is an illustrative example of retail store space product placement wherein product packages are displayed in a second position. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Herein the term “binding adhesive” is used to refer to an adhesive used to join container portions in a manner that generally does not allow reattachment after detachment. The term “non-binding adhesive” is used to refer to an adhesive used to join container portions in a manner that generally allows reattachment after detachment. The use of both types of adhesives is known in the art. In the context of the present invention, selected locations (such as locations used to seal the interior of the package) are joined with binding adhesive to create a package that cannot be opened without disfiguring or marring the package in a manner that would reveal tampering. Other locations, such as a display flap, are preferably restrained with nonbinding adhesive so that consumers may open the display flap and view product data on a reverse side of the display flap without damaging, the packaging. The preferred non-binding adhesive is a hot glue that is translucent when set and which meets the composition requirements under 21 CFR Section 175.105 for “Adhesives”, which regulation is incorporated herein by reference in the form applicable as of the filing date of this application. Of course, depending on the intended use of the package, alternate non-binding adhesives or even mechanical means may be used. The preferred binding adhesive is a cold glue that is a high performance, water-based product that exhibits good machining characteristics. The preferred binding adhesive is made of synthetic resins, sets or drys clear, and is best stored at 40 degrees or higher. In the market for non-prescription drugs in particular, there is a definite and clear need for packages that provide an abundance of panel space to convey product and branding information to consumers prior to purchase. Of course, with these very same products, it is important to consumers, retailers, and manufacturers that consumers be able to determine whether tampering has occurred and package contents have been accessed. Therefore, the use of binding and non-binding adhesives at selected locations allows these multiple purposes to be achieved. Referring first to FIGS. 1-3, an assembled display container is disclosed. The container has disposed thereon two separate hangers 12 , 58 each having an opening formed therein 16 , 60 for receiving a pole, rod, or other display support structure. The hangers are advantageously located on opposing edges 22 , 52 of adjacent sides 6 , 82 to allow advertising, content, or other information to be printed in alternate directions on the opposing front 24 and rear 46 panels. This arrangement allows the retailer to choose between alternate display positions that will best fit in the limited store space allocated for display of the package, as illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 11. This package is preferably constructed from a single piece of material, such as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. This construction allows inexpensive manufacture of the package in large quantities while still satisfying the varying demands of retail display configurations. The product package is also suited for non-hanging display such as stacks or dispenser assisted display. The auxiliary or display flap 2 is a hinged flap that may be secured to the balance of the package (at a location additional to the hinge or fold 78 ) via the use of a non-binding fastening means such as a non-binding adhesive 80 , 84 . The container of FIGS. 1-3 is illustrated in a deconstructed state in FIG. 4 (panel exterior face view) and FIG. 5 (panel interior face view). With reference to FIG. 4, the exterior or exterior-facing sides, panels, or tabs of a package are shown. A rear panel 46 is provided. A rear panel top edge 50 has a rear panel top flap 70 disposed adjacent thereto. The rear panel top edge 50 preferably comprises a fold line. The rear panel top flap 70 includes a rear panel top flap central region 72 that is generally non-adhesive as well as first 74 and second 76 rear panel top flap outer portions that bear a binding adhesive. A rear panel first side edge 48 , preferably comprising a fold line, has a rear panel first side flap 68 disposed adjacent thereto. A rear panel second side edge 52 , preferably a fold line, has a rear panel second side flap 82 located adjacent thereto. The rear panel second side flap 82 comprises a central region that is a second hanger 58 having a second hanger opening 60 formed therein. The second hanger 58 is separated from the balance or first 64 and second 66 outer portions of the rear panel second side flap 82 by first 54 and second 56 rear panel second side flap perforated lines. The rear panel 46 has a non-binding adhesive region 80 formed thereon generally near a rear panel bottom edge 44 . The rear panel bottom edge 44 preferably comprises a fold line adjacent to a bottom panel 42 . A front panel 24 having a front panel bottom edge 28 is disposed such that the front panel bottom edge 28 preferably comprises a fold line adjacent to the bottom panel 42 . A front panel first side edge 30 , preferably comprising a fold line, separates the front panel 24 from a front panel first side flap 32 . The front panel first side flap 32 preferably bears a binding adhesive. A front panel second side edge 26 , preferably comprising a fold line, separates the front panel 24 from a front panel second side flap 34 . The front panel second side flap 34 comprises a central region 38 substantially free of binding adhesive with the balance of the front panel second side flap comprising first 36 and second 40 front panel second side flap outer portions bearing a binding adhesive. A front panel top edge 22 , preferably comprising a fold line, separates the front panel 24 from a top panel 6 . The top panel 6 comprises a central region that comprises a first hanger 12 having a first hanger opening 16 formed therein. The first hanger 12 is separated from first 8 and second 10 top panel outer portions by first 18 and second 20 top panel perforated lines. The first 12 and second 58 hangers have first and second hanger tabs 14 , 62 extending therefrom to allow a user to catch the hangers 12 , 58 and separate the hangers 12 , 58 from the balance of the top panel 6 and rear panel second side flap 82 respectively. A top panel front edge 78 , preferably a fold line, separates the top panel 6 from an auxiliary or display flap 2 . The auxiliary flap 2 has an auxiliary flap tab 4 extending therefrom to allow a user to conveniently catch the auxiliary flap. The forgoing description is in reference to the preferred package exterior when the package is deconstructed and laid flat as illustrated in FIG. 4 . Elements, have been identified as lines, tabs and panels, and it will be understood that tabs and panels have interior and exterior faces as shown in FIGS. 5 and 4 respectively. In FIG. 4, reference to the bearing of adhesive or the state of being substantially free of adhesive is meant to be specific to the exterior faces of the identified elements. In FIG. 5, the package of FIG. 4 has been rotated over its second side to expose the package interior. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the interior face of the rear panel first side flap 68 , the outer portions of the rear panel second side flap 64 , 66 , and the outer portions of the top panel 8 , 10 bear binding adhesive. In addition, there is shown an auxiliary flap region 84 of non-binding adhesive. When this deconstructed package, container, or box is folded and joined, preferably via means of binding and non-binding adhesive at selected locations, the construction of FIGS. 1-3 may be obtained. Construction of the box is as follows. The rear panel 46 may be turned to form an angle of about 90 degrees with the bottom panel 42 along the rear panel bottom edge 44 . Similarly, the front panel 24 may be turned to form an angle of about 90 degrees with the bottom panel 42 along the front panel bottom edge 28 to bring the interior faces of the rear panel 46 and front panel 24 into facing arrangement with one another to define a package interior. When so disposed, the front panel first side flap 32 may be folded inward and the rear panel first side flap 68 may be folded inward over the front panel first side flap 32 . Preferably, as shown, the exterior face of the front panel first side flap 32 and the interior face of the rear panel first side flap 68 both bear a binding adhesive to allow securement of these flaps to one another to create a seal that cannot be conveniently opened without destruction or disfigurement of the package. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the packaging arts, upon learning the disclosure of the present invention, that this preferred embodiment may include slight reversals of adhesive placement. For example, flaps 32 and 68 may be reversed during construction so that flap 68 bears adhesive and is folded interior to flap 32 . Further, the present invention (of which the preferred embodiment is merely one example) may be practiced in multiple forms that allow variable display positions with expanded printing surfaces. Similarly, the front panel second side flap 34 may be folded inward and the rear panel second side flap 82 may be folded over the front panel second side flap 34 . Preferably, as shown, the exterior faces of the first 36 and second 40 front panel second side flap outer portions and the outer portions 64 , 66 of the interior face of the rear panel second side flap 82 , both bear a binding adhesive to allow securement of these flaps to one another to create a seal that cannot be conveniently opened without destruction or disfigurement of the package. The central portion 38 of the exterior face of the front panel second side flap 34 , and the interior face of the second hanger 58 are preferably substantially free of binding adhesive to allow the second hanger to be separated from the balance of the rear panel second side flap 82 and the front panel second side flap 34 when, a user (retailer, etc.) catches the second hanger tab 62 and pulls the second hanger 58 loose from the rear panel second side flap perforated lines 54 , 56 . The rear panel top flap central portion 72 exterior face is substantially free,of adhesive and the exterior face of the rear panel top flap outer portions 74 , 76 bear binding adhesive. The rear panel top flap 70 may be folded inwardly along the rear panel top edge 50 to form an angle of about 90 degrees with the rear panel 46 . Similarly, the top panel 6 may be folded inwardly to substantially cover the rear panel top flap 70 and to form an angle of about 90 degrees with the front 24 and rear 46 panels. In this manner the binding adhesives of the rear panel top flap outer portions 74 , 76 (exterior face) may be brought into secure connection with the binding adhesive of the top panel outer portions 8 , 10 (interior face). In this manner, there is a reinforcing flap beneath each hanger 12 , 58 to minimize the possibility of package destruction during hanger manipulation. The display flap 2 , which is moveably hinged along fold line 78 , may be moved from a secured position to a viewing position relative to the rear panel. The display flap 2 has a display flap securement region 84 of non-binding adhesive that may be releaseably attached to the non-binding adhesive region 80 located on the rear panel 46 near the rear panel bottom edge 44 . In this manner, text such as branding information, product name, trademark, manufacturer, FDA required disclosures, product content, and contact information may be printed on both sides of the auxiliary flap 2 , as well as on housing that defines the package interior and comprises the panels and flaps other than the auxiliary flap. For example, text may be printed in different directions on different panels 24 , 46 to allow the retail space manager to elect between various display positions. This advantageous feature allows the product package to be conveniently located in a taller, more narrow space or in a shorter, more broad space, as space limitations may allow (compare FIGS. 10 and 11 ). For example, in FIG. 1 text could be provided on the visible, exterior face of the auxiliary flap 2 printed in a direction from the viewer's left to the viewer's right. When the auxiliary flap is opened, a viewer would see text (preferably detailed non-prescription drug content, warning, and direction data) printed in smaller print from the viewer's left to the viewer's right in a generally continuous format extending from the interior face of the auxiliary flap 2 down and through the exterior face of the rear panel. Text on the front panel (rear facing and not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 but illustrated conspicuously in FIG. 3) would be rotated from the text on the auxiliary flap 2 exterior face (when the auxiliary flap 2 is closed) to read from the viewer's left to right in FIG. 3 . Therefore, as illustrated in FIG. 3, when a retail manager elects to display the container in the position of FIG. 3, the package has been rotated along two separate axes (with reference to a typical, 3 dimensional x, y, z axes system) relative to the position of the package in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate the text described above with reference to identical views as seen in FIGS. 1 and 3. FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate in a simple manner a benefit that may be achieved by a retail store, through the variable display positions that are offered by the present invention. In FIG. 10, the box is illustrated in a first position (as illustrated in FIG. 1, 2 , or 8 ). For a box having a parallelogram structure as illustrated, this first position allows a given number of units to be visibly displayed. In FIG. 11, the box is illustrated in a second position to allow a great number of units to be visibly displayed. The extent to which this variable display functionality enhances the number of units that may be displayed is, of course, a function of the box dimensions, box shape, and available store space. FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate a second preferred construction. In FIGS. 8 and 9, the hangers 12 , 58 are modified in shape from the hangers shown in FIGS. 1-7. In FIGS. 8 and 9 the hangers' shape allows a greater area of the top panel 6 and rear panel second side flap 82 to bear binding adhesive, thereby enhancing the durability of the package and resistance to disfiguration when the hangers 12 , 58 are separated from the top panel 6 and rear panel second side flap 82 . Similarly, opening shapes and overall package configuration may be altered without departing from the present invention which encompasses variable position expanded printing surface packages as claimed below. Having thus described the invention in connection with the preferred embodiments thereof, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that various revisions can be made to the preferred embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is my intention, however, that all such revisions and modifications that are evident to those skilled in the art will be included within the scope of the following claims.

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This application is a division of application Ser. No. 07/739,364 filed Aug. 2, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,678 which is a division of application Ser. No. 07/561,044, filed Aug. 1, 1990 and now U.S. Pat. No. 5,056,328, which is a division of application Ser. No. 07/293,034, filed Jan. 3, 1989, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,966,010. CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is related to copending application Ser. No. 07/288,848, filed Dec. 23, 1988, and now abandoned, entitled "Refrigerator System With Dual Evaporator for Household Refrigerators", assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to controls for independently adjusting the temperatures in the freezer and fresh food compartments in a refrigerator having an evaporator in the freezer compartment and an evaporator in the fresh food compartment. The presently used refrigeration cycle in household refrigerators is the simple vapor compression type using a single evaporator. Relative cooling rates for the freezer and the fresh food compartments are controlled by the user. A user adjusted control, sets the fixed fraction of the total cold air flow provided by the single evaporator and fan which is to reach the two refrigerator compartments. When the temperature of the fresh food compartment rises above a preset level, the compressor operates allowing the evaporator to supply cold air. Since the fraction of cold air provided to the fresh food and freezer compartments does not vary once set, control of freezer temperature is imperfect and freezer air temperatures vary considerably. Changes in the ambient temperature, time defrosts of the freezer compartment, and changes of incidental thermal loads (door opening frequency and duration) requires time varying changes in the fraction of cold air delivered to both compartments to properly control the temperature in both compartments. In a refrigeration cycle having dual evaporators such as the one shown in copending application Ser. No. 07/288,848, hereby incorporated by references, distinct cooling rates are provided by each evaporator during steady state operation. One evaporator operates at a temperature of approximately -10° F. and the other at approximately 25° F. to provide cold air to the freezer and fresh food compartments, respectively. The cooling rates of the two evaporators depend entirely on heat exchanger and compressor designs, choice of refrigerant, ambient temperature, refrigerator cabinet thermal conductance and thermal loads other than conduction to the ambient. To provide separate and distinct narrow temperature ranges of operation in each of a refrigerators two compartments, provisions must be made to adjust the relative cooling rates of the two evaporators in response to changing ambient temperatures and incidental thermal loads. It is an object of the present invention to provide a control for regulating the cooling rates of a refrigerator equipped with a dual evaporator refrigerator system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect of the present invention, a refrigerator apparatus is provided having a cabinet with a freezer compartment and a fresh food compartment. The compartments define two passageways allowing air circulation therebetween. A refrigerator system is included having a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, an evaporator situated in the freezer compartment. The refrigerator system elements are connected in series in a closed loop, in a refrigerant flow relationship. A first fan is situated in the freezer compartment for providing air flow over the evaporator. A second fan is situated in one of the two passageways for providing air circulation between the two compartments. A first thermostatic controller situated in the freezer compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the freezer compartment by causing the compressor and the first fan to operate. A second thermostatic controller situated in the fresh food compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the fresh food compartment by causing operation of the second fan circulating air between the compartments thereby cooling the fresh food compartment. In another aspect of the present invention a refrigerator apparatus is provided having a freezer compartment, a fresh food compartment, and a refrigerator system. The refrigerator system includes a first expansion valve, a first evaporator situated in the freezer compartment, a first and second compressor, a condenser, a second expansion valve, and a second evaporator situated in the fresh food compartment. All of the elements of the refrigerator system are connected in series, in the order listed in a refrigerant flow relationship. A phase separator connects the second evaporator to the first expansion valve in a refrigerant flow relationship. The phase separator provides intercooling between the first and second compressors. A first fan is situated in the freezer compartment for providing air flow over the first evaporator. A second fan is situated in the fresh food compartment for providing air flow over the second evaporator. A servovalve connected to the input of the first compressor reduces the refrigerant mass flow rate through the first evaporator when the servovalve is activated. A first thermostatic controller is situated in the freezer compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the freezer compartment by causing operation of the compressor and the fans. A second thermostatic controller is situated in the fresh food compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the fresh food compartment by causing operation of the servovalve reducing the mass flow rate in the first evaporator. In still another aspect of the present invention a refrigerator apparatus is provided including a freezer compartment, a fresh food compartment and a refrigerator system. The refrigerator system has a compressor, a condenser, a first expansion valve, a first evaporator situated in the freezer compartment, a second expansion valve, a second evaporator situated in the fresh food compartment. The refrigerator system elements are connected in series in a closed loop in a refrigerant flow relationship. A first fan is situated in the freezer compartment for providing air flow over the first evaporator. A second fan is situated in the fresh food compartment for providing air flow over the second evaporator. A first thermostatic controller is situated in the freezer compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the freezer compartment by causing operation of the compressor and the first fan. A second thermostatic controller is situated in the fresh food compartment for maintaining a desired temperature in the fresh food compartment by causing the second second fan to operate as necessary when the compressor is operating. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification. The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and its method of practice, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of the dual evaporator refrigerator system with a control for controlling the relative cooling rates of the evaporators, in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a dual evaporator two stage refrigerator system with a control for controlling the relative cooling rates of the evaporators in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the dual evaporator refrigerator system with a control for controlling the relative cooling rates of the two evaporators in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of the dual evaporator refrigerator system with a control system in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of another embodiment of a dual evaporator two stage refrigerator system with a control for controlling the relative cooling rates of the evaporators in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of the interior of the fresh food and freezer compartments of a refrigerator in accordance with the present invention showing a control for controlling the relative cooling of the freezer and fresh food compartments where dual evaporators are used. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawing wherein like numerals indicates like elements throughout and more particularly FIG. 1 thereof. A dual evaporator two stage cycle with a control is shown. The dual evaporator two stage system comprises a first expansion valve 11, a first evaporator 13, a first and second hermetically sealed compressor and motor 15 and 17, respectively, a condenser 21, a second expansion valve 23, and a second evaporator 25, connected together in that order, in series, in a refrigerant flow relationship by conduit 26. A phase separator 27 provides intercooling between the two compressors and comprises a closed receptacle having at the upper portion an inlet for admitting liquid and gaseous phase refrigerant and having two outlets. The first outlet is located at the bottom the receptacle and provides liquid refrigerant. The second outlet is provided by a conduit 29 which extends from the interior of the upper portion of the receptacle to the exterior. The conduit is in flow communication with the upper portion and is arranged so that liquid refrigerant entering the upper portion of the receptacle cannot enter the open end of the conduit 29. Two phase refrigerant from the outlet of the second evaporator 25 is connected to the inlet of the phase separator 27. The phase separator provides liquid refrigerant to the first expansion valve 11. The phase separator also provides saturated refrigerant vapor which combines with vapor output by the first hermetically sealed compressor and motor 15 and together are connected to the inlet of the second hermetically sealed compressor and motor 17. The first evaporator 13 contains refrigerant at a temperature of approximately -10° F. during operation for cooling a freezer compartment 31. The evaporator 13 is situated in an evaporator chamber defined by walls 33 of the freezer and a barrier 35. A fan 37 situated between the evaporator chamber and the rest of the freezer compartment, when operating, draws air from the freezer into the evaporator chamber over the evaporator 13 and back into the freezer compartment 31. The second evaporator 25 contains refrigerant at a temperature of approximately 25° F. during operation for cooling the fresh food compartment 41. The evaporator 25 is situated in an evaporator chamber in the fresh food compartment 25 defined by walls 43 of the refrigerator compartment and a barrier 45. A fan 47 situated between the evaporator chamber and the rest of the fresh food compartment 41, when operating, draws air from the rest of the compartment across the evaporator and back to the compartment. A thermostatic control 51 is situated in the freezer compartment 31 and another thermostatic control 53 in the fresh food compartment 41. Both thermostatic controls are adjustable by the user. A servovalve 55 which is electrically actuated is situated in the conduit 26 between the evaporator 13 of the freezer compartment 31 and the hermetically sealed compressor and motor. The servovalve 55 upon actuation restricts the flow of refrigerant to approximately half the inlet pressure. Thermostatic control 51 in the freezer compartment is coupled to both hermetically sealed motors 57 and 59 through motor controllers 61 and 63 and to the fans 37 and 47 in both compartments 31 and 41. In operation, when the freezer thermostatic control 51 detects that the temperature has risen above a predetermined value both compressors 65 and 67 are operated by sending a signal from the thermostatic controllers to the motor controllers 61 and 63 as well as both fans 37 and 47 which also have motor controllers. All the motor controllers are connected to external power supplies (not shown). When the thermostatic control 53 in the fresh food compartment 41 rises above a preselected set point, the servovalve 55 is actuated reducing the inlet pressure in the suction line leading to compressor 65. In a system using R-12 refrigerant, throttling the nominal 19 psia inlet pressure to 9.5 psia, causes the mass flow through the evaporator 13 in the freezer compartment to decrease by more than 50%, thereby decreasing evaporator 13 cooling rate by more than 50%. The result of decreasing the cooling rate of the evaporator 13 is that it takes a longer time for the freezer compartment to be cooled to the temperature at which the thermostatic control 51 shuts off the compressors. Thus, when the servovalve 55 is actuated, the compressors operate for a longer time and the fresh food compartment receives more cooling than when the servovalve 55 is not actuated. This throttling is an irreversible process and is accompanied by a decrease of cooling efficiency. For the cycle shown, the mechanical energy to compress the gas remains the same, while the cooling rate decreases by more than 50%. However, for this cycle, the throttled compressor 65 only uses approximately 12% of the system's mechanical energy while providing approximately 50% of its cooling. Therefore, a decrease in the efficiency of the compressor 65 and evaporator 13 does not have a substantial effect on overall system efficiency. Referring now to FIG. 2, the same dual evaporator, two stage cycle is shown with the same controls except that a servovalve 71 is positioned to provide a bypass across hermetically sealed compressor and motor 15. Servovalve 71 provides an open and closed position. The open position recirculates some already compressed gas to the compressor 65 inlet. During operation, the thermostatic control in the freezer 51 still operates both compressors 15 and 17 and fans 37 and 47 when it detects a temperature above its predetermined set point. The servovalve 71 when actuated by the thermostatic control 53 in the fresh food compartment 41 rising above its preset point causes the servovalve 71 to open reducing the mass flow rate through the evaporator 13 by approximately 50%. An advantage to the control scheme of FIG. 2 as compared to FIG. 1 is that since full flow occurs through the compressor 65 inlet section, the amount of lubricating oil entrained within the refrigerant vapor is not effected. The reduction in efficiency of the system of FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 when the servovalves are operating are approximately the same. In the controls of FIG. 1 and 2, the compressors 65 and 67 are operated based on freezer temperature and the cooling rate in the freezer compartment can be decreased when the temperature is above a predetermined amount in the fresh food compartment. Referring now to FIG. 3 the dual evaporator two stage cycle is shown without any servovalves. The thermostatic control 53 of the fresh food compartment is connected to one input of a logical AND gate 73 and the other input is provided from the other thermostatic control 51. The output of the AND gate 73 is connected to the fan 47. The thermostatic control 51 in the freezer compartment when above a preset temperature activates both compressors 65 and 67 and the fan 37 in the freezer compartment 31. The thermostatic control 53 in the fresh food compartment activates the fresh food fan when the temperature rises above its set point and the compressors are operating. When the compressors are operating and the fresh food thermostat is below its set point the fan 47 in the fresh food compartment 41 is shut off because AND gate 73 is not enabled and cooling of the fresh food compartment 41 is stopped. The cooling rate produced by the evaporator 13 in the freezer compartment 31 is only minimally affected. System efficiency will decrease somewhat while the fresh food compartment fan 47 does not operate. Referring now to FIG. 4, a dual evaporator two stage cycle is shown. The thermostatic control of the fresh food compartment 41 is connected to both motor controllers 61 and 63 and to fan 47 and causes both compressors 65 and 67 to operate as well as the fresh food fan 47 when the temperature of the fresh food compartment goes above a preset point. The thermostatic control 51 in the freezer compartment 31 is connected to one input of a logical AND gate 75 and the output of the fresh food thermostatic control 53 is connected to the other. The output of the AND gate is connected to fan 37. When the freezer compartments 31 temperature goes above a preset temperature, the fan 37 in the freezer compartment is operated if the compressors 65 and 67 are also operating. When the freezer evaporator fan 37 is not operating and the compressors are operating, cooling of the freezer compartment ceases, while continuing in the fresh food compartment 41. The cooling rate produced by the fresh food evaporator 25 is only minimally effected. System efficiency will decrease somewhat when the compressors are operating and the freezer fan 37 is not. Referring now to FIG. 5 a dual evaporator two stage cycle is again shown. The thermostatic controller 53 in the fresh food compartment 41 is connected to the compressor motor controller 63 and fan 47 and controls the operation of the compressor 67 and the fan 47. The thermostatic controller 53 also provides one input to AND gate 77, with the output of the AND gate connected to motor controller 61 of compressor 65. The output of the AND gate 77 also controls the freezer fan 37. The thermostatic controller 51 of the freezer 31 when it rises above a preset temperature provides a logical "1" or high state to an inverting input of an AND gate 81. The output of AND gate 81 is connected to a timer 83 which when receiving a transitioning from the low to high state outputs a high signal for a predetermined length of time. The output of timer 83 is also connected to the input of timer 85 which also provides a high output for a predetermined duration when triggered by receiving a signal transitioning from a low to a high state. The output of timer 85 is connected to an inverting input of AND gate 77. An inverting input changes the logical state of the input signal before it is supplied to the AND gate. An inverting input acts as if a separate inverter receives the signal and then provides it to the AND gate. In operation, the fresh food thermostat 53 controls compressor 67 and fan 47. When the temperature in the freezer goes above a predetermined set point, a logical one signal is provided by the thermostat to the inverting input of AND gate 81. The output of timer 83 when not operating, is at a low state which is connected to the inverting input of AND gate 77. When the fresh food thermostat is also above its set point compressor 65 and fan 37 operate. When the freezer thermostat goes below a predetermined set point, a logical "0" signal is provided to one inverting input of AND gate 81. The timer 85 when not operating has its output at a low state connected to the other inverting terminal of AND gate 81 enabling AND gate 81 and starting timer 83 which provides a high signal to one inverting input of AND gate 77 disabling AND gate 77 and compressor 65 and fan 37 do not operate. Timer 85 is triggered by timer 83 and disables AND gate 81 until timer 85 times out thereby controlling the time between subsequent shut downs of compressor 65 when compressor 67 is operating. When only one compressor is operating, refrigerant tends to accumulate in the phase separator 27 limiting the time during which one compressor operation can continue. Therefore, timer 83 determines how long single compressor operation occurs and timer 85 determines how long after timer 83 was first triggered it can be triggered again to allow single compressor operation to again occur. Referring now to FIG. 6, a refrigerator having separate evaporator 25 in the fresh food compartment 31 and a separate evaporator 13 in the freezer compartment 31 is shown. The thermostatic controller 51 in the freezer compartment is connected to the motor controllers of the hermetically sealed compressors (not shown) and to fans 37 and 47 in the freezer and fresh food compartments, respectively. The thermostatic controller 53 is connected to a fan 87 located in one of the two passageways interconnecting the fresh food and freezer compartments. Fan 87 can comprise a low energy consumption fan such as a piezoelectric fan. In operation, when thermostatic controller 51 detects the temperature in the freezer has risen above the user selected set point, the compressors (not shown) operate, providing cooled refrigerant in the two evaporators 13 and 25. Fans 37 and 47 circulate air over the evaporators 13 and 25. When the fresh food compartment thermostatic controller detects that the temperature in the fresh food compartment is above the desired user selected temperature fan 87 operates circulating air between the compartments cooling the fresh food compartment while warming the freezer compartment. Fan 87 operates whenever the fresh food compartment is above a preselected temperature, whether or not the compressors are operating. The compressors shown do not have to be intercooled in order for the controls provided to regulate freezer and fresh food compartment temperature. Other intercooling techniques such as shown in copending application Ser. No. 07/288,848 can alternatively be used. The control shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 do not require a two stage compressor only two evaporators one operating at temperature to cool the freezer compartment and one operating to cool the fresh food compartment. The control of FIG. 6 does not require two compressors or two evaporators. A single evaporator located in the freezer compartment with the freezer thermostat controlling the single compressor operation is sufficient. The thermostatic control in the fresh food compartment would still be used to operate the fan controlling airflow between the compartments. The embodiments of FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 can be combined with the control strategy of FIG. 6 which provides for air circulation between the fresh food and freezer compartments when the fresh food compartment temperature is above a predetermined set point. The combination of the air circulation controls with the controls of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 would provide improved fresh food compartment temperature regulation. The foregoing has described a control for regulating the cooling rates of a refrigerator equipped with a dual evaporator refrigerator system. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to several preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE [0001] The present disclosure is directed to sectional floor matting, in particular, to edging for sectional floor matting. BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE [0002] Carpets and rugs have long been used to cover the ground, floor, and other surfaces. Floor coverings are not only functional in that they protect the floor, collect and retain dirt, mud and water, but they are also aesthetical. Depending on the material, the floor covering may also provide a cushion, softening the surface and thus easing stress on the user. [0003] Floor coverings have evolved to include modular systems that can be designed on the spot for the specific application. For example, twelve 1 foot by 1 foot (about 30.5 cm by 30.5 cm) interlocking mats can be combined to form a 12 square foot mat (about 1.1 m 2 ), either 2 foot by 6 foot (about 61 cm by 183 cm) or, 3 foot by 4 foot (about 91.5 cm by 122 cm). Such interlocking sectional matting is a popular system for customizing floor mats. Additionally, with such sectional matting systems, it is possible to replace only the worn or damaged mat sections when needed, rather than having to replace the entire mat. [0004] 3M Company has a sectional matting product line that is well recognized. Various NOMAD™ floor mats are available, with a variety of physical properties, such as thickness, mat density, material, mat section size, etc. The mats are configured to interlock, providing various shapes and sizes of matting. In one installation design, the mats are placed into a recessed well in the floor, so that the top surface of the mats is approximately level with the ground. In another installation design, where there is no recessed well, tapered or ramped edging is placed around the perimeter of the mat, to reduce the chance a user may trip on the edge of the mat. The edging is generally glued to the mat, to inhibit the mat and edging from becoming separated. Typically, when either the mat or the edging is worn or damaged, both the edging and the mat section are replaced. [0005] The present invention provides a floor mat system that increases the benefits associated with using sectional matting. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE [0006] An aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a sectional floor mat system to allows varying sizes of floor mats to be created from smaller floor mats. Edging sections or pieces are removably engaged with the floor mats to inhibit tripping on the edge of the mat. [0007] An exemplary embodiment of the floor mat system of the present disclosure is a sectional system that includes at least one mat and sufficient edging to border at least one of the side edges of the at least one mat. In many embodiments, there is sufficient edging to border all side edges of the at least one mat, when multiple mats, if present, and connected together. [0008] In one particular aspect, the disclosure is directed to a perimeter section for releasably attaching to a mat, the perimeter section having a transition portion with a variable thickness, and an engagement portion, the engagement portion comprising an engagement element configured to releasably engage with the mat. [0009] The disclosure is also directed to a mat having main section having at least one edge, and a perimeter section removably engaged adjacent to the at least one edge, the perimeter section having a variable thickness, wherein the thickness of the perimeter section is substantially the same as the mat thickness adjacent the at least one edge, and the perimeter section has a portion having a thickness that decreases as the perimeter section extends outwardly from the edge of the main section. [0010] A mat system is within this disclosure, the mat system being a combination of at least one mat and at least one perimeter or edging section that releasably attaches to the mat. In one more specific embodiment, the mat system has at least one floor mat having a side edge, the side edge having a first engagement element, and an edging section having a transition portion with a variable thickness and an engagement portion, the engagement portion comprising a second engagement element, the second engagement element configured to releasably engage with the first engagement element. The floor mat and the perimeter section may have the same or similar surface pattern. The mat system may have multiple mats, which preferably are interlockable. The mat system may also include at least one corner piece. [0011] The present disclosure is also directed to a combination of a mat having a side edge, the side edge having a first engagement element, and an edging section configured to abut the side edge of the floor mat, the edging section having a transition portion with a variable thickness, and an engagement portion, the engagement portion comprising a second engagement element configured to releasably engage with the first engagement element. Added to the combination could be a corner piece configured to abut an end edge of the edging piece, the corner piece having a transition portion and an engagement portion. [0012] A kit is also within the disclosure, the kit comprising a mat section having a thickness and at least one edge, and a perimeter section capable of being removably engaged adjacent to the at least one edge, the perimeter section having a variable thickness, wherein the thickness of the perimeter section is substantially the same as the mat thickness adjacent the at least one edge, and the perimeter section thickness decreases as the perimeter section extends outwardly from the edge of the mat section. [0013] A modular mat can be assembled by providing a mat section having a thickness and at least one edge, and removably attaching a perimeter section adjacent to the at least one edge, the perimeter section having a variable thickness, wherein the thickness of the perimeter section is substantially the same as the mat thickness adjacent the at least one edge, and the perimeter section thickness decreases as the perimeter section extends outwardly from the edge of the main section. [0014] These and other embodiments and aspects are within the scope of this disclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a floor mat system assembled from multiple floor mats and edging sections; [0016] FIG. 2 is a top plan view of a floor mat suitable for use with edging sections of the present invention; [0017] FIG. 3 is a top view of a first embodiment of an edging section configured for engagement with a first side of the floor mat; [0018] FIG. 4 is a top view of a second embodiment of an edging section configured for engagement with a second side of the floor mat; [0019] FIG. 5 is a top view of a corner edging section configured for engagement with the floor mat; [0020] FIG. 6 is a side plan view of the edging section of FIG. 3 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0021] Referring to the figures, various embodiments of floor mat edging according to the present invention are provided. In FIG. 1 , a floor mat system, composed of a plurality of floor mats and a plurality of edging, is illustrated generally at 10 . System 10 is composed of a plurality of floor mats 20 (specifically, four floor mats 20 ) and an edging system 15 that circumscribes the plurality of mats 20 . In this embodiment, edging system 15 has a plurality of side edging sections 50 (three of which are individually illustrated as 50 A, 50 B, 50 C), which will be described in detail below. [0022] FIG. 2 illustrates an enlargement of mat 20 . Mat 20 has a first side edge 22 , a second side edge 24 , a third side edge 26 and a fourth side edge 28 . Mat 20 has a bottom surface that contacts the ground, floor, or other surface on which mat 20 is placed, and top surface opposite the bottom surface for walking thereon. Mat 20 includes a pattern 25 on its top surface; pattern 25 may extend through mat 20 to the bottom surface. Pattern 25 is configured to facilitate retention of water, mud, dirt, and other material that should be retained rather than trekked around. In this particular embodiment, pattern 25 is composed of passages or voids that extend through mat 20 from the top surface to the bottom surface. One example of such mats 20 is shown in registered Community design No. 000050638, Applicant of which is 3M Innovative Properties Company. [0023] Mat 20 includes a plurality of engagement elements to facilitate connection of multiple mats 20 together. See FIG. 1 , where four mats 20 are connected together. Side edges 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 of mat 20 include first and second engagement elements, which are adapted to releasably engage. The first and second engagement elements might be referred to as “books” and “receptacles”, “male” and “female”, or other engagement elements. Mat 20 includes hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ that extend out from side edges 26 and 28 , and receivers 35 , 35 ′ in side edges 22 and 24 . Hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ engage with receivers 35 , 35 ′. In particular, side edge 22 includes receivers 35 , side edge 24 includes receivers 35 ′, side edge 26 includes hooking elements 30 and side edge 28 includes hooking elements 30 ′. In alternate configurations, any or all side edges of the mat may include both hooking elements and receivers; for example, one side may include three hooking elements and two receivers, and another side may include two hooking elements and three receivers. [0024] Hooking elements 30 ′, in relation to side 28 , are orthogonal to hooking elements edge 30 , in relation to side edge 26 . That is, when viewing the length of side edge 28 , hooking elements 30 ′ extend from right to left as they extend out from side edge 28 , whereas hooking elements 30 extend from left to right as they extend out from side edge 26 . In a similar manner, receivers 35 ′, in relation to side edge 24 , are orthogonal to receivers 35 , in relation to side edge 22 . That is, when viewing the length of side edge 24 , receivers 35 ′ extend from right to left as they approach side edge 24 from the center of mat 20 , whereas receivers 35 extend from left to right as they approach side edge 22 from the center of mat 20 . Hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ and receivers 35 , 35 ′ are thus configured so that appropriately configured receivers 35 , 35 ′ are available to engage with hooking elements 30 , 30 ′. [0025] The present invention provides edging system 15 that at least partially circumscribes mat(s) 20 . Individual edging sections 50 correspond with the engagement elements of mat 20 to releasably retain edging sections 50 to mat 20 . Edging sections 50 include a transition portion 60 , which has a beveled or angled surface that facilitates the progression from the ground, floor or other surface on which edging section 50 is placed and the top of mat 20 ; transition portion 60 is a ramp from a surface below the top of mat 20 (e.g., the floor) to the top of mat 20 . Transition portion 60 is that portion of edging sections 50 that circumscribes mat 20 and is visible in FIG. 1 . Transition portion 60 has first end 62 and second end 64 opposite first end 62 . The length of edging section 50 is the distance between end 62 and end 64 . Transition portion 60 also has an outer edge 66 . Edging section 50 also includes an attachment portion 52 , which preferably includes a surface having pattern 25 . Attachment portion 52 includes appropriate engagement elements to non-adhesively engage mat 20 . [0026] Referring to FIG. 3 in particular, a first embodiment of an edging section 50 is illustrated as edging section 50 A. Edging section 50 A is configured to engage with side edge 22 of mat 20 . Side edge 22 includes receivers 35 . Attachment portion 52 of edging section 50 A has at least one, and preferably an equal number of hooking elements 40 as receivers 35 on side edge 22 , to engage edging section 50 A to side edge 22 . In this particular embodiment side edge 22 has three receivers 35 and edging section 50 A includes three hooking elements 40 configured to releasably engage with receivers 35 ; it is understood that more or less receivers 35 and hooking elements 40 could be present. Edging section 50 A is also shown in FIG. 6 . [0027] Now referring to FIG. 4 , a second embodiment of an edging section 50 is illustrated as edging section SOB. Edging section SOB is configured to engage with side edge 26 of mat 20 . Side edge 26 includes hooking elements 30 . Attachment portion 56 of edging section 50 B has at least one, and preferably an equal number of receivers 45 as equal to the number of hooking elements 30 on side edge 26 , to engage edging section 50 B to side edge 26 . In this particular embodiment side edge 26 has three hooking elements 30 and edging section 50 B includes three receivers 45 configured to releasably engage with hooking elements 30 ; it is understood that more or less receivers 45 and hooking elements 30 could be present. [0028] Although not illustrated, two additional embodiments of edging section 50 would be used for engagement with side edge 24 and side edge 28 of mat 20 . An edging section similar to edging section 50 A, but with hooking elements turned orthogonal to hooking elements 40 , would engage side edge 24 , which has receivers 35 ′. Similarly, an edging section similar to edging section SOB, but with receivers turned orthogonal to receivers 45 , would engage side edge 28 , which has hooking elements 30 ′. [0029] Edging sections 50 A, 50 B each have three engagement elements for engaging with the appropriate side edge of mat 20 . There should be at least one, preferably at least two, and more preferably the number of engagement elements between edging section 50 and mat 20 is the same. Generally, the number of hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ mat 20 should not exceed the number of receivers 45 on edging section 50 , nor should the number of hooking elements 40 on edging section 50 exceed the number of receivers 35 , 35 ′ on mat 20 . [0030] Edging sections 50 , such as edging sections 50 A, SOB, include engagement elements at ends 62 , 64 to connect adjacent edging sections 50 together. For example, edging section 50 A, at side edge 64 , is configured to releasably attached to edging section 50 B at side edge 62 . For both edging sections 50 A, SOB, first side 62 includes a receiver 35 ″ and second side 64 includes a hooking element 30 ″. More than one receiver 35 ″ or hooking element 30 ″ may be present in sides 62 , 64 . [0031] Edging sections 50 form a portion of perimeter 15 around mat(s) 20 . Edging sections 50 , however, are configured for placement against side edges 22 , 24 , 26 , 28 of mats 20 . Each of edging sections 50 , such as edging sections 50 A, 50 B, has a length from side edge 62 to side edge 64 that is generally the same as the width of mat 20 , particularly, the length of the side edge to which that edging section engages. Edging sections 50 generally do not extend passed the width of mat 20 . To provide perimeter 15 around mat(s) 20 , corner pieces 17 are provided. [0032] Corner pieces 17 are a 90 degree, angle piece that fill in the perimeter around mat(s) 20 where edging sections 50 do not extend. Corner piece 17 is illustrated in FIG. 5 . [0033] Corner pieces 17 include a transition portion 60 ′, similar to transition portion 60 of edging sections 50 , which has a beveled or angled surface that facilitates the progression from the ground or floor on which corner pieces 17 is placed and the top of mat 20 . Transition portion 60 ′ has first end 62 ′ and second end 64 ′ opposite first end 62 ′. First end 62 ′ is configured for abutment and attachment to second end 64 of edging sections 50 , and second end 64 ; is configured for abutment and attachment to first end 62 of edging sections 50 . Transition portion 60 ′ also has an outer edge 66 ′. Corner pieces 17 preferably include a surface having pattern 25 . [0034] Corner pieces 17 include engagement elements thereon to connect corner pieces 17 to adjacent edging sections 50 . Corner piece 17 includes appropriate engagement elements to engage mat 20 . In this embodiment, proximate first end 62 ′ is a receiver 3511 for releasable engagement with hooking element 30 ″ on second end 64 of edging section 50 , and proximate second end 64 ′ is a hooking element 30 ″ for releasable engagement with receiver 35 ″ on first end 62 of edging section 50 . More than one receiver 35 ″ or hooking element 30 ″ may be present on ends 62 ′, 64 ′. [0035] In use, edging sections 50 and corner pieces 17 are combined with mat 20 , often a plurality of mats 20 , to form a mat system. Together, outer edge 66 of edging sections 50 and outer edge 66 ′ of corner pieces 17 form the outermost edge of perimeter 15 , and transition portions 60 , 60 ′ preferably provide a ramped or sloped surface up from perimeter 15 to the top surface of mat(s) 20 . Although transition portions 60 , 60 ′ have been illustrated as a ramped portion with a beveled edge or chamfer, transition portions 60 , 60 ′ could be curved or arced, such as a fillet, stepped, or ribbed. In FIG. 6 , transition portion 60 includes a textured surface to increase slip resistance on the surface. [0036] The mat system includes mat(s) 20 , edging sections 50 , and corner pieces 17 . An appropriate number of edging sections 50 and four corners 17 form a rectangular perimeter 15 around mat(s) 20 . For example, in FIG. 1 , four mats 20 are illustrated surrounded by 8 edging sections 50 and four corners 17 . If only one mat 20 were used, four edging sections 50 and four corners 17 would be used to encircle mat 20 . In some installations, it may be desired to not have all the sides of mat(s) 20 edged; for example, mat 20 may be positioned to abut a wall, so that only three side edges would have edging sections 50 thereon. In such an embodiment, probably only two corner pieces 17 would be used. [0037] A mat system, to encircle mat 20 of FIG. 2 having the hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ and receivers 35 , 35 ′, would include five different pieces; edging section 50 A, edging section SOB, an edging section similar but orthogonal to piece 50 A, an edging section similar but orthogonal to piece 50 B, and four corners 17 . If the engagement elements (e.g., hooking elements 30 , 30 ′ and receivers 35 , 35 ′) on a mat differ, so will the edging sections. For example, a mat system could have three different pieces: edging section 50 A, edging section SOB, and four corners 17 . [0038] Although edging sections 50 have been illustrated as having the same length as the width of mat 20 to which they are attached, edging sections 50 could be longer, to engage more than one mat, or shorter, to engage less than one mat. For example, one edging section could be configured to engage three adjacent mats, for example, to extend the entire side edge of a mat system. [0039] Edging section 50 , corner piece 17 , and other embodiments, can be made from any suitable material, including polymers (plastics), metal, wood, composites, clay, and the like. The most preferred, however, are polymeric materials. It may be desirable to have two or more materials present in edging section 50 or corner piece 17 . [0040] Edging section 50 or corner piece 17 can be a unitary piece or assembled from multiple pieces. A polymeric unitary piece can readily be injection molded using conventional techniques. Other molding and extrusions techniques could also be used. [0041] It is to be understood, however, that even though numerous specific characteristics and elements of the mat system and edging sections of the present disclosure have been described, other embodiments are within the scope of the invention. For example, edging sections 50 A, 50 B described above have a single row of pattern 25 . Alternate embodiments could have more than one row of pattern, or, have an amount of pattern 25 that is equivalent to mat 20 . Such an embodiment could be described as mat 20 having transition portion 60 permanently attached thereto. [0042] Also for example, the description above has been made with square mats 20 . It should be understood that other shaped mats would also be in accordance with the present invention. Examples of shapes include rectangles, parallelograms, rhombus, hexagons, triangles, and other polygons, including irregular polygons such as bowties, L-shaped, or U-shaped. The mats could have curved surfaces. Additionally or alternatively, the resulting mat system could have any shape, such a square, rectangle, parallelogram, rhombus, hexagon, triangle, and other polygons including irregular polygons. Circular or arced shapes are possible. For mat systems that have corners, the ends of the edging sections would be appropriately angled or otherwise shaped to form the desired corner angle. Internal corners, of any angle, are foreseen. The height of transition portion 60 , which generally defines the height of edging section 50 may be the thickness of mat 20 , such as for installations where the mats are placed on the same surface as edging sections 50 . Alternately, the mats may be partially recessed into a well, or depression, so that edging sections 50 do not need to be the full thickness of the mat. The mat systems that can be created with mats 20 , and other embodiments, and edging sections 50 , and other embodiments, are countless. Various shapes, sizes, colors, textures, materials, etc. can be used in conjunction to create a mat system. These, and other variations, are within the scope of this invention. [0043] The foregoing disclosure, which includes the description and figures, together with details of the structure and function of the disclosure, is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail, especially in matters of shape, size and arrangement of parts within the principles of the disclosure to the fill extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention is directed in general to an improvement in a common device for securing a child seat in a passenger vehicle, more specifically to a seat belt locking clip that is used to prevent relative movement of the shoulder and lap portions of the vehicle seat belt which results in loss of the belt tension that holds the child seat secure. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] When a child rides in a motor vehicle, the law normally requires that the child must be in an approved car seat for that child's weight class. Most child seats are secured to the vehicle's seat by the seat belt for that particular seating position in the vehicle. The common method involves threading the latch plate end of the seat belt through a provided path in the lower back of the child seat and inserting it into the receiver. With a lap belt only seat belt, tension is achieved by ratcheting the feed side of the belt back into its retractor. With the more common combination lap and shoulder type belt, no ratcheting feature is present. The latch plate slides freely on the shoulder/lap portion of the seat belt, with only modest tension supplied at all times by the retractor at the shoulder end. The belt is locked with an inertial type stopper that only activates during times of acceleration or deceleration. Therefore, another device for locking the belt must be employed to lock the belt length, and thus maintain the tension required for a secure mounting of the child seat. [0003] There has been much discussion in the media, consumer-testing organizations, web sites, etc. regarding proper installation of child car seats. Most recommend that the seat belt tension be quite significant, such that the top end of the child seat can be moved/offset/wiggled less than an inch with a forceful adult push. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that 80% of all child seats are improperly installed in some way, and by far, the most common installation error is that the child seat is loose due to insufficient seat belt tension. [0004] Many manufacturers of child car seats supply with each unit a seat belt locking clip 2 of generic design, as shown in FIG. 1. Typical instructions for installing this clip ask the user to install the seat belt thru the back of the car seat, tension the belt by pulling on the shoulder portion, holding the two pieces of the belt together at or near the latch plate, releasing the latch plate from the receiver, and installing the clip to fasten the two belts together. Then, the latch plate is reinserted into the receiver. On some car seat/seatbelt combinations this is indeed possible. On many vehicles, however, the receiver end of the seatbelt is extended from the car seat a few inches, which results in a location behind, or nearly behind, the back of the child car seat when the car seat is installed. This makes the latch plate inaccessible for reinsertion into the receiver after clip installation. A typical installer then realizes that the clip has to be installed on the shoulder belt side of the seat, while holding tension on the belt. The generic clip 2 , by its design, requires that the belts be somewhat folded lengthwise so that each portion can be inserted into the reception spaces 4 of the clip on the first side, and then again upon insertion into the second side. The difficulty in performing this operation increases proportionately with the tension in the belts, and is very difficult to do while maintaining significant tension on the shoulder part of the seat belt with one hand. Frequently, tension in the seat belt is gradually lost while these manipulations occur, resulting in the situations described in the NHTSA reports. If the car seat is left in the loosely installed condition, the injury prevention capacity of the car seat is reduced in a vehicle collision. [0005] Therefore, there is a need to provide a device for securing the shoulder and lap portions of the seatbelts while under tension, and with the speed and ease of a one hand operation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention satisfies the herebefore unsolved need. The present invention provides an improved device for securing a child seat to a vehicle seat using a contemporary seat belt system factory installed in the vehicle, and more particularly to the construction and use of an improved seat belt locking clip to prevent loss of seat belt tension. A seat belt locking clip which prevents relative movement of the lap and shoulder portions of a typical automotive seat belt system with respect to the buckle, thereby maintaining seat belt tension is described. Of one piece construction, the clip consists of a main body having a centrally located handle for positioning and applying rotary force during installation, and a plurality of finger extensions on opposing sides to reach under and retain the belt portions. Additionally, in accordance with principles of the present invention, the locking clip can include raised projections in the fingers to prevent removal of the clip in a rotary manner opposite that of installation. The seat belt must be unbuckled to remove tension in the belt before the clip can be removed. [0007] Another object of the invention is to provide for single-handed operation. Significant tension in the seat belt must be achieved if a secure installation of the car seat is to result. The locking clip of the present invention is installed with the manipulation of the clip requiring the use of only one hand, which leaves the other free to maintain the belt system tension by force applied to the shoulder portion of seat belt. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] Other features and advantages of the invention, both as to its structure and its operation, will best be understood and appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description, appended claims and accompanying drawings of preferred embodiments, in which: [0009] [0009]FIG. 1 shows a prior art locking clip; [0010] [0010]FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the locking clip on a portion of a belt, according to principles of the present invention; [0011] [0011]FIG. 3 shows an alternative version of the locking clip having raised projections in the surface of the finger extensions; [0012] [0012]FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a typical child seat installed using the present invention to lock the tension into a typical lap and shoulder seat belt system; and [0013] [0013]FIGS. 5 a - 5 c illustrate installation of the locking clip having principles of the present invention on a vehicle seat belt. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0014] Referring to FIG. 2, a seat belt locking clip 100 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention includes, among other elements, an essentially flat main body portion 10 , a handle portion 20 and two fingerlike extensions 30 connected to opposing sides of the main body 10 . The main body 10 forms a central frame on which is positioned the handle portion 20 . Two fingerlike extensions 30 are located on opposite sides of the main body 10 , and extend across the width of the main body 10 in opposite orientation to each other as shown. The fingers are parallel to the main body edges and spaced away from it an appropriate amount to form belt-receiving slots 40 . The belt-receiving slots 40 should be sized to accommodate the thickness of the flat belts, such that the belts can be inserted into the slot with adequate clearance. The locking clip 100 is sized such that the belt receiving slots 40 have a length matched to the width of the belts that it will be installed on. As illustrated in the figure, the ends of the fingers can be formed in an arcuate or bent manner such that the upper surface of the tip of the finger will be below the lower surface of the main body 10 by an amount to accommodate two seat belt thicknesses. In the preferred embodiment, the handle 20 and finger extensions 30 are shown as being integral with the main body portion 10 . However, in alternative embodiments, the handle portion 20 could be constructed as a separate piece and attached to the main body 10 in a suitable manner. Similarly, the fingerlike extensions 30 could be constructed separately and attached to the main body 10 . As discussed above, the present invention is preferably formed as a single integral unit, which can be manufactured in a cost efficient manner. The locking clip 100 is preferably constructed from steel, or other hard materials having suitable strength and stiffness, and can be machine cut, stamped or cast out of the chosen material. [0015] Referring now to FIG. 3, an alternative embodiment of the locking clip 100 , according to principles of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, the fingerlike extensions 30 include raised projections 50 on the surface of the finger. Preferably, the raised projections 50 emanate from the surface of said fingers 30 in a slanted and directional manner so as to permit a seat belt in intimate contact to pass over them in one direction while restraining movement in the essentially opposite direction. The raised projections 50 have, on one side, a nominally smooth ramp profile at an angle that permits the seat belt to slide up and over to pass the projection in the “forward” direction, and, on the other side, a near vertical wall to prevent the seat belt from passing when approached in the “reverse” direction. The tip of the projection is nominally pointed to facilitate entry into the weave of the seat belt fabric to assist in preventing movement of the belt in the “reverse” direction. Thus, the orientation of the raised projections is such that the projections are permitted to slide under the surface of the belt during installation of the clip 100 , but retard movement of the clip 100 in the opposite direction, for example, as if attempting to remove the clip by turning in a rotary direction opposite that of the installation direction, while the seat belt is under tension. This feature prevents removal of the clip by the child seat occupant as well as from vehicle vibration or impact. Only when the seat belt is unbuckled, resulting in removal of tension in the belts, may the clip be easily disengaged from the belt and removed. The locations of the raised projections 50 in the surface of the fingers 30 is shown proximate to the base of the finger extensions 30 . However, the raised projections 50 can be positioned in other locations on the surface of the fingers 30 . Additionally, the finger extensions 30 can include multiple sets of raised projections 50 . [0016] Utilization of a locking clip in accordance with principles of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 a - c . FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a typical child seat installed using the present invention to lock the tension into a typical lap and shoulder seat belt system. A child seat 60 is mounted onto a vehicle seat 62 using the seat belt system supplied with the vehicle. The seat belt latch plate (not shown) is routed through the passageway 64 in the rear of the child seat 60 and engaged in the receiver. The lap portion 66 of the seatbelt extends from the buckle to the vehicle floor or frame for secure attachment. This same belt extends through the latch plate and returns through said passageway as the shoulder portion 68 of the seat belt system. The seat belt locking clip 100 is shown in the installed position (see exploded view) wherein its function is to prevent the portion of the shoulder belt 68 from the locking clip 100 to the buckle from moving with respect to the lap belt 66 . This is accomplished by securely forcing the two belts into intimate contact through a circuitous path through the clip 100 . [0017] Turning now to FIGS. 5 a - 5 c , installation of the locking clip 100 on a seat belt securing a child car seat 60 will be described. FIG. 5 a illustrates the initial positioning of the locking clip 100 on the seat belt portions 66 , 68 . After tensioning the seat belt by pulling on the shoulder portion 68 , the upper finger 30 is partially engaged under both seat belt portions 66 , 68 by manipulating the clip in the direction of arrow A. The design of the preferred embodiment of the locking clip 100 is essentially symmetrical in a rotary sense, in that the fingers 30 are in a proper orientation to begin installation regardless of which orientation the clip 100 is in when the user initially grips the handle portion 20 . Similarly, the lower finger 30 may be partially installed first, according to installer preference. [0018] [0018]FIG. 5 b illustrates the secondary positioning of the locking clip 100 , showing the engagement of a second finger 30 under the seat belt portions 66 , 68 . This is accomplished by forcing the base portion of the clip against the surface of the belts, rotating the clip 100 in a counter clockwise manner as indicated by arrow B, until the tip of the second finger 30 passes the edge of the belts. Then the rotational motion of the clip 100 is reversed to engage the tip of the second finger 30 under both portions of the seatbelt 66 , 68 . [0019] [0019]FIG. 5 c illustrates the final rotational manipulation of the locking clip 100 into its fully installed position. The rotational motion of the clip 100 continues in the direction of arrow C until the edges of the seatbelts 66 , 68 are fully inserted into both the upper and lower belt-receiving slots 40 . In this position, the raised projections 50 on the fingers 30 have engaged the lower surface of the belt pair, and are preventing the clip 100 from being removed by application of a rotary force in a direction opposite to that of installation. [0020] Having thus described an embodiment of the invention, it will now be appreciated that the objects of the invention have been fully achieved, and it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many changes and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention. Among them, but not limited to, are construction from multiple parts, alternate finger profiles and lengths, alternate finger tip bending profiles, mirror imaging for changing clockwise installation to counter clockwise installation, alternate handle shape and orientation, alternate projection profiles, numbers, and locations, handle deletion, and provision for accepting a separate tool for application of rotary motion. The disclosures and the description herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting. Rather, the invention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention is related to the field of band saws and methods for positioning a band saw blade. More specifically, the invention is related to a band saw comprising a band saw blade against which a sawing material is adapted to be guided in a feed direction, and a guide for the band saw blade, the guide having at least one magnet exerting a force on the band saw blade determining the spatial position thereof, the at least one magnet being, further adjustable in its force effect and the force being directed transversely to the feed direction. Correspondingly, the invention is related to a method of spatially positioning a band saw blade while a sawing material is guided against the band saw blade in a feed direction, in which a magnet force is exerted on the band saw blade, and the magnet force, and thereby the position of the band saw blade is adjusted transversely to the feed direction. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Band saws mostly consist of two wheels arranged one above the other, sometimes also one besides the other, with a horizontal axis of rotation, over which a band saw blade is guided. One of the wheels is driven and, hence, moves the band saw blade in a longitudinal direction. Band saw blades are, for example, 10 m long and run with a velocity of about 30 to 45 m/s. For making sure that the band saw blade runs stably, even if a sawing material, for example wood, is guided with a certain force with its front against a narrow, toothed side of the band saw blade, the band saw blade is mechanically held under tension with high forces. This is done by increasing the distance between the wheel axes after having applied the band saw blade upon the wheels. Moreover, it is well known to push the band saw blade, which otherwise would run along a common tangent line interconnecting the wheels, in an outward direction by means of two mechanical guide elements arranged at a distance along the respective strand, such that the band saw blade extends parallel to the tangent line over a certain section. This results in that the free length of the band saw blade is reduced to the distance between the two guide elements, and that the band saw blade reacts with a higher resistance to a force acting laterally on it. Band saw blades are exposed to different mechanical loads not only by such a bias but also by the sawing itself. These loads cause the band saw blade to evade. Depending on how the forces acting chaotically and irregularly on the band saw blade during sawing engage same, various evasion movements occur. One first such evasion movement is directed opposite the feed movement. This evasion movement is conventionally countered by guiding the band saw blade over wheels being configured crowned at their periphery. The evasion movement is quite critical in view of the dimensional accuracy of the sawing operation and the quality of the surface generated during the sawing. A second such evasion movement is directed laterally. This evasion movement is significantly more critical because it influences both the dimensional accuracy and the surface quality. In conventional band saws, this evasion movement, as already mentioned, is countered essentially only by a high tension of the band saw blade and by shortening the free length thereof. Finally, it may happen that the band saw blade is twisted around its longitudinal axis. All these evasive movements are disadvantageous in operation. On the one hand, they result in a stretching of the band saw blade and, on the other hand result in an increased wear. Furthermore, also the quality, i.e. the dimensional accuracy and the quality of the generated surface, i.e. the saw cut, are negatively affected when the band saw blade evades laterally during sawing or twists. In order to keep such movements and deformations as small as possible, one has suggested various mechanical guides for the band saw blade. These guides are mostly configured as slide guides or as roller guides. These guides, however, have the disadvantage that they likewise cause wear due to friction. For this reason one has already suggested a magnetic guide for a band saw blade. Printed citation DE 201 05 845 U1 describes such a magnetic band saw positioning apparatus. This prior art apparatus essentially consists of a U-shaped guide, the legs of which extending on both sides of the band saw blade to be positioned. The guide as a whole is supported via springs against a machine-mounted bearing in the feed direction of the sawing material. Two parallel rows each of opposing magnets, apparently permanent magnets, are integrated into the two legs of the guide, wherein the rows extend parallel to the longitudinal direction of the band saw blade. The one row is positioned besides the tooth base of the band saw blade teeth and the other row is positioned besides the rear edges of saw blade holes extending in a longitudinal direction. Nothing is said in the printed citation neither about the polarisation of the magnets nor their interaction with the band saw blade. The legs of the guide are dimensioned so long and the guide is positioned relative to the band saw blade such that the rear side of the band saw blade keeps a distance to the flange interconnecting the legs. Thereby, with large feed forces, the band saw blade can be somewhat displaced in the feed direction against the action of the magnets, wherein also the resilient support finally has a limiting function. The guide effects exclusively a support of the band saw blade opposite the feed direction, and, hence, only counteracts the not so critical evasive movements of the band saw blade in the feed direction. Lateral evasive movements and a twisting of the band saw blade are not prevented by the prior art guide which, therefore, does not contribute to the improvement of the saw cut quality with regard to dimensional accuracy and surface quality. Printed citation SE 436 849 B describes a circular or band saw in which a force is exerted on the saw blade by means of two electromagnets positioned on opposite sides of the saw blade. By means of a sensor the lateral position of the saw blade is detected, is compared with a desired position, and the saw blade, as the case may be, is redirected into the desired position by corresponding excitation of the magnets. By doing so, a fluttering of the saw blade is prevented. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object underlying the invention, to improve a band saw as well as a method for positioning a saw blade of the type mentioned at the outset such that the aforementioned disadvantages are avoided. In particular, the invention shall make it possible to guide band saw blades in a contactless manner and precisely in their position, wherein, in particular, a lateral evasion and a twisting of the band saw blade are avoided or reduced to a no more disturbing extent. In a band saw of the type mentioned at the outset, this object is achieved in that the guide, as viewed in the feed direction of the sawing material, has a front magnet and a rear magnet, the magnets facing a front area and a rear area, respectively, of the band saw blade. In a method of the type mentioned at the outset, this object is achieved in that differently set magnet forces, as viewed in the feed direction of the sawing material, are exerted on a front area and on a rear area, respectively, of the band saw blade. The object underlying the invention is, thus, entirely solved. The specific type of the inventive control, namely, allows for the first time to laterally guide a band saw blade in a contactless manner. Thereby not only the wear on the band saw blade is minimized but also the quality of the executed saw cuts is optimized. Moreover, band velocities up to more than 100 m/s are achieved. The measure, to excite the magnets with different magnet forces has the advantage that an oblique position and a twisting, respectively, of the band saw blade can be compensated for by an individual action on the front and on the rear area thereof. One, therefore, exerts a torque on the band saw blade which compensates the twisting. On the other hand, the option is open to intentionally twist the saw blade and, thus, to orient it obliquely relative to the feed direction of the sawing material, in order to make straight, but oblique or arc-shaped saw cuts. This is of particular advantage for a sawing material having a conical or an arc-shaped form as is the case with naturally grown logs. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the at least one magnet is an electromagnet. This measure has the advantage that components may be used which are available as commercial products in the required dimensions and precision and at low cost. Moreover, an embodiment of the inventive band saw is preferred in which the guide has sensors for detecting the position of the band saw blade in a direction transverse to the feed direction, the sensors being operatively connected with the magnets via a controller, and, preferably, a desired value for the position being adapted to be fed to the controller. Correspondingly, according to the method the position of the band saw blade is detected and is controlled on a desired value by the adjusting of an amount of the magnet force. These measures have the advantage that a closed control loop is provided allowing a precise positioning of the band saw blade, thereby eliminating all occurring disturbance variables, among which are also thermal and other influences. In a particularly preferred improvement of this embodiment which may likewise be used alone, i.e. without the other mentioned features, means for detecting a natural frequency of the band saw blade circulating in engagement and/or out of engagement with the sawing material are associated to the sensors, the means feeding control signals for compensating periodical movements of the band saw blade directed transversely to the feed direction to the at least one magnet in synchronism with the natural frequency. According to the method a natural frequency of the circulating band saw blade when in engagement and/or out of engagement with the sawing material is detected, the magnet force being adjusted for compensating periodical movements of the band saw blade directed transversely to the feed direction in synchronism with the natural frequency. These measures have the advantage that an effective compensation of a substantial disturbance variable becomes possible, namely the natural resonance of the band saw. As all moving systems a band saw exhibits one or more such natural resonances with a fundamental frequency and harmonics. This natural resonance results in an oscillation of the band saw blade in a lateral direction, also as a torsional oscillation, at high frequencies. Within the scope of this embodiment, the frequencies of the fundamental and the harmonic waves are determined beforehand. The oscillation of the band saw blade is then extinguished by interference, in that an oscillating force of like frequency but opposite direction is exerted on the band saw blade. Analogously one can proceed with still another phenomenon of band saws, namely the interference due to the circulating butt joint of the band saw blade. This butt joint interconnecting both ends of the band saw blade and being made by soldering or welding configures a discontinuity shaped as a bump which during each circulation generates an evasive movement when it runs over the guide. In the above-mentioned example of a band saw blade of 10 m length and a velocity of 40 m/s this event has a frequency of 4 Hz or a clock period of 250 ms. When the band saw velocity is 100 m/s, the frequency would be 10 Hz and the clock period 100 ms. Within the scope of still another embodiment which may likewise be used alone, i.e. without the other mentioned features, means for detecting a periodical evasive movement of the circulating band saw blade caused by a butt joint running by the guide and being directed transversely to the feed direction are associated to the sensors according to the invention, the means feeding control signals for compensating such movements of the band saw blade to the at least one magnet in synchronism with the butt joint running by the guide. According to the method a periodical evasive movement of the circulating band saw blade caused by a butt joint running by the guide, and being directed transversely to the feed direction is detected, and the magnet force is adjusted for compensating such movements of the band saw blade in synchronism with the butt joint running by the guide. This measure has the advantage that also these periodically occurring evasive movements can be effectively compensated for. Within the scope of the present invention a good effect is achieved in that the guides, as viewed in the sawing direction of the band saw blade have a guide module in front of the sawing material and a guide module behind the sawing material. According to the method the magnet force, as viewed in a sawing direction of the band saw blade, is exerted on the band saw blade in front of and behind the sawing material. This measure has the advantage that the band saw blade is stabilized within the sawing area. In still other embodiments of the invention the magnets, as viewed transversely to the feed direction, are positioned on both sides of the band saw blade. According to the method the magnet force, as viewed transversely to the feed direction, is exerted on both sides of the band saw blade. This measure has the advantage that the band saw blade may extend freely between the wheels along a tangent line common for both wheels. Accordingly, in the rest position of the band saw blade no basic force must be exerted from the magnets of the magnet guide on the band saw blade extending symmetrically between them. Further, the control speed in both directions is very high because it only depends on the rise rate of the magnet force, i.e. an electronically controllable value. By means of the magnets arranged on both sides of the band saw blade, the band saw blade may be specifically twisted about its longitudinal axis. As an alternative, the magnets, as viewed transversely to the feed direction, may also be positioned only on one side of the band saw blade. According to the method, the magnet force, as viewed transversely to the feed direction, is exerted on one side of the band saw blade only. If, when doing so, the band saw blade is guided over two wheels, several alternatives are possible. In a first alternative, the guides extend beyond a common tangent line interconnecting the wheels. This measure has the advantage that known and well-proven concepts for biasing a band saw blade by lateral deflection may be used. In a second alternative, the guides extend inwardly beyond a common tangent line interconnecting the wheels. This measure has the advantage that band saw assemblies of the type already mentioned may be put into practice in which two individual band saws may be positioned one adjacent the other. According to another embodiment of the invention which may also be used alone without the other mentioned features, guides, as viewed transversely to the feed direction are positioned on one side of the band saw blade. In that case it is preferred when mechanical guide blocks are provided on the opposite side of the band saw blade. This measure has the advantage that the band saw blade in the event of a wilful shutoff or an unwanted failure of the magnet comes into a defined rest position in which it may run down to a standstill under tension and is still held after standstill. The desired deflection of the band saw blade in an inward or an outward direction is effected in that the inner or outer, respectively, magnet in a standard position of the band saw blade exerts a certain basic force on the band saw blade, the basic force being modulated, i.e. increased or decreased depending on the particular evasive movement. In a third alternative, the guides extend along a common tangent line interconnecting the wheels and concurrently configure mechanical guides. Further advantages will become apparent from the drawing and the enclosed description. It will be understood that the features of the invention mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the respective combination indicated, but also in other combinations or in isolation, without leaving the scope of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail in the following description and are represented in the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 : is a highly schematical side elevational view of an embodiment of a band saw according to the invention with which the method of positioning a band saw blade according to the invention may be executed; FIG. 2 : on an enlarged scale shows a guide of the band saw of FIG. 1 in a view along line II-II; FIG. 3 : shows a block diagram of an electronic control unit as may be used in the guide of FIG. 2 ; FIG. 4 : is a view, similar to that of FIG. 1 , however for another embodiment of a band saw according to the invention, in an operational mode, in which the alternatingly increasing load of the band saw blade is low and the velocity of the position control is high; FIG. 5 : is a view, similar to that of FIG. 1 , but for still another embodiment of a band saw according to the invention, in which, preferably, two band saws are used one adjacent the other; and FIG. 6 : is a view, similar to that of FIG. 1 , however for still another embodiment of a band saw according to the invention, in which likewise the extent of alternatingly increasing loads is minimized. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In FIG. 1 , reference numeral 10 as a whole designates a band saw, as is typically used in saw mills for dissecting logs, for dissecting and edging boards and the like. Band saw 10 may be installed in the sawmill as an integrated stationary unit or as a mobile unit. Band saw 10 comprises an upper wheel 12 and a lower wheel 14 rotating about a horizontal upper axis 16 and a lower axis 16 , respectively. A band saw blade 20 is stretched over wheels 12 and 14 . Band saw blade 20 is provided with teeth 21 on the front side of FIG. 1 (see FIG. 2 ). The free ends of band saw blade 20 are interconnected with a butt joint 22 which may be generated by welding or soldering. With regard to band saw blade 20 butt joint 22 configures a discontinuity having the shape of a bump. Arrows 23 and 24 indicate the sense of rotation of wheels 12 and 14 . The positioning of wheels 12 and 14 with regard to a vertical axis 26 intersecting axes 16 and 18 and with regard to a horizontal axis 28 extending centrally between axes 16 and 18 is symmetrical. In FIG. 1 the right hand strand of band saw blade 20 is designated with 32 and the left hand strand with 34 . From the senses of rotation 23 and 24 of wheels 12 and 14 follows a running direction of band saw blade 20 in its left strand 34 being directed downwardly as indicated by an arrow 37 . Whereas right strand 32 extends tangentially on the right hand side of wheels 12 and 14 , left strand 34 keeps a distance D from a tangent line 36 on the left side of wheels 12 and 14 . This is effected by an upper guide 40 as well as a lower guide 42 . Guides 40 and 42 are positioned such that a sawing table is located therebetween (not shown) on which, for example, a wood board is pushed through band saw 10 , namely in the illustration of FIG. 1 perpendicularly to the drawing plane. Insofar, band saw 10 corresponds essentially to the prior art. FIG. 2 , in a view from above, shows details of upper guide 40 . Guide 40 on the right hand side of band saw blade 20 in FIG. 2 comprises a machine-mounted guide block 44 and on the left side a machine-mounted magnet guide 46 . The arrangement right/left of guide block 44 and magnet guide 46 may, of course, also be the other way round. The term “machine-mounted” is to be understood to mean that during operation of band saw 10 elements 44 and 46 are rigidly connected with the machine base, however, may be adapted to be adjusted e.g. for calibration purposes. Machine-mounted guide block 44 may be provided with a low-friction coating 50 . Magnet guide 46 comprises a housing 54 . Within housing 54 there are provided a front electromagnet 56 a as well as a rear electromagnet 56 b facing a front area 58 a and a rear area 58 b , respectively, of saw blade 20 . The terms “front” and “rear” are related to a feed direction 60 of a sawing material indicated at 61 , for example a wood board as already mentioned. Electromagnets 56 a and 56 b are, preferably, of same design. The design with a U-shaped yoke indicated in FIG. 2 is, of course, only to be understood as an example. As a matter of principle, any component may be used in the present context allowing to exert an adjustable force on band saw blade 20 in a contactless manner. As two electromagnets 56 a and 56 b are used in any of the two magnet guides 46 , the entire assembly with two superimposed magnet guides ( FIG. 1 ) has four such electromagnets. A front sensor 62 a is associated to front electromagnet 56 a and a rear sensor 62 b is associated to rear magnet 56 b . Sensors 62 a and 62 b are adapted to detect a distance in a magnetic, capacitive, optical, acoustical or other manner. Within the magnetic guide 46 they measure a distance d between the right hand ( FIG. 2 ) surface 64 of magnet guide 46 and the left hand ( FIG. 2 ) surface 66 of band saw blade 22 in its front area 58 a and its rear area 58 b , respectively. When electromagnets 56 a and 56 b are excited with the same current intensity, i.e. when they exert the same magnet force on areas 58 a and 58 b , then band saw blade 20 , as viewed in FIG. 2 , will be displaced to the left or to the right, as indicated by a double arrow 70 while maintaining its orientation. If, however, the magnet forces of electromagnets 56 a and 56 b are different, then band saw blade 20 is twisted about its longitudinal axis as indicated by a pair of arrows 72 . By doing so it is possible to orient band saw blade 20 obliquely with regard to feed direction 60 of sawing material 61 . One can then make oblique or arc-shaped sawing cuts within sawing material 61 , in particular when sawing material 61 is conical or arc-shaped with regard to feed direction 60 , as is the case for naturally grown logs or parts thereof. Accordingly, by selectively energizing electromagnets 56 a and 56 b , one can as well compensate for lateral evasive movements as torsion of band saw blade 20 , being appropriate when sawing material 61 is guided with high power against teeth 21 of band saw blade 20 in feed direction 60 and saw blade 20 then buckles, or when band saw blade 20 enters into inhomogeneous areas of sawing material 61 , for example knots in a wood board. The magnet force is preferably exerted as follows: When band saw blade 20 is in its rest position, i.e. no magnet force is exerted, it rests on machine-mounted guide blocks 44 , for example by a conventional mechanical setting of a certain laterally oriented biasing force of about 100 to 1,000 N, e.g. 600 N. Directly before or after the starting of band saw 10 , band saw blade 20 is lifted off guide blocks 44 by a magnet force of e.g. 700 N being higher than the mechanical bias force of e.g. 600 N until it assumes a position between guide blocks 44 and magnet guides 46 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 (distance d). This may be done irrespective of band saw blade 20 , as will be explained later, is twisted about its longitudinal axis or not. In this desired position band saw blade 20 is guided in a contactless manner. The position control is then effected around this desired magnet force of 700 N by modulation, e.g. by reducing or increasing the magnet force. As an alternative it is, of course, also possible to manage without guide blocks 44 and to position magnet guides 46 on both sides of band saw blade 20 (not shown). In that case the control of the lateral position of the band saw blade would be effected through a selective excitation of magnet guides 46 on both sides of band saw blade 20 . Band saw blade 20 would then extend along a common tangent line of both wheels 12 and 14 as shown in the right half of FIG. 1 . In this embodiment eight magnets altogether would be used at right/left, up/down and front/rear positions. FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an electronic control unit 74 which may be used for energizing electromagnets 56 a and 56 b and, further provides still other functions. Control unit 74 comprises a controller 80 . Signals from sensors 62 a and 62 b as well as a desired value d s indicating the desired distance between surfaces 64 and 66 are fed to inputs of controller 80 . From the actual values of distance d and from the given desired value d s controller 80 in a manner known per se generates correcting variables for energizing electromagnets 56 a and 56 b. In embodiments of the invention which may also be used alone, a frequency analyzer 82 is, further, associated to controller 80 . From e.g. the signals of sensors 62 a and 62 b frequency analyzer 82 continuously computes the natural frequency or, as the case may be, several natural frequencies f 0 of band saw 10 which, however, may also be given as fixed value or values, respectively, determined beforehand. Normally, one has different natural frequencies f 0 when the band saw blade 20 is out of engagement with the sawing material and in engagement therewith, respectively, when the tension of the band saw blade varies etc. The natural frequency f 0 of band saw 10 becomes apparent as a periodical oscillation of band saw blade 20 which mostly is a superposition of lateral movements and torsional movements. These natural oscillations essentially depend on the free length of band saw blade 20 between wheels 12 , and 14 , on the tension force, on the modulus of elasticity of band saw blade 20 , as well as on the system saw/sawing material at the prevailing operation parameters. On the basis of a command variable supplied by frequency analyzer 82 controller 80 now generates a periodical correcting signal of even frequency but opposed polarity for electromagnets 56 a and 56 b , such that the natural oscillations of band saw blade 20 are extinguished through interference. One has found that this given control with frequency f 0 known beforehand is more effective than a control on the basis of measured instantaneous values. It goes without saying that while doing so, one may not only take into account the fundamental wave of the natural oscillation of the band saw blade but likewise harmonic waves. In a similar manner, a clock 84 , also associated to controller 80 acts in embodiments of the invention which may also be used alone. Clock 84 governs controller 80 with a command variable characterizing the periodical running by of butt joint 22 configuring an uneven discontinuity at magnet guide 40 . If, for example, band saw blade 20 has a length of 10 m and is moved at a linear velocity of 40 m/s, then butt joint 22 runs by magnet guide 46 with a frequency of 4 Hz or a clock period of 250 ms. The running by effects an evasive movement which is compensated for by a correspondingly gated excitation of electromagnets 56 a and 56 b with a signal of sufficient amplitude and opposed polarity. Here, too, the frequency and the clock period, respectively, may vary, for example when a high load acts on band saw blade 20 and, hence, its drive motor. For band saws, three-phase asynchronous motors are conventionally used as drives. Such motors, however, have a load-dependent slip, such that the rpm, and, hence, the velocity of band saw blade 20 may fluctuate by about 1 to 3%. Therefore, the clock period of the butt joint 22 running by is continuously detected such that a dynamic compensation is also possible here. In FIGS. 4 and 6 three more embodiments of band saws having a basic structure corresponding to that of band saw 10 of FIG. 1 are shown, irrespective of whether band saw blade 20 is twisted about its longitudinal axis. In FIGS. 4 to 6 like elements are designated bay like reference numerals. In the embodiment of FIG. 4 a band saw 110 having four magnetic machine-mounted guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 are shown being positioned as two pairs above each other in the area of left strand 34 . The two guides of a pair are positioned on opposing sides of left strand 34 . In the embodiment shown, the positioning is made such that left strand 34 coincides with tangent line 36 of the two wheels 12 and 14 . The guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 in their design preferably correspond to the illustration of FIG. 2 . The positioning of guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 on both sides along band saw blade extending along a tangent line touching wheels 12 and 14 has the effect that contrary to the embodiment of FIG. 1 no basic force must be exerted by magnets within guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 on band saw blade 20 extending symmetrically between them in the rest position, i.e. when band saw blade 20 is not displaced. Further, the lateral displacement of band saw blade 20 may be effected faster as is the case for the embodiment of FIG. 1 for the displacement to the right. For the two-sided positioning of guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 the speed of displacement namely depends primarily on the electronic control of the magnets, i.e. the rise rate of the magnet force which may be set very high. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , however, the displacement to the right, i.e. away from the magnet of magnet guide 46 is effected solely under the influence of the mechanical spring constant of the system, in particular of band saw blade 20 . By this positioning, moreover, the above mentioned measure may be effected particularly well, namely to twist band saw blade about a vertical axis in the area between guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 by a corresponding polarization of electromagnets 56 a and 56 b as indicated with arrow 72 in FIG. 2 . The extent of the torsion is increased within the scope of elasticity of band saw blade 20 by positioning such electromagnets on opposite sides of band saw blade 20 according to FIG. 4 . Should no sufficient torsion angle be achievable in view of, on the one hand, the width of a practically possible air gap between band saw blade 20 and guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 and, on the other hand, the width of band saw blade 20 in the feed direction 60 , then, according to the invention, one may configure guides 146 11 , 146 12 , 146 21 , 146 22 adapted to be rotated about a vertical axis, as will be explained below together with FIG. 6 . If a sawing material 61 shall be sawn by band saw 10 which is not straight in the feed direction 60 , one can effect by appropriate excitation of the electromagnets that band saw blade 20 makes a cut which does not extend parallel to feed direction 60 , but may extend, for example, obliquely or arc-shaped. In the embodiment of FIG. 5 a band saw assembly is provided which, besides a first band saw 210 1 of the type described with FIG. 1 also comprises a second band saw 210 2 being essentially identical in design with fist band saw 210 1 , however arranged mirror-symmetrically. Second band saw 210 2 also comprises wheels 212 and 214 having axes 216 and 218 lying on a vertical axis 226 and a band saw blade 220 running thereover. Its right strand 232 runs in the vicinity of left strand 34 of first band saw 2101 . Such paired arrangements of band saws 210 1 , 210 2 are used to apply two parallel saw cuts to a sawing material running therethrough in one run. When doing so still another pair of band saws may be provided perpendicularly to the drawing plane of FIG. 5 so as to apply four such saw cuts in one run. Such tandem band saws are known to the person of ordinary skill, for example from U.S. Pat. No. 3,318,347 and, hence, need not to be explained in further detail here. In order to achieve an arrangement being as compact as possible, wheels 12 and 14 or 212 , 214 of the two band saws 210 1 and 210 2 in FIG. 5 are arranged near to each other. In order to nevertheless provide band saw blade 20 or 220 , respectively, with a certain tension, strands 34 and 323 in the embodiment of FIG. 5 are each drawn inwardly by means of magnetic, machine-mounted guides 246 11 , 246 12 , 246 21 , 246 22 towards their respective vertical axis 26 and 226 , respectively, i.e. in the illustration of FIG. 5 strand 34 is drawn by distance D from tangent line 36 to the right, and strand 232 by distance D from a corresponding tangent line 236 to the left. If one would double the embodiment of FIG. 1 into a tandem band saw of the type of FIG. 5 by folding same about a vertical axis, then a close lateral approximation of the two band saws 10 would not be possible because the two laterally projecting magnet guides 46 would stand in the way. Further, in the transitional area between the two band saws 10 one could only saw relatively wide boards. With the arrangement of FIG. 5 , however, an can make saw cuts which, as compared to the embodiment of FIG. 1 , could be somewhat more approximated, and could be somewhat less approximated as compared to the embodiment of FIG. 6 being still to be described. It goes without saying that also for the embodiment of FIG. 5 mechanical guide blocks may be used on the side of band saw blade 20 opposite magnetic guides 246 11 , 246 12 , 246 21 , 246 22 as was described in connection with FIG. 1 above. FIG. 6 , finally, shows another embodiment of a band saw 310 in which only two machine-mounted magnet guides 346 1 and 346 2 are provided. These magnet guides 346 1 and 346 2 are positioned such that their left surface ( FIG. 6 ) is flush with tangent line 36 . When guides 346 1 and 346 2 are activated, they draw left strand 34 against these surfaces, such that left strand 34 coincides with tangent line 36 . In order to be able to also make oblique or arc-shaped cuts, band saw blade 20 may be twisted in a manner already described several times (arrow 72 ). Considering, however, that guides 346 1 and 346 2 simultaneously guide mechanically, they must be rotated simultaneously as indicated in FIG. 6 with an axis 348 and an arrow 349 .

4y

This application is a Continuation-in-part of utility application Ser. No. 10/343,350 filed on Jan. 29, 2003 which is the national phase application of PCT patent application number PCT/US01/43500 filed on Nov. 14, 2001. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The field of the invention is irrigation controllers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In arid areas of the world water is becoming one of the most precious natural resources. Meeting future water needs in these arid areas may require aggressive conservation measures. This requires irrigation systems that apply water to the landscape based on the water requirements of the plants. Many irrigation controllers have been developed for automatically controlling application of water to landscapes. Known irrigation controllers range from simple devices that control watering times based upon fixed schedules, to sophisticated devices that vary the watering schedules according to local geographic and climatic conditions. With respect to the simpler types of irrigation controllers, a homeowner typically sets a watering schedule that involves specific run-times and days for each of a plurality of stations, and the controller executes the same schedule regardless of the season or weather conditions. From time to time the homeowner may manually adjust the watering schedule, but such adjustments are usually only made a few times during the year, and are based upon the homeowner's perceptions rather than actual watering needs. One change is often made in the late Spring when a portion of the yard becomes brown due to a lack of water. Another change is often made in the late Fall when the homeowner assumes that the vegetation does not require as much watering. These changes to the watering schedule are typically insufficient to achieve efficient watering. More sophisticated irrigation controllers use evapotranspiration rates for determining the amount of water to be applied to a landscape. Evapotranspiration is the water lost by direct evaporation from the soil and plant and by transpiration from the plant surface. Potential evapotranspiration (ETo) can be calculated from meteorological data collected on-site, or from a similar site. One such system is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,339 issued December, 1995, to Miller. Due to cost, most of the data for ETo calculations is gathered from off-site locations that are frequently operated by government agencies. Irrigation systems that use ETo data gathered from off-site locations are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,787 issued June, 1991, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,937 issued July, 1993 both to Evelyn-Veere, U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,855, issued May, 1993, to Marian, U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,671, issued December, 1997, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,870,302, issued February, 1999, both to Oliver. Due to cost and/or complicated operating requirements very few of these efficient irrigation controllers, discussed in the previous paragraph, are being installed on residential and small commercial landscape sites. Therefore, controllers that provide inadequate schedule modification primarily irrigate most residential and small commercial landscape sites. This results in either too much or too little water being applied to the landscape, which in turn results in both inefficient use of water and unnecessary stress on the plants. Therefore, a need existed for a cost-effective irrigation system for residential and small commercial landscape sites that is capable of frequently varying the irrigation schedule based upon estimates of actual water requirements. This need was met by U.S. Pat. No. 6,102,061, issued August, 2000 to Addink. However, there are thousands of manual irrigation controllers that have already been installed and are still being sold. Adjustments to these manual irrigation controllers are usually only made a few times during the year. The adjustments are based upon the homeowner's perceptions rather than actual watering needs of the landscape. There are devices that can be connected to existing irrigation systems that will make automatic adjustments to the irrigation schedule, these interrupt or prevent one or more complete irrigation schedules from occurring. Examples of devices that interrupt or prevent the occurrence of planned irrigation schedules are rain sensors discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,613,764, issued September, 1986 to Lobato, U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,578, issued June, 1994 to Morrison et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,122 issued October, 1994 to Erickson, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,083, issued March, 1992 to Tyler, et al. There are other reasons for interrupting an irrigation schedule, such as; temperature extremes, high light intensity, high winds, and high humidity of which one or more of these are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,660, issued November, 1998 to Morgenstern, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,853,122, issued December, 1998 to Caprio, U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,490 issued June, 1982 to Enter, S R., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,076,740, issued June, 2000 to Townsend. Additionally, there are patents that discuss the use of soil moisture sensors to control irrigation systems including U.S. Pat. No. 5,341,831, issued August, 1994 to Zur, U.S. Pat. No. 4,922,433, issued May, 1990 to Mark and U.S. Pat. No. 4,684,920 issued, August, 1987 to Reiter. However, as mentioned above, these devices, interrupt the operation of one or more full irrigation schedules or, as with the three above patents, rely on soil moisture sensors to control the irrigation applications. The disadvantage of soil moisture sensors is that the placement of the sensor(s) is critical to efficient irrigation. What is needed is a cost effective device that will automatically modify the run-times of the irrigation schedules of installed irrigation controllers to affect irrigating of the landscape to meet the water requirements of the landscape plants based on some method or device other than a soil sensor. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an irrigation control system in which a device (irrigation scheduler) automatically modifies irrigation schedules of installed irrigation controllers. The inventive subject matter considers water requirements of the landscape plants, and generally comprises the following steps: providing an irrigation controller programmed to execute irrigations on watering days by closing an electrical circuit connecting the controller and at least one irrigation valve; providing an irrigation programmed to execute irrigations on substantially the same (i.e. substantially equivalent) watering days as the irrigation controller; and the irrigation scheduler selectively interrupting the electrical circuit to control the execution of irrigations on watering days. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the irrigation scheduler is not an integral part of the irrigation controller. This means that the irrigation controller generally operates absent an irrigation scheduler. In this preferred embodiment, irrigations on watering days are at least partially determined by a microprocessor that is disposed in the irrigation scheduler. The microprocessor uses a switching circuit to cause interference with the valve reception of the control signals output by the irrigation controller. The output is an electrical signal that controls the opening and closing of at least one irrigation valve. Preferably, the microprocessor, disposed in the irrigation scheduler, uses at least one of an ETo value and a weather data used in calculating the ETo value to at least partially derive the days, of the watering days, the irrigations will be executed on. Furthermore, the weather data is at least one of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind. The ETo value may be a current ETo value, an estimated ETo value or an historical ETo value. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor is programmed to receive inputs that control when the microprocessor is able to interrupt the electrical circuit to prevent or enable the execution of irrigations by the irrigation controller. Various objects, features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic of an irrigation scheduler. FIG. 2 is a schematic of an irrigation controller. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an automatic irrigation system with an irrigation scheduler according to an aspect of the present invention. FIG. 4 is data that illustrates the irrigation scheduler selectively interrupting the electrical circuit to control the execution of irrigations on watering days. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. 1 , the irrigation scheduler 10 according to the present invention includes a microprocessor 20 , an on-board memory 30 , a switching circuit 40 , a display 60 , some manual input devices 70 through 72 (e.g. knobs and/or buttons), an input/output (I/O) circuitry 80 connected in a conventional manner, a communications port 90 , a rain sensor 91 , a temperature sensor 92 , and a power supply 95 . Each of these components by itself is well known in the electronic industry, with the exception of the programming of the microprocessor in accordance with the functionality set forth herein. There are hundreds of suitable chips that can be used for this purpose. At present, experimental versions have been made using a generic Intel 80C54 chip, and it is contemplated that such a chip would be satisfactory for production models. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the irrigation scheduler has one or more common communication internal bus(es). The bus can use a common or custom protocol to facilitate communication between devices. There are several suitable communication protocols, which can be used for this purpose. At present, experimental versions have been made using an I 2 C serial data communication, and it is contemplated that this communication method would be satisfactory for production models. This bus is used for data transfer to and from a memory (e.g. EEPROM), and is used for communication with personal computers, peripheral devices, and measurement equipment including but not limited to rain sensors, water pressure sensors, and temperature sensors. The switching circuit 40 is preferably an electrical switching circuit. The electrical switching circuit is one of the standard types that are well known in the art. Referring to FIG. 2 , an irrigation controller 200 according to the present invention generally includes a microprocessor 210 , an on-board memory 220 , some manual input devices 230 through 234 (e.g. buttons and/or knobs), a display screen 250 , electrical connectors 260 , which are connected to a plurality of valves 350 , and a power supply 280 . Each of these components by itself is well known in the electronic industry. Referring to FIG. 3 , it can be gleaned that irrigation scheduler 10 is not an integral part of the irrigation controller 200 . The term integral as used in “not an integral part” means that the irrigation scheduler is separate and apart from the irrigation controller. That is, the irrigation controller and irrigation scheduler are housed in different housings and the controller can operate independent of the scheduler. In this respect, the microprocessor that determines watering days is external to the irrigation controller. The switching circuit 40 , disposed in the irrigation scheduler, provides an electrical connection 50 in series with the common return wire 310 from valves 350 and 351 to the controller 200 . From the controller 200 , parallel electrical control wires 320 couple irrigation valves 350 and 351 . Although, two irrigation valves 350 and 351 and two irrigation stations 300 and 301 are shown, it can be appreciated that the irrigation controller can control any number of irrigation valves and irrigation stations. It should also be noted that although wired communications are depicted, wireless communications may be substituted. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the irrigation controller 200 is set to affect an irrigation schedule that would be used during the summer months. This irrigation schedule provides the highest quantity of water required to maintain the landscape plants in a healthy condition during the driest part of the year. Additionally, substantially equivalent watering and/or non-watering days would be entered in the irrigation controller and in the irrigation scheduler. Such entry or initialization can occur manually or automatically. “Substantially equivalent” in the context of the inventive subject matter means that the days that the irrigation scheduler is setup to water are the same or nearly the same as the days the controller is setup to water. It should be understood that a different time period can be substituted for day (e.g. week or half day, hour, etc) In a preferred embodiment, substantially equivalent is 100%. In a less preferred embodiment, substantially equivalent could mean less than 100%, so long as the difference does not materially effect the efficiency of the irrigation. The manual input devices, 70 through 72 (knobs and/or buttons), are used to set the scheduled watering and/or non-watering days in the irrigation scheduler. A microprocessor, advantageously disposed in the irrigation scheduler, can use either an ETo value or weather data used in calculating the ETo value to at least partially derive the days, of the watering days, the irrigations will be executed on. The weather data, used in calculating the ETo value, can be selected from at least one of the following; temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind. Additionally, the ETo value may be a current ETo value, an estimated ETo value or an historical ETo value. Preferably, the ETo value or weather data used in calculating the ETo value will be received by the microprocessor 20 through the communications port 90 ( FIG. 1 ) over a network such as the Internet. However, the ETo value or weather data used in calculating the ETo value may be received by the microprocessor 20 , disposed in the irrigation scheduler, via a telephone line, radio, pager, two-way pager, cable, and any other suitable communication mechanism. Alternatively, the microprocessor 20 may receive the weather data, used in calculating the ETo value, directly from sensors including at least one of the following; a temperature sensor, humidity sensor, solar radiation sensor and wind sensor. The ETo value, from which at least partly the irrigation schedule is derived, is preferably a current ETo value, where the term “current” is used to mean within the last two weeks. It is more preferred, however, that the current weather information is from the most recent few days, and even more preferably from the current day. Regardless, ETo values may be potential ETo values received by the microprocessor 20 or estimated ETo values derived from weather data received by the microprocessor 20 . The ETo value may also be a historic ETo value that is stored in the memory 30 of the irrigation scheduler 10 . The information received by the microprocessor 20 may include, in addition to ETo values or weather data used in calculating the ETo values, other meteorological, environmental, geographical and irrigation design factors that influence the water requirements of landscape plants and/or influence the quantity of water applied, such as, rain values, crop coefficient values and irrigation distribution uniformity values. Referring again to FIG. 3 , in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor 20 , uses the ETo values or weather data used in calculating the ETo values and other meteorological, environmental, geographical and irrigation design factors to affect the opening and closing of the switching circuit 40 . The opening and closing of the switching circuit affects the actuation of the valves 350 and 351 by the irrigation controller 200 . When the switching circuit 40 is open there is no electrical connection between the irrigation controller 200 and the valves 350 and 351 and the valves 350 and 351 will remain closed. When the switching circuit 40 is closed there is an electrical connection between the irrigation controller 200 and the valves 350 and 351 . When there is an electrical connection between the irrigation controller 200 and the valves 350 and 351 the irrigation controller 200 can control when the valves 350 and 351 are opened and closed. Therefore, on watering days when the switching circuit is closed the irrigation controller will initiate the opening of the valves for the appropriate summer run time minutes for each station 300 and 301 . On days, or at times, when the switching circuit is open, the scheduler has interrupted control of the valve(s). The switching circuit, disposed in the irrigation scheduler, must be in the closed position for the valves to open. On days when there is low evapotranspiration, the irrigation scheduler interrupts the circuit thereby preventing the valves from watering on those days. Interruption of the circuit effectively causes a loss of control of the valves by the irrigation controller. By interrupting the circuit, the scheduler is likely to reduce the amount of excess water that is applied to the landscape. The microprocessor, disposed in the irrigation scheduler, determines when the switching circuit will be in the open and closed position based on ETo values or weather data used in calculating the ETo values and other meteorological, environmental, geographical and irrigation design factors. It is contemplated that on watering days, when the microprocessor determines that irrigations should occur, the microprocessor will cause the switching circuit 40 to be in the closed position during the entire watering day. Then at any time during the day, when the irrigation controller is scheduled to irrigate the landscape the irrigation will be executed. Alternatively, the microprocessor may cause the switching circuit 40 to be in the closed position for a period less than an entire watering day but at least for that portion of the watering day equal to or greater than the time it would take for the irrigation controller to irrigate the landscape or complete the execution of the irrigation cycles scheduled for that day. For example, if there were four stations and each station was set to water only one time during a watering day and for 21 minutes, the total time for an irrigation cycle to be completed would be approximately 84 minutes or 4 times 21 minutes. Therefore, the microprocessor 20 will affect the switching circuit 40 to be in the closed position on specific watering days. Then, when the irrigation controller 200 actuates the valve 350 of Station A 300 or valve 351 of Station B 301 water will flow through the valves from the water source 340 to irrigate the landscape through the sprinkler heads of either 360 or 361 , respectively. FIG. 4 illustrates how the irrigation scheduler selectively interrupts the electrical circuit to control the execution of irrigations on watering days. The information received by the irrigation scheduler is used to derive an irrigation schedule. In this example, such information includes actual ETo data for Riverside, Calif. for the period from Jul. 1 to Jul. 15, 1999 and this data is listed in the ETo row of FIG. 4 . ETo data is generally provided in inches per day, which in this example were converted into run-time minutes. The inches per day of ETo could either be converted into run-time minutes prior to the irrigation scheduler receiving the ETo data or the irrigation scheduler could be programmed to convert the ETo data into run-time minutes. In this example, it was assumed the ETo values, in FIG. 4 , were converted into run-time minutes by the irrigation scheduler based on an application rate of one inch of water being applied per 60 minutes of irrigation application time. Although, the following data uses run-time minutes, it should be appreciated that inches of water or any other designation that reflects the amount of water to be applied to an irrigated area may be used. It is further assumed, in this example, that the maximum summer run-time minutes for the site, where the irrigation controller is located, is 21 minutes per day for each watering day. Sunday was a non-watering day, therefore, on the remaining days the run-time minute setting of the manual irrigation controller was set at 21 minutes, which is listed in the MIC row of FIG. 4 . In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the microprocessor is programmed to accumulate run-times should the run-times be less than a certain minimum run-time that would result in a low amount of water being applied to the landscape (See U.S. Pat. No. 6,298,285 issued October, 2001 to Addink, et. al.). This provides for deep watering of the soil, which enhances deep root growth. It is further contemplated, that if the irrigation user only waters every other day, then the microprocessor can be programmed to accumulate the required amount of water that would have been applied on a daily basis so that the proper amount is applied every other day or at any interval of watering days the user may have their manual irrigation controller and the irrigation scheduler set to execute irrigations. On July 1, the microprocessor, disposed in the irrigation scheduler, received the ETo data, which the irrigation scheduler converted into an equivalent amount of 14 run-time minutes. The microprocessor, as mentioned above, accumulates run-time and we will assume for this example that an irrigation application will not be applied unless the full 21 minute manual irrigation controller run-time setting will be applied by each station. Preferably, this threshold run-time minutes, on which the accumulation is based, will be manually entered into the irrigation scheduler during installation using a knob or buttons. Alternatively, the threshold accumulation level could be inputted into the irrigation scheduler at the factory or by some other appropriate means. As mentioned above, on July 1, the ETo run-time minutes were 14 minutes and we will assume there was no carryover of run-time minutes from June 30. Therefore, since there are only 14 run-time minutes on July 1, which are less than the threshold level of 21 run-time minutes, there will not be an irrigation application on July 2 (Applications are based on the previous day's ETo values or previous days' accumulated ETo values). The 14 minutes of run-time will be carried over to the next application. On July 2, the ETo value is again 14 run-time minutes. The total accumulated run-time minutes for July 1 and July 2 are 28 run-time minutes (14+14=28), which exceeds the threshold level of 21 run-time minutes. Therefore, on July 3, a full 21 minutes of water will be applied to the landscape by each station controlled by the irrigation controller (IS row, day 3). There will be a carryover of 7 run-time minutes to the next application (28−21=7). The actual ETo value for July 3 is 13 run-time minutes plus the carryover of 7 minutes, which gives an accumulated run-time minutes of 20 minutes. If July 4 was a watering day, there would not have been an irrigation applied to the landscape because the accumulated run-time minutes were less than the 21 minute run-time threshold. However, there would not have been an irrigation on July 4 anyhow, because July 4 is not a watering day. Therefore, the 20 run-time minutes will be carried over to the next application. The total accumulated run-time minutes for July 4 is 34 minutes (20+14=34). Therefore, on July 5, which is a watering day there would be 21 minutes of watering applied by each station. Using a similar process, to determine when watering would occur, during the remaining days from July 5 to July 15 results in the irrigation scheduler selectively interrupting the electrical circuit on July 8 th and 9 th and preventing the execution of watering on those two days, which were watering days. The remaining watering days or July 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15, the irrigation scheduler permitted the execution of irrigations to occur as scheduled by the irrigation controller. In conclusion, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the ETo run-time minutes are accumulated until they are equal to or greater than the irrigation controller setting and then, on watering days, an application is made that is equal to the full 21 minute run-time setting of the irrigation controller. Any run-time minutes in excess of the threshold 21 run-time minutes, will be carried over to the next application. The above example was based only on received ETo values. However, the information received by the microprocessor may include additional meteorological, environmental, geographical and irrigation design factors that influence the water requirements of landscape plants and/or influence the quantity of water applied, such as, rain values, crop coefficient values and irrigation distribution uniformity values. There will very likely be days when an irrigation user will want to apply an irrigation, but the microprocessor, disposed in the irrigation scheduler, is preventing irrigations from being executed by maintaining the circuit switch in an open position. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the user will have input means in the irrigation scheduler that will allow the user to override control by the irrigation scheduler. Preferably the input means would be buttons or knobs that could be used to either prevent or permit the microprocessor to interrupt the electrical circuit. During the period that the microprocessor was prevented from interrupting the electrical circuit, the irrigation controller could execute irrigation applications. Alternatively, a wireless control mechanism may communicate with the microprocessor to control when the microprocessor would be able to interrupt the electrical circuit to prevent the execution of irrigations by the irrigation controller. A wireless control mechanism would be especially advantageous for service personnel to use to prevent the microprocessor from interfering with the execution of irrigations by the irrigation controller. This would allow the service personnel to test the irrigation system without having to have access to the interior of the residence, where usually the irrigation scheduler and irrigation controller are located. The term “user” is taken to mean a natural person who has at least some interaction with the irrigation scheduler and irrigation controller and is situated locally to the irrigation scheduler and irrigation controller during a relevant time period. Thus, specific embodiments and applications of the irrigation scheduler have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Amoxicillin, D-(-)-alpha-amino-parahydroxybenzyl penicillin, is a semi-synthetic penicillin produced in accordance with the processes disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,674,776. Certain of its salts are also known, i.e., hydrochloric, phosphoric, sulfuric, thiocyanic and beta-naphthalene sulfonic acid salts, and sodium and potassium salts. The compound is readily formulated into stable oral dosage forms and is useful to treat bacterial infections. Amoxicillin is practically insoluble in water and aqueous solutions and therefore cannot be incorporated satisfactorily into parenteral formulations. In addition, the known salts of amoxicillin are unsuitable for use in parenteral formulations because, inter alia, they are unstable in aqueous media or cause irritation at the site of injection. In order to form satisfactory injectable solutions of closely related semisynthetic penicillins, e.g., ampicillin, the usual method is to dissolve the sodium salt of the compound in the sterile water for injection and administer within an hour. For administration by intravenous drip, the sodium salt is isotonic sodium chloride, 5% dextrose in 0.4% aqueous sodium chloride solution, 10% invert sugar in water or a sodium lactate solution and administered as a very dilute, e.g., 0.2%, solution of ampicillin. These known methods of producing injectable solutions are not suitable for amoxicillin since the sodium salt of amoxicillin is prepared at a pH of about 9 and amoxicillin is very unstable at such high pH's. In fact, amoxicillin is most stable at pH 7 but is relatively insoluble at that pH. There is thus a need for a suitable form of amoxicillin which is amenable to inclusion in parenteral formulations and which performs satisfactorily when injected into the patient and retains the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION It has been discovered that the novel choline and N-methyl-D glucamine salts of amoxicillin not only form suitable parenteral solutions and meet the above criteria but also are suitable for use in oral and topical pharmaceutical preparations. Both the choline and the N-methyl-D-glucamine salts of amoxicillin have antibacterial activity of the scope of the activity of amoxicillin. They possess a wide spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microoganisms. The salts provided by the present invention can be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases and as disinfection agents. Suitable dosages to combat bacterial infections vary with the patient being treated. However, individual dosages of about 0.25 g. to about 2 g. from one to four times per day can be administered to adults to achieve satisfactory results. Because the salts provided by the present invention have excellent water-solubility (more than 10%), they are particularly suitable for parenteral administration. The acute toxicity (LD 50 in mg./kg.) of the choline salt and of the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin (compounds X and Y, respectively, in the table below) upon intravenous and subcutaneous administration to mice, as well as the activity (CD 50 in mg./kg.) of these two salts aginast Escherichia coli upon subcutaneous administration to mice are given in the following table. ______________________________________ LD 50 mg./kg. (Lethal Dose) CD 50 mg./kg.Compound i.v. s.c. (Curative Dose)______________________________________X 250-500 2000-4000 5.9Y 500-1000 > 5000 5.0______________________________________ Pharmaceutical preparations containing the choline salt or the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin can be made with a compatible non-toxic pharmaceutical carrier material. Such a carrier material can be an organic or inorganic non-toxic inert carrier material suitable for enteral or in the preferred embodiment, parenteral administration, such as, for example, water, gelatin, gum arabic, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate and the like. The pharmaceutical preparations can be made up in a solid form, e.g., as tablets, dragees, suppositories or capsules or, preferably, in a liquid form, e.g., as aqueous solutions. The pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and/or may contain adjuvants, salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers. The pharmaceutical preparations may also contain compatible therapeutically valuable materials other than the salts provided by the present invention. Preferably, the choline salt or the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin is provided as a powder in a dry ampule. The vehicle most suitable for intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) injection in conjunction with the active salts of this invention is sterile water. The concentration of salt in the IM and IV solutions is preferably sufficient to provide from about 5% to 25% by weight amoxicillin free acid based on the weight finished formulation. For use in intavenous drip administration, normal saline or a 5% aqueous dextrose solution are suitable. In the intravenous drip formulations the most suitable concentration of the active ingredient is that amount of the choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine salt which provides from about 0.2 to 5% by weight of amoxicillin free acid based on the weight of the finished formulation. The choline salt and the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin are manufactured by reacting amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine, cleaving off any amino protecting group which may be present and isolating the thus obtained choline salt or N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin. The amoxicillin used as the starting material can contain an amino group provided with a protecting group instead of a free amino group. Such a protected amino group is then converted, following the reaction with choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine, into a free amino group by conventional means. Thus, for example, an optionally substituted benzyloxycarbonylamino group can be re-converted into a free amino group by catalytic hydrogenation. In the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine there are preferably used molar equivalent amounts of both reactants. However, a molar excess of up to about 10% of choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine can be used, if desired. The reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents, e.g., methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide and the like, or a mixture thereof, or in the presence of water. The preferred solvent is ethanol. The reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with N-methyl-D-glucamine can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents, e.g., methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide and the like, or a mixture thereof, or in the presence of water, or in the presence of a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. The preferred solvents are methanol or a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. The reactions are conveniently carried out at a temperature between about 0° C. and 40° C. When the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or N-methyl-D-glucamine is carried out in the presence of water as a solvent, the isolation of the choline salt or the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin from the reaction mixture can be carried out by lyophilization. When the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline is carried out in the presence of methanol, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl-formamide or the like or a mixture thereof or when the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with N-methyl-D-glucamine is carried out in the presence of methanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide or the like or a mixture thereof, the isolation of the choline salt or the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin from the reaction mixture can be carried out by stirring the reaction mixture in a second solvent in which the choline salt or the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin is insoluble, e.g., diethylether, ethyl acetate or the like. At least 5 volumes of the second solvent are conveniently used per volume of the first solvent. When the reaction N-methyl-D-glucamine with amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof is carried out in a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol, propanol or isopropanol, there are conveniently used 30-50 volumes, preferably 40 volumes, of propyleneglycol per 100 volumes of ethanol and 60-100 volumes, preferably 75 volumes, of propyleneglycol per 100 volumes of propanol or isopropanol. When such a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol, propanol or isopropanol is used as a solvent, the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin can be isolated from the reaction mixture by stirring the reaction mixture in a solvent in which the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin is insoluble conveniently ethyl acetate, propanol or isopropanol. In order to precipitate the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin, there are conveniently used 7 volumes of one of these three solvents per volume of the mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol, propanol or isopropanol. The following Examples illustrate the present invention: EXAMPLE 1 Choline is added portionwise to a suspension of 4.2 g. of amoxicillin trihydrate in 150 ml. of water and stirred at 5° C. until almost complete dissolution has taken place. Undissolved material is filtered off under suction and the resulting filtrate is lyophilized. There is thus obtained the choline salt of amoxicillin. Melting point: about 130° C. [α] D 25 = + 174.8° (c = 1.0 in water). EXAMPLE 2 3 G. of N-methyl-D-glucamine are added to a suspension of 6 g. of amoxicillin trihydrate in 80 ml. of water and stirred at 5° C. Insoluble material is fitered off under suction and the resulting filtrate is lyophilized. There is thus obtained the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin. Melting point: about 160° C. (decomposition). [α] D 25 = + 133° (c =1 in water). EXAMPLE 3 An ethanolic solution of choline obtained by reacting 3.4 g. of choline chloride with 0.5 g. of sodium in 40 ml. of absolute ethanol and having the resulting precipitated sodium chloride filtered off is stirred at room temperature and treated with 8.4 g. of amoxicillin trihydrate. The resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for a further 5 minutes. Resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction and the filtrate is introduced into 400 ml. of diethyl ether while stirring. There is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in Example 1, i.e., the choline salt of amoxicillin. EXAMPLE 4 A solution of 2.6 g. of choline in 50 ml. of absolute ethanol was reacted with 8.4 g. of amoxicillin with stirring. The resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for a further 5 minutes. Resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction and the filtrate is introduced into 600 ml. of diethyl ether while stirring. The resulting precipitate is filtered off under suction, washed with diethyl ether and dried in vacuo at 40° C. There is thus obtained a compound which is identical to the product obtained in Example 1, i.e., the choline salt of amoxicillin. EXAMPLE 5 8 G. of amoxicillin trihydrate are added to a stirred suspension of 4.3 g. of N-methyl-D-glucamine in 40 ml. of methanol. The resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction. The resulting filtrate is then introduced into 400 ml. of ethyl acetate while stirring. The resulting precipitate is washed with ethyl acetate, filtered off under suction and dried at 40° C. There is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in Example 2, i.e., N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin. EXAMPLE 6 8 G. of amoxicillin trihydrate are added within 15 minutes to a suspension of 4.3 g. of N-methyl-D-glucamine in a mixture of 36 ml. of absolute ethanol and 14 ml. of propyleneglycol while being vigorously stirred at 5° C. The resulting mixture is then stirred at 5° C. for a further 60 minutes. The resulting precipitate is filtered off under suction and washed with a mixture of 7.2 ml. of ethanol and 2.8 ml. of propyleneglycol. The resulting filtrate is introduced into 300 ml. of isopropanol at -5° C. while stirring. The resulting precipitate is washed with isopropanol and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo at 40° C. There is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in Example 2, i.e., N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin. EXAMPLE 7 A lyophilizate of the following composition, based on 4 ml. of ready-for-use injection solution, is manufactured in a conventional manner: ______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________Choline salt of amoxicillin 320 mg.Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate 1.1 mg.Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate 0.135 mg.______________________________________ EXAMPLE 8 A lyophilizate of the following composition, based on 4 ml. of ready-for-use injection solution, is manufactured in a conventional manner: ______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin 385 mg.Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate 1.1 mg.Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate 0.135 mg.______________________________________ EXAMPLE 9 640 Mg. of the choline salt of amoxicillin are filled into a dry ampule by conventional means. In order to prepare a ready-for-use injection solution, 5 ml. of sterile water or 5 ml. of a sterile physiological sodium chloride solution are added to the salt. EXAMPLE 10 770 Mg. of the N-methyl-D-glucamine salt of amoxicillin are filled into a dry ampule by conventional means. In order to prepare a ready-for-use injection solution, 5 ml. of sterile water or 5 ml. of a sterile physiological sodium chloride solution are added to the salt.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/837,958 filed May 3, 2004. STATEMENT CONCERNING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] Not applicable. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0003] This invention relates generally to construction castings, and more particularly to manhole, grate, catch basin, trench drain and hatch assemblies for covering openings and access points (hereinafter “covers”). BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] Typically, manholes and other types of hatches must be covered either fully or partially (as with a grate) because they are needed in places where they are crossed over by pedestrians, cars, trucks, and even aircraft. Some of these manholes and hatches have hinged covers that can be conveniently opened and closed. Unlike non-hinged covers, hinged covers cannot become partially unseated as can happen with a sewer surcharge. Hinged covers may also be opened more easily than non-hinged covers. [0005] One type of hinged cover is shown in Defrance et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,514. Defrance discloses a manhole assembly having a lid that is hinged to a frame with a T-shaped lug. There are two principal disadvantages to this particular construction. First, in order to remove or replace the cover itself, something that is periodically necessary, an operator has to be able to lift the cover straight up to release it from the position in which it is held open. Given the weight and size of most such covers, this is a particularly difficult task. Second, these hinged covers cannot be lifted with ordinary levers thus requiring the application of brute force. [0006] Another type of hinged cover is shown in a European Patent Office publication for Saint-Gobain PAM, EP 1160382. This hinged cover locks by dropping a lug down into a hinge receptor, requiring one to lift the cover before it can be lowered. This causes the user to lift the weight of the cover each time it is used, even when the cover is not removed from the frame. [0007] Like manhole and hatch assemblies, trench drain grates and solid covers are used in places where they are crossed over by pedestrians, cars, trucks, and even aircraft, and are not easily accessed. Trench drain and grate covers fit into a frame that typically spans the width of a driveway or other area where drainage or ventilation is desirable. Frequently, it is necessary to fasten these grates and covers to the frames. In usual applications, each separate cover is bolted to the frame with a number of bolts—typically one in each corner or otherwise fastened with one of many types of an internal mechanical locking device. If one desires access to the trench or drain below the cover, each bolt must be removed or the mechanical locking device released so the cover can be lifted and removed. Lid removal is time consuming and sometimes difficult due to damaged bolts, broken mechanical locking devices or dirt. In addition, bolt patterns and mechanical lifting devices may change due to wear, and it may be difficult to replace the removed lids if they do not have the same orientation as they did prior to removal. [0008] Accordingly, there is a well established need for a connector used in conjunction with various construction castings that is simple and easy to use and maintain. Because construction castings are typically heavy, there is a further need for construction castings that are more ergonomic for lid or cover opening and removal. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] The present invention overcomes many of the drawbacks and disadvantages of the prior art. It includes a hinge construction that is simple and easy to manufacture. Moreover, covers made in accordance with the present invention can be lifted with a lever, thus greatly reducing the amount of lifting force required to open the cover. As a result of the hinge design of the present invention, covers can be readily removed from the hinge receptor, facilitating easy removal and replacement, without the use of tools. [0010] The joint is used in a construction casting assembly. This joint may have certain features that limit the movement of a cover with respect to a frame. In another aspect of the invention, the joint is used to connect grates or trench-type drains in series. Generally, the grates are connected end-to-end and use relatively few bolts to lock the grates to a frame. In yet another aspect of the invention, the joint is used again to connect grates or trenches to a frame. Rather than linking each cover or grate together, each grate is instead independently connected to the frame. For example, a ball head extends from each grate that, in turn, fits into a corresponding socket of the frame. [0011] Various other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be made apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description including illustrative examples setting forth how to make and use the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a manhole frame and cover connected with a ball and socket joint of the present invention; [0013] FIG. 1 a is a perspective view of the manhole cover of FIG. 1 , the cover shown separately from the frame; [0014] FIG. 1 b is a perspective view of the manhole frame of FIG. 1 , the frame shown separately from the cover; [0015] FIG. 1 c is a perspective view of the latch shown in FIG. 1 ; [0016] FIG. 2 is the manhole frame and cover of FIG. 1 , with the cover locked in an open position; [0017] FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the manhole frame and cover and hold open safety device of FIG. 2 ; [0018] FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional view of the socket located in the manhole frame of FIG. 2 , taken at line 4 - 4 ; [0019] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing how a ball extending from the manhole cover fits within the socket shown in FIG. 4 ; [0020] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the manhole cover and frame of FIG. 2 , with the cover turned 90 degrees; [0021] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a pair of grate covers with the ball and socket joint of the present invention, the covers joined in series and the frame partially cut away; [0022] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the grate covers of FIG. 8 showing a cover in a raised position; [0023] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the grate covers of FIG. 9 , showing the raised cover of FIG. 8 turned so that it may be detached from another cover; [0024] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the cover of FIG. 8 being separated from another cover; [0025] FIG. 11 is a top plan view of a series of end to end grate covers using another embodiment of the invention, wherein each grate cover is connected to a frame; [0026] FIG. 12 is a view like FIG. 7 of trench grates but showing the heads with bosses and fins and corresponding sockets; [0027] FIG. 13 is a view like FIG. 8 but of the trench grates of FIG. 12 , with one of the grates hinged up 90 degrees about a horizontal axis; [0028] FIG. 14 is a view like FIG. 13 showing the hinged up cover turned by 90 degrees about a vertical axis; [0029] FIG. 15 is a view of the raised and turned cover lifted out of the socket of the other cover; [0030] FIG. 16 is a view like FIG. 11 of trench grates with heads each having bosses and a fin and corresponding sockets in the frame; [0031] FIG. 17 is a view like FIG. 16 illustrating another embodiment of end to end trench grate covers supported by a frame made up of frame sections; [0032] FIG. 18 is a detail view of sections of the cover assembly of FIG. 17 ; [0033] FIG. 19 is a partial cross-sectional view from the plane of the line 19 - 19 of FIG. 18 ; [0034] FIG. 20 is a view like FIG. 19 but with the cover open; [0035] FIG. 20A is a detail view of the area 20 A- 20 A of FIG. 20 ; [0036] FIG. 21 is a top perspective view of a different embodiment of a trench grate cover by itself; [0037] FIG. 22 is an end view from the plane of the line 22 - 22 of FIG. 21 ; [0038] FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the socket portion of the frame; [0039] FIG. 24 is a detail cross-sctional view of the area 24 - 24 of FIG. 19 ; [0040] FIG. 25 is a view like FIG. 24 but showing the cover open; [0041] FIG. 26 is a view of a single trench grate assembly; and [0042] FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view from the plane of the line 27 - 27 of FIG. 26 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0043] Referring FIGS. 1-1 b, the present invention comprises a relatively simple hinge, cover and frame assembly 10 . As can be seen, a cover 12 is connected to a frame 14 by a hinge subassembly or “joint” 16 , such that cover 12 is seated in frame 14 when the cover 12 is in a closed position. As shown in FIG. 5 , joint 16 is generally constructed in a ball and socket arrangement. Depending upon the particular type of cover and frame, and the degree of security necessary in the connection of the cover to the frame, different embodiments of joint 16 may be employed. Preferably, joint 16 is constructed so as to permit removal of a cover 12 from a frame 14 without tools. As will be described more fully herein, such removal may be accomplished by merely opening the cover 12 to its open position, turing it 90 degrees, and lifting it out. Each action is performed separately and can be done manually or with a lifting device, if desired. [0044] Referring to FIGS. 1 a and 5 , joint 16 has a first piece that includes a ball-shaped head 18 that is preferably connected to another structure such as cover 12 . Generally, the ball-shaped head 18 will be connected to cover 12 (or other cover as described herein) via a neck portion 20 or the like. As seen in FIGS. 1 b and 4 , head 18 fits into a socket 22 that is generally defined by a wall or surface 23 shaped to conform around the head 18 . Other features may be added to joint 16 to enhance its functionality. [0045] One such feature, present in one preferred embodiment of the invention, is the modification of head 18 in a shape that is not a perfect sphere. Instead, the head 18 has a pair of parallel, flat, planar faces 24 positioned in symmetric, spaced apart relation to one another. In other embodiments of the present invention, the faces 24 may have concave and/or embossed surfaces. In these embodiments, a collar 26 is positioned above socket 22 and is constructed to correspond to the faces 24 . As shown in FIG. 1 , where the head is constructed with the pair of flat faces 24 , the collar is 26 preferably defined by a pair of straight portions 30 connected by an arc-shaped portion 32 . The collar 26 has an open end located opposite arc shaped portion 32 to accommodate neck portion 20 when the cover 12 is in a closed position. Collar straight portions 30 are parallel and spaced apart at a distance in excess of the distance between the two flat faces 24 . When head 18 is oriented so that faces 24 are substantially parallel with the inside edges of straight portions 30 , head 18 fits between the straight portions 30 so that the head 18 can be inserted into socket 22 . As can be seen in FIG. 6 , when head 18 is fit between straight portions 30 , cover 12 is sideways such that it cannot be lowered so as to achieve a closed position on frame 14 . As seen in FIG. 2 , when cover 12 is rotated through 90 degrees so that the cover is in its normal open position, head 18 is also rotated such that flat faces 24 are perpendicular to straight portions 30 . In this position, cover 12 cannot be removed from frame 14 because collar 26 restrains the head 18 . Removal is not possible since the width of the head 18 in this position is wider than the space between the two collar straight portions 30 . Thus, faces 24 and collar 26 operate to prevent the accidental release of head 18 from socket 22 . [0046] A second feature that may be incorporated in joint 16 is one or more bosses. See FIG. 5 . In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a pair of cylindrical bosses 36 are positioned symmetrically on a common rotational axis that is centrally located between faces 24 . When present, the bosses 36 fit into a groove 38 that runs horizontally below the top of the collar 26 . Referring to FIG. 4 , groove 38 bisects socket 22 , and has a depth and height so that it can slidingly accommodate bosses 36 . Thus, the cooperation between the bosses 36 and the groove 38 provide further resistance to the separation of the cover 12 from the frame 14 when the cover 12 is in its operational or deployed position. In order to permit the removal of cover 12 from the frame 14 , a vertical slot 40 that is centrally located on the collar arc 32 is provided. When the cover 12 is rotated 90 degrees to its removal position, one of the bosses 36 will fit to the slot 40 , such that the head 18 can be extracted from the collar 26 . When head 18 is inserted (or re-inserted) into the socket 22 , a boss 36 slides through slot 40 until it reaches groove 38 . At that point, head 18 can be twisted about the neck 20 axis so that bosses 36 slide within groove 38 . It should be noted that slot 40 can terminate at groove 38 , or extend below it. The slot's termination depends on the desired degree of lateral movement when the cover 12 is in its removal (or re-insertion) position or on the use of certain other features, as described below. Together, bosses 36 and groove 38 serve to restrict the movement of neck 20 (and any structure attached thereto). Within these restrictions, neck 20 may be twisted 360 degrees when oriented in a substantially vertical position, and neck 20 may rotate about bosses 36 when the bosses 36 are perpendicular to edges 30 . [0047] A third feature that may be incorporated into joint 16 is a guiding fin 42 . Referring to FIG. 5 , in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, fin 42 is a member that extends from the surface 44 of the head 18 directly opposite neck 20 . The purpose of fin 42 is to restrict the movement of the cover 12 when moving from a generally vertical (open) position (see FIG. 3 ), to a horizontal (closed) position (see FIG. 1 ), through a single plane of rotation. Without the fin 42 , the cover 12 could rotate during opening. Given the size and weight of the typical lid or grate used to cover manholes and the like, excessive rotation of the lid during opening could be dangerous and/or damaging. Preferably, the width of fin 42 matches the width of head 18 between the two faces 24 such that the two ends 46 of the fin 42 are flush with each of the faces 24 . Also preferably, the shape of fin 42 follows the overall spherical shape of head 18 such that the back edge 48 of the fin has an arcuate shape. The back edge 48 of fin 42 is dimensioned to fit in the portion of vertical slot 40 which is extended below groove 38 . In this embodiment, when the cover 12 is raised or lowered, the fin 42 moves within slot 40 . [0048] Most preferably, the assembly shown in FIGS. 1-6 includes the three features described above, namely fin 42 , bosses 36 , faces 24 and their corresponding slots and grooves. The frame 14 and cover 12 of assembly 10 need not be round or solid. Frame 14 and cover 12 may be rectangular (such as a hatch), slotted (such as a grate) or any other shape that fits the particular application for which a hinged cover is appropriate. In the preferred embodiment of assembly 10 , frame 14 has an external annular flange 50 from which rises a substantially cylindrical wall 52 . It should be noted that external annular flange 50 can be located anywhere on wall 52 , including around the top of the wall 52 , depending upon the application for which the assembly is intended. An inner flange 54 extends from the inner surface 56 of wall 52 . Flange 54 provides a surface on which cover 12 rests when cover 12 is in a closed position. [0049] In the preferred embodiment of assembly 10 , joint 16 fits substantially within a housing station 60 that extends outwardly from wall 52 . Socket 22 is formed and resides within the housing station 60 such that its receipt of head 18 maintains the cover 12 in a substantially horizontal position as it rests, in its closed position, on inner flange 54 . [0050] In another preferred embodiment of assembly 10 , a cover latch 62 is included. The purpose of latch 62 is to selectively lock cover 12 in an open position. Latch 62 operates in such a way that the operator need not substantially lift the cover 12 to a more open position in order to close it. As best seen in FIG. 1 c, latch 62 may be made from a metal bar having a main body 64 . Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 , the proximal end of body 64 is pivotally fastened to cover 12 with a hinge assembly 66 . The body 64 has a distal end 68 that selectively contacts the flange 54 when cover 12 is fully open. Preferably, distal end 68 has a bottom surface 69 that is configured to rest squarely on flange 54 . This can be accomplished by angling the lower portion of body 64 resulting in a bottom surface that is at about 90 degrees to the angled lower body or by angling the bottom surface itself at an appropriate obtuse angle relative to the body 64 . Optionally, a boss 71 may be located on surface 69 adjacent the outermost edge of body 64 . Boss 71 overhangs the frame flange 54 . In addition, latch 62 may have an aperture 67 that extends through body 64 . To close cover 12 , aperture 67 may be hooked by a device that pulls the latch away from flange 54 . [0051] When cover 12 is in a closed position as shown in FIG. 1 , and the assembly 10 is intended for use as a manhole cover in a street or other thoroughfare, it is preferred to have the top surface 70 of cover 12 , the ball-head face 24 , and the top surface 72 of housing station 60 in substantially flush relation. This makes travel over the manhole assembly much smoother than if these components were not flush. Of course, it is common practice to emboss any top surface of a construction casting such as manhole assembly 10 to denote source of manufacturer, denote location of manhole, or to provide aesthetic value and/or a safety feature. [0052] In operation, assembly 10 can be easily assembled and disassembled. After frame 14 is placed into a roadway or other structure, cover 12 is oriented in a position approximately 90 degrees from its normal open position as shown in FIG. 6 . Head 18 is then aligned between straight portions 30 and inserted into socket 22 . Once in place, the cover 12 is rotated approximately 90 degrees to its normal open position. In the open position, if present, latch 62 can be used to maintain the cover 12 in place. The cover 12 is closed by disengaging latch 62 and seating cover 12 within the frame 14 on inner flange 54 . To remove cover 12 , the process is reversed. [0053] Referring to FIGS. 7-16 , in another embodiment of the present invention, a ball and socket joint 16 may be used in connection with a series of covers in the form of grates covering trench drain or the like. The grates 80 used to cover an elongated drain or opening are aligned in series and seated into a frame 82 . Generally, each grate 80 connects end-to-end as shown in FIGS. 7-10 and 12 - 15 . Alternatively, the grates 80 could connect to the frame 82 , as shown in FIGS. 11 and 16 . [0054] As seen in FIGS. 7-10 and 12 - 15 , each grate 80 has a socket 84 in a first end and a ball head 86 at the opposite end that is connected to the grate 80 via neck portion 88 . Specifically, grate 80 may be an elongated rectangular shape as shown. Preferably, a socket 84 is located centrally at one end of each grate 80 . The socket does not have to be centered, but the central location of socket 84 makes assembly easier. As seen in FIGS. 8 and 13 , socket 84 is defined, at least in part, by a U-shaped notch 90 . Preferably U-shaped notch 90 includes a depression 92 that it conforms to the mostly spherical shape of ball head 86 . Located on the opposite end of grate 80 is head 86 . Like socket 84 , head 86 is preferably aligned with the longitudinal axis of grate 80 . As with prior embodiments, head 86 has a pair of opposite faces 93 . Faces 93 preferably lie in the same plane as grate surface 94 so that pedestrians and vehicles will experience a relatively smooth surface. However, as in other embodiments, faces 93 may be embossed or the like. [0055] Also as with prior embodiments, head 86 can include a pair of cylindrical bosses 104 that are positioned symmetrically on a common rotational axis that is centrally located between faces 93 . When present, the bosses 104 fit into a groove 106 in the notch 90 of socket 84 . Groove 106 bisects socket 84 , and has a depth and height so that it can slidingly accommodate bosses 104 . The cooperation between the bosses 104 and the groove 106 thus provides further resistance to the separation of the grates 80 . Vertical slot 108 allows for the removal of one grate 80 from another grate 80 . Like in other embodiments, when one grate 80 is rotated 90° to its removal position, one of the bosses 104 will fit to the slot 108 , such that the head 86 can be extracted from the socket 84 . As well, when head 86 is inserted (or re-inserted) into the socket 84 , a boss 104 slides through slot 108 until it reaches groove 106 . At that point, head 86 can be twisted about the neck 88 axis so that bosses 104 slide within groove 106 . Bosses 104 and groove 106 thus together restrict the movement of neck 88 (and any structure attached thereto), as described above for other embodiments. [0056] Also as previously described, joint 16 can also include a guiding fin 112 . Fin 112 is a member that extends from the head 18 directly opposite neck 88 . The purpose of fin 112 is to restrict the movement of the grate 80 when moving from a generally vertical (open) position (see FIGS. 8 and 13 ), to a horizontal (closed) position (see FIGS. 7 and 12 ), through a single plane of rotation. Without the fin 112 , the grate 80 could rotate during opening, which, as noted above, could be dangerous and/or damaging given the weight of the typical grate. The width of fin 112 , as in other embodiments, preferably matches the width of head 86 between the two faces 93 such that the ends of the fin 112 are flush with each of the faces 93 . As well, the shape of fin 112 preferably follows the overall spherical shape of head 86 such that the back edge 114 of the fin 112 has an arcuate shape, and the back edge 114 of fin 112 is dimensioned to fit in the portion of vertical slot 108 which is extended below groove 106 . When using fin 112 , when the grate 80 is raised or lowered, the fin 112 moves within slot 108 . [0057] The frame 82 is generally an elongated rectangular frame into which a series of grates 80 may be fitted. The last grate 80 to be placed in the series may be bolted to frame 82 , such as shown in FIG. 7 at corners 96 . Further, on the last grate 80 , the socket 84 may be omitted if desired. The first grate 80 of a series may also be bolted to frame 82 at its two outermost corners. Alternatively, the frame may have a head 86 or socket 84 located at one end so that the first grate 80 of a series may be connected to the frame 82 by the joint of the present invention rather than a pair of bolts. In addition, a pair of centrally located grates may be bolted down on abutting edges rather than be joined by a joint of the present invention. Alternatively, a central grate could be used as one of the grates between the end grates that had sockets in both ends, to end up with socket ends of the grates at both ends of the trench, at which ends the sockets may be omitted if desired. [0058] In use, a first grate 80 is fit into frame 82 . Consecutive grates 80 may be linked to the first until the frame is completely covered by grates 80 . Preferably, the first and last grates 80 are bolted to frame 82 at their outermost corners. Removal of the grates 80 from frame 82 is demonstrated in FIGS. 8-10 and 13 - 15 . In FIGS. 8 and 13 , a grate 80 is lifted from a horizontal (closed) position to a vertical upright (open) position. In FIGS. 9 and 14 , the upright grate 80 is twisted 90 degrees. In FIGS. 10 and 15 , the upright grate 80 can be removed by pulling it straight upward. This is repeated until the desired number of grates have been removed. As in the prior embodiment, the head 86 cannot be removed from frame 82 until the head faces 93 are parallel to the opposite edges 94 of socket 84 . [0059] In yet another embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIGS. 11 and 16 , the configuration of sockets and heads are identical to sockets 84 and heads 86 in the previous embodiment. However, in this embodiment, the location of the sockets and heads is different. Rather than connecting the grates 80 in series, each grate 80 a is independently connected to frame 82 a . Preferably, a socket 84 a is located in frame 82 a , and a corresponding head 86 a is located on each grate 80 a . Any grate 80 a may be independently inserted and removed from frame 82 a in a manner similar to that of the previous two embodiments. The grate may also be fastened to frame 82 a so that it cannot be accidentally removed. For example, the side of grate 80 a located opposite of head 86 a may be fastened with a bolt or bolts 102 . [0060] The grates 80 , 80 a and 80 b are shown in FIGS. 7-11 with a series of drainage outlets 100 . However, such grates could have a solid surface or differently configured outlets 100 . In addition, there are only two or four grates 80 shown in FIGS. 7-11 . Any number of grates may be lined up in series. [0061] In the embodiment 210 of FIGS. 17-25 , the arrangement of FIGS. 11 and 16 is used in which the necks 212 and enlarged heads 214 of the hinge joint extend from the sides of the grates 220 and are received in sockets 218 in the frame 224 . In this embodiment, the frame 224 is made up of frame sections 226 which may or may not be bolted together by bolts 230 . The construction of the enlarged heads, necks and sockets may be as described above, having bosses 232 , fins 234 and the socket shapes that conform to the bosses 232 and fins 234 . In addition, a latch 240 may be provided on each cover, so the whole trench can be opened and held open. As illustrated in FIG. 21 , each cover may be provided with a handle or lifting recess 244 , in which a lever or pry bar may be inserted to assist in opening the cover and closing it. [0062] FIGS. 26 and 27 illustrate a cover 220 like in FIGS. 17-25 , but by itself in an individual frame 240 . [0063] While the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain substitutions, alterations, and omissions may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is meant to be exemplary only and should not limit the scope of the invention set forth in the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electric power punches for providing a plurality of apertures along one edge of pages to be bound in a looseleaf binder, have been manufactured for many years. They were principally developed to overcome the extremely large forces required to punch a significant number of sheets of paper simultaneously. The punching of typical paper stock in lifts containing more than ten or twelve sheets requires heavy duty mechanical and electrical equipment, while the construction of power punches able to handle lifts of more than twenty sheets are extremely heavy duty and expensive mechanisms. In view of the large loads required to punch increasingly thick lifts of paper stock, electric punches are typically designed with a lift opening capable of accepting only a thickness which can be successfully punched by the particular machine. From an operator's point of view, such a limited lift opening makes operation of the punch difficult since the rapid insertion of a lift of sheets into the opening is difficult when the opening is the same or only slightly wider than the lift itself. On the other hand, if the lift opening is made substantially larger than the thickness of the maximum punchable lift, the tendency is for the punch operator to insert a larger lift than can be punched by the power system. The result of an excessively thick lift being inserted in the opening is a jam situation wherein the punch does not completely pierce the entire lift and the mechanism is stuck in its jammed condition. While manually operable reversing mechanisms have been employed to reverse the punch after jamming, to our knowledge no prior art system has devised an automatic mechanism by which a jammed machine is prevented. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the principles of the present invention, a power punch mechanism, preferably designed to punch a large number of closely spaced rectangular apertures adjacent the paper edge, is electrically powered by a reversible motor drive. Initiation of the forward direction of rotation, which drives the punches through the paper is accomplished by a manual switch which energizes a control circuit. The control circuit incorporates a sequencing and timer mechanism which initially causes the punch motor to drive in the forward direction. In the normal circumstance, the punch elements will pass through the lift at which time their position sensed, the motor is deenergized, a brake is applied to the punch drive shaft for a moment, and the motor is then driven in reverse direction until the punches return to the at-rest, or home, position to complete a punching cycle. As may happen, the punch may not completely pierce the pages of the lift as above indicated. In such a case, the control circuit pauses for a brief timed beyond the time normally taken for piercing the lift, and upon the completion of that time lapse, the motor is deactivated, the brake is applied momentarily, and the reverse windings of the motor are energized to return the punch to its at-rest or home state. At this point the operator may manually restart the machine to try again to fully pierce the unduly thick lift, or alternatively, he may divide the lift into two portions and punch each separately. In either case, the machine has automatically reversed itself to remove the punches from the lift and to thereby prevent any actual jammed condition of the machine in which the punches are stuck in the lift. As a result of the above-described arrangement, a slightly larger lift opening may be employed to provide an ease of lift insertion, without continually causing a jam that is difficult to remove. Further, because of the automatic action of the machine, the overall machine may be manufactured smaller than would be otherwise required to withstand jams typically caused by oversized lifts in prior art devices. It is, accordingly, an object of the present invention to provide an automatically operating power punch which provides a positive reverse drive actuation without operator assistance. It is a further object of the invention to provide a convenient power punch having a lift opening slightly larger than the maximum lift thickness it is capable of punching so that loading the punch is a simple and fast operation. IN THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an isometric and schematic illustration of the automatic punch constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is a timing diagram illustrating the difference between a non-jam normal cycle, and a jam cycle as they occur in the punch of the present invention; and FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram arranged to provide for actuation of the punch motor, a braking mechanism, and peripheral controls. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The paper punching mechanism of the invention may desirably take the form illustrated in prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,023. As there shown, an oscillating punch drive shaft successively and sequentially operates a plurality of punch pins by a pair of spaced radially extending actuator elements that are angularly offset with respect to each other to effect operation of the punched pin pressure bar from one end toward the other. In the schematic illustration of FIG. 1, the punch comprises a pierced die member 10 having a plurality of apertures 11 through which punch pins 12 are driven by a pressure bar 13 which is driven downwardly, and then upwardly, by actuating elements 14 and 15 carried by the punch drive shaft 16. The punch drive shaft 16 is driven by a reduction gear transmission 17 driven by a motor 20 which is of a conventional split phase capacitor run type such as, for example, marketed by Von Weise. The output shaft 21 of the motor 20 carries a brake 22 which will, as described below, be engaged prior to reverse actuation of the motor in either normal or jam type operation. Functionally, the system can be understood from a consideration of FIG. 2. As there shown, both normal and jam cycles are shown for comparison. In the normal cycle the motor 20 operates in the clockwise (CW) mode in the direction for driving the punches downwardly to punch the paper. Counterclockwise rotation operates, conversely, to positively withdraw the punches from the paper. Accordingly, upon the application of a trigger pulse, which occurs upon a manual switch application, the motor is, in a normal cycle, driven clockwise during a time time period T1 to T2 through a distance sufficient to drive the pins completely through the lift of paper, which distance is shown as X in FIG. 2. Upon passage of the pins through the lift, the motor is deenergized and a brake momentarily applied during the period T2 through T3. At this time the motor is reversed and driven counterclockwise during the period from T3 through T6 to the at-rest condition, at which it remains until again supplied with a manual trigger pulse. As shown in the lower portion of FIG. 2, a jam cycle provides a somewhat different sequence of operation. As there shown, upon the application of the trigger pulse, the motor rotates in the clockwise direction, but achieves only a distance Y, insufficient to penetrate the complete lift of paper, even though the time extends beyond T2. In the jam situation, after completion of T4, even without completion of the punching of the lift, the motor is deenergized and the brake actuated during the time period T4 to T5. Following this point in the operation, the motor is energized in the reverse, or counterclockwise direction at T5 and returns the system to the at-rest condition upon the completion of the time T7. From the at-rest condition, the punch may be reenergized by a new trigger pulse, in which case, the motor tries to complete the piercing operation in a recycling manner. The manual trigger may be pulsed as many times as desired in an effort to complete the punch. However, in practice, it is preferred that having recognized a jam condition, by virtue of the fact that the lift has not been completely pierced, the operator will divide the lift into two parts which may be recycled separately. Upon using the punch for a very short period of time, the usual operator has no difficulty in sensing the proper lift size to allow non-jamming, normal, cycling, even though that lift size is substantially less than the lift opening provided in the punch. Control of the motor and the brake is accomplished by way of an electrical controller indicated at 25 in FIG. 1. The controller 25, which is shown in schematic detail in FIG. 3, provides, as there shown, a power source, typically 15 volt alternating current at P1 , P2. Photon coupled interrupter mechanisms, such as for example, General Electric Part No. H2 2 B3, are provided for detecting the position of the punch drive shaft 16. As shown in FIG. 1, the shaft 16 drives a flag element 26 between an upper position in which the punch has completed punching of the lift, and the at-home position, in which the punches have moved upwardly to their maximum, at-rest condition in which the lift opening of the punch is open for insertion of a new lift of paper to be punched. In the drawing the Photon coupled interrupter mechanisms include a light-emitting diode Q2a which energizes the switch Q2b to disconnect operation of the motor reversing circuit upon achievement of the at-rest, home, condition. Similarly, the Photon coupled interrupter combination Q3a and Q3b operate to terminate operation of the forward motor energization when the flag 26 reaches the punch complete position, as shown in FIG. 1. In the circuit shown in FIG. 3, Q14 comprises a light-emitting diode providing illumination for the switch S1 which may be pulsed by momentary closure to trigger a timer element which may, for example, comprise an R.C.A. Part No. CA 555-CE. The timer Q4 starts, with current flowing through Q3b energizing the diode actuated triac Q8 energizing the forward direction motor windings via triac Q11. The optical coupled triacs Q8, Q9, and Q10 may comprise Optron Part Nos. OPI 3022 and the triacs Q11 and Q13 may comprise Teccor Part Nos. Q601025. Similarly, the triac Q12 may comprise a Teccor Part No. Q600424. Upon the initial operation of the switch S1, above described, current is supplied via Q3b to the optical coupled triac Q8 and the optical coupled triac Q9 which, when thus energized, energizes a brake release mechanism removing brake force from the shaft 21 to permit rotation of the shaft while the motor is energized in the forward direction. At this time, current flowing through R8 is diverted to a momentary ground at terminal 7 of the second timer Q6, so that the optical coupled triac Q10 is not energized. When the Photon coupled interrupter Q3B is interrupted by movement of the flag 26, following completion of the punching stroke, the circuit is interrupted and Q8 and Q9 are deenergized, with the result that the brake 22 is applied. Interruption of the circuit initiates timer Q6 which then, via terminal 3 energizes the optical coupled triacs Q9 and Q10, releasing the brake 22 and energizing the motor in the reverse direction, which reverse action is terminated when the Photo coupled interrupter Q2b is interrupted. In the event of a jam situation, the Photon coupled interrupter Q3b is not interrupted, since the flag 26 never completely obscures the light emitting diode Q3a, In this event, the timer Q4 operates to interrupt the circuit powering Q8 and Q9 by interrupting current flow at time T4 shown in FIG. 2. This interruption operates, as in a normal cycle, to provide application of the brake and timed operation of the reverse motor optical coupled triac Q10. The circuit shown in FIG. 3 may, of course, be modified and is shown as a satisfactory embodiment only. Circuit values as there shown are as follows: R1, R2 are 100,000 ohms each; R3 is 470,000 ohms; R4 is 22,000 ohms; R5 is 10,000 ohms; R6 is 22,000 ohms; R7 is 1,000 ohms; R8 is 560 ohms; R9, R10, R11 are 100 ohms each and R12 is 220 ohms. Capacitances C1 and C2 are 100 microfarads each; C3 is 0.1 microfarad; C4 is 0.01 microfarad; C5 is 2.2 microfarads; C6 is 2.2 microfarads and C7 is 6.8 microfarads. The diodes D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 may comprise part Nos. IN914 with D1 being for example, Part No. IN4002. The NPN transistor Q5 may comprise Part No. 2N4400 and the PNP transistor Q7 may, similarly, comprise Part No. 2N3905. It will, of course, be obvious that different timer and motor controller elements may be used, and that depending upon the inertia characteristics of the motor and the transmission, the brake may be modified or eliminated. Accordingly, it is our intention that the scope of the present invention be limited by that of the appended claims only.

4y

FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention concerns treatment of water-containing reservoirs, the water therein containing heavy metal ions that may stain the reservoir surfaces. More specifically, the invention concerns treatment of toilet bowls with a cleaning composition including a water-dissipatable polyester polymer, the polyester polymer concentration in the bowl water after a flush being in an amount effective to capture the heavy metal ions in the bowl water, thereby inhibiting staining. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the polyester polymer contained in the cleaning composition complexes a perfume, the perfume being released in dilute solution as in the bowl, whereby a fragrance bloom is provided to the environment and whereby the polyester polymer is available in the bowl water, having released the sequestered perfume, to capture the heavy metal ions present in the bowl water. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION The polyester polymers found to be of utility in the practice of the present invention are water-dissipatable polymers such as disclosed in U.S. Pat.No. 4,335,220 to Coney entitled "Sequestering Agents and Compositions Produced Therefrom." According to the Coney patent, certain polymeric polyesters that comprise the reaction products of (a) at least one difunctional dicarboxylic acid; (b) at least one difunctional sulfomonomer containing at least one metal sulfonate group attached to an aromatic nucleus, the functional groups being hydroxy, carboxyl or amino, and (c) a glycol or a glycol and diamine mixture, the diamine having two --NRH groups and the glycol containing two --CH 2 OH groups of which at least 0.1 mole percent, based on the total mole percent of hydroxy or hydroxy and amino equivalents, is a poly(ethylene glycol) having the structural formula H(OCH 2 -CH 2 ) n OH, n being an integer of 2 and about 500, with the proviso that the mole percent of the poly(ethylene glycol) within the range is inversely proportional to the quantity of n within the range, said polyester as defined above having an inherent viscosity of at least about 0.1 as defined in the Coney patent and including the reaction products based on the ester forming or esteramide derivatives of said reactants (a), (b), and (c), are suitable to sequester finely divided water insoluble, hydrophobic, deformable organic substances of low dipole moment, i.e., from 0 to 1.8. Examples of such substances are recited by Coney at column 6, lines 12-21 and include sucrose esters, aromatic organic compounds, aliphatic or alicyclic organic compounds, paraffins, vegetable oils, etc. The Coney patent is incorporated herein by reference. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,779,993 to Kibler et al; 3,734,874 to Kibler et al and 4,233,196 to Sublett also each relate to compositions comprising an aqueous dissipation of polymers described as linear, water dissipatable, meltable polyesters or polyester-amides prepared from the reaction of glycol, dicarboxylic acid, and difunctional monomer components. Each of these patents disclose that the difunctional sulfomonomer component of the polyesters or polyesteramides therein disclosed may advantageously be a dicarboxylic acid or ester thereof containing a metal sulfonate group, a glycol containing a metal sulfonate group or a hydroxy acid containing a metal sulfonate group, the metal ion of the sulfonate salt being Na + , Li + , Mg + , Ca ++ , Cu ++ , Ni ++ , Fe ++ , Fe +++ , or the like. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,304,900 and 4,304,901 to O'Neill et al also each disclose water-dissipatable polyesters or polyesteramides wherein at least one part of the monomeric components from which there is derived is a polycarboxylic acid or polyhydric alcohol containing a sulfonic acid salt moiety derived from a nitrogen containing base, the polymers being useful as adhesives, coatings, films and the like. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,713 to Small; 4,374,572, 4,302,350, and 4,428,872 each to Callicott; 4,087,360 to Faust et al; 4,283,300 to Kurtz; and 4,049,467 and 4,129,423 each to Rubin disclose managanese stain removal/retardation methods and compositions, suitable for use, for example, in connection with toilet cleaning and automatic dishwashing using an oxidizing agent. The Callicott, Faust et al and Kurtz patents concern the use of polymeric materials, e.g., polyacrylics, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides, sodium polyacrylates, and ethylene-maleic anhydride copolymers. Small concerns the use of glassy phosphate, while Rubin concerns the use of dihydroxy maleic acid, dihydroxy tartaric acid, and their alkali metal salts. U.S. Pat. No. 3,721,629 to Goodenough discloses a composition and method for removing ion stains from porcelain, the composition containing a chelate agent able to couple Fe +++ and a soluble Fe ++ salt, the composition having a pH between 1.5 and 4.5. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for treating water-containing reservoirs, the water in the reservoir containing a staining concentration of heavy metal ions. It is another object of the present invention to provide a composition adapted for use in said method wherein a water-dissipatible polyester is administered to the reservoir in an amount to inhibit staining of the reservoir by the heavy metal ions. Yet another object of the present invention is to sequester a perfume with the polyester in the composition, said perfume being released to the atmosphere subsequent to treatment of the reservoir. These and other objects and advantages will be more readily apparent upon reading the detailed description of the invention, a summary of which follows. According to the method of the present invention, a water-dissipatible polyester polymer which is the reaction product of (a) a difunctional acid, (b) a difunctional sulfonomer, and (c) a glycol or glycol and diamine mixture, the polymer having an inherent viscosity (as hereinafter defined) of at least 0.1, preferably above about 0.3, is dispensed into the water-containing reservoir in a concentration effective to capture heavy metals contained therein. The polymer concentration in the reservoir is preferably from about 40 ppb to about 100 ppm. The polyester may be incorporated in a cleaning composition containing from about 0.05 to about 8% of the polymer and up to about 15% of a surfactant. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the composition contains a perfume which the polymer sequesters, and which is released from the polyester in the reservoir and at the concentrations of the polymer therein. A major portion of the perfume, generally insoluble in water, floats to the surface of the water, and is then evaporatable, imparting a pleasing fragrance to the atmosphere. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Public water supplies as well as private water supplies, for example, water from wells, contain trace levels of various heavy metal ion impurities, including, for example, Fe +++ , Mn +++ and Cu ++ . Iron and copper pipe present in homes and commercial buildings also places heavy metal ions into the water supply. Over time the presence of such ions causes staining of reservoirs in the home and in commercial buildings, especially porcelain reservoirs such as toilet bowls, urinals, bathtubs, sinks, basins and the like. Typically, from about 0.5 to about 500 ppm of these heavy metal ions in the water supply is sufficient to cause staining. In one type of cleaner for such reservoirs, an aqueous solution of an active cleaning constituent or mixture of such constituents, typically anionic or nonionic surfactants, is employed. These constituents clean the subject reservoir by solubilizing soil deposits. By and large, this type of cleaning solution is not effective in preventing staining by the offending heavy metal ions. Another type of cleaning composition incorporates acids, e.g., hydrochloric acid, which ionize in solution, and which are effective in removing and/or preventing staining. Disadvantageously, most surfactants are not compatible with such acid constituent, and the stain-removing benefit of the acid cannot be combined with the cleaning power of the surfactant. It has been found that certain polyester compounds are useful in retarding staining, when used in cleaning compositions of the first mentioned type, containing a surfactant or blend of surfactants. The polyester polymer of the present invention are water-dissipatible, meltable polyesters of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,779,993 and 3,734,874 each to Kibler et al; 4,335,220 to Coney; 4,223,196 to Sublett, and 4,304,900 and 4,304,901 each to O'Neill, all of these patents being incorporated herein by reference thereto. Accordingly, the reaction product of polymers suitable for use with the present invention may be the reaction product of (a) a difunctional dicarboxylic acid, (b) a difunctional sulfomonomer, and (c) a glycol or a mixture of glycol and diamine, the polymer having an inherent viscosity (as defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,220 to Coney) of at least 0.1, preferably about 0.3, the term "inherent viscosity" referring to viscosity determinations made at 25° C. using 0.25 grams of polymer per 100 ml. of a solvent composed of 60% by weight phenol and 40% by weight tetrachlorethane. The difunctional dicarboxylic acid reactant (a) can be aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, for example, succinic, glutaric, adipic, fumaric, maleic, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic, terephthalic, and phthalic acids. Mixtures of two or more acids can be used. The corresponding anhydrides, esters and acid chlorides of the above acids are also suitable. The difunctional sulfomonomer reactant (b) can be a dicarboxylic acid or ester containing a metal sulfonate group or a hydroxy acid containing a metal sulfonate group. Preferably, the metal ion is an alkali metal. The difunctional sulfomonomer (b) include sulfophthalic, sulfoterephthatic, sulfoisophthalic, and 4-sulfonaphthalene-2,7-dicarboxylic acids, and their corresponding esters. Also suitable are metallosulfoaryl sulfonates, e.g., 5-sodiosulfoisophthalic acid. Aliphatic, alicyclic and alkylaryl glycols are suitable as reactant (c) herein, and include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, p-ethylenediol, 1,3-cyclohexanedimethanol and the like. Two or more glycols can be used in the synthesis of the polyesters suitable herein. Diethylene glycol is preferred. The polyester polymers suitable in the compositions of the present invention have a molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 25,000. An example of the aforementioned polyester is the "AQ" polyester series, manufactured by Eastman Chemical Products, Inc., especially AQ 55D, wherein the suffix "D" denotes a dispersion of the polymer. The AQ polymers are available as solid pellets or as aqueous dispersions. The dispersions typically comprise 20-35% solids, and have viscosities in the range of 10-50 cps at 100 rpm. Also suitable for use herein are the AQ29 and AQ38 polymers. It has been found that the polyester polymers herein recited may be included within a surfactant containing composition used in the cleaning of reservoirs, especially toilet bowls, to lessen the tendency of di- and trivalent metal ions as may be present in the water supplied to the reservoirs from staining the surfaces thereof, especially porcelain surfaces. It is critical, however, that the cleaning composition in which the polyester is included not contain significant levels of ionizable species, for example, ionizable acids, as the polymers are destabilized at higher ionic strengths. Preferably, the ionic strength of the cleaning composition should be less than 0.5 mol/liter. When destabilized, the polymer precipitates, making it ineffective for its intended activity but also possibly preventing proper operation of the automatic dispenser preferably used to deliver the composition to the reservoir. The aqueous cleaning composition of the present invention comprises on a weight basis from about 1 to about 15%, preferably from about 2 to about 8%, of a nonionic or anionic surfactant and mixtures thereof; from about 0.05% to about 10% (active basis), preferably from 0.1 to about 3%, of the polyester polymer, and water. While optional, it is quite preferable to include perfume, typically less than about 2%, more specifically between 0.05 to 1.0% by weight, of an oil based perfume, and a dye, typically less than 5%, more specifically between 0.25 and 2% by weight. The polymer is provided as a dispersion in the cleaning composition. It has been further found that perfumes included in the cleaning composition are sequestered by the polyester. This is demonstrated by the low intensity fragrance exhibited by perfume containing compositions of the present invention, prior to dilution in the reservoir. Advantageously, when the cleaning composition is diluted, as by use in a water containing reservoir, there is a release or "bloom" of the perfume. While the mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed that the polymer, when present in aqueous solutions at quite dilute levels, either unravels to release the perfume or releases the perfume to preferentially capture the heavy metal ion. Preferably, the concentration of the polymer in aqueous solution in the reservoir suitable to obtain release of the perfume is from about 40 parts per billion to about 100 parts per million, most preferably from about 1 to about 50 ppm. Importantly, it has been found that dilution of the polymer as described above does not prevent capture of the offending heavy metal ions. Any anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric, or zwitterionic surfactant is suitable in the composition of the present invention, provided that ionization is insufficient in the case of the ionizable surfactants to interfere with the intended function of the polymer. Generally, however, the ionizable surfactants have a low degree of dissociation and, accordingly, do not jeopardize the activity of the polymer. Anionic and non-ionic surfactants are especially preferred. Broadly, the anionic surfactants are water-soluble alkyl or alkylaryl compounds, the alkyl having from about 8 to about 22 carbons, including a sulfate or sulfonate substituent group that has been base-neutralized, typically to provide an alkali metal, e.g., sodium or potassium, or an ammonium anion, including, for example: (1) alkyl and alkylaryl sulfates and sulfonates having preferably 10 to 18 carbons in the alkyl group, which may be straight or branched chain, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; (2) alpha-olefin aryl sulfonates preferably having from about 10 to 18 carbons in the olefin, e.g., sodium C 14-16 olefin sulfonate, which is a mixture of long-chain sulfonate salts prepared by sulfonation of C 14-16 alpha-olefins and chiefly comprising sodium alkene sulfonates and sodium hydroxyalkane sulfonates; (3) sulfated and sulfonated monoglycerides, especially those derived from coconut oil fatty acids; (4) sulfate esters of ethoxylated fatty alcohols having 1-10 mols ethylene oxide, e.g., sodium polyoxyethylene (7 mol EO) lauryl ether sulfate, and of ethoxylated alkyl phenols having 10 mols ethylene oxide and 8 to 12 carbons in the alkyl, e.g., ammonium polyoxyethylene (4 mol EO) nonyl phenyl ether sulfate; (5) base-neutralized esters of fatty acids and isethionic acid, e.g., sodium lauroyl isethionate; (6) fatty acid amides of a methyl tauride, e.g., sodium methyl cocoyl taurate, (7) beta-acetoxy- or beta-acetamido-alkane sulfonates where the alkane has from 8 to 22 carbons, and (8) acyl sarcosinates having from 8 to 18 carbons in the acyl, e.g., sodium lauroyl sarcosinate. The nonionics include (1) fatty alcohol alkoxylates, especially the ethoxylates, wherein the alkyl group has from 8 to 22, preferably 12 to 18, carbons, and typically 6 to 15 mol alkoxide per molecule, e.g., coconut alcohol condensed with about nine mols ethylene oxide; (2) fatty acid alkoxylates having from about 6 to about 15 mols alkoxylate, especially the ethoxylate; (3) alkylphenoxy alkoxylates, especially the ethoxylates, containing 6 to 12 carbons, preferably octyl or nonyl, in the alkyl, and having about 5 to 25, preferably 5 to 15 mols alkylene oxide per molecule, e.g., nonyl phenol ethoxylated with about 9.5 mols ethylene oxide (Igepal CO-630); (4) condensates of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base formed by condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol, e.g., nonionic surfactants of the Pluronic series manufactured by BASF Wyandotte, (5) condensates of ethylene oxide with an amine or amide; (6) fatty amine oxides, e.g., stearyl dimethyl amine oxide, and (7) alkylolamides. Preferred anionics are the alkyl and alkylauryl sulfates and the alpha-olefin aryl sulfonates, while preferred nonionics are the fatty alcohol ethoxylates and the alkyl phenoxy ethoxylates Preferred dyes are FD&C Blue No.1 (Colour Index No. 42,090), FD&C Green No. 3 (Colour Index No. 42,053), Acid Blue 249 (Colour Index No. 74220), and Colour Index No. 52,015. Typically, the perfume preferably incorporated in the composition of the present invention is a mixture of organic compounds admixed so that the comined odors of the individual components produce a pleasant or desired fragrance. While perfumes are generally mixtures of various materials, individual compounds may also be used as the perfume ingredient. The perfume compositions generally contain a main note or the "bouquet" of the perfume composition, modifiers which round off and accompany the main note, fixatives including odorous substances that lend a particular note to the perfume throughout each of the stages of evaporation, substances which retard evaporation, and top notes which are usually low-boiling, fresh-smelling materials. Perfumery raw materials may be divided into three main groups: (1) the essential oils and products isolated from these oils; (2) products of animal origin; and (3) synthetic chemicals. The essential oils consist of complex mixtures of volatile liquid and solid chemicals found in various parts of plants. Mention may be made of oils found in flowers, e.g., jasmine, rose, mimosa, and orange blossom; flowers and leaves, e.g., lavender and rosemary; leaves and stems, e.g., geranium, patchouli, and petitgrain; barks, e.g., cinnamon; woods, e.g., sandalwood and rosewood; roots, e.g., angelica; rhizomes, e.g., ginger; fruits, e.g., orange, lemon, and gergamot; seeds, e.g., aniseed and nutmeg; and resinous exudations, e.g., myrrh. These essential oils consist of a complex mixture of chemicals, the major portion thereof being terpenes, including hydrocarbons of the formula (C 5 H 8 ) n and their oxygenated derivatives. Hydrocarbons such as these give rise to a large number of oxygenated derivatives, e.g., alcohols and their esters, aldehydes and ketones. Some of the more important of these are geraniol, citronellol and terpineol, citral and citronellal, and camphor. Other constituents include aliphatic aldehydes and also aromatic compounds including phenols such as eugenol. In some instances, specific compounds may be isolated from the essential oils, usually by distillation in a commercially pure state, for example, geraniol and citronellal from citronella oil; citral from lemon-grass oil; eugenol from clove oil; linalool from rosewood oil; and safrole from sassafras oil. The natural isolates may also be chemically modified as in the case of citronellal to hydroxy citronellal, citral to ionone, eugenol to vanillin, linalool to linalyl acetate, and safrol to heliotropin. Animal products used in perfumes include musk, ambergris, civet and castoreum, and are generally provided as alcoholic tinctures. The synthetic chemicals include not only the synthetically made, also naturally occurring isolates mentioned above, but also include their derivatives and compounds unknown in nature, e.g., isoamylsalicylate, amylcinnamic aldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, heliotropin, ionone, phenylethyl alcohol, terpineol, undecalactone, and gamma nonyl lactone. Perfume compositions as received from the perfumery house may be provided as an aqueous or organically solvated composition, and may include as a hydrotrope or emulsifier a surface-active agent, typically an anionic or nonionic surfactant, in minor amount. The perfume compositions are quite usually proprietary blends of many different fragrance compounds. However, one of ordinary skill in the art, by routine experimentation, may easily determine whether such a proprietary perfume blend is suitably sequestered by the polyester in the compositions of the present invention. The polyester polymer herein described are dispersible, not soluble, in water. The polymers are not easily dissipated in cold water, although in some instances cold water is preferred, depending on the particular reactants employed. Typically, dispersions of the polymer are made by adding solid polymer to water heated to about 175° to about 190° F., accompanied by stirring. The aforementioned Coney, Kibler, et al., and Sublett patents describe in greater detail preparation of these polymer dispersions. A perfume-complexed polyester may be made by subsequently adding the perfume or a perfume solution to the cooled dispersion under conditions of shear. It is preferred to admix an aqueous premix of the surfactant to the cooled polymer dispersion or the perfume-complexed polymer dispersion, under conditions of stirring. When used as a toilet cleaning product, the composition of the present invention is preferably dispensed into the toilet tank on the occasion of a flush, the volume of water in the tank being sufficient to achieve adequate dilution to the concentration levels at which the polymer releases the perfume, for a perfume-complexed polymer. Suitable for use in combination with the subject composition is the dispenser described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,698,021 to Mack. Also suitable is the dispenser disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,231 to M. McElfresh, which is an example of a downstroke dispenser and discharges composition as the tank water level drops as a result of a flush. The Mack device is an upstroke dispenser that discharges composition as the tank water level rises during refilling of the tank, in which case the tank is the primary reservoir and the entire tank water volume is treated as to remove the offending ions.

4y

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/459,621, filed on Jun. 2, 1995, now abandoned, which is a CIP of Ser. No. 08/343,888, Nov. 16, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,573,575. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the recovery of metal values from ores containing sulfide minerals. 2. Description of the Prior Art Gold is one of the rarest metals on earth. Gold ores can be categorized into two types: free milling and refractory. Free milling ores are those that can be processed by simple gravity techniques or direct cyanidation. Refractory ores, on the other hand, are not amenable to conventional cyanidation treatment. Gold bearing deposits are deemed refractory if they cannot be economically processed using conventional cyanide leaching techniques because insufficient gold is solubilized. Such ores are often refractory because of their excessive content of metallic sulfides (e.g., pyrite and arsenopyrite) and/or organic carbonaceous matter. A large number of refractory ores consist of ores with a precious metal such as gold occluded in iron sulfide particles. The iron sulfide particles consist principally of pyrite and arsenopyrite. If the gold, or other precious metal, remains occluded within the sulfide host, even after grinding, then the sulfides must be oxidized to liberate the encapsulated precious metal values and make them amenable to a leaching agent (or lixiviant); thus, the sulfide oxidation process reduces the refractory nature of the ore. A number of processes for oxidizing the sulfide minerals to liberate the precious metal values are well known in the art. These methods can generally be broken down into two types: mill operations and heap operations. Mill operations are typically expensive processes having high operating and capital costs. As a result, even though the overall recovery rate is typically higher for mill type processes, mill operations are typically not applicable to low grade ores, that is ores having a gold concentration less than approximately 0.07 oz/ton. Mill operations are even less applicable to ores having a gold concentration as low as 0.02 oz/ton. Two well known methods of oxidizing sulfides in mill type operations are pressure oxidation in an autoclave and roasting. Oxidation of sulfides in refractory sulfide ores can also be accomplished using acidophilic, autotrophic microorganisms, such as Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Sulfolobus, Acidianus species and facultative-thermophilic bacteria in a microbial pretreatment. These microorganisms can utilize the oxidation of sulfide minerals as an energy source during metabolism. During the oxidation process, the foregoing microorganisms oxidize the iron sulfide particles to cause the solubilization of iron as ferric iron, and sulfide, as sulfate ion. Oxidation of refractory sulfide ores using microorganisms, or as often referred to biooxidation, can be accomplished in a mill process or a heap process. Compared to pressure oxidation and roasting, biooxidation processes are simpler to operate, require less capital, and have lower operating costs. Indeed, biooxidation is often chosen as the process for oxidizing sulfide minerals in refractory sulfide ores because it is economically favored over other means to oxidize the ore. However, because of the slower oxidation rates associated with microorganisms when compared to chemical and mechanical means to oxidize sulfide refractory ores, biooxidation is often the limiting step in the mining process. One mill type biooxidation process involves comminution of the ore followed by treating a slurry of the ore in a stirred bioreactor where microorganisms can use the finely ground sulfides as an energy source. Such a mill process was used on a commercial scale at the Tonkin Springs mine. However, the mining industry has generally considered the Tonkin Springs biooxidation operation a failure. A second mill type biooxidation process involves separating the precious metal bearing sulfides from the ore using conventional sulfide concentrating technologies, such as floatation, and then oxidizing the sulfides in a stirred bioreactor to alleviate their refractory nature. Commercial operations of this type are in use in Africa, South America and Australia. Biooxidation in a heap process typically entails forming a heap with crushed refractory sulfide ore particles and then inoculating the heap with a microorganism capable of biooxidizing the sulfide minerals in the ore. After biooxidation has come to a desired end point, the heap is drained and washed out by repeated flushing. The liberated precious metal values are then ready to be leached with a suitable lixiviant. Typically precious metal containing ores are leached with cyanide because it is the most efficient leachant or lixiviant for the recovery of the precious metal values from the ore. However, if cyanide is used as the lixiviant, the heap must first be neutralized. Because biooxidation occurs at a low, acidic pH while cyanide processing must occur at a high, basic pH, heap biooxidation followed by conventional cyanide processing is inherently a two step process. As a result, processing options utilizing heap biooxidation must separate the two steps of the process. This is conventionally done by separating the steps temporally. For example, in a heap biooxidation process of a refractory sulfide gold ore, the heap is first biooxidized and then rinsed, neutralized and treated with cyanide. To accomplish this economically and practically, most heap biooxidation operations use a permanent heap pad in one of several ore on--ore off configurations. Of the various biooxidation processes available, heap biooxidation has the lowest operating and capital costs. This makes heap biooxidation processes particularly applicable to low grade or waste type ores, that is ores having a gold (or an equivalent precious metal value) concentration of less than about 0.07 oz/ton. Heap biooxidation, however, has very slow kinetics compared to mill biooxidation processes. Heap biooxidation can require many months in order to sufficiently oxidize the sulfide minerals in the ore to permit the gold or other precious metal values to be recovered in sufficient quantities by subsequent cyanide leaching for the process to be considered economical. Heap biooxidation operations, therefore, become limited by the length of time required for sufficient biooxidation to occur to permit the economical recovery of gold. The longer the time required for biooxidation the larger the permanent pad facilities and the larger the necessary capital investment. At mine sites where the amount of land suitable for heap pad construction is limited, the size of the permanent pad can become a limiting factor in the amount of ore processed at the mine and thus the profitability of the mine. In such circumstances, rate limiting conditions of the biooxidation process become even more important. The rate limiting conditions of the heap biooxidation process include inoculant access, nutrient access, air or oxygen access, and carbon dioxide access, which are required to make the process more efficient and thus an attractive treatment option. Moreover, for biooxidation, the induction times concerning biooxidants, the growth cycles, the biocide activities, viability of the bacteria and the like are important considerations because the variables such as accessibility, particle size, settling, compaction and the like are economically irreversible once a heap has been constructed. As a result, heaps cannot be repaired once formed, except on a limited basis. The methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,246,486, issued Sep. 21, 1993, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,717, issued Jul. 11, 1995 to William Kohr, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference, are directed to increasing the efficiency of the heap biooxidation process by ensuring good fluid flow (both gas and liquid) throughout the heap. Solution inventory and solution management, however, also pose important rate limiting considerations for heap biooxidation processes. The solution drained from the biooxidation heap will be acidic and contain bacteria and ferric ions. Therefore, this solution can be used advantageously in the agglomeration of new ore or by recycling it back to the top of the heap. However, toxic and inhibitory materials can build up in this off solution. For example, ferric ions, which are generally a useful aid in pyrite leaching, are inhibitory to bacteria growth when their concentration exceeds about 30 g/L. Other metals that retard the biooxidation process can also build-up in this solution. Such metals that are often found in refractory sulfide ores include arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, mercury, and molybdenum. Other toxic metals, biooxidation byproducts, dissolved salts and bacterially produced material can also be inhibitory to the biooxidation rate. When these inhibitory materials build up in the off solution to a sufficient level, recycling of the off solution becomes detrimental the rate at which the biooxidation process proceeds. Indeed, continued recycling of an off solution having a sufficient build-up of inhibitory materials will stop the biooxidation process altogether. The method disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/329,002, filed Oct. 25, 1994, by Kohr, et al., hereby incorporated by reference, teaches a method of treating the bioleachate off solution to minimize the build-up of inhibitory materials. As a result, when the bioleachate off solution is recycled to the top of the heap, the biooxidation rate within the heap is not slowed, or it will be slowed to a lesser degree than if the off solution were recycled without treatment. While the above methods have improved the rate at which heap biooxidation processes proceed, heap biooxidation still takes much longer than a mill biooxidation process such as a stirred bioreactor. Yet, as pointed out above, with low grade refractory sulfide ores, a stirred bioreactor is not a viable alternative due to its high initial capital cost and high operating costs. In addition to refractory sulfide precious metal ores, there are many other ores which contain metal sulfide minerals which could potentially be treated using a biooxidation process. For example, many copper ores contain copper sulfide minerals. Biooxidation could be used to process concentrates of these ores to liberate the copper or other metal which could then be recovered by known solvent extraction techniques. However, due to the sheer volume of the sulfide concentrate in these ores, a stirred bioreactor would be prohibitively expensive, and standard heap operations would simply take too lcong to make it economically feasible to recover the desired metal values. Therefore, while a need exists for a method of biooxidation that can be used to process sulfide concentrates from refractory sulfide ores at a rate which is much faster than that of existing heap biooxidation processes, yet which has initial capital costs and operating costs less than that of a stirred bioreactor, this need has gone unfulfilled. Further, while a need has also existed for a method of biooxidation that can be used to economically process sulfide concentrates of metal sulfide type ores, this need has also gone unfulfilled. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a method of biooxidation that satisfies the above described needs. To this end, a method of biooxidizing sulfide minerals in a nonstirred bioreactor is provided. The method comprises coating a concentrate of sulfide minerals onto a plurality of coarse substrates, such as coarse ore particles, lava rock, gravel, or rock containing small amounts of mineral carbonate as a source of CO 2 for the bacteria. After the sulfide minerals are coated or spread onto the plurality of substrates, a heap is formed with the coated substrates or the coated substrates particles are placed within a tank. The sulfide minerals on the surface of the plurality of coated substrates are then biooxidized to liberate the metal value of interest. Depending on the particular ore deposit being mined, the sulfide mineral concentrates used in this invention may comprise sulfide concentrates from precious metal bearing refractory sulfide ores or they may comprise sulfide concentrates from base metal sulfide type ores, such as chalcopyrite, pyrite or sphalorite. The distinction being that in the former, the metal of interest is a precious metal occluded within the sulfide minerals, and in the latter, the metal to be recovered is a base metal such as copper, iron, or zinc and is present as a metal sulfide in the sulfide concentrate. The above and other objects, features, and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the percent of iron oxidation versus time for a whole ore compared to a process according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the average daily biooxidation rate of a whole ore against that of a process according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the percentage of biooxidation for another process according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the average daily rate of biooxidation for the process corresponding to FIG. 4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The process according to the present invention is now described by way of example. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, however, the process according to the present invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described herein. EXAMPLE 1 A sample of low grade (3.4 ppm) gold ore, which was known to be refractory to leaching with cyanide due to sulfides, was crushed. The ore was then separated into a -1/4 inch fraction (47.4 wt %) and a -1/8 inch fraction (remainder). The -1/8 inch fraction was then further ground to 95% passing a 200 mesh sieve to aid in producing a refractory pyrite concentrate by flotation. Water was added to the ground sample until it reached a 30% pulp density. The ore pulp was then adjusted to a pH of 10 and treated with Na 2 SiO 3 at 6 Kg/tonne of ore for 12 hours to remove the clay material. The clay material was removed as the fraction that did not settle after 12 hours. Because clays can cause problems with flotation, a step that permits the non clay material to settle out was added to remove the clay fraction before floating the sample. The clay fraction was under 3% of the total ore weight, yet it contained almost 5% of the gold in the ore. The removal and subsequent flotation of the clay fraction produced a very small weight fraction (0.1% of the total ore weight), but it contained over 17 ppm gold. Cyanide leaching of the clay flotation tail extracted over 76% of the gold contained therein. The total amount of gold contained in the clay flotation tail was 8 ppm. Before floating, the main fraction of ground ore (+5 mm to -200 mesh) was conditioned with CaSO 4 at 2.0 Kg/tonne for ten minutes by mixing in a Wemco flotation cell. This was followed by 10 minutes of mixing with Xanthate at 100 g/tonne which was then followed by 5 minutes of mixing with Dowforth D-200 at 50 g/tonne. The sample was then floated for 20 minutes at a pulp density of 30%. Four Kg of the main fraction was processed in 8 separate batches of 500 g each. The sulfide concentrates obtained from these flotations were collected and combined and refloated in a column. Three fractions were collected, the tail from the Wemco float, the tail from the column float, and the sulfide concentrate, each of these fractions were dried and weighed. The tail from the Wemco float was 35.4 wt % of total ore weight and contained 1.88 ppm of gold. Cyanide leaching of this fraction yielded 67% of its gold. This was higher than the recovery for cyanide leaching of the whole ore, which was 63%. The column tail contained 3.56 ppm of told. The told recovery from this fraction by cyanide leaching was 76.6%. The sulfide concentrate weighed 753 g which represented 8.8% of the total ore (+1/8 and -1/8 inch fractions). Analysis of a small fraction of the concentrate indicated it contained 6.5 ppm of gold. This fraction was coated on to the 47.4 weight percent of the +1/8 inch ore. The dry pyrite concentrate was spread over the surface of the coarse ore by rolling in a drum rotating at 30 rpm while spraying a mixture of 2,000 ppm ferric ion and 1% Nalco #7534, which is an agglomeration aid. The pH of the solution was 1.8. The mixture of concentrate on coarse ore support was placed into a 3 inch column. Air and liquid were introduced from the top. The column was inoculated with 10 ml of bacteria at an O.D. of 2.6 or about 1.1×10 10 bacteria per ml. The bacteria were grown in an acidic nutrient solution containing 5 g/l ammonium sulfate and 0.83 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The pH of the solution was maintained in the range of 1.7 to 1.9 by adjustment with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The solution also contained iron at 20 g/liter in the form of ferric and ferrous sulfate. The bacteria were added to the top of the column after the pH was adjusted to a pH of 1.8. The liquid, introduced to the top of the column throughout the experiment, was pH 1.8; with 0.2×9 K salts and 2,000 ppm ferric. The extent of iron oxidation was determined by analysis of the solution eluting off the column minus the iron introduced by the 2,000 ppm ferric feed. The composition of the standard 9 K salts medium for T. ferrooxidans is listed below. The concentrations are provided in grams/liter. ______________________________________ (NH.sub.4)SO.sub.4 5 KCl 0.17 K.sub.2 HPO.sub.4 0.083 MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2 O 0.833 Ca(NO.sub.3).4H.sub.2 O 0.024______________________________________ The notation 0.2×9 K salts indicates that the 9 K salt solution strength was at twenty percent that of the standard 9 K salt medium. After 60 days the amount of iron leached off of the column indicated that about 50% of the pyrite had been biooxidized. The experiment was stopped and the mixture separated into a +30 mesh fraction and a -30 mesh fraction. Each fraction was ground to 95% minus 200 mesh and then leached with a 500 ppm cyanide solution in a 96 hour bottle roll analysis. Activated carbon was added to the bottle roll test to absorb any dissolved gold. The gold recovery of the --30 mesh fraction was 83.7%. The -30 mesh material had an increased head gold value of 8.87 ppm due to loss of pyrite weight. The coarse +30 mesh fraction, on the other hand, had a gold recovery of 57 and a head gold value of 2.24 ppm. This indicated that the pyrite concentrate that was coated on the outside of the coarse rock had biooxidized faster than the coarse fraction of the rock. EXAMPLE 2 Another comparative test was made. In this example, the biooxidation rates of ore size fractions were compared. The ore, which was provided by the Ramrod Gold Corporation, was crushed to -3/4 inch. The -1/8 inch ore fraction was removed and used to form a concentrate. The ore sample had less than 0.08 oz. of gold per ton of ore (2.7 ppm). The sample contained both arsenopyrite and pyrite. The concentrate was made by ball milling 5 Kg of the -1/8 inch ore until it passed -200 mesh, the ball milled ore was then floated with Xanthate to form a pyrite concentrate. Before flotation clay was removed by settling with Na 2 SiO 3 at 6 Kg/tonne of ore for 8 hours or more. The flotation was done in small batches of 500 g each in a laboratory Wemco flotation cell. Potassium Amyl Xanthate was used as a collector at a concentration of 100 g/tonne along with sodium sulfide at 1.5 Kg/tonne and Dowfroth D-200 at 50 g/tonne. The pyrite concentrate constituted 4.5% of the weight of the -1/8 inch ore fraction. However, this ore fraction contained over 80% of the gold and pyrite for the milled ore. The concentrate contained approximately 17.4% iron, 15.7% sulfur and approximately 40 ppm gold. The +1/8 inch ore contained 0.9% iron and 0.18% sulfur. A sample of 140 g of this concentrate was coated onto 560 g of +1/8 inch coarse ore. The concentrate was added as a dry powder to the coarse ore. The mixture was then rotated in a small plastic drum at 30 rpm to spread the dry concentrate over the rock support. Liquid which contained 2,000 ppm ferric ion and 1% Nalco #7534 was sprayed onto the mixture until all the concentrate was coated onto the rock. The pH of the liquid was maintained at 1.8. The amount of liquid used was estimated to be between 5 and 10 percent of the weight of the rock and concentrate. The 700 g mixture of concentrate on substrates was placed into a 3 inch column. The height of the ore after being placed in the column was approximately 5 inches. Air and liquid were introduced from the top of the column. The column of concentrate coated coarse ore substrates was inoculated with about 10 ml of bacteria at an O.D. of 2.0 or about 8×10 9 bacteria per ml. The bacteria were a mixed culture of Thiobacillus, which were originally started with ATCC strains #19859 and 33020. The bacteria were grown in an acidic nutrient solution containing 5 g/l ammonium sulfate and 0.83 g/l magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The pH of the solution was maintained in the range of 1.7 to 1.9 by adjustment with sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ). The solution also contained iron at 20 g/liter in the form of ferric and ferrous sulfate. The bacteria were added to the top of the column after the pH was adjusted to pH 1.8. The liquid, introduced to the top of the column throughout the experiment had a pH of 1.8 with 0.2×9 K salts and 2,000 ppm ferric ion. The extent of iron oxidation was determined by analysis of the solution eluting off the column minus the iron introduced by the 2,000 ppm ferric feed. This ore was low in sulfides having a concentration of less than 1% of its weight. By making a concentrate on the coarse rock at 20% by weight, the concentration of both the pyrite and gold could be increased by over tenfold. This increased the rate of biooxidation, as seen in FIGS. 1 and 2, over that for the whole ore. Not only did this process expose more of the pyrite to air and water but it also increased the amount of ferric ion and acid generated per unit volume of ore in the column model for a heap. FIG. 1 shows the amount of oxidation as determined by percent iron leached for both the pyrite concentrate of this ore on +1/8 inch coarse ore and the whole ore itself. As the graph shows the concentrate process was biooxidized to about 40% in the first 30 days and over 65% in the first 60 days. Whereas the whole ore was only biooxidized to 24% in 84 days. The average daily biooxidation rates are shown in FIG. 2. The highest average daily rate of the coated concentrate was 1.8% per day compared to an average daily rate of only 0.5% for the whole ore. As FIG. 2 illustrates, the coated concentrate on coarse ore sample did not take as long to begin biooxidizing as the whole ore sample. This means that the coated concentrate process is more likely to achieve complete biooxidation in a reasonably short time. Table 1 below shows the specific data points graphed in FIGS. 1 and 2 for the concentrate on coarse ore process and for the whole ore process which was done for comparison. After 68 days the coated concentrate on coarse ore column was taken down. The biooxidized material was separated into a plus 80 mesh fraction and a minus 80 mesh fraction. The weight of the fine material had increased from 140 g to 150 g. The total amount of iron removed from the system during the 68 days of biooxidation was 21.5 g which represents 46 g of pyrite. The weight of the coarse rock decreased by 54 g. This was believed to be due to breakdown of the rock to finer material due to the biooxidation process. The total weight after biooxidation was 656 g which was 44 g, less than the starting material. This fit well with the estimated 46 g of pyrite oxidized. TABLE 1______________________________________Concentrate Process Whole Ore Process % Fe % Fe # of Days leached % Fe/day # of days Leached % Fe/day______________________________________0 0.0 0.00 0 0.0 0.00 9 8.4 0.93 13 0.2 0.01 16 18.5 1.44 21 2.5 0.29 20 25.5 1.76 28 5.1 0.38 23 31.0 1.82 35 8.6 0.50 28 37.5 1.30 42 11.7 0.44 33 41.7 0.84 49 13.8 0.29 37 46.1 1.10 56 15.9 0.31 43 51.8 0.95 62 18.4 0.42 51 60.7 1.11 70 21.5 0.39 58 66.7 0.86 77 23.1 0.23 65 70.9 0.60 84 24.3 0.16______________________________________ Two samples of the -80 mesh material and one sample of the +80 mesh material were leached with cyanide. To leach the samples, bottle rolls were done for 96 hours, the leachant was maintained at 500 ppm cyanide. The +80 mesh coarse ore support rock was ground to 95% -200 mesh before doing the bottle roll. All bottle rolls were done with activated carbon in the leach solution. Sulfide analysis of the minus 80 mesh fraction after 68 days of biooxidation showed the sample still contained 8.8% sulfides which was 56% of the starting level. This was a lower percent oxidation than indicated by the iron leached off during the column experiment. The gold recovery increased to 84.3% for the high grade (38 ppm) -80 mesh fraction and 79.5% for the +80 mesh low grade (3 ppm) fraction. This is a substantial increase from the 45.6% recovery of the unoxidized ore. EXAMPLE 3 A sample of 70% minus 200 mesh gold ore from a mine in the Dominican Republic was used to make a sulfide float concentrate. The ore sample was obtained from the tailing pile at the mine that had already been leached with cyanide. The ore sample still contained gold values of over 2 g per tonne which were occluded within the sulfides and not directly leachable by cyanide. Several kilograms of this sample were further ground to 95% minus 200 mesh. The ground sample was then floated to form a sulfide concentrate. The flotation was done in small batches of 500 g each in a laboratory Wemco flotation cell. Before flotation, the ground ore sample was adjusted to a pulp density of 30% The ore slurry was then mixed with 1.5 Kg/tonne sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) for 5 minutes at pH 8.5. Then potassium amyl Xanthate was added as a collector at 100 g/tonne and mixed for 5 minutes. Next 50 g/tonne of Dowfroth D-200 was added and mixed for 5 minutes. Finally, air was introduced to produce a sulfide concentrate that contained 17.4% iron and 19.4% sulfide by weight and 14 g of gold per tonne of concentrate. A plurality of concentrate coated coarse substrates were then made by coating of 140 g of sulfide concentrate onto 560 g of +1/8 inch -1/4 inch granite rock. The concentrate was added as a dry powder to the granite rock. The mixture was then rotated in a small plastic drum at 30 rpm to spread the dry pyrite over the support material. A liquid which contained 2,000 ppm ferric sulfide and 1% Nalco #7534 agglomeration aid was sprayed on the mixture until all the sulfide concentrate was coated onto the wetted granite rock. The solution was maintained at a ph of 1.8. The coarse rock in this case had no iron or gold value. The rock, however, contained a small amount of mineral carbonate which tended to keep the pH high at first but also provided CO 2 as a carbon source for the bacteria. The 700 g of concentrate coated rock was put into a column. A 0.2×9 K salts and 2,000 ppm ferric iron solution having a ph of 1.6 was introduced through the top of the column at a flow rate of about 300 ml/day. Then the column was inoculated with 10 ml of bacteria as in Example 2. After the pH of the concentrate coated rock substrate was adjusted to a pH of 1.8 the pH of the influent was set at 1.8. Air was also introduced through the top of the column. FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the percent of biooxidation as determined by the percent of iron leached from the concentrate. The average daily percentage of biooxidation was calculated and is listed in Table 2 and is graphically illustrated in FIG. 4. The percentage biooxidation was determined by dividing the total iron removed by the total iron contained within the concentrate. The rate of biooxidation was slow to start as the pH was adjusted and the bacteria built up and adapted. However, after about two weeks the rate increased rapidly and reached a maximum after 30 days. By this time almost 50% of the total iron had been biooxidized. The process continued with a gradual slowdown as the remaining pyrite was consumed. At the end of 64 days nearly 97% of the iron had been biooxidized. Even with the concentrate almost completely biooxidized and the rate slowing down near the end of the process, the average daily rate was still near 1%/day. After 70 days the biooxidation was stopped. The biooxidized concentrate was separated into a plus 80 mesh fraction and a minus 80 mesh fraction. The weight of the biooxidized concentrate had decreased from 140 g to 115 g. The total amount of iron removed from the system during the 70 days of biooxidation was 25.9 g which represents 55.5 g of pyrite. The weight of the granite rock decreased by 98.8 g. This was believed to be due to a breakdown of the calcium carbonate in the rock by the acid as well as the breakdown of the rock to finer material. The total weight decreased by 123.3 g which was 67.8 g more than predicted by biooxidation of pyrite alone. TABLE 2______________________________________Time in Days % Bioox. % Bioox./Day______________________________________5 2.590 0.288 15 10.270 1.100 22 24.970 2.100 27 37.250 2.450 32 49.700 2.490 36 58.610 2.230 42 68.580 1.660 50 82.580 1.750 57 90.870 1.180 64 96.820 0.850______________________________________ The sample of -80 mesh material was leached with 500 ppm cyanide in a bottle roll for 96 hours. The +80 mesh granite rock was also leached with 500 ppm cyanide to determine how much gold could be stuck to the support rock in a process that used barren rock as a supporting substrate. Analysis of the -80 mesh material showed it still contained 9.7% sulfide which indicated only about 50% oxidation. Gold extraction was 77% of the -80 mesh fraction. This gold was recovered from gold ore that had already been leached with cyanide, thus demonstrating that the process according to the present invention is even applicable to ores which heretofore have been considered waste. And while any recovery would be an improvement over the process currently practiced at the mine, the process according to the present invention was able to recover 77% of the gold in what was previously considered tailings. Cyanide leaching of the granite support rock showed that it had picked up 0.15 ppm of gold which was 3.4% of the total gold. Although the invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments and specific examples, it will readily be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that many modifications and adaptions of the invention are possible without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed hereinafter. For example, while the processes according to the present invention have been described in terms of recovering gold from refractory sulfide or refractory carbonaceous sulfide ores, the processes are equally applicable to other precious metals found in these ores such as silver and platinum. Similarly, the process according to the present invention may, as one skilled in the art would readily recognize, be used to biooxidize sulfide concentrates from metal sulfide ores such as chalcopyrite and sphalorite.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a tool head for use in machine tools comprising a main body rotating about an axis of rotation, at least one slide adjustable relative to the main body, preferably perpendicularly with respect to the axis of rotation, and equipped with at least one cutting tool, a device for the direct measuring of the displacement path of the slide relative to the main body and a device for evaluating and displaying the results of the path measurement. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In order to be able to exactly adjust the slide and the cutting tool carried by it, it is necessary to exactly measure the displacement path of the slide. The displacement path is mostly measured indirectly in known tool heads by, for example, measuring the angular path of a spindle driving the slide and concluding from this the stretch covered by the slide. Inexactnesses in the path measurement are thereby created due to unavoidable tolerances which have negative effects on the exact position of the cutting tool and the reproducability of the adjustment. In order to avoid this disadvantage, it is already known, for a tool head of the above-disclosed type (DE-OS 35 26 712), to measure the displacement path of the slide relative to the housing directly through an optical scanning of an incremental glass measuring rod fixedly connected to the slide by a sensing head arranged in the main body. The measuring light for the optical scanning of the measuring scale is thereby guided through a photoconductor from outside into the inside of the tool head. The light signals from the glass measuring rod on the scanning element are also introduced into a further measuring light conductor connected to an evaluating electronics device arranged outside of the rotating main body for evaluating the results of the path measurement. Because of the relatively complicated optoelectronic connecting technique, handling of the known tool head is complicated and cannot easily be automated. In addition, the reading of the results of the path measurement requires a stationary installation so that the use of the known tool head is limited to certain machine tools containing this installation. Starting out from this, the basic purpose of the invention is to provide a tool head of the abovementioned type which can be universally utilized and guarantees a breakdown-free and exact displacement path display. The solution of the invention is, among others, based on the recognition that a universal use of the tool head is only possible when the measuring and evaluating electronics device for the direct displacement path measurement is moved inside of the main body and the particularities of the operation on high-speed machine tools are considered. Thus, a first modification of the invention suggests that the main body has a recess for receiving a battery-operated scanning and evaluating electronics device and a radially outwardly facing digital display and that the electronics device in the recess is sealed off at its periphery by a shell completely surrounding the main body, and having a viewing window for the digital display. The shell can thereby be designed as a metal sleeve shielding the electronics device, which shell in the area of the digital display has a window opening and is lined on its inside surface with at least one annular acrylic-glass layer. The acrylic-glass layer can be glued to the metal shell or it can be injection molded into same. Furthermore, it is advantageous for the handling of the adjusting mechanism when preferably in the area of the window opening at least one externally accessible operating switch for controlling the scanning and evaluating electronics device in the shell is provided and which is externally sealed off against liquid. With the operating switch it is possible, for example to release the functions of a zero position or effecting a changing over between different measuring systems (metric measurement or inch measurement). Such a tool head suffices completely without external devices and can therefore be used particularly easily and universally. It is furthermore suggested according to a second modification of the invention that the main body has a recess, which is open toward the measuring scale of the slide, to receive a battery-operated scanning and evaluating electronics device, that in addition a transmitting and receiving electronics device connected to the scanning and evaluating electronics device is arranged in the same or a further recess in the main body, that the electronic circuits in the recess or in the recesses are externally sealed off by a shell completely surrounding the main body, that in an outwardly open and inwardly closed annular groove or in edge-open recesses of the shell, which recesses are distributed over the periphery, there are arranged distributed over the periphery optoelectronic transmitting and receiving elements connected to the transmitting and receiving electronics device, and that an external remote-control electronics device is provided which reacts to signals emitted by the transmitting and receiving electronics device and/or loads same with control signals. In order to guarantee in a high-speed tool head a uniform signal transmission and a uniform reception, the transmitting and receiving elements are, according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, arranged in a closed diffuser ring countersunk in the annular groove of the shell. This arrangement has, compared with the first modification, the advantage that even when the tool head rotates, a continuous reading or rather evaluating of the displacement path measured values is possible. This is particularly important when the slide is automatically adjusted, for example, through the tool spindle or through a motoric adjusting mechanism integrated into the tool head. By equipping the scanning and evaluating electronics device or the remote-control system with a microprocessor circuit and data store, it is furthermore possible with such an arrangement to relatively easily carry out a statistic process control (SPC). During the SPC, all measured data of a production process are transmitted into a processor for statistic evaluation. The measurement data can be temporarily stored and can from there be transmitted from time to time to a central processor for further evaluation. A particularly effective seal of the recesses containing the electronic circuits is achieved when the shell is clamped between a shoulder on the main body and a flange by several axial clamping screws circumferentially spaced apart over the periphery, and extending through axial bores in the main body. Furthermore, it is important in both modifications of the invention that a hermetically sealable battery compartment is arranged in the main body. The slide carries according to the invention a measuring scale and the main body carries a sensor scanning the measuring scale and connected to a scanning and evaluating electronics device. It is basically also possible for the main body to carry the measuring scale and the slide carry a sensor scanning the measuring scale and connected to the scanning and evaluating electronics device. It has now been proven that for an exact length measurement with capacitive and optical measuring systems, in which two scales are moved relative to one another and are scanned, the parts moved relative to one another must be every exactly associated with one another. When the parts rotate, care is taken that the acceleration and centrifugal forces acting onto the parts are compensated for in order not to obtain a speed-dependent length measurement. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is therefore suggested that the measuring scale and the sensor be arranged neutral with respect to the centrifugal force in the direct vicinity of the axis of rotation of the main body. The measuring scale and the sensor are thereby advantageously arranged in planes facing one another, separated by a narrow gap from one another, and perpendicular with respect to the axis of rotation, with the axis of rotation extending through said planes. In view of the exactness in measurement, it is advantageous when the gap width is less than 20 μm, preferably less than 10 μm. When the measuring scale and the sensor are parts of a capacitive length-measuring device connected to the scanning and evaluating electronics device, the gap can be filled with a preferably highly viscous dielectric which does permit a movement of the two parts toward one another, however, is not urged out of the gap under the action of centrifugal force acting on the rotating tool. The measuring structures forming the measuring scale and the sensor are advantageously arranged on a glass carrier, preferably are applied to same by means of a thin-layer technique. Due to the high form stability and the low thermal expansion coefficient of glass, mechanical and thermal influences on the path measurement result are kept low. On the other hand, care must be taken that the sensor or the measuring scale is fastened to a mounting surface of the main body or to the slide which is aligned exactly perpendicularly with respect to the axis of rotation. In order to achieve this, the flat glass carrier can, according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, be glued with its active surface to two spaced mounting bars, while the free ends of mounting bars which project beyond an edge of the glass-carrier can be fastened, preferably clamped, to the mounting surface, which mounting surface is provided with a recess for receiving the glass carrier which faces toward the main body. In order to enable a collision-free movement of the slide, recesses to receive the mounting bars are arranged in the slide. Furthermore, a mounting surface for the glass carrier of the measuring scale or the sensor can be provided on the slide, which mounting surface is aligned perpendicularly with respect to the axis of rotation, with the glass carrier being able to be mounted onto bolts projecting from the mounting surface, being able to be pressed flat against the mounting surface and, if necessary, being able to be connected to same by means of moldable resin. According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, a radially aligned battery compartment arranged in the main body to receive a flashlight battery and having a pole rod arranged near the axis and radially movable against the force of a radially inwardly, initially tensioned, spring and a metallic compartment lid preferably designed as a grounded pole screw threadedly sealed off against liquid to the main body. These precautions guarantee an essentially centrifugal-force-neutral arrangement of the flashlight battery supported on the compartment lid and the length tolerances of which are balanced compensating the centrifugal force by the spring-loaded pole rod. The pole rod can thereby be movably supported in an insulating plastic part inserted into a main body recess. According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the shell surrounding the main body consists of an impact-resistant, preferably glass-fiber-reinforced plastic, in which is arranged a viewing window for the digital display. The viewing window is thereby advantageously arranged in a flat part of the otherwise cylindrical shell. Furthermore, it is possible to arrange near the viewing window, preferably in the flat part of the shell, externally operable switches to control the scanning and evaluating electronics device. The shell can be clamped advantageously between an annular shoulder on the main body and a flanged lid connectable to the main body. The viewing window is slightly radially recessed in the housing. The same is true for the switches projecting from the shell in the area of the viewing window. In order to avoid incorrect operations or damage to the viewing window and the switches, the annular shoulder and the flanged lid project at least in the flat area radially beyond the outer surface of the shell. An adjusting mechanism for the slide is provided according to the invention for a fine adjustment and which includes a spindle supported off-center in the main body and carries a guide structure in the form of a helical tooth system and a counterpart provided with a complimentary helical tooth system and fixedly connected to the slide. The helically-toothed counterpart can, during a premounting, be first connected floatingly to the slide and can be moved into a clearance free, direction-exact orientation with the helically toothed guide structure. In this position, it is then possible to fixedly connect the helically toothed counterpart with the slide, for example, by injection molding with a moldable resin, and, if necessary, it is possible to subsequently weld the counterpart to same. The scanning and evaluating electronics device can, according to the invention, be equipped with a digital store which, in connection with the path-measuring device and the digital display, is used, according to the invention, to determine and store the following values: a relative value scannable on the measuring scale by means of a sensor, and defining the displacement path of the slide relative to the main body, which relative value can be set to zero in any desired displacement position of the slide, can be stored in the digital store and can be called from same into the digital display; an absolute value scannable on the measuring scale by means of a sensor, and defining the absolute position of the slide relative to the main body, in the zero position of which absolute value the tool is balanced and which can be stored in the digital store and can be called from same into the digital display; an absolute real measurement, which can be stored in the digital store and can be called from same into the digital display. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described in greater detail hereinafter in connection with several exemplary embodiments schematically illustrated in the drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a precision rotary head having an adjusting mechanism and a digital display; FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the section line 2--2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the section line 3--3 of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a side view of the precision rotary head according to FIGS. 1 to 3; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along the section line 5--5 of FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a precision rotary head having an adjusting mechanism and an optoelectronic transmitting and receiving system in an illustration corresponding to FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is a side view of the precision rotary head according to FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a further exemplary embodiment of a precision rotary head having adjusting mechanism and a digital display; FIG. 9 is a cross-section view taken along the section line 9--9 of FIG. 8; FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view taken along the section line 10--10 of FIG. 8; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along the section line 11--11 of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a diagram of the precision rotary head according to FIGS. 8 to 11; FIG. 13 is a diagram of a remote-controllable, precision rotary head having an integrated servomotor and a primary element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The precision rotary head illustrated in the drawings consists essentially of a main body 10, a rigid fitting pin 12, preferably integrally connected to the main body 10, for connecting the rotary head to a rotatingly driven clamping device of a machine tool (not illustrated), a slide 14 adjustable relative to the main body perpendicularly with respect to an axis of rotation of the precision rotary head and carrying therewith a receiving device 16 for a cutting tool, and an electronic measuring and evaluating device 20 for facilitating a measuring of the displacement path of the slide 14 and, further, evaluating the results of the measurement. The slide 14 in the illustrated exemplary embodiments is moved relative to the main body by a manually rotatable, threaded spindle 22 supported fixed against movement in the main body. On one of the longitudinal side surfaces of the slide there is provided a measuring scale 24 electronically scannable by a sensor 23 electrically connected to the electronics device 20 and, for example, is designed as a linear capacitive measuring scale. The measuring and evaluating electronic device 20 has furthermore, in the exemplary embodiments, a radially outwardly facing digital display 26 which is, for example, an LED or LCD indicator. The electronics device 20, which is preferably molded in plastic, is in the case of FIGS. 1 to 5 fixedly connected to a fill member 28 which is movably arranged in a recess 18 of the main body 10 for the purpose of facilitating an adjustment of a sensing head relative to the measuring scale 24. The recess 18 is sealed off toward the outside against liquid by a shell 30 of fine steel (FIGS. 1 to 5) or of plastic (FIGS. 8 to 11), which shell is clamped between an annular shoulder 32 on the main body 10 and an annular flanged lid 34 fastenable to the main body 10 by means of several circumferentially spaced screws. The metallic shell 30 (FIGS. 1 to 5) fulfills thereby at the same time the function of shielding the electronics device 20 against external electric fields, like a Faradayic cage. A radially inside surface of the shell 30 has a stepped recess lined with an acrylic-glass ring 36. The acrylic-glass ring 36 can be either glued or injection molded into the shell 30. The shell 30 has furthermore a window opening 38. The fill member 28 also has an opening 40. The digital display 26 is visible from the outside through the openings 40 and 38. An index screw 42 assures that the shell 30 with its window 38 is exactly aligned in peripheral direction on the main body 10 with the opening 40. The electronics device 20 is supplied with current through head cells 44 or a flashlight battery 44' arranged in a battery housing 46 hermetically sealed off from the outside. To operate the electronic device, radially outwardly facing switches 48, 50 are provided, which switches are accessible to the outside and extend through bores in the fill member 28, in the acrylic-glass layer 36 and in the shell 30 and are sealed off to the outside against liquid. One of the switches 50 activates the electronics device 20 and sets the digital display to zero, while a change over between millimeter and inch measurements can be carried out by the other switch 48. The digital display is missing in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. A diffuser ring 62 equipped with transmitting and receiving elements for infrared radiation is embedded in its place in an outwardly open annular groove 60 in the metal ring 30. The diffuser ring is electrically connected to a transmitting and receiving electronics device 66 arranged in a further recess 64 of the main body 10. Infrared light can be transmitted and received by and all-around the diffuser ring even when the tool head rotates at a high speed. The transmitting electronics device 66 is, just like the transmitting and evaluating electronics device 20, protected against external electric fields by the metal shell 30 and is sealed off to the outside to prevent undesired entry of liquid. Communication with the electronics arranged in the tool head is facilitated by a remote-control device 70 also equipped with a transceiver for infrared radiation, on which remote-control device are arranged, among others, a digital display 72 to show the displacement path of the slide in the tool head and diverse operating knobs 74 for turning the device on and off and to change the scale. In order to facilitate a versatile use, the remote-control device 70 is constructed as a hand-held, battery-operated device. In order, for example, to carry out a statistical control process, the remote-control device can furthermore be equipped with a microprocessor-supported circuit arrangement, in which measurement data can be stored, if necessary can be printed out and/or can be transmitted to a central processor for a further statistical evaluation. It is also possible to equip the remote-control device 70 with an external data port for facilitating communication with an external processor. The metallic main body 10 has, in the exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8 to 11, a planar surface 82 extending perpendicular with respect to the axis of rotation 80 of the tool, which planar surface has in its central area a recess 84 to receive the sensor 23. The sensor 23 consists of a glass carrier, onto the active surface of which a measuring device is baked or applied using a thin-layer technique. Laterally spaced mounting bars 88 are glued next to the measuring device 86 onto the active side of the glass carrier and are fastened, preferably clamped at their free ends which project beyond the edges of the glass-carrier, to the mounting surface 82 of the main body 10. This fastening technique ensures that the active surface of the glass carrier is exactly aligned with the mounting surface and that the differences in thermal expansion between the main body and the glass carrier can be compensated for without a risk of breakage to the glass carrier. The measuring scale 24 has also a glass carrier which is fastened to a planar mounting surface 90 of the slide 14, which mounting surface is exactly perpendicular with respect to the axis of rotation 80, in such a manner so as to facilitate a compensation for differences in thermal expansion. The active surfaces of the measuring scale 24 and of the sensor 23, which active surfaces face one another, are, if necessary, spaced from one another by a gap distance of 10 to 20 μm, which gap distance is filled with a highly viscous dielectric. It is through these measures that an arrangement of the sensor and of the measuring scale is achieved which is neutral with respect to centrifugal force and which guarantees a speed-independent length measurement in the μ-range. The battery compartment 46 is arranged radially aligned directly adjacent the sensor 23 in the main body 10. The battery compartment receives therein a flashlight battery 44'. The battery 44' is supported at its radially outwardly facing ground pole 92 by a radially movable screw plug 94 and at its positive pole arranged near the axis, particularly at its top face, by a pole pin 102 movable against the force of a spring 100 in an insulated plastic insert 98. The spring 100 is initially radially tensioned in direction of the axis of rotation 80 such that the pole pin 102 arranged near the axis is not lifted off from the battery pole 96, not even under the action of centrifugal force active during a high-speed rotation of the tool. An externally accessible plug socket 104 is provided on the side of the plastic insert 98 which is radially opposite the battery. The plug socket 104 is connected to the electronics device and is used as an external data port for data transmission from and to an external data acquiring or processing device. The shell clamped between the shoulders 32 and 34 consists, in the exemplary embodiment according to FIGS. 8 to 11, of an impact resistant, preferably glass fiber reinforced plastic. It has a flat face 106 thereon which is recessed with respect to the cylindrical outer contour of the shell and is protected from outside mechanical influences by radially projecting parts 32', 34' on the shoulders 32, 34. The flat face 106 of the shell houses the transparent viewing window 38 and the switches 48, 50. The viewing window is glued from inside into a recess in the shell. In order to keep the center area of the tool head available for the centrifugal force-neutral storing of the measuring scale 24, for the sensor 23 and for the battery 44', the adjusting mechanism for the slide 14 is arranged off-center in the main body and in the slide. The adjusting mechanism contains an axially fixed, adjusting spindle 22 rotatably supported in the main body, on which spindle is a guiding structure 108 in the form of a helically extending tooth system 110. The spindle 22 is operated through a hexagonal socket 112 which can be accessed by a suitable wrench through an opening in a support screw 114. The helical tooth system 110 mates with a complementary helical tooth system 116 on a counterpart 118 arranged on the slide 14. In order to achieve a clearance free and precise alignment of the helical tooth systems 116 and 110, the counterpart 118 is first floatingly connected to the slide 14 and is mated with the helical tooth system 110. The space 120 between the counterpart 118 and the slide 14 is then filled with a moldable resin. The electronics device 20 contains a special component for the measurement signal evaluation of the capacitive length measuring device. The evaluation technique is chosen such that an exactness in the length measurement of approximately 0.2 μm is achieved. With this, considering the otherwise still existing tolerances, it is possible to guarantee exact measurements to within 1 μm in diameter. The electronics device furthermore includes a microprocessor, a data store and software especially developed for the precision rotary tool. Data input can take place either through the switches 48, 50 or through the external data port 104. With this, among others, the following functions are possible: Storing an identification number for the tool, which number can be called into the digital display; displacement path display, which can be set to zero in any desired positions of the slide; absolute position display of the slide, in the zero position of which the tool is balanced by the device; storing a real measurement, which can be called into the digital display and can be individually adjusted for a tool insert on the precision rotary head; battery monitoring with charge-control display; automatic error and interference displays, in particular upon reaching a concretely suggested adjustment limit. Furthermore, there exists because of software the possibility to store tool data over long periods of time, in particular in order to enable an operating data acquisition or an error diagnosis. The evaluation of these data can take place after down loading the data through the external data port 104 to a separate computer. FIG. 12 shows a schematic block diagram of a precision rotary head according to FIGS. 8 to 11. A slide 14 is arranged movably in direction of the double arrow 121 on the main body 10 of the precision rotary head. The displacement position is directly measured with the help of a capacitive measuring system 122 connected to the scanning and evaluating electronics device 20 and consisting of a slide-fixed measuring scale 24 and main-body-fixed sensor 23, the relative displacement being displayed in a digital display 26 integrated into the tool head. Current is supplied by a battery 44 arranged in the main body 10. An external data port 104 assures that a data exchange with the scanning and evaluating electronics device is possible. The diagram according to FIG. 13 shows a further block diagram for the precision rotary head: The slide 14 is movable in direction of the double arrow 121 relative to the main body 10 by a servomotor 124 integrated into the main body. The servomotor is controlled by an electronic control device 126, which in turn is controlled by a control and regulating circuit coupled to the scanning and evaluating electronics device 20. The regulated or standard quantities reach either through a primary element 128 arranged on the outside of the slide 14 the direct workpiece measurement or directly through an optoelectronic transceiver 62 the control device connected to the scanning and evaluating electronics device 20. Communication with the transceiver 62 is accomplished by an external transceiver 130, to which can be connected a remote control device 70 and/or an external measuring device 132 for accomplishing workpiece measurement.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an artificial spine, more particularly, an artificial spine for use in a vertebral canal expansion operation. After a spine including a vertebral arch of the cervical spine is longitudinally divided in its middle line into two parts, the artificial spine is inserted into and fixed between the divided parts of the spine. 2. Description of the Related Art Hitherto, to remove defects caused due to the pressurizing of a spinal cord in a spondylotic myelopathy and an ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine, a vertebral canal expansion operation has been carried out, and particularly a spinal longitudinal separation has been frequently carried out and now is an established operation method. In the prior art of spinal longitudinal separation, a fragmental bone is separated from an ilium, and is inserted and fixed between the longitudinally divided spines, however, such separation of the ilium is a hard on the patient. Recently, an artificial spine of the ceramic material has been used in place of the fragmental iliac bone. However, artificial spines of the ceramic material of the prior art have a configuration which does not conform with the actual shape of the divided spines very well, and therefore they can not be fitted with a good compatibility to a gap formed between the divided spines. As a result, there arises problems of bone resorption being generated and that the adjacent artificial spines can be contacted with each other, thereby inhibiting a movement of the cervical spine. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art, and thus provide an artificial spine which has an excellent compatibility with the divided spines and enables its easy fixation of the divided spines, and which does not prevent a movement of the cervical spine. According to the present invention, the above object can be accomplished by an artificial spine which is inserted into between a pair of longitudinally divided spines to thereby expand a vertebral canal. The artificial spine of the present invention constitutes an intermediate section having a pair of contacting surfaces on both ends thereof, the contacting surfaces being designed to be disposed along each outer end of said pair of divided spines; an inner side section extending from said intermediate section to between said pair of divided spines and having a width, in a horizontal cross-section thereof, which is gradually reduced in the direction of the vertebral canal; and an outer side section extending from said intermediate section to a side opposed to said inner side section, said outer side section being designed to be disposed out of said divided spines; and at least a surface portion of said artificial spine being formed from a biocompatible ceramic material. The artificial spine provided according to the present invention, when it is used as a spinal spacer in an expansion operation of a vertebral canal of the cervical spine, can exhibit a remarkably improved conformability to a gap formed between the longitudinally divided spines and an excellent compatibility with the divided spines, thereby ensuring an easy fixation of the same to the divided spines, and does not inhibit movement of the cervical spine. The present disclosure relates to subject matter contained in Japanese Patent Application No.09-97117 (filed on Apr. 15, 1997) which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be more clearly understood from the description as set forth below with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing one preferred embodiment of the artificial spine according of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plane view of the artificial spine of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a front view of the artificial spine of FIG. 1 taken in the direction of the arrow III; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the artificial spine of FIG. 1 taken along line IV--IV of FIG. 2; FIG. 5 is a horizontal cross-sectional view illustrating a spinal longitudinal separation of the cervical spine; and FIG. 6 is a horizontal cross-sectional view illustrating insertion of the artificial spine of the present invention into a gap of the spine, after the spine was divided and opened in accordance with the spinal longitudinal separation of FIG. 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the artificial spine according to the present invention, it is preferable that the inner side section and outer side section each have formed therein a thread insertion through-hole for inserting a thread for the fixation of the artificial spine to the divided spines. Further, it is desired that the ends of a pair of contacting surfaces of the intermediate section each have formed therein a thread insertion groove for guiding a thread for the fixation of the artificial spine to the divided spines. Further, it is desired that in addition to the thread insertion through-hole, the outer side section has formed therein, a hole for facilitating bonding of the artificial spine to a surrounding tissue. Moreover, it is desired that the outer side section, in a horizontal cross-section thereof, has a configuration of a trapezoid in which its width is gradually reduced with an increase of a distance from the intermediate section, and, in a cross-section of the forehead portion, has a configuration of a trapezoid in which its upper surface accesses to its lower surface with an increase of distance from the intermediate section. Furthermore, it is preferred that an end surface of the inner side section at one side of the vertebral canal constitutes a part of a cylindrical inner surface of the section which surface accesses and declines to one side of the intermediate side section in the direction of a head. In the practice of the present invention, it is preferred that the biocompatible ceramic material used in the formation of the artificial spine is a glass ceramics or a calcium phosphate compound having a Ca/P ratio in the range of about 1.0 to 2.0. The calcium phosphate compound having a Ca/P ratio of about 1.0 to 2.0 usable in the present invention includes a wide variety of apatites such as hydroxyapatite, fluoroapatite and the like, monobasic calcium phosphate, dibasic calcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, tetracalcium phosphate, and others. These calcium phosphate compounds may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more compounds. The calcium phosphate compounds may be produced in accordance with any well-known production methods including a wet synthesis process, a dry synthesis process and others. For example, they may be produced by drying a slurry of the starting calcium phosphate compound, followed by calcinating the dried product at a temperature of about 500 to 800° C. and then sintering at a temperature of about 800 to 1,400° C. After sintering, the resulting blocked body is fabricated to obtain a desired shape and size. Alternatively, they may be produced from powders of the above-described calcium phosphate compound by preparing a pressed powder body having a desired shape and size, followed by sintering the powder body as in the above sintering process. In the artificial spine of the present invention, if at least a surface portion of the spine is formed from a porous ceramic material having a good biocompatibility, since the ceramic material has a good affinity with a surrounding bone tissue, a bone union can be accelerated as a function of the permeation of the bone tissue into pores of the ceramic material. The porous ceramic material used herein is preferably those having open pores. In a porous ceramic material, its pore size or diameter and its porosity are not particularly restricted, however, generally, it is preferred that the pore size is in the range of about 2 to 2,000 μm, and the porosity is in the range of about 30 to 80%, more preferably about 40 to 70%. A core portion of the artificial spine may be formed from a dense or porous ceramic material. Usable ceramic material includes a calcium phosphate compound having a Ca/P ratio in the range of about 1.0 to 2.0, alumina, titania, zirconia, and the like. Among these materials, the calcium phosphate compound can be suitably used. When a layer of the porous biocompatible material is intended to be applied over a surface of the core portion consisting of a dense ceramic material, the method for applying the porous layer is not particularly restricted, and accordingly any conventional methods may be used in the formation of such porous layer. Suitable methods include, for example, flame spraying, sputtering, impregnation, spray coating, and the like. The artificial spine of the present invention can satisfy its requirements, if at least a surface portion of the spine is made from a biocompatible and porous ceramic material as described above, however, it is preferred that the artificial spine is made, as a whole, from a porous ceramic material having biocompatibility. The artificial spine according to the present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, FIGS. 1 to 4 illustrate one working example of the artificial spine 10 of the present invention, and FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate an expansion operation of the vertebral canal in which the operation is carried out by dividing the cervical spine, and insertion of the artificial spine 10 of the present invention in a gap of the divided spines, respectively. For the spinal longitudinal separation using the artificial spine 10 of the present invention, as is illustrated in FIG. 5, a spine 21 of the cervical spine (the fourth cervical spine is illustrated) 20 is longitudinally divided in its middle line along the cutting lines 22a, and at the same time, a tip portion of the same spine 21 is cut in and removed from the cutting lines 22b. The expansion operation of the vertebral canal is carried out by bending the resulting divided spines 21a into right and left directions (right and left of FIGS. 5 and 6). The reference numerals 23 and 24 represent a centrum of vertebrae and a vertebral canal, respectively. As is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4, the artificial spine 10 of the present invention is constituted from an intermediate section 11, an inner side section 12 and an outer side section 13. The intermediate section 11 has a pair of contacting surfaces 11a in both ends thereof. In use of the artificial spine 10, the contacting surfaces 11a can be disposed along the outer end 21b of the divided spines 21a obtained upon the cutting of the spine 10. The inner side section 12 has a configuration capable of extending from a central portion of the intermediate section 11 to a space formed between a pair of the divided spines 21a. In a horizontal cross-section thereof, the inner side section 12 has a width which is gradually reduced in the direction of the vertebral canal 24. Further, in this inner side section 12, its end surface positioning at a side (inner side) of the vertebral canal 24 constitutes a part of a cylindrical inner surface 12a of the same section 12, and, as is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 4, the cylindrical inner surface 12a is declining to the intermediate side section 11 in the direction of a head. A curved surface of the cylindrical inner surface 12a is provided so that it can satisfy the requirement concerning a height of a spinal cord-dural canal which will be received and positioned in the inner surface 12a, and an anlge θ (see, FIG. 4) is provided so that it can be conformed to an angle of the side edge of the divided spines 21a, thereby ensuring a parallel maintenance of the cylindrical inner surface 12a of the artificial spine 10 to the spinal cord-dural canal. The outer side section 13 has a configuration capable of extending from a central portion of the intermediate section 11 to a direction which is opposite to a pair of the divided spines 21a. As in the above-described inner side section 12, in a horizontal cross-section thereof, the outer side section 13 has a width which is gradually reduced in the direction of its tip portion. Further, the outer side section 13 has an upper surface which is gradually declining in the direction of its lower surface, and, in a cross-section of the forehead portion (perpendicular cross-section), has a configuration of a trapezoid. The configuration of this outer side section 13 is similar to that of a real spine, and thus it is expected that the artificial spine of the present invention can effectively act in the adhesion and reconstruction of muscles. In each of the inner side section 12 and the outer side section 13, there is a thread insertion through-hole 12b and 13b for inserting a fixation thread such as nylon wire for fixing the artificial spine 10 to the divided spines 21a formed therein, respectively, and, in the intermediate section 11, there is a thread insertion (and fixation) groove 11b formed in each of the ends of the pair of contacting surfaces 11a. In addition, in the outer side section 13, there is a bonding-facilitating hole 13c for facilitating the bonding of the artificial spine 10 to a surrounding tissue (paravertebral muscles). The artificial spine 10 having the above-described structure is inserted into and fixed to between a pair of divided spines 21a in such a manner that the inner side section 12 is directed to a side of the vertebral canal 24 and the outer side section 13, in its cross-section of the forehead portion, has a lower and flat surface directed to a side of the legs. In this insertion of the artificial spine 10, it is preferred that removable portion 21c is shaped and removed from a base portion of the cervical spine 20 so that the pair of divided spines 21a can be easily deformed. Then, the pair of contacting surfaces 11a of the intermediate section 11 are intimately contacted to each of the outer end portion 21b of the corresponding pair of divided spines 21a, thereby stabilizing the fixed artificial spine 10, and the fixation threads are guided through the thread insertion through-hole 12b of the inner side section 12, the thread insertion groove 11b of the intermediate section 11 and the thread insertion through-hole 13b of the outer side section 13 as well as a fixation hole bored in the divided spines 21a. As a result, the artificial spine 10 is fixed to the divided spines 21a. After the operation, an adhesion of the artificial spine 10 with the surrounding muscles and reconstruction of the supporting structure can be expected as a function of the outer side section 13 and its bonding-facilitating hole 13c. Using the artificial spine 10 of the present invention, it becomes possible to construct a bonding between the spine and the proper dorsal muscles, and reconstruct a mechanical supporting structure of the cervical spine. EXAMPLES The present invention will be further described with reference to the production of the artificial spine of the present invention which is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 4. Note, however, that the present invention should not be restricted to these examples. Production Example 1 Calcinated apatite powders and methyl cellulose powders were blended in a rotary mixer. The resulting mixed powders were contained in a rubber-made mold, and a pressure of 2t/cm 2 was applied to the powders in a hydrostatic press to obtain a dried product. The dried product was then fabricated in an NC machine, in anticipation of shrinkage of the product during sintering, to obtain a shape illustrated in the figures. The fabricated product was fired at a temperature of 1,100° C. for 2 hours in an electric oven. Production Example 2 Calcinated apatite powders and methyl cellulose powders were dissolved in pure water, and thoroughly mixed. The resulting suspension was foamed in a foaming machine, and then dried for about one hour in a drying machine to obtain a dried porous product. The dried product was then fabricated in a NC machine, in anticipation of shrinkage of the product during sintering, to obtain a shape illustrated in the figures. The fabricated product was fired at a temperature of 1,200° C. for about 3 days in an electric oven. Production Example 3 Calcinated apatite powders were subjected to a primary compression process to obtain a molded product. A pressure of 2t/cm 2 was applied to the molded product in a hydrostatic press to obtain a dried product. The dried product was then fabricated in a NC machine, in anticipation of shrinkage of the product during sintering, to obtain a shape illustrated in the figures. The fabricated product was fired at a temperature of 1,100° C. for about 3 days in an electric oven.

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a method for transferring wafers in a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus, and more particularly, to a wafer transfer method which prevents a wafer from being broken during a wafer transfer process. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In a semiconductor manufacturing process, a tape is generally adhered to the front-side (the surface where a wiring pattern is formed) of a wafer before carrying out back-side lapping in order to protect the wiring pattern of the wafer. Usually, the wafer is lapped to the thickness of, for example, 200 μm by back-side lapping. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a conventional semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus includes a first cassette 1 , a second cassette 2 , a robot arm 3 , a flat positioner 6 , and a tape-peeling device 5 . A suction means 7 is provided on the robot arm 3 to clamp and transfer a wafer 4 to be processed in the tape-peeling step. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the first cassette 1 includes twenty five wafer storage slots S 01 to S 25 (slots S 06 to S 25 are not shown). The wafers W 01 to W 25 (wafers W 06 to W 25 are not shown) are stored in the wafer storage slots S 01 to S 25 respectively of the first cassette 1 . A tape (not shown) is adhered to the front-side of each of the wafers W 01 to W 25 that have been processed by back-side lapping. The thickness of each of the wafers W 01 to W 25 is about 200 μm. It should be noted that the dimensions of these parts are not on the same scale, and the relationship among these parts is only shown schematically. The operation method of the semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus are described hereinbelow. It should be noted that 25 wafers W 01 to W 25 are stored in the first cassette 1 , but no wafer is stored in the second cassette 2 having the same construction as the first cassette 1 . The second cassette 2 also includes 25 wafer storage slots S 01 to S 25 (not shown). Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the operation method includes the steps of: (1) moving the robot arm 3 to the first cassette 1 so that the suction means 7 enters the first cassette 1 ; (2) sucking the back-side of the wafer Wi(i=01 to 25) by the suction means 7 (it should be noted that the wafer Wi corresponds to the wafer 4 in FIG. 2 at this moment); (3) activating the robot arm 3 to unload the wafer Wi from the first cassette 1 ; (4) transferring the wafer Wi to the flat positioner 6 ; (5) positioning the wafer Wi by the flat positioner 6 so that the flat side or notch of the wafer Wi directs to a predetermined direction; (6) activating the robot arm 3 to suck the back-side of the wafer Wi by the suction means 7 ; (7) transferring the wafer Wi to the tape-peeling device 5 ; (8) peeling the tape on the wafer Wi by the tape-peeling device 5 ; (9) activating the robot arm 3 to suck the back-side of the wafer Wi by the suction means 7 ; (10) transferring the wafer Wi to the second cassette 2 ; (11) storing the wafer Wi to the wafer storage slot Si(i=01 to 25) of the second cassette 2 ; and (12) repeating steps (1) to (11) until the tapes on the wafers W 01 to W 25 are peeled and the wafers W 01 to W 25 are stored in the wafer storage slots S 01 to S 25 respectively. Under the idealized condition, i.e., the condition in which the wafer 4 does not warp, each of the wafers W 01 to W 25 are stored in each of the wafer storage slots S 01 to S 25 as shown in FIG. 3 . The positions of the suction means 7 where the suction means 7 sucks the wafers W 01 to W 25 are illustrated in FIG. 3 . Under the actual condition, when the tapes are adhered to the front-side of the wafers W 01 to W 25 , the tapes are in a tensile mode. Therefore, the tapes adhered to the front-sides of the wafers W 01 to W 25 are capable of warping the center portions of the wafers W 01 to W 25 downwardly. Furthermore, because each of the lapped wafers W 01 to W 25 is so thin that the strength thereof is not enough to resist the tensile force of the tape, and owing to the effect of the high temperature in the manufacturing process, each of the wafers W 01 to W 25 tends to warp easily, as shown in FIG. 4 . As a result, when entering the first cassette 1 , the wafers W 01 to W 25 can be crashed by the suction means 7 . In order to prevent the suction means 7 from crashing any of the wafers W 01 to W 25 , a method for repositioning the suction means 7 is adopted, as shown in FIG. 5 . According to this method, the position of the suction means 7 is adjusted to avoid crashing the wafers W 01 to W 25 . However, because the warpage degrees of the wafers W 01 to W 25 are not uniform, the wafers W 01 to W 25 can still be crashed by the suction means 7 , as shown in FIG. 6 . Referring to FIG. 7, vacuuming conduits 71 are formed on two sides of the suction means 7 . The wafer W 01 is sucked downwardly by the vacuuming conduits 71 . The deformation of the wafer W 01 becomes large, and the wafer W 01 can be damaged. Thus, the above problem cannot be completely solved using the method for repositioning the suction means 7 . Furthermore, an unexpected damage can be caused when using the method for sucking the back-side of the wafer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a wafer transfer method for use with a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus so as to prevent the robot arm from crashing the wafer. In accordance with the first aspect of the invention, a method for transferring wafers in a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus is provided. The semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus comprises: a first cassette for storing a plurality of wafers, each of the wafers having a front-side to which a tape is adhered and a back-side; and a robot arm including a suction means for sucking and transferring the wafers, the wafer transfer method comprises the step of: sucking the front side of the uppermost one of the wafers stored in the first cassette and unloading the wafer. According to the above wafer transfer method, the undesired result that the warped wafers stored in the cassette are crashed by the robot arm can be avoided. The semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus further comprises a flat positioner, a tape-peeling device, and a second cassette, the wafer transfer method further comprises the steps of: transferring the wafer to the flat positioner; positioning the wafer by the flat positioner; sucking the back-side of the wafer by the robot arm; transferring the wafer to the tape-peeling device; peeling the tape on the wafer by the tape-peeling device; sucking the back-side of the wafer; and transferring the wafer to the second cassette. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects and the features of the present invention can be best understood by referring to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a pictorial view showing a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus; FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus; FIG. 3 is an ideally partial sectional illustration showing the first cassette for storing 25 wafers in the semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus as shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a practically partial sectional illustration showing the first cassette for storing 25 wafers in FIG. 2; FIG. 5 shows another situation of the first cassette as shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 6 shows yet another situation of the first cassette as shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 7 is an illustration showing the wafer sucked by the suction means in the conventional semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus; FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration showing a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention; FIG. 9 is a practically partial sectional illustration showing the positions of the first cassette, the suction means, and the wafers in the semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 10 is an illustration showing the wafer sucked by the suction means in the semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 8, a semiconductor tape-peeling apparatus in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention includes a first cassette 1 , a second cassette 2 , a robot arm 3 , a flat positioner 6 , and a tape-peeling device 5 . The robot arm 3 includes a suction means 7 for sucking a wafer 4 and transfers the wafer 4 to a predetermined position for peeling. Referring to FIG. 9, both of the first cassette 1 and the second cassette 2 include 25 wafer storage slots S 25 to S 01 (slots S 20 to S 01 are not shown) for storing the wafers W 25 to W 01 (wafers W 21 to W 01 are not shown). In FIGS. 8 and 9, the first cassette 1 , the second cassette 2 , the robot arm 3 , the wafers W 25 to W 01 , the tape-peeling device 5 , the flat positioner 6 , the suction means 7 , and the wafer storage slots S 25 to S 01 are similar to those in FIGS. 2 and 3. Therefore, a detail description is omitted. By comparing FIGS. 8 and 2, it can be known that the embodiment of the invention is characterized in that the front-sides of the wafers are sucked by the suction means 7 . This characteristic is described hereinbelow. Referring to FIG. 9 again, in order to prevent the suction means 7 from crashing any of the wafers W 25 to W 01 , the method for transferring wafers W 25 to W 01 includes the steps of: (1) activating the robot arm 3 to the first cassette 1 so that the suction means 7 enters the first cassette 1 ; (2) sucking the front-side of the wafer Wi(i=25 to 01) by the suction means 7 (it should be noted that the wafer Wi corresponds to the wafer 4 in FIG. 8 at this moment); (3) activating the robot arm 3 to unload the wafer Wi from the first cassette 1 ; (4) transferring the wafer Wi to the flat positioner 6 ; (5) positioning the wafer Wi by the flat positioner 6 so that the flat side or notch of the wafer Wi directs to a predetermined direction; (6) activating the robot arm 3 to suck the back-side of the wafer Wi by the suction means 7 ; (7) transferring the wafer Wi to the tape-peeling device 5 ; (8) peeling the tape on the wafer Wi by the tape-peeling device 5 ; (9) activating the robot arm 3 to suck the back-side of the wafer Wi by the suction means 7 ; (10) transferring the wafer Wi to the second cassette 2 ; (11) storing the wafer Wi to the wafer storage slot Si(i=25 to 01) of the second cassette 2 ; and (12) repeating steps (1) to (11) for 24 iterations with i=i−1 until the tapes on all the wafers W 25 to W 01 are peeled and the wafers W 25 to W 01 are stored in the wafer storage slots S 25 to S 01 , respectively. By comparing the wafer transfer methods of the invention and the prior art, it can be known that the difference between the methods lies in step (2). By making a start-up from the uppermost wafer to the lowermost wafer, and by sucking the front-side of the wafer and transferring the wafer to the flat positioner 6 , the undesired effect that the suction means 7 crashes the wafer can be entirely avoided. Furthermore, the positioning processes of the robot arm 3 only need to be done once so that the positioning points of the robot arm need not to be adjusted frequently. Referring to FIG. 10, the suction means 7 also includes a plurality of vacuuming conduits 71 . By making use of the vacuuming conduits 71 , the wafer W 25 can be sucked and unloaded, and the deformation of the wafer W 25 can be reduced. Therefore, the excessive deformation and destruction can be avoided. When sucking the wafer by the suction means 7 of the vacuum type, the suction means 7 must be reversible so as to selectively suck the front-side or the back-side of the wafer in the above steps (1) to (12). The reversibility is easily achieved in the conventional robot arm. Therefore, the present invention can be easily carried out. While the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of a preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/906,654 filed on Feb. 28, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,337,996, which is a non-provisional application of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/521,151, filed on Feb. 27, 2004. The disclosures of these applications are incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present disclosure relates generally to food waste disposers, and more particularly, to grinding mechanisms for food waste disposers. Food waste disposers are used to comminute food scraps into particles small enough to safely pass through household drain plumbing. A conventional disposer includes a food conveying section, a motor section, and a grinding mechanism disposed between the food conveying section and the motor section. The food conveying section includes a housing that forms an inlet for receiving food waste and water. The food conveying section conveys the food waste to the grinding mechanism, and the motor section includes a motor imparting rotational movement to a motor shaft to operate the grinding mechanism. The grind mechanism that accomplishes the comminution is typically composed of a rotating shredder plate with lugs and a stationary grind ring. The motor turns the rotating shredder plate and the lugs force the food waste against the grind ring where it is broken down into small pieces. Once the particles are small enough to pass out of the grinding mechanism, they are flushed out into the household plumbing. FIG. 1 illustrates a typical grinding mechanism 10 . The illustrated grinding mechanism 10 includes a grinding plate 12 with swivel lugs 14 and a stationary grind ring 16 . The grinding plate 12 is mounted to the motor shaft 18 . The grind ring 16 , which includes a plurality of notches 20 defining spaced teeth 21 , is fixedly attached to an inner surface of a housing 22 . In the operation of the food waste disposer, the food waste delivered by the food conveying section to the grinding mechanism 10 is forced by the swivel lugs 14 against the teeth 21 of the grind ring 16 . The edges of the teeth 21 grind the food waste into particulate matter sufficiently small to pass from above the grinding plate 12 to below the grinding plate 12 via gaps between the rotating and stationary members. Due to gravity, the particulate matter that passes through the gaps between the teeth 21 drops onto the upper end frame 24 and, along with water injected into the disposer, is discharged through a threaded discharge outlet 26 . Size control is primarily achieved through controlling the size of the gap through which the food particles must pass. This type of grinding, however, is much more effective on friable materials than on fibrous materials. Long fibrous and leafy food waste particulates often have escaped the grinding and cutting process in known disposer designs, resulting in longer and larger particulates escaping to the sink trap. This creates problems such as plugged traps and plugged plumbing. Known designs that may be more effective on these types of food wastes are often too costly to mass-produce. The present application addresses these shortcomings associated with the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with various teachings of the present disclosure, a grinding mechanism for a food waste disposer includes a grinding ring defining a plurality of window openings therethrough. A backing member receives the grinding ring and defines a plurality of cavities therein corresponding to the window openings. In certain exemplary embodiments, the grinding ring further defines a plurality of notches therein, which may alternate with the windows around the periphery of the grinding ring. In accordance with other aspects of the present disclosure, a grinding mechanism for a food waste disposer includes a plurality of disks stacked to form a rotatable shredder plate. The shredder plate is situated to rotate relative to the grinding ring. In some exemplary embodiments, at least one of the stacked disks defines teeth therein, which may lie on different planes. A support member may also be attached to at least one of the disks, and define lugs extending through openings in the disks. Moreover, in exemplary embodiments, the disks define different radiuses and/or thicknesses. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a prior art food waste disposer grinding mechanism. FIG. 2 is a sectional side view showing portions of a food waste disposer embodying aspects of the present disclosure. FIGS. 3-5 illustrate aspects of an exemplary stacked shredder plate assembly. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate another exemplary stacked shredder plate assembly. FIG. 8 is a side view conceptually illustrating portions of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-7 . FIG. 9 is a close up view showing part of the food waste disposer illustrated in FIG. 2 . FIGS. 10-12 illustrates exemplary stationary grind ring assemblies in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate aspects of another exemplary stacked shredder plate assembly having two stacked disks. FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate aspects of a further exemplary stacked shredder plate assembly having three stacked disks. FIGS. 17 and 18 conceptually illustrate aspects of still further exemplary stacked shredder plate assemblies. FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate aspects of yet another exemplary stacked shredder plate assembly. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. FIG. 2 illustrates portions of an exemplary food waste disposer embodying aspects of the present invention. The food waste disposer 100 includes a food conveying section 102 and a grinding mechanism 110 , which is disposed between the food conveying section 102 and a motor section (not shown). The food conveying section 102 includes a housing that forms an inlet for receiving food waste and water. The food conveying section 102 conveys the food waste to the grinding mechanism 110 , and the motor section includes a motor imparting rotational movement to a motor shaft 118 to operate the grinding mechanism 110 The grinding mechanism 110 includes a stationary grind ring 116 that is fixedly attached to an inner surface of the housing 111 of the grind mechanism 110 . A rotating shredder plate assembly 112 is rotated relative to the stationary grind ring 116 by the motor shaft 118 to reduce food waste delivered by the food conveying section 102 to small pieces. When the food waste is reduced to particulate matter sufficiently small, it passes from above the shredder plate assembly 112 , and along with water injected into the disposer, is discharged through a discharge outlet 128 . As noted in the Background section hereof, many known grinding mechanisms for food waste disposers do not adequately handle leafy or fibrous food wastes. To better handle such waste, the shredder plate assembly 112 is made up from multiple, stacked plates or disks to provide a plurality of levels for multi-stage chopping or cutting of food waste. FIG. 3 shows an exploded view, and FIGS. 4 and 5 are assembled top and bottom views, respectively, of an embodiment of the shredder plate assembly 112 . The illustrated embodiment includes two stacked shredder disks 121 , 122 and a support member 126 . In some embodiments, the support member 126 includes lugs 114 that extend upwards through openings in the disks 121 , 122 , as well as swivel lugs 115 attached to the assembly. FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate a similar embodiment having tabs 127 extending upwards from the top of the upper disk 121 . The disks 121 , 122 may be made by a stamping process, which is relatively inexpensive and provides sharp corners, angles and levels for cutting the food waste. The lower disk 122 defines teeth 124 about the periphery of the disk 122 for chopping food wastes. Further, in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-7 , the lower disk 122 defines a radius larger than the upper disk 121 , such that the teeth 124 extend beyond the periphery of the upper disk 121 . FIG. 8 is a partial side view of the stacked disks 121 , 122 showing the teeth 124 of the lower disk 122 extending beyond the upper disk 121 . FIG. 9 is a close up view of a portion of the disposer shown in FIG. 2 , showing this “under cutting” arrangement, in which the teeth 124 of the lower disk 122 extend below a portion of the grind ring 116 . The under cutting arrangement may be especially useful in conjunction with a “pass-through” grind ring assembly that has openings extending through the grind ring 116 . FIG. 10 shows one such a grind ring 116 . The grind ring 116 shown in FIG. 10 defines windows 130 extending therethrough, and notches 132 that create teeth 134 on the grind ring 116 . In other embodiments, such as that shown in FIG. 11 , only the windows 130 are defined in the ring 116 . A plurality of breaker members 117 are defined by the grinding ring 116 , extending towards the center of the ring 116 to break up food waste inside the grinding mechanism 110 . FIG. 12 conceptually illustrates portions of the grinding mechanism 110 in a partial sectional view. A backing member 140 , disposed between the grinding ring 116 and housing 111 of grinding mechanism 110 as shown in FIGS. 2 and 9 , defines cavities 142 therethrough that correspond to the openings 130 , 132 through the grinding ring 116 , creating a tunnel-like passage 144 behind the openings 130 , 132 . Now, the food waste can be either broken against, or sheared over, the edges of the openings 130 , 132 . Once the particles are small enough to pass completely through the openings 130 , they enter the passage 144 behind the ring 116 and are carried from there by the water flow to the discharge. The inside surface geometry of the backing member 140 creates the passages 144 behind the window openings 130 and teeth openings 132 while supporting, orienting, and limiting rotation of the metal ring 116 . To orient and limit rotation of the ring 116 , the backing member 140 defines a key that is received by a key way 151 defined in the ring 116 . The fineness of the ground waste is controlled by the size of the openings 130 , 132 in the ring 116 as seen by the food waste. The apparent opening size is affected by the rotational speed and the trajectory of the food waste into the ring. It is believed that the fibrous materials are able to partially enter the passage 144 behind the opening 130 , 132 and are then sheared off by the passing lug 114 . The ability to shear as well as break materials during the grinding improves the fineness on a range of materials. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10 , the teeth 134 forming the openings 132 have a lower surface 135 that is generally perpendicular to the face of the tooth 134 and parallel to the plane of the rotating grinding plate 112 . The edges of these lower surfaces 135 create additional cutting surfaces, which, in conjunction with the rotating grinding plate 112 , will impart an additional shearing or cutting action to the food particles. This is particularly advantageous in further reducing the size of fibrous materials. Several different configurations of stacked disks are employed in various embodiments of the shredder plate assembly 112 . In addition to the lower disk having a larger radius with teeth extending beyond the periphery of the upper disk as is shown in FIGS. 3-8 , some alternative configurations include disks having approximately the same radius, with teeth defined in one or both of the disks. FIGS. 13 and 14 show an assembly 112 including disks 121 , 122 having approximately the same radius, with teeth 124 in both disks. Lugs 115 are attached to the upper disk 121 , with additional fixed lugs 114 extending up through the disks 121 , 122 from the support member 126 . To achieve the desired cutting performance, the size of the teeth 124 may be varied, and the teeth 124 may either be in line as shown in FIG. 13 , or off set. FIGS. 15 and 16 show another embodiment having three stacked disks 121 , 122 , 123 , with each of the disks defining teeth 124 . In the particular embodiment shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , the teeth 124 of the lowest disk 123 extend beyond the periphery of the upper disks 121 , 122 . Other exemplary alternative embodiments are conceptually shown in FIGS. 17 and 18 . In FIG. 17 , the upper disk 121 has a larger radius and defines teeth 124 . FIG. 18 shows a configuration with both disks 121 , 122 defining teeth 124 therein, with the lower disk 122 defining a larger radius. Additionally, the thickness of the various disks is varied in some embodiments. For example, in the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 3-8 , the upper disk 121 is thicker than the lower disk 122 . FIG. 19 shows yet another embodiment, in which the lower disk 122 defines teeth 125 that have been bent downwards such that they do not lie on the same plane as the disk 122 itself. FIG. 20 illustrates the assembly 112 shown in FIG. 19 attached to the motor shaft 118 and positioned relative to the stationary grind ring 116 . These cut and bent tangs or teeth 125 , in addition to the other teeth 124 , result in cutting surfaces on a plurality of staggered planes. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below.

4y

RELATED APPLICATION This application is related to a co-pending application of Bulst, Lindeman, and Zibis entitled "FILTER FUNCTIONING WITH ACOUSTIC WAVES", Ser. No. 813,827, filed Dec. 27, 1985. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improvement in the structure of a filter which functions with acoustic waves running close to the surface in a substrate wherein digital structures are provided as reflectors and/or input/output transducers. A filter corresponding to the invention can be operated not only with acoustic surface waves (Rayleigh and Bleustein waves) in the narrowest sense but also with Lamb waves, Love waves, surface-skimming bulk waves and the like which proceed in a substrate at least close to the surface. The type of wave generated in the individual case depends on techniques in dimensioning the transducers which are known to a person skilled in the art, and may also depend on anisotropy properties of the substrate. Surface wave resonator filters in the sense of the invention comprise digital structures situated on a piezo electric substrate, these digital structures including interdigital structures to be employed as transducers and reflector structures. Interdigital structures are formed of strip electrodes adjacent to one another and electrically connected at sides of the structures. The digital structure of a reflector is formed of strip-like fingers, finger pieces, dots or the like which are preferably metallization strips applied to the substrate surface. An arrangement and dimensioning of the fingers, strips, and the like of the structures are based on the rules for the respective filter. The fundamentals for dimensioning and measurement of the digital structures are known. Let German OS No. 29 09 705, U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,037, and German OS No. 3 314 725 be referenced in this regard. Bus bars are provided for interdigital structures, the fingers of the respective one finger structure being connected to one another with these bus bars. The fingers of the one finger structure engage in comb-like fashion into a corresponding, second finger structure and form the interdigital structure with the latter. A terminal pad which is usually relatively large in area connects to these bus bars situated to the side of the interdigital structure. The leads required for the interdigital structure employed as a transducer are connected to these pads which are connected to the respective bus bar, or form a part thereof. The quality and performance of such a surface wave filter depend, among other things, on the exact fashioning, positioning, and precise, sharp-edged limitation of the strip-shaped fingers of the respective digital structure whether this is a matter of an interdigital structure or of a reflector structure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to specify such a structure or such structures for a surface wave filter which optimally meet these requirements. This object is achieved with a surface wave filter structure wherein a group composed of further, strip-shaped coatings is attached to the free end of the respective structure. The group of further coatings operates in a reflection-free manner so as not to inhibit operational characteristics of the filter. The group is provided adjacent the end of the respective interdigital structure and runs along a running direction of propagated waves in the filter. The additional coatings are similar to the coatings of the digital structure so that during manufacture, a level exposure of coatings of the interdigital structure is achieved. Specifically, outermost fingers of the interdigital structure adjacent the group of further coatings are exposed to approximately the same extent as centrally located fingers in the interdigital structure. The digital structures of surface wave filters are photolithographically manufactured in combination with a lift-off technique or etching technique. The present invention is based on the perception that problems arise in the photolithographic transfer of the pattern or of the original onto the photosensitive layer present at this point in time over the substrate surface of the filter. Particularly given projection transfer, these problems arise since every digital structure (as viewed in one direction) to be manufactured necessarily comprises first and last strip-shaped coatings (fingers, digit strips) and that the respective end of the digital structure (at least in the control case) is followed by a surface region of the substrate surface which is free of further strip-like coatings of structures. Mean exposure values which are lower than the exposure values required for the first or last strip-shaped coatings suffice for the central or internal region of a digital structure to be photolithographically manufactured with exposure. Given an adapted setting of the exposure to the central region of a structure, this leads to under-exposure of these first and last strip-shaped coatings or, inversely, the central region experiences over-exposure when the starting and end region of the corresponding structure is exposed in a precise way. To eliminate the above problem with differentially selected exposure would be very involved, and some other way of alleviating this problem has been sought. It has been discovered that by attaching groups formed of further strip-shaped coatings the problems can be solved. These further strip-like coatings are identical to or at least comparable to the strip-shaped coatings of the corresponding digital structure or manufacture thereof which is to be improved. Viewed only from the point of view of the levelling of the exposure value for the respective, overall digital structure achieved with the invention, it would suffice to provide only a few, for example five to twenty, further strip-shaped coatings which are no longer to be assigned to the corresponding end of the digital structure, but rather to the auxiliary group. Particularly given a non-interdigital digital structure designed as a resonator structure, this technique would not yet be adequate by itself, for the strip-shaped coatings of the auxiliary group would not functionally differ from those of the actual resonator digital structure. It is provided as a further technique in the invention that these further strip-shaped coatings of the respective group be positioned such that this group is effective in a reflectionfree manner for the filter with reference to the wave of the digital structure to which this group is attached, or with reference to the wave appearing in the filter which is defined by the most narrow-banded structure of the filter and which also runs through or in the digital structure to which this corresponding group is attached. This is not contrary to the fact that such a group can fill out the entire clearance between two digital structures following on another in a longitudinal direction or in a wave propagation running direction of the wave filter. The group extends gap-free from the one digital structure up to the one neighboring digital structure, so that this group is actually allocated to two digital structures. Three alternatives are available within the framework of the present invention for this technique of making the corresponding group or the strip-shaped coatings of such a group effective in a reflection-free manner. One of these alternatives can have an advantage over the other two on a case-by-case basis. Also, only one of the alternatives may be usable on a case-by-case basis. The first of these alternatives is to apply the techniques of frequency shift disclosed in German Patent No. 29 09 705 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,037, and in the German patent application No. P 34 38 246.1, all incorporated herein by reference, to the structure of the group with reference to the corresponding digital structure, or to the digital structure defining the center frequency f 0 of the filter. This means that the group is dimensioned in view of the spacings of its strip-shaped coatings measured in wavelength units such that the frequency f R of the first null or zero position of the interdigital reflection at the coatings of the group at least essentially coincides with the center frequency f 0 of the wave of the filter. Interdigital reflections of the group are then no longer effective for the filter. In accordance with the rules of this technique from the aforementioned U.S. Patent, the bandwidth of the group is to be left with a size that amounts to at least twice the bandwidth of the filter. This, however, can be observed without any difficulty whatsoever since the length of the structure of the group is limited, whereby an adequate number (at least 20 to 50) of the strip-shaped coatings of the group are always provided for solving the problem of levelled exposure. The second alternative is the division of the strip-shaped coatings of the group into sub-groups which are respectively composed of a few strips (for example 2 to 10 strips), and to arrange these individual sub-groups spaced from one another by additional quarter-wavelength spacer values, so that these individual sub-groups of the group destructively interfere with one another, i.e. effect mutual cancelling of the components respectively reflected at the individual sub-groups. The third alternative is to provide a slanted position of the strip-shaped coatings of a group such that reflections occurring at the strip-shaped coatings of the group are conducted out of the filter such that they can no longer enter into the one or several transducers of the filter. This latter alternative, however, can only be employed given a group which is situated at the outermost end of the filter, i.e. is situated where a desired wave of the filter no longer appears, since this would then be likewise deflected toward the outside to a corresponding degree in a disadvantageous manner. Let it be pointed out that interdigital reflections also occur at the strip-shaped coatings of the groups. In the invention, however, these are rendered ineffective or at least negligible for the filter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The drawing FIGURE shows an embodiment of the invention encompassing three alternative developments which are to be optionally employed individually or in combination, the alternatives specifically relating to the techniques of rendering the respective group effective in a reflection-free manner or of rendering the respective group non-reflecting for the filter. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The structures of the filter 51 shown in the drawing FIGURE are situated on the surface of a piezo electric substrate 2 of which only portions are shown. A first interdigital structure is referenced 53 and a second interdigital structure is referenced 54, these two interdigital structures being employed as transducers, for example as an input transducer and as an output transducer. The strip-shaped coatings (fingers, digit strips) of these interdigital structures are referenced 55. Reference numeral 56 indicates pads which respectively simultaneously serve as a bus bar for the strip-shaped coatings 55 which engage interdigitally into one another. As may be seen from the drawing FIGURE, the two interdigital structures 53 and 54 have a spacing from one another which can be provided or is necessary for electrical and/or acoustical reasons of the filter 51. In the prior art, this is a free or unoccupied substrate surface. In the invention and in accordance with the illustration of the drawing FIGURE, this clearance between the two interdigital structures 53 and 54 contains further strip-shaped coatings 105. Only three strip-shaped coatings 105 of the group 100 provided in accordance with the invention are shown in the drawing FIGURE. In general, a group provided in accordance with the invention has at least 20 to 50 strip-shaped coatings 105. It is adequate per se when such a plurality of strip-shaped coatings 105 follows the respective outermost strip-shaped coating 55a of the interdigital structure 53 or of the interdigital structure 54. Strip-shaped coatings 105 of the group 100 placed in the central region of the group can also be omitted, and the required degree of levelling of the exposure is nonetheless achieved for the respective outermost strip-shaped coatings 55, as is the ineffectiveness of the interdigital reflections at the coatings 105 of the group 100 for the filter. In case the strip-shaped coatings 105 in the central region of the group 100 are omitted, it can also be considered as though two sub-groups 100a and 100b were provided instead, whereby the sub-group 100a is allocated to the digital structure 53 and the sub-group 100b is allocated to the digital structure 54. Let it be pointed out that such a group 100 can also be provided with bus bars 106 which are only shown with broken lines because they are optional. A reflector structure of the filter 51 is referenced 60, this reflector structure only having its initial part shown. This reflector structure 60 is formed of strip-shaped coatings 65 which are situated at wavelength spaces from one another in accordance with standard rules for surface wave filters and the prescriptions for this filter. Bus bars are referenced 66, these being shown with broken lines because they are only optionally provided. The clearance between the interdigital structure 54 and this reflector structure 60 is filled with a group 200 in accordance with the invention, this group 200 being formed of strip-shaped coatings 205. As is shown, these strip-shaped coatings 205 are divided into four sub-groups 205a through 205d. The strip-shaped coatings 205 of this group 200 serve the purpose of levelling the exposure in the photolithographic manufacture of the interdigital structure 54 and of the reflector structure 60. A further reflector structure of the filter 51 is referenced 70, this following the interdigital structure 53 in a gap-free manner in this example. A group according to the invention between the interdigital structure 53 and the reflector structures 70 is consequently not required. The illustrated embodiment, however, has a group 300 provided in accordance with the invention which follows at the left-side end of the reflector structure 70. The strip-shaped coatings 305 likewise serve the purpose that the last strip-shaped coatings 75 of the reflector structure 70 at the left-hand side are just as optimally exposed as the strip-shaped coatings of the central region of the reflector structure 70 in the exposure during the photolithographic manufacture of the reflector structure 70. As has already been expressly pointed out above, with the invention, the groups 100, 100a, 100b, 200, and 300 are effective in a reflection-free manner for the filter 51. In accordance with a first alternative of the invention, the strip-shaped coatings 105 of the group 100 (the same applies to sub-groups 100a and 100b provided instead) are situated at center-to-center spacings from one another which are dimensioned in accordance with the teaching of the afore-mentioned U.S. Patent. Quantitatively, the center-to-center spacings of the strip-shaped coatings 105 of the group 100 are dimensioned somewhat greater or somewhat smaller than the center-to-center spacings of the strip-shaped coatings of that structure which defines the center frequency of the filter 51. This is the structure having the lowest bandwidth of the filter 51. A greater or smaller spacing of the strip-shaped coatings 105 of the group 100 depends on which of the two nulls or zero locations of the interdigital reflections of the group have formed the basis for the dimensioning. Further details regarding the dimensioning to be selected for this alternative of the group 100 are familiar to a person skilled in the art from the aforementioned U.S. Patent. The group 200 is rendered effective for the filter 51 in reflection-free manner with the assistance of another alternative to be employed for the invention. Within the individual groups 205a, 205b, 205c and 205d, the strip-shaped coatings 205 (respectively two strip-shaped coatings 205 given the illustrated embodiment of the invention) have a center-to-center spacing (of the size of half a wavelength of the wave of the filter 51) corresponding to the structures 53, 54, 60 and/or 70 of the filter 51. This also includes omitted strip-shaped coatings which are referenced 205f in the drawing FIGURE. This periodicity of the spacings is not observed, however, in the group 200 between a group 205a and a group 205d, etc. In accordance with a feature of this alternative, the respective spacing between neighboring groups is enlarged by the dimension M of an additional quarter wavelength. When the width of the strip-shaped coatings is dimensioned equal to a quarter wavelength (as frequently occurs), the spacing between two groups 200a, 200b . . . is increased precisely by one strip width (as in the drawing FIGURE). Instead of the single multiple of a quarter wavelength, this can also be the three-fold multiple or the five-fold multiple, etc., of a quarter wavelength. What is achieved with this technique is that the interdigital reflections at the strip-shaped coatings 205 of the sub-group 205a interfere with the interdigital reflections at the strip-shaped coatings 205 of the sub-group 205b and mutually cancel. A corresponding plurality of sub-groups 205a . . . offset relative to one another in accordance with this technique of the invention . . . make it possible that the entire group 200 has no interdigital reflections for the wave of the filter 51. It is insured for the group 300 that no interdigital reflections proceed from the strip-shaped coatings 305 of this group into the filter 51. In the case of this end-position group 300, this can be achieved in a particularly simple fashion by placing the strip-shaped coating 305 at an angle. The horizontal line illustrated with double arrows in the drawing FIGURE points out the main wave propagation direction H of the filter 51. The direction of the reflection at the obliquely placed strip-shaped coatings 305 is illustrated with Hr. The interdigital reflections having the angle of the direction Hr reflect such a wave component out of the filter 51. As a result of this slanting position, this group 300 has also been rendered effective for the filter 51 in a reflection-free manner. Given the exemplary embodiment illustrated and described, no group is provided for the right-hand end of the reflector structure 60 (no longer shown in the drawing FIGURE). When omitting such a group there comes into consideration--without repudiating the idea of the invention--that this reflector structure 60 is formed of such a relatively great number of strip-shaped coatings 65 that a significant signal component would hardly be reflected back anyway from this right-hand end of the reflector structure 60, i.e. from the outermost end of the reflector structure 60 in view of the filter 51. Imprecisions in the precision and sharpness of strip-shaped coatings 65 which are positioned at the outermost, right-hand end of the reflector structures 60 have practically no disturbing influence on a filter 51 as illustrated. Quite in contrast thereto, however, great disturbances would proceed from such strip-shaped coatings 65 of the reflector structure 60 which are positioned as shown in the drawing FIGURE, at the left-hand end or in the left half of the reflector structure 60. These strip-shaped coatings 65 of the reflector structures 60 supply the essential component of the wave signal to be reflected in the reflector structure 60 as intended. The intended running direction of the wave in the filter 51 is referenced H in the drawing FIGURE. The reversing directions Hs shown in arc-like fashion with solid lines are rated or desired reflections of the filter 51, and specifically of its reflector structures 60 and 70. The arc-shaped reverses shown with broken lines, by contrast, refer to interdigital reflections occurring in the groups 100 and 200 which are rendered ineffective for the filter 51 on the basis of one of the techniques of the invention (according to the principle of the first and of the second alternatives described above), i.e. do not occur as signal components in the filter 51. It is important for the invention that no or at most a very few strip-shaped coatings are omitted between the respective first or last strip-shaped coating of one of the digital structures 53, 54, 60, 70 of the filter 51 and the added, allocated group 100, 100a, 100b, 200, 300 (or between abutting digital structures 53 and 70). This does not contradict the fact that no group is provided at the outermost end of the reflector structure 60 (because this end of the structure 70 has little effect anyway). Dimensions that are typical for a filter of the invention are specified below. A transducer structure 53, 54 has, for example, 10 to 400, and preferably 50 to 150 strip-shaped coatings 55 in an interdigital arrangement. A reflector structure 60, 70 has, for example, 200 to 1000, and preferably 400 to 700 strip-shaped coatings 65, 75. The respective number of strip-shaped coatings of a transducer or reflector structure is based on the respective prescribed band width for this structure. Width and center-to-center spacing of the strip-shaped coatings from one another is established by the prescribed frequency or wavelength of the acoustic wave and by the propagation rate of the wave in the substrate body. Standard values are 1.5 to 5 μm for the strip width and 1 to 10 μm for the center-to-center spacing. The length of the individual strip-shaped coatings is usually dimensioned between 20 and 200 wavelengths. The above description of the invention takes manufacture of the digital structures based on the principle of lift-off technique into consideration. A positive photo-sensitive resist is employed in this technique. A surface-wide coating with such a photoresist is first undertaken on the substrate surface. Exposure corresponding to the desired structures then follows. Specifically, those surface portions of the layer situated on the substrate surface which are subsequently strip-shaped coatings, pads, and bus bars are exposed. After developing, the exposed portion of the photoresist is stripped and the entire surface (exposed surface portions of the substrate surface and photoresist which still remains) is coated with a metal layer (vapor-deposited). Finally, the surface portions of the photoresist which have still remained are stripped, those portions of the metal layer which are situated on photoresist are thereby lifted off, and the desired structures remain on the substrate surface as metallic coatings. A manufacture of the structures according to the principle of the etching technique is, so to speak, the opposite process (occurring with the same final result). The substrate surface is thus first covered with a metal layer. This metal layer is coated with the photoresist layer and the exposure is then carried out, but those surface portions which are free of metallizations of the substrate surface in the finished filter are exposed here. Stripping is carried out after the development of the exposed photoresist, whereby the metallization layer present on the substrate surface therebelow is exposed in those surface portions which must be free of metallization of the substrate surface in the finished filter. These exposed portions of the metallization layer are removed from the substrate surface by means of subsequent etching, and those portions of the original metallization of the substrate surface which are protected during the etching by surface portions of the photoresist layer still remain as the desired structures of the filter. The lift-off technique and the etching technique differ since the respective complementary surface portions are to be exposed. Although various minor changes and modifications might be proposed by those skilled in the art, it will be understood that we wish to include within the claims of the patent warranted hereon all such changes and modifications as reasonably come within our contribution to the art.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a wrapping apparatus and more particularly to a shuttle or wrapping material carrier change system and method for a wrapping apparatus. [0002] Certain items are packaged in roll or coil form. For example, steel and aluminum sheet are often coiled for storage, transport, and handling. Such coils can be up to five to seven feet in diameter. [0003] In order to protect and preserve the appearance of the steel or aluminum, the coils are typically wrapped with protective material in the form of a film. Such a film can be a single wrap of, for example, a low density polyethylene stretch film. The wrap can also include a fabric or other woven or non-woven material wrapped along with the polyethylene film. [0004] One known machine for carrying out the wrapping process uses a specifically shaped track to carry a film dispensing shuttle through the eye of the coil, while the coil is slowly rotated on its axis on a set of block rollers. The complete body of the coil is effectively sealed by a cocoon of stretch film. [0005] Generally, the machine has a heavy-duty, generally oval shaped track that provides the guide for the film-dispensing shuttle that travels around the inside of the track. The track has a hinged end section or arm that pivots upwardly to open the track so that a lower portion of the track can be moved into the eye of the coil. The track is adjustable in the vertical plane to accommodate different coil diameters. [0006] The track is typically movable on rails to advance into the eye of the coil. The machine can also be movable transverse to the direction of the track. Such a machine is commercially available from ITW Fleetwood-Signode of Glenview, Ill., under the name CoilMaster. [0007] The film dispensing shuttle is designed to drive itself around the track. In a present system the shuttle includes a drive element (referred to as a tractor) and one or more film dispensing elements (each referred to as a trailer). The tractor and trailers are separate from, but operably connected to one another such that the tractor drives (pulls) the one or more trailers, and so that the tractor and trailer(s) can be separated from each other for maintenance, repair, replacement or the like. [0008] The film is provided on the shuttle in rolls. The rolls have a finite amount of material wound thereon and as such require periodic replacement. Depending upon the size of the coil, a roll of film can last for perhaps as few as two or three coils. As such, the film rolls on the shuttle may have to be replaced fairly frequently. In known machines, the task of replacing the film and the shuttles is labor intensive and time consuming, thus quite costly. [0009] To replace a film roll, the machine has to be shut down and the hinged track end opened. If a “tail” of the film is hanging from the coil, the tail is tucked into the wound film to prevent the tail from interfering with movement of the shuttle. The shuttle is positioned along the track at a predetermined location and the track is then withdrawn from the coil. [0010] Following withdrawal of the track, a film roll is replaced in the shuttle. The track is then moved back into place in the eye of the coil, the hinged end is lowered and the track is closed. A leading end of the film is secured and the shuttle is restarted. Given that these machines are quite large, the entire film roll replacement procedure takes a considerable amount of time and requires a considerable amount of labor. [0011] Accordingly, there is a need for a system and method for changing out a shuttle that precludes the need to remove the track from the eye of the coil. Desirably, such a system and method are carried out with the track in place in the coil. More desirably, such a system and method uses a ready substitute shuttle to further reduce the downtime necessary to place the machine back into service. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] A shuttle change system for use in a wrapping apparatus for wrapping an associated item is disclosed. The wrapping apparatus has an oval track vertically oriented with a cantilevered base portion and an openable portion in the track to move the item into and out of the track. The wrapping apparatus includes a shuttle that moves along the inner periphery of the track dispensing a wrapping material. The shuttle change system includes a carrier and a pair of track sections mounted to the carrier. The track sections are spaced from one another and parallel to one another, each adapted to support a shuttle. The carrier is moveable vertically, longitudinally, and laterally to align either of the pair of tracks with the cantilevered base portion of the track. One of the tracks is adapted to receive a shuttle to be replaced and the other of the tracks is adapted to store a replacement shuttle for movement onto the track. The carrier is movable away from the track to permit the openable track portion to open and close without interference. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] The benefits and advantages of the present invention will become more readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art after reviewing the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein: [0014] FIG. 1 is a side view of a wrapping apparatus having a shuttle change system in accordance with the principles of the present invent; [0015] FIG. 2 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 1 ; [0016] FIGS. 3A-3C are front, side and top views, respectively, it the shuttle change assembly; [0017] FIG. 4 is a front-side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus with the apparatus being retracted from a wrapped coil; [0018] FIG. 5 is a rear-side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus with the shuttle in the home position, with the films clamped in the cutter-clamp and the cutter clamp in the plane of the track; [0019] FIG. 6 is also a rear-side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus with the shuttle in the home position, with the films clamped in the cutter-clamp, but with the cutter clamp moved out of the plane of the track; [0020] FIG. 7 is more of a side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus showing the shuttle in the home position, this shuttle having a tractor (the drive system) integrated with the trailers (the film dispensers); [0021] FIG. 8 is a rear-side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus as seen from the side opposite of that shown in FIGS. 4-7 , better showing the cutter-clamp assembly; and [0022] FIG. 9 is a rear-side perspective view of the wrapping apparatus showing the shuttles moving around the track and showing the coil partially wrapped. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0023] While the present invention is susceptible of embodiment in various forms, there is shown in the figures and will hereinafter be described a presently preferred embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered an exemplification of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiment illustrated. [0024] Referring to the figures and in particular to FIG. 1 there is shown a wrapping apparatus or machine 10 having a shuttle change system 12 and carrying out a method for shuttle change embodying the principles of the present invention. [0025] The machine 10 includes a track 14 having a generally oval shape. A lower portion 18 of the track 14 is cantilevered when the arm 20 is open. An end (or arm) 20 of the oval is hinged opposite of the base 16 (with the hinge 22 at about the top of the track 14 ) to permit the track to be opened. When closed, the arm 20 aligns with the lower portion 18 of the track 14 . The inside or inner periphery 24 of the track 14 thus defines a substantially continuous track. The track 14 moves up and down to accommodate coils C of different diameters. [0026] A shuttle 26 is configured for movement along the inner periphery 24 of the track 14 in the direction indicated by the arrow at 28 . The shuttle 26 includes, in a present embodiment, a drive or tractor 30 , and a pair of film dispensing cars or 32 a,b trailers that are pulled along by the tractor 30 . Each of the trailers 32 dispenses either a polymer film, e.g., a low density polyethylene film or a fabric or like wrapping member, collectively referred to as film or films F. It should be noted that FIGS. 4-9 show a tractor that is integral with the trailer. [0027] The change system 12 is configured to permit removing the shuttle 26 from the track 14 and replacing the shuttle 26 with a ready, stand-by or replacement shuttle 26 ′ (see FIG. 1 ), with the track 14 in place in the eye E of the coil C. In fact, of the track 14 itself, only the arm section 20 of the track 14 has to be moved (i.e., opened) in order to effect a change of the shuttle 26 . In addition, the shuttle 26 can be changed with a coil in place in the wrapping machine 10 . [0028] The change system 12 includes an assembly 36 having at least a pair of side-by-side track sections 38 a,b on which the shuttle 26 can ride. The change system track sections 38 are oriented parallel to the machine track 14 . In a present embodiment, the change system sections 38 a,b are mounted to a carrier 40 that is adjustable in a number of planes. First, the change system track sections 38 height can be adjusted to match that of the machine track 14 (which can be positioned at different elevations depending upon the outside diameter of the coil C being wrapped. The longitudinal orientation (as indicated by the arrow at 42 ) can be changed to move the track sections 38 toward and away from the machine track 14 , and the track sections 38 can be moved laterally or transverse (as indicated by the arrow at 44 ) to the machine track 14 direction so that the change system track sections 38 can align with the machine track 14 . A winder element 46 is associated with each set of track sections 38 that, as will be discussed below, winds a portion of the film or films F after a new shuttle 26 ′ has been positioned on the track 14 , but before it is placed in service, to remove any excess film(s) or film tail from the track 14 surface. [0029] As set forth above, the change system 12 includes at least a pair of track sections 38 a,b . In this manner, a replacement shuttle 26 ′ can reside on one of the track sections, for example, 38 a , and the other track section 38 b can be vacant. As will be discussed in more detail below, and as will be appreciated, the to-be-replaced shuttle 26 can be moved onto the vacant track section 38 b and the replacement shuttle 26 ′ can be readily moved onto the machine track 14 . [0030] To assist with changing the shuttles 26 , the machine 10 includes a cutter-clamp assembly 48 that is mounted at about the machine track 14 or the base 16 . The cutter-clamp assembly 48 moves with the machine track 14 rather than the change system track sections 38 . When in use, the cutter-clamp 48 is disposed within the interior of the machine track 14 (within the plane P 14 of the track 14 ), but outside of the coil C—that is, between the machine track 14 and/or the shuttle 26 and the coil C. Again, when in use, the cutter-clamp 48 is stationary relative to the track, and is configured to hold or secure (e.g., anchor) a free end of the film F as the shuttle 26 moves about the track 14 when the shuttle 26 begins wrapping film F round the coil C. The cutter-clamp assembly 48 moves into and out of the loop (or the plane P 14 of the track 14 ) for use. A clamp element 50 of the cutter-clamp 48 is on the shuttle 26 side or downstream side of the assembly 48 and a cutter element is 52 on the upstream side of the assembly 48 (the side close to the winder 46 ). [0031] Operation of the machine 10 , the wrapping cycle, as well as the shuttle 26 replacement cycle can be controlled by a controller or control system 54 which can be fully automated. [0032] A cycle of the wrapping operation will be discussed with reference to a single wrapping machine 10 with a shuttle change system 12 having one pair of change system track sections 38 a,b . Also for purposes of the present discussion, the description of the “cycle” will begin with the coil C in the process of being wrapped. [0033] The coil C is loaded on a set of rollers to rotate the coil C. The rollers 56 are positioned such that the eye E of the coil C is aligned with the machine track 14 and the shuttle 26 is traversing around the track 14 wrapping the coil C with the film(s) F (see FIG. 9 ). The cutter-clamp 48 is positioned (moved) to the side of the machine 10 outside of the plane P 14 of the track. [0034] The shuttle change assembly 36 is positioned laterally next to the coil C that is being wrapped. At this point in time the shuttle change assembly 36 has one open or empty track 38 b and a replacement shuttle 26 ′ on the second track 38 a . The leading end(s) of the film(s) F on the replacement shuttle 26 ′ are held by the winder element 46 . [0035] The assembly 36 , as set forth above, includes at least a pair of tracks 38 a,b —more than two tracks can be included, but are not necessary. The assembly 36 height is adjusted (vertical adjustment), by, for example, a motor and lift 58 , to match the height of the shuttle system track sections 38 to the height of the machine track 14 . [0036] When the shuttle 26 runs out of film(s) F it moves to a home position H which in a present machine is along a portion of the upward curve of the oval, opposite of the arm 20 . The home position H is reached by continuing in the forward direction 28 only. The shuttle 26 then continues in the forward direction 28 , beyond the location 60 where the arm 20 joins the lower track portion 18 , to a position on the lower track portion 18 . It will be appreciated that when the shuttle 26 runs out of film(s) F, a film's tail may be left hanging from the coil C. If the tail is hanging and rests on the track, it could get caught under the shuttle and interfere with movement of the shuttle. As such by moving the shuttle 26 in this way, if a tail of the film(s) is left hanging from the coil C, the shuttle 26 will pass under the tail (between the tail and track 14 ). Accordingly, the tail will rest, if at all, on the top of the shuttle 26 . This prevents the tail from becoming caught under the shuttle 26 (in the shuttle wheels 62 ). [0037] After the shuttle 26 moves into this position, the track hinged section or arm 20 opens. The shuttle assembly 36 moves laterally toward the lower track section 14 to align the empty shuttle track 38 b with the lower track section 14 and longitudinally to engage the empty shuttle track 38 b with the machine track 14 . The empty shuttle 26 then moves onto the empty track 38 b. [0038] The assembly 36 then moves longitudinally away from the lower track 14 to disengage from the track 14 and moves laterally to align the replacement shuttle track 38 a with the lower track section 14 . The assembly 36 then moves longitudinally to reengage the tracks 14 , 38 a . The replacement shuttle (not shown) moves onto the machine track 14 into the home position H. [0039] The assembly 36 then again moves longitudinally away from the track 14 to disengage from the track 14 and laterally away from the track 14 so that they are no longer aligned. The arm 20 then pivots back down to engage (and lock into) the track 14 . The track 14 is now closed and the shuttle 26 ′ in the home position H. It will be understood that the end of the film(s) is held by the winder 46 and thus extends from the shuttle 26 ′ through the eye E of the coil C, to the winder 46 . [0040] The cutter-clamp assembly 48 then moves into place (moves into the plane P 14 as shown in FIG. 2 of the track 14 ), such that the films(s) F are in the jaws 54 of the assembly 48 . It will be remembered that the cutter 52 is on the winder 46 side of the assembly 48 and the clamp 50 is on the shuttle 26 side of the assembly 48 . The cutter element 52 is actuated to sever the feed film(s) F from the cutter clamp 48 . The winder 46 is actuated to rewind any tail attached to it back to itself. This clears the coil C eye E for unobstructed shuttle 26 ′ movement. [0041] The shuttle 26 ′ then commences or re-commences wrapping the coil C. After a few seconds of shuttle 26 ′ movement, the cutter-clamp 48 moves out of the plane P 14 of the track 14 . Then, after a predetermined number of winds around the coil C (when it has been determined that the film(s) F will remain on the coil C and will not be pulled off), the clamp element 50 is opened to allow the cycle to continue until the coil C wrap is completed or the shuttle 26 ′ runs out of film(s) F. [0042] It will be appreciated that the present systems 10 , 12 anticipate greatly reduced operator time and labor for operation. Accordingly, most if not all of the steps necessary to the above-noted cycle of operation (method) can be carried out automatically using known control systems 54 and methods. In addition, although the machine 10 , 12 and operation are described based upon a single wrapping machine 10 that is fixed to a location, the present change system 12 can be used in conjunction with wrapping machines with multiple rollers stations that move (for example, along rails 66 ) transverse to the track 14 direction. All such variations on the systems 10 , 12 are within the scope and spirit of the present invention. [0043] All patents referred to herein, are hereby incorporated herein by reference, whether or not specifically done so within the text of this disclosure. [0044] In the present disclosure, the words “a” or “an” are to be taken to include both the singular and the plural. Conversely, any reference to plural items shall, where appropriate, include the singular. [0045] From the foregoing it will be observed that numerous modifications and variations can be effectuated without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the present invention. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific embodiments illustrated is intended or should be inferred. The disclosure is intended to cover all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates generally to streamlined fairings for wheeled vehicles, including automobiles, trailers, vans, buses, recreational vehicles, trucks, and trains. More particularly, this invention has to do with airfoil-shaped fairings mounted on the undersides of vehicles, and which may be fixed or pivotable to improve the safety and efficiency of such vehicles. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] While great advances have been made in streamlining the conspicuous upper parts of automobiles and other vehicles, the aerodynamics of the undersides of vehicles have been relatively neglected. For the most part, the undersides of vehicles have remained lumpy and cluttered with drag-inducing structural elements protruding into the airstream under the vehicle, even though the resulting drag on the vehicle, in reducing fuel efficiency and performance, is no less important than that on the more visible upper side of the vehicle. [0003] Numerous fairings, airfoils, and deflectors have been installed on the upper surfaces of wheeled land vehicles. In many cases these are merely cosmetic imitations of devices originally intended to improve the performance of racing vehicles. For example, patents have been issued related to airfoils known as “spoiler wings”, or simply “spoilers” installed at the rear edge of the upper surface of a passenger vehicle for the purpose of exerting downward force. One such patent, U.S. Pat. No. 7,264,300 issued Sep. 4, 2007 to Hillgaertner disclosed a mechanism for adjusting the height of such an airfoil. U.S. Pat. No. 7,213,870 issued May 8, 2007 to Williams disclosed a mechanism for adjusting both the angle of attack and the extent of surface area of such an airfoil. Generally, such airfoils exert downward force behind the rear wheels of an automobile, levering upwards on the front wheels, thereby degrading the performance, safety, handling and efficiency of the vehicle, especially in modern front-wheel-drive vehicles, which rely on front wheel traction for propulsion as well as steering and braking. [0004] Some inventions have been disclosed for locating fairings and airfoils on the upper surfaces of vehicles for the express purpose of reducing aerodynamic drag. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,047,747 issued Sep. 13, 1977 to Beers; U.S. Pat. No. 4,441,753 issued Apr. 10, 1984 to Mason; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,041 issued Feb. 6, 2001 to Wilson disclosed adjustable airfoils mounted on the roof of the cab of a tractor-trailer to reduce drag. U.S. Pat. No. 7,226,117 issued Jun. 5, 2007 to Preiss disclosed a “split wing” airfoil at the upper rear edge of a station wagon or hatchback-type vehicle for the purpose of increasing aerodynamic efficiency. U.S. Pat. No. 4,533,168 issued Aug. 6, 1985 to Janssen et al. disclosed a combination of a spoiler and a wing on the upper rear of a passenger vehicle to reduce aerodynamic drag. [0005] U.S. Pat. No. 8,740,285 B2 issued Jun. 3, 2014 to Beckon disclosed an apparatus consisting of one or more airfoils, mounted above the upper surface of a vehicle, which improve the safety and handling of the vehicle as well is increase its efficiency by automatically adjusting to provide either down-thrust or lift depending on the driving situation. [0006] Fairings, skirts, and deflectors have been proposed for the underbodies of semi-trailers with the intention of improving fuel economy by reducing aerodynamic drag. These devices are positioned along the sides of the underbody, in front of the wheels, or behind the wheels, for the purpose of deflecting air flow around the wheels. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,280,990 issued Jan. 25, 1994 to Rinard, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,617 issued Jul. 13, 1999 to Loewen et al. disclosed adjustable fairings or skirts under the two longitudinal sides of a trailer. U.S. Pat. No. 4,262,953 issued Apr. 21, 1981 to McErlane, U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,542 issued Feb. 3, 1987 to FitzGerald et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,992,923 B2 issued Aug. 9, 2011 to Dayton, U.S. Pat. No. 8,276,972 B2 issued Oct. 2, 2012 to Domo et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 8,376,450 B1 issued Feb. 19, 2013 to Long et al. disclosed deflectors or fairings under the trailer in front of the rear wheels. U.S. Pat. No. 7,828,368 B2 issued Nov. 9, 2010 to Ortega et al. disclosed a tapered fairing behind the rear wheels of the tractor of a semi-trailer truck to reduce aerodynamic drag. [0007] For pickup trucks and utility vehicles that have high road clearance, U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,339 issued Oct. 10, 1978 to Heimburger disclosed a deflector panel attached below the front end of the vehicle. Although adjustable, this deflector is not under automatic control. When deployed, it increases the projected frontal area of the vehicle, increasing aerodynamic drag on the vehicle. Additionally, it always deflects airflow more or less downward, exerting lift on the front end of the vehicle and therefore reducing front wheel traction. [0008] For automobiles, U.S. Pat. No. 8,366,178 B2 issued Feb. 5, 2013 to Yamagishi et al. disclosed stubby fixed airfoils oriented vertically under the rear of the vehicle to serve as “rectifying fins” intended to stabilize the flow of air under the vehicle. These fins do not streamline existing structures, but rather constitute additional protruding structures, incurring some additional aerodynamic drag. [0009] Devices have been designed for the undersides of automobiles solely for the purpose of providing downward force on the wheels. U.S. Pat. No. 3,618,998 issued Nov. 9, 1971 to Swauger disclosed an automatically adjustable deflector under the front edge of an automobile. This deflector was narrowly designed for rear-engine automobiles such as the Volkswagen “Bug”, to provide down-force at the very front of the vehicle to improve handling by balancing the weight of the engine in the back, and countering the tendency for aerodynamic forces to lift the front of the vehicle at high speeds. U.S. Pat. No. 5,419,608 issued May 30, 1995 to Takemoto disclosed the positioning of fixed airfoils between the front wheels and between the rear wheels of an automobile. These airfoils were not intended to streamline any existing structures of the automobile; therefore they must be regarded as adding some aerodynamic drag to the vehicle. The effect of the devices disclosed by both Swauger and Takemoto is equivalent to adding weight to the vehicle, always more or less pressing downward on the wheels whenever the vehicle is in motion, thus increasing rolling resistance as well as incurring additional aerodynamic drag. Therefore, they improve safety at the cost of decreasing fuel economy. The preferred embodiments of the present invention rectify the limitations of those devices, improving the fuel economy as well as the safety of vehicles by streamlining existing structures and automatically creating downward force only when needed for stability and traction, but automatically creating lift, and thereby reducing rolling resistance and tire wear, whenever such lift safely contributes to vehicle stability and economy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] One purpose of the present invention is to reduce aerodynamic drag on the undersides of vehicles, thereby improving their efficiency and economy. Another purpose is to increase the safety of vehicles by stabilizing them so that they are less likely to overturn when experiencing cross winds or when turning sharp corners. To further both of these goals, a system of streamlining fairings under a vehicle optimally includes airfoil-shaped fairings that pivot on axles and other elements of the vehicle's suspension system that protrude more or less horizontally into or across the stream of air below the vehicle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a series of three diagrammatic cross sections of an airfoil-shaped fairing (hereinafter denoted simply “airfoil”) on one side of a vehicle adjacent to a wheel, in three situations, illustrating the stabilizing function of the airfoil: (A) the wheel is lightly loaded and the airfoil is in a neutral orientation, exerting no upward or downward force; (B) the vehicle presses down heavily on the wheel causing the airfoil to adjust automatically to provide lift; (C) sideward forces on the vehicle tend to lift the wheel off the surface of the road causing the airfoil to adjust automatically to provide counteracting downward force on the wheel. [0012] FIG. 2 is a detailed cross-section of an airfoil mounted on the axle of a vehicle such as a trailer. [0013] FIG. 3 is a view of the bottom of a trailer from directly below the trailer, with two independently pivoting aerodynamic stabilizers (airfoils) mounted on the two sides of the axle. [0014] FIG. 4 comprises perspective views of sectioned structural elements (other than the axles) of a the suspension system or frame of a vehicle, showing: (A) prior art represented by an I-beam and in inverted U-beam; (B) more streamlined, airfoil-shaped beam; (C) tubular beam on which an airfoil pivots, the preferred embodiment of the current invention applied to such structural elements; (D) prior art beams enclosed in tubular sleeves around which airfoils pivot. DRAWING REFERENCE NUMERALS [0000] 1 aerodynamic stabilizer (airfoil) 2 vehicle axle 3 bushing 4 spring hanger 5 turnbuckle 6 spring 7 vehicle frame 8 wheel 9 tire 10 road 11 flat fairing DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0026] Most vehicles could achieve substantial improvements in aerodynamic efficiency by adding light-weight fairings for the purpose of smoothing the flow of air under the vehicle. Such fairings would be optimized if they were located just beneath the floor of the vehicle and were more or less horizontally flat or slightly curved, and strengthened with shallow creases or corrugations oriented parallel to the direction of movement of the vehicle. However, some elements of the drive train, steering, and suspension systems protrude too far below the floor of the vehicle to be practically covered by such flat fairings. Such protruding elements include cross members; control arms; trailing arms; axle beams, tubes or housings; sway or stabilizer bars; toe links and tie rods. In many vehicles, and especially in trailers, among the most prominent of those elements are the axles. The present invention, in addition to disclosing flat fairings to streamline broad areas of the undersides of vehicles, also discloses airfoil-shaped fairings to streamline protruding elements such as axles. In preferred embodiments of this invention, where practical, these airfoils pivot on the protruding elements, and at least one independently pivoting airfoil is located adjacent to each wheel, so that, in addition to reducing aerodynamic drag on the elements, the airfoils also stabilize the vehicle by adaptively generating downward or upward force on the adjacent wheel, as appropriate to counter any tendency for the wheel to lift off the surface of the roadway or be squashed against the roadway as the vehicle negotiates sharp bends in the road or is buffeted by cross winds. Accordingly, when downward force is not needed for stability, these airfoils are capable of automatically providing lift, reducing rolling resistance and reducing wear on the tires. [0027] FIG. 1 illustrates the stabilizing action of an airfoil 1 mounted on one side of the axle 2 adjacent to a wheel 8 of a vehicle such as a trailer. The three views are diagrammatic cross sections of the airfoil in three situations: (A) the vehicle is lightly loaded and the airfoil is in a neutral orientation, providing a streamlining effect, but exerting no upward or downward force; (B) the vehicle is heavily loaded or this wheel 8 of the vehicle is pressed down by cross winds or by centrifugal force as the vehicle negotiates a tight curve in the road with this wheel 8 on the outside of the turn; in these circumstances the angle of attack of the airfoil adjusts automatically to provide lift, countering the additional load on the wheel and thereby reducing rolling resistance; (C) this wheel of the vehicle tends to lift off the surface of the road due to cross winds or centrifugal force experienced during a tight turn with this wheel on the inside of the turn; in these circumstances the angle of attack is automatically adjusted to exert force downward, countering the tendency for the vehicle to overturn. [0028] FIG. 2 shows a side view cross section of one airfoil 1 mounted on one side of an axle 2 by means of bushing 3 , which minimizes wear and friction as the airfoil pivots around the axle, automatically responding to varying loads on wheel 8 . The airfoil is linked to spring hanger 4 by means of turnbuckle 5 , providing for automatic adjustment of the angle of attack of the airfoil. For clarity of illustration, the turnbuckle is depicted here in front of spring 6 , with the lower end of the turnbuckle connected to the sectioned face of the airfoil; this is a stylistic representation of a more practical and effective embodiment in which the airfoil extends to the outer edge of the spring, and the turnbuckle is attached to the outer edge of the spring hanger 4 and the outer end of the airfoil as shown in FIG. 3 but where it would be largely out of view from the perspective of this figure (looking from under the vehicle outward toward one side of the vehicle). [0029] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2 , the airfoil is largely hollow, to minimize weight. It may be made of a light-weight material such as extruded aluminum. [0030] FIG. 3 shows the underside of a trailer having two airfoils 1 mounted on the two sides of the axle 2 . In this view, both airfoils are in the same (neutral) position, as in FIG. 1A , although they independently pivot. A flat fairing 11 covers frame cross members. [0031] FIG. 4 shows how the present invention may be applied to cross-wise protruding elements of a vehicle's frame or suspension system other than axles and axle tubes. Such elements are commonly not tubular; rather, often they are I-beams or inverted U-beams (A). The aerodynamics of the underside of the vehicle would be markedly improved if these elements were redesigned as rigid airfoil-shaped beams (B). Alternatively, the additional stabilizing advantages of the present invention may be realized if these elements are redesigned as tubular beams around which airfoils pivot (C) or, if design constraints preclude such tubular beams, then the beams of prior art, such as I-beams and U-beams, may be enclosed within cylindrical sleeves around which airfoils pivot (D). [0032] Unlike typical airplane wings, airfoils such as those appropriate for the present invention are designed to produce routinely downward force as well as lift. Therefore, they may have little or no camber, being symmetric or nearly symmetric about the plane passing through the leading and trailing edges, as shown in the above figures. An example of such an airfoil shape is NACA 0012 (Jacobs et al. 1932) used in the wing of the Lockheed C-5 Galaxy aircraft and the rotor blades of helicopters. [0033] To minimize the force required to automatically adjust and maintain the angle of attack, each airfoil preferentially pivots around its aerodynamic center, about ¼ the distance from the leading edge of the airfoil to the trailing edge, approximately as illustrated in the above figures. [0034] Airfoils may be provided with endplates at the lateral ends for the purpose of reducing induced drag caused by wingtip vortices at the lateral ends of the airfoils. [0035] When traveling over bumpy roads, the pivoting airfoils disclosed here have two additional beneficial effects apart from streamlining and stabilizing the vehicle. Because in such conditions, the trailing edges of the airfoils flap up and down continuously, the airfoils effectively provide a sculling effect, somewhat like the propulsive action of an avian wing, transforming into forward propulsion some of the energy that would otherwise be expended in bouncing the vehicle. In doing so, the airfoils dampen some of the bounce, effectively serving as shock absorbers that are more efficient than typical hydraulic shock absorbers, which translate bouncing energy into waste heat rather than propulsion. [0036] Although the figures and description above contain many specific details, these merely provide illustrations and examples of some embodiments of this invention. Various other manifestations, variations, and modifications are possible within its scope. The particular arrangements herein disclosed are meant to be illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which includes any and all applications, variations, modifications and equivalents within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

4y

This is a division of application Ser. No. 07/126,794, filed Dec. 1, 1987, entitled COMMUNICATION AND ENERGY CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HOUSES. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a system for controlling the flow of energy and communications in a house. 2. Description of the Prior Art In the past, energy has been provided to houses in the form of electricity, or has been generated in the house using gas or other fossil fuels as the source of energy. Houses have been wired for electricity and provided with plumbing for gas as if these were the only raw materials upon which the various lighting fixtures and appliances in the house operated. In fact, many appliances are not isolated units, but interconnected systems. Common examples are central heating and air conditioning, and sophisticated security systems. These appliances require more than energy; they need communication networks and distributed sensors. The operation of such appliances has required custom wiring and custom control systems. There has been no common wiring integral to the house and no common communications protocol to provide the desired services to members of the household. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved communication system within a house. Access to receptacles for electricity has been relatively easy and open, resulting in problems with safety for the individuals in the house. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved utility distribution and control system in a house in order to deliver energy to household fixtures and appliances more safely and in more efficient forms. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an automated system for controlling the distribution of different services within a house. The invention includes an appliance coordination data network for communicating relatively low speed digital data within the house, a high capacity data network for transferring high speed digital data within the house, an energy distribution system for supplying energy to appliances throughout the house responsive to data received from the appliance coordination data network, an analog services distributing network for distributing conventional analog signals throughout the house and a video services distributing network for distributing conventional video signals throughout the house. Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more fully apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of the prefered embodiment, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the data communication exchange system of the preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram representing the network interface for the data and energy distribution systems; FIGS. 3A and 3B are wiring diagrams for a system constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a more detailed schematic representation of the network interface illustrated in FIG. 2; FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a ring topology arrangement for a local area network; FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a system constructed according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention in its multiple region configuration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention is intended to improve the safety and efficiency of energy distribution within a house, enhance the communications system and integrate the energy and communication distribution and control facilities within the house. In accordance with the preferred embodiment of the invention, five major systems are provided within a house in order to meet these requirements. These systems include an appliance coordination data network and a high capacity data network, both of which are digital in nature and may share a common digital communication model, which will be discussed below. The other major systems which are provided by the present invention include an energy distribution system, an analog services distribution system and a video services distribution system, all of which will be described hereinbelow. Although each of the above-mentioned systems will be disclosed independently from the others, it should be understood that there is a great deal of functional interaction among the systems, which allows for the sharing of components therebetween in the preferred embodiment. A fundamental requirement of the present invention is that any appliance or controller within the house should be able to exchange data with respect to one another using facilities incorporated in the house. This broad concept is generally illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein there is illustrated a variety of appliances 11 connected to one another through a data exchange 13. The data exchange 13 is a system for allowing data to pass from one appliance to another. As used herein, the term appliance generically includes, but is not limited to, large appliances such as washing machines, dryers and refrigerators; electronic devices such as televisions and radios; and portable appliances such as food processors, hair dryers and the like. The term appliance may also refer to telephones, fixtures such as lights and fans, and switches and sensors for detecting climate conditions such as temperature, humidity and smoke. The term appliance also may include application-specific controllers for controlling heating, ventilating, air conditioning or similar subsystems in a house. The gateway terminal 15, which will be described in greater detail below, is an interface for communicating outside the house, such as via a public telephone network or power lines. As shown in FIG. 1, data exchange 13 is in the form of a local area network wherein messages from a sender such as an appliance 11 are selectively conveyed to a communications link which interconnects all of the appliances and is read by an interface serving each appliance. Each outlet through which an applicance 11 is connected to the communications link is assigned a unique address. The sender includes this address near the beginning of the data message, and the local area network interface for the outlet examines this address for a match. Such an address match will be found only by the interface of the destination outlet. The local area network interface is then enabled to deliver the data destined for the appliance. Communications within a house constructed according to the present invention are carried by two such local area networks. The aforementioned appliance coordination data network interconnects appliances with each other, with switches and sensors, and with controllers. The other local area network is the high capacity data network, which is designed for linking controllers which communicate at speeds of one million bits per second or higher. The local area networks that are provided in the present invention permit data communication between any of the appliances and controllers that are connected and capable of using the networks. These systems along with the other major systems provided by the present invention will now be described in greater detail below. 1. The Data Network for Coordinating Appliances The appliance coordination data network is designed to communicate low speed digital data. It thus provides communication linkages for the aforementioned appliances which includes switches, sensors and controllers. Switches send signals only when activated. Sensors report status data either when interrogated or periodically at a low repeat rate. Appliances using the appliance coordination data network can command each other to operate at appropriate times and conditions. For example, a sensor may detect the presence of a person entering a room and generate a signal which is conveyed through the applicance coordination data network to a light fixture to cause it to be energized. The appliance coordination data network also provides a link to a regional controller for overall coordination and monitoring of the appliance operation. The communication format consists of digital data bits which are transferred in the form of packets of data. As will be explained below, detection techniques such as parity verification and check sums will be included in the data packets. Accordingly, the receiving appliance can then acknowledge to the sending appliance the receipt of a packet without error. If an acknowledgment is not received within a specified period of time, the data packet is retransmitted, and the process is repeated. In one embodiment of the present invention, the local area network consists of a common communications bus with a plurality of appliances and, where appropriate, a regional controller connected thereto. A network interface, which forms part of the data network, is provided in each room of the house for routing and delivering energy and communication services to all appliances and devices located in the room. The network interface 23 contains outlet control type power blocks 73, fixtures type power blocks 120, and switches/sensor type power blocks 118; an appliance controller 75; a network communications controller 61; an analog services controller 93; a high capacity network controller 91, and a video services controller 153 as shown in FIG. 3. In the preferred embodiment, up to twelve simplex outlets, two fixtures, and two sensors can be accommodated by each network interface 23. This represents a total of sixteen power block devices installed in a network interface unit. FIG. 2 illustrates the arrangement of the network interface 23 with respect to a local area network bus 24, a convenience outlet 17, and an appliance 11. The network interface unit 23 should be located in an accessible area of each room or group of rooms of the house. In operation, in the preferred embodiment, any network interface can access the data bus and must be responsible for ensuring that the bus is not currently in use. Thus, the network interface contains means for organizing the use of the bus so that only one data packet occupies the bus at any one time. A number of standard protocols are commercially available for communicating on such a local area network. Alternatively, a token ring type network may be implemented for the communications bus, as is known in the art. The interface between the local area network of the appliance coordination data network and one of the appliances will now be described. As illustrated in FIG. 2, a system constructed according to the present invention contains a convenience outlet 17 which uses a pair of wires 19 to connect the appliance interface 21 contained within the appliance 11 to the network interface 23 for communicating coordination data via the local area network bus 24. The single pair of wires 19 will be used either for transmission or for reception in a half duplex arrangement. The network interface 23 receives data from appliance 11. The data is grouped into packets, which include the addresses of the source and destination appliances, such as sensors or controllers. The data packets are then transmitted to another appliance connected to the same network interface or transmitted to the local area network bus 24 when the bus is free of other data traffic. In a reciprocal fashion, the network interface 23 examines all of the data packets on the bus 24 to determine if any have the address of an outlet connected to it. If so, the data field portion of the packet is sent to the appliance connected to the addressed outlet 17. The appliance coordination data network is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, which illustrates a complete wiring scheme for a typical house according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in these figures, the appliance data distribution system is used in conjunction with an electrical energy distribution system, which will be hereinafter described. Power from an external source is supplied through a standard electric watt hour meter 43 to a transfer switch 45. Also connected to the transfer switch 45 is an auxiliary power generator 47 which generates power in case of an emergency outage. The auxiliary power generator 47 can be of conventional design known in the art. Assume for the present description that power from the external source is being coupled into the system through the transfer swich 45. The power is coupled to a load center 49 and is conveyed to each of a plurality of circuit breakers 51 as illustrated. The circuit breakers can be of various amperage ratings as desired. A series of dedicated appliances 52 are connected to selected circuit breakers for receiving input power. These circuit breakers are in turn controlled by a network interface unit 53 at the service center. The network interface unit 53 includes a plurality of breaker power blocks 55 which are connected to the circuit breakers 51. The outputs of the respective breaker power blocks 55 are controlled by an appliance controller 57, which in turn is controlled by the input received from a network communication controller 59. Data communication lines communicate data between the dedicated appliances 52 and the respective breaker power blocks 55. The information conveyed by the dedicated appliance to the breaker power block 55 is then either utilized by the appliance controller 57 to control the power to other appliances or is applied to the network communication controller 59 for conveyance to network communications controllers 61 located in specific rooms within the house. In turn, information received by the network communication controller 59 is utilized to control power flow to the dedicated appliances 52 by appropriately controlling the corresponding circuit breaker 51. A power center 64 is provided having a 12 volt supply with a battery, and in one embodiment of the invention, also a 48 volt DC supply. These supplies convert AC power into DC power for utilization by appropriate appliances within the house. In the case of the 12 volt supply 63, a rechargable battery system is provided for temporary power in case of emergency. Electrical energy in the form of 120 volts AC, 12 volts DC and 48 volts DC is provided on at least four feeder cables 67 to network interface units 23 located in various rooms or groups of rooms within a house. Each room network interface 23 is illustrated in enlarged form by the block 71 and has a plurality of power blocks. Each outlet control type power block 73 is connected to a simplex outlet 16. The outlet is capable of being connected to an associated appliance as illustrated. As aforementioned, each appliance has an appliance interface for generating data signals indicating the power desired. It is only when the appliance interface generates the appropriate signal that power is coupled to the outlet connected to the associated appliance. Fixture type and switch/sensor type power blocks 120, 118, respectively are also connected to fixtures and switches or sensors as illustrated. Power flow through the power blocks is controlled by an appliance controller 75 which in turn is controlled by a network communication controller 61. Thus, the appliances, fixtures and switches or sensors connected to the respective power blocks can provide signals for controlling energy flow to an associated appliance in the room or in some other room within the house. Control of power blocks within other rooms of the house is conveyed by the communication controller 61. Each of the outlet control type power blocks 73 and fixture type 120 are capable of performing electrical switching and monitoring for electric and gas power to appliances and or devices. Each of the power blocks is capable of bidirectional communication through two ports. The first port links the communications between the power block and the appliance, and the second port links the power blocks either to other power blocks or to different network interface units. The number of power blocks in any given network interface unit 23 in a particular room or group of rooms depends upon the overall size of the room and the number of appliances which are expected to be operated therein. The network interface unit 23 shown as block 71 contains 16 power block devices. Each power block unit is energized by the 12 volt DC supply from the electrical energy distribution system. In the illustrated embodiment a transfer power block 56 is provided to monitor an electric watt hour meter 43 and is capable of reporting the cumulative power usage that is provided therethrough. Transfer power block 56 will control transfer switch 45, which is connected to an auxiliary power generator 47 in case of an emergency outage, in which case it receives a power usage signal from said watt-hour meter indicating power is out. A further function of the dedicated appliance breaker power blocks 55 is to control the state of the circuit breakers 51 which are connected to the 120/240 VAC dedicated appliances 52. These breaker power blocks 55 will communicate with the appliances 52 via control signal and status signal lines and transfer any information to other appliances or devices via one of the digital data communication networks provided in the present invention. As mentioned previously, all power blocks located within one network interface unit are connected together by a common communication signal bus 157. As shown schematically in FIG. 4, the communication signal bus system 157 is connected to an appliance controller unit 75, which coordinates all of the communications between the power blocks 73 and any communications to power blocks in other network interface units. In order for communications signals to be sent from one network interface 71 to another, a network communications controller 61 is provided. The network communications controller 61 positioned within each network interface is connected to the appliance controller 75 and to the appliance data communications cable 28, which is routed to all network interface units throughout the house. The data distribution cable 35 is preferably composed of three shielded twisted pairs of number 26 AWG solid copper wire. Only one wire pair is used for the appliance coordination data communications local area network. The other two wire pairs are used by the high capacity data network, which will be later described. The single wire pair from the data distribution cable 35 which is used for the appliance coordination data communication network is connected to the output of the network communication controller device 61 in the room network interface unit 71 and is routed to the network patch panel 81 located in wire closet 83. The network patch panel device 81 is similar to a conventional telephone device used to distribute or interconnect telephone lines in a building. This unit provides for the necessary interconnections to form the two data communication local area networks, namely, the appliance coordination data network and the high capacity data network. The data distribution cable 35 is routed along with the power feeder cable 67 to each of the room network interface units 71. A single wire pair in the cable is then routed to the input of the network communications controller unit 61 located within the room network interface unit 71. The network communications controller unit 61 provides for data communications from one network interface to another within the house. The appliance controller 75 provides the coordination of data communications to and any communications to another network interfaces via the network communications controller unit 61. 2. The High Capacity Data Network System The high capacity data network system is intended to transfer high speed digital data, primarily between controllers, including the specialized controllers and the regional controller discussed above. Data may also be exchanged between the house and a data base outside, such as a town library or a commercial service. In the preferred embodiment, the high capacity data network is structured as a local area network that is designed to transmit high volumes of data at a rate that is preferably 1 million bits per second or higher. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the local area network of the high capacity data network is preferably arranged as a token ring. In this arrangement, data packets are relayed from the regional controller from one network interface to another. The data may originate in the regional controller, or in an appliance connected to a network interface, or in a telephone gateway 85 connected to a data network gateway 87. As shown in FIGS. 3A, and 3B the components required for this system are located in two areas of the house: the wire closet and the individual rooms of the house. The components located in the wire closet 83 consist of a telephone gateway 85, the high capacity data network gateway 87 and the network patch panel 81. As has been previously discussed, appliance data distribution cable 35 includes both the appliance coordination data network and the high capacity data network. As was also described above, there are three pairs of wires in the data distribution cable 35. Two pairs of wires in this cable support the high capacity data network, while the remaining pair is dedicated to the appliance control system. The high capacity data network gateway 87 is connected to the network patch panel unit 81 by two pairs of wires to deliver data from the telephone gateway 85 to the high capacity data network. This link will be used when high quantities of high speed digital data enter the house via the telephone gateway. The data distribution cable 35 is routed to the network interface unit 71 provided in each room or group of rooms in the house. The two pairs of wires for the high capacity data network system are connected to the inputs of the high capacity data controller 91 located within the network interface unit. The outputs of the high capacity data controller 91 are connected to the analog services controller unit 93 located within the network interface unit. As will be discussed hereinbelow in regard to the analog services distribution system, there is a matrix switch unit provided for each convenience outlet within the analog services controller unit 93. The four unused input lines of the switch units are connected to the outputs of the high capacity data network control unit 91. The four output lines of each of the matrix switch units are routed to the simplex outlet 76 via an analog services portion of the outlet cable. The analog services controller 93 can connect these four lines either to the analog services distribution bus 141 or to the high capacity data network controller 91. The analog services controller 93 is operated via commands contained in the control message produced by the appliance 11. The control message is sent by the appliance to the associated power block. There the commands to access the high capacity data network are extracted and routed to the analog services controller. Thus, the high capacity data network gateway 87 provides an electronic interface between the telephone gateway and the two data communications local area networks in the house. When digital data is available from telephone lines, gateway 85 will provide the linkage from the telephone network to the two data networks of the house. Low speed data and control data will be routed to the appliance coordination data network, while high speed data will be routed to the high capacity data network. The high capacity data controller 91 receives data directly from an appliance and prepares the data to be transmitted on the high capacity data local area network. Data controller 91 also receives data from the high capacity data local area network and extracts the data for transfer to the individual appliance. The two local area networks of the present invention permit data communications among any of the appliances and controllers that are connected to and capable of using the networks. However, when applying the present invention within buildings that contain multiple units, such as condominium units, the concept of unlimited access among appliances and controllers needs to be modified somewhat. For this purpose, the concept of a "region" is introduced. The two local area networks for data communications in the present invention constitute a single "region". Thus, each unit in a multi-unit building will constitute a separate "region". A limited degree of connection among regions is desirable in such an environment to accommodate necessary data exchanges among units. For example, data from individual apartment sensors might need to be routed to a common heating or cooling plant. Such a multiple region configuration of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 6. As shown in FIG. 6, a number of regions 101 are connected through a transfer network 103 via bridges 105. These interconnection mechanisms are transparent to appliances, sensors and controllers. Data can be routed between any appliance or in any region. However, the bridges 105 may be programmed to act as sentries to limit access to a region for security and privacy. Each region 101 may contain specialized controllers and a regional controller 107. Each of the regional controllers 107 shown in FIG. 6 corresponds to the house controller previously discussed. A regional controller 107 will provide services applicable to an entire region, such as monitoring appliance activity and maintaining a map of appliance location according to outlet address. 3. The Energy Distribution System Enhanced safety in energy distribution is a key requirement of the present invention. A major change from prior art energy distribution systems is proposed in the distribution of electricity and gas to reduce significantly the possibility of accidental contact with dangerous energy levels. Accordingly, high levels of energy will be supplied in a house according to the present invention only when requested by properly operating appliances. Another energy related innovation of the present invention is the availability of energy in new forms. These types of energy have in fact been used by prior art appliances but a conversion of energy was required inside the appliance from traditional 120 VAC. Because of the availability of different types of electrical energy in a house constructed according to the present invention, potential cost savings will be available to appliance manufacturers and homeowners. The present invention further includes a closed loop energy distribution system by which energy is delivered only to valid appliances from an outlet. According to the present invention, all electricity and gas outlets in a house are unenergized until an appliance is connected and requests energy using a standard protocol defined for that appliance. The present invention further provides for controlled energy flow to a particular appliance. When an appliance requests energy, it specifies a minimum and maximum rate of flow for electric current or of gas. The flow rate rarely will be allowed to reach the maximum available from conventional outlets because most appliances in a house never consume energy at this maximum rate. In addition, as energy is delivered to an appliance, the flow thereof is monitored by the present invention. Each outlet is supervised individually from control points located throughout the house. The energy flow is cut-off if the rate is outside the range needed by the appliance. Also, the voltages among the electric power conductors are monitored to ensure nominal operation. Ground fault circuit interruption is included in all circuits. Energy flow monitoring can be augmented by the appliance. Provision has also been made for the appliance to signal to the control unit to stop energy flow immediately if the appliance senses an emergency, such as a thermal overload. The use of 240 VAC power is limited to selected fixed location appliances connected to dedicated circuits. The 48 VDC power may be provided to take advantage of the growing use of DC motors and appliances. This form of power allows for greater versatility in speed control, and for lower noise. Most types of electronic devices work on DC voltage, and DC power at this voltage is safer than conventional 120 VAC power. The 12 VDC power supply is used primarily to power the control electronics of the present invention. Available current is limited near the point of consumption, and the power delivered from an uninterruptible power source is designed to continue operation after a power failure. Because of the current limitation and the low voltage, this source offers higher safety and has lower fire risks than conventional 120 VAC power. The 12 VDC supply is backed up by batteries to form an uninterruptable power source, which may be termed the "UPS supply". These batteries will be continually recharged from the AC main supply or from photovoltaic cells. A maximum of 20 watts is to be drawn from the 12 VDC supply when operated in backup mode. The standby power from the UPS is used to maintain memory in the electronic components of the present invention during a power failure. Also, this power is used to assure an orderly shutdown and restart of the systems of the present invention, especially the closed loop energy control, since those systems involve human safety. An innovative gas distribution system is also included in the present invention. The goal is to make gas available throughout a house, using a branch distribution scheme similar to that used for electricity. This piping will be routed to locations appropriate for cooking, room heating, space heating and cooling and stationary gas appliances. Gas outlets will be provided in the walls of the house. Gas is supplied to these outlets only when requested by a gas appliance. The appliance requests gas via an electronic signal sent to an electrically actuated gas flow control unit located near the outlet. FIG. 3 also illustrates the energy distribution system of the present invention. The energy distribution system elements in FIG. 3 are located in two areas of the house: the service center and in the individual rooms of the house. The electrical service entrance connections from the utility company are attached conventionally to an electric watt hour meter 43. The electric service (240 VAC, 60 Hz, single phase) is routed through the electric meter 43 and connected to an input of the transfer switch 45. The output of the transfer switch is connected to the input of the load center equipment 49. However, the optional transfer switch 45 may be omitted, with the service from the meter 43 being routed directly to the input of the load center equipment 49. The electric watt hour meter 43 contains a communications output connection as above-described which passes a control message to the appliance coordination data network accessed via a network interface 53 to monitor power usage in the house. A second input of the transfer switch 45 is connected to the output of an auxiliary power generator 47 for a secondary source of 120/240 VAC if required. The transfer switch 45 is normally a manually operated device, but contains a connection for external control which allows automatic operation when used with the appliance coordination data network. The load center power components consist of the circuit breakers 51, the power center 64 and the power feeder cables 67. The load center panel 49 contains the required circuit breakers for limiting the loads to the various dedicated appliances, power feeder cables, and power supplies. The power center 64 contains two DC power supplies 63 and 65 and the power feeder cables 67 contain the interconnection wires needed to provide electrical power distribution throughout the house. In the load center 49, the electric service from the output of the transfer switch 45 is connected to the input of the load center, which is typically a 200 ampere main circuit breaker 48. This breaker is used as the main disconnect switch to remove all power from the system. Breaker 48 will be operated manually. The remaining breakers in the load center are divided into four categories: breakers 95 for the 240 VAC dedicated appliances, breakers 97 for the 120 VAC dedicated appliances, breakers 99 for the 120 VAC power feeder cables and breakers 100 for the DC power supplies. The 240 VAC dedicated appliance section contains four 240 VAC circuit breakers 95 which are operated by a remote control input. The remote control input will be utilized to operate these special circuit breakers by controlling the open/closed state and the resulting availability of power to the attached appliances. These breakers will supply electric power to fixed location appliances that operate on 240 VAC at high currents, such as the clothes dryer and range. The 120 VAC dedicated appliance section contains four 120 VAC circuit breakers with remote control inputs. The remote control input will be utilized to operate these special circuit breakers by controlling the open/closed state and the resulting availability of power to the attached appliances. These breakers will supply electric power to fixed location appliances that operate on 120 VAC at high currents, such as the furnace, dishwasher, and refrigerator. The 120 VAC power feeder section contains four 120 VAC circuit breakers with remote signal outputs. The output signals will be used to report the status of the breaker via the appliance coordination data network. These breakers supply 120 VAC electric power to the network interface units in each room of a house constructed according to the present invention. The load center contains two 120 VAC circuit breakers for the DC power center: a 20 AMP circuit breaker for the 12 VDC "UPS" supply and one 30 AMP circuit breaker for the 48 VDC "utility" supply. These breakers both generate remote signal outputs to be used to report status via the The 12 VDC supply 63 contains a battery which will maintain DC power during a loss of main AC power, hence the name "uninterruptable power source". The output of the supply is routed along with the outputs of the power feeder circuit breakers to the power feeder cable 67. The output of the 48 volt DC supply 65 is routed to the input of the DC transfer switch 66. The other input of the DC transfer switch is connected to the output of an auxiliary power generator 68 for an optional secondary source of 48 VDC. The output of the DC transfer switch is combined with the output of each power feeder circuit breaker 99 and the 12 VDC supply 63. This combination of 120 VAC, 48 VDC, and 12 VDC "UPS" electrical power is conveyed through the power feeder cable 67 to be routed to the network interface unit 71 in each room or group of rooms in the house. The electrical power for each room in the house is routed via the power feeder cable 67 from the load center 49 and is connected to the input of each network interface unit 71. The electrical distribution system for an average size house will consist of four power feeder cables, each capable of supporting two network interface units. Each network interface 71 routes the power (AC and DC) internally to outlet control type power blocks 73 and fixture type power blocks 120. The outlet control type power blocks 73 and fixture type power blocks 120 then deliver the appropriate power (120 VAC or 48 VDC) to each outlet 76 via an outlet cable. The outlet control type power block 73 will receive an analog and a digital communication signal from an appliance interface 21 contained within each appliance. Electric power will be provided to an appliance only when the proper power desired signals have been received by the outlet control type power block 73. A maximum of twelve such outlet control type power blocks 73 can be accommodated within a network interface unit. The switch/sensor type power block 118 is the only one of the power blocks which does not require connection to either 120 VAC or 48 VDC; only 12 VDC power is required since this type of power typical for the operation of switches and sensors. Switch/sensor type power block 118 receives analog and digital communication signals from a device such as a switch, sensor or control panel, but does not control any output power. A network interface can accommodate two of the switch/sensor type power blocks 118. The fixture control type power block 120 will not receive a communication signal from a fixture device. Instead, the power to the fixture may be controlled by a digital signal from a switch/sensor type power block 118 for remote control of the fixture by a switch or sensor. The signal is communicated within the network interface over a common bus to which all power blocks are connected, as is discussed hereinbelow. A maximum of two such fixture power blocks 120 can be accommodated within a network interface unit. Each of the three types of power blocks in a network interface 23 has a digital connection point which allows bi-directional communications with each other over a common communication bus 157. This communication bus 157 is internal to the network interface and is managed by the appliance controller 75. When operated in conjunction with the appliance coordination data network, routing of the signals and messages to other network interface units will be made possible. The electrical power and communication signals (analog and digital) from each outlet control type power block 73 are routed from the network interface unit to each simplex receptacle 76 via an outlet cable. In the preferred embodiment, an outlet cable consists of thirteen wires, including three wires for power (VAC or VDC) and ground, five wires for communications, and five wires for analog services. The electric power from each installed fixture type power block 120 is routed from the network interface unit to each installed fixture via a fixture cable. This cable in the preferred embodiment consists of two conductors for power plus a ground wire. The communication signals (analog and digital) from each switch/sensor type power block 118 are routed from the network interface unit to each switch or sensor location via a switch/sensor cable. This cable preferably consists of five wires for communications and 12 VDC power. 4. The Analog Services Distribution System The analog distribution system provides services that are delivered via analog signals which are available at outlets throughout the house. This system is intended to accommodate existing appliances with no changes. Thus, a conventional telephone will be able to be plugged into an outlet through a passive adapter that accepts a conventional telephone plug on one side and has a plug compatible with the present invention on the other side. Examples of the type of analog services that will be available in a house constructed according to the present invention are telephone service, voice intercom service, intercom signaling such as a door bell or a door buzzer and a stereo system that can provide background music. According to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a maximum of two of the above listed analog services will be available at any one outlet. FIG. 3 illustrates the analog services distribution system within the complete wiring scheme for a typical house constructed according to the present invention. The analog services distribution is used in conjunction with two previously mentioned systems (the energy distribution system and the appliance coordination data network), which are routed to the network interface units 71 located in a room or group of rooms of the house. The analog services distribution system components located in the wire closet 83 of the service center consists of the telephone gateway 85, the data network gateway 87, a music headend 137, an intercom headend 139, and a distribution cable 141. Two pairs of wires from the telephone service entrance are connected to the telephone gateway 85, which is located in the wire closet 83. More than two pairs of wires may be connected if more than two telephone numbers are needed within the house. In addition to the telephone gateway equipment 85, the music headend equipment 137 and the intercom headend equipment 139 are provided in order to transmit music or voice messages throughout the house. The music headend equipment 137 provides any amplifiers or other equipment necessary to transmit the music throughout the house. The intercom headend likewise provides for any amplifiers that are necessary to transmit the intercom signals throughout the house. The present invention further provides for a common mounting location for all of the analog service headend equipment. The output of the telephone gateway 85 is routed to two locations within the wire closet 83, the data network gateway 87, and the analog service patch panel 135. The data network gateway device will allow telephone access to the two data communications networks within the house. The telephone gateway output which is routed to the patch panel is combined with the outputs of the music and intercom headend equipment outputs to form the analog services feeder cable 141 in the analog services patch panel. The feeder cables 141 are then combined with the previously mentioned distribution systems cables and are routed to all room network interface units as is above-described. Of course, the different signals may be multiplexed and combined within a smaller number of wires as is known in the art. The consolidated feeder cable including the cables 141 is routed to each network interface unit that is located within the various rooms in the house. The analog service cable is then connected to the input of the analog services controller unit 93. The analog services controller 93 distributes the signals to the individual outlets via the analog services portion 141 of the outlet cable. The analog services controller unit 93 preferably consists of a number of matrix switch devices, which are connected in parallel to the eight paired input wires. The unused input lines of the matrix switch unit are used by the high capacity data network, as is above-described. The four output lines of each of the matrix switch devices are routed to each simplex outlet via the analog services portion 141 of the outlet cable. The analog services controller unit is also connected to the common communication bus system, as are the power blocks located within the network interface unit. An appliance may inform the analog services controller unit via the appropriate power block which service lines it is requesting for service connections. Thus, the telephone service entrance provides an interface between the telephone utility wires and the internal wires of the house. This unit is typically mounted in a convenient location inside or outside the house and preferably contains lightening arresters and/or ground connections. The telephone gateway 85 is located in the wire closet of the service center and provides a link to public communication systems for access voice and data for use within the house. This unit is designed to accommodate existing data transmission technology and will interface to digital telephone systems in the future. 5. The Video Services Distribution System The video services distribution system accommodates television signals received from an antenna, from CATV and from a satellite. In addition, services are provided to distribute video signals which are originated from within the house, such as from a VCR. The video distribution system is a two-way system. Any outlet equipped for video can receive all channels of video, or a source such as a video cassette recorder can insert a signal for distribution to other video outlets. Data within the energy control message selects the direction of the video signal at an outlet. FIG. 3 illustrates the video services distribution system within the context of a complete wiring scheme for a typical house. The video services distribution system operates in conjunction with the energy distribution system, the appliance coordination data network, and the analog services distribution system. These services are routed from the service center via four feeder cables 67 to the network interface units 23 in each room of the house. The service entrance equipment for the video services distribution system consists of the individual wires or cables that are connected to the external video services that are supplied to the house. These external services include an antenna mounted in or near the house, a cable TV input and/or input from an external satellite reception dish. All of the television service entrance cables and wires are routed to the input of the video headend equipment 149 located in or near the wire closet in the service center. The equipment consists of video splitters, combiners, and amplifiers necessary to distribute all of the signals throughout the house. All of the service entrance input signals are routed to the input of a six-way combiner unit that is located within the video headend equipment 149. The output of the combiner unit is then routed through an amplifier and then to a four-way splitter unit within the headend equipment 149 which constitutes one-half of the video distribution cables 151 that transmit these signals throughout the house. The video signals from internal sources such as VCRs, cameras, and other video sources located within the house are routed via a cable that is separate from the one carrying the signals to outlets. These two cables, one of which is dedicated for transmission and the other for reception, comprise the video distribution cable 151 which is routed along with the other feeder cables mentioned above to all rooms in the house. The internal video signal cables form the feeder cables which are routed to a four-way combiner unit within the headend equipment. The output of this unit is then routed through an amplifier and then to one of the inputs of the service entrance combiner unit. The video distribution cables 151 are routed along with the other distribution cables to each room network interface unit 71. The distribution cable is then connected to the input of the video services controller unit 153, which distributes the signals to the individual outlets. The video services controller unit 153 consists of a 12-way splitter unit and a 12-way combiner unit, along with 12 two-way switch units. Each switch is a single pole, triple throw device with a center off position. The transmit portion of the video distribution cable from the feeder is routed to the input of the 12-way splitter unit. The reception portion of the video distribution cable from the feeder is routed to the output of the 12-way combiner unit. One output from the splitter unit and one input from the combiner unit is routed to one of the two-way switch units. Each switch unit allows for the selection of an output signal or an input signal. The output of each switch unit is then routed to each simplex outlet via a single coax cable which is separate from the simplex outlet cable. The switches in the video control unit 153 are operated by commands contained in the control message sent by the appliance to the supervising power block. The power block interprets the control message and routes the video commands to the video controller. The services are operated accordingly so that the video system can perform as desired. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but rather is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a telephone apparatus which includes a plurality of extension telephone sets capable of making an extension-to-extension telephone call and also to a telephone calling method for a telephone apparatus of the type mentioned. 2. Description of the Prior Art Telephone apparatus which include a plurality of extension telephone sets capable of making an extension-to-extension telephone call such as, for example, cordless telephone systems is already known and in practical use. In a telephone apparatus of such type, when a base unit is to be rung from a portable unit or reversely when a portable unit is to be rung from the base unit, an intercommunication ringing signal is transmitted on radio waves from the calling side, and an audible ringing signal generating circuit is activated on the called side in response to reception of the radio waves to develop an audible ringing signal such as a buzzer sound or an audible dial tone to give information of such telephone call. In telephone apparatus which include a plurality of extension telephone sets capable of making an extension-to-extension telephone call including such cordless telephone sets as described above, it is a common practice to call a called telephone set using an audible ringing signal such as a buzzer sound or an audible dial tone as described above. Accordingly, with conventional telephone apparatus, even if a telephone call is had, it cannot be discriminated to whom the telephone call is directed, and therefore, a person nearest to the rung telephone set is obliged to take and relay the telephone to a person called by the telephone call. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a telephone calling method and a telephone apparatus wherein, when a telephone call is had, no relay of such telephone call is required. In order to attain the object, according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a telephone calling method for a telephone apparatus which includes a plurality of extension telephone sets capable of making an extension-to-extension telephone call, which comprises the steps of developing an audible ringing signal which sounds intermittently after each predetermined silent period, and calling a called person by voice during each such silent period. Otherwise, a called person may be called only by voice without development of an audible ringing signal. According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a telephone apparatus which comprises a plurality of extension telephone sets, means provided in each of the telephone sets for receiving a telephone call and a called person signal representative of a called person to whom the telephone call is directed, means provided in each of the telephone sets for transferring a received telephone call and a corresponding called person signal to another one of the telephone sets, and means provided in each of the telephone sets for developing voices in accordance with a received called person signal to call a called person of a telephone call. With the telephone calling method and the telephone apparatus, since a called person is called by voice from a telephone set to which the telephone call is directed, it can be directly known, on the called telephone set side, to whom the telephone call is directed. Accordingly, such cumbersome operation that a person nearest to the rung telephone set is obliged to take and relay the telephone to a person called by the telephone call is unnecessary, and and such person can be called up directly to the telephone set. The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like parts or elements are denoted by like reference characters. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a base unit of a cordless telephone system base unit to which the present invention is applied: FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a portable unit of the cordless telephone system; and FIGS. 3a and 3b are diagrammatic representations illustrating different manners of calling by voice in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, there are shown a base unit and a portable unit, respectively, of a cordless party telephone apparatus to which the present invention is applied. Referring first to FIG. 1, the base unit shown includes a dialer circuit 1 which may include a plurality of push-buttons not shown as in a conventional telephone set, a speech circuit 2, a cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 3, an antenna 4, a voice signal amplifier 5, an audible ringing signal generating circuit 6, a loudspeaker 7, a voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 in which an IC (integrated circuit) memory (not shown) is built in, a handset 11 having a transmitter 12 and a receiver 13, an off-hook detecting circuit 9 for detecting that the handset 11 has been picked up, a DTMF signal detector circuit 10 for receiving a push tone formed from a multi-frequency signal, a controlling circuit 14 which may be a microcomputer or the like, a holding button 15, and an intercommunication call button 16. A line wire or main wire is connected to the parent set of FIG. 1, and the base unit thus serves as a relay transmitter. Referring now to FIG. 2, the portable unit shown of the cordless telephone system includes a cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 21, an antenna 22, a transmitter 23, a receiver 24, a push-button device 25 for dialing, an intercommunication call button 26, a holding button 27, a controlling circuit 28 which may be a microcomputer or the like, a voice signal amplifier 29, an audible ringing signal generating circuit 30, and a loudspeaker 31. Such portable unit is prepared by one or by a suitable plural number in accordance with the specifications of the telephone apparatus. Now, various calling methods using the cordless party telephone apparatus of the construction described above will be described. (1) Intercommunication Calling of Base Unit from Portable Unit When the intercommunication call button 26 of the portable unit is depressed, the controlling circuit 28 transmits an intercommunication calling signal on radio waves by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 21 and the antenna 22. The base unit will receive the radio waves by way of the antenna 4 and transmit the received signal by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 3 and the speech circuit 2 to the controlling circuit 14, at which the received signal is decoded. When it is decoded and determined that the received signal is an intercommunication calling signal, the controlling circuit 14 activates the audible ringing signal generating circuit 6 so that an audible ringing signal such as a buzzer sound or an audible dial tone is outputted by way of the loudspeaker 7 to give information that it is an intercommunication telephone call. In accordance with the present invention, calling by voice is performed simultaneously with ringing by such audible ringing signal. In particular, the silent period of the audible ringing signal is set a little longer (for example, 3 to 4 seconds or so) than that of an ordinary audible ringing signal as illustrated in FIG. 3a, and during such silent period of the audible ringing signal, a calling person of the portable unit may call, toward the transmitter 23, a name of the other party the calling person wants to call, like "Mr. XX! Mr. XX!". The voice signal produced in such a manner as described above is transmitted to the base unit by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 21 and the antenna 22. In the base unit, the voice signal is received by way of the antenna 4 and sent by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 3 and the speech circuit 2 to the voice signal amplifier 5, at which the voice signal is amplified. The thus amplified voice signal is broadcast by way of the loudspeaker 7. Accordingly, on the base unit side which has been rung over the extension line, a name of a called person is broadcast by voice between ring tones which are developed intermittently as seen from FIG. 3a. Consequently, it can be known directly who is called by the telephone call. If the person whose name has been called picks up the handset 11 and answers the telephone, then this is detected by the off-hook detecting circuit 9. Consequently, the controlling circuit 14 stops the audible ringing signal of the audible ringing signal generating circuit 6, turns the voice signal amplifier 5 off and puts the base unit into a communicating condition. As a result, the base unit and the portable unit are connected to each other and a telephone communication can be performed. It is to be noted that such a silent period of an audible ringing signal can be discriminated by a ring-back tone sent back to the calling side. (2) Another Example of Intercommunication Calling of Base Unit from Portable Unit In place of the method (1) described above, the following intercommunication calling can be performed making use of the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 in the base unit. In particular, a list of called persons are registered as voice data in advance in the IC memory of the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 in the base unit, and after the intercommunication call button 26 of the portable unit is depressed, the push-button device 25 will be operated to transmit an ID code to the base unit. The base unit thus reads out voice data of a called person corresponding to the received ID code from the IC memory and broadcasts a name of the called person corresponding to the voice data by way of the loudspeaker 7 during a silent period of the audible ringing signal. (3) Intercommunication Ringing of Portable Unit from Base Unit If the intercommunication call button 16 of the base unit is operated to call the portable unit, then the controlling circuit 14 sends to the portable unit an intercommunication calling signal on radio waves by way of the speech circuit 2, cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 3 and antenna 4. The portable unit will receive the radio waves by way of the antenna 22 and sends the received signal by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 21 to the controlling circuit 28, at which the received signal is decoded. If the portable unit determines that the received signal is a calling signal for the portable unit itself, then the controlling circuit 28 activates the audible ringing signal generating circuit 30 and outputs an audible ringing signal such as a buzzer sound or an audible dial tone by way of the loudspeaker 31 to give information that the portable unit is being called. Upon such calling, the calling person of the base unit will call, towards the transmitter 12 during a silent period of the audible ringing signal, a name of the other party to whom the calling person wants to call. Such voice signal is transmitted to the portable unit by way of the speech circuit 2, cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 3 and antenna 4. In the portable unit, the voice signal is received by way of the antenna 22 and sent by way of the cordless transmitter/receiver circuit 21 to the voice signal amplifier 29, at which the voice signal is amplified. The amplified voice signal is broadcast from the loudspeaker 31. Accordingly, on the portable unit side, a name of a called person is broadcast by voice during a silent period of an audible ringing signal, and consequently, it can be discriminated who is called by the telephone call. (4) Transfer of Outside Telephone Call Received at Portable Unit to Base Unit The holding button 27 of the portable unit will first be depressed to put the outside telephone call in a holding condition, and then the intercommunication call button 26 will be depressed. Next, calling of a name of a designated called person by voice should be performed to the base unit in a similar manner as in the method of (1) or (2) described hereinabove. (5) Another Example of Transfer of Outside Telephone Call Received at Portable Unit to Base Unit In place of the method of (4) described above, such calling by voice as described below can be performed making use of the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 in the base unit. In particular, the holding button 27 of the portable unit will be depressed to put the outside telephone call into a holding condition, and then the intercommunication call button 26 will be depressed to ring the base unit. Then, a name of a called person to whom the outside telephone call is to be transferred will be called by way of the transmitter 23 of the portable unit and transmitted to the base unit. The base unit stores the name of the called person transmitted thereto from the portable unit once into the IC memory in the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8. Then, the push-button device 25 of the portable unit will be operated to transmit a predetermined command code to the base unit to activate the audible ringing signal generating circuit 6 of the base unit. Consequently, an audible ringing signal is produced from the loudspeaker 7, and during a silent period of such audible ringing signal, the name of the called person stored in the IC card is recalled from the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 and broadcast from the loudspeaker 7. According to the present method, since calling processing by voice can be performed by control of the controlling circuit 14 of the base unit, a calling person on the portable unit side can perform calling by voice without taking any care of a silent period of an audible ringing signal. (6) Transfer of Outside Telephone Call Received at Base Unit to Portable Unit The holding button 15 of the base unit will be depressed to put the outside telephone call into a holding condition, and then the intercommunication call button 16 will be depressed to ring the portable unit. Then, calling by voice of the portable unit is performed in a similar manner as in the method of (3) described hereinabove, and when the portable unit answers, the outside telephone call in the holding condition is transferred to the portable unit. (7) Transfer of Outside Telephone Call between Portable Units Where the telephone apparatus includes a plurality of portable units, an outside telephone call received at one of the portable units can be transferred to another one of the portable units in the following manner by calling by voice. In particular, the holding button 27 of one of the portable units at which an outside telephone call has been received will be depressed to put the portable unit into a holding condition, and then a second portable unit to which the outside telephone call is to be transferred is rung. Such ringing signal is received once by the base unit. Then, the calling person of the first portable unit transmits a name of a called person to which the outside telephone call is to be transferred to the base unit in a similar manner as in the method of (5) described hereinabove. The transmitted name of the called person is stored once into the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 in the base unit. The base unit then transmits a ringing signal to the second portable unit of the transfer destination in accordance with the calling signal for the second portable unit transmitted thereto from the first portable unit of the calling side. Further, the base unit recalls the name of the called person from the IC memory in the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 and transmits the same to the second portable unit during a silent period of the ringing signal. Consequently, the second portable unit of the transfer destination performs calling of the called person by voice between ring tones. Then, if the called person depresses the intercommunication call button 26 of the second portable unit of the transfer destination to answer the outside telephone call, then the portable unit connects the outside telephone call in the holding condition to the answering second portable unit, thereby completing the transfer operation. (8) Calling of Extension Telephone Set by Voice from Outside Telephone Set Where the base unit includes such DTMF signal detector circuit 10 as described hereinabove, calling by voice of an extension telephone set can be performed from an outside telephone set. In particular, a list of ID codes and corresponding called persons are stored in advance in the IC memory in the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8 of the base unit, and after a telephone call is received at the base unit from an outside telephone set, the push-buttons of the outside telephone set will be operated to transmit a desired ID code. The base unit receives such ID code at the DTMF signal detector circuit 10 and decodes it at the controlling circuit 14, and then reads out voice data of a particular called person corresponding to the received ID code from the IC memory in the voice synthesizing recording and reproducing circuit 8. Then, the audible ringing signal generating circuit 6 is activated to develop an audible ringing signal such as a buzzer sound or an audible dial tone, and during a silent period of the audible ringing signal, the name of the called person is broadcast from the loudspeaker 7 by way of the voice signal amplifier 5. In this manner, a particular called person can be called by voice from an outside telephone set. While the foregoing methods are described in connection with a cordless telephone apparatus, the present invention can be applied not only to a cordless telephone apparatus but also to a wire telephone apparatus in a similar manner only if it includes a plurality of extension telephone sets. Further, while calling by voice is performed, in the foregoing embodiments, during a silent period of an audible ringing signal which sounds intermittently, only a name of a called person may otherwise be called by voice without using any audible ringing signal, as seen from FIG. 3b. Having now fully described the invention, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth herein.

4y

This application claims the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 60/366,829 filed Mar. 22, 2002. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to managing freezer operations as a function of off-peak energy demand periods. A freezer typically includes a thermally insulated compartment that maintains subfreezing air. Some freezers are attached to a refrigerator while other freezers are freestanding. Many freezers permit a consumer to set an internal air temperature of the freezer to between −20 degrees and 20 degrees Fahrenheit (F.) (−29 degrees to −7 degrees Celsius (C.)). To rapidly freeze and store food items and to save energy, most consumers maintain the freezer air temperature at around zero degrees F. (−18 degrees C.). In contrast to a refrigerator, a freezer typically has only one energy-using device: a compressor. A thermomechanic device such as a thermostat typically controls the on/off operations of the compressor to create and maintain subfreezing air. When energized, the compressor is used to draw out heat from the interior of the freezer. However, freezers require a significant amount of energy to create subfreezing air. The energy costs to create subfreezing air in a freezer may depend upon the time of day. In areas of the United States where energy is at a premium, utility companies often divide their rates into off-peak and on-peak energy rates based on off-peak and on-peak energy demand periods. Energy used during off-peak may cost the consumer in United States dollars around 2¢ to 3¢ per kilowatt-hour (kWh) while on-peak energy may cost anywhere from 6¢ per kWh to 50¢ or more per kWh. The utility companies eventually pass these extra costs to the consumer. In a recent California energy crisis, the wholesale cost of energy rose to $3.00 per kWh. Without some sort of management, a freezer that creates subfreezing air based on the demand of a household most likely will operate when energy demand on a utility company is at its highest. Drawing power to create subfreezing air during these on-peak periods increases a consumer's monthly energy bill. In the collective, this lack of demand side management places excessive wear on a power plant to shorten the overall life of the plant. Many utility companies have off-peak energy usage programs that provide lower energy rates. These lower energy rates apply so long as the consumer's appliance draws power only during off-peak times. Off-peak energy usage programs typically aid in reducing on-peak demand. However, there may be times during the on-peak periods when the temperature of the consumer's freezer is above levels at which food may be stored safely. Here, the consumer may override the clock timer to bring the temperature within safety levels but will incur significant kWh energy charges. What is needed is a system that manages the creation of subfreezing air in a freezer during the off-peak periods to supply needs of a consumer during the on-peak periods, to time shift consumer demands on power plants, and to save the consumer money. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In light of the above noted problems, the invention works towards providing a system that creates subfreezing temperatures in a freezer during the off-peak periods. During the off-peak periods, the freezer system invention may subfreeze the interior temperature in a freezer to very low temperatures that may last throughout a normal day's use of the freezer, including during the on-peak periods. Since the freezer subfreezes during off-peak periods, consumer demands on power plants may be shifted away from on peak periods and the consumer may save money. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a freezer system having a freezer, a thermoelectric device, and a controller. The freezer may include a compressor and a compartment, where the compartment may store subfreezing air. The thermoelectric device may be a temperature sensor positioned in thermal communication with the compartment. The controller may be coupled to the compressor and the thermoelectric device. The controller is configured to deliver power to the compressor based on a temperature signal and a control signal. The temperature signal may be from the thermoelectric device and the control signal may be selected from an off/on peak signal and an override signal. These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon a reading of the detailed description and a review of the accompanying drawings. Specific embodiments of the present invention are described herein. The present invention is not intended to be limited to only these embodiments. Changes and modifications can be made to the described embodiments and yet fall within the scope of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevated isometric view of a freezer system. FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating a typical off-peak and on-peak demand over a twenty-four-hour operating period. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of components and interconnections of the freezer system. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method to manage the freezer system through software of a demand side management (DSM) controller. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 is an elevated isometric view of a freezer system 100 . The freezer system 100 may include a freezer 102 , a control panel 104 , and a thermoelectric device 106 . The control panel 104 and the thermoelectric device 106 may be retrofit into a freezer already in existence or in service. Moreover, new freezers may include the control panel 104 and the thermoelectric device 106 . The freezer 102 may be any device having a compressor and a compartment, such as a cabinet, or room, to maintain subfreezing air. The freezer 102 may include a door 108 , a cabinet 110 , and a compressor 112 . When closed against the cabinet 110 , the door 108 and the cabinet 110 may form a compartment 114 that acts as a reservoir for subfreezing air. The compressor 112 may include refrigerant, an evaporator, and a condenser. The compartment 114 may include coils attached to the compressor 112 to circulate the refrigerant through the compartment 114 . In operation, the compressor 112 may exert pressure on a vaporized refrigerant and force the refrigerant to pass through the condenser, where the refrigerant loses heat and liquefies. The refrigerant may then move through the coils of the compartment 114 . There, the refrigerant may vaporize in the evaporator, drawing heat from whatever is in the compartment 114 . The refrigerant then may pass back to the compressor 112 to repeat the cycle. A power cord 113 may deliver power to the compressor 112 . The control panel 104 may include a timer 116 and an interface 118 . The timer 116 may be a switch or regulator that controls or activates and deactivates another mechanism at set times. The timer 116 may be a programmable seven-day timer. Moreover, the timer 116 may include at least one variable state output to indicate whether a current time is on-peak or off-peak. The interface 118 may be a manual user interface having buttons, displays, and the like to permit a user to communicate to the control panel 104 and receive information from the control panel 104 . The interface 118 may permit a user to input a plurality of on-peak and off-peak settings for each day into the control panel 104 . The on-peak and off-peak settings may be independent from each other. The control panel 104 also may include a power cord 120 and a socket 122 . The power cord 120 of the control panel 104 may be plugged into a socket 123 . The socket 123 may be a household wall outlet. The power cord 113 of the compressor 112 may be plugged into the socket 122 of the control panel 104 . The power cord 120 may receive electrical power from the socket 123 and deliver the electrical power to the control panel 104 . In turn, the control panel 104 may deliver electrical power to the compressor 112 through the power cord 113 . The delivery of this power to the compressor 112 from the control panel 104 may be a function of the on-peak and off-peak settings. The control panel 104 may communicate to one or more control sources through a signal line 124 . The signal line 124 may be any pathway configured to pass a signal from one location to another location. The signal line 124 may be in communication with devices within a home or outside of the home. For example, the signal line 124 may receive remote information. This remote information may include off-peak and on-peak information from a power plant or status information from devices within the home. The off-peak and on-peak information may be input into the control panel 104 automatically as a plurality of on-peak and off-peak settings for each day. The signal line 124 may transmit and receive information through a variety of techniques, such as over a telephone line, over the Internet, or through free space such as by radio waves. Conventionally, a user may plug the freezer 102 directly into the socket 123 to receive power to run the compressor 112 . The power may be routed through a circuit controlled by a thermomechanic device 128 . In general, the thermomechanic device 128 may be a device that mechanically responds to temperature changes to either make or break the power circuit. The thermomechanic device 128 may be a thermostat. One of the components of the thermomechanic device 128 may expand or contract significantly in response to a temperature change. For example, heated mercury may expand to touch an electrical contact to complete a circuit as part of a mercury thermostat. A different design may use a bimetallic strip made of two thin metallic pieces of different composition bonded together. As the temperature of the strip changes, the two pieces change length at different rates, forcing the strip to bend. This bending may cause the strip to make or break the circuit. When the freezer 102 is plugged directly into the socket 123 , the thermomechanic device 128 may provide sole control over the flow of power to the compressor 112 to maintain a predetermined temperature in the compartment 114 . If the thermomechanic device 128 provides the sole control over the flow of power to the compressor 112 , then the compressor 112 undesirably may operate during on-peak rates. To provide more control over the operations of the compressor 112 , the freezer system 100 may include the thermoelectric device 106 . In contrast to the mechanical on/off actions of the thermomechanic device 128 , the thermoelectric device 106 may perceive the actual temperature inside the compartment 114 and generate a signal proportional to the actual temperature. The generated signal may be a voltage signal in millivolts (mV), for example. The thermoelectric device 106 may transmit the voltage signal to the control panel 104 over a signal line 126 . The control panel 104 may convert the voltage signal to related temperature in degrees F. or degrees C. In one embodiment, the thermoelectric device 106 may be a temperature switch. As an example, the thermoelectric device 106 may consist of two dissimilar metals joined so that a voltage difference generated between points of contact is a measure of the temperature difference between the points. Through the interface 118 of the control panel 104 , a consumer may input the Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday off-peak/on-peak demand periods and/or off-peak/on-peak rates into the timer 116 . The consumer may also input a vacation schedule, a holiday schedule, or a business schedule, each as a function of the on-peak or off-peak entries. The signal line 124 also may deliver this information into the control panel 104 from, for example, a power plant. The control panel 104 may respond to this information by managing whether the freezer 102 operates during an on-peak demand period or operates above particular energy rates. FIG. 2 is a graph 200 illustrating a typical off-peak and on-peak demand over a twenty-four-hour operating period. From midnight to about six in the morning, the demands for energy may be low, such that off-peak rates 202 may apply. From about six in the morning to about eleven in the morning, demands for energy may be high, such that on-peak rates 204 may apply. The energy demands may drop in the afternoon and pick up around five in the afternoon. From around five in the afternoon to around nine in the evening, the demands for energy again may be high. These high demands may increase the cost of energy to on-peak rates 204 . The demands for energy may be so great that special on-peak rates 206 may apply. Off-peak energy may cost in United States dollars around 2¢ to 3¢ per kWh. Significantly, on-peak energy may cost the consumer anywhere from 6¢ per kWh to 50¢ or more per kWh. FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram 300 of components and interconnections of the freezer system 100 . The timer 116 may be in direct communication with a controller 302 through a signal line 304 . The controller 302 may be part of the control panel 104 . The controller 302 may control the compressor 112 through power supplied into the power cord 113 . In some instances, the thermomechanic device 128 may provide further control over the delivery of power to the compressor 112 . The controller 302 may include an internal clock synchronized with the local time of day as the current time. When the timer 116 closes a switch 308 , the timer 116 may send a constant high-input to the controller 302 during off-peak periods of each day of the week. This high-input signal may contribute to the control over the operations of the compressor 112 . The terms “high-input” and “low-input” are relative and a low-input signal may operate the devices of the invention. The freezer system 300 may include an override switch 310 connected to the controller 302 . The override switch 310 may be connected in parallel with the thermoelectric device 106 . A demand request from either the override switch 310 or the thermoelectric device 106 may augment or bypass the control of the timer 116 over the operations of the compressor 112 . The demand request may be manual or automatic. To provide a manual demand request, the override switch 310 may bypass the signals from the timer 116 and instruct the compressor 112 through the controller 302 to begin subfreezing the air in the compartment 114 . Manually depressing the override switch 310 may activate the override switch 310 . In view of this manual demand request, the compressor 112 maybe limited as to how much heat the compressor 112 removes from the air in the compartment 114 . For example, the compressor 112 may subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 to only about 2 degrees F. (about −17 degree C.) if activated by this manual demand request. To provide an automatic demand request, the thermoelectric device 106 may work as an automatic demand to bypass the signals from the timer 116 . The thermoelectric device 106 may be set to begin the subfreezing of the air in the compartment 114 under certain circumstances. For example, if the air temperature in the compartment 114 is approaching an unsafe value, the thermoelectric device 106 may activate the compressor 112 . Although the thermoelectric device 106 may activate the compressor 112 during on-peak energy periods, this may be a more efficient option than permitting food to spoil. An example of an unsafe temperature value may be about 10 degrees F. (−12 degrees C.). Activating the compressor 112 during on-peak energy periods may drive up operation costs. The controller 302 may place a limit on its operation to avoid excessive expense. For example, if the air temperature in the compartment 114 rises above a predetermined level and more subfreezing is requested, the controller 302 may activate the compressor 112 only if the compressor 112 has not been activated within the past ninety minutes, for example. A ninety-minute inhibit timer may be used for this purpose. Even if activated by this automatic demand request, the compressor 112 may be limited as to how much heat the compressor 112 removes from the air in the compartment 114 . For example, the compressor 112 may subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 to only about 5 degrees F. (about −15 degrees C.) if activated by this automatic demand request. FIG. 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method 400 to manage the freezer system 100 through the software of the controller 302 . A machine-readable medium having stored instructions may implement the method 400 . For example, a set of processors may execute the instructions to cause the set of processors to perform the method 400 . A machine-readable medium may include any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). A machine-readable medium may include read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a magnetic disk storage media, an optical storage media, and flash memory devices. The machine-readable medium may include electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals such as carrier waves, infrared signals, and digital signals. The method 400 may start at 402 and proceed to step 403 . At step 403 , the method 400 may determine whether the thermomechanic device 128 is closed. A close thermomechanic device 128 may mean that heated mercury touches an electrical contact or that a bimetallic strip bends to bridge a power circuit. If the thermomechanic device 128 is not closed, the method 400 may return to step 403 . If the thermomechanic device 128 is closed, then the method 400 may proceed to step 404 . At step 404 , the method 400 may determine whether an input to the timer 116 is high. A high-input into the timer 116 may close the switch 308 . A closed switch 308 may imply an off-peak demand period such as seen in certain areas of region 202 of FIG. 2. A closed switch 308 may imply an off-peak demand rate. If the input to the timer 116 is high, the method 400 may determine at step 406 whether the output of the controller 302 is high. A high output of the controller 302 may provide subfreezing signals to the compressor 112 . If the output of the controller 302 is not high at step 406 , then the method 400 may proceed to step 408 . At step 408 , the method 400 may determine whether the air temperature of the compartment 114 is above a first preset temperature. An example of the first preset temperature may be about 5 degrees F. (about −15 degrees C.). If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is not above the first preset temperature, then there may be no need to reduce the air temperature in the compartment 114 . Thus, the method 400 may then return to step 403 . If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is above the first preset temperature, then the method 400 may set the output of the controller 302 to high at step 410 . A high output received at the compressor 112 from the controller 302 may activate the compressor 112 . With the compressor 112 activated, the method 400 may set the inhibit timer to off at step 412 . The method 400 may then return to step 403 . If the output of the controller 302 is high at step 406 , then the method 400 may proceed to step 414 . At step 414 , the method 400 may determine whether the air temperature in the compartment 114 is above a second preset temperature. The second preset temperature may be about −10 degrees F. (about −23 degrees C.). If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is above the second preset temperature, then the compressor 112 may continue to subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 . The method 400 then may return to step 403 . If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is at or below the second preset temperature, then setting the controller 302 to low at step 416 may turn off the compressor 112 . With the air temperature at or below the second preset temperature, the freezer 102 may supply a consumer with an entire day's worth of subfreezing air. From step 416 , the method may return to step 403 . It may be desirable to subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 during an off-peak demand period or when an off-peak rate applies. Step 404 through step 416 address the situation where the timer 116 indicated an off-peak demand period or off-peak rate. If the input to the timer 116 is low at step 404 , then the timer 116 may indicate an on-peak demand period or on-peak rate. There may be circumstances where a user desires to subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 during an on-peak demand period or when an on-peak rate applies. If the input to the timer 116 is low at step 404 , the method 400 may determine at step 418 whether the air temperature in the compartment 114 is above a third preset temperature. The third preset temperature may be, for example, about 10 degrees F. (about −12 degrees C.). This part of the method 400 may provide for manual, automatic, or semi-automatic demand overrides of the timer 116 settings. If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is above the third preset temperature at step 418 , the method 400 may determine whether the controller 302 recently activated the compressor 112 . The method 400 may make this determination at step 420 by determining whether the inhibit timer is high. If the inhibit timer is not high at step 420 , that is, if the controller 302 has not recently activated the compressor 112 , then the method 400 may permit automatic demand overrides of the timer 116 . For example, the thermoelectric device 106 (FIG. 3) may have indicated that the air temperature in the compartment 114 is too high for current demands made on the air in the compartment 114 . The method 400 may proceed to step 410 if the inhibit timer is not high at step 420 . At step 410 , the method may set the output of the controller 302 to high. If the inhibit timer is high at step 420 , that is, if the controller 302 recently activated the compressor 112 , then the method 400 may prevent automatic demand overrides of the timer 116 . However, the method 400 still may permit manual demand overrides of the timer 116 . The method 400 may proceed to step 422 if the inhibit timer is high at step 420 . At step 422 , the method 400 may determine whether the override switch 310 (FIG. 3) is high. A high override switch 310 may present a request for a manual demand override. If the override switch 310 is high at step 422 , then the method 400 may proceed to step 410 and set the output of the controller 302 to high. If the override switch 310 is not high at step 422 , then the method 400 may return to step 403 , recognizing that the consumer most likely did not request a manual override. If the air temperature in the compartment 114 is not above the third preset temperature at step 418 , then the air temperature in the compartment 114 may be at a safe level. The method 400 may proceed to step 424 and determine whether the output of the controller 302 is high. Recall that a high output of the controller 302 may activate the compressor 112 . If the output of the controller 302 is not high at step 424 , then the method 400 may return to step 403 . If the output of the controller 302 is high at step 424 , then the method 400 may then turn off the compressor 112 . The method 400 may turn off the compressor 112 by setting the controller 302 to low at step 426 . The inhibit timer may be initialized to zero minutes and turned on at step 428 . From step 428 , the method 400 may return to step 403 . Among other differences, the freezer system 100 may differ from conventional Systems in that the freezer system 100 may utilize the lowermost temperature setting of the freezer 102 . This may subfreeze the air in the compartment 114 (FIG. 1) to a very low, initial temperature. When the door 108 is open to mix warm air with very cold air, the freezer system 100 may maintain a subzero temperature where the initial temperature of the freezer 102 is very low. This generally is true even if the door 108 is opened several times a day. Importantly, this subfreezing may be performed during the off-peak demand period when energy rates may be at their lowest. This saves consumers money and time shifts demands on power plants. By subfreezing the air in the compartment 114 in the early morning hours to very low temperatures, the freezer 102 may retain the subzero temperature air needs of a typical household throughout the day and night without requiring a resubfreezing of the air in the compartment 114 . The present invention has been described utilizing particular embodiments. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, changes and modifications may be made to the disclosed embodiments and yet fall within the scope of the present invention. The disclosed embodiments are provided only to illustrate aspects of the present invention and not in any way to limit the scope and coverage of the invention. The scope of the invention is therefore to be limited only by the appended claims.

4y

This is a continuation-in-part of present copending application Ser. No. 724,033, filed Apr. 6, 1985, now abandoned. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to fractionators and more particularly to sequential fractionators. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Centrifugation has often been employed as a separation technique. In many fields, such as genetic engineering, materials are separated by centrifugation and sedimentation within a cesium chloride or other density-type gradient. After centrifugation and sedimentation, fractions of the centrifuge tube are removed and analyzed. The density of a substance determines where within the cesium chloride gradient the substance settles. This position within the gradient can be specified in terms of a distance from the center of rotation. The density of the substance can be determined by knowing the gradient and the distance from the center of rotation at which the substance settled. Thus, not only can substances of varying densities be separated by this method, but accurate density determinations may also be made. From the above discussion, it can be understood that the degree of separation achieved, or the precision within which the density of a substance can be determined, is dependent upon the degree to which fractions (or layers) can be removed from the centrifuge tube for analysis without mixing between the layers. One apparatus disclosed for sequential fractionation is described by Chervenka et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,700. The device include a microsyringe mounted to a movable frame and a suction means for withdrawing fluid from the centrifuge tube into the syringe. The syringe is lowered a precise distance into a centrifuge tube and this distance is read from a micrometer and recorded. Suction is then applied to the syringe tip to remove a precise volume of liquid from the top of the centrifuge tube. While the above method is tolerable for many applications, serious difficulties arise if high precision is desired. As stated above, precision is related to the degree of mixing which occurs between layers. When suction is applied through the syringe, flow occurs within the centrifuge tube. Since laminar flow laws apply, it is clear that liquid at the center of the tube flows faster than liquid at the outer edges. Thus, a significant amount of mixing inherently occurs. Another apparatus (U.S. Pat. No. 3,151,639 to Allington) sequentially removes layers from a centrifuge tube by forcing a dense liquid into the bottom of the centrifuge tube to raise the level of the other liquid in the tube an amount corresponding to the volume of the added dense liquid. The liquid in the centrifuge to is forced out of the tube and into a fraction collector solely by the action of the added dense liquid. Although the application of suction is avoided by this method, large amounts of laminar flow and thus mixing still occur, since each time dense fluid is added, the entire liquid mass within the centrifuge tube must move upwardly. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A general object of the invention is to overcome deficiencies in the prior art, such as indicated above. It is an object of the present invention to provide for improved sequential fractionation, such as by providing a method and apparatus for sequentially fractionating a centrifuge tube into precise fractions. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for sequentially fractionating a centrifuge tube with a minimum amount of mixing between fractions. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for sequentially fractionating a centrifuge tube without using a vacuum upon the centrifuge tube. These and other objects are achieved by the use of a capillary tube and positive pressure. The capillary tube has an O-ring at the lower end thereof. As the capillary tube is placed within the centrifuge tube, the O-ring forms a seal within the tube. Movement of the capillary tube within the centrifuge tube places the liquid in the centrifuge tube under pressure, thus forcing the liquid to flow up through the capillary tube and into a chamber. A chase fluid is then pumped horizontally through the chamber to force the liquid therein through an exit port and into a fraction collector. The apparatus and method of the present invention may be operated by hand or may be entirely automated and controlled by a single microprocessor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 schematically shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 schematically shows a preferred embodiment for automating the present invention. FIG. 3 graphically illustrates results obtained using the present invention. FIG. 4 also graphically illustrates results obtained using the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Preferably, the centrifuge tube used is precision made. In other words, the inner diameter of the tube should be essentially uniform. The degree of acceptable variance in this regard depends on the precision and accuracy desired. Generally, the precision of the present invention is limited to twice the variance in the centrifuge tube inner diameter consistency. The capillary tube used preferably has a small inner diameter and a volume of no more than about twice that of the desired sample size so that the area in which flow can occur is as small as possible. The end of the capillary tube which is to be inserted into the centrifuge tube is outwardly flared, preferably at an angle of about 30°60° from the vertical axis. The outward flare or conical configuration help to minimize the removal of liquid from the center portion of the centrifuge tube at a faster rate than from the sides of the centrifuge tube, and thereby serves to minimize undesirable mixing of adjacent horizontal layers of liquid. Both the capillary tube and the centrifuge tube should be supported so that they stand along the same vertical axis. The capillary tube is vertically lowered, or the upright centrifuge tube raised, so that the capillary tube is inserted, flared end down, into the upright centrifuge tube by a suitable means for precision movement. The means for precision movement need only move the centrifuge tube along the vertical axis relative to the capillary tube. Thus, either the capillary tube, the centrifuge tube or both may actually be moved. A starting point is obtained and a measurement of the vertical distance moved by the capillary tube or centrifuge tube is taken by any well-known suitable means, such as a calibrated micrometer directly connected to the means for lowering the capillary tube. As the capillary tube is inserted into the centrifuge tube, an O-ring on the capillary tube, positioned just above the flared end, sealingly engages the inside surface of the centrifuge tube and provides positive pressure upon the liquid therein. As the capillary tube is further inserted and its depth within the centrifuge tube increased, this positive pressure forces the surface fraction of liquid into and through the capillary tube and finally into a chamber connected to the non-flared upper end of the capillary tube. In addition to an opening connecting the chamber to the capillary tube, the chamber has an exit port and an entrance port providing for the horizontal movement (transverse to the vertical axis) of fluid from the entrance port to the exit port. The entrance port is connected to a pump for applying horizontal fluid pressure within the chamber. This horizontal fluid pressure forces any liquid within the chamber through the exit port. The exit port is connected to a standard fraction collector. From the above description, it can be seen that little or no mixing of flow occurs in the centrifugal tube during the removal of fractions. Of course, significant flow and mixing does occur in the capillary tube. Nevertheless, because of the relatively small diameter and small volume of the capillary tube relative to the desired sample size, the effect of this mixing on precision and accuracy are almost negligible. To this end, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the chamber to the internal cross-sectional area of the capillary tube is preferably at least about 10:1. Obviously, larger ratios of cross-sectional areas may be used, depending on the degree to which the fraction is to be diluted with chase fluid. In a preferred embodiment 10, as shown in FIG. 1, the means to move the centrifuge tube 11 (preferably a high precision quartz tube) or capillary tube relatively closer to each other along a vertical axis is a precision screw drive 12 coupled by means of a transmission (not shown) to a stepping motor (52 in FIG. 2). Using this apparatus, elevation of the centrifuge tube can be controlled to ±0.0003 cm. A stationary fluid removal port 14 consists of two sections joined as illustrated in FIG. 1. The upper section of the port is a block 16 (suitably formed of Lucite, Plexiglas or other machinable rigid plastic, preferably transparent) containing a chamber 17 defined by a horizontal capillary 18 of 1 mm diameter between two opposing fittings 20, 22 for the connection of external tubing. The lower section of the port is a vertically mounted stainless steel cylinder 24, desirably of stainless steel, of 3.1 mm OD, housing a capillary 25 of 0.3 mm diameter along the cylindrical axis. An O-ring 26 seated at the bottom end of the cylinder provides a gas- and liquid-tight seal when the cylinder is inserted into the mouth of a miniature quartz centrfuge tube 11. An outwardly flared (preferably about 45°) aperture 28 at the bottom end of the cylinder 24 guides tube contents to the capillary 25. The upper end of the cylinder 24 is fixed into the Lucite block 16 so that the vertical capillary 25 exiting from the upper end of the cylinder 24 enters perpendicularly into the horizontal capillary 18, forming a T-connection. In order to operate the device, a peristaltic or repeating syringe pump (56 and 58 in FIG. 2), capable of delivering 2-3 ml of liquid in a few seconds on demand, is connected via tubing to fitting 20, and a fraction collector (66 in FIG. 2) is connected via tubing fitting 22. A receptacle 30, for holding the centrifuge tube 11, is moved to the lower limit of its travel, and the quartz centrifuge tube 11 containing the solution to be fractionated placed therewithin. The centrifuge tube 11 is then elevated by means of the screw drive 12 until the lower end of the fluid removal port 14 enters the mouth of the stainless steel capillary 24, 25. Insertion of the port 14 is facilitated by prior application of a small amount of silicone grease to the O-ring 26. The centrifuge tube 11 is then further elevated slowly until solution at the meniscus enters the stainless steel capillary 24, 25 and a small amount of liquid is subsequently observed to enter the horizontal capillary 18 within the Lucite block 16. At this stage a starting point is obtained, and the micrometer is set to zero, or preferably control of the apparatus is transferred to a microcomputer (50 in FIG. 2). The user enters the desired increment of radial distance corresponding to an individual fraction and the desired number of fractions. The following procedure is then performed repetitively without manual intervention until the desired number of fractions have been collected: (1) The centrifuge tube is elevated by the designated distance. (2) That amount of solution driven into the horizontal capillary upon elevation is flushed with 2 to 3 ml of carrier fluid into a collecting vial mounted in the fraction collector. (3) The fraction collector is advanced to the next vial. One use of the present invention is to measure concentration gradients of radiolabeled solutes subjected to prior application of centrifugal force. The carrier fluid used may be scintillation fluid, and the collecting vessels may be glass vials which, after fractionation, are placed in a scintillation counter for measurement of the amount(s) of one or more radiolabeled species in each fraction. However, quantitation of concentratoin gradients is not limited to radiolabeled solutes: in principle, any chemical or physical assay of the requisite sensitivity may be utilized, as, for example, an assay of enzyme activity to measure the amount of enzyme in each fraction. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an automatic fractionator according to the present invention. Microcomputer 50 signals stepping motor 52 to raise receptacle 30 with centrifuge tube 11 thereon by turning screw drive 12. Receptacle 30 activates position sensor 54, thus send a signal to microcomputer 50 and establishing a reference point. The microcomputer is programmed to raise receptacle 30 in increments sufficient to raise a volume of solution equal to the selected sample volume into capillary 25. After the sample flows into capillary 25, it flows into chamber 17 and microcomputer 50 sends a signal to automatic pipetter 56, which draws fluid from the reservoir of chase fluid through line 60 and pumps the fluid through line 62 into chamber 17, thus chasing the sample into line 64 and finally to the fraction collector 66, which is also controlled by microcomputer 50 and collects fractions in an ordered manner according to fraction number. By way of example, the microcomputer 50 may be an Epson HX-20, the automatic pipetter may be an Oxford automatic pipetter, and the fraction collector may be a Gilson 201B fraction collector. EXAMPLES Having fully described the invention above, the following examples are given solely for illustrative purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. FIGS. 3 and 4 show results obtained from fraction of solutions of 131 I- labeled bovine serum albumin centrifuged under two different sets of conditions. In FIG. 3 the relative protein concentration in an aliquot, expressed as counts per minute, is plotted as a function of the radial position of the aliquot during centrifugation, measured at the conclusion of a sedimentation velocity experiment. Approximately 150 ul of 0.04 mg/ml protein solution were required to perform this measurement. Resolution of the data is 10 points/nms or radial distance. The vertical line to the left of the plot indicates the position of the solution meniscus (upper boundary), and the vertical line to the right indicates the weight-average position of the trailing boundary of sedimenting protein, as calculated from the data. The sedimentation coefficient calculated from these data is in good agreement with published values. In FIG. 4 the natural logarithm of the relative protein concentration in an aliquot, expressed as 1n (counts per minute), is plotted as a function of the square of the radial position of the aliquot during centrifugation, measured at the conclusion of a sedimentation equilibrium experiment. Approximately 40 ul of a 0.02 mg/ml protein solution were required to perform this measurement. Sedimentation theory predicts that this plot should be linear for a homogeneous species at sedimentation equilibrium. The molecular weight of the protein, calculated from the slope of this plot, is in good agreement with published values. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed which are illustratively offered and that modifications may be made without departing from the invention. For example, the present invention can be substantially increased in size, always keeping the volume of the small diameter tube (even though larger than capillary size) less than about twice the volume of the desired sample size, to perform various separation functions.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a lightweight, portable hunting blind that mounts to a tree stand for use as an elevated hunting blind or to ground stakes for use as a ground hunting blind. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Hunters and other wildlife observers conceal bodily movement from the vision of observant quarry, such as deer or turkey with a hunting blind. A typical hunting blind comprises a frame covered by concealment panels of a camouflage material. The pattern of the camouflage material is chosen to blend with the natural surroundings. Since the camouflage material is usually opaque or only slightly “open” (such as by leafy-shaped cut outs or patterns in a see-through material), a hunter can move within the enclosure created by the hunting blind without alerting nearby quarry to potential danger by reason of that movement. [0003] A tree stand enhances a hunter's field-of-view and reduces risk of detection by a game animal. A tree stand may be used to climb a tree, or is otherwise mounted thereon, and is thus temporarily attached to a trunk of a tree at a predetermined height above ground level. To further disguise presence in the tree stand from vigilant quarry, a hunter often wears clothing with a camouflage pattern that blends with the immediate surroundings. Although garbed in camouflage, the hunter normally remains in plain view while positioned in the tree stand. As a result, vigilant quarry can still detect the exposed movements by the hunter. If a tree stand also incorporates a hunting blind, the movements are consequently obscured. Therefore, the effectiveness of a tree stand is enhanced by the addition of a blind combined with it. [0004] Several patents in the prior art disclose hunting blinds for use with a tree stand. However, each has certain inherent problems. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,613,512 to Bean discloses a hunting blind for use with a tree stand that employs a single panel that completely wraps around the platform of the tree stand. The panel is mounted on a dual-beam base at a predetermined angle of inclination on rods received by pivoting sockets in close proximity to the platform. As disclosed, that hunting blind obstructs the near-field vision of the ground by the occupant and becomes totally ineffective for concealment when the occupant exposes his body to aim and fire his weapon. [0005] It is thus desirable to provide a hunting blind for use with a tree stand which permits the size of the concealed enclosure and the orientation of the concealment panel(s) to be varied, allows an unobstructed line-of-sight for aiming and discharging a firearm or a bow while sustaining peripheral concealment, permits easy transport to the hunting site, and easily adapts to changing natural environments. [0006] It is well-known to use a ground blind to artificially create a concealed position when a hunter hunts at ground level. Otherwise, the hunter must rely upon natural camouflage, such as bushes and high grass. However, ground blinds usually incorporate small flapped openings or the like through which the hunter must look to spot game and to fire his weapon. [0007] It is desirable to provide a ground blind with open lines of sight for aiming and discharging a weapon, that allows the size of the concealed area to be varied with ease, that permits easy transport to the hunting site, and that easily adapts to changing natural environments. [0008] It is a principle object of the present invention to provide an improved hunting or observation blind that may be attached to a tree stand or used in another application as a ground blind. [0009] It is another object of the invention to provide a hunting blind that can be quickly and easily assembled without tools. [0010] It is another object of the invention to provide a hunting blind that can be retrofitted on most commercial tree stands. [0011] It is another object of the invention to provide a lightweight and compact hunting blind that is portable in the field. [0012] It is another object of the invention to provide a hunting blind that conceals the occupant from lateral detection at all times but affords a substantially unobstructed frontal shooting lane. [0013] It is another object of the invention to provide a hunting blind with concealment panels that can be reconfigured to match changing natural surroundings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] The present invention contemplates a portable hunting or observation blind that can be retrofitted to most commercial tree stands or adapted to create a ground blind, is easy to transport to and from the hunting site, and does not add significant weight to a tree stand. The portable hunting blind is modular, compact and easy to assemble and disassemble in the field. [0015] When applied to use with a tree stand, the portable hunting blind according to the present invention generally includes a support base and at least one wing-shaped, or arched, concealment panel. Each concealment panel is removably and pivotally attached to the support base to create concealment for a hunter or observer. The support base generally includes at least a pair, if not more, of interconnected support beams which can be removably fastened to most commercial tree stands by means of any suitable fasteners, such as a plurality of reusable, flexible cable ties. [0016] Extension arms are disposed in the free ends of each support beam. When an extension arm is extended, the corresponding support beam is lengthened. When an extension arm is retracted or removed, the footprint of the hunting blind is reduced to facilitate carrying, climbing, and hanging the hunting stand/tree blind combination in a tree. [0017] Each concealment panel includes and is mounted to the support base by adjustable elbows disposed at the exposed, peripheral ends of the extension arms. As the elbow is bent through its range of motion, the occupant of the hunting blind can incline each wing-shaped concealment panel in an angular position relative to the horizontal plane formed by the support base. [0018] Each concealment panel generally comprises a flexible, elongated support rod and a panel cover of concealment material preferably of a camouflage pattern of solid, opaque material, open weave or non-weave or cut out in a leafy or natural pattern. The support rod is preferably composed of segments of plastic composite tubing shock-corded together in known fashion and foldable to compact the overall length for carrying. Tube segments are joined via metal ferrules to create a single, flexible support rod. [0019] Each panel cover includes a series of one or more sleeves, disposed about its periphery. A support rod is threaded through all, or less than all of the sleeves. Opposing ends of the support rod are disposed in the elbows, which are properly positioned to receive the support rod at the desired inclination and to define points of attachment to bend the rod into an arch shape. The combination of rod and covering in this way produces a wing-shaped or inverted, U-shaped or arch-shaped or other shaped concealment panel. [0020] In the preferred embodiment in combination with a tree stand, two concealment panels are removably attached to the support base at the peripheral end of each extension arm. An enclosure for an occupant is defined by the planes of the two adjustable concealment panels and the tree. The separation between the concealment panels is greater near the tree trunk to accommodate the observer's body and narrows with increasing distance from the tree trunk. Between the two concealment panels, at their forward edges, an opening is formed which diverges upwardly as a result of their arched shape. This affords the occupant an unobstructed forward line of sight, yet limits the visibility of his motion from the ground, both from the sides and from the front. [0021] Accessories are available to augment the functionality of the portable hunting blind. An optional front skirt can be fastened along the forward edges of two adjacent concealment panels to fill the front opening for yet further concealment. An optional gear pouch can be attached to a concealment panel to store miscellaneous supplies in an easily accessible position. An optional arrow clip can be attached to the gear pouch or an arrow quiver to a concealment panel to safely store hunting arrows for use. [0022] The blind assembly of the invention has a dual use according to the invention. Optional ground stakes are used to convert the portable hunting blind from a tree blind to a ground blind. The ends of the support rods for the concealment panel are inserted into elbows on the stakes and the blind assembly is thus effective to conceal the ground level hunter and at the same time is adjustable, as noted above. [0023] The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed written description thereof and from the drawings in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] [0024]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a blind according to the invention mounted to a tree stand in a tree. [0025] [0025]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the present invention of FIG. 1 with an optional front skirt attached. [0026] [0026]FIG. 3 is an expanded view of the present invention with elements of the tree stand platform shown to illustrate the combination of the support base of the present invention with the tree stand. [0027] [0027]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3. [0028] [0028]FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the adjustable elbow. [0029] [0029]FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention in which the hunting blind has been converted into a ground blind using an optional ground stake. [0030] [0030]FIG. 7 is an enlarged illustration of the ground stake and mounting member of FIG. 6. [0031] [0031]FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a gear pouch with an arrow dip according to the invention. [0032] [0032]FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 8 A- 8 A of FIG. 8. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0033] Referring now to the drawings, a portable hunting blind 10 according to the present invention is shown in FIG. 1, as would be implemented in conjunction with a tree stand 14 . The combination of portable hunting blind 10 and tree stand 14 is commonly attached to the trunk 12 of a tree to define an elevated hunting position. [0034] As shown in FIG. 1, the portable hunting blind 10 includes at least one concealment panel 20 that is comprised of a panel cover 24 , an elongated support rod 30 having two opposing ends, and an elbow 38 to support each end. The panel cover 24 is preferably composed of a material incorporating a camouflage pattern. To match the surrounding natural environment, the camouflage pattern of the panel cover 24 is usually opaque or only “slightly open” (such as by leafy-shaped cut-outs or patterns in a see-through material). A plurality of sleeves 22 is sewn on the perimeter of the panel cover 24 . The panel covers 24 can be easily changed to match the panel cover to the environment or the season in which the blind is used. [0035] A support rod 30 is threaded through the sleeves 22 of the panel cover 24 and the support rod 30 is bent to form an arch with the interior filled by the now taut panel cover 24 . Opposing ends of the support rod 30 are attached to a respective elbow 38 , as will be described. In the preferred embodiment, the support rod 30 is constructed of multiple segments of shock-corded tubing which are removably coupled with metal sleeves or ferrules to form a single, flexible rod. Such shock-corded tubes or rods are typically used in other non-related applications, such as in tents, where the rods are flexible or in walking staffs, for example, where the multiple segmented rods are stiff, and as is well known in the art. For this application, the rods are flexible in use to slip in the panel cover sleeves, taking on an arch-like shape. [0036] Concealment panel 20 is preferably positioned to define an inclined plane. In applications that employ two concealment panels 20 , the spacing between adjacent concealment panels 20 narrows with increasing distance from the trunk of a tree 12 that supports the associated tree stand 14 . An occupant of the portable hunting blind 10 is afforded an unobstructed frontal line-of-sight, from a position between adjacent concealment panels 20 , through the upwardly diverging space an opening between the forward edges of the respective panels 20 , yet the occupant is concealed laterally from the vision of any quarry on the ground. To add structural integrity to each concealment panel 20 , elastic cords 56 connect grommets 58 in the panel covering 24 to a support base 61 . [0037] An optional arrow quiver 90 , for safe storage of hunting arrows 95 , is shown attached to one concealment panel 20 . It is hung on the panel by an appropriate means such as cords 94 attached to the panel edge defined by rod 30 or by other fastening devices. [0038] [0038]FIG. 2 shows the portable hunting blind 10 with an optional front skirt 72 . To complete the enclosure, each side of the wedge-shaped front skirt 72 fastens to a concealment panel 20 and fills the void between adjacent concealment panels 20 . When attached with fasteners 73 , the front skirt 72 adds concealment but partially obscures an observer's line-of-sight for objects positioned near the base of the trunk of a tree 12 to which the associated tree stand 14 is attached. [0039] A support base 61 that forms a pedestal for the concealment panels 20 of a portable hunting blind 10 is shown in FIG. 3. As configured as a tree blind base, a longitudinal support beam 60 is perpendicularly joined to the mid-point of a transverse support beam 62 by a bracket 64 . When the openings are aligned, a carriage bolt (not shown) extends through aligned openings in the bracket 64 and the support beams 60 , 62 . The carriage bolt is secured using a finger-adjustable wing nut 68 for easy assembly. Since the support base 61 is not load-bearing with respect to the tree-stand or hunter, it is preferably fabricated from a lightweight material. In the preferred embodiment, the longitudinal support beam 60 and transverse support beam 62 are constructed of thin-walled polymer tubing having a square cross-section. It should be understood that the support base 61 can include more than two interconnected support beams. [0040] The transverse support beam 62 includes side extension arms 52 that are telescopically received within respective opposing ends of the transverse support beam 62 . In the preferred embodiment, each side extension arm 52 is constructed of thin-walled polymer tubing with a square cross-section and is slidably received within the interior of one opposing end of the transverse support beam 62 . As best seen in FIG. 4, each side extension arm 52 includes a spring-loaded plunger 66 that removably extends through an opening 67 through one wall of the transverse structural beam 62 . Multiple openings 67 can be provided so the length of beam 62 can be effectively adjusted, thereby varying the separation of concealment panels 20 at their rear edges. [0041] [0041]FIG. 4 also shows one of several removable flexible cable ties 65 used in the preferred embodiment to attach the portable hunting blind 10 to a support member 17 of a tree stand 14 . Any suitable fastener can be used to mount the blind to a tree stand, including u-bolts, screws, wire, cable, detachable connectors, bayonet or twist-type fittings or any other form or type of fastener or connector. An elbow 38 is attached at the distal end of each side extension arm 52 and generally includes a mounting member 40 and a socketed member 42 having an axial cavity 44 . In the preferred embodiment, the socketed member 42 is pivotably connected to the mounting member 40 . An end of a support rod 30 slidably fits within the axial cavity 44 of the socketed member 42 . [0042] An exploded view of the elbow 38 is shown in FIG. 5. At the free end of the mounting member 40 is a round head 37 having at least one preferably flat surface 33 , a central bore 36 , and a plurality of protruding, radially-extending projections or ridges 34 disposed annularly about the periphery of the round head 37 . At the free end of the socketed member 42 is a complementary round head 47 having at least one preferably flat surface 45 , a central bore 49 , and a plurality of protruding, radially-extending projections or ridges 48 disposed about the flat surface 45 of the round head 45 . When the elbow 38 is assembled, the flat surface 45 of the socketed member 42 frictionally rotates against the flat surface 33 of the mounting member 40 . When interlocked by lateral applied force, the ridges 34 , 48 on the two respective flat surfaces 33 , 45 interlock to prevent further rotation of the elbow 38 and any attached concealment panel 20 beyond that angular position selected by the occupant of the portable hunting blind 10 . To apply a lateral force, a finger-adjustable wing bolt or fastener 43 removably fastens the mounting member 40 and the socketed member 42 by extending through the aligned central bores 36 , 49 . A threaded hex nut 46 is mounted in a recess coaxial with the central bore 49 of the socketed member 42 and receives the threaded portion of the wing bolt 43 . Surfaces 33 , 45 could be other than flat; for example, the two surfaces 33 , 45 could be convex and concave, respectively, or vice-versa. [0043] A front extension arm 50 is attached to the longitudinal support beam 60 as shown in FIG. 3. In the preferred embodiment, the front extension arm 50 is constructed of thin-walled polymer tubing with a square cross-section and is slidably received within the inner diameter of the front support beam 60 . To lock the front extension arm 50 in its working position, a spring loaded plunger (not shown but similar to spring-loaded plunger 66 ) engages an opening (not shown but similar to opening 67 ) in a side wall of the front support beam 60 . [0044] A cross-beam 54 is telescopically mounted on the front extension arm 50 . The cross-beam 54 includes a transverse strut 55 having opposing ends and a longitudinal strut 57 . Each opposing end of the transverse strut 55 comprises an integral mounting member 39 , similar to the mounting member 40 of elbow 38 (FIG. 5) as a seamless part of the transverse strut 55 . The longitudinal strut 57 has a cross-sectional area and profile that can be telescopically received within the interior of the front extension arm 50 . [0045] A socketed member 42 a, similar to the socketed member 42 of elbow 38 (FIG. 5), is pivotably attached to each end of strut 55 in the same manner as socketed member 42 is attached to mounting member 40 of FIG. 5. The socketed member 42 a, slidably receives an end of a support rod 30 . Accordingly, the socketed members 42 a each form an elbow with a respective end of strut 55 . [0046] A gear pouch 80 , as shown in FIG. 3, generally comprises a flat container 81 and a fastener to attach the container 81 to a concealment panel 20 . In the preferred embodiment, the container 81 is composed of a mesh fabric and has fabric loops 88 disposed about the perimeter. A nylon cord 84 , with a hook 82 at one end, is threaded through a spring-loaded clamp 86 , a loop 88 , and back through the spring loaded clamp 86 . To attach to a concealment panel 20 , the hook 82 grasps a support rod 30 . [0047] As depicted in FIG. 6, an arrow quiver 90 generally comprises a flat container 91 and a fastener to attach the container 91 to a concealment panel 20 . In the preferred embodiment, the container 91 is composed of a mesh fabric and has fabric loops 98 disposed about the perimeter. A nylon cord 94 , with a hook 92 at one end, is threaded through a spring-loaded clamp 96 , a loop 98 , and back through the spring loaded clamp 96 . To attach to a concealment panel 20 , the hook 92 grasps a support rod 30 . Inside the flat container 91 is an arrowhead insert 93 that receives the sharp blades of stored hunting arrows 95 . [0048] In an alternative, and in place of the quiver 90 , a pouch 100 , similar to gear pouch 80 , but outfitted with a single or multiple arrow clip 101 is used. In this regard, a stiffener 102 is sewn into a pouch 100 and a flexible arrow clip 101 is fastened with a fastener 103 onto the pouch 100 and onto or proximate to the stiffener 102 . The shaft of the arrow 95 is snapped into and between the flexible arms 104 of the clip 101 and is quickly removable for a follow-up shot. [0049] As depicted in FIG. 6, a concealment panel 20 is converted from use as a tree blind to use as a ground blind by substituting ground stakes 74 for the support base 61 . In the preferred embodiment, the ground stake 74 is a length of metal rod bent into a Z-shape. An offset segment 76 offsets the ground penetration segment 75 from the socket attachment segment 78 and provides a step point 77 . Force is applied to the step point 77 to drive the ground penetration segment 75 into the earth. The socket attachment segment 78 is slidably received by an axial cavity 44 in the mounting member 40 . While the mounting member 40 is mechanically fixed, the socketed member 42 can rotate (as indicated in FIG. 7) in a plane containing the mounting member 40 . [0050] It will accordingly be appreciated that a preferred blind according to the invention comprises a support base and two preferably arch-shaped panels mounted thereon where the panels are preferably adjustably disposed with their rear edges further apart than their front edges. This accommodates a wider space for a hunter between the panels at the rear of the space bounded by the panels and defines a narrower, upwardly diverging opening between the front edges of the panels for a shooting or observation lane without detection from the sides. [0051] It will be appreciated that the height of the arch-shaped panels can be varied and various heights used with various height seats in a blind to provide different degrees of concealment and cover for various hunting and observation or shooting applications. Also, as shown in FIG. 3, the cover panel sleeves 22 are discontinuous. This allows threading of only part of the panel onto the rod so that an adjacent panel part can remain limp and be folded over to reduce or change the heighth or shape of panel cover 24 . [0052] The present invention provides an improved hunting blind that can be retrofitted to most commercial tree stands or used independently as a ground blind. Due to its compact modular construction from lightweight materials, the portable hunting blind is easy to transport to the hunting site and easy to assemble in the field without tools. Individual concealment panels can be adjustably positioned to conceal the occupant from lateral detection at all times, yet afford a substantially unobstructed frontal shooting lane. Another attribute is that the camouflage covering can be simply reconfigured to match changing natural surroundings. [0053] While the present invention has been illustrated by a description of various embodiments and while these embodiments have been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and method, and illustrative example shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the spirit or scope of applicant's general inventive concept.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The subject matter disclosed herein relates to a system for detecting the loss of sealing integrity in an air filtration system, in particular, in a filter house having numerous filter elements. [0002] Air filtration systems for large gas turbines employ filter houses having numerous filter elements positioned on tube sheets. The filters are held securely in place by various mechanical means under sufficient pressure to provide an air tight seal such that there are no gaps through which dirty air can bypass the filter elements. Mounting devices and methods for securing the filter elements tend to vary with filter house design, location, filter type, and manufacturer. Widely used retaining instruments include clamps, and locking nut and bolt arrangements. Such mechanical devices are subject to vibrations caused by motors and air flow which loosens mechanically secured devices eventually resulting in loss of air tight seals between the filter elements and the tube sheets. Improper sealing of the filters provides an avenue, e.g., a gap, for dirty air to bypass the filter. Improper sealing can also be caused by improper initial installation, poor quality of installation materials, and distortion in the filter element sealing surface, all of which may not be discovered by visual inspection. The bypass of filter elements by dirty, particulate laden air can accelerate loading of another filter in a downstream location and can accelerate wear and erosion of mechanical components in, for example, a gas turbine compressor. [0003] Current filter house designs can comprise hundreds of filter elements. Auxiliary systems monitor relative humidity, ambient temperature, and other parameters that are critical to, for example, gas turbine performance. A common premise is that all the air entering the compressor is pure air that has passed through the air filtration system. Opacity detectors, e.g., photodetectors, are often used to monitor incoming air to infer that there is a leak in the filter grid of such systems via detected changes in opacity caused by airborne contaminants such as dust or other particles. However, such detection systems do not pinpoint where a sealing flaw is located. [0004] The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0005] A filter system and method utilizing a plurality of filters each with an electrically conductive material portion for conducting an electric current while the filter maintains a tight seal and for not conducting the electric current when the filter does not maintain the tight seal. Advantages that may be realized in the practice of some disclosed embodiments of the filter leak detection system includes increased mechanical performance of systems that rely on a properly filtered air supply, automatic identification of the location of a leak, decreased mechanical erosion, fewer shutdowns due to component failures, and reduction in maintenance costs. [0006] One embodiment comprises a filter system having a tube sheet with a plurality of filter elements disposed on it. The filter elements each have an electrically conductive material portion in electrical contact with a voltage source when the filter elements maintain a tight seal on the tube sheet. The electrically conductive material portions are not in electrical contact with the voltage source if the filter elements do not maintain the tight seal. [0007] Another embodiment comprises a filter house having at a voltage source and a plurality of mounting locations for receiving filter elements that have electrically conductive material portions. The mounting locations each have an electrical contact for connecting the electrically conductive material portion of the filter elements to the voltage source. [0008] Another embodiment comprises disposing an electrically conductive circuit on a tube sheet for contacting electrically conductive filter elements installed on the tube sheet, and installing the filter elements on the tube sheet. Electrical characteristics of the filter elements are monitored after the installation. [0009] This brief description of the invention is intended only to provide a brief overview of subject matter disclosed herein according to one or more illustrative embodiments, and does not serve as a guide to interpreting the claims or to define or limit the scope of the invention, which is defined only by the appended claims. This brief description is provided to introduce an illustrative selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This brief description is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the background. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] So that the manner in which the features of the invention can be understood, a detailed description of the invention may be had by reference to certain embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the scope of the invention encompasses other equally effective embodiments. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis generally being placed upon illustrating the features of certain embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views. Thus, for further understanding of the invention, reference can be made to the following detailed description, read in connection with the drawings in which: [0011] FIG. 1 is a representation of a portion of an exemplary filter house; [0012] FIG. 2 is a representation of an exemplary filter system in the filter house of FIG. 1 ; [0013] FIG. 3 is another representation of an exemplary filter system in the filter house of FIG. 1 ; [0014] FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a process for establishing an exemplary filter system; and [0015] FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a process for monitoring the exemplary filter system of FIG. 3 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0016] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a portion of filter house 100 wherein a first matrix of filter elements 102 is disposed on a tube sheet 103 to provide a first stage of air filtration. This first stage of air filtration may comprise a coarse filtration to remove larger particles from air passing through an air duct, such as conduit 107 , toward, for example, gas turbine compressors. The filter media 109 in the first stage filter elements 102 may be configured to admit finer particles while trapping coarser particles. Air that is filtered by the first stage filtration enters a first filter zone 101 wherein the air may be measured for various properties such as opacity, humidity and temperature. A second matrix of filter elements 104 is disposed on a tube sheet 103 to further filter air from the first filter zone 101 . This second stage of air filtration may comprise finer filter media 110 to remove smaller particles from the air that will pass into second filter zone 106 wherein the filtered air may again be measured for various properties, as described above. In the side view if FIG. 1 one row each of filter elements 102 , 104 are visible, however, multiple rows of filter elements 102 and 104 form the first matrix and the second matrix of filter elements on the tube sheets 103 , as described herein. Filtered air exits the second filter zone 106 and continues through conduit 107 in the direction indicated by the arrow 108 . The air is typically drawn through the filter house 100 by compressor suction at sufficient pressure to force incoming air through the two stages of filter elements. The matrix of filter elements 102 , 104 are positioned on tube sheets 103 with sufficient pressure, such as provided by mechanical retainers, so as to divert air through the filter elements 102 , 104 and to prevent gaps from forming between filter elements 102 , 104 and the tube sheets 103 whereby dirty air might bypass the filter elements 102 , 104 and continue traveling through the conduit 107 . [0017] FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a filter system 200 , which may be located in a filter house such as illustrated in FIG. 1 . The filter system 200 comprises a plurality of filter elements 202 , such as air filters, each disposed in a conduit 107 , which carries a gas, such as air, through the filter elements 202 in a direction indicated by the arrows 206 . The tube sheet 203 includes voltage lines 205 , 210 connected to the voltage source 215 . The filter elements 202 each have a filter medium 109 or 110 for filtering air passing therethrough and an electrically conductive material portion 204 for connecting to the voltage lines 205 , 210 when the filter elements 202 are in a properly installed position on the tube sheet 203 . The filter elements 202 are each properly installed in the conduit 107 at a mounting location 216 on the tube sheet 203 when the electrically conductive material portion 204 of the filter element 202 closes the electric circuit formed by voltage source 215 and voltage lines 205 , 210 . [0018] The mounting locations 216 are each defined by an electrical contact, or electrical terminal, wherein the electrically conductive portions 204 of filter elements 202 may electrically contact the voltage lines 205 , 210 . The mounting locations 216 , and the positioning of the electrically conductive material portion 204 on each filter element 202 , are selected such that when the circuit is closed by the filter element 202 , as just described, the filter element 202 is properly installed and provides an air tight seal against the tube sheet 203 of the conduit 107 . Therefore, any air traveling through conduit 107 has passed through the filter media 109 or 110 of properly installed filter elements 202 and cannot bypass the filter elements 202 . The mounting locations 216 , the electrically conductive material portions 204 , or the voltage lines 205 , 210 , or a combination thereof, may comprise resistive elements to control an amount of current flowing therethrough. As described below, the resistive elements may be selectively sized in order to provide more precision in identifying failing filter elements 202 . [0019] The filter elements 202 are disposed on the tube sheet 103 in the conduit 107 for filtering particles from the air traveling through the conduit 107 . The air is typically drawn through the filter house by the compressor suction. As viewed in FIG. 2 , the filter elements 202 in the upper portion of FIG. 2 each comprise an electrically conductive material portion 204 that extends between two mounting locations 216 . Thus, there are two mounting locations 216 for each of these filter elements 202 which require their electrically conductive material portions 204 to contact the voltage lines 205 , 210 at two corresponding electrical contact points. In the lower portion of FIG. 2 , the filter elements 202 each comprise an electrically conductive material portion 204 that contacts one mounting location having spaced electrical contact points for closing the electrically conductive circuit with voltage lines 205 , 210 . In one embodiment, the electrically conductive material portions 204 of each pair of the filter elements 202 , as seen in FIG. 2 , are connected in parallel between voltage lines 205 , 200 . The electrically conductive material portions 204 on the filter elements 202 may be variously formed and positioned, as shown in the embodiments of FIG. 2 , from any conductive material in any form, such as a conductive coating, printed circuit, adhesive, wire, rod, tape, resistor, or other form, that is capable of reliably closing the electric circuit formed by voltage lines 205 , 210 and voltage source 215 . [0020] As described above, such a closed electric circuit occurs when a filter element 202 is tightly sealed against tube sheet 203 such as may be accomplished by a mechanical retainer exerting a sufficient pressure upon the filter element 202 . Such a closed electric circuit will draw a small amount of electric current, and an open or closed electric circuit can be easily detected by electrical devices connected thereto. As described above, a resistive element may be introduced into the closed electric circuit, such as in the electrically conductive material portions 204 , in the voltage lines 205 , 210 , or in the mounting locations 216 . Such resistive elements may include known resistances. An improperly installed, or dislodged, filter element 202 will alter electrical characteristics of its corresponding electric circuit which may be automatically detected by a monitoring detector 208 or control station 207 , as described below. These changed characteristics can be automatically, electrically detected without requiring manual or visual inspection of the installation of filter element 202 . Such changed characteristics include a different amount of current flowing through the voltage lines for a particular conduit and a different resistance presented by the electric circuit formed in a particular conduit. [0021] In one embodiment, detectors 208 are electrically connected to each of the closed circuits formed by voltage source 215 , voltage lines 205 , 210 , and the electrically conductive material portion 204 of filter elements 202 that are properly secured at mounting locations 216 on the tube sheet 203 , through which a small current flows. If the circuit opens, such as by filter 202 becoming disengaged from its properly mounted position, the small current ceases flowing and this changed electrical characteristic is sensed by detector 208 . The detector 208 may include a visual indicator 209 , such as an LED, which can be configured to either illuminate or to turn off when the abnormal condition is sensed, depending on its standard default state. The detector 208 may include an audible indicator 214 which also can be configured for activation to indicate that the changed electrical characteristic is sensed. A plurality of detectors 208 can each be connected to the closed circuit formed at, or in proximity to, each filter 202 mounting location 216 , thereby providing a visual and/or audible notification when an air tight seal fails, with the added advantage of pointing out, by proximity to, the failing seal. [0022] In one embodiment, a control station 207 may be connected, via electrical lines 211 , as shown in FIG. 2 , to all of the closed circuits formed by the filter elements 202 installed at mounting locations 216 . The control station 207 may include a display screen 212 and/or a speaker 213 for providing a visual and/or an audible notification upon detecting an open circuit caused by a failing seal. The control station 207 may include a microprocessor, or controller, with memory for storing programs executed by the microprocessor, as described herein, or for storing other information that is accessible by the microprocessor to perform monitoring tasks as described herein. The control station 207 may be located proximate to the filter system 200 or may be connected remotely by electrical lines 211 . The control station 207 may display information on display screen 212 identifying the filter element 202 whose seal is failing. The control station 207 may be embodied in a programmed computer, such as a personal computer, a tablet computer, a handheld processing system, a microcontroller, or some other programmed processing unit. The control station 207 may include a wireless communication capability for transmitting radio signal information to another remote processing unit for conveying status information about the filter system 200 or information about a detected failing seal. [0023] With reference to FIG. 3 , there is illustrated an embodiment of a filter system 300 , similar to the embodiments of filter system 200 described and shown in FIG. 2 except that several components are not depicted for purposes of clarity and ease of illustration. The embodiments illustrated in FIG. 3 should be understood to be capable of implementing every feature of the filter system 200 as described in relation to FIG. 2 above. As shown, filter system 300 may comprise any number of conduits 301 - 303 with any number of filter elements 321 - 329 installed therein. As illustrated, filter elements 321 - 323 are installed in corresponding conduit 301 ; filter elements 324 - 326 are installed in corresponding conduit 302 ; and filter elements 327 - 329 are installed in corresponding conduit 303 . The filter elements 321 - 329 comprise electrically conductive material portions 204 that are connected in parallel within each conduit 301 - 303 to voltage lines 205 , 210 , so long as the filter elements 321 - 329 remain properly installed to provide air tight seals in the conduits 301 - 303 . Although not shown in FIG. 3 , filter system 300 may include detectors such as the detectors 208 of FIG. 2 that are operable in the same fashion as explained above with reference to FIG. 2 . [0024] In one embodiment, voltage lines 205 , 210 are all connected to the control station 207 . In this embodiment the control station 207 includes a voltage source connected to voltage lines 205 , 210 for driving a small detectable current through the electrically conductive material portions 204 in filter elements 321 - 329 . The control station 207 further includes one or more digital ammeters or ohmmeters for monitoring the small amount of current flowing between voltage lines 205 , 210 corresponding to each of the conduits 301 - 303 or for measuring a resistance of the electric circuit corresponding to each of the conduits 301 - 303 . If one of the filter elements 321 - 329 becomes dislodged, the failure is detected by the one or more digital ammeters or ohmmeters in control station 207 because the electrically conductive material portion 204 of the dislodged filter element 321 - 329 will be disconnected from either or both voltage lines 205 , 210 and the total current flowing through, or the total resistance of, the remaining electrically conductive material portions 204 in the corresponding conduit 301 - 303 changes in an amount that can be detected by control station 207 . The expected current magnitude can easily be calculated at the control station processor using the well know electrical property I=V/R. In one embodiment the voltage level of the voltage source 215 is known, as well as the size of resistance elements in each closed circuit formed by installed filter elements 321 - 329 . [0025] The control station 207 may be configured by appropriate programming to store a selectable threshold current and/or resistance level and, in response to detecting that the current or resistance has changed and exceeds the threshold, to identify the corresponding conduit 301 - 303 where the change has occurred. Thus, in this embodiment, a dislodged filter element 321 - 329 can be more easily located by identifying the conduit 301 - 303 where the malfunction has occurred. [0026] The control station 207 may include a display screen 212 and/or a speaker 213 for providing a visual and/or an audible notification upon detecting the malfunctioning filter element 321 - 329 , such as a text message on display screen 212 or a pre-recorded audio replayed over speaker 213 . The control station 207 may be located proximate to the filter system 300 or it may be connected remotely by voltage lines 205 , 210 . The control station 207 may be programmed to automatically display information on display screen 212 or to replay an audio message over speaker 213 identifying the corresponding conduit 301 - 303 having a filter element 321 - 329 whose seal has failed. The control station 207 may be embodied in a programmed computer, such as a personal computer, a tablet computer, a handheld processing system, a microcontroller, or some other programmed processing unit. The control station 207 may include a wireless communication capability for transmitting radio signal information to another remote processing unit for conveying information about one of the conduits 301 - 303 having a dislodged filter element 321 - 329 . [0027] In another embodiment, the resistances of the electrically conductive material portions 204 of filter elements 321 - 329 may be individually selected to provide known resistances to the voltage supplied by connected voltage lines 205 , 210 . As a result, the expected current flowing through voltage lines 205 , 210 for each conduit 301 - 303 , as well as a total resistance of each conduit 301 - 303 , can be calculated. Furthermore, the expected current magnitudes flowing through, and resistances of, voltage lines 205 , 210 for each conduit 301 - 303 can be calculated for every possible combination of one or more failing filter elements 321 - 329 . By employing a different, known resistance for each of the electrically conductive material portions 204 within each conduit 301 - 303 , and recording the position of the known resistances corresponding to each filter element 321 - 329 location within the conduits 301 - 303 , the failing filter element can be pinpointed based on the numerical value of the decreased current flow. The failing filter element can also be pinpointed based on the numerical value of the remaining resistance provided by the known resistive elements connected in parallel. Thus, at least two electrical characteristics of each conduit can be used to determine whether a filter element has become dislodged and, if so, its location. [0028] As an illustrative example, if each of the electrically conductive material portions 204 of filter elements 321 - 323 in conduit 107 comprises a different preselected resistance element, and one of the filter elements 321 - 323 becomes dislodged, the decreased current level flowing through the remaining filter elements 321 - 323 can be calculated based on the voltage level of voltage lines 205 , 210 and on the known resistances of the remaining parallel connected filter elements 321 - 323 in the conduit 107 . Because each filter element 321 - 323 will decrease the current level by a different amount if it becomes dislodged, a one-to-one correspondence between the numerical value of the decreased current level and each filter element 321 - 323 can be determined and stored in a table in a memory accessible by control station 207 . Similarly, such a table can be generated and stored which corresponds to the total resistance presented by the remaining filter elements. [0029] The control station 207 may be configured to store a table of expected current magnitudes, or resistance magnitudes, for each conduit 301 - 303 corresponding to possible combinations of one or more failing filter elements 321 - 329 together with locations of each of the filter elements 321 - 329 . Thus, the control station 207 may be programmed such that when a changed current or changed resistance is detected in one or more of the conduits 301 - 303 the conduit can be thereby identified, and the magnitude of the decreased current or resistance, as measured by the one or more digital ammeters and ohmmeters in control station 207 , can be looked up in the stored table to identify precisely which one or more filter elements 321 - 329 have failed and where they are located. [0030] As explained above with respect to FIG. 2 , the electrically conductive material portions 204 on the filter elements 321 - 329 may be variously fabricated from any conductive material in any form, such as a conductive coating, printed circuit, adhesive, wire, rod, tape, resistor, or other form, that is capable of reliably electrically connecting to voltage lines 205 , 210 . In addition, known resistors can be connected in line with the electrically conductive material portions 204 , in the mounting locations 216 , or in the voltage lines 205 , 210 , to provide a known resistance corresponding to each filter element 321 - 329 . Such resistors can be directly attached to the filter elements 321 - 329 in their electrically conductive material portions 204 during manufacture of the filter elements 321 - 329 , or afterwards. [0031] FIG. 4 illustrates a method of implementing one embodiment wherein filter elements 202 are installed at mounting locations 216 on a tube sheet 203 and monitored to ensure that they are properly seated on the tube sheet 203 . In a first step, step 401 , a filter element 202 having an electrically conductive portion 204 is installed on a tube sheet 203 having voltage lines 205 , 210 attached thereto at mounting locations 216 . The installation of the filter element 202 continues at step 402 wherein the electrically conductive portions 204 of the filter elements 202 are electrically connected to the voltage lines on the tube sheet 203 . This step may require that the filter element 202 be fastened to the tube sheet 203 using mechanical means such as retainers that will exert sufficient pressure so as to establish good electrical contact between the electrically conductive portion 204 on the filter element and the voltage lines 205 , 210 on the tube sheet 203 . As described above, the voltage lines 205 , 210 on the tube sheet 203 , as well as the electrically conductive portions 204 on the filter element 202 , may be variously fabricated from any conductive material in any form, such as a conductive coating, printed circuit, adhesive, wire, rod, tape, resistor, or other form, that is capable of reliably establishing electrical contact. After the electrical connections are established the corresponding circuits can be automatically monitored using a control station 207 or detector 208 as described above, in step 403 . The circuits are monitored for changes in electrical characteristics, such as resistance or current flow, and, when such changes are detected, the location of a filter element 202 is indicated by a detector 208 connected to the filter element 202 circuit or determined by a control station 207 connected to the filter element circuit, in step 404 . A magnitude of change in the electrical characteristics of a corresponding circuit is used to determine a location of a failing filter element 202 as described above. [0032] FIG. 5 illustrates, in the form of a flowchart, a method 500 performed by a control station 207 under programmed control to detect malfunctioning filter elements 321 - 329 . The control station 207 is programmed to monitor the current flowing through each conduit 301 - 303 of the filter system 300 , or the resistance of the circuit through each conduit, or a combination thereof, either continuously or periodically using the one or more digital ammeters, or ohmmeters, in the control station 207 , and to compare the monitored current level or resistance level with a stored numerical threshold value. At step 501 , the control station 207 detects that the current level or resistance level in one or more of the conduits 301 - 303 has changed. In response, at step 502 , the control station identifies the one or more conduits, either 301 , 302 , or 303 , where the electrical characteristic has changed. At step 503 , the numerical value of the changed characteristic is looked up in an electronic table to identify a corresponding malfunctioning filter element 321 - 329 . The filter elements 321 - 329 are stored in the table each in association with the numerical values of various possible changed current and resistance levels for each conduit 301 - 303 based on all possible combinations of malfunctioning filter elements 321 - 329 . At step 504 , the control station 207 outputs information identifying the dislodged filter element 321 - 329 on its display screen 212 , through its speaker 213 , wirelessly over a radio channel to another processing unit, or a combination thereof. [0033] In view of the foregoing, embodiments of the invention provide a system and method for automatically detecting a disengaged filter element in a filter house. A technical effect is to increase mechanical performance and lifetimes of systems relying on a properly filtered air supply. [0034] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.), or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “control station” “circuit,” “circuitry,” and/or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. [0035] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. [0036] Program code and/or executable instructions embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing. [0037] Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer (device), partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). [0038] Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. [0039] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. [0040] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. [0041] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

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CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Application No. 61/651,740, filed May 25, 2012, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND [0002] One important system on a commercial aircraft is the galley plumbing system. Both potable and waste water must be stored, circulated, and collected on the aircraft via the plumbing system. On a commercial aircraft, potable water is used for multiple applications, including drinking water, beverages such as coffee and tea, and cooking (steam ovens, rice boilers etc.), and as a result must meet certain safety regulated requirements. That is, to ensure that it fit for human consumption, potable water available on an aircraft has to meet certain minimum health and safety standards. This is partially accomplished with aggressive filtering, which also improves the taste and smell, and removes impurities and harmful bacteria. The aircraft plumbing system encompasses all aspects of water usage on a galley, and includes its associated hardware and components as well as the other galley equipment, either consuming or producing water. [0003] To meet the requirements of potable water, galley plumbing systems must pass design requirements specified by the aircraft manufacturers and proving tests to ensure that the potable, waste and foul water systems remain separated and that no cross contamination can occur. Also, when the aircraft shuts down after completion of a flight, or for longer periods of storage or maintenance, all of the systems must be capable of draining completely to evacuate all residual water so as to eliminate all retained water that could potentially become contaminated or breed bacteria. To this end, the plumbing system must be capable of gravitational draining, i.e., receiving air into the system to cause rapid displacement and removal of any trapped water. [0004] It is common practice in the airlines for potable water that has passed through the water filter of the plumbing system to be regarded as waste water. However, recent changes in policy by aircraft manufacturers that are driven by the need to conserve water, has led to requirements that potable water only becomes waste water when it has entered the galley sink. In view of this, it is possible to reclaim potable water by draining all other water fed devices including water boilers, faucets, ovens, filters, etc. into the fresh water tanks. In addition, at the resumption of service, the potable water supply circuit must be capable of being filled automatically without manual assistance, and all sections that may potentially trap air must be capable of self-venting. When filling the potable water circuit, it is important to remember that pressures vary depending on the aircraft and design. [0005] One challenge when designing aircraft plumbing systems on an aircraft is preventing backflow of waste water, which can contaminate the system and foul the drains and venting devices. Moreover, in severe cases foul air from the waste water can rise up and make things unpleasant for the passengers. Accordingly, a reliable and effective stop valve is essential to permit flow through the system, but prevent back flow of waste water. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention is an air stop valve for an aircraft galley plumbing system. the air stop valve is part of a full potable/waste water/vacuum plumbing system in a reduced footprint, wet/refrigerated galley. Drainage of waste water in the galley plumbing system is controlled by the air stop valve, which also doubles as a back flow prevention device. The air stop valve utilizes the aircrafts applied vacuum downstream of the outlet to drain water into the waste water tank, whereby the vacuum cooperates with the valve to hold the valve closed until the column of water in the hose above the inlet to the stop valve overcomes the vacuum and opens the valve automatically. The vacuum is used to ensure the waste water can be effectively drained into the waste tank. Since the valve is held closed to maintain the vacuum in the system, foul odors from the waste tank are prevented from entering the cabin. The air stop valve also operates to prevent waste water from flowing back up the waste line into the cabin sink. [0007] The valve of the present invention comprises a compact flow control body that reduces exterior dimensions substantially and allowing it to be installed in a confined space. A pivoting paddle within the valve rotates from the open to closed position, sealing the valve to prevent waste water and foul air from passing through the valve. In a preferred embodiment, the paddle has a trapezoidal shape that allows water in certain conditions to bypass the paddle and flow through the valve. [0008] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the operation of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary galley utilizing the air stop valve of the present invention; [0010] FIG. 2 a is a first cross sectional view of the air stop valve of FIG. 1 ; [0011] FIG. 2 b is a second cross sectional view of the air stop valve of FIG. 1 ; [0012] FIG. 3 is a side view and front view of the paddle of the valve; [0013] FIG. 4 a is a first cross sectional view of an alternate embodiment of the air stop valve; [0014] FIG. 4 b is a second cross sectional view of the alternate embodiment of the air stop vavle; [0015] FIG. 5 is a side view and front view of the paddle of the alternate embodiment; [0016] FIG. 6 a is a first cross sectional view of another alternate embodiment of the valve; [0017] FIG. 6 b is a second cross sectional view of the alternate embodiment of FIG. 6 ; [0018] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an air stop valve with a manual release cable; and [0019] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an air stop valve with a front mounted manual release cable. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0020] The plumbing system as shown in FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram for a compact integrated plumbing system designed for use in a reduced foot print refrigerated/wet galley. Water is provided via a bottom fed potable water delivery system where the water supply originates from the bottom of the monument, although similar systems include water fed from above. The invention works well with either system, as well as other plumbing systems. Potable water (indicated by arrow 10 ) enters the plumbing system via a “T” valve 12 incorporating a remotely operated shut off valve. The main feed 14 supplies the water distribution/filter block 16 through a two way valve 17 , where it is filtered using a selected filtration method such as, for example, a spin on type water purification cartridges that incorporate self-venting units 18 . Preferably two or more filters 18 are used to reduce back pressure in the system and to allow airlines to select different levels of filtration, a GAINS supply line water filter 18 a and a faucet supply line water filter 18 b. One line 20 connected to the filter 18 a supplies the galley insert equipment (GAINS) such as coffee makers, steam ovens, etc., and the other line 22 from the filter 18 b supplies the fresh water faucet 24 . The distribution block 16 includes a remote emergency potable water shut off valve 21 and a backflow prevention valve manual override 23 controlled by a cable 27 . [0021] The second branch of the Tee valve 12 supplies pressurized water to the compact pressure check valve 26 at a pre-defined pressure. This check valve 26 closes the valve 12 preventing drain down from the GAIN water distribution manifold 28 . The distribution manifold 28 supplies potable water via quick disconnect fittings 30 . The GAINS are connected to the manifold 28 by flexible hoses 32 . The manifold 28 also preferably incorporates self-venting devices 34 to aid the (potable water) filling process, as does the faucet 24 . Water from the faucet 24 , from GAIN drip trays 36 via condensate drainage catch pots 38 , and any condensate from galley air chiller units, is disposed of via drain line 52 to waste line 44 via Tee piece 42 . Drainage of waste water entering the sink is accomplished via a Tee piece 42 in the waste water drain line 44 and through a compact, backflow prevention device or Air Stop Valve 46 , which operates under a partial vacuum. A manual over ride is remotely connected to the distribution filter block 16 . Both the potable drain line 52 and waste water line 44 drain down into the aircraft waste water tank via line 48 . [0022] In the foregoing plumbing system, all of the waste water drains downward to the aircraft waste water tank (not shown). Filtered water is distributed from the filter 18 a to the GAINS manifold 28 and then to the GAINS via flex hose connections 32 . The system is self-venting through various self-venting devices 34 , the water filters 18 and faucet 24 . All standing water can be quickly vented to prevent contamination of the system and comply with regulation for potable water systems. [0023] FIG. 2 illustrates multiple cross sectional views of a first embodiment of the air stop valve 46 of the present invention. The valve body 102 is divided into three main chambers, the inlet chamber 104 , transfer chamber 106 , and outlet chamber 108 . Within the body 102 is a rotary action paddle 110 that provides a water tight seal, and an anti-backflow device 112 such as a poppet valve 112 or ball valve. In normal operation, the valve 46 is held closed by a vacuum pressure on the downstream side of the system that closes the lower flap 114 of the rotary paddle 110 , which is provided by the aircraft drainage system. The rotation of the lower flap 114 against the passageway between the outlet chamber 108 and the transfer chamber 106 also closes the upper flap 116 , preventing water from passing through the valve. When the column (head) of water in the drain hose 44 reaches a sufficient pressure, the upper flap 116 of the valve 46 is forced away from its seal to open the drain and water passes through the transfer chamber 106 and out through the outlet chamber 108 . Spigots for a standard water drain waste connection are provided at the inlet 118 and outlet 120 . [0024] The upper flap 116 of the paddle 110 is preferably configured in a trapezoidal shape as shown in FIG. 3 , which facilitates drainage by allowing water to flow past on either side in the respective chambers once the flap 116 is opened. After the water has drained through the valve 46 , the subsequent decrease in hydraulic pressure (head) will allow the vacuum below the valve to re-close the valve. In a preferred embodiment, the pivot point 122 of the paddle mechanism 110 is offset from the flap 116 , providing a weighted bias to the lower portion of the paddle that assists in closure. The upper flap 116 is preferably formed with a greater surface area than the lower flap to aid opening under pressure. Both inlet and outlet flaps 116 , 114 are preferably lined with a durable seal material 142 , although this may alternatively or additionally be fitted to the valve body 102 . [0025] In the event of a failure of the aircraft vacuum system, waste water will continue to drain through the valve 46 under the action of gravity, although the hydraulic pressure (head) required to open the valve will be greatly reduced. If a backflow surge occurs following the failure of the vacuum system (water is forced up the drain hose from the waste water tank to the valve outlet 120 ), the valve 46 is fitted with an anti-backflow prevention device in the form of a one way poppet valve 112 , shown in the open position in FIG. 2 a and in the closed position in FIG. 2 b. [0026] Under normal operating conditions, the poppet valve 112 is held open by the aircraft vacuum system as shown in FIG. 2 a . In some cases, restriction of the outflow is reduced by incorporating a bell chamber 124 around the poppet head. The valve preferably also incorporates flotation assistance in the form of a light or buoyant material or air filled cap 128 to assist in its effective closure. Oscillation of the valve during drainage also serves to counteract the possibility of seizure due to lack of use. [0027] FIG. 3 illustrates the shape and profile of the paddle 110 , including a trapezoidal upper flap 116 and a generally square bottom flap 114 . The paddle 110 pivots about a hole 130 that is sized to receive a pin. The hole 130 is offset from both the upper flap 116 and the lower flap 114 , and located closer to the upper flap 116 than the lower flap 114 in a preferred embodiment. In this configuration, the paddle 110 can be biased in the closed position which, along with the vacuum, ensures that the valve is closed under ordinary circumstances. [0028] FIGS. 4 a and 4 b illustrate a variation of the valve 46 a with a secondary reverse flow poppet valve 150 fitted to the outlet flap 114 of the paddle 110 . The additional poppet 150 assists in preventing the valve from being opened by a waste water backflow in the event of a seizure or failure to seal of the primary backflow prevention device 112 . In normal operation, the poppet 150 is held closed by the aircraft vacuum system and drainage functions in the same way as detailed above. In the event of backflow, however, the secondary poppet 150 allows water to enter the outlet side of the transfer chamber 106 at a controlled rate. Due to the position of the pivot point 122 in relation to the outlet flap 114 , the waste water will not be capable of exerting the necessary pressure on the lower half of the paddle 114 in order to open valve. In addition, as the center section 152 of the paddle is not water tight, any water reaching the inlet section of the transfer chamber 106 forces the inlet flap 116 against its seal to prevent the water from reaching the inlet chamber 104 . Further, with the vacuum restored but the transfer chamber 106 full of waste water, a manual override may be required to allow the automatic drainage to be re-set. FIG. 5 shows the paddle 110 a with the secondary anti-backflow device 150 embedded in the lower flap 114 . Other anti-backflow devices could also be used as an alternative to the device shown. [0029] FIGS. 6 a and 6 b illustrate another variation of the valve 46 of the present invention with a reduced valve body 200 housing a cranked paddle 210 . The paddle 210 includes an offset upper flap, wherein the upper flap is angled with respect to a radius passing through its pivot point 225 . The paddle further comprises at least one, and preferably a plurality of fluid transfer apertures 220 on each side of the spindle 225 to allow unrestricted fluid flow through the transfer chamber 206 . The hose connections on this configuration use spigot-like connections 218 on the main body 221 , although other types of connections are available as well. The lower outlet flap 214 may also be fitted with a secondary reverse flow poppet valve 150 as shown in FIG. 4 . However, the backflow surge will pass easily through the fluid transfer apertures 220 although it cannot progress beyond the inlet flap 216 where increased pressure will increase the sealing capability. Also, the through mounting hole 235 is shown on either side of the valve body. The primary anti-backflow protection is provided by a captive ball float anti-backflow device 250 . This variation has the advantage of simplicity and reliability, since there is a reduced opportunity for becoming jammed or seizing. The ball float device 250 , which benefits from a weight reduction, rests on a support ring 252 and seals against a wide seat 254 within a bell chamber 124 that allows flow around the sides of the ball 250 . In normal operation, the ball 250 rests on its support ring 252 , remaining static as a result of the vacuum (suction) at the waste water hose outlet connection. In the event of a loss of vacuum and a backflow surge, the ball 250 is forced against its seat 254 thereby preventing water from entering the outlet chamber 108 of the valve. As with the previously discussed examples, a secondary reverse flow poppet valve may be fitted to the outlet flap. [0030] FIG. 7 illustrates a version of a manual release mechanism attached to the paddle spindle 225 of the valve. The release mechanism comprises a cable 260 , a cable mounting 262 , an actuating lever 264 , and spindle boss 252 . In this design, the mechanism is mounted on the front face of the valve. If the valve fails to operate automatically for any reason, the manual release mechanism may be operated manually by pulling the emergency release control which is integrated into the water distribution/filter block 16 located in the service area at the top of the galley. FIG. 8 illustrates a second version of a manual release mechanism attached to the paddle spindle 225 of the valve, mounted on the side of the valve. The side mounting reduces the physical depth that the valve needs to occupy. If the valve fails to operate automatically, it can be released as set forth above in Example 5. [0031] The present invention has many benefits over the prior art. Namely, the depth foot print of the valve of the present invention is significantly reduced as compared with traditional valves, allowing installation in confined spaces. The valve of the present invention also operates on a completely different principal to existing devices, by using a rotating paddle design, while maintaining the functional requirement required by the aircraft manufacturers. This ensures that the valve inhibits water backflow by a combination of the flaps, paddle and paddle pivot point design. Further, the valve may be fitted with primary and secondary mechanical anti-backflow devices, or a simple ball float valve, or a combination of such, as required. In a preferred embodiment, the primary poppet anti-backflow device is float assisted, with the resulting oscillation caused during drain down of waste water keeping the valve free and less prone to sticking. The valve can be made economically, with as few as two moving parts and constructed entirely from non-metallic materials. The valve of the present invention can include up to three stages of anti-backflow protection. Finally, the valve has the flexibility of alternative locations for the emergency manual release mechanism. [0032] It will become apparent from the foregoing descriptions that while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the appended claims.

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[0001] The present application claims the benefit of priority to Chinese patent application No. 200910193709.7 titled “SELF-LOCKING TYPE SHUTTER DEVICE”, filed with the Chinese State Intellectual Property Office on Nov. 6, 2009. The entire disclosures thereof are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a cash inlet/outlet gate device for financial self-service instruments, and more particularly, to a self-locking gate device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] At present, the financial self-service instruments are widely used. Independent self-service instruments may provide 24-hour uninterrupted service, so as to provide many advantages to people's lives. Unattended automatic teller machines are convenient to depositors. However, it also provides an opportunity for criminals to steal or intercept money from depositors. As the automatic teller machine is widely installed, criminal cases for the automatic teller machine are also increasing year after year. Such kind of crime mainly includes, i) illegally intercepting money from depositors by taking some actions to the cash outlet; and ii) stealing money from depositors by illegally obtaining information and passwords of bank cards of depositors. [0004] For the first kind of crime, the financial self-service instrument needs to be equipped with a cash outlet gate which may prevent foreign matters from being inserted, prevent liquid glues, resist a certain violent damage and avoid from being illegally opened. A current cash outlet gate is generally resisted by a gate stopper in order to prevent from being illegally opened. However, in this manner, it is inevitable to form a gap between the gate and a base plate when assembling the gate, and thus criminals may move the gate stopper from the gap with a thin rigid sheet, so that the gate may be easily opened. Obviously, it is an important problem of designing the financial self-service instrument to improve the safety and reliability of the cash outlet gate and prevent the cash outlet gate from being illegally opened. [0005] The conventional gate locking device generally has many members, and thus has a complex structure. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a self-locking cash outlet gate structure which has a simplified structure and high safety and reliability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] The object of the invention is to provide a self-locking gate structure which may prevent from being illegally opened. [0007] The further object of the invention is to provide an anti-inserted foreign matters and anti-liquid glues sticking gate structure. [0008] In view of the above objects, the present invention provides a self-locking gate device, installed in a financial self-service instrument and configured to open or close a cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument. The self-locking gate device includes an integral welded frame, a door and a power transmission mechanism. The door is installed on the frame through a first rotation shaft and is rotatable around the first rotation shaft. The power transmission mechanism is fixed on the frame and proving a power for the rotation of the door. The power transmission mechanism includes an electric motor and at least one one-way folded connecting rod mechanism. The one-way folded connecting rod mechanism includes a first connecting rod and a second connecting rod. The first connecting rod and the second connecting rod are hinged together through a second shaft. The other end of the first connecting rod is connected to the door through a third shaft. The third shaft and the first shaft are disposed in parallel and are respectively located at two opposite ends of the door. The other end of the second connecting rod is connected to the electric motor through a fourth shaft. The electric motor drives and rotates the fourth shaft. The second connecting rod and the fourth shaft are fixedly connected together. [0009] Preferably, an end of the first connecting rod adjacent to the third shaft has a first end surface, and an end of the second connecting rod adjacent to the third shaft has a second end surface. When the cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument is closed by the door, the first end surface and the second end surface abut against with each other, so as to stop a folding operation formed by rotating the first connecting rod in a clockwise direction and rotating the second connecting rod in a counterclockwise direction. [0010] Preferably, when the cash inlet/outlet is closed by the door, axes of the second shaft, third shaft and fourth shaft are in the same line, or the second shaft is located below the connecting line A between the axes of the third shaft and the fourth shaft. [0011] Preferably, in the case that the second shaft is located below the connecting line A between the axes of the third shaft and the fourth shaft and the connecting line between the axes of the second shaft and the fourth shaft is indicated as B, a separation angle formed between A and B is ranged from 0 to 10 degree. [0012] Preferably, a torsion spring is provided on the third shaft. An end of the torsion spring is fixedly connected to the door, and the other end of the torsion spring is fixedly connected to the first connecting rod. The torsion spring is configured to exert a force to the first connecting rod, so as to urge the first connecting rod to rotate around the third shaft in the clockwise direction. [0013] Preferably, a rod embracing structure is formed between the second connecting rod and the fourth shaft, and the second connecting rod is configured to clamp the fourth shaft through a screw. [0014] Preferably, the power transmission mechanism further includes a driving gear and a driven gear engaged with the driving gear, the driven gear is installed on the fourth shaft so as to rotate the fourth shaft. [0015] Optionally, the power transmission mechanism includes a pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms. The pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms is connected between the door and the fourth shaft, and the pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms is symmetrically located two ends of the fourth shaft. [0016] In order to further achieve the object of preventing foreign matters from being inserted and preventing liquid glues from sticking, the edges of the door of the self-locking gate device engaged with the cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument are provided with POM plastic sphere convex dots. Preferably, the POM plastic convex sphere convex dots are distributed uniformly and equidistantly. [0017] The self-locking gate device according to the present invention has the following advantages. [0018] The one-way folded connecting rod mechanism is provided in the power transmission mechanism, so as to achieve the self-lock function, which may prevent the gate device from being violently destroyed by criminals. The present invention utilizes the characteristic that liquid glues available in the market don't stick the POM plastic, and the edges of the door to engaged with the cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument are provided with POM plastic sphere convex dots, thus, the flow guiding gap for liquid glues is formed, and guides liquid glues to flow out. Besides, the sphere convex dots may minimize the contact area between the gate structure and the panel of the cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument, and decrease the destructive degree of glues to the gate device, thereby preventing the gate device from being damaged by glues. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a preferred gate device according to the invention when being in the closed state; [0020] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the gate device in FIG. 1 when being in the opening course state; [0021] FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the gate in FIG. 1 when being in the completely opened state; [0022] FIG. 4 is a schematic sectional view of the gate in FIG. 1 when being in the closed state; [0023] FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an adjustable rod embracing structure; [0024] FIG. 6 is a partial enlarged schematic view of portion A in FIG. 2 ; [0025] FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of another preferred gate device according to the invention when being in the closed state; and [0026] FIG. 8 is a partial enlarged schematic view of portion B in FIG. 7 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] Hereinafter, the technical solutions in embodiments of the present invention will be described clearly and completely with reference to drawings of the embodiments of the present invention. It is apparent that the embodiments to be described are merely a portion of embodiments of the present invention, but not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all of other embodiments made by those skilled in the art without inventive effort fall into the protection scope of the present invention. [0028] Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3 , the preferred gate device of the cash inlet/outlet 1 applied in the financial self-service instrument according to the present invention includes an integral welded frame 3 , a door 2 and a power transmission mechanism. The door 2 is of a plate shape. One side of the door 2 is installed to the frame 3 through a first rotation shaft 4 and is rotatable around the first rotation shaft 4 . Specifically, a pair of shaft seats 21 is fixed on the back surface of the door 2 , and the first rotation shaft 4 is fixed to the door 2 through the shaft seats 21 . Two ends of the first rotation shaft 4 are connected to the frame 3 through a pair of bearings 41 . After being installed, the door 2 may be rotated around the axis of the first rotation shaft 4 , so as to open or close the cash inlet/outlet 1 of the financial self-service instrument. Certainly, the power to rotate the door 2 around the axis of the first rotation shaft 4 comes from the power transmission mechanism which is fixed on the frame 3 . The power transmission mechanism includes an electric motor 5 , a driving gear 51 , a driven gear 52 and a pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms 70 . Specifically, the electric motor 5 is fixed on the frame 3 , and drives the driving gear 51 to rotate in the clockwise or counterclockwise direction. The driven gear 52 is engaged with the driving gear 51 , and is rotated in a reverse direction as the driving gear 51 rotates. The driven gear 52 is installed on a rotation shaft 6 which is installed on the frame 3 through a pair of bearings 61 . The driven gear 52 is fixedly connected with the rotation shaft 6 . When the driven gear 52 is rotated, the rotation shaft 6 is rotated synchronously. The pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms 70 are connected between the rotation shaft 6 and the door 2 , and located symmetrically at two ends of the rotation shaft 6 . Specifically, each of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms includes a first connecting rod 71 and a second connecting rod 72 . One end of the first connecting rod 71 is connected to the door 2 through a rotation shaft 8 . The rotation shaft 8 is fixed on the back surface of the door 2 through shaft seats 81 . The rotation shaft 8 is disposed to parallel to the first rotation shaft 4 , and located at the other side of the back surface of the door 2 opposite to the rotation shaft 4 . One end of the second connecting rod 72 is hinged with the other end of the first connecting rod 71 through a shaft 73 . Specifically, the end of the second connecting rod 72 adjacent to the first connecting rod 71 is formed into two extending sheets 721 . The rotation shaft 73 fixedly passes through the two extending sheets 721 . The first connecting rod 71 is hold between the two extending sheets 721 and is movably provided on the rotation shaft 73 . The other end of the second connecting rod 72 is fixedly connected to the rotation shaft 6 , and is rotated as the rotation shaft 6 rotates. As shown in FIG. 5 , the second connecting rod 72 and the rotation shaft 6 are designed into a rod embracing structure. When assembling, the end of the second connecting rod 72 may clamp the rotation shaft 6 by adjusting a tightening screw 723 . Such rod embracing design allows the second connecting rod 72 to be stably and fixedly connected to the rotation shaft 6 and be rotated as the rotation shaft 6 rotates, and may ensure that there is no slip between the second connecting rod 72 and the rotation shaft 6 , thereby ensuring that two second connecting rods 72 of the pair of one-way folded connecting rod mechanisms 70 may be synchronously rotated as the rotation shaft 6 rotates. In this embodiment, when being rotated around the axis of the shaft 6 , the two second connecting rods 72 may be effectively maintained in parallel, that is, they are not twisted. [0029] When the electric motor 5 rotates in the counterclockwise direction as shown in FIG. 2 , the driving gear 51 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction, and thus the driven gear 52 is rotated in the clockwise direction. Thus, the rotation shaft 6 and the second connecting rod 72 fixedly connected to the rotation shaft 6 are rotated in the clockwise direction. Since the second connecting rod 72 is hinged with the first connecting rod 71 through the shaft 73 , the first connecting rod 71 is rotated when the second connecting rod 72 rotates in the clockwise direction. Specifically, the end of the first connecting rod 71 hinged with the second connecting rod 72 is raised, and thus the other end thereof connected to the rotation shaft 8 is raised, so as to draw the door 2 to rotate around the axis of the first rotation shaft 4 , thereby opening the cash inlet/outlet 1 of the financial self-service instrument. As shown in FIG. 3 , a schematic view of the gate when being in the completely opened state is shown, at this moment, the first connecting rod 71 and the second connecting rod 72 are approximately in parallel, and the second connecting rod 72 cannot drive the first connecting rod 71 to rotate in the clockwise direction, that is, the first connecting rod 71 and the second connecting rod are in folded state. [0030] Correspondingly, when the door 2 is to be closed, the electric motor 5 rotates in reverse direction, and drives the driving gear 51 to rotate in the clockwise direction, so that the driven gear 52 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction. Thus, the rotation shaft 6 and the second connecting rod 72 are rotated in the counterclockwise direction. The second connecting rod 72 pushes the first connecting rod 71 to move, and the first connecting rod 71 pushes the door 2 to rotate around the axis of the first rotation shaft 4 in the clockwise direction, thereby closing the door 2 . As shown in FIG. 4 , a schematic sectional view of the gate when being in the completely closed state is shown, at this moment, the first connecting rod 71 and the second connecting rod 72 are in an approximate straight state. The end of the first connecting rod 71 adjacent to the shaft 73 has an end surface 711 , and the second connecting rod 72 has an end surface 722 cooperated with the end surface 711 of the first connecting rod 71 . At this moment, as shown in FIG. 4 , the end surface 711 and the end surface 722 butt against with each other, so that the second connecting rod 72 cannot be continuously rotated in the counterclockwise direction, thereby the door 2 being in the closed state. [0031] At this moment, if the door is pushed by an external force F, the external force F is transmitted to the second connecting rod 72 through the first connecting rod 71 in a direction of connecting line between the axes of the shaft 8 and the shaft 73 . Since the axis of the shaft 73 is positioned below the connecting line between the axis of the shaft 8 and the axis of the shaft 6 , the second connecting rod 72 would only be rotated around the axis of the shaft 6 in the counterclockwise direction, so that the first connecting rod 71 have to swing around the axis of the shaft 8 in the clockwise direction. However, the door has been in the closed state, and the end surface 711 of the end of the first connecting rod 71 adjacent to the shaft 73 and the end surface 722 of the end of the second connecting rod 72 adjacent to the shaft 73 have been butted against with each other, so the second connecting rod 72 cannot be rotated around the axis of the shaft 6 in the counterclockwise direction, and the first connecting rod 71 cannot swing around the axis of the shaft 8 in the clockwise direction, thereby achieving the self-locking state of the connecting rod mechanisms 70 . Besides, when the external force F is increased, the interaction force between the end surface 711 of the first connecting rod 71 and the end surface 722 of the second connecting rod 72 is also increased, meanwhile, the shearing force exerted to the shaft 73 is also increased, which may effectively prevent the gate device from being illegally opened by the external force F. [0032] As can be known from the above description, in order to prevent the gate device from being illegally opened by an external pushing force, it is necessary to ensure that, when being transmitted through the one-way folded connecting rod mechanism, the external force F cannot generate a component force, at the shaft 73 , which may drive the connecting rod 72 to rotate around the shaft 6 in the clockwise direction. According to the principle of the mechanics transmission, in order to achieve the above object, there is a particular position relationship between the shaft 8 , the connecting rod 71 , the shaft 73 , the connecting rod 72 and the shaft 6 , i.e., the shaft 73 cannot be positioned above the connecting line A between the axis of the rotation shaft 8 and the axis of the rotation shaft 6 . That is, the axes of the shaft 8 , the shaft 73 and the shaft 6 should be in the same line, or the shaft 73 should be positioned below the connecting line A between the axes of the rotation shaft 8 and the rotation shaft 6 . If a connecting line B is assumed between the axis of the shaft 73 and the axis of the rotation shaft 6 , a separation angle is formed between the connecting line A and the connecting line B. Thus, since the end surfaces 711 , 722 abut against with each other, the first connecting rod 71 cannot be rotated around the shaft 73 in the clockwise direction under the external force F, and thus the door 2 cannot be opened because the first connecting rod 71 cannot be rotated in the clockwise direction. If the door 2 is to be opened by rotating the first connecting rod 71 around the shaft 73 in the counterclockwise direction, the weight P of the connecting rod can be overcome only by the power of internal electric motor. That is, the shaft 6 is rotated and drives the second connecting rod 72 to rotate in the clockwise direction, so that the shaft 73 goes across the connecting line A between the shaft 8 and the shaft 6 , and drives the connecting rod 71 to rotate, thereby opening the gate. In the embodiment, the separation angle between the connecting line A and the connecting line B is 5 degree. Of cause, the separation angle may be any appropriate degree according to an actual requirement, preferably is in the range of 0 to 10 degree. [0033] In addition, in order to further prevent the gate device from being illegally opened, referring to FIG. 6 , a torsion spring 75 is provided on the rotation shaft 8 . One end of the torsion spring 75 is fixed in a location groove 712 formed in an upper side surface of the first connecting rod 71 , and the other end of the torsion spring 75 is fixed to the shaft seat 81 of the rotation shaft 8 . The torsion spring 75 provides a force of rotating the first connecting rod 71 around the rotation shaft 8 in the clockwise direction, so that the first connecting rod 71 and the second connecting rod 72 are kept in the locked state when the door 2 is in the closed state. Therefore, the provision of the torsion spring 75 may effectively control the jump of the rotation shaft 73 of the connecting rods 71 and 72 in upward or downward direction caused by the vibrating force from the outer side of the door plate, and prevent self-lock of the one-way folded connecting rod mechanism 70 from failing caused when the jump of the rotation shaft 73 in upward or downward direction goes across the connecting line between the axis of the rotation shaft 74 and the axis of the rotation shaft 6 . In other words, when a person attempts to apply the external force F to rotate the first connecting rod 71 in the counterclockwise direction and open the door 2 , it is also necessary to overcome the torsion force of the torsion spring 75 to raise the shaft 73 such that the first connecting rod 71 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction. Therefore, due to the provision of the torsion spring 75 , it becomes more impossible to illegally open the door 2 by attempting to rotate the first connecting rod 71 in the counterclockwise direction under the external force F. [0034] Therefore, the gate device according to the present invention may be self-locking by the one-way folded connecting rod mechanism, and has a function of preventing the gate device from being violently and illegally opened. Besides, the one-way folded connecting rod mechanism has a simplified structure and a low cost. [0035] In addition, except for attempts to open the gate by violent force, criminals often take means such as inserting foreign matters or applying liquid glues, so that the gate device works abnormally, in order to obtain an opportunity to destroy the gate device to steal the cash in the financial self-service instrument. In order to prevent the gate device from being inserted foreign matters and filled liquid glues by criminals, referring to FIGS. 7 and 8 , another preferred embodiment is also provided in the present invention. As shown in FIG. 7 , the difference between this embodiment and the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 lies in that, a plurality of POM plastic sphere convex dots 9 are provided at peripheral edges of the front surface of the door 2 , wherein the front surface of the door 2 is engagable with a cash inlet/outlet of the financial self-service instrument, and the peripheral edges of the door 2 are engagable with the peripheral edges of the cash inlet/outlet. The POM plastic sphere convex dots 9 are arranged and fixed at the peripheral edges of the door plate equidistantly. When the door 2 is in the closed state, the POM plastic anti-sticking sphere convex dots 9 are in contact with the panel of the financial self-service instrument, and a flow guiding gap is formed between the door 2 and the panel, foreign matters which are larger than the distance between the POM plastic sphere convex dots 9 and the flow guiding gap between the door and the panel cannot be inserted. In addition, since commonly used liquid glues such as 502 and AA do not stick POM plastic and the POM plastic sphere convex dots are in contact with the panel of the financial self-service instrument, the contact area between the door 2 and the panel of the financial self-service instrument may be greatly reduced. Thus, referring to FIG. 8 , when the liquid flows into the financial self-service instrument through the gap between the panel of the financial self-service instrument and the door 2 , the liquid may flow through the space between the POM plastic sphere convex dots and the flow guiding gap between the door and the panel, and then flow out via a flow guiding inclined surface 31 (so do the dust and the water). Since remnant glue on the contact surface between the POM plastic anti-sticking sphere convex dots and the panel of the financial self-service instrument doesn't stick the POM plastic, the door may be opened by a torque of the door opening electric motor which is slight larger than the normal torque. Therefore, the provision of the POM plastic sphere convex dots may effectively both prevent foreign matters or liquid from filling into the financial self-service instrument through the gate device by criminals, and prevent the gate device from being damaged with the liquid glues available in the market by criminals, and thus perform a safeguard function. [0036] While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it is not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, various equivalent variations made by those skilled in the art based on the contents described in the Description and illustrated in drawings of the present invention are deemed to fall into the protection scope of the present invention.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of Copending application Ser. No. 08/304,653, filed Sep. 9, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,000 incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to water-based adhesives, coatings and primers. Specifically, it relates to water-based polyurethane compositions having improved characteristics such as adhesion, peel strength and heat resistance. More specifically, it relates to one-component water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions useful as adhesives, coatings and primers in the manufacture of footwear and to footwear and a method of preparing footwear using such compositions. 2. Description of the Prior Art It is generally known that water-based sulfonated polyurethanes are useful in the manufacture of footwear. References describing such include the following: U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,690 (Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Fed.) discloses water-based sulfonated polyurethanes which are obtained by reacting ionic polyester polyols, polycarbonate polyols and polyether polyols or mixtures thereof with a polyisocyanate or mixtures of polyisocyanates. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane special feature are the ionic groups present in the polyol segment. These polymers are described as being especially useful in the production of adhesive bonds for the shoe industry. German Pat. No. DE 3930352 (REIA GMBH) discloses a process for bonding parts of shoes by applying water-based sulfonated polyurethane adhesives and drying with a microwave heater before bringing the parts together. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane Dispercoll U KA-8464 from Bayer Corporation is referenced. "Waterbased high performance adhesive materials", Warrach., Presented at Proceedings of the ASC Division of Polymeric Materials Conference, Miami Beach, Fla., Sep. 11-18, 1989. The article describes water-based sulfonated polyurethane polymers, and their formulations, yielding good adhesion to substrates often used in the manufacture of footwear like PVC, ABS, polyurethanes, nylon, leather and fabrics. A draw back for these prior art compositions is their failure to pass minimum adhesion standards in footwear applications, set by the Association of European Adhesive Manufacturers (FEICA), as one-component formulations. To pass minimum adhesion standards, two-component adhesive formulations are required. For example, bond strengths when subjected to thermal and mechanical stresses can be improved by the addition of water dispersible polyfunctional crosslinking agents selected from a group consisting of isocyanates, aziridines, melamine resins, epoxies, oxazolines and carbodiimides. However, a disadvantage associated with two component formulations is their limited pot life due to coagulation, gelling and viscosity increase. Furthermore, two-component adhesives have to be mixed from separate components directly before use. This can give rise to unsatisfactory adhesive bonds or a shortened pot life through inexact metering of the components making the system less user friendly. Also, exposure to latent crosslinking agents can pose a health risk through skin contact or inhalation. There remains a need for improved one-component water-based adhesives, coatings and primers. One-component water-based compositions are easier to handle, safer and generally cost less. The present inventors have now discovered new one-component water-based sulfonated polyurethane adhesives compositions which pass FEICA minimum specifications for sole bonding. The present inventors have also discovered two-component water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions having improved performance over previously known two-component systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to new water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions which are useful as adhesives, coatings and primers in the manufacture of footwear, comprising a dispersion in an aqueous vehicle of a reaction product of: a) at least one polyisocyanate component; b) at least one alkylene diol component; c) at least one sulfonated polyester polyol component wherein the sulfo groups are present in the form of alkali metal salts; and d) at least one dihydroxy carboxylic acid or salt thereof selected from the group consisting of alkali metal salts, organic tertiary amine salts and mixtures thereof. If the carboxyl groups of the dihydroxy carboxylic acid are not in the form of alkali metal salts and/or organic tertiary amine salts at the time of reaction to form the polyurethane polymer, they are converted thereto by the time the polymer is dispersed in the aqueous vehicle. Surprisingly, the polymers of the invention are characterized as having low heat activation temperatures in a range from about 50° C. to about 95° C. and rapidly develop heat resistance greater than about 110° C., without internal or external crosslinking agents. The unique one-component water-based adhesives pass minimum adhesion standards set by the Association of European Adhesive Manufacturers (FEICA). In order to meet requirements in footwear applications, such as wet out, viscosity, green strength, peel strength, water resistance, heat resistance and cost, it maybe desirable to compound the water-based sulfonated polyurethanes. Further formulations of the invention comprise a mixture of: a) a water-based sulfonated polyurethane as previously described; b) at least one non-polyurethane based water dispersible polymer selected from the group consisting of acrylics, vinyl/acrylics, styrene/acrylics, vinyl-acetate/ethylene copolymers, polychloroprenes, styrene emulsions, styrene/butadiene emulsions, starches, dextrins, caseins, animal pectines and mixtures thereof; c) at least one compounding additive selected from a group consisting of thickening agents, surfactants, coalescing aids and plasticizers and mixtures thereof; and optionally, d) at least one water dispersible polyfunctional crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of isocyanates, aziridines, melamine resins, epoxies and carbodiimides and mixtures thereof. Because adhesion properties can vary with coating weights and substrates, two-component adhesives may be formulated to pass a particular manufacturer's specification. The present invention also comprises two-component water-based polyurethanes which exceed the performance characteristics of two-component water-based adhesives currently available for use in the manufacture of footwear. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions of the present invention generate useful coatings and primers. As coatings, in the manufacture of footwear, the polymers are tough but flexible, offering a protective layer which acts as a barrier to water, oil, and as solvent. As a primer, the polymers are especially useful on difficult to adhere to surfaces such as oily leathers and porous substrates. The present invention further comprises water-based sulfonated polyurethane/acrylic or water-based sulfonated polyurethane/vinyl polymers wherein the polyurethanes disclosed above are synthesized in the presence of ethylenically unsaturated monomers to generate useful water-based blends of polyurethane/acrylic-or-vinyl polymers. Such processes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,173,526 (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,030 (Witco Corporation) and EP-A-No. 95101621.1. These processes reduce the use of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and generate polymer blends with enhanced interpenetrating polymer networks which ultimately improve the physical properties of the dried films as adhesives, coatings and primers. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions and formulations of the present invention outperform existing waterbased products currently available for use in the manufacture of footwear. These characteristics are attributed to the unique properties of the sulfonated polyurethane polymers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the instant invention, the polyurethane is a water-based sulfonated polyurethane wherein the sulfonate functional group is in the soft segment of the polyurethane. The term "polyurethane" is defined as a polymer containing two or more urethane groups and is also intended to cover polyurethane-urea polymers. Examples of such polymers are described in copending application Ser. No. 08/304/653, filed Sep. 9, 1994 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,000. The diisocyanates which are used in forming the sulfonated polyurethane can be aliphatic or aromatic diisocyanates or their mixtures. Examples of suitable aliphatic diisocyanates are isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), cyclopentylenediisocyanate, cyclohexylenediisocyanate, methylcyclohexylenediisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethanediisocyanate, hexamethylenediisocyanate (HDI), dicyclohexylmethanediisocyanate (H12MDI), and tetramethylxylyenediisocyanate (TMXDI). Examples of suitable aromatic diisocyanates are phenylenediisocyanate, tolylenediisocyanate (TDI), xylylenediisocyanate, biphenylenediisocyanate, naphthylenediisocyanate and diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI). Preferably, the alkylene diol component of the sulfonated polyurethane is a C 2 -C 8 alkylene diol or mixture thereof, most preferably a C 3 -C 6 alkylene diol or mixture thereof. Examples of the diols are ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) and 1,6-hexanediol. The sulfonated polyester polyols used to form the sulfonated polyurethane may be any polyester polyol which incorporates sulfonate groups via sulfonate functional dicarboxylic acid residues and/or sulfonate functional diol residues. The sulfonate functional groups are in alkali salt form. Typically such sulfonate functional dicarboxylic acid residues and/or sulfonate functional diol residues are a minor portion of the diol and/diacid moieties of the polyester, preferably 1.0%-10.0% by weight of the polyester. The non-sulfonated diacids and diols used in forming the sulfonated polyesters may be aromatic or aliphatic. Examples of the non-sulfonated diacids include adipic, azelaic, succinic, suberic and phthalic acids. Examples of the non-sulfonated diols include ethylene glycol, condensates of ethylene glycols, butanediol, butenediol, propanediol, neopentylglycol, hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, 1,2-propylene glycol and 2-methyl-1,3 propanediol. Examples of the sulfonate diacids include sulfoisophthalic acid, 1,3-dihydroxybutane sulfonic acid and sulfosuccinic acid. Examples of the sulfonate diols include 1,4 dihydroxybutane sulfonic acid and succinaldehyde disodium bisulfite. The dihydroxy carboxylic acids used to form the sulfonated polyurethane are compounds of the formula: (HO).sub.2 RCOOH wherein R represents a straight or branched, hydrocarbon radical containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms. Preferably, the dihydroxy carboxylic acid is an α,α-dimethylol alkanoic acid represented by the formula: ##STR1## where R 1 denotes hydrogen or an alkyl group with up to about 20 carbon atoms. Examples of such compounds are 2,2-dimethylolacetic acid, 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid, 2,2-dimethylolbutyric acid and 2,2-dimethylolpentanic acid. The preferred dihydroxyalkanoic acid is 2,2-dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). The carboxylate groups of the dihydroxy carboxylic acid is neutralized to form alkali or tertiary amine alkali groups in order to stabilize the dispersion of the sulfonated polyurethane. The neutralization may be accomplished before, or during dispersion of the sulfonated polyurethane polymer in water. The preferred water-based sulfonated polyurethane is a high molecular weight, crystalline, polyester based polyurethane polymer formed from mixtures of isophorone diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane solids are present from about 15 parts to about 95 parts by weight, and preferably from about 50 parts to about 95 parts by weight, based on 100 parts total solids. These polymers contain unique properties important in the development of improved adhesives, coatings and primers for footwear. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane compositions contain ionomers, in the soft and hard segments of the molecule, capable of strong hydrogen bonding and ionic dipole interactions. It is surmised that the strong intermolecular forces and high degree of crystallization, inherent in these polymers, generate enhanced thermal and solvent resistance properties as well as good adhesion through mechanical interlocking. A surprising feature of the invention is that the polymers have low heat activation temperatures in a range from about 50° C. to about 95° C. and rapidly develop high heat resistant bonds greater than about 110° C., preferably greater than about 120° C., without internal or external crosslinking agents. The adhesives, coatings and primers of the invention may also include other non-polyurethane based water dispersible polymers and copolymers selected from a group consisting of acrylics, vinyl/acrylics, styrenelacrylics, vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymers, polychloroprenes, styrene emulsions, styrene-butadiene emulsions, starches, dextrins, caseins, animal pectins and mixtures thereof. When present in the formulations, the water-based polymer and copolymer solids comprise from about 5 parts to about 95 parts by weight, and preferably from about 5 parts to about 50 parts by weight based on 100 parts total solids. The adhesives, primers, and coatings of the invention may also include compounding additives. Compounding additives include thickening agents, surfactants, coalescing aids and plasticizers. A preferred associative thickening agent is DSX-1550 from Henkel Corporation. A preferred non-ionic surfactant is Pentex 99 from Rhone Poulenc. A particularly preferred coalescing aid is Reentry KNI-2000 which is a terpene mixture from Environmental Solvents Corporation. Useful plasticizers are selected from the group consisting of alkyl and aryl sulfonamides, benzoates esters, phthalate esters, adipates, citrates and mixtures thereof. A preferred plasticizer is Uniplex 108 from Initex Chemical Corporation. When compounding additives are present in the formulations, their solids content can vary from about 0.5 parts to about 30 parts by weight, and preferably from about 0.5 parts to about 25 parts by weight, based on 100 parts total solids. As two-component adhesives, primers, and coatings, the formulations may include water dispersible polyfunctional crosslinking agents selected from the group consisting of isocyanates, aziridines, melamine resins, epoxies, oxazolines, and carbodiimides. Particularly preferred crosslinking agents are water dispersible polyfunctional isocyanates. When present in the formulations, the amount of crosslinking agent solids can vary from about 3 parts to about 35 parts by weight, and preferably from about 8 parts to about 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts total solids. As an adhesive, the water-based polymer compositions or formulations of the invention can be accomplished in one-side mode or two-side mode. In the one-side mode, the adhesive is applied to one of two substrates and dried. The adhesive is heat activated and the substrates are brought together with pressure. In the two-side mode, the adhesive is applied to both substrates, dried, then heat activated and brought together with pressure. It is possible, in both modes, to dry and heat activate the adhesive in the same step. The adhesives can be used either in the aqueous form or in the form of a cast film and are useful in the construction of uppers made of leather, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, and textile materials. The adhesives are also useful in sole bonding operations employing cup-sole, welt and stitch-down constructions and can be used for attaching direct injection molded soles. To successfully prepare the adhesive, primer, and coating formulations a sequential mix process is used. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane and water-based sulfonated polyurethane/acrylic-or-vinyl polymers are blended with other non-polyurethane based water dispersible polymers and copolymers. Compounding additives are then blended in with mild agitation. If two-component formulations are required, the water dispersible polyfunctional crosslinking agents must be mixed into the formulations directly before use. The present invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting examples. EXAMPLES Example 1 & Comparative Example 1-C Example 1 describes the synthesis of a preferred water-based sulfonated polyurethane polymer, useful as an adhesive, coating and primer in the manufacture of footwear. To a reaction flask was charged 21.43 grams (0.021 hydroxyl equivalents) of molten Rucoflex® XS-5483-55 which is a sulfonated polyester polyol from Ruco Polymer Corporation, 1.00 grams (0.015 hydroxyl equivalents) dimethylolpropionic acid, and 1.127 grams (0.025 hydroxyl equivalents) 1,4-butanediol. The mixture was heated to 55° C. then charged with 3.11 grams (0.0279 isocyanate equivalents) isophorone diisocyanate, 4.71 grams (0.056 isocyanate equivalents) 1,6-diisocyantohexane, and 7.01 grams (solvent) anhydrous acetone. The mixture was heated at 70° C. for approximately 3 hours then cooled to 55° C. The isocyanate terminated prepolymer was charged with 0.60 grams (0.006 moles) triethylamine then stirred for 10 minutes. The prepolymer was then dispersed in 55.43 grams deionized water and chain extended with a solution containing 0.54 grams (0.02 amine equivalents) ethylenediamine and 5.0 grams deionized water. The aqueous properties are described below: pH=8.0 Solids=35% Viscosity=250 mPa.s Color wet=White The formulation of comparative Example 1-C is Dispercoll U KA-8464, a commercially available water-based sulfonated polyurethane from Mobay Corporation. The formulations of Example 1 and Example 1-C were tested for peel adhesion failure temperatures according to the test method described below: 180° Peel Adhesion Failure Temperature Procedure: The wet samples were drawn down on untreated, pressed, and polished polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets with a #40 Meyer rod and dried twenty four hours at ambient room temperature. A second PVC sheet was placed over the dried films and 2.54×15.24 centimeter strips were cut. The individual strips were heat activated, using variable temperatures, on a Sentinel heat sealer at 3.515 kilograms per square centimeter for 30 seconds. After 7 days of aging, at ambient room temperature, the strips were placed in a Tenny® oven using 0.1 kilogram weights and subjected to a 25° C. increase each hour until bond failure. Bond failure temperatures were recorded up to 126° C. by the Tenny® oven sensing unit, and the results are provided below: ______________________________________Test Sample 51.6° C. 65.5° C. 79.4° C. 93.3° C.Example 1 >126° C. >126° C. >126° C. >126° C.polymerExample 1-C 93° C. 104° C 105° C. 106° C.______________________________________ Example 2 & Comparative Example 2-C Example 2 was made to compare the 180° peel strengths, bonding various substrates using Dispercoll U KA-8464 and the polymer described in example 1. The adhesive formulations, test procedures and results are described below. The water-based sulfonated polyurethane viscosities were increased to approximately 3000 mPa.s with the associative thickener DSX-1550 from Henkel Corporation. The surfactant Pentex 99 from Rhone Poulenc was also added to improve the formulations's wet out characteristics. The formulations were as described below: ______________________________________ Comparative Example Example 2 2-CMaterials (grams) (grams)______________________________________Example #1 Polymer 99.18 --Dispercoll U KA-8464 -- 94.40DSX-1550/water (50/50) 0.56 0.32Pentex 99 0.26 0.24Desmodur DA -- 5.0______________________________________ Test procedures were performed in accordance with the Association of European Adhesive Manufacturers (FEICA). Initially, 2.54 centimeter by 15.24 centimeter strips of substrate were surface treated using the following materials and methods: ______________________________________Substrate Surface Preparation______________________________________Leather roughed with 36 grit sandpaper using a belt sanderStyrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) roughed with 36 grit sandpaper using a belt sanderNitrile Rubber (NBR) roughed with 36 grit sandpaper using a belt sanderThermoplastic Rubber (SBS or TPR) halogenated with a 2% solution of trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) in ethyl acetate allowed to air dry for 1 hour before applying adhesivePolyvinylchloride (PVC) wiped with ethyl acetate______________________________________ The adhesive formulations were then coated on each of the two pieces to be bonded using Meyer rods to generate a total dried coat weight of approximately 175 g/m 2 . The dry adhesive films were heat activated at 70° C. and pressed at 85 psi for 15 seconds. After 5 days aging at 23° C. and 50% relative humidity, 180° peel strengths were tested on an Instron® 1123 using a cross-head speed of 100 mm/min. The peel strengths were recorded in N/mm. The FEICA specification for sole bonding adhesives is 5.0 N/mm, with an industry standard coat weight of 175 g/m2. The results of these samples are shown below, with coating weights normalized to the standard coating weight. ______________________________________leather/SBR SBR/SBR NBR/NBR PVC/PVC SBS/SBS______________________________________Example 2 3.47 3.89 2.40 5.36 7.60Comparative 2.80 1.63 3.20 1.46 1.27Example 2-C______________________________________ Different coating weights, actual, were also made for bonding PVC to PVC. The results of these weight variations, and the peel adhesion differences, are shown below: ______________________________________Coat Weight 76 ˜152 ˜228 ˜304 ˜380(g/m.sup.2)Example 2 3.66 4.87 6.48 8.63 11.49______________________________________ Example 3 & Comparative Example 3-C Example 3 was made to compare the adhesive properties of a two-component water-based sulfonated polyurethane of the present invention with a two-component water-based sulfonated polyurethane currently available for use in the manufacture of footwear. The formulation of Example 2 above was further blended with 5 parts crosslinker per 95 parts of wet sample. The crosslinker employed was Desmodur DA which is a water dispersible polyfunctional isocyanate from Miles Inc. The formulations were tested exactly as described in Example 2 bonding SBR to SBR. At an approximate dried coat weight of 130 g/m2, Example 3 exhibited an average peel strength of 7.00 N/mm while the average peel strength of Example 3-C was 4.75 N/mm. Example 3-C is the same as 2-C, except at a coating weight of 135 g/m2. Example 4 This example describes the synthesis and properties of a preferred water-based sulfonated polyurethane/acrylic polymer. To a reaction flask was charged 213.8 grams (0.21 hydroxyl equivalents) of molten Rucoflex XS-5483-55 which is a sulfonated polyester polyol from Ruco Corporation, 10.05 grams (0.15 hydroxyl equivalents) dimethylolpropionic acid, 6.75 grams (0.15 hydroxyl equivalents) 1,4-butanediol, 37.97 grams methyl methacrylate and 37.97 grams butyl acrylate. The mixture was heated to 55° C. then charged with 25.9 grams (0.23 isocyanate equivalents) isophorone diisocyanate and 39.2 grams (0.46 isocyanate equivalents) 1,6-diisocyantohexane. The mixture was heated at 70° C. for approximately 3 hours. The isocyanate terminated sulfonated polyurethane prepolymerimonomer mixture was then charged with 8.0 grams (0.8 moles) triethylamine and stirred for 10 minutes. The prepolymer was dispersed in 554.5 grams deionized water. To the dispersion was charged, over a 10 minute period, a solution containing 0.20 grams ammonium peroxydisulfate and 20 grams deionized water. Free radical emulsion polymerization was completed by heating to 80° C. for approximately 3 hours. The aqueous and dried polymer properties are described below: pH=7.7 Viscosity=900 mPa.s Effective diameter=228 nm Mean diameter=494 nm Adhesion testing: The wet sample was drawn down on an untreated, pressed and polished PVC sheet using a number 40 Meyer rod and dried 24 hours at ambient room temperature. A second PVC sheet was placed over the dried film and 2.54 cm×15.24 cm strips were cut. The individual strips were heat activated, using variable temperatures, on a Sentinel® heat sealer at 3.515 kilograms per square centimeter for 30 seconds. After 24 and 168 hours aging, at ambient room temperature, the strips were tested on a Intellect® 500 for 180° peel values. The results are provided below: ______________________________________Aging 51.6° C. 65.5° C. 79.4° C. 93.3° C.______________________________________24 hours 2.1 kg/cm 3.0 Kg/cm 4.4 Kg/cm 5.3 Kg/cm168 hours 3.2 Kg/cm SF SF SF______________________________________ SF = Substrate Failure The 180° peel adhesion failure temperature was tested using the procedure as described in example 2. The results are provided below: ______________________________________Heat activation 51.6° C. 65.5° C. 79.4° C. 93.3° C.TemperatureFailure 58.7° C. >126° C. >126° C. >126° C.Temperature______________________________________ Example 5 This was made in the same manner as Example 1 except the composition of this example did not contain a chain extender. Example 6 The polymer of Example 5 was used to prepare a formulation as follows: ______________________________________ Example 6______________________________________Example 5 polymer 99.45DSX-1550/water (50/50) 0.05Surfynol 465 0.05______________________________________ The example 6 formulation was tested in the same manner as described in example 2 and the results are shown below: ______________________________________leather/SBR SBR/SBR NBR/NBR PVC/PVC SBS/SBS______________________________________Example 6 3.84 7.30 7.43 11.30 11.47Comparative 2.80 1.63 3.20 1.46 1.27Example 2-C______________________________________

4y

BACKGROUND AND PRIOR ART The prior art is replete with antiperspirant compositions containing zinc salts per se or in combination with aluminum and/or zirconium salts, as the active antiperspirant agent. The Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Vol. XLVII, No. 1, Jan. 1958, pages 25-31 discloses combination of zinc methionate and aluminum sulfamate, and zinc sulfate in combination with aluminum methionate. The Chemistry and Manufacture of Cosmetics by Maison G. de Navarre, 1941, page 261 lists the zinc salts in common use as antiperspirants to include the sulfate, chloride and sulfocarbolate; and further lists other zinc salts worth investigating which include benzoate, citrate, formate, glycerophosphate, perborate, salicylate, zinc-ammonium sulfate and zinc-potassium sulfate. U.S. Pat. No. 2,586,289 discloses zinc sulfamate as the antiperspirant in a cream base (oil-water emulsion); and U.S. Pat. No. 2,890,987 discloses zinc chloride in a stick form astringent. U.S. Pat. No. 3,325,367 discloses zinc sulfamate and zinc phenol sulfonate as antimicrobial astringent metal salts useful in antiperspirant creams, lotions, sticks and powders. U.S. Pat. No. 3,856,941 discloses astringent gels containing a mixture of aluminum salts with other metallic salts such as zinc salts including zinc chloride, zinc sulfate and zinc nitrate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,548 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,887 disclose dry powder antiperspirant agents including zinc sulfate, zinc sulfocarbolate and a zinc-aluminum complex in an aerosol antiperspirant composition. All of aforesaid zinc compounds function as antiperspirants which restrict the flow of perspiration as a means of combating unpleasant body odors. The suppression of secretion of perspiration is known to have unfavorable effects on the skin, particularly skin irritation; and may also be corrosive to fabrics in contact therewith. This had lad to the use of anticorrosive agents in conjunction with antiperspirants as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,350,047, wherein a water insoluble metallic anticorrosive agent such as a zinc, magnesium or aluminum oxide, hydroxide or carbonate is added to an antiperspirant composition containing a water soluble astringent salt such as aluminum chloride or sulfate. The prior art also discloses glycinates such as aluminum zirconium glycinate chelates as antiperspirant agents which restrict the flow of perspiration as noted in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,049,792, No. 3,792,068 and No. 4,083,956 and British Patent No. 1,572,116. An amino acid, such as glycine, has been added to an antiperspirant composition as a discoloration inhibitor caused by the aluminum sulfamate antiperspirant, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,586,288; and as a protective colloid to inhibit the corrosive action of astringent salts such as aluminum or zinc chloride or sulfate, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,236,387. Another method of combating body odors is the formulation of a deodorant composition containing a deodorant active agent which does not inhibit the flow of perspiration to any appreciable extent. U.S. Pat. No. 3,172,817 discloses a water soluble beta diketone zinc salt as an effective deodorant in sanitary napkins, diapers, insoles, creams, soaps, liquids, and body powders. U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,346 discloses a deodorant and antiperspirant composition containing zinc oxide and phenol which react in situ to form zinc phenate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,123 discloses a deodorant composition containing a zinc salt of an unsaturated hydroxy-carboxylic acid having 17 to 21 carbon atoms, such as zinc ricinoleate as the odor binding agent. The zinc ricinoleate is described as having odor-binding and fungistatic activity. European Application No. 0-024-176 by Unilever discloses deodorant compositions comprising a suspension of zinc carbonate as the deodorant active material, which reduces axillary body odor without suppressing the secretion of perspiration. U. K. Patent Application G. B. 2,052,978 A discloses a zinc-glycine combination in solution at a pH of 4.5-8.0 as an anticalculus-antiplaque agent in an oral composition. The zinc salt may be added to the mouthwash as zinc glycinate directly or the zinc salt and the glycine may be added separately. The zinc ions are kept in solution a pH 4.5-8 by using glycine. However, there is no disclosure of zinc glycinate as a deodorant active material possessing the dual function of inhibiting bacterial growth and chemically neutralizing body odors. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The primary object of the invention is to provide a novel non-irritating, highly effective deodorant compound which neutralizes unpleasant odors through chemical interaction and also inhibits bacterial growth. Another object of this invention is to provide deodorant compositions which are substantially non-irritating to the body, containing a zinc glycinate compound as the essential antibacterial active agent. Still another object of this invention is to provide a deodorant composition containing anhydrous or hydrated zinc glycinate as the essential deodorant agent. Still another object of the invention is to provide deodorant compositions containing zinc glycinate, which may be in the form of a liquid, cream, gel, solid stick, powder or spray. Another object of this invention is to provide a process for deodorizing odorous body locations by contacting with a deodorizing amount of a compound which is a zinc glycinate in anhydrous or hydrated form. Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. To achieve the foregoing and other objects and in accordance with the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the deodorant product of this invention comprises a deodorizing amount of zinc glycinate in a non-toxic cosmetically or dermatologically acceptable vehicle. The vehicle may be a powder such as talcum powder or foot powder; a lotion such as a roll-on composition; a cream base (oil-water emulsion); a gel such as a deodorant stick; or an aerosol or non-aerosol spray. More specifically, present invention relates to zinc glycinate as a novel deodorant agent which chemically neutralizes body odors and inhibits bacterial growth, suspended or dissolved in a cosmetically acceptable vehicle; and to a process of deodorizing the human body by contacting said odoriferous locations with said zinc glycinate-containing deodorant compositions. Zinc glycinate was reported synthesized by J. V. Dubsky and A. Rabas in Chem. Abstracts Vol. 24, 4722 (1931), by boiling glycine with a zinc oxide solution. The reaction product is described as a zinc metal amino acid complex which exists as the bis (glycino) -- zinc (11) monohydrate (NH 2 CH 2 COO) 2 Zn . H 2 O. It has been found that the anhydrous zinc glycinate can be obtained by precipitating zinc glycinate from an alcoholic solution and using an excess amount of the glycine reactant to lower the solution pH and permit all the zinc oxide to react. More specifically, glycine and zinc oxide are added to water and the mixture is heated to 93° C. and mixed until a clear solution is obtained. Absolute ethanol is then admixed therewith, which precipitates out zinc glycinate, leaving residual glycine in solution. The soft, white, nonhygroscopic crystals are filtered, washed with absolute ethanol, and dried in a vacuum oven or air dried. Analyses of the compound showed it to contain zinc and glycine ratios typical of anhydrous zinc glycinate. Its infrared spectrum resembled that of nickel glycinate. The reaction proceeds according to the following equation: ZnO+2(NH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COOH)→(NH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 COO).sub.2 Zn+H.sub.2 O (1) ______________________________________ THEORETICALANALYSES % ANALYZED RATIO RATIO______________________________________Zinc 31.7 32.45 30.62Glycine 66.0 67.55 69.38Water 2.5______________________________________ The zinc glycinate is an odorless, low density, white, non-hygroscopic crystalline material, insoluble in ethanol and slightly soluble in water, a solubility of about 6 grams per 100 ml cold water. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution of zinc glycinate is about 8.0 (within the range of 7.9 to 8.7). It has also been found that zinc glycinate can be prepared by reacting a zinc halide, and as the chloride, with glycine according to the following equation: ##STR1## In this method, zinc chloride and glycine are also reacted at elevated temperatures in an aqueous medium until a clear solution is obtained, but the zinc glycinate is precipitated by the addition of sodium hydroxide. Still another method of producing zinc glycinate has been found, which utilizes the reactants zinc carbonate and glycine, as illustrated by the following equation: ZnCO.sub.3 +2(HOOC--CH.sub.2 NH.sub.2)→Zn(OOC--CH.sub.2 NH.sub.2).sub.2 +CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O. (3) In this method, the zinc carbonate is added to an aqueous solution of glycine. The CO 2 is liberated and the solution is evaporated to dryness or spray dried to obtain white crystals of zinc glycinate. This method does not require the addition of a precipitating agent such as ethanol or sodium hydroxide as in the first two methods explained above, rendering it a more commercially viable method (less costly and more direct). It has been found that zinc glycinate and deodorant products containing zinc glycinate are highly effective, both for odor prevention as well as for neutralizing existing body odors such as underarm odors, foot odors and the like. In vitro deodorant tests showed that a solution of synthetic sweat odor was completely deodorized by zinc glycinate. In vivo deodorant tests having 1% aqueous solution of zinc glycinate swabs on armpits with moderate to heavy odor resulted in complete deodorization of the armpits. Deodorant compositions containing zinc glycinate, such as unperfumed roll-on products containing 10% zinc glycinate in suspension, also showed instantaneous deodorizing of existing odors as well as the prevention of odor formation for periods as long as 48 hours. The deodorant mechanism of zinc glycinate is similar to that of sodium bicarbonate, namely the neutralization of odors through acid/base chemical interaction. However, sodium bicarbonate hydrolyzes to form sodium hydroxide (NaOH), whereas zinc glycinate forms zinc hyroxide Zn(OH) 2 , which is a milder base with lower potential skin sensitivity. The deodorant capacity of zinc glycinate (the weight required to chemically neturalize the odor of x ml of synthetic sweat solution) is about the same as sodium bicarbonate. Zinc glycinate solutions, however, are pH stable, whereas sodium bicarbonate solutions are not, since they release CO 2 and gradually form sodium carbonate, a known skin irritant. It has additionally been found that zinc glycinate also provides superior antibacterial properties compared to sodium bicarbonate. Using the Halo test and measuring the Zone of Inhibition in mm, using 150×25 mm plastic plates and 12.7 mm disks, the following comparative results were obtained. TABLE 2______________________________________ 5% Aqueous Sodium 5% Aqueous ZincOrganism Bicarbonate Glycinate______________________________________Staph. aureus 0 partial inhibitionE. Coli 0 19.5 mmP. Aeruginosa 10145 0 partial inbibition______________________________________ Zinc glycinate is effective in aqueous solutions, in suspensions of various types and in powder form. Although zinc glycinate is not an antiperspirant, it can be incorporated into practically all antiperspirant type formulations by those familiar with the art. Various deodorant forms include aqueous solutions, alcoholic or cyclomethicone suspensions, pastes, creams, aerosol or non-aerosol sprays and solid sticks which incorporate volatile or non-volatile polar or non-polar vehicles. Polar non-volatile vehicles may include polyhydric alcohols such as glycerine, propylene glycol, butylene glycol or polyglycols or ethoxylated glycols thereof, or polyethylene glycol. Non-polar non-volatile vehicles may include small emollient oils such as isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, octyl palmitate, fatty alcohols, fatty amides, ethoxylated or propoxylated fatty alcohols or acids, fatty glycerides or silicone. Polar volatile vehicles may include water, monohydric alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol or methanol. Non-polar volatile vehicles may include hydrocarbons, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and cyclomethicones or mixtures thereof. Another suitable base for zinc glycinate is talc, starch, modified starches, oat powder, or other mineral or grain derived powders with particle sizes ranging between 5 and 100 microns which impart a smooth non-gritty feel on the skin. Deodorant compositions in accordance with this invention will usually comprise about 1 to 20% zinc glycinate in solution or suspension form and may contain upwards of 50% in powder type products. Certain ingredients to be avoided in zinc glycinate formulations which deactivate its deodorant properties include inorganic or organic acids. Also water soluble metal salts of fatty acids such as sodium stearate will generally react with zinc glycinate in the presence of water to form insoluble zinc stearate. More specifically, the non-toxic cosmetically or dermatologically acceptable vehicle may be in the form of a lotion which comprises a liquid carrier such as a volatile lower alcohol or an aqueous alcoholic media, preferably ethanol containing a lesser amount of water, having particular utility in a roll-on composition. Usually the liquid carrier also comprises a suspending or thickening agent such as fumed silica, hydroxyethyl cullulose and other cellulose derivatives, hydrophobic clays, and combinations thereof, to maintain the zinc glycinate deodorant powder in suspension. Non-volatile polar or non-polar ingredients may be added to effect the deposition of a dray, non-sticky invisible film on the skin upon evaporation. Said non-volatile agents include polyhydric alcohols such as glycerine, propylene glycol and butylene glycol and polyglycols thereof, and emollient oils such as wheat germ oil, and any other alcohol soluble oils including isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, other fatty esters, fatty amides, fatty alcohols, fatty ethers such as stearyl ether, ethoxylated fatty alcohols or acids. The amount of emollient present is minor, about 1-5%. Roll-on compositions (dispensed from a roll-on container) in accordance with this invention will usually comprise about 10-20% deodorant active powder, about 0.1- 2% suspending agent, about 10-30% nonvolatile polar ingredients such as polyhydric alcohols, in a liquid carrier containing about 55-75% monohydric alcohol and 5-25% water. The vehicle may also be in the form of a cream which usually comprises an emulsion of a fatty material in water. Fatty materials may include fatty esters, cetyl alcohol, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty glycerides, and emollients as listed above. The water content of the cream may constitute about 25-70% of the cream base and with a deodorant active agent content of about 5-15%. The cream may also be an anhydrous cream comprising a volatile silicone vehicle such as cyclomethicone containing emollients, suspending agents, thickening agents and other suitable ingredients to produce a product of desired consistency. The zinc glycinate deodorant powder of this invention may also be suspended in a stick base vehicle which usually comprises a monohydric or polyhydric alcohol or combination thereof gelled with a fatty alcohol or fatty amide. This base may also contain emollients, suspending agents and other non-volatile polar and non-polar ingredients as set forth in the aforedefined roll-on formulations. The zinc glycinate deodorant powder may also be suspended in a liquid vehicle comprising the carrier liquid and a liquified gaseous propellant to formulate an aerosol spray. Additional conventional ingredients as described above may be added, to effect a suitable deodorant spray product. The vehicle may also be an oil base as in an ointment formulation, wherein the zinc glycinate is intimately admixed with the oil and fatty acid esters. Another suitable base for the zinc glycinate deodorant is talc as in a talcum powder product. The amount of the powdered zinc glycinate deodorant present in the deodorant compositions may vary over a wide range and may be as high as 50% by weight, as in ointment or talcum powders. However, about 1-20% is the preferred range in most cosmetic compositions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The following specific examples are further illustrative of the present invention, but it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto. All amounts of various ingredients are by weight unless otherwise specified. Preparation of Zinc Glycinate EXAMPLE 1 ______________________________________Components Amount______________________________________ZnCl.sub.2 13.6 gm.Distilled water 62.9 gm.Glycine 7.5 gm.NaOH (50% solu.) 16.0 gm.______________________________________ 13.6 gms. of ZnCl 2 (1 mole) is dissolved in 62.9 gms. hot distilled water and 7.5 gms. of glycine (1 mole) is added to the ZnCl 2 solution. A clear solution is obtained. NaOH is added, resulting in the formation of a precipitate which is filtered out of solution, washed with ethanol, and air dried overnight. The precipitate crystals have a pH of 8.0, that of zinc glycinate. The zinc glycinate crystals are added to a synthetic sweat solution containing the odorous fatty acid components of human sweat, such as acetic acid, isovaleric acid, etc. The addition of the zinc glycinate causes the pH of the fatty acid solution to rise to 7.0 and the solution is completely deodorized. Zinc glycinate deodorizes within the pH of 8 and 7. EXAMPLE 2 ______________________________________Components Amount (gms.)______________________________________ZnCl.sub.2 13.6 (1 mole)Glycine 15.0 (2 moles)50.5% NaOH solu. 15.8Distilled Water 55.5______________________________________ The same procedure is followed in preparing zinc glycinate crystals as in Example 1. One gram of zinc glycinate dissolved in distilled water deodorizes 15 ml of titrated fatty acid solution from pH 8.0 to 7.0, below which a mild odor appears. Prior thereto, no odor is evident showing complete deodorization by zinc glycinate. The addition of 1 gm glycine to 1 gm zinc glycinate in distilled water reduces the solution pH from 8.6 to 7.3. This combination is not as effective as zinc glycinate alone. The mixture deodorizes only 5 ml of fatty acid sweat solution. However, odor reduction is achieved from pH 7.3 to pH 6.5, below which some odor is present. Thus, no deodorizing properties can be attributed to glycine. As a matter of fact, the presence of free glycine reduces the deodorizing capacity of zinc glycinate. EXAMPLE 3 ______________________________________Components Amount (gms.)______________________________________Glycine 52.5Zinc Oxide 20.35Distilled Water 300.0______________________________________ The above mixture is heated to 200° F. until a clear solution is obtained. 300 gms absolute ethanol is added with mixing and a precipitate is formed. The mixture is filtered using #1 Whatman filter paper, and the crystals are washed several times with absolute ethanol. The white crystalline, non-hygroscopic precipitate is placed in a drying pan and air dried at 120° F. overnight. The pH of a 1% aqueous solution is 8.3. The pH of a 7% saturated aqueous solution is 8.0. The zinc glycinate has a water solubility of about 6 gm/100 cc water. A small quantity of a 1% aqueous zinc glycinate is addded to synthetic sweat odor solution resulting in complete deodorization EXAMPLE 4 ______________________________________Components Amount (gms.)______________________________________Glycine 15Zinc Carbonate 12.5Distilled Water 90______________________________________ The glycine is dissolved in water and the zinc carbonate is added. CO 2 is liberated and the solution is evaporated to dryness to obtain white crystals of zinc glycinate which may be the monohydrate form of zinc glycinate. A 1% aqueous solution has a pH of 7.9. In lieu of evaporation, the solution may be spray dried to obtain the zinc glycinate crystals. A 5% aqueous solution of the product, deodorizes a solution of artificial sweat. Deodorant Compositions EXAMPLE 5 Roll-on Deodorant ______________________________________Ingredient %______________________________________Part IDeionized Water 15.0Propylene Glycol 10.0Hydroxyethyl cellulose 0.4Part 2SD 40 Ethanol 61.6Zinc Glycinate 10.0Fumed Silica 0.5Part 3Wheat Germ Glyceride 1.0Polyoxypropylene Stearylether 1.5______________________________________ Part 1 ingredients are mixed, and preferably heated to 140° F., until a thick, uniform dispersion is formed. Part 2 ingredients are homogenized and added to the thick uniform mixture of Par 1 with mixing. Part 3 ingredients are admixed into the Part 1 and 2 mixture and preferably homogenized. A thick, stringy pituitous mixture is obtained which is placed in a conventional roll-on container. This product is tested by adding 1 g of this roll-on product to 50 ml of a 5% aqueous synthetic human sweat solution. Total effective deodorizing is achieved in-vitro. In-vivo testing consists in applying this product only to the right armpit, leaving the left armpit as a control. Underarm odor is rated after 24 and 48 hours. ______________________________________Time Control Arm Test Arm______________________________________24 hrs. slight odor no odor48 hrs. moderate to heavy no significant odor odor______________________________________ Another in-vivo test consists in washing underarms but applying nothing in order to generate moderate odor under both armpits for about 24 hours. This roll-on product is applied to one armpit with almost instant deodorizing action. This product is applied to the second armpit with similar results. The zinc glycinate product exhibits both odor prevention properties as well as neutralizes existing underarm odors. No irritation is observed with the product on any occasions. Aerosol Deodorants ______________________________________ Example 6 Example 7______________________________________Part 1Isopropyl Palmitate 1.44 2.88Bentone 38.sup.(1) 0.20 0.40Propylene Carbonate 0.06 0.12Part 2Cyclomethicone -- 4.0SD 40 Alcohol 5.0 --Zinc Glycinate Powder 2.0 2.0Perfume 0.1 0.1Part 3Isobutene 91.2 90.5 100.0 100.0______________________________________ .sup.(1) Quaternium 18 Hectorite Procedure: Part 1 ingredients are combined and homogenized under high shear conditions to form a gel. Part 1 gel is added and mixed with SD 40 alcohol or cyclomethicone, and zinc glycinate under and perfume are admixed. The slurry is placed in an aerosol container, crimped, and gassed with isobutane. Both product sprays produce an invisible film on the skin, which affords almost instant deodorization. EXAMPLE 8 Anhydrous Deodorant Cream ______________________________________Ingredients %______________________________________Part 1Cyclomethicone 51.0Isopropyl myristate 3.3882Bentone 38 0.4706Propylene carbonate 0.1412Stearamide MEA (monoethanolamide) 1.5Zinc stearate 1.5Polyoxyethylene (20) isohexadecyl ether 2.0Cocomonoethanolamide 3.0Part 2Zinc glycinate powder 10.0Part 3Dryflo starch (aluminum starch octenyl 25.0succinate)Part 4Colloidal silica 2.0______________________________________ Part 1 ingredients are mixed and heated to 225° F. to form a translucent solution. The mixture is cooled to 180° F. The zinc glycinate powder is admixed with Part 1 and the temperature is maintained at 150° F. The starch is admixed with Parts 1 and 2 and the temperature is maintained at 150° F. The colloidal silica is admixed with combined Parts 1, 2 and 3 while maintaining the temperature at 150° F. The final mixture is poured into containers and allowed to cool. The mixture thickens, as it cools to 100° F., into a non-pourable soft cream consistency. The addition of this cream to a synthetic sweat solution effects complete deodorization almost instantaneously. Known equivalents may be substituted for the specific ingredients in above compositions. The zinc glycinate, both in the anhydrous form and in the monohydrate form has been found to be a highly effective deodorant in both preventing new odors and neutralizing existing odors, by chemical interaction with the odoriferous components. In addition, the zinc glycinate has been found to inhibit bacterial growth which further enhances its deodorancy properties by preventing bacteria to multiply and produce additional odoriferous components. Although the present invention has been described and illustrated with reference to specific examples, it is understood that modifications and variations of composition and procedure are contemplated within the scope of the following claims.

4y

This application is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 07/695,324, filed on May 3, 1991, which is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 07/441,973, filed on Nov. 28, 1989, both now abandoned the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a pneumatic radial tire, and more particularly to a pneumatic radial tire which reduces one-side drifting in driving and can be preferably used for passenger cars. Radial tires which can improve steering stability, comfortable riding performance and so on are widely used. Tires which are superior in straight-forward driving performance by preventing one-side drifting of a car in order to increase the driving safety of a car are being demanded. Conventionally, one-side drifting is considered to be caused by the so-called conicity in which the circumferential lengths of the belt layer in the right and left sides in a tyre are diferent from each other. Therefore, various methods have been taken in order to improve the homogeneity in the right and left directions of the tire's axis. On the other hand, due to the recent progress in tire measurement techniques, as shown schematically in FIG. 9, a cornering force, i.e. a lateral force F which is generated in the lateral direction Y of a tire when a tiny slip angle (α) is given in the running direction X of the tire and a self-aligning torque SAT which revolves in the direction of the slip angle (α) about the vertical axis Z that passes the center of a tire can be measured at a high precision. Such measurement results are shown using curve K in FIG. 10, by plotting the self-aligning torque SAT on the axis abscissa axis and the lateral torque F on the ordinate axis. In the curve K, the cases when the slip angle (α) is 0 deg., +0.1 deg. or-0.1 deg. are shown with a dot. In such relation of self-aligning torque SAT and lateral force F, the lateral force F at the crossing point K1 of the curve K and the axis of ordinates, that is, the lateral force F when the self-aligning torque SAT is not generated, is called a residue CF. It was found that the residue CF is a tire characteristic which affects the one-side drifting of a car. In other words, a car is drifted to one side in the right direction when the residue CF is in the plus direction, i.e. the right direction. Thus, the one-side drifting characteristic of a car can be evaluated by the direction and the size of the residue CF. In order to prevent the one-side drifting of a car, it is required to reduce the residue CF. The residue CF is generated from the expansion and contraction of the belt at the ground contact part. A shearing strain in a surface is created in the cross ply belt of a radial tire by the parallel movement of the cords due to the expansion and contraction. Thus, the tread rubber generates a steering torque by a shearing strain in a surface generated together with the strain of the belt ply in the outermost layer. It is considered that the lateral force F is created by this steering torque. Thus, it was found that the residue CF is caused by a belt and depends on the cord quantity of the belt and the inclination of the belt cords. The cord quantity is defined as N×S, which is the product (inmm 2 ) of the total cross-sectional area of one belt cord S (sq.mm) and the number of belt cords N laid in 10 cm in a right-angled direction to the belt cords. In other words, the cord quantity is the total cross-sectional area (mm 2 O of the belt cords N per 10 cm width of the belt ply. The rigidity of the belt can be reduced by reducing the cord quantity N×S and enlarging the inclination angle of the cords to the direction of the tire's equator. It is known that this reduces the hooping effect of the belt and then the residue CF, thereby controlling the one-side drifting of a car. On the other hand, such reduction of the rigidity of the belt can improve the comfortable riding performance at the same time, which is a basic item required for a car. Additional experiments were conducted about the reduction of the residue CF in a tread part having a relatively low belt rigidity. As a result, it was found that good results could be obtained by reducing the inclination of the lateral grooves crossing the circumferential grooves, that is, constructing the lateral grooves closely in the direction of the tire's axis. However, such a tread pattern does not appeal to customers, because it lacks an aesthetic sense, and tends to decrease the marketability of the product. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is hence a primary object of the first and the second embodiments of the present invention to present a pneumatic radial tire which prevents one-side drifting of a car when driving, improves the straight-forward driving performance and helps to improve the aesthetic sense. However, by reducing the belt cord quantity and enlarging the inclination angle to the direction of the tire's equator, the hooping effect is reduced and the cornering force decreases, especially upon turing, thus impeding the steering stability. It is hence a primary object of the third, fourth and fifth embodiments of the present invention to present a pneumatic radial tire which prevents one-side drifting of a car when driving, improves the straight-forward driving performance and reduces the deterioration of steering stability. In the first and second embodiments of the present invention, as described above, by setting the inclination angle of lateral grooves to the direction of tire's axis at a small angle, the residue CF can be reduced in a tire. However, in order to increase the product appeal and the marketability of a tire, its tread pattern must follow the aesthetic sense of customers. But, a pattern of lateral grooves extending in the direction of tire's axis is mainly perceived to lack powerfulness. Therefore, in order to increase the perception of powerfulness, the inclination should be larger, but on the other hand, a larger inclination accompanies an increase of the residue CF. Therefore, it is required to meet these contradictory requirements. Consequently, in the first embodiment of the invention, an increase of the residue CF is prevented and an image of the pattern can be improved by constructing approximately symmetrical lateral grooves in a V shape in at least one outside area and inside area in a tread part divided in the direction of tire's axis approximately into four equal areas which are left inside area CL, right inside area CR (combined and called an inside area C), left outside area SL and right outside area SR (combined and called an outside area S), with a difference of inclination angles (|θ1|-|θ 2 |)of 5 deg. or less, and thus, offsetting the effects of the lateral grooves in inside and outside areas. In the second embodiment, an increase of the residue CF is prevented and an image of the pattern can be improved by constructing approximately symmetrical horizontal grooves in a reverse V shape in the right and left outside areas SL and SR, or the right and left inside areas CL and CR, of which inclination angles (θsL, θsR), or (θcL, θcR) are approximately equal, for example, the difference (|θsL-|θsR|), or the difference (|θcL| |θcR|) is 5 deg. or less, and thus offsetting the effects of the lateral grooves in the right and left inside areas, or the right and left outside areas. In addition to the above, in the first and second embodiments, by setting the cord quantity NS at mm 2 or less and the inclination of the belt cords at 21 deg. or more, the rigidity of the belt can be reduced and the riding comfort can be improved. In order to obtain a compatibility of the steering stability with the one-side drifting performance of a car, the present inventors further continued various studies. A conventional pneumatic radial tire for passenger cars has rows of blocks formed by crossing the lateral grooves in a rib sectioned by plural circumferential grooves having a linear or zigzag shape which extend in a circumferential direction. As a result of the studies, it was found that the contribution rating of these lateral grooves to the cornering performance of a tire is small, and therefore, they hardly affect the steering stability. Moreover, it was also found from the examination that the residue CF is reduced by forming the outer lateral grooves constructed in the right and left outside area S in a reverse direction to the outside belt cords which are the belt cords of the outermost belt ply and with an inclination of 0 to 40 deg. to the direction of tire's axis. Prototypes of tires SA, SB and SC having outer lateral grooves Gs in the outside area S in different directions were produced for this examination as shown in FIGS. 11(a) to (c). Outside belt cords 7a of the outermost belt ply are shown by single-dotted broken lines in the figures. In FIG. 11(a), the outer lateral grooves Gs are inclined in the same direction as the outside belt cords 7a. In FIG. 11(b), they are formed in the direction of tire's axis. In FIG. 11(c), they are formed in the reverse direction. The results of measuring the residue CF in such patterns as SA, SB and SC are shown in FIG. 13. In the patterns SA, SB and SC, the residue CFs are -14.4 kg, -7.8 kg and -3.6 kg, respectively. Thus, it is known that the residue CF of the pattern SC in which the outer lateral grooves Gs are constructed in a different direction to the outside belt cords 7a is reduced. FIG. 13 shows the residue CF in the cases of pattern CA, CB and CC. In the case of pattern CA, the inner lateral grooves Gc are inclined in the same direction as the outside belt cords 7a in the inside area C. as shown in FIGS. 12(a). FIGS. 12(b) and (c) show the pattern CB in which they are inclined in the direction of tire's axis and the pattern CC in which they are inclined in the reverse direction, respectively. The residue CFs are -5.9 kg, -8.1 kg and -12.1 kg, respectively. The absolute value of the residue CF was reduced by inclining the inner lateral grooves in the same direction as the outside belt cords 7a. Thus, it was found that the residue CF can be reduced and the one-side drifting performance of a car can be improved by inclining the lateral grooves in the reverse direction to the outside belt cords 7a in the outside area S and in the same direction in the inside area C. Therefore, in the third embodiment, outer horizontal grooves Gs constructed in the outside area S are inclined in a different direction to the outside belt cords 7a and at 0 to 40 deg. to the direction of tire's axis. In addition, in the third invention, lateral grooves are inclined in the same direction as the outside belt cords 7a and at an angle of 40 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis in the inside area C. The following description relates to the fourth embodiment. In the case that inner lateral grooves Gc having a larger inclination are constructed in the inside area C, the cornering force upon turing of a tire generated especially when the slip angle (α) is 1 deg. tends to be reduced. Therefore, in some cases, it is not preferable to form inner horizontal grooves Gc having a larger inclination angle. Thus, it is required to impose the reducing effect of the residue CF caused by the inside area C on the outside area S. For this purpose, the present inventors produced prototypes of tires having different circumferential pitches Ps in a direction of the tire's equator between the outer lateral grooves Gs in the outside area S as shown in FIG. 26, and the results of measuring the residue CF are shown in FIG. 27. From the results, it was found that the residue CF can be controlled by 6 kg or less in absolute value by setting the circumferential pitch Ps at 20 mm or less. Thus the cornering force generated when the slip angle (α) is 1 deg. can be larger and the steering stability upon turing can be improved without relying upon the inner lateral grooves Gc of the inside area C. Thus, the circumferential pitch Ps is set at 20 mm or less in the fourth invention. The next description relates to the fifth embodiment As priorly described, by constructing lateral grooves Gs in the outside area S in a different direction to the outside belt cords 7a, the residue CF can be reduced, and the larger the inclination angle Cs is, the further the residue CF can be reduced. However, it was found that in the case that the inclination (θs) is set at a larger angle, the noise generated by the tread pattern becomes larger on the other aspect. Therefore, when a noise characteristic is considered to be important, the inclination angle (θs) of the outer horizontal grooves Gs is limited. Therefore, a controlling method of the residue CF was further studied. The residue CF was measured by changing the maximum length L in a right-angled direction to lateral grooves Gc of a block B formed by the inner lateral grooves Gc formed in a middle area M, dividing the tread part shown in FIG. 32 into three equal areas. As known from the results shown in FIG. 34, it was found that the residue CF is reduced by reducing the maximum length L gradually. Furthermore, by setting the maximum length L at 10 mm or less, the absolute value of the residue CF can be set at 5 kg or less. Thus, the maximum length L of the block B in the middle area M was set at 10 mm or less in the fifth embodiment. By this setting, the straight-forward driving stability can be improved without affecting the steering stability or noise characteristic. Moreover, in the third, fourth and fifth embodiments, this can be preferably adopted in a tire having a belt which brings about a strong hooping effect and improves the steering stability, wherein the cord quantity NS is mm 2 or more and the inclination of the belt cords to the tire's equator is 18 deg. or less. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Referring now to the drawings, the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, in which; FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing one of the embodiments of the first invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view showing one example of a tread pattern of the embodiment of FIG. 1, FIGS. 3 to 6 are plan views showing other tread patterns, respectively, of the embodiment of FIG. 1, FIG. 7 is a sectional view of a belt ply, FIG. 8 is a sectional view showing an example of a belt cord, FIG. 9 is a perspective view explaining the residue CF, FIG. 10 is a diagram of the residue CF of FIG. 9, FIGS. 11(a) to (c) and 12(a) to (c) are plan views showing patterns used in the experiments, respectively, FIG. 13 is a diagram showing the experimental results of the patterns shown in FIGS. 11(a) to (c) and FIGS. 12(a) to (c), FIG. 14 is a plan view showing the tread pattern of one of the embodiments of the second invention, FIGS. 15 to 18 are plan views showing other tread patterns, respectively of the embodiment of FIG. 14, FIG. 19 is a plan view showing the tread pattern of one of the embodiments of the third invention, FIG. 20 is a plan view showing an example of another tread pattern of the embodiment of FIG. 20, FIGS. 21 to 23 are plan views showing other tread patterns, respectively of the embodiment of FIG. 20, FIG. 24 is a plan view showing the tread pattern of a comparison example, FIG. 25 is a plan view showing the tread pattern of one of the embodiments of the fourth invention, FIG. 26 is a plan view showing an example of another tread pattern of the embodiment of FIG. 26, FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of the results of test, FIGS. 28 and 29 are plan views showing other tread patterns, respectively, of the embodiment of FIG. 25, FIG. 30 is a plan view showing the pattern of a comparative example, FIG. 31 is a sectional view showing one of the embodiments of the fifth invention, FIG. 32 is a plan view showing an example of a tread pattern for the embodiment of FIG. 31, FIG. 33 is a plan view showing an example of the other pattern, FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an example of the test, FIGS. 35 and 36 are plan views showing other patterns, respectively. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In FIGS. 1 and 2, a pneumatic radial tire 1 of the first invention comprises a carcass 6 extending from a tread part 2 through a side-wall part 3 to a bead part 4 and wrapped around a bead core 5, and a belt 7 placed outside in the radial direction of the carcass 6 and inside the tread part 2. The belt 7 comprises belt plies 7A and 7B of two inside and outside layers which are inclined in mutually reverse directions at an inclination angle (β) of 21 deg. or more to the tire's equator CO of the belt cords. The belt ply cords, 7a radially outer belt ply 7B in the embodiment are inclined in a right upper direction to the tire's equator CO in FIG. 2. As belt cords, as shown for example in FIG. 8, twisted steel filaments 7b of 2+7×0.22, 1×5×0.23 or 1×4×0.22, the last numeral being in mm units for example, are used. The cord quantity NS which is the product of a total cross-sectional area S (sq. mm) of one cord, that is, a cross sum of a sectional area of the filament 7b of the belt cords and the number of cords N in a distance l of 10 cm in FIG. 7 is at 15.0 mm 2 or less, thereby the rigidity of the belt 7 being reduced and the comfortable riding performance being improved. In FIG. 2, the tread part 2 is virtually sectioned in the direction of tire's axis into a left inside area CL and a right inside area CR of both sides of the direction of the tire's equator CO, a left outside area SL and a right outside area SR that extend to the edges a of the tread part. In the embodiment, outer lateral grooves Gs comprising an outer groove part g1 with an inclination angle (θ1) of 45 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis and on outer groove part g2 inclined reversely to the outer groove part g1 at an angle (θ2) and forming a V shape with the outer groove part g1 are constructed in the right and left outside area S. The difference of the inclinations (θ1) and (θ2) of the outer groove part g1 and the inner groove part g2, (|θ1|-|θ2|) is set at 5 deg. or less. Thus, the outer lateral grooves Gs are about symmetrical in a direction of tire's axis, and the effect of the residue CF by inclinations is reduced. This also improves the appearance of a tire. In addition, in the right and left inside area C, inner lateral grooves Gc inclining in right lower direction at an inclination angle (θc) of 5 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis are provided. If an inclination angle (O 1 , O z ) of the outer lateral grooves Gs exceeds 45 deg., a pattern noise tends to be caused. In this embodiment, circumferential grooves G1 and G2 are constructed continuously in the direction of tire's equator CO along the tire's equator CO sectioning the right and left inside area C and at the middle position between the tire's equator CO and the edge of the tread part 2, sectioning the right and left inside area C and the right and left outside area S. The circumferential grooves G (generally called the grooves G1, G2) may be linear grooves or zigzag grooves. Circumferential pitches Ps and Pc which are the distances between the outer and inner grooves Gs and Gc in the direction of tire's equator are both set at 40 mm or less, preferably 20 mm or less. FIG. 3 shows a case where the inner circumferential groove Gc in the inside area C is formed in a V shape. FIG. 4 shows an example in which the outer groove Gs is formed in a V shape and a groove Gc2 extending in the direction of tire's axis and a V-shaped groove Gc1 are reciprocally formed in the inside area C. A V-shaped horizontal groove may be formed in an inside area Gc or only in an outside area Gs. FIGS. 2 to 4 show cases where main grooves G1 and G2 are constructed respectively in the parts that section the inside area C and the outside area S, while in the case that two main grooves G2 and G2 are employed, as shown in FIG. 5, or in the case that four or more grooves G2A, and G2B are employed at a regular interval, as shown in FIG. 6, the inside area C and the outside area S are considered to be sectioned by a virtual line F on the rib. At least one end of the inner lateral groove Gc must open to the circumferential or main grooves G. One of the embodiments of the second invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 14. Explanations about the similar or same composition as explained in the foregoing first embodiment are omitted. The third, fourth and fifth embodiments hereinafter are treated in the same manner. In the right and left outside area S, approximately symmetrical outer lateral grooves GsL and GsR (generally called outer lateral grooves Gs) are separately constructed with reverse inclinations of (θsL) and (θsR) of approximately 20 deg. to the direction of tire's axis in the direction of tire's equator CO. In addition, in the embodiment, approximately symmetrical inner lateral grooves GcL and GcR (generally called inner lateral grooves Gc) are separately constructed in the right and left inside area C as well with reverse inclinations of (θcL) and (θcR) of approximately 30 deg. to the direction of tire's axis. The differences of the inclination angles (|θsL|-|θsR|) and (|θcL|-|θcR|) should be set at 5 deg. or less. Thus, the lateral grooves Gs and Gc are symmetrical in the direction of tire's equator CO and the effect of the residue CF by inclinations is reduced. The appearance is also improved. If the inclination (θsL), (θsR), (θcL) and (θcR) of the outer lateral grooves Gs and Gc exceed 45 deg., a pattern noise tends to be generated. Circumferential pitches Ps and Pc which are the distances between the outer and inner lateral grooves Gs and Gc in the direction of tire's equator are both set at 40 mm or less, preferably at 20 mm or less. FIG. 15 shows the other embodiment in which the inner lateral grooves Gc of the inside area C are formed in a reverse V shape and outer lateral grooves Gs extend in the direction of the tire's axis. FIG. 16 shows still another embodiment in which the outer lateral grooves Gs are formed in a reverse V shape and inner lateral grooves Gc extend in the direction of tire's axis. FIGS. 14 to 16 show cases where main grooves G1 and G2 are constructed respectively in the parts that section the inside area C and the outside area S, while in the case that two main grooves G2 and G2 are employed, as shown in FIG. 17, or in the case that four or more grooves G2A, and G2B are employed at a regular interval, as shown in FIG. 18, the inside area C and the outside area S are considered to be sectioned by a virtual line F on the rib. At least one end of the inner circumferential groove Gc must open to the main grooves G. One of the embodiments of the third embodiment is shown in FIGS. 1 and 19. In the right and left outside area S, outer lateral grooves Gs with an inclination angle (θs) of 40 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis which is reverse to the inclination of the outside belt cords 7a are constructed at spacings in the direction of tire's equator CO. In the right and left inside area C, inner lateral grooves Gc with an inclination angle (θc) of 40 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis inclined in the right upper direction same as the outside belt cords 7a are constructed. If the inclination exceeds the inclination angle (θs) of the outer lateral grooves Gs, a pattern noise tends to be generated. In the case that the inclination (θc) of the inner horizontal grooves Gc exceeds 40 deg., the cornering force upon turning tends to be reduced, and the steering stability tends to be deteriorated. Circumferential pitches Ps and Pc which are the distances between the outer and inner grooves Gs and Gc in the direction of tire's equator are set at 40 mm or less respectively, preferably at 20 mm or less. It was described previously that the residue CF can be improved by constructing outer grooves Gs reversely inclined to the outside belt cord 7a in the right and left outside area S, and inner grooves Gc inclined to the same direction in the right and left inside area C. It is confirmed that the residue CF can be further reduced by setting the circumferential pitches Pc and Ps preferably at 20 mm or less. FIG. 20 shows the other embodiment where the inclination angle (θs) of the outer grooves Gs is set at 0. FIGS. 19, 20 show cases where main grooves G1 and G2 are constructed respectively in the parts that section the inside area C and the outside area S, while in the case that two main grooves G2 and G2 are employed, as shown in FIG. 21, or in the case that four or more grooves G2A, and G2B are employed at a regular interval, as shown in FIGS. 22 and to 23, the inside area C and the outside area S are considered to be sectioned by a virtual line F on the rib. At least one end of the inner lateral groove Gc must open to the circumferential or main grooves G. As a belt cord, the same material as used in the first embodiment can be employed. However, by setting the cord quantity N S at mm 2 or more, the hooping effect by the belt 7 is increased, and thus, the steering stability is improved. It is the same in the fourth and fifth embodiments as well. One of the embodiments of the fourth invention is shown in FIGS. 1 and 25. In the right and left outside area S, outer lateral grooves Gs are constructed in the direction of tire's equator with the main part Gs1 that has a length exceeding 70% of the outside area S in the direction of tire's axis. The main part Gs1 is inclined at an angle (θs) of 40 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis and reversely to the outside belt cords 7a. In the main part Gs1, a short sub-part Gs2 extending outward in the direction of tire's axis to the edge a of the tread part 2 is constructed. If the inclination angle (θs) of the outer lateral grooves Gs exceeds 40 deg., a pattern noise tends to be generated. In the tread part 2, main grooves G2A and G2A are formed on the both sides of the tire's equator CO, and other lataeral grooves G2B and G2B are also formed continuously in the direction of tire's equator in the parts that section the inside area C and the outside area S. The vertical grooves G (generally called the circumferential grooves G) may be linear grooves or zigzag grooves. In the inside area C, an inner groove GcA comprising an inner groove part GcA1 extending inside from the main groove G2A with the inner ends ending near the equator of the tire CO and an outer groove part GcA2 extending outside in the direction of tire's axis. Moreover, inner grooves GcB extending from the vertical groove G2B respectively to the inside direction of the tire are also constructed parallel in the direction of tire's circumference. The inner grooves GcA and GcB are both inclined in the same direction as the outside belt cords 7a. By setting the inclination angle (θc) to the direction of the tire's axis at 35 deg. or less, the cornering force when the slip angle (α) is 1 deg. is prevented from deteriorating, and the steering stability upon turning is prevented from reducing. The circumferential pitch Pc of the inner groove Gc is set at 40 mm or less, preferably at 20 mm or less. In addition, by setting the circumferential pitch Ps of the outer horizontal groove Gs at 20 mm or less, the residue CF is reduced. In the case that two main grooves G2 and G2 at a regular interval, as shown in FIG. 28, or four grooves G2A and G2B at a regular interval, as shown in FIG. 29, are employed, the inside area C and the outside area S are sectioned by a virtual line F on the rib. At least one end of the inner grooves Gc must open to the vertical grooves G, and at least one end of the outer grooves Gs must open at the edge a of the tread part or to the vertical grooves G. One of the embodiments of the fifth invention is shown in FIGS. 31 and 32. A tread part 2 is sectioned virtually in the direction of tire's axis into a middle area M including the tire's equator CO and outward areas N, N extending to the edge a of the tread part outside the middle part M. In the outward area N, outer grooves Gs are constructed at spacings in the direction of the tire's equator extending toward the direction of tire's axis with an inclination angle (θn) of 0 deg. In the middle area M, inner grooves Gc with an inclination angle (θm) of 45 deg. or less to the direction of tire's axis are constructed. In the embodiment, the inner grooves Gc are small grooves of 0.5 to 3 mm in width, and the inner grooves Gc form a crossing groove mutually inclined in reverse directions at approximately 40 deg. to the direction of tire's axis. Therefore, in the middle area M, multiple rhombic blocks B are formed in an oblique latticed shape. The maximum length L of the block B in a right-angled direction to the groove Gc is set at 10 mm or less. In addition, in the embodiment, grooves G, G are continuously constructed in the direction of tire's equator in the position to section the middle area M and the outward area N into approximately three equal areas. The grooves G may be linear grooves or zigzag grooves. The circumferential pitch Ps which is the distances between the outer horizontal grooves Gs in the direction of tire's equator is set at 40 mm or less, preferably at 20 mm or less. By setting the length of the block B in the middle area M in a right-angled direction to the inner horizontal grooves Gc at 10 mm or less, even when the outer grooves Gs extending in the direction of tire's axis in the outward area N are constructed to control pattern noises, the residue CF can be reduced as mentioned before. However, the outer grooves Gs are not so limited, and, as shown in FIG. 33, they may be inclined in the direction of tire's axis at an angle (θn) of such a range that does not increase pattern noises, for example, 15 deg. or less, preferably 10 deg. or less, and more preferably 5 deg. or less. FIGS. 32 and 33 show a case where vertical grooves G are respectively constructed in the parts that section the middle area M and the outward area N, while three vertical grooves G1, G2 and G2 may be employed, as shown in FIG. 35, or four grooves G2A and G2B may be employed at a regular interval, as shown in FIG. 36. In these cases, the middle area M and the outward area N are sectioned by a virtual line F on the rib. Inner horizontal grooves Gc may be formed not in a latticed shape but also as grooves parallel with the direction of the tire's axis or inclined and not mutually crossing, as shown in FIGS. 35 and 36. EXAMPLES A prototype of tire having a tire size of 175/70R13 was produced, and the riding comfort and the residue CF were measured. As belt cords, steel cords of 1×4×0.22 in size were used. The belt was formed in two plies. The test was performed by mounting the tire on a rim 5J×13, setting the internal pressure at 2.0 kg/sq. cm, loading 300 kg and using a flat truck machine prepared by MTS company, U.S.A. to measure the residue CF. The residue CF is shown by a residue CF index setting the index of the comparison example at 100 in Table 1 etc. The smaller the residue CF index is, the more preferable the result is. In regard to the riding comfort, by mounting the tire on a 2,000 cc passenger car, a feeling test was conducted by a driver, and an evaluation was made by setting the comparison example at 100 points. Higher scores show better riding comfort. A: In regard to the first embodiment of the invention, a prototype of a tire as shown in Table 1, FIGS. 2 and 3 was produced. The results are also shown in Table 1. In regard to the second embodiment of the invention, a prototype of a tire as shown in Table 2, FIGS. 14, 15 and 16 was produced. The results are shown in the Table 2. C: In regard to the third embodiment of the invention, a prototype of a tire as shown in Table 3, FIGS. 19 and 20 was produced. The results are also shown in the Table 3. As a comparative example, the other prototype having a pattern shown in FIG. 24 was also produced for the purpose of comparison. D: In regard to the fourth embodiment of the invention, a prototype of a tire as shown in Table 4 and FIG. 25 was produced. As a comparative example, the other prototype having a pattern shown in FIG. 30 was also produced for the purpose of comparison, and the results are shown in the Table 4. E: In regard to the fifth embodiment of the invention, a prototype of a tire as shown in Table 5 and FIG. 32 was produced. The results are shown in the Table 5. The noise characteristic was also evaluated through a feeling test by a driver and shown in degrees of noise. Higher scores mean more inferiority in noise characteristic. Thus, the invention can improve the one-side drifting of a The invention being thus described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Em. 1-1 Em. 1-2 Em. 1-3 Em. 1-4 Co. 1-1 Co. 1-2 Co. 1-3 Co. 1-4 Co. 1-5 Co.__________________________________________________________________________ 1-6Pattern FIG. 2 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 3 FIG. 2 FIG. 2 FIG. 2 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 3Belt cordN × S 12.2 12.2 14.5 14.5 15.4 15.4 20.5 20.5 12.2 14.5Inclination angle 21 25 21 25 21 18 21 18 21 21Lateral groovein V shapeLocation Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Outside Outside Outside Inside Inside area area area area area area area area area areaInclination angle 35 35 35 35 30 30 20 20 30 20(θ 1)Inclination angle 35 40 35 40 40 40 40 40 40 40(θ 2)Inner lateralgrooveInclination angle 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5(θ c)Direction Right Right -- -- Right Right Right Right -- -- lower lower lower lower lower lowerCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 18pitch Pc (mm)Outer lateralgrooveInclination angle 0 0 10 10(θ s)Direction -- -- Lateral Lateral -- -- -- -- Right Right upper upperCircumferential 18 15 18 18pitch Ps (mm)Riding comfort 107 110 102 104 100 97 95 93 106 102Residue CF index 80 35 90 50 100 130 110 140 100 120__________________________________________________________________________ Em.; Embodiment CO.; Comparative example TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Em. 2-1 Em. 2-2 Em. 2-3 Em. 2-4 Co. 2-1 Co. 2-2 Co. 2-3__________________________________________________________________________Pattern FIG. 14 FIG. 14 FIG. 15 FIG. 16 FIG. 14 FIG. 15 FIG. 16Belt cordN × S 12.2 12.2 14.5 14.5 15.4 15.4 20.5Inclination angle 21 25 21 25 21 18 21Lateral groove GsLin left outside areaInclination angle 20 20 0 15 20 20 20(θ sL)Direction Right Right -- Right Right Right Right lower lower lower lower lower lowerCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 18 18pitch Pc (mm)Lateral groove GsRin right outside areaInclination angle 20 15 0 12 10 0 10(θ sR)Direction Right Right -- Right Right -- Right upper upper upper upper upperCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 18 18pitch Ps (mm)Lateral groove GcLin left inside areaInclination angle 30 30 30 0 30 30 0(θ cL)Direction Right Right Right -- Right Right -- upper upper upper upper upperCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 18 18pitch Pc (mm)Lateral groove GcRin right inside areaInclination angle 30 25 30 0 30 30 30(θ cR)Direction Right Right Right -- Right Right Right lower lower lower lower lower lowerCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 18 18pitch Ps (mm)Riding comfort 108 110 103 105 100 96 95Residue CF index 73 24 78 35 100 160 130__________________________________________________________________________ Em.; Embodiment CO.; Comparative example TABLE 3______________________________________ Em. 3-1 Em. 3-2 Co. 3-1______________________________________Pattern FIG. 19 FIG. 20 FIG. 24Belt cordMaterial Steel Steel SteelNumber of plies 2 2 2Cord 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22N × S 20.5 20.5 20.5Direction of outside Right upper Right upper Right upperbelt cordInclination angle 16 16 16Inner lateralgrooveInclination angle 30 30 30(θ c)Direction Right upper Right upper Left upperCircumferential 18 18 18pitch Pc (mm)Outer lateralgrooveInclination angle 30 30 30(θ s)Direction Left upper Left upper Right upperCircumferential 18 18 18pitch Ps (mm)Steering of outside 110 105 100belt cordResidue CF index 5 26 100______________________________________ Em.; Embodiment CO.; Comparative example TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________ Em. 4-1 Em. 4-2 Co. 4-1 Co. 4-2 Co. 4-3__________________________________________________________________________Pattern FIG. 25 FIG. 25 FIG. 25 FIG. 25 FIG. 30Belt cordMaterial Steel Steel Steel Steel SteelNumber of plies 2 2 2 2 2Cord 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22N × S 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5Direction of outside Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upperbelt cordInclination angle 18 18 18 18 18Inner lateralgrooveInclination angle 25 25 25 25 30(θ c)Direction Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upper Left upperCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18pitch Pc (mm)Outer lateralgrooveInclination angle 40 40 40 40 30(θ s)Direction Left upper Left upper Left upper Left upper Right upperCircumferential 15 20 30 40 18pitch Ps (mm)Steering of stability 110 105 100 100 100Residue CF index 24 26 39 49 100__________________________________________________________________________ Em.; Embodiment CO.; Comparative example TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ Em. 5-1 Em. 5-2 Em. 5-3 Co. 5-1 Co. 5-2 Co. 5-3 Co.__________________________________________________________________________ 5-4Pattern FIG. 32 FIG. 32 FIG. 33 FIG. 32 FIG. 32 FIG. 32 FIG. 11(c)Belt cordMaterial Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel Steel SteelNumber of plies 2 2 2 2 2 2 2Cord 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 0.22 1 × 4 × 1 × 4 × 0.22N × S 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5Direction of outside Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upper Right upperbelt cordMiddle lateralgrooveInclination angle 30 30 30 30 30 30(θ m)Direction Crossed Crossed Crossed Crossed Crossed Crossed --Maximum length L (mm) 5 10 10 15 20 30Outer lateralgrooveInclination angle Lateral Lateral 8 Lateral Lateral Lateral 35 (θ s)(θ n)Direction -- -- Right lower -- -- -- Right lowerCircumferential 18 18 18 18 18 10 18pitch Ps (mm)Steering stability 105 105 105 100 95 95 105Residue CF index 70 80 80 100 135 170 70Noise characteristic 90 95 105 100 105 110 115__________________________________________________________________________ Em.; Embodiment CO.; Comparative example

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention: This invention concerns a ball-and-socket joint system such as is used in jointed devices, particularly in multiarticulate arms. 2. Description of the Prior Art: Multiarticulate arms are, for example, used in the construction of robots. If they include a great enough number of "phalanges", such arms enable simulation of mechanisms having distributed elasticity and/or deformation. Connected to other mechanisms, they thus enable construction of devices which are often called "probes" and which, when they are affixed at one of their ends, e.g., to a robot, and hold at their other end a tool such as a spot welder, drill, paint gun, etc., enable positioning the tool around an obstacle by turning it. With the help of such probes, large spaces within which work must be done may be entered through a relatively small-sized opening. Such a probe was described in French Pat. No. 77-02387 filed Jan. 28, 1977 for a "Multiarticulate arm for robot or automation." In the abovementioned patent, as in other patents in the same field, different types of ball-and-sockets are used. Some can be dislocated at any moment and, to prevent this, the elements making up the joint must be preloaded using springs. Such preloading increases internal friction and stress, thereby reducing the life of the ball-and-sockets while increasing the power necessary to operate them. For other types of ball-and-sockets, dislocation is prevented by crimping. This operation is very advantageous both from the point of view of wear and of required power, but it makes the device impossible or difficult to disassemble. Furthermore, reassembly usually requires changing the parts making up the ball-and-socket joints. Also known are ball-and-sockets which cannot be disassembled when they are in normal operating position but which can be easily disassembled when the component parts are placed in a special position not reached during normal use. These ball-and-sockets have several important drawbacks which practically preclude their use in multiarticulate arms. These drawbacks flow essentially from the fact that such ball-and-socket joints are composed essentially of two parts. The first part is composed of a convex spherical element limited by two parallel planes disposed symmetrically on either side of the sphere's center. Such spherical element may be connected to a rod by means of a hole perpendicular to the two planes and passing through its center. The second element is composed of a concave bearing surface of the same radius as the preceding element, formed in a generally cylindrical piece the axis of which passes through the axis of the sphere. To enable assembly of the two elements, the element with the concave sphere is equipped with a notch which allows the spherical element to move up to the point at which the centers of the two spheres are identical. This requires that the axis of revolution of the convex spherical element and that of the concave spherical element be perpendicular. The two elements can then be pivoted with relation to each other so as to bring the two axes into alignment. The two elements can then be moved with relation to each other in oscillating motions of limited height and rotational motions around their respective axes. The fact that these ball-and-socket joints are composed of only two elements means that although the concave spherical element can be connected to a tubular "phalanx" of large diameter, the convex spherical element can be connected to a phalanx only by a central shaft of small diameter. In addition, this must be disassembled to allow assembly of the two elements of the ball-and-socket joint. Unfortunately, the construction of synchronized phalanx probes, such as those for which the instant invention is preferentially intended, requires that a system for inter-phalanx synchronization be passed through the center of said joints. The small-diameter shaft required by the jointing system described above makes passage of such a synchronization system through its center practically impossible. It should be noted finally that the possibility of having ball-and-socket joint elements capable of performing rotations at any angles about their respective axes of revolution is of no use for the construction of multiarticulate arms having only two degrees of freedom enabling them to assume any curvature in any plane containing the axis common to all the phalanges when these are aligned. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The main object of the instant invention is to enable construction of a ball-and-socket joint having none of the flaws described above while retaining all useful features. The ball-and-socket joint will, in particular, comprise three elements, all of which can be of tubular configuration with a bore that is substantially equal in diameter to that of the sphere forming the ball-and-socket joint. Any useful device for synchronization of the "phalanges" may thus be passed through their center. An advantage of the instant invention is the construction of a ball-and-socket joint device which is both easy and economical to produce while enabling rotations of limited but in any case sufficient amplitude about any axis passing through the center of the ball of the joint. Another advantage of the instant invention is to enable construction of an easily assembled, and equally easily disassembled ball-and-socket joint which is nevertheless impossible to disassemble while in normal operating position. Other advantages will appear from the following description. In addition, it is obvious that the use of such a ball-and-socket joint system cannot be limited to multiarticulate arms such as those used on robots and that any other use could not limit the scope of the instant invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will be more fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood with reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters designate like or corresponding parts throughout the several views, and wherein: FIG. 1 represents the three elements of the joint according to the instant invention, separated from one another but in relative position for assembly; FIG. 2 represents one of the sockets and the spherical element making up the ball-and-socket, with the latter shown in the position preceding assembly and in assembly position with the socket; FIG. 3 represents one of the sockets in which the spherical element making up the ball-and-socket is assembled, with the second socket ready to be assembled; FIG. 4 represents the completely assembled joint according to the invention; FIG. 5 represents an axial section of said joint in a plane containing the axes of the sockets when they are aligned; FIG. 6 represents an axial section of the joint including an element limiting the angular displacement of the spherical element making up the ball-and-socket with one of the sockets; and FIG. 7 represents a joint according to the invention, connected by means of a sliding link to the socket of a second joint assembly according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to FIG. 1, a convex spherical element 1 is shown formed by a spherical surface 2 of a piece which may be made of any rigid material having properties adapted to the use of stress received by the ball-and-socket joint. For example, element 1 may be made of sintered metal, steel, bronze or other; may be machined from metal or plastic, may be forged, etc. The quality of its surface state and its tolerances must also be compatible with the uses of the joint. Spherical surface 2 is limited by two parallel planes 3 and 4 which are essentially symmetrical with relation to the center of the sphere. The intersections of the spherical surface and of these planes thus forms two circles of closely related diameter. A bore 5 may be drilled perpendicularly to planes 3 and 4 in spherical element 1. The diameter of this bore may be as large as desired, up to a limit of the diameter of the smallest of the circles forming the intersections of planes 3 and 4 and spherical surface 2. A first phalanx 6 is composed of a tubular element 7 having any desired diameter. However, the inner diameter shall be substantially equal to, or greater than, the diameter of the bore in spherical element 1. From tubular element 7 extends an element 8 and an element 9 forming a fork shaped like the jaws of a pair of pliers but made integral and rigid with respect to tubular element 7, with which they may moreover be of a piece. Elements 8 and 9 include concave spherical surfaces 10 and 11 having the same diameter as convex spherical surface 1 and forming a socket. The width of "beaks" 8 and 9 is such that a second piece 12 which is exactly identical to piece 6 and likewise includes a tubular element 13 identical to 7 and two jaws 14 and 15, respectively identical to 8 and 9, including spherical surfaces 16 and 17, respectively identical to 10 and 11, may when turned 90° on its axis, have its jaws 14 and 15 engage around jaws 8 and 9 until the centers of their respective concave spheres meet. In this position, the two pieces 6 and 12 may pivot about any axis passing through the center of the spherical surface at an angle which is sufficient for the ball-and-socket to function satisfactorily. It will be seen that it would be impossible here to define the "width" of beaks 8, 9, 14 and 15 otherwise than functionally. In reality, using a working drawing, it would be easy to define the limit shapes of the jaws in terms of the desired angles of rotation. In addition, these jaws are open at the end which meets the end of the opposite tubular element 7 or 13, and the width of this opening 18 or 19 respectively is at least equal to the distance between the two planes 3 and 4 limiting spherical surface 2, and is furthermore less than the diameter of the spherical surface 2. In this way, when spherical element 1 is in the position shown in FIG. 1 with respect to "phalanx" 6, it can be seen that by a simple translation in direction 20, spherical element 1 can be introduced into plier "jaws" 8 and 9 so that the centers of the convex and concave spherical surfaces coincide. Once this operation is done, rotation of which the representative vector is 50 in FIG. 2 brings piece 1 to position 51 between "jaws" 8 and 9. It will be seen that at this moment, a force acting in direction 52 between piece 1 and phalanx 6 can no longer separate the two pieces. With piece 1 in position 51 of FIG. 2, a simple translation along 100 (FIG. 3) allows "jaws" 14 and 15 of phalanx 12 to come between and beside "jaws" 8 and 9 of phalanx 6 until the centers of spherical surfaces 16 and 17 are likewise coincidental with the center of spherical surfaces 2, 10 and 11. At this moment, piece 1 is simply turned 90° around axis 200 to bring bore 5 of spherical element 1 into coaxial position with the axes of tubular phalanges 6 and 12. It can be seen that at this point a force 201 operating on the two phalanges 6 and 12 and tending to separate them, or to push them together, will have no effect since spherical element 1 has locked 6 and 12 together so that the centers of spherical surfaces 10, 11, 16 and 17 are at all times coincidental, enabling limited, but sufficient, angular displacements about any axis passing through the center. For a typical application of a multiarticulate arm, the system may be designed-particularly jaws 8, 9, 14 and 15-so that this angle may attain a value of 30° to 35° (FIG. 4). On the other hand, when the tubular elements are coaxial, the construction object of the invention does not enable great rotation around the common axis. This is desired, however, since for the preferential application mentioned, such a rotation is not necessary at all. FIG. 5 also shows tubular element or phalanx 6 with jaws 8 and 9 cut by plane 202 of FIG. 4. Spherical element 1 is shown, along with tubular phalanx 12 with a view of jaw 14, the form of which is such that it enables "sufficient" rotation of the two phalanges with respect to each other. FIG. 5 further shows the large-diameter bore freed up on the inside by the device according to the invention, enabling passage of devices for synchronization of the phalanges. Nevertheless, FIG. 5 reveals that the joint according to the invention retains one serious drawback which, however, is easy to remedy, as the following will show. In fact, the angular position of spherical element 1 is not defined. In use, therefore, it undergoes variations and it is obvious that it may at one point occupy a position in which dislocation of the joint would be possible, possibly entailing breakdown of the machine using the joint or at least a stop for repairs. To prevent this, it is enough, for example, to prevent spherical element 1 from exceeding a certain angular position with respect to one of the two phalanges. This is carried out in FIG. 6 by disposing within tubular element 7 a stationary cylindrical piece 210, one end 211 of which is engaged within a central bore 5 of spherical element 1, preventing it from rotating to an angle greater than defined by the play between the diameter of extremity 211 of piece 210 and the diameter of bore 5. A drawback introduced by piece 210 is that it blocks, at least partially (since it too may be tubular), the bore of the ball-and-socket joint device. When the entire bore is really needed for the phalanx synchronization device, the solution is even simpler: the phalanx synchronization device itself serves to limit rotation of spherical element 1. The angular limitation then costs nothing. It is enough to withdraw the synchronization element to be able to disassemble the two phalanges 6 and 12 after having pivoted spherical element 1 in the reverse direction from that used for assembly. Many other means-which have not been described-enabling limitation of the maximal angle of rotation will be seen by the man in the art and these cannot be considered as a new element of the instant invention. Of course, each tubular element may have a ball-and-socket joint at each of its ends, thereby forming a multiarticulate arm having any number of ball-and-sockets. Similarly, a number of these tubular elements may receive in sliding assembly within their bore the tubular element of another ball-and-socket joint system, thus enabling variation where necessary of the distance between the centers of the spheres of two consecutive articulations as shown in FIG. 7. Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This Application claims priority to pending Provisional U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/896,702, filed on Mar. 23, 2007, which application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The presently preferred embodiment of the innovations described herein relate generally to software applications. More specifically, the presently preferred embodiment relates to directly recognize and unfold linear bends in a sheet metal part. BACKGROUND [0003] The progressive die industry is a pillar industry for automotive, consumer electronics, computer manufacture, etc. With the rapid changes of products in those industries, product companies need die and tooling capabilities with significantly shortened die tool lead time. Critical to the progressive die design is the ability to import a non-sheet metal filed into a CAD application, and then to be able to quickly convert it into a sheet-metal part for folding operations without any parameters from the original imported file. Once converted to a sheet-metal part, the user can then generate a flattened shape of a sheet metal part (or blank) and its intermediate states. Concomitantly, the product company will apply its own standards and design requirements into the process. [0004] Unfolding of a sheet metal part is the first and most important step to design a progressive die. Unfolding methods vary based in part on different shapes of the sheet metal part. For example, for free-form sheet metal, one can make use of known CAE-FEM methods to perform unfolding. For a straight-break part, if it is an imported model or designed using generic features, one could convert it into sheet metal self-formable feature-based model. Known art includes the ability to re-build the part by using sheet metal features, another one is to re-build it automatically, the first method is very time-consuming and requires that a die designer have high sheet metal skill, other limitations exist where there are no “mapped” features. [0005] What is needed is a system and method not currently supported in the known prior art for direct sheet metal unfolding of an imported non-sheet-metal part into various bending forms. SUMMARY [0006] To achieve the foregoing, and in accordance with the purpose of the presently preferred embodiment as described herein, the present application provides a computer implemented method, comprising selecting a planar face on a part design; identifying a plurality of linear bends associated with said planar face; calculating a plurality of bend parameters corresponding to each of said linear bends; and converting said part design having said linear bends to a sheet metal part. The method, wherein said plurality of bend parameters includes one of a bend angle, an inside bend radius, and a part thickness. The method, further comprising calculating a developed length from said bend angle, said inside bend radius, said part thickness, and a calculated K factor. The method, further comprising assigning a plurality of blend attributes to said planar face. The method, further comprising merging a plurality of coaxial blends with a first radius and angle into a merged bend. The method, further comprising decomposing a merged bend into a plurality of step blends. The method, further comprising defining an over-bend as necessary. The method, further comprising unfolding said sheet metal part into a form. The method, further comprising outputting a blank part from said form, wherein said form status is a flatten status. The Method, further comprising extracting a solid body part from said form, wherein said form status is an intermediate status. [0007] An advantage of the presently preferred embodiment is to provide a computer-program product tangibly embodied in a machine readable medium to perform a computer implemented method, comprising instructions operable to cause a computer to select a planar face on a part design; identify a plurality of linear bends associated with said planar face; calculate a plurality of bend parameters corresponding to each of said linear bends; and convert said part design having said linear bends to a sheet metal part. The computer-program product, wherein said plurality of bend parameters includes one of a bend angle, an inside bend radius, and a part thickness. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to calculate a developed length from said bend angle, said inside bend radius, said part thickness, and a calculated K factor. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to assign a plurality of blend attributes to said planar face. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to merge a plurality of coaxial blends with a first radius and angle into a merged bend. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to decompose a merged bend into a plurality of step blends. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to define an over-bend as necessary. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to unfold said sheet metal part into a form. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to output a blank part from said form, wherein said form status is a flatten status. The computer-program product, further comprising instructions to extract a solid body part from said form, wherein said form status is an intermediate status. [0008] And another advantage of the presently preferred embodiment is to provide a data processing system having at least a processor and accessible memory to implement a method, comprising means for selecting a planar face on a part design; means for identifying a plurality of linear bends associated with said planar face; means for calculating a plurality of bend parameters corresponding to each of said linear bends; and means for converting said part design having said linear bends to a sheet metal part. [0009] Other advantages of the presently preferred embodiment will be set forth in part in the description and in the drawings that follow, and, in part will be learned by practice of the presently preferred embodiment. The presently preferred embodiment will now be described with reference made to the following Figures that form a part hereof. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the presently preferred embodiment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] A presently preferred embodiment will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, wherein like designations denote like elements, and: [0011] FIG. 1 is a logic flow diagram of the method employed by the presently preferred embodiment; [0012] FIG. 2 is an orthographic view of a part design; [0013] FIG. 3 illustrates a table view of displayed values of a part design; [0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an orthographic view of a part design with merged coaxial bends; [0015] FIGS. 5 illustrates a table view of displayed values of a part design with merged coaxial bends; [0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an orthographic view of a part design with multi-step bends; [0017] FIG. 7 that is a table view of displayed values of a part design with multi-step bends; and [0018] FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a computer environment in which the presently preferred embodiment may be practiced. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0019] The numerous innovative teachings of the present application will be described with particular reference to the presently preferred embodiments. It should be understood, however, that this class of embodiments provides only a few examples of the many advantageous uses of the innovative teachings herein. The presently preferred embodiment provides, among other things, a system and method directly recognize and unfold linear bends in a sheet metal part. Now therefore, in accordance with the presently preferred embodiment, an operating system executes on a computer, such as a general-purpose personal computer. FIG. 9 and the following discussion are intended to provide a brief, general description of a suitable computing environment in which the presently preferred embodiment may be implemented. Although not required, the presently preferred embodiment will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implementation particular abstract data types. The presently preferred embodiment may be performed in any of a variety of known computing environments. [0020] Referring to FIG. 9 , an exemplary system for implementing the presently preferred embodiment includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer 900 , such as a desktop or laptop computer, including a plurality of related peripheral devices (not depicted). The computer 900 includes a microprocessor 905 and a bus 910 employed to connect and enable communication between the microprocessor 905 and a plurality of components of the computer 900 in accordance with known techniques. The bus 910 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The computer 900 typically includes a user interface adapter 915 , which connects the microprocessor 905 via the bus 910 to one or more interface devices, such as a keyboard 920 , mouse 925 , and/or other interface devices 930 , which can be any user interface device, such as a touch sensitive screen, digitized pen entry pad, etc. The bus 910 also connects a display device 935 , such as an LCD screen or monitor, to the microprocessor 905 via a display adapter 940 . The bus 610 also connects the microprocessor 905 to a memory 945 , which can include ROM, RAM, etc. [0021] The computer 900 further includes a drive interface 950 that couples at least one storage device 955 and/or at least one optical drive 960 to the bus. The storage device 955 can include a hard disk drive, not shown, for reading and writing to a disk, a magnetic disk drive, not shown, for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk drive. Likewise the optical drive 960 can include an optical disk drive, not shown, for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The aforementioned drives and associated computer-readable media provide non-volatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, and other data for the computer 900 . [0022] The computer 900 can communicate via a communications channel 965 with other computers or networks of computers. The computer 900 may be associated with such other computers in a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or it can be a client in a client/server arrangement with another computer, etc. Furthermore, the presently preferred embodiment may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. All of these configurations, as well as the appropriate communications hardware and software, are known in the art. [0023] Software programming code that embodies the presently preferred embodiment is typically stored in the memory 945 of the computer 900 . In the client/server arrangement, such software programming code may be stored with memory associated with a server. The software programming code may also be embodied on any of a variety of non-volatile data storage device, such as a hard-drive, a diskette or a CD-ROM. The code may be distributed on such media, or may be distributed to users from the memory of one computer system over a network of some type to other computer systems for use by users of such other systems. The techniques and methods for embodying software program code on physical media and/or distributing software code via networks are well known and will not be further discussed herein. [0024] FIG. 1 is a logic flow diagram of a method employed by the presently preferred embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1 , a computer implemented method 100 begins by selecting a planar face on a part design (Step 105 ). Next, a computer user identifies a number of linear bends associated with the planar face (Step 110 ) and then calculates a number of bend parameters corresponding to each of the identified linear bends (Step 115 ). Then the system converts the part design with the bend attributes to a sheet metal part (Step 120 ). [0025] The methods of automatically unfolding a sheet metal part without prior knowledge or data defining the parameters or sheet metal features to get a part blank and associated intermediate stages in accordance with the presently preferred embodiment are set forth in more detail below. Sheet Metal Unfolding [0026] The computer user typically starts with either a part file created by a third party computer aided design (CAD) program or the user intends to use a native file created with the CAD application in current use where the part file lacks sufficient details necessary to accomplish a sheet metal fold. Utilizing techniques well understood in the art, the user imports the part file into the CAD application that can define a solid body or other part-state, e.g., a solid model, that lacks sufficient details to perform a sheet metal operation. Step 1 [0027] FIG. 2 is an orthographic view of a part design. Referring further to FIG. 2 , once the part file is imported into the CAD application, a part design 200 is displayed to the user utilizing known software techniques. The computer user selects, for example, a planar face 205 on the part design 200 where at least a bend 210 is automatically recognized by the computer system programmed to execute the presently preferred embodiment (Step 110 ). Once the bend 210 is recognized, the system retrieves the key bend parameters, e.g., bend angle, inside bend radius, and part thickness, from the calculated values of the part itself using methods known in the art of CAD applications and software design. Step 3 [0028] FIG. 3 illustrates a table view of displayed values of a part design. The recognized bends 210 are identified and assigned a corresponding bend name 300 . The corresponding bend names 300 are listed in a table format and have an associated inside bend radius value 305 , a bend angle value 310 , a k-factor value 315 , and a development length value 320 (Step 115 ). The K-factor is well understood in the art of sheet metal bending and depends upon the material, the type of bending operation, the ratio of the inner bend radius to metal thickness. The developed length is also well known and understood in the art of sheet metal bending, according to the following formula: L=(r+kt)×θ, where r=inside bend radius, k=k-factor, t=material thickness, and θ=bend angle in radians. Step 4 [0029] Now, the part design 200 is converted into a sheet metal part as understood and known by the native CAD application (Step 120 ). The sheet metal part conversion is well understood in the CAD industry and will not be discussed further with the understanding that the presently preferred embodiment assigns the necessary bend attributes to the associated bend faces so that the recognized bends are identified and properly utilized in a downstream unbend/rebend operation of the CAD application. Optional Steps [0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an orthographic view of a part design with merged coaxial bends. Referring to FIG. 4 , optionally at this stage the user can identify a plurality of coaxial bends 400 . The coaxial bends 400 that share the same inside bend radius and bend angle are merged into a single merged bend having a common point of control. The merged condition of the coaxial bends 400 is viewable as a plurality of merged coaxial bend values 500 in a table view of displayed values of a part design with merged coaxial bends, as illustrated in FIG. 5 . [0031] FIG. 6 illustrates an orthographic view of a part design with multi-step bends. Referring to FIG. 6 , the user also has the option to define a number of multi-step bends 600 from the recognized bends 210 , by selecting the number of pre-bends and corresponding angle for each pre-bend. Pre-bends are included, for example, to resist spring-back that may occur based upon the chosen material of the part design 200 , such spring-back may occur, for example, when forming an 80 degree bend may cause the final shape to incorrectly result as 75 degrees. FIG. 7 illustrates a table view of displayed values of a part design with multi-step bends. Referring to FIG. 7 , if multiple pre-bends are defined, for example, as two pre-bends of 30 degrees and one of 20 degrees, so that the material will form and harden gradually so that the final shape will be precisely 90 degrees, those multiple pre-bends will occur. [0032] The user also has the option to define an over bend for any of the recognized bends. The user may define the over bend by either angle or radius (among others), for example, defining a 90 degree bend that may have a final shape of 83 degrees because of 7 degrees of material spring back. Example methods to accomplish the over-bend technique include keeping the bend radius constant with the change of the bend angle so that the bend region will change accordingly; and maintaining a constant bend region, resulting in the bend radius changes when the bend angle is changed accordingly. Step 5 [0033] FIG. 8 illustrates a two-dimensional view of a part design. Referring further to FIG. 8 , the user creates a blank view 800 in a flattened status by executing an unfold command on the sheet metal part and making use of the unbending operation available to the CAD program utilizing techniques commonly understood in the art. Alternatively, rather than creating the blank that is flat, the user can unfold the sheet metal part into any intermediate status where only selected recognized bends are subjected to the unbend operation. Conclusion [0034] From Step 1 through Step 5, the presently preferred embodiment has disclosed a complete solution to directly and automatically unform an un-parameterized model to enable generation of an associative blank or intermediate shape for a sheet metal part. Now that the user has created either the blank or the intermediate status, the sheet metal part is outputted as an individual blank part for use in a CAD application or other known way to utilize sheet metal parts. Alternatively, the solid body of any of the bends in the intermediate status may be extracted as an intermediate stage for use in a CAD application or other known way to utilize sheet metal parts. [0035] The presently preferred embodiment may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations thereof. An apparatus of the presently preferred embodiment may be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps of the presently preferred embodiment may be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the presently preferred embodiment by operating on input data and generating output. [0036] The presently preferred embodiment may advantageously be implemented in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. The application program may be implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language, or in assembly or machine language if desired; and in any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language. [0037] Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory and/or a random access memory. Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of nonvolatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM disks. Any of the foregoing may be supplemented by, or incorporated in, specially-designed ASICs (application2-specific integrated circuits). [0038] A number of embodiments have been described. It will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the presently preferred embodiment, such as the ability to apply the over-bend feature to multiple bends at one time. Also it is contemplated that the recognition of bends occurs on not only an imported file from another CAD system, but also on any solid model with or without feature/parameters. Therefore, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a transducer comprising a piezoelectric measuring sensor element for measurement of mechanical values on hollow bodies, and especially for measurement of pressure distributions within pipes. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Transducers of the kind referred to are known, especially for the measurement of pressure distributions in injection pipes of injection internal combustion engines, mainly diesel engines, whereby from the charted pressure curve conclusions can be drawn with regard to the function of the injection pump and the injection valves. For pressure measurements in diesel injection pipes, the basic idea is described as follows: pressure within the pipe is plotted as a function of time. Pressure rise in the pipe causes an enlargement of the pipe cross sectional area and therefore of the circumference of the pipe, this enlargement thus being measurable. It is known to use piezoelectric transducers and to transmit the pressure pulsations of the injection pipe by means of a transmitter member to a piezoelectric disc of single crystal or ceramic. Arrangements of this kind, however, are very expensive and have the disadvantage of being characterized by a relatively large mass which is exposed to strong acceleration forces due to vibrations of the injection pipe in directions perpendicular to the pipe axis. Those forces can cause deformations of the pipe which are superposed with the deformations caused by the pressure pulsations, and all these forces are transmitted to the piezoelectric disc, thereby falsifying the pressure measurement. These problems occur in all those transducers measuring pressure distribution by way of deformation of the pipe and in which the transducer mass is not small enough to avoid measurable deformation of the pipe caused by vibrations the whole pipe. Besides of this, care has to be taken that vibration-caused deformations of the transducer mounting arrangement itself are not transmitted to the sensor element. Another problem, especially in pipes which are subject to strong bending vibrations, is that the pipes are stretched at one part of the circumference and compressed on the opposite part. These stretches and compressions alternating with the vibration phases may be larger than the pressure-caused stretch of the pipe circumference. Locally sensing transducers which register the stretch of only a part of the circumference therefore disadvantageously also sense surface variations caused by vibrations and can give a quite incorrect measurement. It is also known to attach strain gauges on pipes to measure stretch of the pipe or pressure within the pipe, respectively. Strain gauges have a number of advantageous properties, e.g., flexibility and little mass, and they are very well suitable for both static and dynamic measurements. However, an arrangement is necessary which guarantees a reproducible initial tension of the strain gauge. When the initial tension of the strain gauge is subject to greater variation caused by mounting, thermal expansion or the like, the necessary adjustment of the expensive measuring bridge needs additional activities. Such additional work never can be avoided when the relative dynamic stretches to be measured are in the order of 10 -5 and lower. The mentioned difficulties happen with all strain gauges the physical properties of which are used to measure variations of length and which depend on the absolute value of the length. Another essential disadvantage of strain gauges is the necessity to attach them to the pipe or body to be measured by means of a special adhesive. To ensure good adhesion and safe transmission of the pipe stretch to the strain gauge, it is necessary to make the measuring range on the pipe scrupulously clean. This necessitates additional time spent preparing the pipe for measurements. For measurements on diesel injection pipes, for instance, the measuring results often are strongly falsified by the already mentioned vibrations. Compensation of this influence can be achieved--if at all--only by use of expensive, special strain gauges and only by use of skilled personnel. On grounds of the mentioned disadvantages, strain gauges are, despite their merits, practically not suitable, for instance, for quick workshop diagnosis of injection systems of diesel engines. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the aim of this invention to provide a transducer which enables the quick measurement of mechanical values of hollow bodies, e.g., pressure distribution within pipes, which are not provided with special arrangements for measurements, whereby great preparation work should be avoided. For measurements of pipes, opening of the same for application of a pressure transducer should hopefully not be necessary because not only is it often impossible to interrupt operation of a plant, but also opening of the pipe takes time, and the risk of soiling the inside of the pipe must be avoided. According to the invention, in a transducer of the kind referred to, the piezoelectric measuring sensor element is a flexible piezoelectric film, the opposite surfaces of the film being in connection with electrically leading contact surfaces, and the measuring sensor element being at least partially, and at least indirectly, closely joinable to the surface of the hollow body. The design of a transducer according to the invention enables the simultaneous use of the advantageous properties of strain gauges--flexibility, little mass and therefore high temporal resolution, stretchability and stretch sensitivity--and of the advantageous properties of piezoelectric sensors--direct measurement of relative variations from any given ground level (floating zero point), compression sensitivity, simple electronic processing of the charge signals--whereby the disadvantages of both transducer principles are avoided. The piezoelectric film, which is advantageously chosen to be only a few μ thick, forms the dielectric of a capacitor, the electrically leading surfaces being used as the capacitor electrodes. The sensor element therefore can be used also for capacitive measurement of pressure distribution. This is an essential advantage because static or quasi-static and low frequent processes which cannot be measured piezoelectrically due to the limited insulation resistance, can be measured capacitively. The use of a flexible, piezoelectric film as a sensor element in a pressure transducer allows for the first time the application of one and the same transducer alternatively for piezoelectric or capacitive measurements of pressure distribution without the necessity of additional mounting expenditure. The use of a flexible piezoelectric film as a measuring sensor element according to the invention gives the advantage that the sensor element may be joined closely also to curved surfaces of bodies, e.g., cylindersurfaces, so that good stretch, friction, and pressure contact between the surface of the body to be measured and the sensor element is attained, whereby precise measurement is enabled. There are known a number of flexible dielectrics in the form of foils or films, the most of which may be considered as electrets in the sense that they possess a semi-permanent electric polarisation, the outer field of which is compensated by also semi-permanent surface charges. Such piezoelectrics show a longitudinal piezoelectric effect in the direction of the Z-axis (axes according to the IRE-convention) and transversal piezoelectric effects in the directions of the X- or Y-axis respectively. Some known piezoelectrics are for instance Polyvinylidene-Fluoride (PVDF), Polyvinyl-Fluoride (PVF), Polyvinyl-Chloride (PVC), Polyacrylo-nitrile (PAN), Polymethyl-Methacylate (PMMA), fluorinated Ethylene-Propylene (FEP), Polystrene, Polyethylene (PE) and its Terepthalate, Polycorbonate, Polysulfone, and Nylon. The invention has the further advantage that by way of the elastic cross-contraction in Z-direction, an amplification of the piezoelectric and capacitive stretch sensitivity is obtained. Enlargement of a pipe further may be measured by means of a transducer according to the invention also over the longitudinal piezoeffect if the sensor element is so attached that the pipe stretch exerts pressure perpendicular to the surface of the sensor element. In many embodiments according to the invention the piezoelectric film will be subject to forces which cause stretching in the film parallel to the surface and pressure perpendicular to the surface of the film. This combination of stretch and pressure causes an especially high sensitivity in many embodiments. According to a further feature of the invention, it may be advantageous to provide flexible interposition layers between the piezoelectric film and the surface of the body to be measured. These layers may serve as an electrical insulation, as protection against mechanical damage of the film, or for taking charge off the piezoelectric film. It is further advantageous to provide a piezoelectric film consisting of a monoaxially-oriented polymer. Polymers of this kind have an especially high piezoelectric sensitivity; therefore, they are particularly suitable for transducers in the sense of the invention. According to the invention the piezoelectric film may consist of Polyvinylidene-Fluoride, preferably of monoaxial-oriented β-Polyvinylidene-Fluoride. Among the mentioned piezoelectric Polymers, Polyvinylidene-Fluoride has an especially high piezoelectric sensitivity and a big dielectric constant. Ordinary PVDF is a mixed form of α-und β-PVDF. The α/β-mixed form of PVDF can be brought into the monoaxially-oriented β-form by stretching the PVDF-film inelastically, whereby the direction of the maximum sensitivity is identical with the direction of stretch. A PVDF-film pretreated in this manner has an especially high piezoelectric stretch sensitivity in X-direction which is about ten times higher than the sensitivity in Y-direction. This high piezoelectric sensitivity and the eminent chemical and physical stability makes this material particularly suitable for the use as a piezoelectric film. It may be of particular advantage to build the electrically leading contact surfaces of thin electrically leading layers firmly connected to the surface of the piezoelectric film. These layers may be made, for instance, of metal deposited by evaporation or of an electrically-leading varnish. According to the invention it is especially advantageous if the piezoelectric film is a strip of a monoaxially-oriented polymer under initial tension, the direction of the initial tension X' and the direction X of the maximal piezoelectric stretch sensitivity of the film enclosing an angle minor 45 degrees. For that purpose the film is stretched around the hollow body, for instance a pipe, or pressed on it in such a manner that tangential initial tension occurs. Due to this orientation of the film, radial stretch of the pipe causes stretch of the piezoelectric film predominantly in the direction of its highest piezoelectric stretch sensitivity, this direction being in the film of monoaxially-oriented PVDF the direction of the X-axis. By this arrangement of a sensor element embracing the pipe, the radial and primarily only pressure-generated stretch of the pipe is registered in an intensified measure. Parasitic stretches and compressions of the pipe parallel to the axis of the pipe and therefore parallel to the Y-axis of the film, however, can cause only little interference due to the much less piezoelectric sensitivity in this direction. By these means and the use of, for instance, monoaxial PVDF, weakening of vibration interference down to 1/10 of the interference which occurs when using piezoelectric films being isotropic in X- and Y-direction is attainable. This advantage is still preserved if the film is so arranged that its direction of orientation encloses an acute angle with the above-mentioned direction of maximal piezoelectric stretch sensitivity. An especially advantageous embodiment of a transducer according to the invention is obtained when the sensor element built of the film and the electrically leading layers is attached on an electrically insulating tape. This embodiment is particularly suitable for stretch measurement at convex surfaces of any curvature, above all for stretch measurement of pipes of any diameter. The tape is adhered around the pipe, the eventually desired initial tension is gained during the attaching process. When stretch of an object with an electrically leading surface should be measured, the sensor element can be attached in a manner that the electrode adjacent to the measuring surface is connected to ground. Measurement is then carried out like with a unipolar piezoelectric transducer and the insulating tape forms a protective foil for the sensor element. It may also be advantageous if at least the periphery portions of the insulating tape have a self-adhesive coating on the side pointing to the sensor element. This makes the mounting of the sensor element easier and cheaper. According to a further feature of the invention the sensor element built of the film and electrically leading layers may be embedded between two connected flexible tapes or foils forming together with these foils a measuring strip. A quicker and simpler mounting of the measuring strip is possible and the sensor element is protected against undesirable ground contacts and soiling. Transducers applied by means of adhesion have, quite advantageously, practically no vibration mass; however, use for instance for stretch measurements of strongly soiled and oily pipes makes cleaning of the measuring point necessary. For this type of application the measuring strip may be stretchable at least partially around the pipe and utilized as a tension binder. On grounds of easy mounting it is further particularly advantageous when the tension binder is performed in the form of a cable binder. The toothing provided at the clasp of a common cable binder and the matching catch from a self-locking clasp so that a transducer of this kind can be simply and tightly strained around the pipe. In another embodiment the tension binder is provided with an easily releasable fastener, for instance a strainer. This embodiment has a relatively little mass, it is small, and it is easy to handle. It is especially advantageous when using it for measuring pressure distribution in pipes having nearly equal diameters. According to another embodiment of the invention for measurements on pipes, attachment and initial tension of the measuring strip to the pipe is made by means of a spring. The advantage of quick mounting of the transducer is obvious, and because of the possibility of disengaging the transducer without destruction, it can be used again. It is especially advantageous to use an arrangement in which the spring embraces the pipe only with its both lateral rims over more than half of the circumference, the measuring strip connected to the spring thereby being stretched at least over a part of the circumference of the pipe. This embodiment is recommendable particularly for measuring pressure distribution on injection pipes of diesel engines, and it is very sturdy. The transducer is clamped on the injection pipe simply by snapping the spring on the pipe. Therefore, attachment of the transducer is carried out quite easily and quickly even in places of difficult access. Also, dismounting of the transducer is simple, so this embodiment is especially suitable for use in motor vehicle workshops. However, care has to be taken with respect to the choice of the right temper and size of the spring to keep parasitical spring vibrations below the tolerance limit for precise stretch measurement. This embodiment has the merits that the spring does not press against the measuring strip and simultaneously serves as a protective cover for the sensor element. The spring embraces the pipe at two (with respect to the measuring strip) axially staggered location and the piezoelectric sensor element is pressed on the pipe. An interposing layer may be provided for insulation of the sensor element against the pipe. Stretch of the pipe in a radial direction is transformed into stretch of or pressure on the piezoelectric film. For measurements of pipes which are subject to heavy bending vibrations, it is particularly advantageous to choose the direction of minimal piezoelectric stretch sensitivity of the film substantially parallel to the axis of the pipe. In this case the signals generated by the bending vibrations are neglegibly small. According to a further arrangement such signals may be entirely compensated by attaching the piezoelectric film surrounding the pipe once or an integer multiple of once. The signals generated by the stretches and compressions at diametral opposite points of the circumference of the pipe caused by the bending vibrations are inverse and of the same amount so that a simple compensation is attained. The same effect is achieved if the transducer is provided with several sensor elements arranged symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the pipe. To perform measurements of metallic hollow bodies especially of pipes, it may be advantageous to stick the piezoelectric film directly on the surface of the hollow body by means of an electrically leading adhesive. In this case a particularly simple and stretch-transmitting connection between the sensor element and the hollow body is achieved. This type of attachment is particularly suitable for production line outfit of injection pipes of internal combustion engines. Determination of temporal and local stretch condition of a pipe is possible if a number of measuring sensor elements according to the invention are attached to the pipe along its longitudinal axis. The stretch condition may be caused for instance by pressure within the pipe or by a body moving within the pipe and being at least partially in contact with the inner surface of said pipe. In particular determination of propagation of pressure or shock waves within a pipe is possible, thereby avoiding points of disturbance caused by sensor elements arranged at the inner surface of or pressure sensing openings in the pipe. With such an arrangement it is further possible to determine the movement of a body within a pipe, for instance the movement of a piston within a cylinder, or the movement of a projectile within a gun barrel. According to a further embodiment of the invention one surface of the piezoelectric film embracing the pipe at least partially is connected to a number of electrically leading layers running parallel to each other. This integration of several transducers to a unit enables particularly dense and precise alignment of the single measuring points. Handling of such multiple-transducers is more time-saving and simpler than handling of a corresponding number of single transducers. The above-mentioned electrically leading layers may be applied, for instance, firmly at the surface of the film. In this connection use of the methods known for manufacturing printed circuits is especially advantageous. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be hereinafter more specifically explained with reference to some exemplary embodiments depicted in the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 schematically depicts a perspective cross-sectional view of a sensor element according to the invention, FIG. 2 shows the bottom view of a transducer according to the invention backed with a piece of insulating tape. FIG. 3 depicts a cross-sectional view of a pipe to which the transducer of FIG. 2 is attached, FIGS. 4 to 6 show depicts further embodiments of the invention representation according to that of FIG. 3, FIG. 7 represents a longitudinal sectional view along VII--VII of FIG. 6, FIG. 8 represents a cross-sectional view of a pipe to which multiple-transducers have been attached, i.e., along line VIII--VIII of FIG. 9, and FIG. 9 represents a longitudinal sectional view of a pipe to which multiple transducers have been attached. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a piezoelectric film 1 forming a sensor element having contact surfaces 2 and 3, the crystallographical axes of the sensors element being signed with X, Y and Z. Monoaxially-oriented polymers direction X is chosen as the direction of the maximal stretch sensitivity parallel to the surface of the film. The direction of the initial tension is signed with X'. In most applications it will be advantageous to have angle α between the direction X of maximal sensitivity and direction X' of initial tension a value of zero or less than 45 degrees. Contact surfaces 2 and 3 of film 1 are each formed by an electrically leading layer 4', 5' consisting of metal evaporated on the film or of a conductive varnish. At least one of the contact surfaces 2, 3 may be provided with an insulated electrical connection leading to a charge collector or directly to an electrical measuring chain. FIG. 2 shows a sensor element 5 consisting of a flexible piezoelectric film attached to an electrically insulating tape 4. For charge take off, leaders or printed leaders 6 and 7 are connected to the contact surfaces of the sensor element 5. FIG. 3 shows the sensor element of FIG. 2 attached to pipe 8, the free ends of the charge take off leaders 6, 7 being schematically indicated. On the side facing the sensor element, tape 4 has a self-adhesive coating at least at the periphery portions projecting over sensor element 5. When sticking tape 4 on pipe 8, sensor element 5 is frictionally pressed against the pipe. Variations of the diameter of pipe 8 therefore are transmitted to sensor element 5 by friction between pipe 8 and the piezoelectric film. The sensor element itself is not adhered to the pipe. FIG. 4 shows a transducer according to the invention with the piezoelectric sensor element 9 being embedded between two tapes or foils 10, 11 which are adhered or welded together. Tape 10 is preformed like a cable binder. Electrical connection of the electrodes of sensor element 9 to contact pins 13 and 14 is made by means of integrally casting in metal foil 12 and the foil-like end 15 of contact pin 14. Toothing 16 and catch 17 form a self-locking clasp so that this transducer can be simply and tightly around pipe 18. Tape 11 may consist of a material which improves friction transmission between the transducer and pipe 18. In the embodiment of FIG. 5 piezoelectric sensor element 21 again is embedded between two insulating tapes 19, 20 forming a flexible measuring strip, the ends of which are clamped by means of strainer parts 22, 23 and leader ends 24, 25. Small windows 24', 25' in the insulating tapes 19, 20 provide electrical contact between the electrodes of sensor element 21 and leader ends 24, 25. Strainer part 23 grips through aperture 22' in strainer part 22 and is urged in the direction of stretch of the measuring strip by means of straining lever 27 which is rotatable by axis 26. So the measuring strip surrounding pipe 28 is closed and provided with initial tension. This kind of a clasp is especially advantageous when the transducer is to be used for pressure measurements of pipes having nearly equal diameters. FIGS. 6 and 7 show a transducer which is particularly suitable for pressure measurements of injection pipes of diesel engines. Piezoelectric film 31 is embedded between electrically insulating tapes 29, 30, thereby again forming a measuring strip which is strained around injection pipe 33 by snap-on spring 32. Only both the outer seating surfaces 32' of spring 32 embrace injection pipe 33 by more than half of the circumference. The middle part of spring 32 does not touch pipe 33 or the measuring strip respectively and serves as a protective cover for the latter. The length of tapes 29, 30 and piezoelectric film 31 is chosen as to cause initial stretch and tension when snapping spring 32 on pipe 33. Electrical connection of the electrodes of film 31 to leader ends 34, 35 again is made by means of little windows 34', 35' in insulating tapes 29, 30. FIGS. 8 and 9 show several single-sensor-elements, which are combined together. Piezoelectric film 37 is applied to pipe 36 by means of an electrically leading adhesive. The outer surface of piezoelectric film 37 has a metal coating whereby some surface elements are uncoated along the circumference to achieve local separation to single elements. Sensor element 37 and leading layers 38 are protected against outer influences by insulating foil 40. The insulating foil 40 is provided at one of its end with electrically leading layers 39. Insulating foil 40 may be provided with leading layers 39 for instance by use of a copper coated foil at which the copper between leading layers 39 is etched away. Leading layers 38 and 39 may be also glued with film 37 or insulating foil 40, respectively, by means of an electrically leading adhesive. The measuring signals are lead to the periphery where they are taken off. Member 41 serves to fasten the electrical connecting part of insulating foil 40 at pipe 36 and is glued with pipe 36. Due to the electrically leading connection between piezoelectric film 37 and pipe 36, pipe 36 forms the common ground electrode for all layers 38 acting as charge take off electrodes.

4y

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This Application claims priority on pending U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/771,289 filed on Feb. 8, 2006, which is herein incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present invention relates to a multilayered sheet and more particularly, to a sheet constructed of at least two materials melded during construction thereof to form a resilient and flexible plastic sheet with a relatively soft side for use in packaging to protect and/or separate goods during transportation or storage. Other uses are also disclosed. The invention also is to the method of making the multi-layered sheet. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Fragile, precision items and/or specialized items are specially packaged to ensure they are not damaged during packing, unpacking, transporting and storing. Often times, customized dunnage is used to both hold and prevent the product, e.g., items or pieces, from moving or being injured. In addition, packing sheets can be used, such as between products or wrapped around products, to ensure separation between the products and to prevent movement of and injury to the products. Such sheets often require the characteristics of being rigid, flexible and yet soft. The rigid, flexible structure is frequently important to withstand the forces caused by the product and movement of the package. Softness is important to prevent marring of the product if it rubs against the sheet. These sheets should further be robust with a long lifespan, wherein the sheet can be used over and over without degradation. Finally, it is often important to have a low weight sheet to keep the overall weight of the package as low as possible. [0004] This packing or separation sheets are also used in trunks as linings to protect or separate items, such as a spare tire or in luggage to separate compartments. [0005] Packing/separation sheets can be made from plastic, such as polypropylene. It has been found that non-woven, spun-bound polypropylene works well as a surface for packing sheets. This material is well suited for packaging as spacers, dunnage and separators primarily because it can act as a cushion and does not scratch or mar surfaces. However, the non-woven, spunbond sheets do not generally have the strength or integrity alone to act in some packing environments and as separator sheets. As such, such sheets must be bound to a carrier substrate, such as a sheet of polypropylene, to give it strength. [0006] Multi-layered sheets such as those discussed above generally incorporate adhesives to bond the layers to one another. This affects recyclability since the use of the adhesive makes the lamination undesirable as a recyclable. In addition, using an adhesive increases the costs of making the product, due to the extra equipment to incorporate the adhesive and due to the cost of the adhesive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The present development solves the problems discussed above and other problems, and provides advantages and aspects not provided by prior multilayered sheets used in packaging and as dividers. A multilayer sheet is formed by the lamination process wherein an extruded sheet is pressed against a non-woven sheet downstream from the die of the extruder and just prior to the first nip formed by confronting chill rollers. The combined sheet is passed through a second nip and a series a chill rollers before it is wound. The extruded sheet can be substantially solid or extruded corrugated plastic. [0008] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a multilayered sheet is disclosed having both strength and softness. The sheet includes a preformed first sheet and a second sheet laminated to the first sheet, the second sheet being extruded onto the first sheet before both sheets are passed through a nip formed by confronting rollers. The preformed sheet is a non-woven, spunbond polypropylene having a thickness of about 0.010″ and the second sheet is a polypropylene having a thickness of about 0.020″ to 0.050″. [0009] According to a second aspect of the present invention, the method of making the multilayered sheet comprises the steps of feeding a preformed sheet to a nip so that the sheet passes therethrough, and extruding a second sheet onto the preformed sheet before the preformed sheet passes through the nip to form a multilayered sheet. The preformed sheet is a non-woven spunbond polypropylene sheet and the second, extruded sheet is a polypropylene. The multilayered sheet is cooled immediately upon entering the first nip. It is thereafter passed over a series of cooling rollers. [0010] The multilayer sheet is also passed through a second nip downstream of the first nip. Both nips are formed by confronting rollers and are positioned to compress the multilayered sheet passing therethrough. In the preferred embodiment, the non-woven, spunbond polypropylene has a thickness of about 0.010″ and the second, extruded sheet of polypropylene has a thickness of about 0.020″ to 0.050″. [0011] The second sheet is extruded onto the preformed sheet approximately 5″ from the first nip. The nip has a gap of approximately 0.025″ to 0.50″ and is formed between two chill rollers of between 150° F. and 180° F. and between 200° F. and 230° F., respectively. The second nip has a gap substantially similar to the gap at the first nip. [0012] Other advantages and aspects of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following description of the drawings and the detailed description of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] Following are the brief descriptions and legends of the figures. [0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the process for making the multilayered sheets according to the teachings of the present invention; [0015] FIG. 2 is a detail of a portion of the diagram shown in FIG. 1 ; and, [0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the resultant, multi-layered product. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] While this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms, there is shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail, preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspect of the invention to the embodiments illustrated. The present invention will have the following main components and techniques for operation of the device. [0018] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the process for making the multilayered sheet 10 . An extruder 110 generally extrudes a sheet 20 of polypropylene through a die 111 . The preferable die is about 72″ (width) by 9.5″ (height) by 11″ depth. The die lip opening is approximately 66″ wide, but it can be reduced or deckled so as to more closely match or align width-wise with the sheet it is being applied to or laid upon (discussed below). The extruded sheet's thickness can be varied depending upon the application and desired results. Thicknesses can range from 0.020″ and upwards. Specific thicknesses that have proved sufficient and adequate are 0.25″, 0.30″, 0.35″ and 0.40″. Widths range from about 40″ to about 58″. The lengths range from about 40″ and upwards. The extruded sheet 20 is passed through a series of nips 201 , 202 formed between a series of chill rollers 121 , 122 , 123 and passed over and partially around additional chill rollers 124 , 125 , 126 and idlers 131 , 132 . In the preferred embodiment, the nip 201 is produced by confronting rollers 121 , 122 . Roller 121 has a diameter of about 32″ and is maintained at a temperature of about 150° F. to about 180° F. while roller 122 has a diameter of about 32″ and is maintained at a temperature of about 200° F. to about 230° F. A second nip 202 is produced by confronting rollers 122 , 123 . Roller 123 also has a diameter of about 32″ and is maintained at a temperature of about 200° F. to about 230° F. The chill rollers 124 , 125 , 126 123 are preferably sized and maintained to bring the temperature down towards room/ambient temperature. [0019] A supply of non-woven, spunbond polypropylene 40 (in sheet form) is carried by a supply roller 140 . The spunbond polypropylene is available from many suppliers. The spunbond polypropylene can be any width meeting a customer's demand or need, generally between about 40″ and 58″, and a thickness of various gauges. For example, a gauge spunbond of about 0.010 works well. [0020] The making of spunbond fabrics is well-known in the industry. Such fabrics are used in many products today. [0021] The non-woven sheet 40 is passed around one or more idlers 133 , 134 and fed into the first nip 201 downstream of the die 111 wherein it is forced into abutment with the extruded sheet 20 . This specific area of the process is shown in further detail of FIG. 2 . [0022] The feeding of the non-woven-sheet 40 with the extruded sheet 20 occurs within inches of the extruder's die 111 and just before contacting the rollers 121 , 122 forming the nip. In this manner, it is believed, the extruded polypropylene 20 is bonded to the non-woven sheet 40 by a melding of fibers from the non-woven sheet 40 into the extruded sheet 20 . [0023] The first nip 201 has a clearance or opening sized to compress the multilayered sheet passing therethrough. The gauge or thickness depends on the end product desired. For example, for 0.025″ thick (gauge) multilayered sheets, the nip gap is set at about 0.030″; for 0.030″ thick sheets, the nip gap is set at about 0.035″, for sheets of 0.035″ and 0.040″ thick, the nip gap is set at about 0.040″ and 0.045″, respectively. The second nip gap 202 can be set similar to the first gap 201 . [0024] The above process and resulting product are very different from those in which the extrusion is extruded directly onto a substrate. Here, there is an intentional space (X in FIG. 2 ) between the die nozzle or lip 111 and the mating of the non-woven sheet 40 to the extruded sheet 20 . That distance X has been found to be about 5 inches. The non-woven substrate 40 is carried by the bottom roller 121 to contact with the extruded sheet 20 and first nip 201 . [0025] The plastic exits the die's nozzle/lip 111 at about 450° F. and immediately cools down to about 340° F. The melting point of polypropylene is roughly 340° F. The two sheets 20 , 40 come together at the first nip 201 to form the combined (multilayered) sheet 10 . The combined product goes through a controlled cool-down by passing around and over a series of chill rollers. Specifically, the chiller rollers 121 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 125 , 126 , generally 32″ diameter, are positioned to bring the temperature of the multilayered sheet 10 down in temperature. As noted, in practice, it has been found that chill rollers with the following temperatures work well: Roller 121 at approximately 150° F.-180° F.; Roller 122 at approximately 200° F.-230° F.; Roller 123 at approximately 200° F.-230° F. ; and, Rollers 124 - 126 at a moderate rate of cooling down towards room temperature (approximately 100° F.-150° F.). [0026] The resultant product can be gauged so as to have a thickness of any desired or preferred amount. For example, successful gauges have been produced having a gauge of 0.025″, 0.030″, 0.035″ and 0.040″. [0027] A test sample combining a non-woven polypropylene sheet ( 40 ) (2.0-3.0 oz/yd spunbond) of 0.013″ with an extruded polypropylene sheet ( 20 ) gauged at 0.025″. The resultant multi-layered sheet was measured at 0.030″. It is believed multilayered products of 0.025″-0.080″ would be typical. It is also believed that some melting occurs the in non-woven substrate 40 in the plane of intersection with the extruded sheet 20 ( FIG. 3 ). [0028] The results of the above process were extremely surprising to those investigating setting-up, running, and analyzing the above process and sheets. The resulting product was an extremely well-bonded multilayered sheet having strength and integrity with a “softer” side. The sheet is easily recyclable because no adhesive is used with the two layers of polypropylene. And, significantly, as compared to prior products, the above described product is less expensive to produce and arguably easier to make since adhesive is neither purchased nor incorporated in the manufacturing process. In addition, there is an inseparable bond between the non-woven sheet 40 and the extruded sheet 20 . This resolves a common de-lamination problem associated with similar sheets bonded adhesively together. [0029] It should be noted that while the extruded sheet 20 is shown and depicted as being substantially solid, it can also be an extruded corrugated plastic. The extruding of corrugated plastic sheets is known in the industry and can include internal hollows or channels between the outer surfaces of the sheets. [0030] While the above process and resulting product were discussed broadly, it is recognized other variants can be made without deviating from the spirit of the invention. For example, other plastics, apart from polypropylene, can be used. The size, temperatures and number of the pressure rollers can be varied. In addition, other uses of the resultant product can be made.

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention generally relates to the field of isolated switched mode power supplies (sometimes referred to as isolated switch mode power supplies or isolated switching mode power supplies) and more specifically to an isolated switched mode power supply provided with a switching device for reducing the power loss therein. BACKGROUND [0002] The switched mode power supply (SMPS) is a well-known type of power converter having a diverse range of applications by virtue of its small size and weight and high efficiency, for example in personal computers and portable electronic devices such as cell phones. An SMPS achieves these advantages by switching a switching element such as power MOSFET at a high frequency (usually tens to hundreds of kHz), with the frequency or duty cycle of the switching being adjusted using a feedback signal to convert an input voltage to a desired output voltage. An SMPS may take the form of a rectifier (AC/DC converter), a DC/DC converter, a frequency changer (AC/AC) or an inverter (DC/AC). [0003] FIG. 1 shows a background example of an isolated SMPS, i.e. an SMPS which converts an input voltage V in to an output voltage V out whilst isolating the input from the output through a transformer. The SMPS 100 is provided in the form of a DC-to-DC converter which has on its primary side a half-bridge arrangement comprising two transistors, Q 1 and Q 2 (which may, for example, be field-effect transistors such as MOSFETs or IGBTs) and two capacitors, C 1 and C 2 , which are connected between the power supply's inputs and to the primary winding 111 of the isolation transformer 110 , as shown. The use of only two transistors to handle currents on the primary side makes the half-bridge configuration best suited to low-power applications requiring a low parts count. Although a half-bridge configuration is employed in the present example, other well-known topologies may alternatively be used on the primary side. For example, a full-bridge configuration with four transistors may be more suitable for higher-power applications. Alternatively, a push-pull arrangement can be used. In all these configurations, the switching of the transistors is controlled by a controller circuit (not shown). [0004] FIG. 1 also shows a standard topology on the secondary side of the isolated SMPS 100 , which includes a rectifying circuit and an LC filter connected to a load R. The inductor L of the LC filter is connected to the secondary winding 112 of the transformer 110 . A centre-tap 113 referenced to ground is provided between a first portion 112 a of the secondary winding 112 having n 2 turns and a second portion 112 b of the winding 112 also having n 2 turns. In the present example, the rectifying network employs two diodes, D 1 and D 2 , to yield full-wave rectification of the voltage induced in the secondary winding 112 . [0005] Power efficiency is, of course, a key consideration in the design of switched mode power supplies and its measure generally dictates the quality of the SMPS. Much research effort has therefore been directed at improving power efficiency. For example, Schottky diodes have extremely small reverse-recovery times and are therefore often used in order to minimize power losses associated with the diode switching. Alternatively, in order to improve the efficiency of the converter shown in FIG. 1 at higher current levels, the diodes D 1 and D 2 in the secondary side circuit in FIG. 1 can be replaced with a synchronous rectifier circuit comprising transistors, as shown at Q 3 and Q 4 in the SMPS circuit 200 of FIG. 2 . Each of the switching devices Q 3 and Q 4 can take any suitable or desirable form, and are preferably field-effect transistors in the form of an N-MOSFET or a P-MOSFET, or an IGBT, for example. In the example of FIG. 2 , the switch devices Q 3 and Q 4 have an internal body drain diode, which is not shown in the switch device symbol in FIG. 2 . The switching of these transistors is controlled by a controller circuit (not shown), which may or may not be the control circuit controlling the switching of transistors Q 1 and Q 2 . [0006] The principles of operation of the SMPS shown in FIG. 2 will be familiar to those skilled in the art, such that a detailed explanation thereof is unnecessary here. Nevertheless, some of the basics will now be reviewed, to assist understanding of the present invention. [0007] FIG. 3 shows the switching cycle diagram in accordance with which the gate electrodes of switches Q 1 -Q 4 in FIG. 2 are driven by the SMPS controller circuit so that the primary side circuit generates a series of voltage pulses to be applied to the primary winding 111 of the transformer 110 . In FIG. 3 , “D” represents the duty cycle of the switching and “T” the switch period. The operation of the circuit during the four time periods 0 to DT, DT to T, T to (T+DT) and (T+DT) to 2T is as follows. [0008] Time period 1 (0<t<DT): Switching device Q 1 is switched ON while Q 2 is OFF, allowing the input source at V in to charge capacitors C 1 and C 2 via the primary winding 111 of the transformer 110 . During this period, switching device Q 3 is switched ON while device Q 4 is switched OFF, allowing the source to transfer energy to the load R via the secondary winding 112 of the transformer 110 . The output voltage V out =n 2 /n 1 −V in , where n 1 is the number of turns in the primary winding. [0009] The operation of the half-bridge isolated buck converter of FIG. 2 is to be contrasted with that of a flyback converter (or a combined forward/flyback converter), where energy is stored in an air gap provided in the transformer core during this period, to be subsequently released into the secondary side circuit when the primary winding of the transformer is not being driven. No such air gap is present in the core of transformer 110 shown in FIG. 2 or in any of the related circuits described in the following. [0010] Time period 2 (DT<t<T): Switches Q 3 and Q 4 are both conducting and the current in the secondary side circuit therefore free-wheels through both portions of the secondary side winding in substantially equal measure, allowing the transformer flux to be balanced. In other words, the free-wheeling current generates two magnetic fluxes within the secondary winding with opposite directions in the vicinity of the centre-tap 113 , yielding a net magnetic flux equal to zero in an area between the first and second portions of the secondary winding 112 . Hence, the transformer core magnetization is balanced to zero, and the current in the primary winding during the free-wheeling period DT−T/2 is suppressed, thereby avoiding losses in the primary winding. Thus, the transformer volt-second balance is obtained over two switching periods so that a transformer reset is unnecessary. [0011] Time period 3 (T<t<T+DT): In this interval, switching device Q 1 is switched OFF while device Q 2 is turned ON, allowing the capacitors C 1 and C 2 to discharge through the primary winding 111 , exciting it with a voltage of opposite polarity to that in the first time period described above. On the secondary side, switch Q 4 remains ON while switch Q 3 is turned OFF, allowing the EMF generated in the lower portion of the secondary winding to drive a current through the inductor L. [0012] Time period 4 (T+DT<t<2T): The operation proceeds as in time period 2 described above. [0013] In order to have the transformer magnetic flux balanced (which is necessary to guard against the magnetizing current becoming large enough to saturate the transformer), the periods for which switches Q 1 and Q 2 are turned ON should be the same in each switch period. However, where the balance is imperfect, efforts have been focused on avoiding its adverse effects, such as by connecting a capacitor in series with the transformer's primary winding so that any excess voltage is dropped across the capacitor rather than the primary winding. In order to avoid a short circuit of the source or cross-conduction on the primary side, a delay is introduced between the turn-OFF of one switching device and the turn-ON of the other. [0014] An alternative SMPS topology, with an untapped secondary winding, is shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B . The primary side of the SMPS 300 A shown in FIG. 4A is the same as in FIGS. 1 and 2 , although a full-bridge, for example, may alternatively be used. However, the secondary side comprises a diode full-bridge rectifying network with diodes D 1 -D 4 connected to the load R via an LC filter. As with the example shown in FIG. 2 , variants with semi- or full-synchronous rectification may be used in order to improve the power efficiency. An SMPS 300 B with semi-synchronous rectification is shown in FIG. 4B . In both cases, the losses in the SMPS are mainly due to losses in the diodes. [0015] The use of full- or semi-synchronous rectification on the secondary side as mentioned above is just one of the measures available to a designer seeking to improve the system efficiency. Efforts have also been directed to minimising switching and conduction losses in the transistors through the optimization of their structure, and to developing improved control architecture options (e.g. pulse skipping), as well as to reducing trace losses and other parasitics by appropriately integrating the switching devices into an IC package. Steps have also been taken to minimise losses in the passive components of the SMPS. Notably, resistive losses in the inductor windings, losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents in the transformer core, and losses in the capacitors due to their series resistance and leakage, and their dielectric losses, have all been addressed by efforts to improve the design of these components. [0016] Yet despite these efforts, there still remains a need to further improve the power efficiency of the SMPS. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0017] Since the power loss in the transformer is often so high that it makes the transformer the hot-spot that limits the thermal derating of the SMPS, the present inventors have recognized that it would be particularly desirable to reduce losses in the transformer. [0018] The present inventors have found that significant losses can occur during the free-wheeling time periods of the SMPS's operation, i.e. during periods in which the transformer primary is not being driven so that energy is not being transferred from the primary side circuit to the secondary side circuit. These losses occur mainly in the transformer windings where tapped secondary side full-wave rectification is used, since the magnetic flux is constant during the free-wheeling period. These losses are a combination of DC losses and high-frequency AC losses associated with the free-wheeling current that flows in the secondary-side circuit during the free-wheeling periods. Where an untapped secondary winding with diode rectification or semi-synchronous rectification is used, the losses occur mainly in the diodes. [0019] Departing from the aforementioned conventional approaches to minimising such losses, in which the presence of the free-wheeling current in the transformer windings and the rectifying network is simply accepted and the focus is on the selection or design of individual components to mitigate the losses that it causes, the present inventors have realised that the power efficiency of power supplies of the kinds described above can be improved significantly by reducing the free-wheeling current level in the highly dissipative elements of the circuit in the first place. [0020] As will be explained below through embodiments of the present invention, the free-wheeling current in the transformer secondary and/or the rectifying network can be reduced or eliminated using a switching device that is arranged to conduct at least a part of the free-wheeling current flowing in the secondary side circuit during the free-wheeling period. That is, during the free-wheeling periods, the free-wheeling current can be made to flow through the switching device instead of, or in addition to, flowing through the transformer secondary and/or the rectifying network. The voltage stress over the switching device can be made half that over the switching elements of the rectifying network, making it possible to choose a switching device with a lower voltage rating, which usually has a lower ON-resistance that reduces the power loss accordingly. The reduction in the transformer current and/or the current in the rectifying network during the free-wheeling periods leads to lower losses, thus improving the thermal derating of the SMPS and allowing it to be used with less cooling. This in turn leads to an energy saving in the cooling system. [0021] More specifically, the present invention provides an isolated switched mode power supply, which comprises: a transformer comprising a primary winding and a secondary winding, said secondary winding having a centre-tap provided between a first portion and a second portion thereof. The switched more power supply also includes a primary side circuit arranged to generate voltage pulses and thereby to drive the primary winding of the transformer, and further includes a secondary side circuit. The secondary side circuit comprises a rectification network connected to the secondary winding, the rectification network and the transformer being arranged such that, during a free-wheeling period of operation of the switched mode power supply in which the primary winding is not driven by the primary side circuit, a magnetic flux from the first portion of the winding substantially cancels a magnetic flux from the second portion of the winding between the first and second portions of the winding. The secondary side circuit further comprises a switching device, which is connected to the centre-tap and an output of the rectification network so as to conduct at least a part of a free-wheeling current flowing in the secondary side circuit during said free-wheeling period. [0022] The present invention also provides, as an alternative solution to the problem of reducing the aforementioned losses in an SMPS, a hard-switched, isolated switched mode power supply, comprising: a transformer comprising a primary winding and a secondary winding; a primary side circuit arranged to generate voltage pulses and thereby to drive the primary winding of the transformer; and a secondary side circuit. The secondary side circuit comprises a rectification network connected to the secondary side winding, and also includes a switching device arranged to conduct, in parallel with the rectification network, a free-wheeling current flowing in the secondary side circuit of the power supply during a free-wheeling period of operation of the power supply in which the primary winding is not driven by the primary side circuit. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0023] Embodiments of the invention, which have different performances in terms of power efficiency and cost, will now be explained in detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which: [0024] FIG. 1 shows a background example SMPS circuit having a centre-tapped secondary side transformer winding and diode rectification; [0025] FIG. 2 illustrates a variant of the SMPS shown in FIG. 1 , which uses synchronous rectification; [0026] FIG. 3 shows a timing diagram for the circuit of FIG. 2 ; [0027] FIGS. 4A and 4B show background examples of an SMPS having full-bridge diode rectification and semi-synchronous rectification, respectively; [0028] FIG. 5A shows an SMPS according to a first embodiment of the present invention, which uses diode rectification and a free-wheeling diode; [0029] FIG. 5B shows a variant of the SMPS shown in FIG. 5A ; [0030] FIG. 6 shows an SMPS according to a second embodiment of the present invention, which uses synchronous rectification and a free-wheeling diode; [0031] FIG. 7A shows an SMPS according to a third embodiment of the present invention, which uses diode rectification and synchronous free-wheeling; [0032] FIG. 7B shows a variant of the SMPS shown in FIG. 7A , where the ground reference is provided at the centre-tap; [0033] FIG. 8 shows an SMPS according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, which uses synchronous rectification and synchronous free-wheeling; [0034] FIGS. 9A and 9B show alternative timing diagrams according to which the SMPS shown in FIG. 8 may operate; [0035] FIG. 10 shows and SMPS according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, which uses full-bridge diode rectification and synchronous free-wheeling; [0036] FIG. 11 shows a variant of the SMPS shown in FIG. 10 , which uses semi-synchronous rectification; [0037] FIGS. 12 and 13 show plots of the power loss vs. load current for different input voltage values for an SMPS with synchronous rectification and a switching device according to an embodiment of the present invention, together with those for a conventional SMPS without such a switching device; and [0038] FIG. 14 shows a thermal imaging camera picture of an SMPS with a switching device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention placed next to an SMPS without such a switching device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment [0039] FIG. 5A shows an isolated SMPS 400 A according to a first embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the background example shown in FIG. 1 by having a switching device in the form of a diode, D 5 , provided in the secondary side circuit. The SMPS is otherwise the same as that described above with reference to FIG. 1 and the description of the conventional aspects of its operation will therefore not be repeated here. [0040] In the present embodiment, the centre-tap 113 and the anode of diode D 5 are earthed while the cathode of D 5 is connected between the cathodes of diodes D 1 and D 2 , and the inductor L, as shown in FIG. 5A . Thus, the diode D 5 is connected in the secondary side circuit, between the centre-tap 113 and the output of the rectification circuit, so as to carry the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods and thus reduce the free-wheeling currents in the portions 112 a and 112 b of the transformer's secondary winding 112 , and in diodes D 1 and D 2 of the rectifying network. In other words, switching device D 5 reduces losses in the transformer and diodes D 1 and D 2 by being arranged to provide a parallel, relatively low-resistance conduction path for the free-wheeling current. The output of this SMPS looks like that of a diode-rectified buck converter. [0041] The circuit of the present embodiment has the advantage of being simple and inexpensive to manufacture, since no control circuitry is required to operate the switching device D 5 . This circuit is therefore best suited to low-current and low-cost applications, and where the resistance in the secondary side windings is sufficiently large to warrant the addition of the switching device D 5 . However, whilst the circuit of this embodiment is effective, the energy saving in the converter and the power loss reduction in the transformer will be modest in comparison with some of the alternative embodiments described below. [0042] A variant of the SMPS of the first embodiment is shown in FIG. 5B . In the SMPS 400 B of this embodiment, the polarities of diodes D 1 and D 2 are reversed, and the ground reference is provided at the anode of diode D 2 rather than being at the centre-tap 113 . Embodiment 2 [0043] FIG. 6 shows an isolated SMPS 500 according to a second embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the background example shown in FIG. 2 by having a switching device in the form of a diode, D 5 , provided in the secondary side circuit, and by a terminal of each of the transistors Q 3 and Q 4 (instead of the centre-tap 113 ) being earthed. This SMPS is otherwise the same as that described above with reference to FIG. 2 and the description of the conventional parts of its operation will therefore not be repeated here. [0044] In the present embodiment, a terminal of each of transistors Q 3 and Q 4 , and the anode of diode D 5 , are all earthed, while the cathode of D 5 is connected between the centre-tap 113 and the inductor L, as shown in FIG. 6 . Thus, similarly to the first embodiment, the diode D 5 is connected in the secondary side circuit, between the centre-tap 113 and the output of the rectification circuit, so as to carry the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods, thus reducing the free-wheeling currents in the portions 112 a and 112 b of the transformer's secondary winding 112 , and in transistors Q 3 and Q 4 of the synchronous rectification network. In other words, switching device D 5 is arranged to provide a parallel, relatively low-resistance conduction path for the free-wheeling current, thereby reducing losses in the transformer and the transistors. [0045] The circuit of the present embodiment is preferable when using highly resistive, small switching devices Q 3 and Q 4 , or when the secondary winding 112 has a large resistance due to it having many turns and/or thin wires, as compared with the resistance and voltage drop over the free-wheeling diode D 5 . The circuit is also simple and cost-effective to manufacture since there is no need for any signaling beyond that used in existing circuits of the kind shown in FIG. 2 . [0046] The earthing of a terminal of each of the switching devices Q 3 and Q 4 in the present embodiment makes it easier and cheaper to drive these switches when using N-MOSFETs. This arrangement is preferable to providing the ground reference at the centre-tap, which requires high-side drivers with boot-strap circuitry. Embodiment 3 [0047] FIG. 7A shows an isolated SMPS 600 A according to a third embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the variant of the first embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 5B by having a switching device in the form of a transistor Q 5 (which may, for example, be a field-effect transistor such as a MOSFET or an IGBT) provided in the secondary side circuit, in place of diode D 5 . This SMPS is otherwise the same as that shown in FIG. 5B and the description of its operation will therefore not be repeated here. [0048] Similarly to the above-described variant of the first embodiment, the transistor Q 5 is connected in the secondary side circuit, between the centre-tap 113 and the output of the rectifying network, so as to carry the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods, thus reducing the free-wheeling currents in the portions 112 a and 112 b of the transformer's secondary winding 112 , and in diodes D 1 and D 2 of the rectification network. In other words, switching device Q 5 reduces losses in the transformer and diodes D 1 and D 2 by providing a parallel, relatively low-resistance conduction path for the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods. The switch Q 5 is turned ON and OFF in accordance with control signals generated by a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller (not shown). [0049] Replacing the free-wheeling diode D 5 in FIG. 5B with the transistor Q 5 yields synchronous free-wheeling. The circuit of the present embodiment is better suited to handling larger currents, and especially when the free-wheeling time periods (DT<t<T) and (T+DT<t<2T) are large, hence when the duty cycle D is small. The control and driving of the switching device Q 5 is also simple since it has ground as reference, so that no boot-strap circuitry is required. This makes the circuit of the present embodiment suitable for primary-side control, with only one signal needing to be transferred over the isolation barrier. The circuit is therefore most suitable for applications which require low cost, wide input voltage ranges, high output voltages and modest output currents. Furthermore, configuring the switching device Q 5 to be self-driven would avoid the need to pass control signals over the isolation barrier, thereby reducing costs further. [0050] FIG. 7B shows a variant of the third embodiment, in which the polarities of diodes D 1 and D 2 are reversed and the ground reference is provided at the centre-tap 113 . Embodiment 4 [0051] FIG. 8 shows an isolated SMPS 700 according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the background example shown in FIG. 2 by having a switching device in the form of a transistor, Q 5 , connected to the centre-tap 113 and the output of the rectification network, and by a terminal of each of the transistors Q 3 and Q 4 (instead of the centre-tap 113 ) being earthed. Such earthing of Q 3 and Q 4 is preferable since N-MOSFETs can then be used without high-side drivers with boot-strap circuitry, in contrast with the topology in FIG. 2 , where the switches Q 3 and Q 4 are floating. The SMPS 700 of the present embodiment is otherwise the same as that of the background example described above with reference to FIG. 2 , and the description of the conventional aspects of its operation will therefore not be repeated here. As with the embodiments and variants thereof described above, the SMPS of the present embodiment is preferably hard-switched. [0052] Similarly to the third embodiment, the transistor Q 5 is connected in the secondary side circuit, between the centre-tap 113 and the output of the synchronous rectification network. More specifically, a terminal of each of transistors Q 3 , Q 4 and Q 5 is earthed, while the remaining current-carrying terminal of Q 5 is connected between the centre-tap 113 and the inductor L, as shown in FIG. 8 . [0053] Accordingly, the transistor Q 5 is connected so as to carry the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods, thus reducing the free-wheeling currents in the portions 112 a and 112 b of the transformer's secondary winding 112 , and in transistors Q 3 and Q 4 of the rectification network. In the present embodiment, switching device Q 5 is arranged to provide a parallel, relatively low-resistance conduction path for the free-wheeling current, thereby reducing losses in the transformer and in the transistors Q 3 and Q 4 . The switch Q 5 is turned ON and OFF in accordance with control signals generated by a PWM controller (not shown). [0054] Using synchronous rectification and synchronous free-wheeling makes the circuit suitable for higher current levels. The control of the switch devices is preferably performed on the secondary side but primary side control is also possible. The switching in the present embodiment may be controlled in two different ways, namely to provide free-wheeling via: [0055] 1. both the transformer secondary 112 and switching device Q 5 , or [0056] 2. the switching device Q 5 only. [0057] These alternative ways of controlling the switching of transistors Q 1 -Q 5 in the fourth embodiment are illustrated in the timing diagrams of FIGS. 9A and 9B . [0058] FIG. 9A shows the timing diagram in accordance with which free-wheeling is allowed to take place in both the secondary winding 112 of the transformer 110 and the switching device Q 5 . This is made possible by switching ON transistors Q 3 , Q 4 and Q 5 during the free-wheeling periods (DT<t<T) and (T+DT<t<2T). Free-wheeling in both the transformer secondary 112 and the switching device Q 5 yields the lowest possible resistance for the free-wheeling current and hence the best possible power efficiency. This timing diagram requires less accurate timing with dead-times between the switching of the synchronous rectification switching devices Q 3 and Q 4 , and the free-wheeling switching device Q 5 . [0059] However, if the transformer 110 is the hot-spot in the SMPS, it may be preferable to implement free-wheeling via Q 5 only, using the timing diagram shown in FIG. 9B . In this timing sequence, Q 3 and Q 4 are both switched OFF during the free-wheeling periods, while Q 5 is switched ON. Since the free-wheeling current is required to flow through Q 5 (and not through Q 3 and Q 4 ) in the scheme of FIG. 9B , the timing sequence shown requires more accurate handling of the dead times in order not to decrease the power efficiency of the SMPS. The term “dead time” as used herein refers to the (usually very short) time interval (not shown) between Q 3 switching OFF, for example at t=DT, and Q 5 switching ON shortly thereafter, which is necessary to prevent cross-conduction in the secondary side circuit. Embodiment 5 [0060] FIG. 10 shows an isolated SMPS 800 according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention, which differs from the background example shown in FIG. 4A by having a switching device in the form of a transistor, Q 5 , provided in the secondary side circuit. The transistor Q 5 may, for example, be a field-effect transistor in the form of a P-MOSFET or an N-MOSFET, or an IGBT, and is connected across the outputs of the rectifying network comprising diodes D 1 ′ to D 4 ′. The SMPS is otherwise the same as that in the background example which has been described above with reference to FIG. 4A , and the description of the conventional aspects of its operation will therefore not be repeated here. [0061] It is noted that the SMPS of the present embodiment is hard-switched. In other words, in contrast to zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS), the switching time instants in each of the switching devices in the present embodiment occur regardless of the current in the device or the voltage over it. [0062] The transistor Q 5 is connected in the secondary side circuit, between the ground reference and the output of the rectification network, so as to carry the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods, thus reducing the free-wheeling current in the rectifying network (and, to a lesser extent, in the transformer secondary winding 312 ). In other words, switching device Q 5 reduces losses primarily in the rectifying circuit by providing a parallel, relatively low-resistance conduction path for the free-wheeling current during the free-wheeling periods. [0063] FIG. 11 shows a more efficient variant of the fifth embodiment, in which two of the diodes (D 2 ′ and D 4 ′) in the full-wave rectification bridge are replaced with transistor switches (Q 6 and Q 7 ). Each of the transistors Q 6 and Q 7 may be a field-effect transistor such as a P-MOSFET or an N-MOSFET, or an IGBT. The good pre-bias immunity is not destroyed, as the two remaining diodes, D 1 ′ and D 3 ′, prevent the SMPS from sink current to ground when Q 5 is turned OFF during start-up. Using semi-synchronous rectification avoids problems with pre-bias start and costs due to high-side switch device drivers, which are required in full synchronous rectification. [0064] [Experimental Results] [0065] FIG. 12 shows plots of the power loss vs. load current for different input voltage values for an SMPS with a centre-tapped secondary winding, which uses synchronous rectification and a switching device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Corresponding plots for a conventional SMPS not having the switching device are also shown, for comparison. [0066] More specifically, a 400 W full-bridge SMPS with centre-tapped secondary side transformer with synchronous rectification is used as the reference. The converter has an input voltage range of 36 to 75 V and an output voltage of 12 V. The free-wheeling transistor is switched in accordance with the timing shown in 9 A. That is, free-wheeling is allowed to occur both in the switching device Q 5 and the transformer's secondary winding 112 . [0067] In FIG. 12 , the power losses are compared using input voltages of 36 V and 48 V. At an input voltage of 36 V, the circuit with the free-wheeling switch device shows a small increase in power loss at light loads but at larger loads the losses are very similar. [0068] At an input voltage of 48 V, the power loss shows the same behavior at light loads but at loads greater than 25 A, the free-wheeling device reduces the power loss. Thus, the plots demonstrate that while the switching device Q 5 has little effect when the SMPS input voltage is 36 V, it does decrease the power loss in the SMPS for an input voltage of 48 V, particularly where the output current is above about 25 A. [0069] FIG. 13 shows similar plots as FIG. 12 , but here the power losses are compared for input voltages of 53 V and 75 V. At an input voltage of 53 V, the power loss shows the same behavior as for the input voltage of 48 V at light loads, but at load currents greater than 22 A, the switching device Q 5 has the effect of reducing the power loss. Hence, the load current value at which the efficiency gains due to the switching device Q 5 become apparent decreases with increasing input voltage. At an input voltage of 75 V, the reduction in power loss is already apparent at a load of 7 A, and the power loss reduction is observed to increase with increasing load. [0070] To put these figures into practical context, reference is now made to FIG. 14 , which shows a thermo-camera picture of two DC/DC converters; one with, and one without, the free-wheeling switching device Q 5 . In both cases, the input voltage was set at 75 V and load current at 10 A. FIG. 14 reveals that the transformer (A) of the power supply with a switching device Q 5 has a hot-spot (at 114.6° C.) which is over 5° C. cooler than the hot-spot (at 120.1° C.) on the transformer (B) of the conventional power supply. A difference of this size in the operating temperature leads to significant energy savings in the power supply's cooling system. [0071] [Modifications and Variations] [0072] Many modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described above. [0073] For example, the switching device Q 5 could be self-driven instead of being driven directly by a PWM controller, as described above. [0074] Although the above-described embodiments employ a half-bridge configuration on the primary side, other well-known topologies may alternatively be used. For example, a full-bridge configuration with four transistors may be more suitable for higher-power applications. Alternatively, a push-pull arrangement can be used. [0075] In light of the experimental results shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 , it would be preferable to control the switching device Q 5 by a controller so that the device is used only in circumstances where it will reduce the power loss: namely, when the input voltage of the SMPS measured by an input voltage measuring device is above a certain threshold and/or when the load current measured by an output current measuring device is above a certain threshold. The threshold value(s) would, of course, need to be determined for the particular SMPS of interest, using standard power-loss measurement techniques.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The most widely used on-site wastewater treatment systems for individual households have traditionally been either septic systems or aerobic treatment units. Septic systems generally include a septic tank followed by a leaching tile field or a similar absorption device located downstream, but physically on-site of the individual residence. The septic tank allows for larger/heavier solids in the sewage to settle out within the tank, while anaerobic bacteria partially degrade the organic material in the waste. The discharge from the septic tank is further treated by dispersion into the soil through any number of soil absorption devices, such as a leaching tile field, whereby bacteria in the soil continue the biodegradation process. [0002] The conventional septic system is typically a flow-through system. The septic tank and the tile field are positioned so that sewage is carried out of the residence and through the treatment system by gravity and hydraulic displacement. As a flow-through system, the tank relies on sufficient hydraulic capacity to slow the velocity of the flow and allows settling of the solids to take place. Unfortunately, as the settable solids accumulate in the bottom of the tank, they displace the beneficial tank volume, effectively increasing the velocity of flow through the tank and decreasing the efficiency of solids removal. Also, as a flow-through system, the velocity of the flow through the tank and the related efficiency of solids removal by gravity are dependent upon the volume and frequency of the incoming sewage. A lower volume and rate of incoming sewage flow allows for greater gravity separation and removal efficiency. Higher volumes and rates of flow therefore decrease gravity settling and solids removal efficiency. Over the course of time, an increasing in volume of organic material is discharged from the tank (due to decreasing removal efficiency) until the total volume of solids discharged over the life of the system exceeds the capacity of the downstream soil absorption system (leaching tile field) to accomplish further treatment. The soil absorption system will then retain solids and become plugged, thereby causing a back-up of sewage into the home. In this situation, the downstream soil absorption system is considered failed. Rejuvenation of a failed soil absorption system is not technologically feasible. Therefore, the downstream soil absorption system or other downstream device must be replaced or a new downstream device installed. However, even if sufficient land area is available toward the installation of a new downstream device, such can be accomplished only at considerable cost and inconvenience. Typically, heavy construction equipment is required to excavate and install any new replacement leaching tile field (a commonly used soil absorption system), or a similar device. This is much more inconvenient and costly then at the time of installation of the original treatment system. Construction equipment operating around an occupied residence frequently requires considerable destruction of hundreds of square feet of existing sod or lawn, moving fences, trees or recreational equipment, and creating a hazard for individuals, particularly smaller children. [0003] Most aerobic treatment units are also flow through systems. Unlike septic tanks, aerobic treatment units perform primary (anaerobic) treatment and secondary (aerobic) treatment within the confines of the system. This arrangement provides a much higher degree of treatment within a relatively small area. As traditional aerobic treatment units are designed for a much higher removal of solids and organic compounds than anaerobic treatment units, a downstream device is frequently not required or is severely diminished in size compared to one which would be required downstream of a septic tank. In a traditional aerobic treatment unit, the first stage of the process is called pretreatment and provides for anaerobic treatment very much like that provided by a septic tank. A separate, isolated pretreatment chamber contains sufficient hydraulic capacity to slow the velocity of the flow somewhat and allows the settling of some of the solids to take place. Anaerobic bacteria partially degrade the organic material in the waste. As a flow through system, the contents of the pretreatment chamber (partially treated waste) are displaced by incoming sewage, and are transferred to the aeration chamber or biological reactor. [0004] Within the aeration chamber, air is introduced in controlled amounts creating a proper environment for the development of a number of types of aerobic bacteria. The aerobic bacteria maintain a higher metabolic rate than anaerobic bacteria, which causes them to readily consume the organic material contained in the pretreated sewage. Prior to discharge of this flow through system, the aerobic bacteria (commonly called activated sludge) must be separated from the treated liquid. If the activated sludge particles are allowed to exit the system, two problems occur. First, the activated sludge would not be available to treat additional incoming sewage. As the system is operated on a continuing basis, the cultured bacteria need to be retained for future use. Secondly, if the activated sludge is allowed to be discharged from the system, the organic nature of the sludge would be considered a pollutant if returned directly to the environment. [0005] Commonly, the activated sludge is separated from the treated liquid by allowing the solids to settle out in a gravity clarifier. In a flow through system, the contents of the aeration chamber containing the activated sludge are hydraulically displaced to the clarifier by partially treated liquid entering from the pretreatment chamber. Once in the gravity clarifier, quiescent conditions allow the activated sludge to slowly settle to the bottom of the chamber while the treated liquid is discharged from the system near the top of the chamber. The clarifier relies on having sufficient hydraulic capacity to slow the velocity of the flow through the chamber and thereby allows the activated sludge solids to settle to the bottom. The settled sludge at the bottom of the clarifier is returned, by various means, to the aeration chamber. This return prohibits the clarifier from accumulating a large volume of solids and thereby reducing the efficiency of solids separation. However, as a flow through system, the settling efficiency of the clarifier is dependent also on the volume and frequency of the incoming sewage flow. [0006] From the foregoing, it is clearly seen that the efficient and long-term operation of a flow through septic system or a flow through aerobic treatment unit is dependent on eliminating surges and maintaining a uniform, consistent rate of flow through the system. Unfortunately, a uniform, consistent rate of flow through a residential wastewater system is not commonly achieved. Modern homes are furnished with many water using appliances that generate large volumes of sewage flow in compressed periods of time. Wastewater from washing machines, dishwashers, hot tubs, spas, and similar appliances tend to be high in volume and discharge within a short period of time. These concentrated hydraulic surges disrupt the quiescent environment of septic tanks or aerobic treatment units, reducing efficiency of the gravity settling process. This effect causes partially treated waste or biological solids to be discharged to a downstream soil absorption system or other downstream treatment device resulting in premature failure, or causes biological solids to be returned to the environment as a pollutant. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] An object of the present invention is to enhance the operation of new or existing septic tanks or aerobic treatment units to prohibit the discharge of partially treated waste or other organic solids. By installing a novel wastewater treatment unit of the present invention downstream of a new or existing septic tank or an aerobic treatment unit, but upstream of a soil absorption system, device or a discharge point, the discharge of partially treated waste or other organic solids is substantially totally precluded. In particular, the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention is of a relatively compact size and its installation as aforesaid can be accomplished with minimum disturbance to existing yards, landscaping or home sites whose downstream soil absorption system is being newly installed or has been installed for a time and is failing. Even if the downstream treatment system has not failed, the installation of the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention provides enhanced performance benefits to new or previously installed residential wastewater treatment systems at a minimum of cost, effort and installation time. By thus installing the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention into or as part of a residential wastewater treatment system, an increase in the serviceability of the latter is automatically achieved. As the total volume of solids discharged by a secondary treatment system typically accumulate in the downstream soil absorption system or device, premature failure is common. Removal of accumulated solids from a failed or plugged soil absorption device is not technological feasible, but rejuvenation thereof can be achieved by the present invention in the sense that the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention can be installed upstream from the failed soil absorption system and will accumulate solids which can in turn be removed readily from grade thereby preventing solids from passing beyond the wastewater treatment unit to the failed soil absorption system. In this fashion the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention can rejuvenate wastewater treatment systems which have failed and, if installed prior to such failure, can extend the life thereof. [0008] The latter objects are achieved by a novel wastewater treatment unit utilizing substantially the wastewater treatment mechanism disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120 granted on Nov. 23, 1993 which is housed in a settling and retention basin which collects solids from domestic wastewater discharge. The settling and retention basin includes an inlet and an outlet pipe or invert which are respectively connected to the discharge of a flow-through septic system or a flow-through aerobic treatment unit and a soil absorption system (leaching tile field) or any such other downstream treatment device. Wastewater enters the settling and retention basin and before being discharged therefrom passes through and is treated by a wastewater treatment mechanism (similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120 which is known in the trade as assignee's Bio-Kinetic® device) which contains three filtration zones, eight settling zones, 37 baffled chamber plates and 280 lineal feet of kinetic filtration, all of which dramatically reduce loading on downstream soil absorption systems. Moreover, within the Bio-Kinetic® device are settling zones which operate in conjunction with filtration and flow equalization to effectively retain BOD and solids which are removed from the flow stream. The Bio-Kinetic® device includes flow equalization ports arranged to manage daily flow variations and control flow through all upstream and downstream treatment processes, higher sustained flow ports which become operative under longer hydraulic surges and, finally, peak flow ports which operate under high, prolonged flow surges. Thus, under all three potential flow patterns, the solids can be settled by the Bio-Kinetic® device and retained in the settling and retention basin for subsequent removal from grade. Since the settling and retention basin has a normal capacity of 52 gallons below an outlet invert, normal liquid and solids retention capacity is quite high, but for special applications additional ring sections and riser sections can be added to dramatically increase the volume of the retention basin and allow water-tight installation at burial depths of up to 12 feet. However, an upper end of the settling and retention basin is at all times exposed above grade and is closed by a heavy duty access cover which permits the removal and cleaning of the Bio-Kinetic® device, the removal of solids from the settling and retention basin, and the re-installation of the Bio-Kinetic® device into the settling and retention basin for continued use. Thus, by installing the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention upstream of new or existing tile fields, sand filters, leaching fields, mounds, irrigation systems, constructed wet lands or any process that is biologically sensitive, hydraulically sensitive or difficult to replace, effective wastewater treatment is assured through the settling and storage of suspended solids, flow equalization, filtration and, if desired, chemical addition. [0009] Thus, upon the installation of the wastewater treatment unit of the present invention immediately downstream of a new or existing septic tank or an aerobic treatment unit, the following advantages are achieved: [0010] a) direct filtration and settling of treated wastewater or treated effluent, [0011] b) beneficial flow equalization through all upstream and downstream treatment stages, [0012] c) the addition of downstream chemicals via chemical feeders, [0013] d) the enhancement of beneficial nitrification, and [0014] e) the enhancement of beneficial de-nitrification. [0015] With the above and other objects in view that will hereinafter appear, the nature of the invention will be more clearly understood by reference to the following detailed description, the appended claims and the several views illustrated in the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] [0016]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a wastewater treatment system, and illustrates a wastewater treatment unit defined by a wastewater treatment mechanism (Bio-Kinetic® device) housed within a sectional solids settling and retention basin having an inlet connected to a conventional wastewater treatment plant and an outlet connected to a pipe leading to a downstream soil absorption system, such as an irrigation system, a leaching tile field, sand filters, etc. with an upper end of the settling and retention basin being accessible above grade upon the removal of an access cover. [0017] [0017]FIG. 2 is an enlarged axial cross sectional view, and illustrates details of the wastewater treatment unit including compression clamps and associated seals or gaskets for securing tubular sections of the solids settling and retention basin to each other in a water-tight fashion, as well as securing the access cover to an uppermost tubular riser section of the solids settling and retention basin. [0018] [0018]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the wastewater treatment unit, and illustrates the exterior configuration thereof including a plurality of circumferential outwardly projecting ribs (inwardly opening valleys) and outwardly opening valleys (inwardly projecting ribs) and the access cover in its seated position. [0019] [0019]FIG. 4 is an axial cross sectional view of the solids settling and retention basin of FIGS. 1 through 3, and illustrates three individual sections prior to being united together, a safety/surface guard or cover, and the access cover. [0020] [0020]FIG. 5 is an axial cross sectional view through a one-piece molded solids settling and retention basin body immediately after the molding thereof, and illustrates shaded areas representing annular bands of waste material which can be selectively removed to form a segmented solids settling and retention basin and its associated safety/service guard or cover. [0021] [0021]FIG. 6 is an axial cross sectional view of the segmented solids settling and retention basin body, and illustrates as exemplary the manner in which riser sections and/or ring sections can be interchangeably mated with each other. [0022] [0022]FIG. 7 is another axial cross sectional view of another one-piece solids settling and retention basin body, and illustrates as exemplary eleven shaded areas representative of annular bands of waste material which can be selectively removed and discarded and from which a solids settling and retention basin can be formed of a variable number of riser and/or ring sections differing in height from those of FIGS. 5 and 6. [0023] [0023]FIG. 8 is an axial cross sectional view of the solids settling and retention basin body of FIG. 7, and illustrates as exemplary all of the riser/ring sections telescopically united in one of several interchangeable arrangements. [0024] [0024]FIG. 9 is a highly enlarged axial cross sectional view of the encircled portion of FIG. 2, and illustrates a compression clamp and seal assembly formed by an annular sealing gasket interposed between telescopic tubular sections of the sectional solids settling and retention basin and the compression clamp clamping the sections together in a water-tight fashion. [0025] [0025]FIG. 10 is a top perspective view of the compression clamp, and illustrates opposite ends thereof, one end being in the form of a projecting tab or tongue having a plurality of elongated slots or openings, and the other end having an apertured wall or shoulder through which the tongue projects and a flexible locking tab having an inward projection which is received in one of the openings of the projecting tongue. [0026] [0026]FIG. 11 is an enlarged fragmentary longitudinal cross sectional view of the compression clamp of FIG. 10, and illustrates details of the opposite ends thereof including the inward projection which seats in one of the openings of the tongue. [0027] [0027]FIG. 12 is a fragmentary longitudinal cross sectional view of the compression clamp, and illustrates the compression clamp in its clamped position. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0028] A novel wastewater treatment system constructed in accordance with this invention is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawings and is generally designated by the reference numeral 10 . [0029] The wastewater treatment system 10 includes a conventional wastewater treatment plant 11 connected by a discharge or outlet pipe 15 to a novel and unobvious wastewater treatment unit 20 of the present invention which is in turn connected by an outlet or discharge pipe 16 to a conventional soil absorption system or device 14 , such as an irrigation system, a leaching tile field, or the like. In conventional wastewater systems, the wastewater treatment plant 11 is connected directly by a sewer pipe to the soil absorption system 14 , obviously absent the wastewater treatment unit 20 , and as the total volume of solids are discharged and accumulate in the soil absorption system 14 , plugging and premature failure thereof is common. Removal of accumulated solids from a failed soil absorption system, such as the soil absorption system 14 , to rejuvenate the same is not technically feasible. However, in accordance with the novel method of this invention indefinitely extends the life of a new or rejuvenating such a failed soil absorption system 14 is accomplished by first excavating earth between the wastewater treatment plant 11 and the soil absorption system 14 . Thereafter the wastewater treatment unit 20 is installed as illustrated in FIG. 1 connected to the discharge of the wastewater treatment plant 11 through a newly installed outlet or discharge pipe 15 and by a newly installed outlet or discharge pipe 16 to the soil absorption system 14 . [0030] As will be described more fully hereinafter, the wastewater treatment unit 20 removes accumulated solids discharged therein from the wastewater treatment plant 11 through the pipe 15 and thus the liquid discharge from the wastewater treatment unit 20 via the discharge pipe 16 is substantially solids-free. Solids so removed by the wastewater treatment unit 20 can be periodically removed therefrom and thereby the life of the soil absorption system 14 is extended or rejuvenated. [0031] The wastewater treatment plant 11 is of a conventional construction and corresponds to the wastewater treatment plant disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,207,896 and 5,264,120 granted respectively on May 4, 1993 and Nov. 23, 1993 to Norwalk Wastewater Equipment Company of Norwalk, Ohio, the assignee of the present invention. The specific details of the wastewater treatment plant of the latter-identified patents is incorporated herein by reference, but excluded from a clarifier or clarification chamber 17 of the wastewater treatment system 10 is the wastewater treatment mechanism (BioKinetic® device) and instead a conventional tubular tee T is connected to the pipe 15 . [0032] The wastewater treatment unit 20 (FIGS. 1 and 2) of the present invention includes a sectional solids settling and retention basin 21 which preferably is a one-piece body molded from polymeric/copolymeric synthetic plastic material, as shall be described more fully hereinafter with respect to FIGS. 5 and 7 of the drawings, or can be constructed from a plurality of individual tubular sections, such as an upper tubular section or riser 22 , an intermediate or middle tubular section 23 and a lower tubular section 24 closed by an integral bottom wall 25 collectively defining the solids settling and retention basin 21 and a solids settling and retention chamber 26 thereof in which solids entering the chamber 26 through the discharge pipe 15 from the wastewater treatment plant 11 accumulate and can be periodically removed. The discharge pipe 15 is solvent-connected to the intermediate section 23 by a conventional schedule 40 PVC inlet coupling 18 and an associated seal (not shown), and the discharge pipe 16 is likewise connected to the intermediate tubular section 23 by another schedule 40 PVC outlet coupling 19 and an associated seal (not shown). [0033] A wastewater treatment mechanism 50 (BioKinetic® device) which corresponds in most respects to the like numbered wastewater treatment mechanism of U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120 is suspendingly supported within the solids settling and retention chamber 26 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . The wastewater treatment mechanism 50 includes an outermost, substantially cylindrical, integral, one-piece molded filtering means, filtering media or filtering body 70 having a lower cylindrical filtering wall portion 72 of a smaller mesh than that of a upper cylindrical filtering wall portion 73 with an imaginary line 74 defining the line of demarcation therebetween. A solid wall 71 closes the bottom of the filtering means 70 and an upper end thereof terminates in a radially outwardly directed flange 75 . [0034] The filtering body 70 includes a pair of diametrically opposite flow equalization means 85 defined by vertically aligned spaced flow equalization ports 81 , 82 and 83 progressively increasing in size upwardly and functioning in the manner set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. The sizes, spacing and function of the flow equalization ports 81 through 83 correspond to the same dimensions and functions as set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120 which are incorporated hereat by reference. [0035] A housing 90 having an open bottom is closed by an upper closure assembly 120 suspendingly support therein a baffle plate assembly 110 housing approximately three dozen baffle plates 99 . The latter unitized components corresponding substantially in structure and function to the like components of U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. The upper closure assembly 120 also includes a top wall or deck having a generally T-shaped channel (not shown) which discharges liquid into an outlet port 176 slidably telescopically received in a tubular discharge pipe 453 of a first flange coupler 451 which is vertically slidably received downwardly into and upwardly out of a generally U-shaped upwardly opening flange receiving coupler 456 having an opening (unnumbered) in fluid communication with the discharge pipe 16 . The couplings or coupler 451 , 456 permit the entire wastewater treatment mechanism 50 to be installed into and removed from the solids settling and retention basin 21 from above, as will be more apparent hereinafter. [0036] Means 140 in the form of a dry tablet chlorination feed tube 141 for housing stacked chlorination tablets is carried by the upper closure assembly 120 as is dechlorinating means 180 in the form of a dry tablet dechlorination feed tube 181 for housing stacked dechlorination tablets, again as the latter structures and their functions are more fully specified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. [0037] Resting atop the flange 75 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 is a removable moisture/vapor closure, cover or shield 55 defined by a one-piece molded polymeric/copolymeric body including a circular disc 5 1 , two tubular portions 57 , 58 projecting upwardly therefrom, and a tubular handle portion 59 spanning the tubular portions 57 , 58 . When positioned as illustrated in FIG. 2 of the drawings, the tubular portions 57 , 58 of the moisture/vapor cover 55 telescopically receive and stabilize the respective chlorination and dechlorination tubes 141 , 181 . Four equally circumferentially spaced holes (not shown) in the circular disc 51 receives fasteners, such as screws, which are threaded into like holes (also not shown) of the flange 75 to secure the moisture/vapor cover 55 to the flange 75 yet permit the rapid disassembly thereof by removing the screws (not shown). The purpose of the moisture/vapor cover or shield 55 is to prevent condensation from entering the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 . [0038] Before specifically describing the three piece sectional solids settling and retention basin 21 of FIG. 2 which is defined by the upper, intermediate and lower tubular sections 22 through 24 , respectively, reference is made to FIG. 5 of the drawings which illustrates a one-piece hollow solids settling and retention body 30 molded by rotational molding, vacuum molding or injection molding from polymeric/copolymeric plastic material, such as corrosion resistant polyethylene. The hollow body 30 includes a tubular wall 31 having an upper end closed by an integral top wall 32 and a bottom end closed by an integral bottom wall 40 . A plurality of alternating internally projecting peripheral ribs 33 , 34 and inwardly opening valleys 35 , 36 are disposed substantially along the axial length of the tubular body 31 . The ribs 33 are of a substantially lesser internal diameter than the diameter of the ribs 34 and the valleys 35 are of a greater axial height and a greater diameter than the axial height and diameter of the valleys 36 . For the most part, the ribs and the valleys are arranged in the axial sequence 33 , 35 , 34 , 36 ; 33 , 35 , 34 , 36 ; etc. Within each such sequence of ribs and valleys, each rib 33 and its adjacent valley 35 are defined by a wall 37 common to each rib 33 and each valley 35 . Each rib 33 also includes an innermost cylindrical wall portion 38 and each valley 35 adjacent thereto includes an outermost cylindrical wall portion 39 . [0039] Cut lines C 1 , C 2 define annular bands of scrap material or bands S 1 , S 2 and S 3 . By cutting along the cut lines C 1 , C 2 , the shaded annular bands S 1 , S 2 and S 3 are removed as scrap material and four tubular sections 41 , 42 , 43 and 44 are formed therefrom. Adjacent the top wall 32 , a somewhat wider circumferential band of scrap material S 4 can be removed when the hollow body 30 is severed along the cut lines C 1 , C 2 associated therewith. However, the hollow body 41 adjacent the top wall 32 terminates in two adjacent valleys 35 , 35 separated by a rib 34 . The purpose of this configuration is to not only create the tubular section 41 of essentially the identical contour as the tubular sections 42 , 43 and 44 , but also to form therefrom a generally concavo-convex wall 45 which can be rotated or flipped 180° from the position shown in FIG. 5 to that shown in FIG. 6 and thereby define a safety/surface guard, closure or cover 45 , preferably having a central hole 47 , for closing the solids settling and retention basin 21 , as is illustrated in its operative position in FIG. 2 and FIG. 6 of the drawings. However, upon the removal of the annular scrap 4 , the upper and lower edges (unnumbered) of the tubular sections 41 through 44 are identical to each other and a cylindrical wall portion 49 of each smaller valley 36 (FIG. 6) will telescopically seat within the remaining portion of the wall portion 39 of the larger valley 35 resulting in the telescopic nested supported relationship of the section 41 upon the section 42 , the section 42 upon the section 43 , and the section 43 upon the section 45 . [0040] The hollow body 30 and the manner in which the scrap S 1 through S 4 are removed therefrom is merely exemplary of many different options which are available with respect to a particular installation of the solids settling and retention basin 21 between the wastewater treatment plant 11 and the soil absorption system 14 (FIG. 1). For example, the hollow body 30 (FIG. 5) is of the same diameter as the diameter (approximately 24″) of the solids settling and retention basin 21 but is only 60″ in height, as compared to the approximately 70″ total height of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . If only the band of scrap S 4 was removed, the remaining uncut tubular sections 41 through 44 of the hollow body 30 could be used in lieu of the axially shorter lower tubular section 24 (FIG. 2) of the solids settling and retention basin 21 thereby increasing the overall height, volume, and depth below grade or grade level GL thereof. As another example, by removing all bands of scrap material S 1 -S 5 , each of the tubular sections 41 through 44 can be individually utilized to increase the height or depth below grade GL or both of the solids settling and retention basin 21 by, for example, adding one of the sections 41 through 44 to the upper tubular section or riser 22 (FIG. 2) or to the lower section 24 as a so-called ring. Depending upon the number of removed scrap bands S 1 through S 5 , the axial heights thereof and the distances therebetween, each 60″ hollow body 30 can be utilized at the site of installation as might be required. In FIG. 5, if all scrap or scrap sections S 1 through S 5 were removed from the areas indicated, the upper and lower tubular sections 41 , 44 would each be approximately 12″ in axial length and the two middle tubular sections 42 , 43 would each be approximately 18″ in length. These sections could be used, as desired, to alter the overall height and depth above and/or below grade GL of the solids settling and retention basin 21 by 12″, 18″, 24″ etc. increments. [0041] As another example of utilizing the hollow body 30 or sections thereof for particular installations, another identical hollow body 30 ′ is illustrated in FIG. 7 and the height thereof is also approximately 60″. However, in this case the hollow body 30 ′ includes eleven tubular scrap sections S 6 through S 16 which if all were removed would create ten tubular riser or ring sections 60 through 69 . The tubular sections 60 through 64 are each 6″ in axial height and the tubular sections 65 through 69 are each 3″ in axial height. Upon the removal of the cylindrical scrap material S 6 through S 16 , the tubular sections are shown in FIG. 8 telescopically united to each other, though such is merely exemplary and will not be used in actual practice. However, any 6″ tubular section 60 through 64 or any 3″ tubular section 65 through 69 can be utilized as need be to increase the height or depth above or below grade GL of the solids settling and retention basin 21 of FIG. 2 in lesser axial increments than provided by the 12″ tubular segments 41 , 44 and the 18″ tubular segments 42 , 43 of the body 30 of FIG. 5. Accordingly, the hollow body 30 and the equivalent hollow body 30 ′ demonstrate the flexibility afforded the solids settling and retention basin 21 for a variety of site installations. It is, of course, within the scope of the invention to remove, for example, only the scrap material S 4 or S 6 of the respective hollow bodies 30 , 30 ′ and utilize the same as a single piece basin for other purposes, such as a pump housing. For example, a preferable single piece basin of approximately 70¼″ in height could be formed by molding either of the hollow bodies 30 , 30 ′ of an approximate axial length of 72″. Thereafter, the removal of only the narrow scrap section S 4 of the hollow body 30 or the scrap section S 6 of the hollow body 30 ′ would form a one-piece molded basin of approximately 70¼″. The latter basin excludes the flat wall 98 but would be provided with openings corresponding to the openings O, 0 ′, though if used for a pump housing, the axial offset would be unnecessary. [0042] Reference is made to FIG. 4 of the drawings which more specifically demonstrates details of the intermediate or middle tubular section 23 , as compared to the upper tubular section 22 , the lower tubular section 24 , or any of the tubular sections 41 through 44 and 60 through 69 . The major difference is an inwardly projecting rib 95 (FIG. 4) having an innermost cylindrical wall portion 96 of a diameter less than the diameter of the ribs 33 , 34 and an upper substantially horizontal wall portion 97 . The rib 95 projects inwardly substantially beyond the inward projection of any of the ribs 33 , 34 , and this allows the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 to be inserted into and withdrawn from the solids settling and retention basin 21 through the open upper end (unnumbered) upon the removal of the safety/service cover 45 and a separately fabricated heavy duty access cover 46 . Since the flange 75 (FIG. 2) of the filter media body 70 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 has a diameter substantially greater than the opening defined by the cylindrical wall portion 96 of the rib 95 , the flange 75 is underlyingly supported by the horizontal wall portion 97 of the rib 95 of the tubular section 23 . Additionally, there is a considerable annular gap G (FIG. 2) between the solids settling and retention basin 21 and the filter body 70 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 which allows the entire filter body 70 to be shifted radially to the left, as viewed in FIG. 2, to withdraw the outlet port 176 from the tubular discharge pipe 453 and vice versa incident to disassembly and reassembly, respectively, for purposes of installation, inspection servicing and/or cleaning. [0043] The intermediate or medial tubular section 23 also includes two diametrically opposite relatively flat wall portions 98 having respective openings O, O′ (FIG. 2) preferably cut therein at the plant or factory immediately after the molding of the tubular section 23 or an entire one-piece basin 21 , as will be described more fully hereinafter. The inlet coupling 18 and the outlet coupling 19 are also preferably bolted (not shown) to the tubular section 23 at the factory. The axis Ao of the opening O (FIG. 2) is 1″ above the axis Ao′ of the opening O creating thereby an automatic and natural 1″ fall between the two openings O, O′. [0044] The upper tubular section 22 (FIG. 2), normally termed a “riser” in the trade, is clampingly secured to the intermediate tubular section 23 by a compression clamp and seal assembly 100 . In FIG. 2 an identical compression clamp and seal assembly 100 clamps the medial tubular section 23 to the lower section 24 and, of course, identical compression clamp and seal assemblies 100 are utilized to connect other upper tubular sections or risers as desired above the medial tubular section 23 and like tubular sections, which are normally termed “rings” in the trade, when added beneath the middle tubular section 23 . A like compression clamp and seal assembly 100 also clamps the heavy duty access cover 46 to the upper tubular section or riser 22 with a peripheral edge (unnumbered) of the safety/service cover 45 being sandwiched between wall portions (unnumbered) of the uppermost rib 34 of the tubular section 22 and an inwardly directed peripheral wall 91 (FIGS. 2, 4 and 6 ) of an outwardly directed rib 92 of the heavy duty access cover 46 . [0045] The compression clamp and seal assembly 100 is best illustrated in FIG. 9 of the drawings, and includes an O-ring type annular seal 105 and a compression clamp 115 . The annular seal 105 includes an outer cylindrical leg portion 106 , a bight portion 107 , and an inner cylindrical leg portion 108 collectively defining therebetween a slot or groove 109 which receives the wall portion 39 of the lower tubular section 24 . A generally radially inwardly directed wall portion 101 of the annular seal 105 is sandwiched between opposing generally radial wall portions 102 , 103 of the intermediate tubular section 23 and the lower tubular section 24 , respectively. A number of conventional annular sealing lips (unnumbered) are carried by the wall portions 108 , 101 . [0046] The compression clamp or clamping means 115 of the compression clamp and seal assembly 100 is a one-piece molded polymeric/copolymeric band of a substantially U-shaped configuration over a major portion of the length thereof from a first end portion 112 to an opposite second end portion 113 at which a minor portion 114 continues in the form of a tongue or tab having a plurality of equally spaced narrow slots 119 and a tool receiving opening 116 . The end portion 112 of the major portion includes an upstanding wall 117 (FIG. 11) having a slot 118 and adjacent to the latter a depending flexible latching tab 125 carries a projection 121 . The flexible latching tab 125 is bordered by a U-shaped slot 124 . A slot 128 is formed through the flexible locking tab 125 . The first end portion 112 further includes a group of equally spaced slots 121 and an upstanding locking tab 122 having an opening 123 . [0047] After the annular seal 105 has been assembled upon the wall portion 39 in the manner illustrated in FIG. 9, the upper tubular riser section 23 is seated upon the sealing lips (unnumbered) of the radial wall portion 101 of the annular seal 105 after which the compression clamp 115 is positioned in loosely surrounding relationship thereto, as is also illustrated in FIG. 9 of the drawings. The tongue 114 of the compression clamp 115 is inserted through the slot 118 (FIG. 12) and over and beyond the locking tab 122 . A tool, such as a screwdriver, is then inserted through the tool receiving opening 116 or any one of the slots 119 and the end of the blade thereof is seated in a selected one of the slots 121 of the first end portion 112 of the compression clamp 115 after which the screwdriver is levered or fulcrumed in a conventional manner to draw the tongue 114 further through the slot 118 and further over and further beyond the locking tab 122 which progressively constricts the compression clamp 115 against the outer cylindrical leg portion 106 (FIG. 9) of the annular seal 105 eventually creating a water-tight seal therebetween and a water-tight seal between the sealing lips (unnumbered) and the opposing wall portion 39 of the valley 36 . When the compression clamp 115 is tightened manually in this fashion sufficiently to assure a water-tight seal, the tongue 114 is manipulated as need be by utilizing the screwdriver to align one of the slots 119 of the tongue 114 with the locking tab 122 and subsequently uniting the two together in the manner illustrated in FIG. 12 at which point the locking tab or projection 122 projects through one of the slots 119 , as is illustrated in FIG. 12. If desired a lock, bolt, locking ring or a wire can be passed through the opening 123 of the locking tab 122 and thereafter twisted to preclude inadvertent/accidental disassembly of the locking tab 122 from its assembled condition (FIG. 2). [0048] The compression clamp 115 performs a number of functions effectively, such as compressing the annular gasket 105 to effect a water-tight seal between any two components, preventing vertical separation between components, maintaining horizontal alignment of the components, and creating in effect two seals, one afforded by the inner cylindrical leg portion 108 and the other by the radially inwardly directed wall portion 101 of the annular seal or gasket 105 . The latter assures a water-tight seal between all tubular sections and between the uppermost tubular section or riser 22 , the associated safety/service cover 45 thereof, and the heavy duty access cover 46 . The latter two covers 45 , 46 are also preferably tether-connected to the upper tubular section or riser 23 by respective retainer cables 145 , 146 , respectively (FIG. 2). [0049] The compression clamp 115 is released and removed by first releasing and removing the locking ring or twisted wire passing through the opening 123 . Thereafter the end of the tongue 114 adjacent the slot 116 can be manually gripped or gripped by a pair of pliers and pulled upwardly to remove locking tab 122 from its associated slot 119 . At this time the flexible latching tab 125 is still engaged in its associated slot 119 (FIG. 12) and further lifting of the tongue 114 upwardly will have no effect thereon. A blade of the screw driver is inserted through the slot 128 with its end engaged against the underlying upper surface (unnumbered) of the first end portion 112 , and thereafter the blade is pivoted or torqued to the right, as viewed in FIG. 12, causing the flexible latching tab 125 to flex to the phantom outline position of FIG. 12 which draws the depending latching projection 121 outwardly of its associated slot 119 thereby completely releasing the compression clamp 115 . Installation [0050] Reference is made to FIG. 1 of the drawings, and it is assumed for the moment that the wastewater treatment unit 20 has not been installed and that a single pipe or sewer pipe extends from the wastewater treatment plant 11 to the soil absorption system 14 which has become “plugged” through the retention of solids, as described earlier herein, thereby potentially causing a back-up of sewage into an associate home (not shown). The soil absorption system 14 is considered “failed” and “rejuvenation” of a “failed” soil absorption system 14 is not technically feasible, except at the considerable inconvenience, danger and expense earlier noted. However, in keeping with the present invention, the site at which the waste treatment unit 20 , and particularly the solids settling and retention basin 21 , is to be installed is first excavated by simply digging a hole to expose the existing sewer line or pipe (not shown). A relatively narrow sewer trench is dug along the length of the original sewer line to enable its entire removal. A hole must also be dug or excavated for the solids settling and retention basin 21 . Since the maximum outside diameter of the solids settling and retention basin 21 is approximately 24″, the excavation should be at a minimum of 36″×36″ square or approximately 36″ diameter, if round. The exact excavation depth depends upon a variety of factors and of importance is the vertical distance between grade or grade level GL and the outlet (unnumbered) of the clarifier 17 from which the old sewer line is removed and replaced by the outlet pipe 15 . The closer the outlet pipe 15 to grade level GL, the less the depth of the excavation and vice versa. One or more risers of required heights might necessarily have to be added above the middle tubular section 21 , while one or more rings of required heights might necessarily have to be added below the middle tubular section 21 depending upon the specifics of the installation. As a typical example, the excavation for the solids settling and retention basin 21 is preferably deep enough to permit a minimum 4″ levelling bed or pad P of gravel, sand or fine crushed stone upon which rests the bottom wall 25 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . In actual practice and in the present example the distance D 1 between the upper edge (unnumbered) of the upper tubular section or riser 22 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and the bottom wall 25 is approximately 70¼″ and the distance D 2 from the top of the heavy duty access cover 46 and grade level GL is approximately 7½″. Thus the total depth of the excavation would be approximately 75″ to 80″ depending upon the total thickness or depth of the leveling pad P. [0051] The new outlet pipe (influent sewer line) 15 is then connected to the clarifier opening (unnumbered) of the wastewater treatment plant 11 , though not permanently connected thereto. The outlet pipe (effluent sewer line) 16 can be positioned in the sewer trench, generally as illustrated in FIG. 1, though not necessarily permanently connected to the soil absorption system 14 . The distance between the top surface of the leveling pad P and the center of the pipe 15 is measured to assure that the inlet coupling 18 , previously bolted to the flat wall portion 98 of the tubular section 23 , will be in axial alignment with the pipe 15 . Obviously, the axis of the pipe 15 must be preferably 1″ minimum above the axis of the pipe 16 upon the complete installation of the wastewater treatment unit to assure that the pipes 15 , 16 are aligned with and enter into the couplings 18 , 19 which are of the same 1″ fall because of the 1″ difference in the axes Ao and Ao′ earlier described. In the specific example given the lower tubular section 24 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 is selected and, for example, formed by selectively removing scrap material from several of the molded basin bodies 30 such that when clamped to the middle tubular section 21 and installed with the bottom wall 25 resting upon the levelling pad P, the total distance D 3 from the bottom wall 25 to the volute (bottom) of the pipe 15 is approximately 38⅛ and the distance D 4 of the volute (bottom) of the pipe 16 from the bottom wall 25 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 is 37⅛″ which is a natural 1″ fall between the two. [0052] The solids settling and retention basin 21 is then lowered into the excavation with its bottom wall 25 seated upon the upper surface of the levelling pad P after which the pipe 15 can be inserted into and solvent-welded to the coupling 18 . An appropriate conventional seal is provided between the outlet pipe 15 and the wall (unnumbered) of the wastewater treatment plant 11 . The pipe 16 is likewise inserted into and solvent-welded to the coupling 19 and to the soil absorption system 14 . Prior to making the latter permanent connections, a level is applied to the solids settling and retention basin 21 to assure horizontal level and vertical plum thereof. [0053] The solids settling and retention basin 21 should be back-filled immediately after the pipes 15 , 16 have been permanently installed. The sewer trench above the pipes 15 , 16 should also be back-filled. However, before back-filling the heavy duty access cover 46 should be at least seated upon, though not necessarily locked to the riser 22 to prevent dirt or debris from entering the solids settling and retention basin 21 during back-filling. The finished grade GL should be 3″ below the upper edge (unnumbered) of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . [0054] Immediately after back-filling, the access cover 46 is removed and the solids settling and retention basin 21 is filled with hold down water, although the hold down water can be added before back-filling. [0055] The filtering body 70 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 , excluding the housing 90 , the upper closure assembly 120 , the baffle plate assembly 110 carried by the upper closure assembly 120 , the chlorination feed tube 141 , the dechlorination feed tube 181 , the moisture/vapor shield or cover 55 and the safety/service cover 45 , is lowered into the solids settling and retention basin 21 . Natural buoyancy created by the hold down water will cause the filtering body 70 to tend to float in the hold down water, but a hose can be utilized to direct water into the filtering body 70 through the open upper end thereof resulting in the gradual sinking of the filtering body 70 into the solids settling and retention basin 21 . During the latter assembly the filtering body 70 is aligned such that the flange coupler 451 (FIG. 2) progressively vertically enters into and seats in the U-shaped receiving flange or coupling 456 (FIG. 2). In the final installed position of the filtering body 70 the flange 75 thereof rests upon the rib 95 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . Means (not shown) may be utilized to secure the flange 75 upon the rib 95 , as, for example, four circular discs equally spaced about the periphery of the flange 75 and vertically pivotally mounted thereto in an eccentric fashion such that each disc can be rotated in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis from a position entirely inside the periphery of the flange 75 to a radially outwardly projecting position with a portion of each disc being received within the opposing valley and underlying the uppermost rib of the solids settling and retention basin 21 thereby preventing vertical withdrawal of the filtering body 70 therefrom. [0056] Thereafter the unitized housing 90 , the upper closure assembly 120 , and the baffle plate assembly 110 suspendingly supported from the latter are inserted progressively into the filtering body 70 until the outlet port 176 is aligned with the tubular discharge pipe 453 of the first flange coupler 451 after which the housing 90 is shifted to the right to the position illustrated in FIG. 2. [0057] The moisture/vapor shield or cover 55 is positioned atop the flange 75 and is conventionally secured thereto by passing fasteners through openings (not shown) in the circular disc 51 of the safety/service guard or cover and threading the same into the flange 75 of the filtering body 70 . The chlorination tube 141 and the dechlorination tube 181 are telescopically assembled through the tubular portions 57 , 58 , respectively, to the position illustrated in FIG. 2. Chlorination tablets are inserted in the chlorination tube 141 and dechlorination tablets are inserted into the dechlorination tube 181 before or after the latter installation with caps (unnumbered) being appropriately assembled thereon. The safety/service guard or cover 45 and the heavy duty access cover 46 are then assembled, as shown in FIG. 2, and locked by means of the associated compression clamp and seal assembly 100 . Operation [0058] Under normal conditions, wastewater W (FIG. 1) within the clarification chamber or clarifier 17 of the wastewater treatment plant 11 is at a wastewater level L dependent upon the hydraulic head, and the rate of flow of the wastewater/effluent through the wastewater treatment unit 20 and particularly the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 thereof will depend upon the head or height of the wastewater within the clarification chamber 17 . During such normal hydraulic head, the level L of the wastewater approximates the position of the lowermost of the diametrically opposite pair of flow equalization ports or openings 81 , and this is the design flow level DFL of the wastewater treatment unit 20 , as established by the flow equalization ports 81 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 . Under such normal design flow conditions, wastewater not only accumulates in the solids settling and retention basin 21 , but small solids or particles Ss (FIG. 2) pass through the smaller mesh of the lower cylindrical filtering wall portion 72 while larger solid particles Sp falling downwardly and accumulating upon and above the bottom wall 25 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . The wastewater and still smaller particles Sss which have passed through the filtering wall portion 72 but are too light to settle upon the bottom wall 71 of the filtering body 70 flow upwardly and through the baffle plate assembly 110 during which the smallest particles are filtered out from the wastewater by the baffle plates 99 . The wastewater eventually discharges through an opening (not shown) in the upper closure assembly 120 and passes through the outlet ports 176 , 453 into the pipe 16 with prior chlorination and dechlorination being effected, if desired, in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. In the case of a retro fit for a failing or failed disposal system, the essentially solids-free wastewater/effluent continues toward its discharge at the soil absorption device 14 which though plugged can absorb and disperse the substantially solids-free effluent thereby rejuvenating the entire wastewater treatment system 10 due to the extraction of the solids or solid particles Sp, Ss, Sss and Spl within the solids settling and retention basin 21 , the bottom wall 71 and within and upon the approximately three dozen baffle plates 99 of the baffle plate assembly 110 . Should the installation be for a new wastewater treatment system, the substantial solids-free effluent extends the life of the disposal system substantially indefinitely. [0059] Should the flow of wastewater from the clarification chamber 17 exceed the design flow designated by the design flow level DFL (FIG. 2), as controlled by the diametrically opposite flow equalization ports 81 , the wastewater will rise to a higher sustained flow level SFL at which the pair of flow equalization ports 82 become operative, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. [0060] During peak flow of wastewater from the clarification chamber 17 , the wastewater reaches a peak flow level PFL established by the larger diameter flow equalization ports 83 , just as in the case of U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120 with, of course, solids or solid particles Spl passing through the larger mesh of the upper cylindrical filtering wall portion 73 and settling down and upon the bottom wall 71 of the filtering body or filtration media body 70 . Servicing and Cleaning [0061] Access to the interior of the wastewater treatment unit 20 is required from time-to-time during normal use and is readily effected by removing the compression clamp 115 associated with the access cover 46 . Upon unlatching and removing the compression clamp 115 , the access cover 46 and the safety/service cover 45 can be removed. The chlorination and dechlorination tubes 141 , 181 can simply be filled with tablets or can be removed by pulling the same vertically upwardly. Each tube 141 , 181 can be flushed and cleaned, refilled with chlorination and dechlorination tablets, and reassembled to the position illustrated in FIG. 2 after which the components 45 , 46 and 115 can be reassembled. Obviously the feed tubes 141 , 181 need not be removed when the only servicing required is to add respective chlorination and dechlorination tablets thereto. [0062] Over longer periods of time the entire wastewater treatment unit 20 must be completely cleaned to remove all of the solids accumulated in the solids settling and retention basin 21 , all of the solids accumulated upon the bottom wall 71 of the filtering body 70 and all of the solids accumulated upon each of the baffle plates 99 of the baffle plate assembly 110 . Such servicing is again accomplished by first removing the uppermost compression clamp 115 , the access cover 46 and the safety/service cover 45 . The feed tubes 141 , 181 are then withdrawn upwardly and removed followed by the removal of the moisture/vapor shield or cover 55 after unfastening the cover disc 51 from the flange 75 of the filter media body 70 . [0063] The entire housing 90 of the wastewater treatment mechanism 50 can now be lifted upwardly by, for example, manually grasping the closure assembly 120 or utilizing a special tool (not shown) which interlocks with the upper closure assembly 120 . Since the baffle plate assembly 110 is secured to the upper closure assembly 120 , the unitized components 90 , 110 , 120 are removed in unison. The unitized components 90 , 110 , 120 must, of course, be lifted straight up, as viewed in FIG. 2, to remove the outlet port 176 from the discharge pipe 453 prior to lifting and removing components upwardly and outwardly from the filter media body 70 . [0064] The flange 75 of the filter media body 70 is then detached from the solids settling and retention basin 21 by rotating the eccentrically mounted, vertically pivoted, four circular discs in a horizontal plane (not shown and earlier described) to remove the same from the opposing valley which is the uppermost unnumbered valley of the middle tubular section 23 of the solids settling and retention basin 21 . The solids settling and retention basin 21 can then be lifted vertically upwardly to detach the couplings 451 , 456 . A suction hose/line can be inserted into the filtering body 70 to withdraw wastewater and solids therefrom prior to lifting the filtering body 70 upwardly and outwardly of the solids settling and retention basin 21 to ease the effort involved in this task. The same suction line can then be inserted into the solids settling and retention basin 21 to draw wastewater and the solids accumulated therein while simultaneously washing and cleaning the interior of the solids settling and retention basin 21 utilizing water from a garden hose until the solids settling and retention basin 21 is thoroughly cleansed and rinsed. Thereafter, the safety/service cover 45 can be temporarily seated in the upper end of the riser 22 to preclude dirt or debris from entering the now cleaned solids settling and retention basin 21 while cleansing the withdrawn remaining components in the immediately environs. Water from a garden hose is directed to all surfaces of all of these components including the individual baffle plates 99 upon disassembly thereof from the baffle plate assembly 110 in the manner disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,120. [0065] After all components have been thoroughly cleaned, they are reassembled in a manner apparent from the description of the disassembly thereof, with, of course, chlorination and dechlorination tablets being added to the respective feed tubes 141 , 181 before or after the reassembly thereof. The moisture/vapor cover 55 , the safety/service closure 45 , the access cover 46 and the compression clamp 115 are reassembled in the manner shown in FIG. 2, and the wastewater treatment unit 20 is ready for continued long term wastewater treatment/disposal. [0066] It is to be particularly understood that though the solids settling and retention basin 21 of FIGS. 1 and 2 is sectional, the same can and for the most part will remain as a one-piece molded body as aforesaid with the openings O, O′ being cut therein at the factory to make certain that the axis Ao is 1″ higher than the axis Ao′ of the opening O′ thereby assuring the necessary natural 1″ fall to achieve efficient flow-through from the pipe 15 to the pipe 16 . Also, with the connectors 18 , 19 being bolted to the wall portions 98 at the factory, when the one-piece solids and retention basin 21 is delivered to the site for installation, the only major criteria required for proper flow-through is to make certain that the discharge pipe 15 has an acceptable fall from the wastewater treatment plant 11 to the opening O and additional fall from the opening O′ to the soil absorption system 14 . [0067] Also though the invention has been described specifically with respect to the installation of the wastewater treatment unit 20 relative to an existing wastewater treatment plant 11 and a plugged soil absorption system 14 , the wastewater treatment plant 11 is equally applicable to “new” installations. In the case of a new installation, an area of the ground must be excavated to also include the new wastewater treatment plant 11 and, of course, a new soil absorption system 14 is installed. Obviously, there are no pre-existing sewer pipes to remove and, therefore, the installation remains essentially identical for the new system as that earlier described for the “old” or “plugged” system. [0068] Although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been specifically illustrated and described herein, it is to be understood that minor variations may be made in the apparatus without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to an internal combustion engine of the type having a vertical crankshaft and more particularly to such an engine having a crankcase gasket and baffle arrangement. Conventional crankcase gaskets normally have all internal material removed that is not in contact with the sealing surfaces between the crankcase halves. This permits oil to be splashed up into the cylinder bore and a subsequent increase in the lubrication oil temperature results. The cost of conventional crankcase gaskets is a function of their outer dimensions. Internal combustion engines having a vertical crankshaft, normally have a valve box drain hole at the bottom of the valve box. Conventional valve box drains are simply open holes providing no restriction or resistance to prevent excess oil from being forced up into the valve box. Excess oil in the valve spring box can lead to excessive oil flow past the intake valve stem and guide resulting in higher oil consumption for the engine and excessive carbon deposits on the intake ports. Currently, conventional designs utilize a valve stem seal at considerable expense to reduce the above problem. An additional problem of current vertical shaft internal combustion engines is oil consumption during operation. Excess oil can be thrown up into the cylinder bore by internal mechanical turbulence and engine orientation. Engine oil sometimes enters the cylinder bore because the engine is tilted during operation. It would be desirable to provide a vertical shaft engine with a crankcase gasket which simplifies construction and reduces the cost of manufacture of the engine. This and other desirable features are achieved by the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention involves providing a vertical shaft internal combustion engine with a crankcase gasket which acts as a gasket between the crankcase halves and acts as a baffle to lubrication oil flow. In a preferred embodiment, the gasket is constructed without removing material not in contact with the sealing surfaces of the crankcase halves. The gasket openings are constructed of a size just large enough to allow passage of the necessary shaft components. The sump portion of the crankcase containing the engine oil is thereby partitioned from the rest of the crankcase by the remaining gasket material. The extra gasket material acts as a baffle to reduce the amount of lube oil entering the cylinder bore due to mechanism induced turbulence or engine tilt while in operation. This baffling also helps retain oil near the lube system inlet when the engine is tilted from vertical. The gasket provides a check valve function under the valve box drain hole. The extra gasket material covering the valve box drain hole allows accumulated oil in the valve spring box to drain out but prevents oil from being forced up into the valve spring box due to turbulence within the engine. An advantage of the crankcase gasket of the present invention is that the invention reduces the amount of lube oil entering the cylinder bore due to mechanism induced turbulence. Another advantage of the crankcase gasket of the present invention is that the gasket costs the same as a regular gasket because gaskets are priced as a function of their outer dimensions. Yet another advantage of the crankcase gasket of the present invention is that no valve stem seals are needed because the invention prevents oil from being forced up into the valve spring box through the drain hole and allows oil to drain from the valve spring box A still further advantage of the crankcase gasket of the present invention is that it provides a baffle chamber where lube oil can collect controlling resuspension of oil in the crankcase. Yet another advantage of the present invention is the significant reduction in the amount of lube oil entering the valve spring box through the drain hole. A further advantage of the crankcase gasket is that engines incorporating the invention show improvement in the number of degrees the engine can be tilted from vertical and still maintain an adequate supply of lubrication oil to the lube system inlet. The invention in one form thereof provides an internal combustion engine having a combination crankcase gasket and baffle to minimize the amount of oil splashing up into the upper portion of the crankcase. The internal combustion engine includes upper and lower crankcase halves that join together at a pair of mating edges. The lower crankcase half defines an oil sump for lubrication oil. The combination gasket and baffle has a peripheral portion, clamped between the mating edges of the crankcase halves, and a web portion integral with the peripheral portion extending over said oil sump for impeding the movement of lubrication oil from the oil sump to the upper portion or half of the crankcase. At least one drive member, such as a crankshaft, camshaft or governor, extend vertically from the lower crankcase half to the upper crankcase half and pass through an opening in the combination gasket and baffle. In accord with another aspect of the invention, a check valve means is provided under a chamber that collects oil in the crankcase. The chamber, such as a valve spring box, is constructed over the gasket. The gasket can bend and seal the chamber to prevent oil from entering the chamber from the oil sump. The gasket is permitted to bend away from the chamber to allow oil contained in the chamber to flow away and back to the oil sump. Crankcase pressure bends the gasket toward the chamber to seal while crankcase vacuum helps open the chamber. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above mentioned and other features and objects of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of the embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of an internal combustion engine in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the engine of FIG. 1, illustrating the valve spring box and engine valves. FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross sectional view of the valve spring box and drain hole. FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the upper crankcase half of the engine of FIG. 1 showing the gasket of the present invention in place. FIG. 5 is a top view of the lower crankcase half of the engine of FIG. 1, showing the gasket of the present invention in place. Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, in one form thereof, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to the figures, there is illustrated an internal combustion engine 10 in accordance with the present invention. Engine 10 includes a upper crankcase half 12 having a generally horizontal upper wall 14, a lower crankcase half 16 including an oil sump 17, and a vertically oriented crankshaft 18 journalled for rotation therein by bearing journals 20 and 22. Upper crankcase half 12 has a mating edge 13 while lower crankcase half 16 has mating edge 15. A crankcase gasket/baffle 24 according to the invention is disposed between upper crankcase half 12 and oil sump half 16, clamped between mating edges 13 and 15, sealing in lubricating oil. Gasket 24 will be more fully discussed hereinafter. A upper seal 26 and a lower seal 28 provide sealing of crankshaft 18 with respect to crankcase halves 12 and 16 to prevent migration of oil therepast. Crankshaft 18 includes a crank 30 and counter weights 32 and 34. Horizontally oriented cylinder bore 36 communicates with crankcase half 12 and extends therefrom. Cooling fins 38 on the outside of cylinder 40 provide for dissipation of heat. Cylinder head 42 is attached to the end of cylinder 40 and sealed thereto by cylinder head gasket 44 thereby closing the top of cylinder bore 36. Received within cylinder bore 36 is piston 46 arranged for reciprocation therein. Piston 46 is linked to crank 30 of crankshaft 18 by connecting rod 48. Referring particularly to FIG. 2, crankcase 49 includes vertically oriented camshaft 50 which is rotatably journalled in bearing journals 52a and 52b. Pump 51 shown in FIG. 4 includes a sleeve 51a that is eccentrically connected to camshaft 50, and a piston element 51b connected to crankcase 49. During engine operation, camshaft 50 rotates forcing piston element 51b to reciprocate in sleeve 51a, drawing oil up through lube system inlet 51d and pumping oil through inner passageway 53 into the engine lube system (not shown). Camshaft 50 is connected in synchronous driven engagement with crankshaft 18 by gears 55 and 57, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5. Camshaft 50 also includes cam lobes 54 and 56 which engage the valve lifters 58 and 60 of intake valve 64 and exhaust valve 62 which are arranged in a side valve configuration. Valve lifters 58 and 60 are disposed within lifter guides 61 and 63 in a wall in top crankcase half 12. Intake valve 64 and exhaust valve 62 are disposed in valve guides 69 and 67 respectively and can seal respective intake port 64a and exhaust port 62a. Valve springs 66 and 68 surround intake valve 64 and exhaust valve 62 within a chamber such as valve spring box 70. A valve spring box drain hole 72 in the bottom of valve spring box 70 allows lube oil to drain back into oil sump 17. Crankcase gasket 24 is mounted between upper and lower crankcase halves 12 and 16. Bolt holes 24b in gasket 24 permit bolts (not shown) to fasten together upper and lower crankcase halves 12 and 16. FIGS. 1 and 3 show outer peripheral edge 24a of gasket 24 disposed between the two crankcase halves, 12 and 16, creating a seal to prevent oil leakage out of engine 10. Square hole 24c is an opening in gasket 24 to extend an oil gage (not shown) through gasket 24 to determine the oil level for routine maintenance. The gasket 24 of the present invention is made out of a soft, flexible, non-metallic sheet comprising generally of fibrous material, such as cellulose with a rubber binder that seals between the crankcase halves. As illustrated in FIG. 5, gasket 24 has a web portion 24dthat substantially covers oil sump 17 defined by lower crankcase half 16. This web portion 24d is constructed by cutting opening 24e into gasket 24 preferably just large enough for the internal drive members, generally crankshaft 18, camshaft 50, gears 55 and 57, pump 51, idler gear 57a, and governor gear 57b, to operate within engine 10. The minimum size of the opening 24e is such that the internal drive members do not wear against the gasket during operation. A somewhat larger opening 24e would also be acceptable if required for engine function, as long as oil in sump 17 is generally confined. In the absence of gasket baffle 24, oil from oil sump 17 can be thrown up into the cylinder bore 36 by mechanical turbulence caused by spinning crankshaft 18, pump 51 located in oil sump 17, or by engine movement or tilt. Covering the oil in oil sump 17, by crankcase gasket/baffle 24 and specifically web portion 24d, helps prevent excess oil consumption by engine 10 by reducing the amount of oil splashed u into the cylinder bore 36. FIG. 3, showing an enlarged view of valve spring box 70 and drain hole 72, illustrates crankcase gasket 24 operating as a check valve under valve spring box drain hole 72. A part of web portion 24d is positioned under the valve spring box drain hole 72 that is formed in a side wall of upper crankcase half 12. This area of the web portion 24d under the valve spring box drain is flapper portion 24f. Flapper portion 24f of gasket 24 extends from the outer peripheral edge 24a to the inner wall 71 of the valve spring box drain hole 72 covering the drain hole 72. Flapper portion 24f of gasket 24 is cantilevered from edge 24a and can flexibly bend from outer peripheral edge 24a disposed between the crankcase halves 12 and 16. By bending and sealing toward the drain hole 72, or by bending away from and opening drain hole 72, flapper portion 2f acts as check valve. Oil will collect on the top of flapper portion 24f, under drain hole 72, causing flapper portion 24f to bend away from and break its seal with inner wall 71 The oil will then fall back into oil sump 17. During engine operation, as piston 46 reciprocates within cylinder 36, the pressure inside crankcase 47 fluctuates between a vacuum and a pressure. Oil migrates past valve lifters 58 and 60 into spring box 70 to provide lubrication to valves 62 and 6 as illustrated by arrows. Oil then collects within the bottom of valve spring box 70 and falls through drain hole 72. The pressure/vacuum fluctuation can affect valve box 70 in two ways. The first is through the gap between lifter stems 58 and 60 and lifter guides 61 and 63. The second way is through oil drain hole 72. The gap between the lifter stems 58 and 60 and lifter guides 61 and 63 is very restrictive and filled with an oil film that essentially seals against the pressure/vacuum fluctuations. Flapper portion 24f affects the pressure fluctuations through oil drain hole 72. Valve box 70 is affected both by the pressure fluctuations caused by the piston 46 and by the pressure/vacuum fluctuations of the intake and exhaust ports 64a and 62a via the gap between the valve stems of valves 62 and 64 and valve guides 67 and 69. The net affect inside valve box 70 is a pressure/vacuum imbalance between the valve box 70 and crankcase 49. When crankcase 49 is in a vacuum state, valve box 70 has a higher pressure forcing flapper portion 24f open. Along with allowing the oil to drain out of drain hole 72, oil is also sucked out via a vacuum affect caused by the pressure difference. As crankcase 49 enters the pressure state, valve box 70 has a lower pressure and flapper portion 24f is forced close. This closes off the oil drain hole 72 from any oil near flapper portion 24f. Oil thrown up by mechanical turbulence within the oil sump 17 is prevented from entering the valve spring box drain hole 72 by the flapper portion 24f of gasket 24. When oil is thrown up into contact with flapper portion 24f, the flapper portion 24f will directly prevent oil from being thrown into drain hole 72 and pressure from the oil hitting flapper portion 24f will bend flapper portion 24f in the direction of drain hole 72 and more firmly seal against inner wall 71, further preventing upward oil flow through the drain hole 72. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to detection of cancer procoagulant. More particularly, this invention relates to detection of cancer procoagulant in animals and humans. Even more particularly, this invention relates to methods and techniques for preparing a serum sample in a manner such that cancer procoagulant activity can be measured. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Modern medicine has provided various techniques and methods for treating cancer patients. However, before any of such techniques or methods can be used for treatment of cancer patients, it is first necessary to detect the cancer in the patient. Experience has shown that the earlier the cancer is detected the greater the likelihood that the cancer can be effectively treated (e.g., by surgery, chemotherapy, or other known procedures). An increased incidence of vascular thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with malignant disease has been known for a long time. It has also been known that there is increased removal of fibrinogen from the circulation of experimental animals and humans with cancer, and much of this fibrin is deposited in and around the solid tumor. Fibrin deposition is thought to promote tumor growth by providing a supporting network or "cocoon" of fibrin in which new cells can grow. Alternatively, it may protect the malignant cells from the host defense system. Fibrin is associated with blood-borne malignant cells that are potentially metastatic. This fibrin may facilitate clumping of tumor cells with other blood cells such that the tumor cell embolus will lodge in small capillaries of organs susceptible for tumor growth (e.g., the lung). The administration of anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents to experimental animals decreases tumor growth and metastasis. It has also been demonstrated that malignant tissue has increased procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity. Cancer procoagulant has been purified and characterized from malignant tissue. It is not present in normally differential cells and tissue. See, for example, Isolation and Characterization of Cancer Procoagulant: A Cysteine Proteinase From Malignant Tissue, Biochemistry, 24, 5558 (1985); A Factor X-Activating Cysteine Protease From Malignant Tissue, J. Clin. Invest., Volume 56, pp. 1665-1671 (June, 1981); and Comparison of Procoagulant Activities In Extracts of Normal and Malignant Human Tissue, J. Nat'l. Cancer Inst., Vol. 62, No. 4 (April, 1979); each of which is incorporated herein by reference. See also my U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,833 which describes techniques for purifying cancer procoagulant from animal tissue extract, incorporated herein by reference. Cancer procoagulant is a cysteine proteinase with a molecular weight of 68,000 that initiates coagulation by directly activating factor X in the coagulation cascade. It is physically, chemically and enzymatically distinct from other coagulation enzymes. In particular, it is distinct from tissue factor. Tissue factor is a membrane lipoprotein that initiates coagulation via factor VII and is present in both normal and malignant cells. The activation of factor X by cancer procoagulant can be more easily understood with reference to FIG. 1, which is a schematic diagram showing the activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Activation of the intrinsic pathway by surface contact causes factor XII to form factor XIIa, which, acting through the proteolytic conversions of factors XI and IX, results in an active complex composed of factor IXa, factor VIII, calcium and phospholipid, all of which facilitates the proteolytic activation of factor X to Xa. Tissue damage facilitates the exposure of tissue factor which, when it binds to factor VIIA, forms a very potent activator of factor X. Cancer procoagulant is a cysteine proteinase that directly activates factor X. Russell's Viper Venom (R.V.V.) is a serine proteinase that directly activates factor X and has been used herein as a control activator of the assay. The conversion of factor X, in turn, by either intrinsic or extrinsic pathways, activates prothrombin (II) to thrombin (IIa) in the presence of calcium, phospholipid, and factor V. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin and activates factor XIII which facilitates fibrin monomer polymerization. There has not heretofore been provided a method or technique for detecting the presence of cancer procoagulant activity in blood serum. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION In accordance with the present invention there is provided a method for detecting and quantitating cancer procoagulant activity in blood serum. In another aspect the invention involves a technique for analyzing blood serum to distinguish animals and humans having cancer from those without cancer. In another aspect the invention involves a method for preparing a serum sample to permit analysis thereof for cancer procoagulant. The techniques of the invention involve: (a) obtaining a blood sample from an animal or human to be tested; (b) removing essentially all cellular material from the sample; (c) disassociating the cancer procoagulant from other proteins present in the sample; (d) denaturing the proteins other than the cancer procoagulant; (e) separating the denatured proteins from the cancer procoagulant; and (f) analyzing the sample for the presence of cancer procoagulant activity. Using the techniques of this invention it is possible to separate and detect the presence of cancer procoagulant activity in serum. This procedure is relatively easy and rapid to use. It also serves as a means of screening animals and humans to determine whether they may have cancer. The procedure is also useful for monitoring progress of cancer patients undergoing treatment for cancer. The techniques of the invention do not require expensive and sophistocated laboratory equipment or procedures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing activation of factors, for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the techniques of the present invention it is first necessary to remove essentially all cellular material and cellular debris from the sample to be tested. Although an ordinary centrifuge may be used to remove most cellular material, it is not sufficient to remove essentially all cellular material and cellular debris. Even multiple centrifugations are not sufficiently effective in removing essentially all cellular material and debris. Centrifuging at 100,000 xg. may be more useful in removing undesired materials from the serum. Various filters or screens may also be useful in removing cellular material and debris. For example, after a sample has been centrifuged, a filter tube may be inserted into the serum at the top of the blood tube. The serum is forced through a filter and into the interior of the tube. A more preferred procedure for removing cellular material and debris involves the use of a serum separator tube of the type which is commercially available from Becton-Dickinson under the name "SST". This type of serum separator tube includes a wax plug which migrates to the interface between the serum and the cellular blood clot during centrifugation. This separator tube is very effective in providing separation of the cellular material and debris from the fluid component of the serum. Plasma or serum from animals and humans contains a number of enzymes that can either activate or enhance the coagulation activity of a blood sample. In the techniques of this invention, the cancer procoagulant must be disassociated from the other proteins present in the sample. A preferred technique for effecting this is to add to the serum sample (from which essentially all cellular material has been removed) a buffer solution containing DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), followed by a short period of incubation (e.g., 5 minutes at room temperature, e.g., 25° C.). A preferred buffer solution is 20 mM Veronal buffer (sodium barbital; pH 7.4). This buffer is commercially available (from Sigma Chemical Co.) and it works well. Other useful buffers of similar types include Hepes (commercially available from Cal Biochem) and Tris (commercially available from Sigma Chemical Co.). These types of buffers do not bind divalent ions in the serum. Preferably the relative amounts of serum, buffer, and DMSO are as follows: ______________________________________serum 60 microlitersDMSO 45 microlitersVeronal buffer 45 microliters______________________________________ Using the above procedure the cancer procoagulant present in the serum sample is dissociated from the other proteins without denaturing any of the proteins nn the sample. The DMSO reduces the polarity of the serum. It's dielectric constant is about one-half that of water. It is able to reduce ionic interaction between molecules in the sample, and it does not denature the proteins. Other such materials may also be used provided that they function in a similar manner and do not denature the proteins. Then an extraction mixture comprising aluminum hydroxide gel and potassium cyanide is added to the sample. A preferred extraction mixture is as follows: ______________________________________aluminum hydroxide gel - 1:5dilution in 20 mM Veronal buffercontaining:______________________________________potassium cyanide (KCN) 4 mMferrous chloride (FeCl.sub.2) 4 mMmagnesium chloride (MgCl.sub.2) 4 mMmanganese chloride (MnCl.sub.2) 4 mMzinc chloride (ZnCl.sub.2) 4 mM______________________________________ Preferably 50 microliters of this extraction mixture is added to the serum sample, after which the sample is heated to 55° C. for 5 minutes to denature all proteins in the serum other than the cancer procoagulant. In other words, this procedure selectively denatures the other coagulation factors and antiproteinase in the serum. The potassium cyanide (KCN) keeps the active site (SH) on the cancer procoagulant from being oxidized to S 2 . The aluminum hydroxide gel serves as a binding agent to take out vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. Barium hydroxide may extract these same factors in a similar fashion. After the extraction mixture has been added and the sample has been heated as explained above, the sample is centrifuged for four minutes in a microfuge at 13,000 xg. The supernatant is then analyzed for cancer procoagulant activity by means of the standard recalcification clotting time assay using a conventional fibrometer. This procedure involves placing 0.1 ml. of citrated, and genetically deficient in factor VII, plasma in a coagulation cup and warming it to 37° C. for one minute. The sample supernatant (0.1 ml.) is added to the cup and the reaction is initiated by adding 0.1 ml. of pre-warmed 30 mM calcium cloride (in water). The clotting time is then measured in seconds. Other conventional means for measuring clotting times may also be used, if desired. Blank samples are measured to determine the clotting time of the plasma without activation by substituting the buffer (DMSO plus KCN and the divalent ions in Veronal buffer) for the serum sample. Russell's Viper Venom (RVV) is used as a coagulation standard in the assay because it is known to directly activate factor X and therefore it mimics cancer procoagulant activity. Dilutions of commercial RVV (from Sigma) are prepared by diluting the RVV stock solution (prepared according to the supplier's printed instructions). Four dilutions of RVV are prepared in Veronal buffer, i.e., 1:1,000; 1:10,000; 1:100,000; and 1:1,000,000. These standards are then added to the reaction mixture in place of the serum samples, after which the clotting times are measured. The results are used to calibrate the assay plasma. There is a log-linear relationship between the clotting time and the RVV concentration when different concentrations of RVV are added to factor VII deficient assay plasma. Serum samples were spiked with known amounts of cancer procoagulant and then tested in accordance with the principles of this invention. Linearity of the cancer procoagulant activity in the serum was confirmed. The characteristics of the procoagulant activity in the serum was tested to confirm that it was the same as that of cancer procoagulant. The activity was inhibited by 0.1 mM mercuric chloride (a common inhibitor of cysteine proteinase). Serum samples spiked with 20, 40, and 60 microliters of cancer procoagulant were first extracted and analyzed in accordance with the techniques of the invention without inhibitor present. Then spiked serum samples were treated with the mercuric chloride, extracted and analyzed. All of the samples containing mercuric chloride were inhibited and had no more activity than the serum by itself (without cancer procoagulant present). In another study of a serum sample spiked with cancer procoagulant, the activity was reduced by addition of mercuric chloride from 29% activity to that of the serum extract alone. In addition, the extract samples were assayed in factor VII deficient human plasma; tissue factor is inactive in factor VII deficient plasma. The extract samples were assayed in the immunoassay for cancer procoagulant and the presence of cancer procoagulant antigen was confirmed. The techniques of the invention are effective in preparing serum samples so that the presence of cancer procoagulant can be detected and measured with very good accuracy. The techniques thus provide a means for simply detecting cancer in animals and humans.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to embellishing processes including embossing and debossing. In particular, the invention relates to aligning dies used in such processes. BACKGROUND ART [0002] Debossing creates a depression in stock (such as sheets or paper) and the equivalent process in embossing creates an upstanding portion which is therefore in relief. Debossing is therefore a mirror image of embossing. With an embossing die, which is a female die, there is an equivalent male die termed a counter. The planar stock is passed between the two dies which are then subjected to pressure and thereby creates the raised image. [0003] One type of female die used in these processes is a photopolymer die. Typically the photopolymers used have a high Shore hardness. The photopolymers are processed by means of photoresist. The non image area is washed away with water by soft nylon brushes. The photopolymer is adhered to a thin metal backing plate which is preferably steel. The photopolymer die is secured to a platen base by means of adhesive tape and recently by means of magnetic attraction between the backing plate and magnets positioned in the platen or cylinder bed. [0004] Counters can be made in accordance with at least three known prior art methods. The first is that the counters are cut by hand from paper using the PRAGOPLAST (Registered Trade Mark) system which involves feathered paper with an adhesive backing. The second is the use of moulded counters which are fabricated from fibreglass, putty, and various other plastics which are moulded under both heat and/or pressure to form the male counter. The third type of counter is fabricated from photopolymer and has a film backing which is also of polymeric or other plastic material. The film backing normally is transparent or translucent and thus aids in the alignment of the two dies since the operator can visualise the intended mating. [0005] It is necessary to align or position the counter on the platen of the stamping machine, or cylinder in the case of a rotary machine. For the first type of counters, the counter is hand cut in position after being secured to the platen or cylinder. For both moulded counters and film backed photopolymer counters, the counter is positioned by means of a “reverse” fit. That is to say, the male counter is positioned by hand over the female die until the male protrusions of the counter appear to mate with the recesses of the female die. Once a snug fit has been achieved, double sided adhesive tape is placed on the back of the counter (that is the surface of the counter away from the female die). Then the platen or cylinder is brought into contact with the adhesive tape in order to fasten the counter (or male die) to the platen or cylinder. [0006] However, there is a danger that the counter can move out of its correct position or alignment in the process of fastening the counter to the platen or cylinder. There is also a risk that the male counter can be damaged in the securing process. [0007] Die cutting involves the use of a die to cut and/or crease stock (such as paper sheets or thin sheets of plastic) so as to fabricate a blank for an article such as an envelope, a folder, or the like. The die normally has a base of inexpensive material such as timber, five ply, particle board, or the like. Mounted on the base, edge upper most, are thin strips of steel. In the case of a desired cut, the upper edge is sharp and constitutes a knife. In the case of a desired crease, the upper edge of the strip is rounded. Extending along either side of at least the knife strips is a strip of resilient material which in its uncompressed state has a surface higher than the upper edge of the knife. The two strips of resilient material function as an ejector mechanism to prevent the cut stock becoming jammed on the knife. [0008] In general cutting stock to shape using die cutting is a separate function to that of embossing or debossing of the stock. Thus if a job calls for cutting, and embossing or debossing 1000 items, in general this requires 2×1000 or 2000 operations as the item must be separately embossed or debossed, and then die cut. [0009] However, in recent times it has been known to combine both cutting and either embossing or debossing. This has been possible using an expensive magnesium (or other metal) die to carry out the embossing/debossing. Such metal dies require environmentally burdensome acids to etch away the die material or must be hand engraved or CNC machined. The embossing/debossing die is generally held on the cutting die by means of double sided adhesive tape or screwed or bolted into the cutting tool and must be painstakingly aligned with the cutting die and with any counter required. GENESIS OF THE INVENTION [0010] The genesis of the present invention is a desire to provide an alternative arrangement in which the above-mentioned disadvantages are at least ameliorated to some extent. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a set of dies for use in embossing or debossing and comprising a male die and a mating female die, wherein each of said dies has a magnetic or magnetically permeable backing. [0012] In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention there is disclosed a method of mutually aligning a male and a female die which are complementary, said method comprising the steps of [0013] (i) fabricating each die with at least a magnetic or magnetically permeable backing, and [0014] (ii) in either order or substantially simultaneously, approximately aligning said dies and applying an attractive magnetic force between said dies; [0015] whereby said magnetic force mates the male and female portions of said approximately aligned dies to accurately align same. [0016] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a planar substrate of paper, cardboard or like printing stock embossed or debossed with dies aligned in accordance with the above-mentioned method or embossed or debossed with the above-mentioned set of dies. [0017] The female die can take the form of a steel backed metal block (the metal being non-ferrous such as brass, copper, magnesium, zinc or aluminium) or a steel backed photopolymer block or any substrate that can laminated with a steel backing, all of which can enjoy the benefits of the abovementioned magnetic mounting and alignment. [0018] Similarly the male die can be a steel block or a steel backed block fabricated from a material such as fibreglass, plastic, epoxy resin, photopolymer, non-ferrous metals or any substrate that can laminated with a steel backing and thus enjoy the benefits of the magnetic mounting and alignment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] A preferred embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: [0020] FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a set of embossing dies of a first embodiment, [0021] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cutting and creasing die adapted to receive an embossing die, and [0022] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the male embossing die to be received by the die of FIG. 2 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0023] As seen in FIG. 1 , a printing machine such as a foil stamping machine or a die cutting machine is provided with bed (conventional and not illustrated in FIG. 1 ) and to the upper surface of which a base plate 1 is secured. The machine also has a conventional platen or cylinder drum 2 . Positioned above the base plate 1 is a female photopolymer die 4 having a backing plate 5 . Positioned above the female die 4 is a complementary male die 7 also fabricated from photopolymer and having a complementary male shape. In this connection it will be apparent that the female die 4 has two recesses 14 and 24 which are respectively triangular and quadrilateral in shape. The male die 7 has two protrusions or bosses 17 and 27 which are also respectively triangular and quadrilateral in shape. The male die 7 and the female die 4 are complementary in the sense that the bosses 17 and 27 mate with the recesses 14 and 24 . [0024] In use the paper substrate, for example, is passed between the two dies 4 and 7 . The mating of the bosses 17 , 27 with the recesses 14 , 24 results in the substrate being embossed or debossed with the shape of the recesses 14 , 24 . [0025] As seen in FIG. 1 , the male die 7 is provided with a photopolymer body 37 and a thin sheet steel backing plate 47 . The bosses 17 , 27 project downwardly from the lower surface of the photopolymer body 37 . The upper surface of the backing plate 47 is provided with an array of adhesive strips 9 (the adhesive strips can be placed on the platen or cylinder 2 , or the backing plate 47 as illustrated, or both) which are provided with adhesive on both sides and thus are used to interconnect the male die 7 and the platen 2 . [0026] However, before this interconnection takes place, the male die 7 must be correctly aligned with the female die 4 . [0027] In accordance with the invention disclosed in International Patent Application No. WO2007/045037 (PCT/AU2007/001553), the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein for all purposes, the base plate 1 is provided with an embedded array of magnets (not illustrated in FIG. 1 ). These magnets magnetically clamp the base plate 1 to the bed of the machine. The same magnets also secure the backing plate 5 of the female die 4 to the base plate 1 with a strong magnetic attraction. This strong magnetic attraction is sufficient to easily withstand vibration forces and other forces applied to the female die 4 during the processing. [0028] However, fabricating the male die 7 so as to have a magnetically permeable backing plate 47 means that there is also a relatively weak magnetic attraction between the backing plate 47 and the magnets of the baseplate 1 . This force is weak relative to the strong magnetic forces between the bed and baseplate 1 and between the baseplate 1 and backing plate 5 , because the backing plate 47 is always spaced from the baseplate 1 by a substantial distance and because most of the magnetic flux generated by the baseplate magnets passes through the backing plate 5 . This weak magnetic force is approximately of the same strength as the magnetic force between a fridge magnet and the metal of a fridge door. [0029] A consequence of the weak magnetic attraction between the male die 7 and the base plate 1 is that the male die 7 can be approximately correctly aligned with the female die 4 by hand and the weak magnetic attraction will guide the bosses 17 , 27 into the recesses 14 , 24 because this draws the backing plate 47 closer to the magnets in the base plate 1 . Consequently, the two dies 4 , 7 when correctly aligned with the bosses 17 , 27 mated with the recesses 14 , 24 represent a lower energy state and thus are magnetically urged into that state. Thus the correct alignment is to some extent automatic. [0030] In addition, some machines utilise an inverting bed which swings out and inverts the base upon which the dies reside. Thus normally in such a machine the male counter is located beneath the female die when the bed is swung outwardly. For such machines, the above described arrangement assists the operator in holding the dies securely before final fastening. [0031] Once the correct alignment has been achieved, the adhesive strips 9 can be placed on the backing plate 47 and the platen 2 brought into contact with the adhesive strips 9 . Since the adhesion between the adhesive strips 9 and the platen or cylinder 2 is greater than the weak magnetic attraction between the backing plate 47 and the magnets in the base plate 1 , this means that the platen 2 with the adhered male die 7 can be raised out of contact with the female die 4 but the correct alignment between the two dies 4 , 7 is maintained. [0032] Turning now to FIG. 2 , a substantially conventional cutting and creasing die 50 is illustrated having a base plate 51 fabricated from timber, 5 ply, particle board or some other such inexpensive material. Located on the base plate 51 are knives 53 and crease formers 54 . As seen in the right hand enlargement of FIG. 2 , the crease former 53 takes the form of a thin strip of metal embedded edgewise into a groove cut into the base plate 51 and having an upper edge 56 which is rounded. [0033] As seen in the left hand enlargement in FIG. 2 , each knife 53 take the form of a very thin strip of metal again embedded edgewise into a groove cut into the base plate 51 . The upper edge of the knife 53 is sufficiently sharp to cut the stock, typically paper or cardboard. Extending along each side of the knife 53 is a corresponding ejector strip 58 which is slightly taller than the knife 53 and is fabricated from resilient material such as foamed plastics. [0034] The cutting and creasing die 50 is conventionally used to cut and crease planar printing stock so as to create a blank, for example of an envelope. In the die 50 in FIG. 2 the envelope outline has a front surface 60 , a rear surface 61 and two edge flaps 62 and 63 . In conventional fashion, when the stock is compressed between the base plate 51 and an overhead platen or cylinder (not illustrated), the knives 53 cut out the outline of the envelope blank. The resilient ejector strips push the cut stock away from the knives 53 and so prevent the cut or slit stock becoming jammed on the knife 53 . The stock is also bent over each crease former 54 and so creased to thereby form the location for corresponding folds in the cut stock. [0035] The above description of the cutting and creasing die 50 is thus far conventional. The die 50 is modified in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention by the cutting away, or routing, of the base plate 51 to form a cavity 59 which is preferably of a standard dimensional size eg. A 6 , A 7 , A 8 , etc. Located within the cavity 59 is a male embossing die 67 , a magnetic base plate 68 and a thin steel plate 72 as illustrated (to an enlarged vertical scale) in FIG. 3 . The male embossing die 67 could be fabricated by etching a metal block such as a magnesium, brass, copper, zinc or steel block but this requires environmentally difficult acids. Where a metal other than steel is used the die 67 preferably includes a thin steel backing plate. Alternatively, the die 67 could be hand engraved or CNC machined. Instead the embossing die 67 is preferably formed from a photopolymer layer 74 and a steel backing plate 75 . Preferably the upper surface of the photopolymer layer 74 is shaped using photo resist techniques (which are water based and thus environmentally benign) so as to form a logo 70 or image such as the four interlinked rings of the AUDI Registered Trade Mark. [0036] A magnetic base plate 68 (with its array of magnets 69 ) is located on the thin steel plate 72 within the cavity 59 . The thin steel plate 72 is preferably held in place by means of double sided adhesive tape (not illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 but illustrated as 9 in FIG. 1 ) or other such suitable strong adhesive. Thus, in this embodiment, the thin steel plate 72 always remains with the cutting tool die 50 . [0037] There is a counter 80 (illustrated in phantom in FIGS. 2 and 3 ) which has a reverse (ie female) image of the logo 70 and which can be magnetically guided into registration with the die 67 as described above in relation to FIG. 1 . Once the counter 80 is in register with the die 67 , the counter 80 can be adhered by means of double sided adhesive tape to the platen (or cylinder) which is to compress the stock against the cutting and creasing die 50 . [0038] As a result of the above describe arrangement, the stock is simultaneously compressed against the die 50 thus forming the shape of the desired blank, and also compressed between the counter 80 and the embossing die 67 thereby simultaneously embossing the logo 70 onto the front surface 60 of the envelope. Thus cutting the envelope and embossing same are achieved simultaneously by means of a single pass through the machine. [0039] The magnetic base plate 68 can be removed from the cutting die 50 and used on other jobs. The magnetic base plate 68 , either with the embossing die 67 or a different embossing die, can be held on the thin steel plate 72 on another occasion when embossing or debossing is required. It is convenient for the thin steel plate 72 to remain with the die 50 and for the magnetic plate 68 to be transferred from job to job. [0040] The foregoing describes only two embodiments of the present invention and modifications, obvious to those skilled in the printing arts, can be made thereto without departing from the scope of the present invention. [0041] For example, the backing plate 47 can be fabricated from material which is magnetic, or magnetised, so as to create the desired weak magnetic attraction between the male die 7 and the platen 2 . Other magnetic and magnetically permeable arrangements, which contain ferric material, for example, will be apparent to those skilled in the magnetic arts. [0042] Similarly, the die 67 can have a male representation of the logo 70 , and the counter 80 can have the female representation of the logo 70 , in which case the logo 70 is debossed onto the front 60 of the envelope rather than embossed. [0043] Furthermore, some cutting tool dies have provision for multiple tools so that, say, eight envelopes are cut simultaneously. Under these circumstances such a die would have eight recesses 67 each with a thin steel plate 72 so that each of the eight envelopes can be simultaneously cut and embossed at the one time. [0044] The term “comprising” (and its grammatical variations) as used herein is used in the inclusive sense of “including” or “having” and not in the exclusive sense of “consisting only of”.

4y

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation of PCT application serial number PCT/UA2004/000067, filed on Sep. 10, 2004, which in turn claims priority to Ukranian application serial number UA2003098472 filed on Sep. 15, 2003 and Ukranian application serial number UA20040806842 filed on Aug. 16, 2004, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to volumetric-displacement rotary internal combustion engines and can be used for transport means, sports cars, and power-generating installations. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Known in the art are reciprocating internal combustion engines provided with pistons carrying out reciprocal motion inside cylinders, and an output crankshaft. Also known in the art is a rotary internal combustion engine comprising a hollow torus-shaped working cylinder provided with a water jacket; a through continuous circular slot whose walls are symmetrically disposed relative to the central plane of the cylinder around the smallest-diameter surface thereof; an injector or a spark plug; arc-shaped extended intake and exhaust ports provided in the wall for intake of air or an air-fuel mixture and for exhaust of combustion gases; a circular housing symmetrically disposed relative to the central axis of the cylinder and provided with side walls, mounted in the working cylinder for displacement along the internal surface thereof; four pistons shaped to conform this surface and provided with compression and oil-scraper rings close to ends thereof (U.S. Pat. No. 4,026,249). In addition, this prior art engine is provided with an output shaft mounted for rotation within side walls of the housing about the central axis of the working cylinder and provided with a flywheel disposed symmetrically relative to the central plane of the cylinder; two bearing members disposed on both sides of the flywheel, each of said members comprising radially arranged ring and a disc-shaped C-wall provided with diametrically opposite slots and mounted on the output shaft for rotation thereabout. Two pistons of this engine are fastened in a diametrically opposite relationship on one ring, and two pistons, on the other ring, thereby forming inter-piston chambers between the pistons that are fastened on different bearing members. In such design, shape and size of the rings are chosen proceeding from the condition of their mounting inside the circular slot for tight contact between external surfaces of the rings and compression and oil-scraper rings, and for sealing the gaps between end faces of said rings, as well as between other end faces thereof and circular slot walls. This rotary engine is provided with a transmission gear joining the bearing members with the output shaft and comprising two toothed gearwheels in the form of external-mesh gearwheels that are fastened on the side walls of the housing, four satellite gears coupled with the flywheel, two of said satellite gears being in engagement with one toothed gearwheel and coupled with one bearing member, and two other gearwheels engaged with the other toothed gearwheel and coupled with the other bearing member. The pivot pin of each satellite gear connected with one bearing member is disposed between pivot pins of the satellite gears coupled with the other bearing member. In addition, the engine comprises two eccentric members provided with two main journals mounted for rotation inside flywheel openings, said openings being parallel to the flywheel axis and disposed in a diametrically opposite arrangement on the same circumference, and four crankpins disposed at the ends of the main journals in eccentric arrangement, each said crankpin being passed through one of the radial slots provided in the wall of one of the bearing members, and into the opening of one of the satellite gears. In this prior-art design of the rotary internal combustion engine, the ratio between diameters of satellite gears and toothed gearwheels is 1:2; the planes passing through the axes of main journals and crankpins of each pair of adjacent eccentric members intersect at an angle of 90°, and the distance between the crankpins in the areas of top and bottom dead centers is minimal. In the above-described rotary engine, all the pistons are rotating in the same direction; in so doing, adjacent pistons are either drawing together or moving away from one another, thereby providing a decrease/increase in the volumes of inter-piston chambers, and thereby ensuring, in the process of rotation of each of the inter-piston chambers, the possibility of executing successive strokes: intake of air and fuel or an air-fuel mixture in the chamber, compression of the air-fuel mixture; ignition of the above mixture accompanied by expansion of combustion gases, and exhaust of said gases from the chamber. As against a regular reciprocating engine, the rotary engine features the following advantages. First, in the rotary engine all the pistons are disposed within the same cylinder, i.e. they are arranged in the circular rather than longitudinal direction, thereby allowing to reduce longitudinal dimensions of the engine; second, the pistons are moving in the circular rather than radial direction; as a result, the rotary engine is much more compact than the reciprocating one. In addition, arrangement of all the pistons within one cylinder and their rotation in the circular direction result in a lower materials consumption of such engine. At the same time, conversion of rotation of the pistons to rotation of the output shaft is accomplished through the use of four eccentric members rather than via a massive crankshaft, thereby also reducing the materials consumption of the engine. Meanwhile, the major advantage of the rotary engine consists in that its pistons are not reciprocating but rather constantly moving in one direction, although at alternate speeds, thereby resulting in substantially lower consumption of energy required to overcome the inertia of pistons in a change of the sign of their acceleration for an opposite one, and hence in an increase of the engine specific power and performance index. In the rotary engine, supply of air or air-fuel mixture to the cylinder and exhaust of combustion gases are carried out by closing and opening intake and exhaust ports by pistons in the course of their travel within the cylinder, thereby eliminating the need in a complicated multicomponent control gear comprising a camshaft coupled with the crankshaft, as well as lifters, rocker arms, and valves: all this simplifies engine design and improves reliability of its operation, while eliminating consumption of energy for driving this control gear. However, in the above-described engine the couplings between the flywheel, bearing members, and satellite gears are executed via crankpin—radial slot kinematic pairs that operate under kinetic friction conditions and great contact loads, thereby causing substantial friction in these pairs and resulting in substantial abrasion of the walls of radial slots and crankpins, and hence in an increase of gaps therebetween; all this results in emergence of impact loads that disturb normal operation of the engine. At the same time, satellite gears do not have any axial bearings since these satellite gears are coupled with the flywheel by means of crankpins disposed in these satellite gears in eccentric arrangement relative to the axes of rotation thereof; therefore, the crankpins exert high pressure forces to hold satellite gears together with the toothed gearwheels during rotational movements of the crankpins toward said toothed gearwheels, and pull the crankpins away from the toothed gearwheels during rotational movements of the crankpins in the opposite direction. Such an arrangement creates great radial loads on the satellite gears and toothed gearwheels, and causes fluctuating bending stresses in the crankpins, and hence fluctuating loads on all the components of the transmission gear. Elevated loads in meshes between satellite gears and gearwheels cause substantial friction forces in such meshes, which in addition to substantial friction forces in the crankpin—radial slot kinematic pairs results in considerable losses of energy, and hence in an insufficient performance index of the engine. Considerable loads in meshes, as well as impact loads in crankpin—radial slot pairs result in an inadequate reliability of the engine and insufficient interrepair life thereof. At the same time, rigid couplings between the components of the transmission gear, carried out via two eccentric members, impose restraints on setting a mode of variation of the speed of relative travel of the bearing members, and result in an additional increase in the loads on the transmission gear components. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Proceeding from aforementioned, the present invention is based on the object of improving the rotary internal combustion engine by way of providing rotational couplings between each of satellite gears and the flywheel and the bearing member, with inclusion of axial bearings for satellite gears in the transmission gear, thereby allowing to eliminate impact loads on the components of said transmission gear, to reduce loads on said components and power consumption required for overcoming friction in said components, and to provide more flexible couplings therebetween, and hence to increase the performance index of the engine, reliability and interrepair time thereof, while reducing dimensions and mass of the components of the transmission gear, and to extend the capabilities of setting the mode of variation of the speed of relative travel of the bearing members. The object set forth is attained by that in a rotary internal combustion engine comprising a hollow torus-shaped working cylinder provided with a water jacket; a through continuous circular slot whose walls are symmetrically arranged relative to the central plane of the cylinder around the smallest-diameter surface thereof; an injector or a spark plug; arc-shaped extended intake and exhaust ports provided in the wall for intake of air or an air-fuel mixture and for exhaust of combustion gases; a circular housing symmetrically disposed relative to the central axis of the cylinder and provided with side walls, and also provided with four pistons mounted in the working cylinder for travel along the internal surface thereof and shaped to conform this surface and provided with compression and oil-scraper rings near end faces thereof, and in addition provided with an output shaft mounted for rotation within said side walls of the housing along the central axis of the working cylinder, and a flywheel fastened on the output shaft or being integral therewith, and two bearing members symmetrically arranged relative to the central plane of the cylinder, each of said members comprising radially arranged ring and a C-wall mounted for rotation about the axis of the output shaft, and wherein, in addition to the above-listed, two pistons are fastened in a diametrically opposite arrangement on one ring, and two pistons, on the other ring, thereby forming inter-piston chambers between the pistons that are fastened on different bearing members; in so doing, shape and size of the rings are chosen proceeding from the condition of their mounting within the circular slot for tight contact between external surfaces of the rings and compression and oil-scraper rings, and for sealing the gaps between end faces of said rings, as well as between other end faces thereof and circular slot walls, and finally wherein there is provided a transmission gear comprising two toothed gearwheels in the form of external-mesh gearwheels that are fastened on the side walls of the housing and are provided with axial openings for the passage of the output shaft; four satellite gears coupled with the flywheel, two of said satellite gears being in engagement with one toothed gearwheel and coupled with one bearing member, and two other gearwheels engaged with the other toothed gearwheel and coupled with the other bearing member, the axis of rotation of each satellite gear coupled with one bearing member being disposed between axes of rotation of the satellite gears coupled with the other bearing member; eccentric members coupling the satellite gears with the flywheel and the bearing members, and provided with two main journals mounted within flywheel openings, said openings being parallel to the flywheel axis, and four crankpins coupled with the bearing members, the ratio between diameters of satellite gears and toothed gearwheels being 1:2; the planes passing through the axes of the main journals and crankpins of each pair of adjacent eccentric members intersecting at an angle of 90°, and the distance between crankpins in the areas of top and bottom dead centers being minimal, wherein according to the present invention, the transmission gear is provided with four eccentric members whose main journals are disposed at a uniform pitch along circumference and are either fastened within the axial openings of the satellite gears or made integral therewith, and the crankpins are coupled with the bearing members by means of coupler links, each coupler link being mounted with the ends thereof for rotation on the crankpin and about the pivot pin disposed in the wall of one of the bearing members. Provision of the transmission gear with four instead of two eccentric members mounted with main journals thereof within four openings provided in the flywheel and having no rigid coupling therebetween, and availability of couplings between the crankpins and the bearing members via the coupler links result in elimination of the crankpin—radial slot pairs that operate under conditions of kinetic friction and great contact loads, thereby imparting all the couplings between the bearing members and the flywheel rotational nature and making them more loose, which results in a decrease in consumption of energy required to overcome the friction between the components of the transmission gear, and expands the possibilities of setting a mode of variation of the speed of relative travel of the bearing members provided with the pistons. At the same time, the above rotational couplings eliminate abrasion of interacting surfaces and resulting emergence of impact loads within the transmission gear. Fastening of the main journals within the satellite gears along axes of rotation thereof results in the reduction of loads, and hence of the friction in toothed meshes, and eliminates any substantial alternate stresses in the transmission gear components. All this permits to reduce costs required to overcome the friction between the transmission gear components, to reduce the loads exerted thereon, and hence to increase the performance index of the engine, reliability and interrepair life thereof, while decreasing dimensions and mass of the transmission gear components. In so doing, the bearing members of the inventive rotary engine may be disposed on both sides of the central plane of the cylinder, with a gap provided between the walls of said bearing members; the flywheel is composed of two radially arranged discs, each of them being disposed between one of the toothed gearwheels and one of the bearing members, and two radially arranged rings, each of them being disposed between one of the housing side walls and one pair of the satellite gears, and coupled with one of the discs by means of two arc-shaped plates passed between the points of engagement of toothed gearwheels with satellite gears, the main journals of the satellite gears meshed with one toothed gearwheel being mounted within the openings of one ring, and the main journals of the satellite gears meshed with the other toothed gearwheel, within the openings of the other wheel. Such arrangement results in a small axial length of the bearing members since their walls are disposed at an insignificant distance from one another in the axial direction; this however also somewhat complicates the flywheel design, increases the number of parts, and complicates the technology of assembling such engine. In the best mode of the engine, the bearing members are disposed on both sides of the central plane of the cylinder, with a gap provided between the walls of said bearing members; the flywheel is composed of two radially arranged discs and two radially arranged rings, each of the discs being disposed between one of the toothed gearwheels and one of the bearing members, and each of the rings, between one of the housing side walls and the satellite gears, and coupled with one of the discs by means of four arc-shaped plates passed between four points of engagement of toothed gearwheels and satellite gears, each of the satellite gears being composed of two twin gearwheels fastened on the main journal thereof on both sides of the pair of the bearing members, and the main journal rigidly connected with the crankpin, the main journal of each satellite gear being mounted within coaxial openings of both flywheel rings; one of the twin gearwheels is meshed with one of the toothed gearwheels, and the other gearwheel, with the other toothed gearwheel; the coupler link connecting each of the satellite gears with the bearing member is disposed within the gap between twin gearwheels of the satellite gear and is composed of two parallel plates that are rigidly interconnected with formation of a gap therebetween, said gap enclosing the wall of the bearing member, coupled with this satellite gear, the walls of the bearing members being made in the shape of plates or discs connecting the piston pairs, each of the discs being provided with four openings; arrangement and sizes of the plates or openings provided in the discs are chosen proceeding from the condition of absence of any contacts between main journals and crankpins of the satellite gears coupled with one bearing member, and plates or edges of the openings provided in the discs of the other bearing member in the course of relative travel of the bearing members. The advantage of such embodiment of the engine consists in that the load on the teeth of satellite gears and toothed gearwheels, exerted by the bearing members, is evenly distributed between the twin gearwheels, thereby halving the load in the meshes between the satellite gears and the toothed gearwheels, and hence permitting to substantially reduce the sizes of the satellite gears and the toothed gearwheels, thereby decreasing radial dimensions of the transmission gear. In addition, making satellite gears in the twin form, their gearwheels being symmetrically arranged relative to the central plane of the cylinder, ensures symmetrical arrangement of masses of the transmission gear components on both sides of this plane along axial and radial coordinates, and hence substantially simplifies static and dynamic balancing of the engine, and reduces the timetable and costs required for such balancing. This however somewhat complicates the design of the transmission gear and assembling of the engine. As an alternative, the flywheel may be disposed in the central plane of the cylinder, each toothed gearwheel being provided with a bushing fastened on the side wall of the housing, and the bearing members are mounted for rotation on the bushings of the toothed gearwheels between these gearwheels and housing side walls. Such arrangement results in a substantial axial length of the bearing members and their mounting on the bushings of the toothed gearwheels rather than on the output shaft, at the same time however simplifying the flywheel design and couplings thereof with satellite gears, and hence simplifies the technology of assembling such engine. To ensure unhindered travel of the pistons within the cylinder and tightness of the inter-piston chambers from the side of end faces of the pistons, external surfaces of the rings of the bearing members may be made along the moving line in the shape of a circular arc having a diameter equal to the diameter of the internal surface of the working cylinder, and the rings are mounted within the circular slot, external surfaces thereof forming an extension of the internal surface of the cylinder. Such arrangement results in a complicated shape of external surfaces of the rings, thereby requiring a high working accuracy and precise fitting of these surfaces to the internal surface of the cylinder in the process of mounting the rings inside the circular slot. Alternatively, the external surface of each piston may be made along the moving line in the shape of circumference, and be provided with a rectilinear section facing the circular slot, the width of said section being equal to the width of the circular slot, and external surfaces of the rings, along the moving lines in the shape of rectilinear lengths. Such arrangement simplifies the shape of rings and hence machining of their external surfaces; however it complicates the shapes of pistons, compression and oil-scraper rings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is further explained by way of the drawings, in which FIG. 1 shows the engine in section along the output shaft axis; FIG. 2 shows section I-I of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 shows enlarged area II of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 4 shows enlarged area II of FIG. 1 , where external surfaces of the rings of the bearing members are made along rectilinear moving lines; FIGS. 5 through 8 show the kinematics of the engine with four various positions of its components during one revolution of the output shaft; FIG. 9 shows the engine diagram with the flywheel disposed along the central plane of the working cylinder, while the bearing members are arranged between the side walls and the toothed gearwheels; FIG. 10 shows axonometric view of the engine in which the satellite gears are made as twin gearwheels; FIG. 11 shows the assembly configuration of the engine shown in FIG. 10 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The rotary internal combustion engine comprises hollow torus-shaped working cylinder 1 ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ) provided with through continuous circular slot 2 whose walls are symmetrically arranged relative to the central plane of cylinder 1 about the smallest-diameter surface 3 thereof; four pistons 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 mounted in the working cylinder for travel along the internal surface thereof, shaped to conform this surface and provided with compression and oil-scraper rings 8 near the ends thereof. The inventive engine is also provided with circular housing 10 with side walls 11 and 12 , symmetrically disposed relative to central axis 9 of working cylinder 1 ; output shaft 13 with flywheel 14 , symmetrically mounted relative to line 15 and for rotation about central axis 9 of working cylinder 1 in side walls 11 and 12 ; two bearing members 16 and 17 provided with rings 18 and 19 , and walls 20 and 21 . The engine is also provided with a transmission gear comprising two toothed gearwheels in the form of external-mesh gearwheels 22 and 23 that are fastened within housing 1 in symmetrical arrangement relative to the central plane of circular slot 2 ; four satellite gears 24 , 25 , 26 , and 27 , coupled with the flywheel, and four eccentric members 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 provided with main journals 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 and crankpins 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 . For the carburetor engine and the injection engine, spark plug 40 is mounted in the wall of cylinder 1 , and arc-shaped extended intake port 41 and exhaust port 42 are provided in said wall for intake of air-fuel mixture into cylinder 1 and for exhaust of combustion gases therefrom, respectively. For the diesel engine, the spark plug is replaced by a fuel injection nozzle, and port 41 serves for intake of air into cylinder 1 . Walls 20 and 21 of bearing members 16 and 17 are made in the form of plates coupling piston pairs 4 , 6 and 5 , 7 . However, for the purpose of increasing the strength of walls 20 and 21 , while keeping their thickness minimal,-these walls may be made in the shape of discs provided with ports designed to reduce the mass of discs and to facilitate access to engine components in the course of maintenance activities. Bearing members 16 and 17 are made C-shaped in radial sections thereof and mounted on output shaft 13 for rotation thereabout and in symmetrical relationship with central plane 15 of circular slot 2 , a gap being provided between their walls 20 and 21 that are coupled with rings 18 and 19 along open end faces thereof. External surfaces 43 and 44 (FIG. 3 ) of rings 18 and 19 of bearing members 16 and 17 are provided along the moving lines in the shape of arcs of a circumference having a diameter equal to the diameter of the internal surface of working cylinder 1 , and radial sizes of rings 18 and 19 , i.e. distances of their external surfaces 43 and 44 from central shaft 9 of cylinder 1 are so selected that when mounting rings 18 and 19 in circular slot 2 their external surfaces 43 and 44 form, inside slot 2 , an extension of the internal surface of cylinder 1 , thereby providing a tight contact between surfaces 43 , 44 and compression and oil-scraper rings 8 of pistons 4 through 7 , and hence sealing of the inter-piston chambers and free travel of pistons 4 through 7 inside cylinder 1 . However, the complicated shape of external surfaces 43 , 44 of rings 18 , 19 requires a high accuracy of their machining and fitting of these surfaces to the internal surface of cylinder 1 in the course of mounting rings 18 , 19 in circular slot 2 . To eliminate the above shortcomings, the surface of each of pistons 4 through 7 may be made ( FIG. 4 ) along a moving line in the form of a circumference with rectilinear section 45 facing circular slot 2 , the width of this section being equal to the width of circular slot 2 , and external surfaces 43 a , 44 a of rings 18 , 19 in the radial section thereof, in the form of rectilinear lengths along moving lines. This solution however results in a complication of shapes of pistons 4 through 7 . End faces of rings 18 and 19 , as well as of the walls of circular slot 2 ( FIG. 3 ) are provided with circular concentric grooves 47 which, upon mounting of rings 18 and 19 in circular slot 2 , form labyrinth seal 48 between the end faces of rings 18 and 19 , and labyrinth seals 49 and 50 between the end faces of rings 18 , 19 and the walls of circular slot 2 . Labyrinth seals 49 and 50 are supplied with a lubricant via circular ducts 51 and 52 , provided in housing 10 , and via a set of ducts 53 , 54 that are connected with ducts 51 , 52 and open into seals 49 and 50 . Seal 48 is supplied with lubricant from circular gap 55 provided between pistons 4 through 7 and the internal surface of cylinder 1 . Gap 55 is supplied with lubricant via radial duct 56 provided in wall 21 of bearing member 17 , said radial duct being supplied with lubricant via an axial duct provided in shaft 13 ( FIG. 2 ). Under the effect of centrifugal forces resulting from rotation of bearing members 16 , 17 , the lubricant is vented from seals 49 , 50 into circular gap 55 . Labyrinth seals 48 , 49 , 50 form ducts of variable cross-section, which fact, taken in combination with an oil film formed therein, results in a high hydraulic resistance in the way of combustion gases. Labyrinth seals may be replaced by O-rings fastened on end faces of rings 18 , 19 and made of a heat-resisting material having low coefficients of thermal expansion and friction. Pistons 4 and 6 ( FIGS. 1 , 2 ) are fastened in a diametrically opposite relationship on bearing member 16 , and pistons 5 and 7 , on bearing member 17 , thereby forming variable-volume inter-piston chambers 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 between pistons 4 , 5 , 6 , and 7 . Satellite gears 24 and 26 are meshed with gearwheel 22 , and satellite gears 25 and 27 , with gearwheel 23 . Flywheel 14 ( FIGS. 1 , 5 ) is composed of two radially arranged discs 64 and 65 , disc 64 being disposed between gearwheel 22 and bearing member 16 , and disc 65 , between gearwheel 23 and bearing member 17 , and two radially arranged rings 66 and 67 , ring 66 being disposed between side wall 11 of housing 1 and a pair of satellite gears 24 , 25 , and ring 67 , between side wall 12 and a pair of satellite gears 26 , 27 . Ring 66 is coupled with disc 64 by two arc-shaped plates 68 passed between the points of engagement of gearwheel 22 with satellite gears 24 , 26 , and ring 67 is coupled with disc 65 by two arc-shaped plates 68 passed between the point of engagement of gearwheel 23 with satellite gears 26 , 27 . Main journals 32 and 34 are mounted for rotation in openings of ring 66 , and main journals 33 and 35 , in openings of ring 67 . Axes of openings in both rings are disposed at a uniform circular pitch. Satellite gears 24 and 26 are fastened on main journals 32 and 34 of eccentric members 28 and 30 , and their crankpins 36 and 38 are coupled with wall 20 of bearing member 16 by coupler links 69 and 70 , mounted with their ends for rotation on these crankpins and on pins 71 and 72 , fastened in wall 20 of bearing member 16 . Satellite gears 25 and 27 are fastened on main journals 33 and 35 of eccentric members 29 and 31 , and their crankpins 37 and 39 are coupled with wall 21 of bearing member 17 by coupler links 73 and 74 , mounted with the ends thereof for rotation on these crankpins and on pins 75 and 76 , fastened on wall 21 of bearing member 17 . Such design of the engine makes for compactness of the pair of bearing members 16 , 17 , since these members are disposed at an insignificant axial distance from one another; at the same time however it also results in a complication of the design of flywheel 14 , an increase in the number of parts, complication of engine design and engine assembling technology. To ensure cycling operation of engine components in the function of angles of flywheel rotation from the top dead center, the following parameters of these components have been established. The ratio between diameters of satellite gears 24 through 27 and toothed gearwheels 22 , 23 is 1:2, so that during one revolution of output shaft 13 and hence flywheel 14 , each satellite gear performs two revolutions about its axis. Plane 77 passing through the axes of main journal 33 and cranikpin 37 of eccentric member 29 of satellite gear 25 , intersects at an angle of 90° plane 78 passing through the axes of main journal 34 and cranikpin 38 of eccentric member 30 . The planes passing through the axes of main journals and crankpins of each pair of adjacent eccentric members intersect at the same angle. Such arrangement of the above planes causes the arrangement of longitudinal axes of adjacent eccentric members (being projections of the above planes to the plane perpendicular to the axis of the output shaft) at an angle of 90°. When designing the engine by way of calculations or using a mock-up of the engine, circular sizes of pistons 4 through 7 are set depending on a selected compression ratio of the air-fuel mixture. In so doing, selected in the cylinder are locations of top and bottom dead centers (M) in the area of maximum approach of adjacent pistons, i.e. in the minimal distance between crankpins of adjacent satellite gears, and on the basis of these dead centers, determined are angular data for spark plug or incandescent plug 40 , as well as angular data for intake port 41 and exhaust port 42 . Selection of the lengths of coupler links 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 and locations of their axes of rotation on walls 20 and 21 of bearing members 16 , 17 is used for presetting the directions of forces applied to crankpins 35 through 39 of satellite gears 24 through 27 by bearing members 16 and 17 in the function of the angles of rotation of the output shaft, thereby defining the nature of changes of the arms of these forces, and hence the nature of changes of torques transferred to satellite gears, in the function of the angles of rotation of the output shaft, and thereby permitting to preset the nature of variation of the speed of relative travel of the bearing members, and hence to optimize parameters of the processes occurring inside the inter-piston chambers. The cooling system of the engine is made in the same way as the system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,026,249, and therefore is not given in this Specification. The lubricating system is constructed in compliance with the prior art principles, and is only partially presented in this Specification. Working cylinder 1 and housing 10 are made of two halves 82 and 83 ( FIGS. 1 , 3 , and 11 ) provided with circular flanges 84 and 85 , and with circular sealing washer 86 mounted therebetween. Flanges 84 and 85 are interconnected by way of bolted joints 87 . Washer 86 , together with labyrinth seals 48 , 49 , 50 , provide tightness of the cavity of working cylinder 1 . When assembling the engine, pistons 4 and 6 with bearing member 16 made integral therewith are mounted into one of halves 82 , 83 , and pistons 5 and 7 with bearing member 17 , into the other half. Output shaft 13 with flywheel 14 , and components of the transmission gear are inserted into the space between side walls 11 and 12 ; washer 86 is mounted between flanges 84 and 85 ; both halves of working cylinder 1 are connected to dispose pistons 4 and 6 between pistons 5 and 7 , and rings 18 and 19 , in circular slot 2 ; following this, and halves 82 and 83 of cylinder 1 are fastened together by bolted joints 87 . The engine operates as follows. FIG. 5 demonstrates the kinematics of the engine at the moment when, upon spinup thereof by the starter, pistons 5 and 6 are disposed in the area of the top dead center, M, and inter-piston chamber 61 formed between said pistons and containing an air-fuel mixture compressed to a maximum extent is at the beginning of the area of ignition of the air-fuel mixture and expansion of combustion gases. Piston 7 has opened exhaust port 42 , and inter-piston chamber 62 is disposed at the end of the area of exhaust of combustion gases. Piston 4 starts opening intake port 41 , and inter-piston chamber 63 is disposed at the beginning of the area of intake of the air-fuel mixture. Inter-piston chamber 60 is disposed before the beginning of the compression area. The distances between crankpins 36 , 39 of eccentric members 28 , 31 of adjacent satellite gears 24 , 27 , and between crankpins 37 , 38 of eccentric members 29 , 30 of satellite gears 25 , 26 are minimal. In the process of engine operation, longitudinal axes of eccentric members of adjacent satellite gears are constantly taking positions in which axes thereof intersect at an angle of 90°. FIG. 6 shows the kinematics of the engine at the moment when the process of expansion of combustion gases in inter-piston chamber 61 comes to an end, exhaust of combustion gases in chamber 62 comes to an end, intake of the air-fuel mixture in chamber 63 comes to an end, and the process of mixture compression in chamber 64 comes to an end. The air-fuel mixture in inter-piston chamber 61 is igniting, and expanding combustion gases exert pressure on pistons 5 and 6 , said pressure being of the same magnitude and acting in opposite directions. Here, piston 6 together with bearing member 16 rotates clockwise. Coupler link 73 turns eccentric member 30 clockwise, and as a result satellite gear 26 , while rotating about its axis, is rolling clockwise together with main journal 34 about gearwheel 22 ; here, main journal 34 , by acting upon the wall of the opening provided in ring 66 of flywheel 14 , rotates said flywheel clockwise. At the same time, under the effect of the pressure exerted by combustion gases, piston 5 with bearing member 17 rotates counter-clockwise. Coupler link 70 rotates eccentric member 29 together with satellite gear 25 clockwise. Similarly to satellite gear 26 , satellite gear 25 , while rotating about its axis, is rolling clockwise together with main journal 33 of eccentric member 29 about gearwheel 23 , main journal 33 also rotating flywheel 14 clockwise. Thus, pistons 6 and 5 transfer clockwise-directed torques, i.e. an overall torque, to flywheel 14 . Here, forces exerted by coupler link 73 on eccentric member 30 , and by coupler link 70 on eccentric member 29 , are of equal magnitude; however, the arm of the force acting on eccentric member 30 is longer than the arm of force acting on eccentric member 29 , and therefore the torque on eccentric member 30 is greater than the one acting on eccentric member 29 . As a result, the torque transferred to flywheel 14 by eccentric member 30 is greater than the torque transferred by eccentric member 29 . Bearing member 17 is acted upon by a torque created by the pressure of combustion gases on piston 5 and directed counter-clockwise, as well as by the clockwise torque from eccentric member 29 , and the torque from eccentric member 29 , and the torque from flywheel 14 , transferred to said bearing member by main journal 34 of eccentric member 30 . As a result of all the aforementioned, in the process of expansion of combustion gases inside inter-piston chamber 61 , bearing member 16 with piston 6 considerably out-distance bearing member 17 with piston 5 , and therefore piston 5 moves very slowly in clockwise direction, following piston 6 . At the same time, bearing member 17 moves piston 7 clockwise by the same angle as piston 5 . In so doing, bearing member 17 is acted upon by an oppositely directed torque since rotating flywheel 14 is moving main journal 35 of eccentric member 31 clockwise, while eccentric member 31 rotating clockwise about its axis together with satellite gear 27 , is pushing bearing member 17 counter-clockwise via coupler link 74 , which constitutes another factor promoting a considerable lag of piston 5 from piston 6 . Piston 6 is traveling clockwise toward almost immovable piston 7 , thereby resulting in ejection of combustion gases from inter-piston chamber 62 . Piston 4 is moved by bearing member 16 together with piston 6 by the same angle, while gradually opening intake port 41 , and thereby carrying out supply of the air-fuel mixture into chamber 63 , and at the same time approaching almost immovable piston 5 , thereby carrying out compression of the air-fuel mixture inside inter-piston chamber 60 . Further on, piston 5 takes the position of piston 6 ( FIG. 7 ); piston 4 takes the position of piston 5 ; piston 7 takes the position of piston 4 ; and piston 6 takes the position of piston 7 , correspondingly changing the positions of bearing members 16 and 17 , and the processes that took place inside inter-piston chambers and described above for the sequence of chambers 61 - 62 - 63 - 60 , are repeated for the sequence of chambers 60 - 61 - 62 - 63 ; as a result, pistons 5 and 7 in the course of their motion outdistance pistons 6 and 4 , and components of the transmission gear, coupled with pistons 5 and 7 , repeat the motions of components coupled with pistons 6 and 4 . FIG. 8 shows subsequent positions of engine components, similar to those given in FIG. 6 . Thus, during one revolution of output shaft 13 , in each of the inter-piston chambers there occurs a sequence of processes of intake of the air-fuel mixture, its compression, ignition accompanied by expansion of combustion gases, and exhaust of these gases; during one revolution of output shaft 13 , four explosion strokes occur inside various inter-piston chambers, accompanied by transfer of the energy of pistons' motion to output shaft 13 . Thus, transfer of power from pistons 4 through 7 to output shaft 13 is carried out via bearing members 16 , 17 and the transmission gear containing only pairs operating with rolling friction, i.e. via coupler links 69 , 70 and 73 , 74 , rotating with ends thereof about pins 71 , 72 and 75 , 76 in bearing members 16 , 17 , and about crankpins 36 , 37 and 38 , 39 of eccentric members 28 , 30 , 31 , 33 , whose main journals 32 through 35 are rotating in the openings of two rings 66 , 67 of flywheel 14 . As compared to the prototype engine, such arrangement considerably reduces friction in the transmission gear components and eliminates increased wear thereof. Satellite gears 24 through 27 are provided with axial supports in the form of main journals 32 through 35 , thereby eliminating emergence of substantial alternate loads acting upon the transmission gear components. Couplings between eccentric members 28 through 31 and the bearing members via coupler links 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 eliminate the need in crankpin—radial slot pairs in the bearing members, operating under kinetic friction conditions and great contact loads. As can be seen from the description of design and operation of the internal combustion engine, it has the following main advantage over a regular reciprocating engine. In a regular reciprocating engine, the pistons are performing reciprocal motion, thereby causing great consumption of energy required to overcome the inertia of pistons in a change of the direction of their travel for an opposite one. In the course of operation of the rotary engine, pistons 4 through 7 are constantly traveling in the same direction, although at variable speeds; in so doing, consumption of energy required to overcome the inertia of pistons in a change of the sign of their acceleration for an opposite one is considerably lower, and hence the performance index of the rotary engine is much higher than in case of a regular one. It is also possible to use a different arrangement of engine components ( FIG. 9 ), wherein flywheel 14 is disposed in central plane 15 of circular slot 2 , and bearing members are disposed behind gearwheels 22 , 23 and between side walls 11 , 12 of housing 1 . FIG. 9 shows a diagram presenting flywheel 14 , gearwheel 22 , one satellite gear 25 with main journal 34 mounted for rotation in one of the openings provided in flywheel 14 , and with cranikpin 37 , and bearing member 16 with pin 72 fastened in wall 20 , and crosshead coupler linik 7 O whose ends are mounted for rotation on cranikpin 37 and pin 72 . Bearing members 16 and 17 are mounted for rotation on flanged bushings 90 of gearwheels 22 and 23 , used for fastening these gearwheels on side walls 11 and 12 of housing 1 . The engine having such arrangement of components operates similarly to the above-described one. It differs from the above engine in terms of a simpler design, method of manufacture, and assembling technology; however, bearing members 16 and 17 feature a greater axial length and complicate access to the components disposed therebetween. In another embodiment of the invention ( FIGS. 10 , 11 ), bearing members 16 , 17 are disposed on both sides of central plane 15 of circular slot 2 and with a clearance between their walls 20 and 21 made in the form of plates connecting the pairs of pistons 4 - 6 and 5 - 7 . Each of the satellite gears is composed of two twin gearwheels fastened on the main journals thereof on both sides of the pair of bearing members 16 and 17 , and rigidly interconnected by a crankpin, one gearwheel of each satellite gear being meshed with toothed gearwheel 22 , and the other gearwheel, with toothed gearwheel 23 . Thus, satellite gear 24 is composed of two twin gearwheels 102 and 103 , mounted on main journals 32 and 32 a of said satellite gear with a gap therebetween and rigidly interconnected by crankpin 36 , gearwheel 102 being meshed with toothed gearwheel 22 , and gearwheel 103 , with toothed gearwheel 23 . Exactly in the same way, satellite gear 26 is composed of two twin gearwheels 106 and 107 ; satellite gear 25 , of two twin gearwheels 108 and 109 , and satellite gear 27 , of two twin gearwheels 110 and 111 , gearwheels 106 , 108 , and 109 being meshed with toothed gearwheel 22 , and gearwheels 107 , 109 , and 111 , with toothed gearwheel 23 . Flywheel 14 is composed of two radially arranged discs 112 and 113 , and two radially arranged rings 114 and 115 , disc 112 being disposed between toothed gearwheel 22 and wall 20 of bearing member 16 , and disc 113 , between toothed gearwheel 23 and wall 21 of bearing member 17 ; ring 114 , between side wall 11 of housing 10 and gearwheels 102 , 106 , 108 , 110 , and ring 115 , between side wall 12 of housing 10 and gearwheels 103 , 107 , 109 , 111 . Ring 114 is coupled with disc 112 by four arc-shaped plates 116 passed between four points 117 of engagement between gearwheels 102 , 106 , 108 , 110 and toothed gearwheel 22 . Exactly in the same way, ring 115 is coupled with disc 113 by arc-shaped plates 118 passed between four points 119 of engagement between gearwheels 103 , 107 , 109 , 111 and toothed gearwheel 23 . Each of main journals 32 through 35 and 32 a through 35 a is mounted for rotation in coaxial openings of rings 114 and 115 , axes of openings of all the four main journals being disposed at a uniform circular pitch. Crankpins 36 and 38 of satellite gears 24 and 26 are coupled with wall 20 of bearing member 16 by coupler links 120 and 121 , and crankpins 37 and 39 of satellite gears 25 and 27 are coupled with wall 21 of bearing member 17 by coupler links 122 and 123 . Each of coupler links 120 through 123 is disposed between twin gearwheels of respective satellite gears and consists of two parallel plates 124 and 125 , rigidly interconnected at one ends thereof by pin 126 with formation of a gap therebetween, the opposite ends of these plates being provided with coaxial openings for crankpins 36 through 39 . Coupler links 120 and 121 are mounted with pins thereof in the openings provided in wall 20 of bearing member 16 , and coupler links 122 and 123 , in the openings provided in the wall of bearing member 17 . Crankpins 36 through 39 are passed through the coaxial openings provided at the other ends of plates 124 , 125 of coupler links 120 through 123 . Thus, coupler links 120 through 123 are mounted with one ends thereof, i.e. pins 126 , for rotation in the openings provided in walls 20 and 21 , and with other ends thereof, for rotation on crankpins 37 through 39 . Here, walls 20 and 21 are disposed between plates 124 and 125 of coupler links 120 through 123 . Arrangement and sizes of walls 20 and 21 of bearing members 16 and 17 , made in the form of walls, are selected proceeding from the condition of lack of any contact between main journals 32 , 32 a , 34 , 34 a and crankpins 36 , 38 of satellite gears 24 and 26 , coupled with wall 20 of bearing member 16 , in the course of relative motion of walls 20 and 21 , and lack of any contact between main journals 33 , 33 a , 35 , 35 a and crankpins 37 , 39 of satellite gears 25 , 27 , coupled with wall 21 of bearing member 17 , with wall 20 of bearing member 16 in the course of their motion. When making the walls of bearing members 16 and 17 in the form of discs, each disc is provided with four ports whose arrangement and sizes are also selected proceeding from the condition of lack of any contact between main journals and crankpins of satellite gears, coupled with the disc of one bearing member, and the edges of the ports provided in the other bearing member. In the course of engine operation, the load on the teeth of satellite gears 24 through 27 and toothed gearwheels 22 , 23 from bearing members 16 , 17 is equally distributed between gearwheels 102 , 106 , 108 , 110 , and their twin gearwheels 103 , 107 , 109 , 111 , thereby halving the load within meshes between satellite gears 24 through 27 and toothed gearwheels 22 , 23 , and hence allows to considerably reduce the sizes of these toothed members, and thereby to reduce radial sizes of the transmission gear. In addition, twin arrangement of satellite gears 24 through 27 , their gearwheels being symmetrical relative to central plane 3 of cylinder 1 , ensures symmetrical arrangement of masses of the transmission gear elements on both sides of central plane 3 of cylinder 1 both in axial and radial directions, and therefore considerably simplifies static and dynamic balancing of the engine, and reduces consumption of time and funds required for such balancing. This however somewhat complicates the design of the transmission gear and assembling of the engine. In all other respects, the engine operates similarly to the above-described embodiments thereof.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to a prophylactic system which acts as a sexual barrier for preventing the transmission of disease-producing microorganisms and spermatozoa. [0002] Specifically, the invention relates to an undergarment which can accommodate penetration while readily providing various sexual aids, and safer-sex information. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Because the number of people who have been infected with sexually transmitted diseases, or STDs, has grown rapidly over the last decades, the need for safer-sex aids has reached critical levels. Female and male condoms are not always available during the moments prior to the initiation of sex acts, and when available, are not always used properly. Many are unaware of the proper use of or do not have proper access to condoms and sexual aids, such a lubricants. Condoms, although effective if properly used, can only cover the penis and do not provide protection for the areas surrounding the genitalia, nor can they prevent the intermingling of body fluids. Therefore what is needed, is a safer-sex device which is highly effective in preventing disease transmission by educating sexual partners, limiting the exchange of body fluids and disease producing microorganisms, and providing the appropriate sexual aids to assist in a reduction in disease-transmission. [0004] Male condoms are known and have been available for centuries. Female condoms, although introduced relatively recently, are also commonly known. Undergarments that incorporate prophylactics for the purpose of preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease have been proposed in prior patents, however, no other previous designs teach the optimal combination of features that are taught by the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,104 by Jaicks describes an anti-herpes modality system in which a removable condom is attached to a panty made of non-breathable material. U.S. Pat. No. 4,834,114 by Borman shows a contraceptive system having a one-piece formation to be worn by males and females. It includes an integral triangular-shaped shield, to each end of which shield straps are attached. The straps are tied around the person's torso to hold the shield in place. U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,078 by Southwell teaches a panty-styled undergarment designed for the handicapped which includes a removable panel which exposes the vagina. It was not designed with the idea of having intercourse and provides no contraceptive protection. U.S. Pat. No. 4,862,901 by Green, U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,320 by Hunnicutt, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,181,527 by Dorsey each describe a panty in which a liquid impervious panel is integral to the lower portion of the panty. The panel includes a collapsed tubular portion which is supposed to expand a collapsed tubular portion which is supposed to expand outward when a penis enters the vaginal area. U.S. Pat. No. 4, 834,113 by Ready proposes a rolled, rather than a telescoped, portion forming an integral condom attached to a non-breathable undergarment. U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,741 discloses a woman's panty-type undergarment that provides a means of attaching a releasable, securable, and disposable female condom that can be comfortably worn for hours before anticipated intercourse. The device uses a resilient, ovoid condom attachment member that is sewn or otherwise attached to an opening in the crotch portion of the panty. U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,757 discloses a combination of a bottom undergarment and a prophylactic that has an opening in the crotch of the undergarment and a base. The base includes snaps which allow the base to be snapped into a receptacle on the undergarment after a condom is affixed to the base. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The disclosed invention comprises a system or kit that includes an undergarment often made from a breathable, absorbent material which has an opening in the crotch area to allow insertive or receptive sex. The undergarment contains at least one pocket that may contain condoms, flavored gels, lubricants, or any other sexual aids, and that may also includes an informational brochure that may discuss safer sex practices or STD information, e.g., symptoms, statistics, and treatment information. The pocket is on the interior side of the undergarment or on the exterior of the undergarment, and may include a cover flap or some means to secure the pocket. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] [0006]FIG. 1. is a perspective view of the prophylactic undergarment with appropriately placed holes. [0007] [0007]FIG. 2. is a front view of the undergarment with the front and rear panels disconnected to clearly reveal the garment's interior and the system's components. [0008] [0008]FIG. 3. is a perspective view of a variation of the undergarment with an appropriately placed slit. [0009] [0009]FIG. 4. is a front view of the undergarment with the front and rear panels disconnected to clearly reveal the garment's interior and the system's components. [0010] [0010]FIG. 5. is a sectional view of the prophylactic undergarment detailing the pockets which contain the system's condom, lubricant, flavored gels, and safer sex informational brochure. [0011] [0011]FIG. 6 is a sectional view of the prophylactic undergarment detailing a variation of the pocket. [0012] [0012]FIG. 7. is a perspective view of a variation of the prophylactic undergarment that displays a brassiere and matching panties which both contain pockets with sexual aids and a safer-sex brochure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0013] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the prophylactic system 100 , 200 includes undergarment 110 , 210 that may be made in the form of men's or women's underwear, depending on the desired wearer. The undergarment 110 , 210 is made from a material that can minimize the skin-to-skin contact associated with the sex act, thereby reducing the risk of disease transmission for the wearer. Although the undergarment material is ideally breathable and absorbent such that the material can absorb the fluids associated with the sex act, the material may be of any appropriate material type, e.g., silk, cotton, polyester, Rayon, Spandex, leather, etc. The undergarment 110 , 210 includes an appropriately placed hole or series of holes 120 , 220 that allow the wearer to continue to wear the undergarment 110 , 210 while participating in the desired sexual contact. The undergarment 110 , 210 also includes a series of pockets 230 that contain various sexual aids 240 . The sexual aids 240 may include, but are not limited to, condoms, lubricants, gels, shower gels, antibacterial cleansers, perfumes, scented oils, lotions, and safer sex information. In variations of the system, the undergarment and associated aids (e.g., the condom and gels) are flavored. Although the flavors associated with the system may be any appropriate flavor for the system's purposes, desirable are flavors such as kiwi, lime, watermelon, peach, pink lemonade, margarita, lemon, smoke, melon, cherry, berry, etc. The flavors associated with the system may also include such commercially available flavors as KiwilimeN'Watermelon, PeachCobbler, Pink Pussycat, Pink Banana Split, HazzleN'Nuts, Rappin Raspberry, Lemon MaraineNCream, Cinnamon Juices, Lucious Liquish, White Chaffon, Red N'Hot, Cherry Berry, Swollowmelon, Popthatcherry, BlackCherry, SassyBerry, BerriesN'Cream, peachesN'me, CreamDreamy, Caramel with Nuts, Banana Nut with Cat, Fruitcocktail, Blast'N'berry, Blowpop, and Sodapop and any combination thereof Although the undergarment pockets 230 in FIG. 2 are placed on the interior of the undergarment 210 , the pockets may also be attached to the exterior of the undergarment 210 . Three pockets 230 are displayed in FIG. 2, but the undergarment 210 may contain fewer or more pockets 230 . The safer-sex information may include a brochure that details a number of issues, included but not limited to, safer sex practices, sexually transmitted disease (or STD) statistics, symptoms of STD infection, STD testing information, and information on the proper use of condoms. [0014] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the prophylactic system 100 , 200 includes an opening to allow sexual contact while the wearer wears the undergarment 110 , 210 . The means to allow sexual contact may include appropriately placed holes 120 , 220 , as in FIGS. 1 and 2, a slit, 320 and 420 in FIGS. 3 and 4, which extends throughout the crotch area of the undergarment, or any other means which will allow sexual contact. [0015] As FIG. 5 displays, the pocket(s) 530 associated with the system may be an integral part of the undergarment or attached later to the undergarment via an appropriate attachment means, e.g., the pockets may be sewn or glued to the undergarment or may contain a hook and loop material such as Velcro such that they can be removably attached to the undergarment. A variation of the pockets detailed in FIG. 6 has an associated closing-flap 640 . The pockets 530 , 630 may be located on the interior or exterior of the undergarment. [0016] The undergarment may take the form of women's panties, brassieres, briefs, boxers, any other form of undergarment or any combination thereof. FIG. 7 displays a prophylactic system 700 for which the undergarment is in the form of a women's panty 710 and bra 715 . [0017] As FIG. 8 displays, the system may include some form of packaging 800 that allows easier marketing. The packaging may include but is not limited to a toy, a balloon, a music box, a stuffed animal, a jewelry box, etc. and the packaging may include other items, e.g., as flowers, toys, candy, jewelry, stuffed animals, at-home STD testing kits, etc. The toys may be any item that can be associated with the system and may include toy boats, toy cars, or a toy animal (e.g., fish). [0018] Many alterations and modifications may be made by those of ordinary skills in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. The illustrated embodiments have shown only for purposes of clarity. The examples should not be taken as limiting this invention as defined by the following claims; the invention claims all equivalents, whether those equivalents are now or later devised.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS None. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to the treatment of liquid, such as wastewater, by diffusion of air or another gas, and more specifically to the diffusion of air into wastewater for aeration and mixing. The invention deals in particular with an improved diffuser assembly or multi-diffuser module that may be raised individually and separately from other modules. This invention also relates to a method for raising and lowering an individual aerator module for inspection, maintenance or repair, without disturbing the remainder of the modules in a grid structure in a large wastewater treatment basin. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the treatment of wastewater, it is known in the industry to use aeration equipment in order to aerate and mix the wastewater. This aeration equipment may be positioned generally at the bottom of the wastewater basin at an intermediate level in the basin, or allowed to float on the surface of the wastewater reservoir. It is common to use submerged diffusers capable of discharging air into the treatment basin. An example of a particularly effective diffuser is a flexible membrane diffuser. U.S. Pat. No. 5,846,412 issued to Tharp provides an example of an air diffuser and mounting arrangement for use in a water treatment system. One arrangement for aerating and mixing large wastewater basins makes use of a large number of diffusers contained in separate multi-diffuser modules in a grid pattern throughout the basin. The aeration equipment typically includes a large capacity gas supply source for supplying air to the diffusers. Each individual diffuser is connected to the main air supply conduit via a branch conduit with the diffusers appropriately located throughout the basin to provide thorough mixing and aeration. When many individual diffusers are positioned in a grid pattern to aerate a large wastewater treatment reservoir, general maintenance and repair become problematic. Locating and retrieving an individual diffuser module is difficult for a variety of reasons. Mechanical retrieval can be expensive and cumbersome, requiring massive cranes to pull each module up from the bottom of the basin. Modules may be located in the center portion or a far-side portion of the basin where they cannot be accessed at all by a crane. In large basins, many modules are inaccessible even to cranes with lengthy booms. After the repair or maintenance is completed, the individual modules must be placed back in position on the bottom surface of the basin, again with a crane. In order to position the module in the proper orientation on the bottom surface of the basin, the module should not appreciably tip or roll during its descent, which might result in the structure landing improperly on its side or planing sideways during descent. Likewise, if a module is removed from a diffuser grid structure, it should be carefully repositioned within the pattern of the grid. The module should be lowered steadily over its position within the grid, preferably with the module being maintained substantially horizontal as it descends. In some applications, the main air supply pipes or laterals float on the surface with large diffuser modules suspended from them above the bottom of the basin. The modules are typically suspended on a plurality of flexible air supply lines attached to the floating air laterals. Retrieval of these large diffuser modules in this type of system presents the same types of problems as with bottom mounted modules. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a diffuser assembly with a buoyancy vessel arrangement that is capable of providing individual raising, surface retrieval and lowering of the diffuser assembly separately from other diffuser assemblies in a grid for maintenance or repair of the individual diffusers. In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a diffuser assembly or module for use in a wastewater basin is provided where the diffuser assembly includes a frame; a plurality of diffusers positioned on the frame, and a buoyancy vessel (or vessels) positioned over or as part of the frame and including an air inlet conduit and a flow control. The diffuser assembly can be part of a diffuser grid structure where air supply conduits are positioned generally in a grid pattern throughout the bottom of the wastewater treatment basin. Each diffuser assembly may be connected to the main supply conduit by an air supply conduit which is preferably flexible but which may be rigid or semi-rigid. The flotation chamber of the buoyancy vessel is preferably positioned at the level of the diffusers or partially above the diffuser assembly and is operable to provide buoyancy to raise and lower each diffuser assembly in the desired substantially horizontal orientation when diffuser maintenance is necessary, or alternatively, it may provide ballast (when filled with liquid) to lower the unit back to its operating position in the wastewater treatment basin. In order to raise a diffuser assembly, an air control valve can be operated to apply air through an air line to the flotation chamber. The entering gas will displace liquid out of the buoyancy vessel through a buoyancy vessel opening. The buoyancy vessel opening, in one embodiment, is at the end of a down turned elbow, with the opening being positioned below the lowest portion of the buoyancy vessel when the vessel is in a substantially horizontal orientation. This configuration selectively prevents air from escaping the chamber, effectively providing a non-mechanical seal without requiring any mechanical valves or elements to close the opening. Once the flotation chamber has enough air to make the diffuser assembly buoyant, the diffuser assembly will rise to the surface of the wastewater treatment reservoir with the pressure of the air decreasing during the rise, allowing it to expand and increase the air volume and hence buoyancy. Once the diffuser assembly has reached the surface, it may be moved to the edge of the basin and removed from the basin either by hand or using some type of lift such as a crane. Alternatively, the diffusers can be inspected, repaired or replaced while the unit is in the basin on the surface. Depending on the location of the diffuser assembly relative to the edge of the wastewater treatment basin, it may be desirable to disconnect the air supply from the main air supply conduit. After any maintenance or repairs are conducted, and the operator wishes to return the diffuser assembly to its position in the diffuser grid structure, the diffuser assembly is returned to its previous position on the surface of the wastewater treatment basin. If the air supply has previously been disconnected, it may be reconnected at this time. The operator, in one embodiment, may introduce liquid into the flotation chamber by utilizing the air control valve to bleed air out of the flotation chamber. This causes liquid to re-enter the flotation chamber and act as ballast to sink the unit. The orientations of the non buoyant components of the diffuser assembly relative to the buoyant components help ensure the diffuser assembly's return to the bottom of the wastewater treatment basin floor in a substantially horizontal orientation. In a preferred embodiment, two symmetrical flotation chamber portions extend along the lateral edges of the frame and substantially above the center of gravity of the diffuser assembly. This arrangement of the chamber is particularly effective in reducing the tendency of the diffuser assembly to roll or tip during descent to the basin floor. Also, at least a portion of the flotation chamber may be positioned above the center of mass or center of gravity of the diffuser assembly when buoyant so that the non-buoyant portion is configured to act as a stabilizer or counterpoise, which inhibits rolling or tipping of the unit, particularly during descent into the basin. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification and are to be read in conjunction therewith in which like reference numerals are used to indicate like or similar parts in the various views: FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a diffuser module or assembly constructed according to one embodiment of the present invention, with portions broken away for illustrative purposes; FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the diffuser assembly shown in FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of the buoyancy vessel shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 ; FIG. 4 is a top plan view of a plurality of diffuser assemblies arranged in a grid pattern in accordance with one aspect of the invention; FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a diffuser module or assembly constructed according to another embodiment of the invention, with portions broken away; and FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of the diffuser module or assembly shown in FIG. 5 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings in more detail and initially to FIG. 1 , the present invention relates in a preferred embodiment to a diffuser assembly or module 10 for use individually or in a diffuser grid structure containing a number of the modules 10 . The module 10 has a non-buoyant portion 11 and a selective buoyant portion 14 . The non-buoyant portion includes a frame 20 and a diffuser assembly 22 comprising a plurality of individual diffusers 24 arranged parallel to one another. The selective buoyant portion 14 includes a buoyancy vessel 12 having an interior flotation chamber 19 . The frame 20 supports the diffuser assembly 22 and the buoyancy vessel 12 , operably connecting the structures together. In the illustrated embodiment in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the frame 20 has a generally rectangular shape, although the frame could have any suitable shape and size. As used herein, non-buoyant means the object has a density greater than the liquid it is in and will not float on its own and buoyant means the object will float on its own and has a density (including a chamber and its contents) less than the liquid it is in. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the diffuser assembly 22 includes a central header pipe 28 providing a supply of air to the diffusers 24 . Air is supplied to header pipe 28 by an air supply conduit 40 which may be equipped with a quick disconnect coupling 44 . The diffusers may be tubular membrane diffusers of the type having rigid tubes 23 that receive flexible membranes 25 . The size and position of the diffusers 24 may be varied to suit the needs of the particular wastewater treatment process. For simplicity, only representative membranes 25 are shown in FIG. 1 . Other types of diffusers can be employed, including disk diffusers and coarse bubble diffusers. The frame of the diffuser assembly includes a series of transverse ballast beams 18 ( FIG. 2 ) positioned below the diffusers 24 . The ballast beams 18 are positioned and sized to provide the ballast required to keep the diffuser module 10 positioned on the bottom of a wastewater basin when operating. The header pipe 28 may be strapped, bolted or otherwise secured on top of the ballast beams 18 at a location extending along the longitudinal axis of the module 10 . The wastewater basin may have an earthen, polymeric, metallic or concrete bottom which may invoke different details in the construction of the module 10 , particularly in the portions adjacent the bottom. The buoyancy vessel 12 may take the form of a U-shaped tubular structure that has side portions 12 A, 12 B preferably extending generally along the length of the assembly parallel to the pipe 28 and perpendicular to the diffusers 24 . Coaxial end portions 12 C and 12 D connect with the respective side legs 12 A and 12 B through elbow fittings. The shape and size of the buoyancy vessel 12 and chamber 19 may be selected to fit the size profile and buoyancy needs of the module 10 . The components that are buoyant during lift are sized and positioned to effect the lift and descent of the module 10 in the wastewater reservoir. Lift and descent may be controlled as discussed below. Additionally, the flotation chamber 19 is preferably positioned relative to the remainder of the module 10 so at least some portion of the chamber 12 , and preferably all of it, is located at or above the center of mass (designated CM in FIG. 2 ) of the non-buoyant portion 11 when the module 10 is in a horizontal orientation. It is not necessary but preferred for the entire body of flotation chamber 19 to be above the non-buoyant portion 11 . This configuration enhances stability and allows the module 10 to descend in a substantially horizontal orientation, which limits planning, rolling or flipping of the module 10 during descent. The configuration, size and orientation of the chamber 19 determines the location of the center of lift (designated as CL in FIG. 2 ), and the center of lift may change as gas flows in or out of the chamber. The center of lift is the general mean point where the lift forces exerted by the air in the chamber 19 may be considered to be focused. The center of lift relative to the center of mass may vary as the chamber 19 varies between ballast and buoyancy, i.e., as the relative amounts of gas and liquid in the chamber 19 changes. The buoyancy chamber 19 is in flow communication with gas supply lines such as a pair of flexible air hoses 30 each having a three-way air valve 32 . One of the hoses 30 connects to chamber portion 12 C and the other hose 30 connects with portion 12 D. The portions 12 C and 12 D are preferably isolated so that flow between them is not permitted The buoyancy vessel 12 terminates in one or more flow control sections 33 , each of which may take the form of a down turned elbow 16 presenting a flow control opening 36 communicating between chamber 19 and the exterior to the chamber 19 . The opening 36 may be at the lower end of a spout 34 . The opening 36 , in the illustrated structure can function as an inlet and an outlet for liquid, as will be described. In one embodiment, the elbow 16 forms a generally 90° angle following a bend 35 . The opening 36 is shown as positioned below the level of the center of lift CL when the module 10 is relatively horizontal or level, to allow the opening 36 to function as a self-sealing hydraulic seal when air is in the chamber 19 , thereby forming a valve with no mechanical valve elements. It is preferred that the end portion of each side leg 12 A and 12 B of the flotation chamber be equipped with a flow control section 33 and a flow control opening 36 . The module 10 is normally located in a wastewater treatment basin submerged either on the basin bottom or suspended from floating air laterals. In either case, when air is supplied through hose 40 to the header pipe 28 , the air is directed into the diffusers 24 and discharged through slits in the membranes 25 into the wastewater in the form of fine bubbles. This effects aeration and mixing of the wastewater with the fine bubbles efficiently transferring air to the liquid. If the operator wishes to raise the module 10 , he or she may commence purging liquid from the chamber 19 through the openings 36 by first opening the air valves 32 to allow gas under pressure to enter the chamber 19 through hoses 30 . The following described process will apply to all the embodiments described in this application, but for simplicity this description will only refer to the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3 . In any embodiment, the chamber 19 is generally filled with liquid when the module 10 is in an operating position on the bottom of the wastewater treatment basin. As the gas enters the chamber 19 , it displaces liquid in the chamber and purges it through openings 36 in flow control sections 33 . As the gas displaces the liquid in the chamber 19 , the module 10 becomes buoyant and begins to lift off the bottom surface of the wastewater basin, first near the end of the module where the gas is introduced into the chamber 19 , which is opposite openings 36 . While a plurality of openings 36 and flow control sections 33 are shown, the use of only one of each can suffice in some applications. As the air enters the chamber 19 , openings 36 act as hydraulic seals to prevent gas from escaping the chamber, so long as the openings 36 remain below the level of the chamber 19 . In a preferred embodiment, the elbow 16 and position of the openings 36 relative to the chamber 19 create this self-sealing feature without the use of mechanical valve elements or moving parts or other mechanical closures or devices. The absence of mechanical valves provides for a more trouble free product for use in environments such as wastewater treatment. Mechanical methods to seal the opening could easily become blocked or corroded in the sludge or materials processed by most wastewater treatment works. The absence of mechanical valve obstacles within the flow control section 33 means the present invention offers fewer opportunities for repair problems or malfunction delays. In a less preferred embodiment, the flow control sections 33 could include a mechanical valve upstream from the respective opening 36 for selectively opening and closing the chamber 19 to liquid flow. Once the gas has displaced most of the liquid from the buoyancy vessel 12 , the module 10 will rise as a result of its buoyancy and approach the surface of the liquid in the basin. The operator may then retrieve the module by any convenient method, including towing from a boat or removal by crane. The module 10 may be removed for servicing, repair, or replacement of the diffusers 24 or other components. It may also be serviced while at the surface without removal from the basin. The module 10 can be moved to an edge of the basin where it can be lifted or, often more conveniently, tilted and then lifted out of the basin. When the operator desires to install the module 10 in the basin following maintenance, he or she can position the module 10 on the surface of the wastewater at the desired location. The operator will then begin to bleed gas from the buoyancy chamber 19 by positioning the three-way valves 32 to allow air to escape from the flotation chamber 19 . As the air escapes the chamber 19 through the conduits 30 , liquid will begin to re-enter the buoyancy vessel through the openings 36 . As the liquid re-enters the buoyancy chamber 19 , the vessel 12 begins to lose buoyancy, causing the module 10 to begin its descent to the bottom of the wastewater basin. The center of lift CL of the buoyant portion 14 is generally above the center of mass CM of the non-buoyant portion 11 . The force vector at the center of lift CL is generally in line with and generally above the force vector due to the counterpoise weight of the non-buoyant portion 14 . Also, at least a portion of the chamber 19 is preferably positioned above the center of mass of the non-buoyant portion 11 . For stability, the buoyant portion includes two chamber legs 19 A, 19 B located in sides 12 A, 12 B and each extending along a respective side portion of the module 10 . Additionally, the chamber legs or portions 19 A, 19 B are connected to the separate infeed hoses 30 by vessel portions 12 C, 12 D which also have a respective chamber portion 19 C, 19 D therein each communicating with the chamber portions 19 A, 19 B. The chamber portions 19 C, 19 D are isolated from each other and provide for buoyancy at the end of the module 10 opposite that of the location of the flow control sections 33 . Accordingly, the end of the unit opposite the openings 36 normally rises first and descends last, providing a slight cant or inclination to the module 10 . This can help achieve and maintain a seal in the flow control sections 33 while still substantially preventing planning of the diffuser module, particularly during descent. In an alternative embodiment, a single vessel 12 with a single chamber 19 therein may be provided and preferably would be positioned generally along the longitudinal central axis of the module 10 . By proper relative positioning of the center of mass and the center of lift, appropriate ascent and descent may be accomplished. However, two separate chambers spaced apart on opposite sides of the unit is preferred because such a configuration enhances the stability much in the manner of a double pontoon boat. FIG. 4 illustrates a plurality of modules 10 positioned in a basin 60 in a grid configuration. A gas supply conduit 61 extends along a portion of the reservoir and preferably along a substantial length of a grid system 60 . The gas supply conduit is provided with a plurality of gas supply branch conduits 62 connected thereto, each also being connected in flow communication with a respective module 10 through one of the valves 32 . The supply conduit 62 connects through valve 32 with both the gas lines 30 and the header pipe 28 so that air can be fed to either the diffusers 24 or the buoyancy vessel 12 . When it is desired to raise a module 10 , air is fed primarily to the chamber 19 with zero to low air flow to the diffusers through appropriate operation of the valving. A respective module 10 of the grid may be raised or lowered for appropriate maintenance or inspection in the manner previously described. FIGS. 5 and 6 depict an alternative embodiment of the invention which includes a modified diffuser module 110 . The module 110 is equipped with a diffuser assembly which may be of any desired type, including a plurality of large tube diffusers 123 which may be clustered relatively closely together, individual tube diffusers 124 which may be spaced closer together and may be smaller overall than the diffusers 123 , or a plurality of disk diffusers 126 mounted along the length of supply pipes 126 a . Diffusers 123 may be equipped with flexible membranes 123 a which discharge air into the wastewater in the form of fine bubbles. Similarly, diffusers 124 may be equipped with flexible membranes 124 a through which air is transferred to the wastewater in the form of fine bubbles. The disk diffusers 126 may be of any suitable type, including bodies having their faces equipped with flexible disk membranes through which air in the supply pipes 126 a is delivered to the wastewater in the form of fine bubbles. The diffusers 123 , 124 and/or 126 are mounted on and receive air from a horizontal header pipe 128 which in turn receives air from a blower (not shown) through an air supply conduit 140 which may be a flexible hose. The header pipe 128 extends along the longitudinal center line of the module 110 . Ballast beams 118 are secured to the header pipe 128 near its opposite ends by suitable straps 131 or other fastening means. The module 110 is equipped with a single buoyancy vessel 112 which may be located above the header pipe 128 and arranged to extend above pipe 128 along the longitudinal center line of the diffuser module 110 . The buoyancy vessel 112 may take the form of a pipe having a hollow interior forming a flotation chamber 119 ( FIG. 6 ). One end of vessel 112 may be equipped with a down turned elbow 116 which in turn connects with a short vertical spout 134 . The lower end of the spout 134 is open to provide a flow control opening 136 that functions in substantially the same manner as opening 36 . The buoyancy vessel 112 may be connected with the module 110 in any suitable manner such as being formed as part of a frame that includes the diffuser module and buoyancy vessel 112 . Air is supplied to and bled from the buoyancy vessel 112 through an air hose 130 that connects with the vessel 112 at the end opposite the spout 134 . The air hose 130 may be equipped with a valve such as a three-way air valve 132 . The end of the buoyancy vessel 112 adjacent to the connection of the air hose 130 may be provided with a down turned leg 155 that connects with the header pipe 128 . The diffuser module 110 may be lifted to the surface by a pair of retrieval cables 157 , each connected with a harness 159 . The two harnesses 159 connect with the two ballast beams 118 near the opposite ends of the beams. The embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6 functions and operates in substantially the same manner as described for the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4 . The buoyancy vessel 112 may be supplied with air through the hose 130 in order to effect a buoyant condition of the module 110 , causing it to rise to the surface for maintenance and/or repair. The flow control opening 136 functions as a valve to confine the air in the buoyancy vessel 112 while avoiding the ingress of water due to the air pressure. When the buoyancy vessel 112 is bled of air through the air hose 130 , water enters the flotation chamber 119 , and the module 110 then reverts to a non-buoyant condition in which it descends to the basin floor 113 and remains in place on the floor until it is again made buoyant. Thus, there has been shown and described several embodiments of a novel invention. As is evident from the foregoing description, certain aspects of the present invention are not limited by the particular details of the examples illustrated herein, and it is therefore contemplated that other modifications and applications, or equivalents thereof, will occur to those skilled in the art. The terms “having” and “including” and similar terms as used in the foregoing specification are used in the sense of “optional” or “may include” and not as “required”. Many changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications of the present construction will, however, become apparent to those skilled in the art after considering the specification and the accompanying drawings. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims which follow.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an electronic structure and, more particularly, to an electronic structure having a high-conductivity heat sink therein. Many electronic devices such as integrated circuits, solid state power amplifiers, and antennas produce substantial amounts of heat when in service. The heat must be redistributed and ultimately conducted away, or the resulting temperature rise may result in the maximum operating temperature limit of the electronic device being exceeded. If the maximum operating temperature limit is exceeded, performance of the electronic device is degraded or the device may fail. Removal of excess heat is readily accomplished in some situations, but is much more difficult in others. In spacecraft such as communications satellites, for example, many components are made as small and as light as possible to conserve space and payload capacity during launch. High-power-handling electronic devices such as microwave processors and amplifiers are concentrated into small spaces in the interior of the satellite. Heat produced by these electronic devices is conducted away to radiators on the spacecraft exterior. In some satellites, heat removal may be a limiting consideration in the continuing attempts to reduce volume and weight of the electronic systems. The electronic device is usually supported on a substrate and may be within a closed package. The initial stages of heat removal require that the heat produced by the electronic device be conducted away from its immediate vicinity through the substrate and/or the package structure. In the past, ceramic materials such as aluminum oxide, which have low thermal conductivities, have been used for substrates and packages. More recently, metallic and composite materials have served as heat sinks in substrates and packages. These materials have higher thermal conductivities than ceramics, so that they are more efficient in conducting heat away from the electronic device. However, for some applications even higher thermal conductivities would be desirable. There remains a need for continued improvement in materials used for heat-sinking roles in electronic structures. The present invention fulfills this need, and further provides related advantages. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides an electronic structure including an electronic device and a highly efficient heat sink assembly, and a method for fabricating such an electronic structure. A wide variety of active and passive electronic devices may be used. The heat sink is readily fabricated as a closed, integral unit. The heat sink is structured to achieve a very high thermal transfer rate, both to redistribute heat concentrations and to conduct heat away from the electronic device. The heat sink is highly resistant to corrosion and other adverse environmental influences. In accordance with the invention, an electronic structure comprises an electronic device, and a heat sink assembly in thermal contact with the electronic device. The heat sink assembly comprises apiece of pyrolytic graphite embedded within a casing and intimately contacting an interior wall of the casing. The heat sink assembly is substantially fully dense. In one preferred form, the heat sink assembly comprises a first preform, a second preform oriented parallel to the first preform, and the piece of pyrolytic graphite disposed between and intimately contacting the first preform and the second preform. Where necessary to complete the enclosure of the heat sink, a lateral wall encloses the periphery of the piece of pyrolytic graphite and is joined to the preform. In another preferred form, the heat sink assembly includes a hollow cavity in which the pyrolytic graphite is received, and which is then closed to embed the pyrolytic graphite within the heat sink structure. The pyrolytic graphite is available in a sheetlike form, which has a high thermal conductivity in the plane of the sheet and a lower thermal conductivity perpendicular to the plane of the sheet. In one form, the pyrolytic graphite is oriented such that the high-conductivity plane lies parallel to the preforms or face of the cavity. In another form, the sheet of pyrolytic graphite is cut into slices or otherwise provided such that it may be oriented with its high-conductivity plane at an angle of more than 0 degrees to the plane of the preform or face of the cavity, and as high as about 90 degrees to the plane of the preform or face of the cavity. The heat sink assembly is thereby tailored to specific heat flow requirements of the electronic device. The casing of the heat sink is preferably a metal, and most preferably aluminum, copper, or silver, or alloys thereof. (As used herein, reference to a metal includes both the substantially pure metal and alloys of the metal containing at least about 50 percent by weight of the metal, unless otherwise indicated. That is, "aluminum" includes both pure aluminum and alloys thereof.) The casing is preferably hermetic, and is sealed against intrusion of external corrosive agents. The electronic structure is preferably fabricated by furnishing at least one piece of pyrolytic graphite and a set of disassembled elements of a casing, and assembling the at least one piece of pyrolytic graphite within the interior of the disassembled elements of the casing positioned so as to form an initial assembly. The initial assembly is placed into a vacuum sealed can or canister. The can is then placed into an elevated-pressure device. The method further includes heating and simultaneously applying pressure to the initial assembly using the elevated temperature pressing device until a resulting heat sink assembly is substantially fully dense. The result is a fully dense, hermetically sealed heat sink assembly, to which the electronic device is affixed. This approach to manufacturing electronic structures is economical and well suited to large-scale production. When the electronic device is operated, heat flows into the casing of the heat sink assembly and thence into the pyrolytic graphite embedded within the heat sink assembly. There is an intimate interface between the casing and the pyrolytic graphite, so that there is little thermal impedance to the rapid dissipation of the heat. Because the heat produced by the electronic device is rapidly conducted away, the electronic device may be operated to higher power levels than possible with other types of heat sink structures. Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following more detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention. The scope of the invention is not, however, limited to this preferred embodiment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a general form of an electronic structure according to the invention; FIGS. 2A-2C are detailed sectional views of three heat sink assemblies, wherein FIG. 2A depicts the high conductivity plane of the pyrolytic graphite parallel to the preforms, FIG. 2B depicts the high conductivity plane of the pyrolytic graphite inclined to the preforms, and FIG. 2C depicts the high conductivity plane perpendicular to the preforms; FIGS. 3A-3C are schematic sectional views of interfaces between a preform and a pyrolytic graphite layer, wherein FIG. 3A depicts the approach of the present invention, FIG. 3B depicts a first prior approach, and FIG. 3C depicts a second prior approach; FIG. 4 is a sectional view of an electronic structure including a microelectronic integrated circuit; FIG. 5 is a sectional view of an electronic structure including a solid state power amplifier; and FIG. 6 is a block flow diagram of a preferred approach for preparing an electronic structure according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates an electronic structure 20 in a general form. The electronic structure 20 includes an electronic device 22 which may be of any type, such as, for example, an integrated circuit, a power amplifier, or an antenna. The electronic device 22 produces heat that must be dissipated and conducted away. The present invention is not concerned further with the details of structure of the electronic device 22, except as may be discussed subsequently, and such electronic devices are known in the art. The electronic structure 20 further includes a heat sink assembly 24 in thermal communication with the electronic device 22. As illustrated, the heat sink assembly 24 is in direct contact with the electronic device 22 to achieve thermal communication. Equivalently for the present purposes, the heat sink assembly 24 may be in thermal communication with the electronic device 22 by other means, such as an intermediate solid thermal conductor, a heat pipe, or the like. The heat sink assembly 24 includes a piece of pyrolytic graphite 26 embedded within a casing 28. Pyrolytic graphite is a form of graphite typically prepared by chemical vapor deposition and post processing of carbon, resulting in an article having a plane of high thermal conductivity in the direction parallel to a substrate upon which the carbon is deposited. The pyrolytic graphite has a thermal conductivity of greater than about 1500 watts per meter-° K, and typically about 1700-1750 watts per meter-° K, in the plane of high thermal conductivity. Suitable pieces of pyrolytic graphite for use in the present invention are available commercially from suppliers such as B.F. Goodrich, Inc. The casing 28 is preferably made of a high conductivity metal such as aluminum, copper, or silver (and their alloys). The casing 28 extends around and encloses the pyrolytic graphite piece 26, so that the pyrolytic graphite piece 26 is embedded within the casing 28. Preferably, the casing 28 is hermetic, so that no external agents such as oxidants and corrodants can penetrate therethrough to contact the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. In one form, the casing 28 includes a first preform 30 and a second preform 32 positioned parallel to the first preform 30. In the illustrated embodiment, the preforms are planar face sheets, but they may be more complex, shaped elements such as housings. The pyrolytic graphite piece 26 is positioned between and in proximity to the interiorly facing surfaces 34 of the first preform 30 and the second preform 32. A lateral wall 36 encloses a periphery 38 of the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. The lateral wall 36 may be formed of a piece of the same material as the preforms or preforms 30 and 32, or it may be formed by pinning in the sides of the preforms or preforms 30 and 32 until they contact each other in the desired geometry. Other materials may also be embedded within the assembled configuration to form passive microwave distribution devices. The pyrolytic graphite piece 26 may be positioned in any of several orientations within the casing 28, as illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2C. These allow the direction of high thermal conductivity to be oriented in any desired direction for particular applications. In FIG. 2A, a plane of high thermal conductivity 40 is oriented parallel to a plane 33 lying parallel to the surface of the preforms 30 and 32 which contacts the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. Heat is rapidly conducted from the center toward the sides of the heat sink assembly 24. In FIG. 2B, the plane of high thermal conductivity 40 is oriented at an angle A of more than 0 and up to and including 90 degrees to the plane 33 of the preforms 30 and 32 which contacts the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. In FIG. 2C, the plane of high thermal conductivity 40 is oriented at about 90 degrees to the plane 33 of the preforms 30 and 32 which contacts the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. Heat is rapidly conducted from the electronic device 22 downwardly through the heat sink assembly 24 to its bottom surface. The pyrolytic graphite piece 26 of FIG. 2A is typically a single large flat sheet or plate, which is available in that form by virtue of the method of fabrication of the piece 26. The pyrolytic graphite pieces 26 of FIGS. 2B and 2C may be made as thick single pieces of material and cut to shape. More preferably, the pieces 26 of FIGS. 2B and 2C are made by cutting a piece such as shown in FIG. 2A into slices 42, and then stacking the slices 42 in a side-by-side fashion during fabrication of the heat sink assembly 24. A surface 44 of the pyrolytic graphite piece 26 is in intimate physical contact with the interiorly facing surface 34 of the casing 28, as illustrated in FIG. 3A. This intimate physical contact may be accompanied by chemical reaction or close physical contact at the interface between surfaces 34 and 44. The intimate thermo-mechanical physical contact ensures good thermal conduction between the surface 34 and the surface 44, and thence between the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. By contrast, two alternative approaches, which are not acceptable for the present electronic structure, are illustrated in FIGS. 3B and 3C. In FIG. 3B, there is a space 46 (produced by a spacer, not shown) between the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. In FIG. 3C, there is a separate piece of material, such as a shear layer 48, sandwiched between the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. In the structures of each of FIGS. 3B and 3C, the intervening element--the space 46 or the shear layer 48--adds a large thermal impedance to the heat flow between the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. The present electronic structure 20 of FIG. 1, whose interfacing structure is illustrated in FIG. 3A, is designed for maximum thermal transmission, and therefore the approaches of FIGS. 3B and 3C are not acceptable for its practice. The electronic device structure 20 of FIG. 1 is presented in a general form. FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate two specific types of such structures, showing some features of the piece 26 and the casing 28 as applied to specific applications. In the following discussion, the same numbers, but with suffixes, are assigned to elements corresponding to those of FIG. 1, and that description is incorporated here. In an electronic structure 20a of FIG. 4, two integrated circuits 50 are affixed to a top surface of a base 52. The base 52 serves as the casing 28a of the heat sink assembly 24a. A thin, platelike pyrolytic graphite piece 26a is embedded in the casing 28a, with the plane of high thermal conductivity of the pyrolytic graphite piece 26a oriented as shown in FIG. 2A. Attachment holes 54 are machined into the base 52. In an electronic structure 20b of FIG. 5, a solid state power amplifier 56 is affixed to a top surface of a base 58. The base 58 serves as the casing 28b of the heat sink assembly 24b. A thick, relatively narrow pyrolytic graphite piece 26b is embedded in the casing 28b, with the plane of high thermal conductivity of the pyrolytic graphite piece 26b oriented as shown in FIG. 2C. A heat sink 60, such as a heat pipe or a radiator, is positioned with the heat sink assembly 24b between the heat sink 60 and the solid state power amplifier 56. Heat flows vertically from the solid state power amplifier 56, through the heat sink assembly 24b, and into the heat sink 60. Cavities 62 which function as microwave waveguides are machined into the base 58/casing 28b, and external waveguides 64 are in communication with the cavities 62. Microwaves are introduced into the electronic structure 20b through one of the waveguides 64a, conducted along one of the cavities 62a to the solid state power amplifier 56, amplified in the solid state power amplifier 56, conducted from the solid state power amplifier 56 along the other of the cavities 62b, and conducted away from the electronic structure 20b through the other of the waveguides 64b. The casing 28b may therefore serve as a part of the functional structure of the electronic structure 20b, in addition to its role in the heat sink assembly 24b. FIG. 6 illustrates a preferred approach to fabricating the electronic structure 20. The elements of the heat sink assembly 24 are assembled as an initial assembly, numeral 80. That is, the pyrolytic graphite piece 26 and the disassembled elements of the casing 28 (such as the preforms 30 and 32 and lateral wall 36, where used) are assembled into the desired arrangement and held in place, usually with the help of appropriate tooling. This initial assembly is placed into a container for subsequent pressing, numeral 82. In the preferred approach, the container is a steel can that is initially closed on one end. The initial assembly is placed into the can through the open end. The interior of the can is evacuated, such as by placing the entire can into a vacuum chamber and evacuating the vacuum chamber. Preferably, the interior of the can is heated during the evacuation to a temperature of about 500° F. to about 600° F. to degas the interior of the can. While the interior of the can is evacuated, an end closure is welded in place, as by TIG welding. The evacuation of the interior of the can removes gaseous contaminants that otherwise might interfere with the intimate surface contact of the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26 during subsequent processing. The can is placed into a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) apparatus and hot isostatically pressed, numeral 84, thereby hot isostatically pressing the initial assembly inside the can. In hot isostatic pressing, the article being hot isostatically pressed, here the can and the initial assembly inside the can, are heated to elevated temperature under an applied external pressure (while the interior of the can remains evacuated). In a preferred approach where the casing 28 is 6061 aluminum, the hot isostatic pressing is performed at a temperature of about 950° F. to about 1050° F., and an applied external pressure of from about 15,000 to about 60,000 pounds per square inch, in a cycle requiring 2 hours. Heating to and cooling from the hot isostatic pressing temperature are performed in a quasi-equilibrium manner, so that the heat sink assembly remains at approximately the same temperature throughout. The larger the initial assembly, the slower the heating rate. In a typical case, however, the heating rate to, and the cooling rate from, the hot isostatic pressing temperature is from about 5 to about 6° F. per minute. The quasi-equilibrium cooling is important in achieving a final structure where there is little or no residual thermal stresses between the casing 28 and the pyrolytic graphite piece 26. Such residual thermal stresses arise because of the different thermal expansion coefficients of the casing and the pyrolytic graphite piece. The residual stresses would be high if they were allowed to be created and remain during the cooling of the structure from the hot isostatic pressing temperature. In the present approach, the can and the hot isostatically pressed assembly therein are cooled sufficiently slowly that the residual stresses which would otherwise be present are relaxed by plastic deformation of the metal during cooling. The attention paid to minimizing residual thermal stresses within the heat sink assembly 24 allows the heat sink assembly 24 to be made by hot isostatic pressing, hot pressing, or other elevated temperature technique. The pressing technique produces the intimate physical contact between the casing and the pyrolytic graphite piece as illustrated in FIG. 2A. The "intimate contact" is a close facing contact between the two materials, without intervening gap, structure, or material. The intimate contact improves the thermal transfer between the casing and the pyrolytic graphite piece, improving the thermal performance of the heat sink assembly. By contrast, in some prior approaches, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,310, the central heat conducting element was placed into a frame and allowed to slide relative to the frame to avoid buildup of shear stresses, an interface arrangement more like that illustrated in FIGS. 3B or 3C. While this technique does alleviate residual stresses, it also greatly reduces the thermal transfer rate at the interface between the casing and the pyrolytic graphite piece, an undesirable result. The present approach achieves acceptably low residual thermal stresses while also attaining an intimate bond between the casing and the pyrolytic graphite piece and thence improved thermal transfer properties. There is a concern with possible thermal stresses generated during service, but the present inventors have determined that these thermal stresses are not sufficiently large, over the temperature range experienced during service applications, to be of great concern. The present fabrication approach and the resulting electronic structure 20 are therefore highly satisfactory. The hot isostatic pressing 84 is followed by an optional heat treating 86. If the material chosen for the casing requires heat treatment to achieve its desired properties--such as a quenching and aging treatment--that heat treatment is performed. The heat treatment may also include a final normalizing (i.e., slow cooling) treatment to aid in minimizing residual thermal stresses. The heat sink assembly 24 is optionally final machined, numeral 88, and optionally final processed, numeral 90, as may be required for a particular electronic structure 20. In final machining, features such as the mounting holes 54 and the cavities 62 are machined into the casing 28. In final processing, the heat sink assembly is coated, plated (as with gold), cleaned, deburred, or otherwise final processed. The electronic device 22, prepared separately according to procedures known for each particular type of electronic device, is affixed to the heat sink assembly 24 by any operable technique. The affixing may be accomplished, for example, using a curable adhesive, brazing, or the like. Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.

4y

This is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 08/786,295, filed Jan. 22, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,029 which is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 08/219,841, filed Mar. 30, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,598,576. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to sound board emulation using a digital signal processor. 2. Description of Related Art There has been a great deal of market demand for audio and video output from computer systems, particularly in the case of personal computer systems known as “PC”s. This has led to the availability of hardware devices for producing audio output in response to commands from a central processing unit (CPU). Such a device may be commonly integrated into a computer system by implementing it on an add-in board, and by coupling the adding board to a system bus, such as the industry-standard architecture (ISA) or extended ISA (EISA) bus. When coupled to the system bus, the board may be commanded by the CPU, under control of software for producing and playing audio output. One product for producing audio output is the “Sound Blaster” product, available from Creative Technology, Inc., of Milpitas, Calif. This product, and the interface by which the CPU may command it, has become popular with some segments of the personal computer industry, and its command interface is also commonly used by other devices. It is desirable for makers of audio-output boards to have the same command interface. Makers of hardware and software for personal computer systems may rely, and will certainly prefer, that any audio-output board have the same command interface. Designer may also wish to avoid multiple versions of a product (designed for compatibility with more than one product's command interface), and may therefore provide a product which uses only one command interface. One aspect of this common command interface is that it specifies certain named registers that the CPU may access on the audio-output board, either to read values from or to write values into. While this may be an acceptable way for the CPU to command the audio-output board, it is desirable that an audio-output board does not require actual physical registers to implement this aspect of the command interface. For example, an implementation in which these registers are simulated by other physical means may be less expensive, faster, or more easily upgraded. It is also desirable that an audio-output board does not require an implementation using dedicated hardware for the functions it provides, and may instead be implemented using a digital signal processor (DSP) operating under software control. However, the common command interface described above generally requires that the audio-output board must be immediately responsive to commands from the CPU. This generally requires that the DSP must spend its time watching and waiting for, and responding to, the CPU, and that its additional computing power is therefore wasted. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved audio-output device. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides an improved audio-output device that may be coupled to a computer system, in which a DSP operating under software control may emulate a common command interface. The command interface may comprise a set of registers that are made available to the CPU for reading and writing, even if there are no such physical registers available in the device. The DSP may also perform tasks in addition to audio-output, even though the audio-output device may be required to respond immediately to commands from the CPU. In a preferred embodiment, the audio-output device may comprise a DSP for interpreting and executing commands received from the CPU, a local memory for storing data input to or output from the DSP, a bus-interface (BIF) element for coupling the DSP and memory to a system bus, and a direct memory access (DMA) element for transferring data between the local memory and the system bus. The local memory may comprise an emulation region for emulating a set of named registers the CPU may read from and write into according to the command interface, and a communication region for transmitting messages between the CPU and the DSP. In a preferred embodiment, the emulation region may be indicated by a base register and a set of offset values, and may comprise a dynamically allocated set of registers for emulating the set of named registers the CPU may read from and write into. The communication region may comprise a set of registers for the BIF to indicate that a message has been received from the CPU for the DSP or is available for the CPU from the DSP. The local memory may also comprise a DMA transfer buffer for transferring data between the local memory and another memory coupled to the system bus. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a computer system including an emulation board. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an emulation board using a digital signal processor. FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a data word for communication between the BIF 201 and the DSP 202 . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The invention may be understood in conjunction with a specification for the “Sound Blaster” device command interface, available from Creative Technology, Inc., as a document titled “The Developer Kit for Sound Blaster Series—User's Guide”, hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. However, those skilled in the art would recognize, after perusal of this application, that other command interfaces would be workable, and are within the scope and spirit of the invention. SYSTEM INCLUDING EMULATION BOARD FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a computer system including an emulation board. A computer system 101 may comprise a processor 102 , memory 103 , and mass storage 104 , all coupled to a system bus 105 . For example, in a preferred embodiment, the computer system 101 may comprise an IBM compatible PC, having an Intel 386 processor operating at 25 MHz or better, with at least 2 MB of RAM and at least 2 MB of space free on a magnetic disk drive mass storage unit, and having an ISA or EISA bus. Such systems are known in the art. Those skilled in the art would readily understand, after perusal of this application, that the methods and techniques described for operation on a processor or computer system would be readily implemented on such a digital computer system without undue experimentation. Accordingly, detailed description of computer programming techniques or methods of implementation are not set forth herein, except where such techniques or methods are specific to the invention. In a preferred embodiment, an audio-output device 106 may be implemented using an add-in board, such as a printed circuit board having a set of semiconductor circuits integrated onto a set of semiconductor “chips”, with such chips coupled to each other or to a power source using printed circuits or other known wiring techniques. Such add-in boards are known in the art; indeed, many computer systems manufactured today include a plurality of receiving slots for coupling such add-in boards to the computer system and to the computer system bus. In a preferred embodiment, the audio-output device 106 may be coupled to the system bus 105 using a known methods for coupling an add-in board to a system bus, such as the ISA or EISA specification for a device to bus coupling. The processor 102 may communicate with the audio-output device 106 by means of the bus 105 ; communication techniques therefor are known in the art. Alternatively, the processor 102 may communicate with the audio-output device 106 by means of reading from and writing to the memory 103 ; this is described in further detail herein. In a preferred embodiment, when a software program, stored in memory 103 or in mass storage 104 and controlling the processor 102 , desires to use the capabilities of the audio-output device 106 , it may cause the processor 102 to generate a command to the audio-output device 106 in a format required by the command interface. In a preferred embodiment, the command interface may follow the common command interface disclosed herein by reference. The audio-output device 106 may respond to the command, such as by generating a designated sound sequence or by altering its (virtual) internal state, again as prescribed by the common command interface disclosed herein by reference. EMULATION BOARD USING DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of an emulation board using a digital signal processor. An audio-output device 106 may comprise bus interface (BIF) element 201 coupled to the system bus 105 , a digital signal processor (DSP) 202 coupled to the bus interface element 201 , an internal address bus 203 coupled to the bus interface element 201 and to the DSP 202 , an internal data bus 204 , and an internal memory 205 coupled to the address bus 203 . In a preferred embodiment, the internal memory 205 may comprise an internal program memory 206 and an internal data memory 207 . In a preferred embodiment, the internal memory 205 may comprise static random access memory (SRAM). However, those skilled in the art would recognize, after perusal of this application, that other types of memory would be workable, and are within the scope and spirit of the invention. Such other types of memory could comprise, for example, read only memory (ROM) or nonvolatile memory (NOVRAM) for the internal program memory 206 , and could comprise, for example, dynamic RPM (DRAM) or video RAM (VRAM) for the internal data memory 207 . A cache could also be coupled to the internal memory 205 (or to just the internal program memory 206 or the internal data memory 207 ), although in a preferred embodiment, a cache is not considered necessary. The internal data memory 207 may comprise a set of addressable registers 208 , so that when an address is presented to the internal memory 205 on the internal address bus 203 , the internal data memory 207 may refer to one of the addressable registers 208 , i.e., to read from or write into the named addressable register 208 . In a preferred embodiment, the addressable registers 208 may comprise 16 bits each. A subset of the internal data memory 207 may comprise a write communication area 209 . The write communication area, 209 may be designated by a base address register 210 (comprising a base address) for indicating a minimum address and an offset for indicating a maximum offset from the minimum address, both in the set of addressable registers 208 in the internal data memory 207 . In a preferred embodiment, the minimum address and maximum offset are set so that 32 addressable registers 208 from <base address+0> to <base address+31> may comprise the write communication area 209 . Similarly, a subset of the internal data memory 207 may comprise a zeroth and a first read communication area 211 and 212 respectively. The zeroth and the first read communication areas 211 and 212 may each be designated by the base address register 210 for indicating a minimum address and an offset for indicating a maximum offset from the minimum address. In a preferred embodiment, the minimum address and maximum offset are set so that 16 addressable registers 208 from <base address+32> to <base address+47> may comprise the zeroth read communication area 211 , and 16 addressable registers 208 from <base address+48> to <base address+63> may comprise the first read communication area 212 . Similarly, a subset of the internal data memory 207 may comprise a DMA data transfer buffer 213 . The DMA data transfer buffer 213 may be designated by the base address register 210 for indicating a minimum address and an offset for indicating a maximum offset from the minimum address. In a preferred embodiment, the minimum address and maximum offset are set so that 64 addressable registers 208 from <base address+64> to <base address+127> may comprise the DMA data transfer buffer 213 . In a preferred embodiment a single base address register 210 is used to indicate a minimum address for the write communication area 209 , for the zeroth and first read communication areas 211 and 212 , and for the DMA data transfer buffer 213 . However, it would be clear to those skilled in the art after perusal of this application that a plurality of base address registers 210 could be used as well, and that this is within the scope and spirit of the invention. OPERATION OF THE EMULATION BOARD In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may receive a command from the processor 102 by means of the system bus 105 . Communication by means of a system bus is known in the art. The BIF 201 may then decode the command to determine whether (1) data should be written into the internal data memory 207 , (2) data should be read from the internal data memory 207 and presented to the processor 102 , (3) the DSP 202 should be interrupted. In a preferred embodiment, a command from the processor 102 may require one or more of these actions. In case (1), data should be written into the internal data memory 207 , the BIF 201 may determine whether the data is available from the command itself. For example, the command may instruct the audio-output device 106 to put a designated value into a designated register, and may designate that value in the body of the command itself. If so, the BIF 201 maps the designated register into an addressable register 208 in the write communication area 209 , and writes the data from the command directly into the mapped addressable register 208 . Alternatively, the BIF 201 may determine that the data is not available from the command, and must be retrieved from the system memory 103 . For example, the command may instruct the audio-output device 106 to move data from the system memory 103 into a designated register. If so, the BIF 201 causes a DMA device 107 (FIG. 1) to read the data from the system memory 103 by means of the system bus 105 and to write the data into the DMA data transfer buffer 213 by means of the internal data bus 204 . The DMA device 107 may signal the BIF 201 when the data transfer is complete, whereupon the BIF 201 may proceed as in the case where the data was available from the command itself. In case (2), data should be read from the internal data memory 207 , the BIF 201 may determine which addressable register 208 in the internal data memory 207 is to be read from. Generally, the command may designate a particular register for the audio-output device 106 . The BIF 201 may map the designated register is into a designated addressable register 208 in the zeroth or first read communication areas 211 or 212 . The BIF 201 may read the data from the mapped designated addressable register 208 and may transfer the data to the processor 102 by means of the system bus 105 . In case (3), the DSP 202 should be interrupted, the BIF 201 may write information about the command into a designated addressable register 208 in the write communication area 209 and may signal the DSP 202 that an operation should be performed. The BIF 201 may indicate what operation is specified by the command, and what data is to be operated upon. In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may signal the DSP 202 by setting a bit in a designated addressable register 208 in the write communication area 209 for the DSP 202 to see. The DSP 202 may respond to the interrupt by reading the designated addressable register 208 in the write communication area 209 , performing the designated operation, and writing the answers into a designated addressable register 208 in the zeroth or first read communication area 211 or 212 . The DSP 202 may then signal the BIF 201 that the operation is complete. In a preferred embodiment, the DSP may signal the BIF 201 by setting a bit in a designated addressable register 208 in the zeroth or first read communication area 211 or 212 for the BIF 201 to see. The zeroth and first read communication areas 211 and 212 may be used so the BIF 201 may read data for presentation to the processor 102 at the same time the DSP 202 is performing an operation and writing output data, also for presentation to the processor 102 . However, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that other methods of parallel operation by the BIF 201 and the DSP 202 , and other methods of synchronization of the two, would be workable, and are within the scope and spirit of the invention. BIF/DSP COMMUNICATION DATA FORMAT FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a data word for communication between the BIF 201 and the DSP 202 . In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may comprise the Piccolo product, available from Sigma Designs Corporation of Fremont, Calif., and the DSP 202 may comprise an AD2105 chip, available from Analog Devices of Norwood, Mass. However, those skilled in the art would recognize, after perusal of this application, that other implementations of the BIF 201 or the DSP 202 would be workable, and are within the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, the BIF 201 may comprise any processor device having the functions specified herein, and may therefore comprise a processor chip, an ASIC, an FPGA, or other suitable hardware. For example, the DSP 202 may comprise any processor device having the functions specified herein, and may therefore comprise a processor chip, an ASIC, an FPGA, or other suitable hardware. The BIF 201 and DSP 202 may even be combined into a single device, so long as two streams of execution may operate separately to perform the two sets of functions specified herein. A data word 301 for communication between the BIF 201 and the DSP 202 may be held in an addressable register 208 in the internal data memory 207 . In a preferred embodiment, this addressable register 208 may be located in the write communication area 209 . The data word 301 may comprise a REQ bit 302 for indicating whether a command has been received from the processor 102 , a R/W bit 303 for indicating whether the command is a read command or a write command, an ADID field 304 for indicating which one of a plurality of audio-output registers are to be emulated, an address field 305 for indicating which one of a plurality of emulated registers is designated by the command, and a data field 306 for indicating data communicated by the command. In a preferred embodiment, two sets of audio-output registers may be emulated, to emulate two separate channels of operation for the audio-output device 106 . In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may set the REQ bit 302 to indicate that the data field 306 comprises valid data. The DSP 202 may clear the REQ bit 302 to indicate that it has read or processed that data, and by implication, that the BIF 201 may overwrite the data field 306 . In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may set the R/W bit 303 to indicate that a write command has been designated by the processor 102 , or may clear the R/W bit 303 to indicate that a read command has been designated. In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may set the ADID field 304 to indicate which one of a plurality of audio-output registers are to be emulated. In a preferred embodiment, the ADID field 304 may comprise a single bit, and there may be two sets of audio-output registers to be emulated. In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may set the address field 305 to indicate which one of a plurality of emulated registers is designated by the command. In a preferred embodiment, the address field 305 may comprise five bits and there may be a set of 32 emulated registers in each set. In a preferred embodiment, the BIF 201 may set the data field 306 to indicate data communicated by the command, and the DSP 202 may read the data field 306 as part of processing the command. In a preferred embodiment, the data field 306 may comprise eight bits. Alternative Embodiments While preferred embodiments are disclosed herein, many variations are possible which remain within the concept and scope of the invention, and these variations would become clear to one of ordinary skill in the art after perusal of the specification, drawings and claims herein.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/355,731 filed Jun. 17, 2010, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Immunoassay test strips are well known devices for measuring concentrations of substances found in biological liquids. Typically, a user will deposit a test sample of the biological liquid on a sample receiving pad either in fluid communication with the test strip, or forming a portion of the test strip. The biological liquid sample is permitted to wick along the test strip to a predefined testing area that includes a reagent capable of a readable change when contacted by a predetermined constituent in the test sample, such as by changing color. For purposes of this disclosure, test strips will be described in relation to glucose (HbA1c) testing for those afflicted with diabetes. However, test strips are also commonly used for many other purposes, such as drug use testing, pregnancy (hCG level) testing, or pH testing. For HbA1c testing, a user deposits a sample of blood, which may be diluted, on the sample receiving pad associated with the test strip. The blood then wicks along the test strip to the reagent area where a color change may occur. The degree of the color change or the color itself is correlated to a concentration of HbA1c in the test sample. Similarly, the absence of a color change indicates that the level of HbA1c is below that which is detectable by the particular strip. Some test strips can be read by a human eye while others require sophisticated equipment, such as a spectrophotometer capable of reading reflectance values. It is necessary that such spectrophotometers be as accurate as possible. For those with diabetes, entire treatment protocols may be established or adjusted based on the level of HbA1c found in the blood at a particular time. Many factors affect the accuracy of test strips. In the glucose testing area, it is well known that temperature and viscosity play important roles. Test meters may therefore be calibrated, which is often referred to as “compensated,” for these factors. Existing methods of compensating are known. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Better methods of compensation, and methods for “total compensation,” where multiple tests and adjustments are made simultaneously, would be advantageous. In addition, “total compensation” using a single calibration method would also be advantageous. In order to achieve these better methods, the use of specialized magneto-elastic-resonance sensors within test strips is contemplated. It would also be advantageous to use specialized magneto-elastic-resonance sensors to test for factors previously not capable of being tested for. For example, an actual temperature reading at the reagent site cannot presently be tested for absent magneto-elastic-resonance technology. Lastly, it would also be advantages to use magneto-elastic-resonance sensors for autocoding purposes, to prevent non-authorized test strips from being used with certain meters. The magneto-elastic-resonance may also advantageously utilized to prevent wasteful use of sensor strips as well as to initiate testing. Magneto-elastic-resonance sensors may be used within test strips in accordance with certain aspects of the present invention. In accordance with one aspect, there is provided a glucose test meter incorporating magneto-elastic-resonance technology for interrogating characteristics of a glucose test strip in the reagent area, along with a glucose test strip incorporating at least one magneto-elastic-resonance sensor in the reagent area. The magneto-elastic-resonance sensor may be coated with a coating that is responsive to the characteristic being tested for. Among these characteristics are fill level, humidity, glucose level, temperature, viscosity/hematocrit level, as well as others. In accordance with further aspects of the present invention, a single magneto-elastic-resonance sensor may be capable of being interrogated for at least two characteristics. Such characteristics may be any combination of quantitative and non-quantitative tests. If quantitative, the test meter may include deconvolution algorithms to extract the particular characteristics from a single measurement. An example of this aspect of the invention is a single sensor capable of testing for humidity and temperature. In a still further aspect of the invention, the temperature of a reaction on a test strip may be measured directly at the reaction site using a sensor with magneto-elastic-resonance technology. A second sensor may be located at a separate area of the test strip to aid with calibration. A still further sensor may be located on or in the test meter to further aid calibration. In an additional aspect of the present invention, “total compensation” of a test strip may be achieved solely through the use of magneto-elastic-resonance technology. Such “total compensation” may entail interrogation and calibration for humidity, temperature of the reaction, glucose level, hematocrit level, and viscosity, among other characteristics. In further aspects of the invention, magneto-elastic-resonance technology may be used to autocode test strips for security or other purposes. In accordance with other aspects of the invention, a test meter system for testing a characteristic of a fluid comprises a test meter having a housing with an opening adapted to accept a test strip, an interrogation coil within the housing, a pick-up coil within the housing, and a test strip including at least one magneto-elastic-resonance sensor. When the test strip is within the opening, the interrogation coil may utilize magneto-elasticresonance technology to interrogate the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor and the pick-up coil senses a resultant oscillation frequency of the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor, the resultant oscillation frequency associated with the characteristic. The pick-up coil may sense the resultant oscillation frequency as the interrogation coil interrogates the sensor. The test strip may contain a cavity. The sensor may be within the cavity. A second sensor may be outside of the cavity. The sensor may be nearer a top portion of the cavity than a bottom portion. The sensor may be coated with a characteristic sensitive coating. The test meter system may further comprising a second sensor, the sensor and second sensor both being located adjacent a cavity of the test strip, wherein the sensor may be coated with a humidity sensitive coating and the second sensor may be coated with a temperature sensitive coating. The sensor may be coated with a coating sensitive to at least one of temperature, viscosity, glucose, and humidity. The test meter system may further comprise a second sensor, wherein the first sensor is located in a flow path of sample fluid applied to the test strip before the second sensor, the test strip further comprising a cavity between the sensor and the second sensor. The meter may initiate a power-up procedure when the sensor is wetted with sample fluid and the meter may begin a testing procedure when the second sensor is wetted with sample fluid. The system may further comprise a third sensor coated with a temperature sensitive coating and a fourth sensor coated with a humidity sensitive coating. The third sensor and the fourth sensor may be located directly adjacent to the cavity. In a further aspect, a test strip for testing a characteristic of a fluid may comprise a body of wicking material and a a magneto-elastic-resonance sensor. The test strip may further comprise a cavity. The sensor may be within the cavity. The test strip may further comprise a plurality of sensors. In a still further aspect, a test meter for testing a characteristic of a fluid, the test meter comprises a housing with an opening adapted to accept a test strip, an interrogation coil within the housing, and a pick-up coil within the housing. When a test strip having a magneto-elastic-resonance sensor is within the opening, the interrogation coil may utilize magneto-elastic-resonance technology to interrogate the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor and the pick-up coil may sense a resultant oscillation frequency of the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor, the resultant oscillation frequency associated with the characteristic. In a still further aspect, a method of interrogating a test strip to identify a characteristic of a fluid sample comprises applying a fluid sample to a test strip, wherein the fluid sample wets a magneto-elastic-resonance sensor associated with the test strip, interrogating the sensor with a magneto-elastic-resonance interrogation coil, reading a resultant oscillation frequency of the sensor with a pick-up coil, and identifying a characteristic of the fluid sample based on the resultant oscillation frequency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other advantages and features of the invention are described with reference to exemplary embodiments, which are intended to explain and not to limit the invention, and are illustrated in the drawings in which: FIGS. 1 a - 1 c depict different examples of magneto-elastic-resonance technologies; FIGS. 2 a - 2 d depict arrangements of magneto-elastic-resonance technology in a blood glucose meter system in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and, FIG. 3 depicts a partially exploded cross sectional view of a representative test strip; FIG. 4 depicts the graphical results of an example of underfill detection using magneto-elastic-resonance technology. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The following discussion describes, in detail, various aspects and embodiments of the present invention. This discussion should not be construed as limiting the invention to those particular aspects or embodiments. Rather, practitioners skilled in the art will recognize numerous other aspects and embodiments as well, which are within the scope of the present invention. In describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention illustrated in the drawings, specific terminology will be used for the sake of clarity. However, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the specific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. For purposes of explanation, the invention is generally described herein with regard to glucose test meters and test strips. However, it is to be understood that the compensation methods discussed herein may be used for other applications involving testing where compensation may be advantageous. It is preferable to provide compensation where the compensating tests are consistent, and adjustments may be made promptly. The present invention contemplates a test protocol involving magneto-elastic-resonance sensors to achieve this result. The use of magneto-elastic-resonance sensor technology involves placing an alloy (or non-alloy) acting as a sensor in an area of interest and reading oscillations from the alloy after excitation of the alloy. Typically, the alloy will be a very thin strip of material, as known in the magneto-elastic-resonance arts. As shown in FIG. 1 a , a generic view of magneto-elastic-resonance operation, the alloy 10 is excited remotely by applying a magnetic field 12 from an interrogation coil 14 , also referred to as a drive coil. The excited alloy 10 oscillates due to magneto-elastic effects. This oscillation emits a resultant magnetic flux 16 with a particular characteristic resonance frequency, which may be picked-up or otherwise read remotely by a pick-up coil 18 . The alloy 10 may be coated with a coating to aid in the determination of the parameter or characteristic that the alloy sensor will test for. In this regard, the alloy 10 may be coated with a coating that is sensitive to the factor for which testing is desired. For example, in testing for humidity, the alloy 10 may be coated with a humidity sensitive coating that swells in circumstances of increased humidity. Such swelling alters the characteristic resonance frequency of the new alloy by an amount that may be calibrated in test procedures, leading to measureable results following later interrogation. For example, a first humidity level may lead to a characteristic resonance frequency of one recordable and repeatable value while a second humidity level may lead to another recordable and repeatable value. Thus, when the humidity level is unknown, it may be determined by calibrated magneto-elastic-resonance techniques. Generally, there are two methods of remotely interrogating magneto-elastic-resonance sensors, continuously or as a pulse measurement. Continuous measurements mean that the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor is simultaneously excited and detected during the measurement. The frequency of the exciting field is varied during the measurement and the frequency response of the sensor is recorded. The main challenge in this type of system is to separate the relatively strong excitation field from the relatively weak sensor response. The relative frequency strengths and durations for a continuous system are shown in FIG. 1 b. Pulsed measurements are obtained by exciting the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor in short sinusoidal magnetic pulses. Again, under these conditions, the sensor oscillates due to magneto-elastic effect. The excitation pulse is then rapidly diminished. In the meantime, the sensor continues to oscillate for a short time, often referred to as a ring-down time. During the ring-down time, the pick-up coil measures the magnetic signal emitted by the sensor. This signal is then converted to an amplitude at a given frequency using known means. Visual indication of this procedure is shown in FIG. 1 c. In comparison to the pulsed measurement method, the continuous method has a shorter sensor to reader range (typically a few centimeters), is slower (typically 5-50 seconds), and may encounter issues with crosstalk between coils. The pulsed method also has a larger sensor to reader range (typically in the 10-100 cm range), is faster (typically in the millisecond range), and has fewer issues with crosstalk. Either technique may be used with the present invention. Where more than one sensor is associated with the test strip, the sensors may have dedicated interrogation and pick-up coils or a single pair of coils may be utilized to interrogate and pick-up each of the sensors. In lieu of reading resonance frequency, a Q-value may be obtained from the oscillating sensor. The Q-value is obtained by taking the ratio of the resonance frequency (f r ) to a gamma factor (γ), where the gamma factor (γ) is the width of the resonance peak (Q=f r /γ). FIGS. 2 a and 2 b depict an arrangement of magneto-elastic-resonance technology for a glucose meter test strip in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2 a , the system 100 may include a glucose meter 102 and a test strip 104 . As with conventional test strips, test strip 104 may be inserted into the glucose meter 102 to obtain a glucose reading. This condition is shown in FIG. 2 a . FIG. 2 a also indicates that the test strip is provided with a sensor 116 while the glucose meter 102 is equipped with a drive coil 106 and a pickup coil 108 . As discussed previously, the drive coil 106 emits a magnetic field to excite the sensor 116 , whose oscillating frequency emits a second magnetic field measured by the pickup coil 102 . The test strip 104 of FIG. 2 a is shown more clearly in FIG. 2 b . As shown, the test strip 104 may comprise a strip 110 with a lid 112 arranged to form a cavity 114 . Typically, the strip 110 is made from cellulose or other wicking material, and the lid 112 is constructed from a plastic film or other liquid impervious protective material. In this regard, the test strip 104 is not unlike conventional test strips. However, the test strip 104 of the present invention is also inclusive of a sensor 116 , here placed within the cavity 114 . As sample liquid enters the test strip from the right-hand side in the view of FIG. 2 b , the sample liquid will contact the sensor 116 within the cavity 114 . Typically, the test strip 104 will have been inserted into the meter 102 before this occurs. The sensor may then be interrogated by the drive coil 106 for the parameter to be tested, allowing the pickup coil 108 to obtain a response which may be evaluated and compensated for by the meter according to a predetermined calibration protocol. Although this disclosure has discussed the presence of a single sensor within a test strip, it will be appreciated that virtually any number of sensors may be used in a test strip, with limits being physical parameters of available space and proximity. In certain applications, which will be discussed below, it is advantageous or even mandatory to include more than one sensor in a test strip. Furthermore, a single sensor may be configured to test for more than one parameter. Examples of such sensors will also be discussed below. Among the parameters that may be tested by magneto-elastic-resonance technology in glucose test strips are glucose level, humidity, underfill, temperature, hematocrit level, viscosity level, and others. Underfill detection for glucose and other sensor strips is important because it allows the meter to determine whether the strip has been properly filled with test fluid. More specifically, it allows the meter to determine whether the test strip has been underfilled. When the sensor is dry, a particular reading will be obtained upon sampling (sampling being magneto-elastic-resonance interrogation and reception of the output). Once the sensor is saturated with liquid, a large discrepancy is measured as compared to a dry sensor given the same interrogation parameters. This non-quantitative analysis indicates that the test strip is saturated. An example of this testing is provided below as Example 1. This technology could prevent users from wasting strips due to insufficient fluid sample level in the cavity. For example, the meter may be equipped with electronic controls to initiate operation only after the test strip is sufficiently saturated, as determined by the magneto-elastic-resonance testing. Without an indication of a sufficient level, additional sample can be applied to the strip by the user and the strip's use may continue. Because the underfill test is non-qualitative, the sensor need not be coated with a humidity sensitive coating. Rather, the sensor may be uncoated or provided with other coatings, such as simple protective coatings. The sensor may also be coated with a coating targeted at another parameter, such as a temperature sensitive coating, to aid in the measuring of temperature at the reaction site. It has been found that such coatings will not interfere with the underfill reading. In order to ensure that the entire test strip 110 is saturated, it is preferred that the underfill sensor 116 be placed at a relatively high level within the cavity 114 . That is, the sensor 116 is preferably placed toward the top of the cavity 114 near the lid 112 and away from the bottom so a sufficiently large portion of the cavity is filled with test sample prior to the sensor being wetted. This arrangement is shown in FIG. 3 , a partially exploded cross sectional view of a representative test strip. Also shown in FIG. 3 are sensors 132 , 134 . In conventional meter systems, electrodes may be placed in test strips to initiate the testing process. Typically two electrodes are placed on the strip, with one on each side of the cavity. When a first electrode is wetted, the meter turns on. Fluid sample then flows into the cavity. When the cavity is filled, fluid sample flows past the cavity to the second electrode. When this electrode is wetted, the meter begins taking a reading. In embodiments of the present invention, the two electrodes may be replaced with magneto-electonic-resonance sensors 132 , 134 . Such sensors operate on similar principles, such that when sensor 132 is wetted the resonance frequency will change and the meter fully powers on—it will have previously been powered to a sufficient level to take the initial reading. Fluid sample then flows into the cavity 114 . Once the cavity is filled, fluid sample flows through the test strip 110 and onto sensor 134 . Once sensor 134 is wetted, the meter fully powers on begins the testing process. Another factor that may be tested for is temperature. In conventional test strip temperature sensing techniques, the exact temperature at a reaction site of a test strip is not measured directly, but is approximated from one or more other temperature values. Using magneto-elastic-resonance technology, the temperature at the exact reaction point can be measured directly, which represents a large improvement over the art. This capability is due to the sensor's ability to be placed directly in or directly adjacent to the reaction site. When coated with a temperature sensitive coating, the sensor may be interrogated and the reactive magnetic flux measured, revealing a temperature when compared to a known calibration standard. Humidity may also be tested for. Like the temperature test, a sensor coated with a humidity sensitive coating may be placed on various locations on the strip and interrogated. Preferably, the humidity sensor is on a surface of the strip where it can be used to measure ambient humidity in the general test area. An understanding of the underfill test and the temperature test reveals that both tests may be conducted with a single sensor. For example, a sensor coated with a temperature sensitive coating may be interrogated when dry, revealing a particular response. When filled with sample, the sensor may again be interrogated. As described with respect to the interrogation process of underfill testing, the response obtained when saturated will represent a large differential from the dry response. This identifies that the sensor is indeed saturated. Once this saturated response is obtained, it may then be compared to calibrated temperature responses, to obtain a temperature at the reaction site. In order to even further evaluate temperature at the reaction site, multiple sensors may be utilized to adjust the actual reading at the reaction site. In one example, a first sensor which is coated with a temperature sensitive coating may be placed on the surface of a strip near the meter. An example of such a sensor is shown in FIG. 2 b as sensor 118 . This sensor 118 may then be interrogated for temperature, revealing a surface temperature of the strip. A second sensor, also coated with a temperature sensitive coating, may be placed within the cavity of the test strip, for example sensor 116 of FIG. 2 b , or directly adjacent to the cavity such that the temperature recorded is essentially the temperature of the reaction. This sensor 116 may also be interrogated, revealing a reading indicative of a temperature in the cavity of the test strip where a test reaction occurs (this sensor 116 may also be utilized to measure underfill if it is placed within the cavity at a level below the fill level). A thermistor or other sensor in the meter 120 may also obtain a third temperature reading (T m ). Typically, once the test strip is equilibrated to the atmosphere, the temperature of the first sensor, at the test strip's surface, will not change greatly. However, it may be influenced by the meter temperature, which can vary as the meter electronics are energized thus providing heat. In the meantime, the second sensor at the cavity of the test strip will begin at ambient temperature but will move toward the temperature of the liquid sample once filled. The interrogated frequency difference between the two sensors on the strip 116 , 118 is measured. From the difference between the two frequencies, a temperature differential (ΔT) is established. Then the calibrated cavity temperature is quantified by subtracting the temperature difference from the meter temperature using the formula: T m −ΔT =reaction temperature. In situations where the meter temperature affects the test strip, this procedure may be a more accurate indication of the actual reaction temperature than other tests. Another parameter that may be tested for using magneto-elastic-resonance technology is hematocrit level. To test for hematocrit level, a sensor may be coated with a hematocrit sensitive coating, that swells to varying detectable degrees under different hematocrit levels, thus altering its vibration characteristics. The sensor may then be placed on the strip in an area that will be saturated with sample fluid, such as the chamber, and interrogated. Because hematocrit readings using such technology are related to viscosity of the fluid by known mathematical formulas, a separate viscosity sensor may not be required. However, a second sensor to provide an independent reading for viscosity may also be provided. In this manner, the second sensor may be placed within the same fluid as the sensor testing hematocrit. Such a sensor 122 is shown in FIG. 2 b . This second well sensor 122 may be coated with a viscosity sensitive coating and may be interrogated for viscosity level measurement. Once the hematocrit level from the first sensor 116 and the viscosity level from the second sensor 122 are known, a technician may use the viscosity reading to confirm the hematocrit reading. Another parameter that may be tested with magneto-elastic-resonance sensors is the actual glucose reading. For this purpose, sensors may be coated with glucose sensitive coatings, such as glucose binding protein, glucose oxidase, or any other suitable substrate for glucose. Again, these coatings swell when in the presence of glucose, altering the sensor's vibration characteristics. Although the glucose level can be tested for directly with typically acceptable results, one may use the hematocrit or viscosity level to further refine the glucose reading. As can be seen from the foregoing, rather than providing only one or two particular types of tests, a test strip may be provided with multiple tests. Such a “total compensation” test strip, for example, may have sensors that are capable of interrogation for humidity, underfill, temperature, glucose, hematocrit (in the case of glucose strips), and viscosity. In this case, multiple sensors may be placed in and around the cavity, where each sensor represents a parameter or parameters to be tested for. For example, as shown in FIG. 2 c , a test strip 104 ′ may include one sensor 116 ′ to measure underfill, the sensor being within the cavity 114 ′. A second sensor may detect temperature, although it is preferred that sensor 116 ′ also do so. Meanwhile, a third sensor 122 ′ may sense hematocrit levels while a fourth sensor 124 ′ tests for humidity and a fifth sensor 126 ′ tests for glucose (it is noted that no viscosity sensor is shown in this example, but one may be). Each of the sensors may operate individually as previously discussed in order to be interrogated. Such interrogation may be simultaneous or in series. In preferred embodiments of the invention, a temperature sensor 130 and a humidity sensor 124 ″ may both be placed directly adjacent to the sample cavity 114 ″ of a test strip. Given this placement in direct proximity of the cavity 114 ″, accurate ambient humidity and temperature readings of the reaction within the cavity may be obtained. With these readings, the meter may use a calibration protocol to adjust the results of glucose or other testing. Moreover, it is contemplated that a single sensor may be utilized to test for more than one condition. This has been discussed with reference to underfill and temperature, but that example was limited to one non-qualitative test and one qualitative test. It is also contemplated that multiple qualitative tests may be achieved using one sensor. In such a case, the sensor may be coated with multiple coatings, each of which being sensitive to the parameter being tested. Alternatively, the sensor may be coated with a single coating reactive to two parameters. Sophisticated deconvolution algorithms may then be used to extract the respective individual parameters from a single measurement. In the test strip industry, a typical manufacturer will provide a test meter and a consumer will purchase the meter as a one time purchase. Test strips, on the other hand, are a commodity that are constantly used and replaced. There is therefore a great deal of value in preventing third parties from manufacturing test strips that can be used in another's meter. There is also a great deal of value in ensuring the public that the test strips being utilized are proper for the meter owned by the user. Techniques for autocoding test strips are known. However, autocoding may also be achieved using the teachings of magneto-elastic-resonance sensors herein. For example, one or more sensors may be placed on the strip, the sensors having known lengths (governing the resonance characteristics) which may be consistent or varied within the strip. Meters may then have algorithms designed to interrogate the test strips to determine whether such magneto-elastic-resonance sensors are present, are in the correct locations, and have the correct resonance frequency when interrogated (usually by being of the correct length). Because of the extreme accuracy of magneto-elastic-resonance technology, it would be very difficult for one manufacturer to reverse engineer another's particular magneto-elastic-resonance sensor location and frequency characteristics. Yet, such would be easily repeatable for the original manufacturer that has knowledge of the given parameters. A sensor 128 ′ of the type envisioned for autocoding of a test strip 104 ′ is shown in FIG. 2 c. An example of magneto-elastic-resonance sensor technology is now provided. Example 1 Underfill Detection In this example, an uncoated magneto-elastic-resonance sensor was utilized. The magneto-elastic-resonance sensor measured 2.5 mm×0.5 mm×30 μm and was cut from an etched sheet of Metglas 2826 MB. A plastic measurement cavity was built up from two separate plastic sheets that were fused together with a heat gun. The magneto-elastic-resonance sensor was placed in the cavity of the test strip. The magneto-elastic-resonance sensor was first interrogated with an empty cavity, then with quarter filled, half filled, and finally with a full cavity. The result is shown graphically in FIG. 4 , with the frequency and Q-values being shown for each of the tests. From these tests it can be seen that it is difficult to distinguish between the half-full and full cavity. This is because capillary force pulls the liquid on top of the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor as soon as the liquid reaches the lower tip of the sensor. Note also that the Q-value dropped by 50%, however the change could be significantly higher if a humidity sensitive material was coated on the magneto-elastic-resonance sensor. Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/530,723, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,678,213, filed on Sep. 11, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/716,053 filed on Sep. 13, 2005. The entire provisional application is incorporated herein by reference. The later filed application supersedes the provisional application for any claims or teaching that conflict between applications. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISC APPENDIX Not applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The disclosed invention relates to process improvements, methods, and equipment that is adapted to successfully laminate a metal strip, in particular, steel or aluminum strip, with a thermoplastic film based on a polymer such as polyethylene, polyester, polycarbonate, vinyl, kynar, acrylic, or polypropylene in an economical commercial operation. The invention relates to particular technical aspects of operating an economically viable commercial batch coating line for laminating coils of flat metal substrates. 2. Discussion of the Related Art Existing commercial coil paint coating lines are generally continuous in nature and consist of long processing lines with multiple processing steps. A considerable amount of equipment is dedicated to the required material handling for a continuous process. In addition to reels, there is an entry and exit looping tower so the line can continue the coating operation while the new coil is spliced to the end of the previous coil. There are no commercially practical splicing methods for a moving strip, so strip storage towers are required to allow the entry end of the line to stop while the coil ends are joined. Looping towers include tension controlling equipment, guiding equipment, and bridle roll equipment. This makes a continuous processing line very long, complicated, and expensive. Existing commercial paint lines require higher line speeds for favorable economic operation. Since a large work crew is required to operate a complicated, high production line, economic considerations require that the line speed be as high as possible. Paint lines operate as fast as practical, very commonly at speeds 200 to 450 fpm. The speed is normally restricted by the length of drying oven and the time to cure the paint. Because commercial coil paint lines have the most favorable economy of scale with a large production order, it is unattractive to economically coat small orders. Paint lines commonly charge a premium for painting a one or two coil order due to the higher costs associated with switchover and cleanup time. It is a difficult technical and operational challenge to coat small orders with economics that allows for practical competition with the large coil paint lines. Existing laminating lines have been put into service utilizing similar production and economic planning as commercial paint lines. A number of coil paint lines include a laminating unit after the second drying oven. The lamination step utilizes an adhesive that is painted on the strip surface and dried in an oven. The film is then pressed onto the adhesive in a continuous operation. The strip has a laminated film on one side and the other side is painted or left uncoated. Similar issues of economics of scale become part of the commercial operation of a laminating operation. A number of operators are required to run the line, staff the warehouse, staff the front office, etc. which require a high operating speed for economic efficiency. Laminating speeds less than 100 fpm become economically unattractive. Due to current economics, laminating has not presently replaced paint coatings for most products that are pre-painted in the coil form. In general, the films are designed to be utilized with pressure adhesives and are often have special printing to provide important aesthetics or cosmetic appearance. Economic film coatings have not been a serious pursuit and are considered expensive compared to paint. Thermal lamination of a thermoplastic film on a metal substrate is an attractive alternative to current production methods just described. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,318,648, 5,238,517, 5,093,208, 5,059,460, 4,980,210, and 4,957,820 by Heyes et al, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,217,991 and 6,200,409 by Tanaka et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,758,903 and 5,919,517 by Levendusky et al. describe certain technical features of a pilot thermal laminating process and experimental film materials. In these examples, various laminating process steps, parameters, and film types are disclosed which are applied to a metal substrate. However, operating parameters and requirements of a commercial production line, which consider important business variables such as capital needs, labor, utilities, etc., are not described in these patents. For example, even though the figures in Levendusky et al. show a reel to reel laminating process, many important features and methods required for a convenient, commercially operable, and financially profitable production facility are not taught or disclosed. In particular, a number of important design, technical, and operational problems must be solved for the commercial viability of a heat based, batch laminating production line. The potential use of thermoplastic films is economically appealing and provides important environmental and energy benefits. A coating industry has not grown up to exploit the economic advantages of thermoplastic films due to the technical, business, operational, and market issues still to be resolved. One important operating issue for a thermal based laminating line is an economical design for a small production level, about 5-15% of a commercial continuous coil paint line. The problems of scaling a coating operation down to a small production level with only the essential processing steps are raised. From a business standpoint, it is desirable to begin production of a new coating method with a low capital entry point and, simultaneously, low operating costs. It is very important to reduce capital expenditures by avoiding the need for process line material handling equipment, such as the looping towers previously described. Thus, it is desirable to operate in a batch mode, i.e. one coil at a time. And also an order of a single coil. The term “batch operation” can be confusing in regard to a coil coating line. When a coil is threaded on a batch production line, there is a long time period where the line is operated in a continuous and steady state manner. For the purposes of this invention, the term “batch operation” means that coils are coated in sequence and the coating portion of the line is started and stopped for each coil. A batch operation may include more than one pay off reel, or may include more than one winding reel. One important operational consideration is how the film width is matched to the substrate width. Existing laminating operations using pressure sensitive adhesives use films widths which match the metal substrate width. During the laminating step, the position of the film or the position of the strip is guided so that the laminated film is applied correctly. There has not been any practical method disclosed where standard film widths may be utilized for economical film purchases. It is a distinct commercial advantage to provide for utilizing a thermal laminating film with standard sizes rather than custom order each individual film roll to match the metal substrate. Film pricing is better with improved production scheduling and lot sizing at the film supplier. Also, production is better if freed from the time delays required to order in a particular film width. This requires that an acceptable method of dynamically matching the film width to the metal substrate is performed on the laminating production line. It is well known in the art to trim a composite laminate film structure after laminating by using fixed position trimming knives. Various stationary and rotating knives are used which are locked at a fixed width. Both the film and the substrate, such as paper, are then trimmed together to the final width. The equipment needed to dynamically trim the edges of a wider film from a thick metal substrate has not been taught or disclosed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,732,625 by Boynton, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,475 by Tidland, et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,125,301 by Miller, et al. describe methods of moving rotating knives to a new width position only while the knife is not cutting. It is economically preferable to side trim excess film width rather than the entire film-metal structure due to the relative cost, and also due to the complexity of the needed equipment. The equipment and methods of trimming a film are easier to implement than side trimming a metal substrate. It is not desirable to trim both the metal and film to the correct width after laminating, nor is it desirable to let the excess film width simply overhang the metal edge. The overhanging film has a tendency to fold over on top of the metal, causing a severe coil winding defect. Another important consideration is film shrinkage during heat laminating. When the cold film is applied to a heated metal substrate, it expands due to the temperature change. When the laminate is rapidly cooled, the film width changes more than the width of the metal substrate which exposes the edges of the metal. Film shrinkage can also occur due to crystallinity changes when an oriented film is heated and cooled. It is not attractive to order a film width for the metal substrate and account for multiple factors that affect the final film width after laminating. Problems of trimming the excess polymer width away from the metal substrate include issues of reliably tracking the metal edge, damage to the cutting knives by the metal substrate for minor control errors, difficulties with metal edge sensing under a wider film, and the ability to move knives dynamically without damaging the blade or the blade bearing need to be addressed. Another commercial operating difficulty is matching the length of a film roll to the strip length. Difficulties with length matching cause film yield problems and increase operating costs. It is not economically desirable to discard or recycle partial film rolls. It is also undesirable to stop the laminating process and change film rolls. An operational method must be created to address this issue for good coating economy. When operating a batch thermal laminating line, it is difficult to completely cover the entire length of a coiled strip. The line must be threaded for each coil, strip tension established, the passline correctly established throughout the line, the film must be inserted into the laminating nip, any film wrinkles eliminated, the correct laminating pressure applied, the line brought up to operational speed, and the correct laminating temperature established. These processing steps, their sequence, and timing must be carefully coordinated and controlled to ensure optimum coating efficiency and yield. Important technical design features and operating methods must be included in the line operation to ensure the greatest operational efficiency. An important aspect of operating a batch thermal laminating line is to provide for rapid control of the correct metal substrate laminating temperature, especially when establishing the initial film lamination to the metal substrate. Laboratory measurements show that a hot metal strip, at approximately 450° F., cools very rapidly in air. The cooling rate may be 10 to 50° F. per second, depending upon conditions. If the strip preheating is too far from the polymer-metal nip point at a slow line speed, the metal temperature will be too low or unpredictable for reliable laminating. Poor temperature uniformity will directly affect laminating quality and yield. A compensating control method must be utilized. The use of heated rolls to create the preheated metal temperature may be problematical, particularly if the temperature of the metal strip must be varied. For example, it may be desirable to provide for an initial, higher temperature for lamination until the rolls which press the film onto the strip heat up. A heated roll has a large mass that must be heated and consequently has a poor temperature control response. If the strip temperature must be adjusted, the line speed changes, or the metal substrate temperature changes due to pretreatment changes, it is not feasible to rapidly change the roll temperature. It is important to provide instantaneously adjustable heating and coordinate it with a rapid response, accurate control system. It is also important that the metal preheating does not affect the surface energy of the metal surface. In laboratory experience, surface pretreatment by a controlled flame provides important adhesive and wet properties to the metal surface. If a heating roll touches the metal surface after surface energy pretreatment, there is a likelihood of adhesion failure. In laboratory experience, sporadic and sparse adhesion defects were diagnosed to be caused by this problem. Consequently, the design of the production line must consider ways to optimize and maintain the strip as clean as possible when entering the laminating nip. In particular, once the metal strip is pretreated, the metal surface is likely to pick up contamination from any debris on any roll it may touch. The debris may be light oils, dirt, dust, water, finger prints, cleaning residue, various chemicals, etc. Laboratory experience has shown that the pretreated metal surface will eventually remove common debris from processing rolls. However, the laminating quality will be substandard with places of air entrapment and poor adhesion until the debris is gone. The design of the line must consider methods that achieve an immediate, high quality lamination as rapidly as possible. It is also difficult to accurately monitor the metal temperature just prior to lamination as non-contact sensors in the temperature range below 500° F. are known to be inaccurate and unreliable for metal surfaces such as steel and aluminum. A control method for providing an accurate, reliable laminating temperature feedback must be included in the line design to provide for a high quality laminating process with a high yield. It is important that the metal substrate surface is properly cleaned sufficiently to achieve complete contact between the film and coil without air entrapment. U.S. Pat. No. 6,200,409 by Tanaka, et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,679,200 by Newcomb et al. describe problems with air entrapment between the laminating film and the metal substrate. Laboratory experience indicates that this problem is also clearly related to the surface energy of the metal substrate. The needed metal surface energy for proper film wetting on a thick metal substrate has not been disclosed. The practical ability of the laminating facility to achieve the proper surface energy with pretreatment becomes an important surface specification between the metal supplier and the laminating facility. It is important to arrange the needed processing steps with a minimum line length. The line is normally threaded by hand and it is highly troublesome to attempt lamination during the threading operation. It is necessary to run pretreatment or heating systems only when there is assurance that the strip will not stop for safety and operational reasons. Consequently, pretreating, preheating, and film laminating is not started until the strip is completely threaded from reel to reel and strip tension is established. This will cause strip lengths at both ends of the coil to be uncoated with an associated yield loss. The yield loss is minimized by designing the line in a compact manner, including only the space and processing steps necessary for lamination. Methods of minimizing metal substrate yield loss become an important operational problem. It is important to have a way to rapidly cool the film-metal laminate after the reheat step. Three practical methods to control temperature are by forced air, water quench, or contact with a thermally controlled roll. Each type of control has practical operational problems that must be optimized. The forced air cooling is a relatively slow process, requiring a long section of line. The length of the line increases, thereby causing a higher yield loss. Also, the slower method may cause undesirable crystallinity effects in the film-metal laminate. The water quench contacts the polymer surface with a fluid that is difficult to completely remove. However, the water system is attractive in that it provides rapid cooling in a short span. Contacting thermal rolls may have undesirable polymer sticking if the polymer is too hot or the roll surface is damaged. Also, laboratory observations are that cooling a film-metal laminate utilizing a contact cooling roll can be problematical. A clicking sound can be heard from the cooling roll due to uneven thermal control. The laminate surface simultaneously has uneven crystallization effects. It is important to prevent damage to the roll surfaces of the processing line during the threading operation. Laboratory experience has shown that bits of rubber and metal from the scratching of rubber covered rolls and steel rolls will affect laminate quality. Operational procedures to ensure a satisfactory operation, free of roll surface damage, need to be incorporated into the production line. An alternative to the existing coil paint technology is currently being sought due to the environmental problems with paint solvents. Roughly, half of the paint volume used in coil paint lines is solvent that must be evaporated and burned off. Coil paint line drying ovens are required to operate with a negative pressure to ensure that solvents do not escape into the atmosphere. Laminating technology, in connection with thermoplastic films, create no airborne environmental issues. Further, laminating technology holds the promise of lower coating and operating costs. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore the object of this invention to provide important operational methods and line features that are useful for a successful, commercial, and economical operation of a batch coil laminating coating line. The methods disclosed are important to provide a very low and competitive operational cost structure that meets commercial and competitive requirements to optimize labor, capital, yield, operating costs, and laminate quality. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a preferred general line layout arrangement of a batch production metal strip laminating line. FIGS. 2A and 2B are an arrangement of a film edge trimming unit on a metal edge including a backup trimming knife on a common moving frame. FIGS. 3A and 3B show a film structure of one or two layers. FIG. 4 is another preferred general line layout arrangement of a batch production metal strip laminating line. FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the induction furnace control. FIG. 6 is a block diagram of important processing steps of a batch production metal strip laminating line. FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a highly compact line. FIG. 8 shows how the post heat may be controlled when it is controlled by burners. FIGS. 9A-9B shows a vertical pass through the post heat burners and soak box along with a cooling roll. FIGS. 10A , 10 B shows force air cooing at the bottom of the vertical pass. FIGS. 11A-11E shows an end view and general arrangement of a shear tester. FIG. 12 shows an embodiment of how the post heat burners are controlled. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order to avoid large capital expenditures for a small production line, it is desirable to eliminate any non-vital coating equipment. In particular, material handling equipment such as looping towers, splicing equipment, bridle rolls, steering units, and unnecessary deflector rolls are eliminated. Also, any water based cleaning and pretreatment should be reduced to the minimal threaded length to ensure high yields. Chemical passivation and pretreatment provide important corrosion properties of the metal-polymer laminate. For some products, however, passivation is not necessary and equipment required to create it on a metal surface can be eliminated from the laminating line. For some products, cleaning and passivation is a requirement. A commercial batch laminating process for a flat metal substrate will have the following general processing steps: 1. Pretreating the surface of the metal substrate that will be laminated by raising the surface energy. 2. Preheating the metal substrate to a suitable laminating temperature. 3. Pressing a solidified film that is primarily a thermoplastic polymer onto one or both sides of the metal surface. 4. Reheating the film-metal laminate structure to a post treatment temperature. 5. Cooling the film-metal laminate. FIGS. 1 , 4 , and 6 further explain each of the above processing steps and includes variations and optional processing steps that are needed for a commercial operation. FIG. 1 is a preferred general line layout arrangement. A metal coil 101 is mounted on a payoff reel which pays off a strip 102 to a series of dip tanks. The first tank 103 is a cleaning solution, preferably an alkaline solution. It then passes through to a water rinse tank 104 , a passivation tank 105 , and a final rinse tank 106 . The passivation is preferably an iron phosphate or a zinc phosphate solution. The manufacturer's recommendations are followed as to tank temperature and residence time in the tank. The now cleaned and passivated strip surface is dried by direct flame impingement 107 , or other means such as forced air or hot air drying. The strip is then preheated by pair of heating contact rolls 108 that heat the strip up in preparation for thermal lamination. A flame surface pretreatment 109 , preferably after the heating contact rolls 108 , prepares the metal surface by increasing the surface energy so that the film will wet out and achieve a measured amount of adhesion at the film-metal nip point. The heating contact rolls 108 are preferably heated by a closed hot oil system or a controlled electrical heating system. It is desirable for the metal to be heated evenly across the width within 20° F. and preferably within 10° F. to prevent strip buckling or shape problems, and to ensure that the metal-film contact point provides appropriate adhesion across the entire strip width. Laboratory measurements with thermal lamination have shown that the required metal laminating may be fairly large operating window, provided there is suitable wet out to eliminate air entrapment between the metal surface and film. The target temperature is polymer dependent. The flame surface pretreatment 109 is a natural gas flame that directly impinges or is close to the metal strip surface. The natural gas to air ratio is carefully controlled by a premix system to be close to the perfect combustion ratio. In practice, the flame is normally slightly oxygen rich, approximately 0.5%, but the pretreatement may be adjusted slightly gas rich allowing the flame to extend and provide a more direct surface burn, depending upon the metal surface condition. Other burnable gases, such as propane or butane, could be used instead of natural gas. The flame surface pretreatment 109 may also be used to provide the correct thermal temperature for the lamination. In a preferred embodiment, the firing rate is coordinated with the heating contact roll 108 temperature and line speed to provide the correct metal temperature at the metal-film contact point. This feature provides important control of the metal temperature during the initial startup as a higher metal temperature can be used. The higher metal temp provides for proper adhesion when the laminate nip rolls 111 are cooler without having to elevate the temperature of the contact rolls which are subsequently hard to control. The large amount of thermal mass in the contact rolls provides very sluggish temperature control and is likely to overheat the metal causing sticking problems with the laminate nip rolls 111 . The pretreated and preheated metal strip then enters the laminating nip where a pair of laminating nip rolls 111 presses the upper film 110 a and lower film 110 b against the metal surface. An air cylinder, spring, hydraulic cylinder, or other force generating means provides an adjustable pressing force of up to 100 lbs/inch of roll width. The laminating temperature is measured by an infrared sensor 112 a , after the film to metal contact point, which looks at the proper measuring wavelength of the laminate film. In a preferred embodiment, the laminating nip rolls 111 are a rubber covered steel roll. They may also be made from other materials such as chrome covered steel rolls or stainless steel rolls. It is important that the rolls do not cut, gouge, or deteriorate easily at the laminating pressure and temperature. The rolls may be water cooled, if needed, to prevent polymer sticking. Film that overhangs the edges of the now coated metal strip is then side trimmed by one of two score cut knives 113 a and 113 b on a hardened back up roll 114 , and the excess trim is removed by a vacuum waste system (not shown). The two knives are redundant and provide important trimming reliability. The position of the score cut knives 113 a and 113 b on the fixed, hardened backup roll 114 may be adjusted while the coated metal strip is moving in order to track the edge. This will be discussed further in FIG. 2 . The hardened backup roll 114 is optionally water cooled. The coated metal strip then passes through a reheat section where an induction furnace 115 reheats the metal-film structure to a temperature suitable to develop the desired final adhesion. This temperature is polymer type dependent and is normally above the melting point of the polymer adjacent to the metal surface. If a two layer tie/bulk structure is used, the reheat temperature is usually above the melting point of the tie layer. Generally, it is also usually above the bulk layer melting temperature as well. Often the final desired adhesion is developed only when the entire polymer structure is raised to the molten state. The temperature is measured by a second infrared sensor 112 b. In an embodiment of the present invention, the reheating furnace 115 is an induction furnace. An infrared heating furnace is likely to overheat the coating edges if there is any significant overhang and burn the coating. A heating furnace that uses a direct flame has similar problems. A small amount of coating overhang has been found to be acceptable, without burning, such as 1/16″ or so. A convection furnace is long and causes a somewhat higher yield loss by lengthening the production line. Infrared, flame, and convection furnaces are embodiments of the present invention, but in many instances an induction furnace is preferred. The coated metal strip is then cooled by a pair of cooling contact rolls 116 that bring the coated metal strip temperature downward to the desired winding temperature. These rolls are preferably water cooled, but may be oil cooled depending upon the final temperature. The surface finish of the cooling contact rolls 116 provides important gloss and texture properties to the final film-metal laminate. An infrared sensor 112 c looks at the proper wavelength of the coating to ensure that the polymer winds up with the correct temperature. The winding temperature may be varied, depending upon the coating. An elevated winding temperature allows a tie layer to continue to develop a chemical bond or it may enhance any crystalline effects in the coating. Winding temperatures vary from ambient to 200° F., and more typically are 60 to 130° F. A pair of pinch rolls 117 are used to deflect the coated metal to the winding coil 118 . An edge guiding system (not shown) may be added to the winding reel to ensure that the coil sidewall is straight. The pinch rolls 117 are closed by an air cylinder and at least one roll is motor driven. These rolls are used to help thread the line for each coil. The temperature profile of the cooling contact rolls 116 is preferably within 20° F., and most preferably within 10° F. across the width. A temperature profile may occur due to the way the internal cooling fluid is routed inside the roll and the high heat transfer rate required. An even temperature profile prevents uneven metal thermal contraction and eliminates an uneven cooling problem. If the temperature profile of the roll is too large, the film-metal laminate will contract unevenly over the roll surface, lift off the roll briefly in some areas, and then snap back onto the roll surface. This problem causes an uneven film-metal laminate cooling and may contribute to crystallinity or quality defects. The line tension and speed are controlled by the winding reel 118 and payoff reel 101 respectively. However, this may be reversed. A line speed or strip tension measurement may be added to any of the deflector rolls with a fixed passline. The overall threaded strip length for a line configured per FIG. 1 is approximately 100 feet. This type of arrangement is aligned to the financial goal of operating with a low steel yield loss. Based on financial considerations, it is preferred to keep the threaded strip length less than 200 feet. The line length can vary depending upon other processing issues, such as the desire to add inspection areas, corona post treatment, an exit surface waxing station, or allow more time for the polymer to bond to the metal at the reheating temperature before it is cooled. The line can be operated to coat either side or both sides of the metal substrate. The line operation is generally the same for a one side coating or a two side coating. Only two operators are required to operate the line as shown in FIG. 1 . Most of the work is material handling and the initial operational startup for each coil. Once operating, the line may be sufficiently automated so that only one person needs to monitor the operation part of the time. The operators are then free to do maintenance, warehousing, various inspections, setting up the next coil, etc. For safety reasons, it is preferable that no less than two operators work together and provide suitable assistance to each other. Economical operation is possible even at a very low operating speed of 20 fpm. The two operators are able to operate a second or even third line simultaneously, depending upon the line speeds employed. As previously mentioned, it is important to avoid damage between the roll surfaces and the strip during the threading operation. Laboratory observations of surface scratching between the strip and rolls were primarily due to dragging the metal across the roll surface when the roll was not rotating with the strip. This is avoided if there is intimate contact between the rolls and the metal surface during threading. The threading process for a new coil is greatly simplified by utilizing the portion of the previous coil which is remaining in the line. A preferred threading method is to thread the first coil by hand. The coil is then processed normally and the line is stopped at the point when the tail end will just come off of the payoff reel. The temperature pretreating, laminating, and post treating processing equipment is stopped as well. The strip is still threaded throughout the line length. The strip is then cut at the winding reel and the coated coil removed. The strip is also cut at the payoff reel and any remaining small entry coil remnant is discarded. A new coil is loaded on the payoff reel and spliced to the strip remaining in the processing line. The splice may be tape, tack welds, or other joining method. A preferred embodiment is to join the coils in a manner that will fail if the strip is heated. The exit pinch roll 117 is then operated to thread the strip onto the winding reel. Line tension is then established and the line is started normally, including cleaning, passivation, surface pretreating, and preheating. The laminating process begins when the strip splice just passes by the laminating nip rolls. The remaining portion of the previous coil, the splice, and off specification material are wound into the ID of the exit coil. This threading sequence generates a minimum amount of scrap and provides for threading the line without roll scratching damage. A second preferred threading method follows. A coil is processed normally and the line is stopped at the point when the tail end will just come off of the payoff reel. The strip is still threaded throughout the line length. The strip is then cut at the winding reel and the coated coil removed. The strip is also cut at the payoff reel and any remaining small entry coil remnant is discarded. A new coil is loaded on the payoff reel and hand spliced to the strip remaining in the processing line. The splice may be tape, tack welds, or other joining method. The exit pinch roll 117 is then operated to pull the entry end of the new coil through the line. When the splice reaches the winding reel, the strip is cut again to remove the splice. The strip is now threaded onto the winding reel. The threading sequence is complete. This threading method has the advantage of bringing the splice through the entire line and ensuring a splice break will not cause additional scrap. For a very short line, this is a preferred operational method. Even though these threading methods create a fixed amount of scrap for each coil, the overall economic benefit is better by threading faster and avoiding roll scratching damage. Another important processing issue is the level of adhesion of the polymer to the metal substrate. It is well known in the art that maleic anhydride functionalized polymers provide a strong bonds between a polymer and a metal, such as aluminum foil. It is a distinct commercial advantage to provide for a laminating process that exploits this by incorporating a tie layer in the polymer film. A functionalized polyethylene is particularly useful because it will have a strong bond to the metal substrate and also adhere to a higher melting temperature polymer such as a polypropylene or a polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It has also been found beneficial to use a similar polymer base structure for a tie layer such as a polyethylene terephthalate glycol PETG when bonding a polyester. Typical commercial functionalized polymers available for use in a tie layer are: acid-modified ethylene acrylate, anhydride-modified ethylene acrylate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, acid/acrylate modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified ethylene vinyl acetate, anhydride-modified polyethylene, anhydride modified polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate glycol. Each type may be chosen based on the film to be laminated to the metal substrate. It is preferable to include a maleic anhydride and an acrylate functionality in the tie layer when using a polyester film. For example, a laminating film may be two layers: a 20% thick functionalized polyethylene tie layer which incorporates maleic anhydride and an acrylate group and an 80% thick polyester such as PET. It is not necessary for the surface of the metal substrate to be pretreated with a chemical treatment or passivation such as chromium oxide or phosphate system. A maleic anhydride functionalized tie layer will strongly adhere to a wide variety of metals directly, provided the surface is free of oils, free of debris, and has been pretreated to elevate the surface energy. Avoiding the passivation step commonly used in the paint industry is another economic and environmental advantage to laminating. However, the need for cleaning and passivation is market dependent. The cleaning and passivation steps shown in FIG. 1 are a preferred embodiment for markets where passivation provides important properties to the metal substrate. For example, markets requiring salt spray corrosion testing per ASTM B117 generally require passivation to achieve a minimum of 500 hours and often require corrosion inhibitors on the metal surface under the film. One important way to ensure good adhesion and film wet out is to take a surface energy reading of the metal substrate before any pretreatment. Laboratory experience has shown that pretreatment will raise the surface energy level as much as 15-20 dynes/cm. Based on limited laboratory results, a minimal surface energy for sufficient polymer wettability is 55 dynes/cm. This provides a basis for a metal surface specification averaging at least 35 dynes/cm for an incoming metal coil. To ensure reliable adhesion, FIG. 1 shows the metal substrate entering the laminating nip point directly from the flame surface pretreatment without touching any deflector rolls. This avoids any possibility of roll surface debris affecting the metal surface energy. It also provides for immediate, reliable quality when starting the laminating process on each coil. A wide variety of commercial metals broadly classified as aluminum, aluminum alloys, steel, low carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, steel alloys, tinplate, tin free steel, nickel, copper, titanium, and brass may be successfully laminated. Various metallic coatings such as aluminum, zinc, chrome, nickel, tin, and combinations thereof may be on the surfaces of the metal substrates. Steel and aluminum are the most commonly coated metals in coil form. It is preferable that the surface of the metal is suitably smooth. Dross on the surface from a hot dipped zinc coating line, for example, will allow some air to be trapped between the metal and the film. The laminating temperature sensor is preferably located just after the lamination point. Laboratory experiments have shown that infrared sensing of film temperature on metal is highly accurate for commercial sensors provided the correct polymer wavelength is used. Measuring the temperature of the metal surface prior to laminating is unreliable. As mentioned before, a method of dynamically matching the film width to the metal substrate must be created. FIG. 2A shows a general arrangement of a preferred method of trimming excess film width from the metal edges. A coated metal strip 201 with overhanging film width 211 passes over a hardened backup roll 203 where the overhanging film width 211 is trimmed by rotating score cut knives 202 . The rotating score cut knives 202 are pressed against the backup roll 203 by air cylinders 204 a and 204 b . The left air cylinder 204 a and the right air cylinder 204 b are positioned on their respective sliding rail 212 by a hand wheel 210 . An analog photoelectric sensor 205 is used to locate the edge of the metal and is designed to disregard any overhanging film that may be present. Two or more on/off style photoelectric detectors could also be used. The use of two photoelectric sensors allows an on-off control with a dead band zone where there is no change in knife position. As embodied in this invention, the edge sensor(s) may be an analog or an on/off style. It is preferable to use a light source with an output that can be varied. It is also preferable to use photoelectric sensors that eliminate cross talk when the sensors are close together. Laboratory experiments revealed that infrared sensors at 880 nm wavelength provided the greatest ability to find the metal edge even with overhanging film present. The diffusing properties of the film, the varying film thicknesses, and different colors present a significant challenge for reliable edge detecting. Photoelectric sensors have a tendency to change their trip point when the thickness or color changes. It is preferable, therefore, to be able to change the position of both knives relative to the photoelectric sensors. A knife positioning frame 206 is moved by a motor 207 which responds to the metal edge position. The knife positioning frame 206 slides on rail 208 within sliding way 209 . Sliding way 209 is substantially parallel to the backup roll 203 . After the overhanging film width 211 is trimmed, it is removed by vacuum removal tube 212 . For improved trim removal reliability, it is preferable to pull the trim off the hardened backup roll 203 at a 90° angle to the metal substrate 201 as shown. The tracking speed of the score cut knives must be very slow compared to the line speed. Fast knife motion will only cause the knife to scrape across the backup roll. It has been observed in the laboratory that a knife speed of less than 1% of the strip speed will provide adequate tracking response and not damage the knives. A knife speed at 0.25% of the strip speed will normally provide adequate tracking response. When the knives move, they are walking over to their new position rather than scraping on the backup roll. The angle of attack of the rotating knife blade relative to the metal edge remains parallel for practical purposes. In the laboratory, no problems with rotational bearing damage or reduced life were observed. As an alternate to FIG. 2A , the backup roll may be attached to the knife positioning frame as well. This allows the score cut knives to remain on the same spot of the backup roll. This has some advantages of simplifying the mechanical equipment and reducing the width. Laboratory experience has shown that this method of trimming is reliable. Brief control excursions where the metal edge contacts the score cut knife do not immediately damage the knife. However, repeated or long excursions tend to nick the hardened knife and cause a small spot on the film to remain attached. The knives may be sharpened somewhat during cutting with a stone or other sharpening instrument if suitable safety precautions are taken, and if the sharpening does not drop material on the laminate film. Due to bearing tolerances, the knives even tend to lean against the metal edge with a control excursion, and are slightly reluctant to lift up on top of the metal strip which helps to improve reliability. However, it is vital that the edge sensors properly detect the edge position and knife to metal contact is avoided. FIG. 2A shows only one pair of score cut knives. In another preferred embodiment, FIG. 2B shows a how a redundant pair of score knives may be used to trim at an edge of the strip. In a preferred embodiment, side trimming knives may be employed on the film before the laminating step to trim the film width dynamically to the strip width. This method is preferred in the cases where the polymer film becomes sticky and is difficult to trim away reliably from the hot metal. Some polymers have been known to create ‘stringers’ where the score cut knife is unable to satisfactory cut through the softened polymer film. Also, in some cases, the polymer film has a tendency to adhere to the knife. By trimming the film directly, just before laminating, the film width can be adjusted to the correct width by ensuring the metal is completely covered when observed at the winding reel. This takes into account any shrinking in the post treating step. Similar to FIG. 2 , the film cutting knives may be put on a guiding rail and track the strip edge position. This also has the advantage of allowing the strip edge to be detected prior to the laminating point with enhanced reliability and provide for matching the film position dynamically to the strip position. FIG. 3A shows a monolayer polymer film structure 302 a on a flat metal substrate 301 on the upper side and the same monolayer polymer film structure 302 b on the other side but with a different thickness. FIG. 3B shows a film structure with two layers in it. On the top of the flat metal substrate 303 there is a two layer film with a tie layer 304 and an outer layer 305 . On the bottom of the flat metal substrate 303 there is a two layer film with the same tie layer 304 and a different outer layer 306 . The overall film thickness on each side of the flat metal substrate 303 may be the same or different. The operator may ensure there is enough material to cover the coil by weighing the film roll or by measuring the outside diameter. If a partial film roll is to be added to another roll, the film to film splice location may be marked with a small protruding paper flag. When laminating a film roll with a flag in it, the operator may watch this flag position while running and then mark the laminated coil at the place where the two films are spliced together. This informs customers of where the film splice is located, allowing them to modify their operation to avoid using material with a film splice. Methods are known that allow two rolls of film to be joined while they are feeding into a processing line, without stopping or slowing the line. This is commercially feasible at speeds over 1,000 fpm. This requires additional equipment and capital expense, but this method may be utilized if the batch laminating line targets higher production levels at higher speeds. FIG. 4 is another preferred line layout. This line layout does not include a surface passivation or a cleaning section. A payoff reel 401 unwinds an entry coil 402 so that a metal strip 403 may be coated. A pair of deflector rolls 404 direct the metal strip 403 to a surface flame treatment 405 , which has been previously described. In this line, the surface flame treatment is not designed to provide an elevated metal temperature. An induction furnace 406 preheats the metal to the required laminating temperature to achieve an initial bonding. Two rolls of film 407 a and 407 b are laminated, respectively, on the top and bottom side of the metal strip. A pair of laminating rolls 408 press the films against the metal strip by use of an air cylinder 409 on the top roll. An infrared sensor 410 measures the laminating temperature by looking at the correct wavelength of the film. Slitting knives 411 a and 411 b are used to trim the lower film 407 a and upper film 407 b respectively to the correct width based matching the metal edge positions using a metal edge sensor 425 on each edge. The slitting knives match the film width dynamically to the metal substrate width and account for multiple effects previously mentioned. In a preferred embodiment, a pair of upper knives on each film edge and a pair of lower knives on each film edge are all mounted on a common frame so that the guiding control is simplified, increasing the reliability. Since the knives follow the position of the metal strip, in a preferred embodiment the film rolls and metal strip do not have to be guided dynamically into the laminating nip. The preferred embodiment may be followed providing the film widths are greater than the metal strip width with sufficient tolerance to ensure complete coverage. The type of slitting knives that will be effective and reliable is well known in the art. Various configurations of slitting knives may be used, with manual and automatic adjustments. For example, the slitting knives on the upper film may be manually set to a fixed width and both knives are positioned by a dynamically moving common frame. Equally, each slitting knife may track the metal edge separately. Other configurations are possible including moving all of the lower and upper slitting knives together on a common frame. The strip is directed to a second induction furnace 413 by deflector rolls 412 which may be water cooled to prevent the hot metal-laminate coating from sticking to the roll surface. At the induction furnace 413 , the metal is reheated to a final temperature that will facilitate high bonding strength between the polymer and metal surface, and will further provide important coating characteristics. A second infrared sensor 414 monitors the reheat temperature. The strip is then directed toward a water quenching tank 415 with a submerged roll 424 , and the strip exits the tank through wringer rolls 416 and air blow offs 417 . The strip is then ready for winding. The strip passes through a pair of pinch rolls 418 where an air cylinder 419 provides the pinching force. One or both of the pinch rolls 418 has a motor for purposes of threading the strip. The strip is then directed to a winding reel 420 where it is wound into an exit coil 421 . Standard lifting equipment such as a cart 422 and overhead crane 423 are used to move the film rolls into position. Overall, the line is designed in the compact manner, as shown in FIG. 4 , so that the treated length of strip is preferably less than 200 feet. In the case of FIG. 4 , the threaded strip length is approximately 55 feet. The operating method for the batch line, as embodied in this invention, would generally mean each coil would have a yield loss approximately equal to the threaded strip length. For tinplate coatings, where the coil length is commonly 20,000 to 25,000 feet long, the yield loss is commercially acceptable for a batch coating operation. For a sheet coil, where the strip length is commonly 5,000 to 10,000 feet long, this yield loss is also commercially acceptable. As an alternate, a second “scrap” winding reel (not shown) could be added so that the off specification material is wound up onto a different reel for easy recycling. This method has the advantage of removing unwanted material from the ID of a coil so that the customer receives only prime material. The non-prime strip could also be fed into choppers, cutters, and scrap boxes that are known in the art. Additional handling equipment would be needed to cut the strip and thread it onto the winding reels. In general, a preferred method of controlling the laminating temperature is to utilize an induction furnace. The induction furnace power is controlled to be proportional to the metal mass throughput. This will keep the metal temperature very closely controlled for line speed changes and allow for very rapid development of the correct initial laminating temperature. The flame pretreatment also provides some nominal metal heating and may be controlled to vary with the line speed or kept at a constant amount. For the initial laminating control, the line can be operated at reduced speed until the control stabilizes. This will improve yield. FIG. 5 is a block diagram for an induction furnace control. The control can be generally described as an inner control loop which maintains a constant furnace power to metal mass throughput ratio. An outer loop trims or varies the ratio based on the measured laminating temperature. This control is adapted for a faster control response and more stable control. Infrared temperature sensors can be sluggish and require averaging functions which hinders accurate temperature control based only on a temperature feedback. Also, slower line speeds will have a transport lag as the metal strip must physically move from the induction furnace to where the temperature sensor obtains a reading. In FIG. 5 , the inner control loop 514 is comprised of a line speed measurement 501 and the metal substrate gauge and width 505 which are used to compute the metal substrate mass flow throughput 504 . The mass flow throughput 504 along with the induction furnace power sensor 511 is used to compute the furnace power to mass flow ratio 510 . This is a feedback variable to a PID control loop 509 where the furnace power to mass flow ratio 510 is controlled. The output control signal from the PID control loop 509 is sent to the induction furnace controller 512 which in turn controls the induction furnace 516 power. The setpoint for this inner control loop 514 comes from an outer control loop 515 where the laminating temperature measurement 506 is compared to the laminating temperature setpoint 502 . The output from a PID control loop 507 then becomes a setpoint for the PID controller 509 in the inner control loop 514 during normal operation. During startup, a temporary power to mass throughput ratio setpoint 503 is used. Box 508 means that either the output from box 503 or from box 507 is passed directly to box 509 . Box 508 may be thought of as an operator selector switch. As an alternate, the output 513 of the inner PID control loop 509 can be used to compute the furnace power to mass flow ratio 510 rather than the furnace power sensor 511 . Overall, this control system provides for better control by quickly matching the furnace power to any line speed changes, and will maintain proper temperature without an immediate temperature feedback measurement. It also provides for reaching the initial laminating temperature more quickly because the setpoint for the inner control loop can be temporarily adapted to the previous coil or previous experience until the operator sees is a valid steady state laminating temperature measurement. FIG. 6 is a block diagram of preferred processing steps for a commercially viable batch production metal strip laminating line. A metal strip substrate is unwound 601 from a payoff reel where it is routed into a cleaning section followed by a rinse 602 . Preferably, the cleaning solution is an alkaline cleaner, but various soaps, and other additives can be included which are known in the art. The cleaning section may also include electrical grids to assist in removing oil and debris from the metal surface. The metal strip is then passivated 603 , preferably with an iron phosphate or zinc phosphate. Alternately, a chromium based solution could be used, such as chromium oxide. The passivation solution to be used depends upon the market to be served. The strip is then rinsed and dried 604 . It is to be understood that processing steps 601 , 602 , and 603 are optional. They are not a requirement for a laminating line, but may be necessary for some coating markets. The metal strip is then pretreated by one of several preferred options. A surface flame treatment 605 may be used to actually preheat the metal strip to the required laminating temperature in addition to improving the surface energy. This is a simple and low cost method to accomplish an important function. For some metal substrates and laminating films, this is sufficient to establish adhesion, suitable cleanliness, and wet out properties. The metal strip may also be pretreated by preheating with a heating contact roll 606 . The metal strip would then be surface treated 607 to improve surface energy prior to laminating. This sequence is preferred, in this case, as the heating contact roll is likely to allow dirt or oils to be placed on the metal surface. Also, the surface flame pretreatment control and size may be designed to provide a measure of strip temperature control. The metal strip may also be pretreated by a flame surface treatment and preheat furnace 608 . Preferably, the heating furnace is an induction furnace. Alternately, it could also be an infrared heating furnace. However, the infrared furnace is troublesome due to the high temperatures needed and requires a greater line length. Similarly, a gas fired heating furnace may also be used but is not as preferred. The flame surface treatment preferably precedes the heating furnace. The flame surface treatment may be after the heating furnace, but is not as preferred. The strip, now suitably prepared for laminating, is then routed to a pair of laminating rolls 610 where a film is pressed onto one or both sides of the strip. Features related to this step have already been previously discussed. Any overhanging film going past the metal edges is then trimmed 611 . It is preferred to trim the film promptly away from the metal immediately after the laminating step. This step is not required if the film width matches the metal width, or if the film is edge trimmed before the laminating step. The strip is then routed to a reheat section 612 where the metal strip-laminate is reheated to the a temperature needed to create the final adhesive bond and coating properties. The reheat furnace is preferably an induction furnace. However, an infrared or gas fired oven may also be used. An induction furnace is preferred as it will heat the coating from the inside out rather than force heat through the coating. Lamination experiments have shown that the metal strip and coating are in very intimate contact, and the metal temperature and coating temperature are very closely equal. An infrared furnace, for example, has the disadvantage in that the energy needed to warm up the metal strip must “go through” the coating and is likely to require a large differential temperature between the coating and metal. Consequently, the coating is likely to scorch or blister at production speeds that are needed for a commercial operation. Flame fired furnaces have similar problems and are not as preferred. An optional delay 613 may be needed, for some coatings, to develop necessary adhesion throughout the metal-laminate structure. Also, some coatings are highly crystalline, and the required balance between surface hardness and forming flexibility are established by the cool down timing and rate. For crystalline coatings, a preliminary forced air cooling is helpful to bring the coating down to an intermediate temperature before the final cooling for winding. The strip must be brought back to a suitable winding temperature by use of cooling contact rolls 614 , or by a water quench 615 with suitable air or forced air drying 616 . In a preferred embodiment, the forced air drying 616 is heated. Additional equipment such as wringer rolls or wipers may also be employed to provide a dry metal-polymer laminate for winding 617 . The winding temperature may be chosen based on crystallinity requirements. FIG. 7 is an elevation view of a highly compact line. A payoff reel 71 pays off a metal strip over a deflector roll 72 which directs the strip downward through a combination strip pretreater/preheater 73 and then into a laminating nip module 74 . The laminating module 74 contains a pair of rubber, neoprene, urethane, elastomer, or similarly covered rolls which press films onto one or both sides of the metal strip. The nip force is provided by compressed air cylinders, hydraulic cylinders, springs, mechanical screws, wedges, or a combination. The initially coated strip (metal film laminate) is then post treated by post heating flames 75 and then the metal film laminate passes through a soak box 76 . The soak box 76 provides an important benefit for some products by allowing metal conductivity to thermally equalize any uneven areas in the metal strip to ensure the strip is within temperature tolerance. In particular, edge cooling effects are minimized or eliminated by a soak box. The strip then passes through a rapid cooling system 77 which is a water quench tank with a recirculating waterfall system. The waterfall boxes are on either side of the metal strip and provide an important benefit for the metal film laminate. They allow the initial contact between the metal film laminate and the water to be very carefully controlled, and avoid problems with water turbulence sloshing on the strip or minor sprays contacting the strip surface which are seen on the film surface appearance by giving an uneven localized gloss. The waterfall is preferably designed to provide a projecting amount of water, that is at least 0.25 gpm per inch of strip width, and contacts the metal film laminate about two inches above the water tank level. This provides the ability to control the surface gloss to a high amount and also to provide a high amount of rapid strip cooling in the water tank. It is expected that at higher line speeds (i.e. above 100 fpm), the metal film laminate and water fall water can contact at higher levels above the water tank. A line configured this way may have a threaded length of less than sixty feet, as well as having a floor footprint of less than 35 feet long. After the water tank, a pair of wringer rolls 78 is used to squeeze off any water that remains on the metal film laminate, if there is any large amount, and the metal film laminate then passes over a deflector roll 79 . Then a series of air knives 80 dry off the metal surface. The air knives 80 are heated or unheated depending upon how much water is on the surface and the need to control the temperature of the metal film laminate. In some cases the polymer film properties are negatively impacted by an elevated temperature if crystallinity is encouraged to grow in this operation. In other cases, the film properties are enhanced by an improvement in film crystallinity. After the metal film laminate is dried off, it goes through an inline lubricator 81 , under a deflector roll 82 , and then to a winding reel 83 . The electrostatic lubricator is preferably an electrostatic lubricator because of the benefits provided. Many customers require lubrication on the metal film laminate surface as a matter of convenience to them. It is simply economically efficient for one lubricator to take care of lubrication rather than have a lubricator on each individual stamping line. FIG. 8 shows how the post heat may be controlled when it is controlled by burners. In this case, a premix system is used and the burners are ribbon type that provide very even heating and are highly resistant to flash back. The electrostatic lubricator includes lubricant sprayers which preferably reduces the lubrication particle size down to about 1-10 microns. This can be accomplished by electrostatic sprays or a shearing type venturi which uses compressed air pressure. The atomized lubricant is then fed into a high voltage chamber, approximately 30,000 volts, which transfers a charge to the lubricant particles, and then the charged lubricant naturally is attracted to the metal strip which is a relative ground. The high voltage also has the benefit of evenly distributing the lubrication as the particles disperse due to mutually repelling away from each other. An electrostatic lubricator is one embodiment, but other lubricator types are alternately utilized as well. Among them are roller coater, drip (droplets from tubes, pipes, or nozzles), spray (atomized spray from nozzles), spray and wring (spray immediately followed by wringer rolls to even out the application), recirculation systems (larger volume pumped onto the surface and overflow pumped back on), and wipe on lubricators (cloth, felt, or pad applicator). All could be employed with success, and each has advantages and disadvantages. An electrostatic lubrication has the advantage of the lubrication coating providing a tight adherence to the coated metal surface which tends to avoid tooling build up in the stamping (or roll forming) operation. It also efficiently utilizes the lubrication to near 100% and does not require the lubricant to be solvent based. Typical lubrication amounts are 50 to 300 mg/square meter for the lighter stamping operations, such as an end to go on a foodcan. Heavier lubrication amounts are needed for draw and redraw stamping operations. Roll forming operations typically need evaporative lubricants or vanishing oils if applied just before forming. In line application amounts just prior to demanding applications can range up to 400 mg/square foot (4,300 mg/square meter) or more for heavy bending, forming, or stamping operations. Useful lubricants include mineral oils, straight fatty oils, undiluted EP oils, soap solutions, soap-fat compound emulsions, phosphate coatings, dry film coatings, waxes, and solid lubricants. In line applicators prefer the dry film or solid coatings, which include Polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE). There are problems with applying heavy coatings for demanding operations in line at a remote coating operation, and consequently, such a lubricator will typically be designed to deliver a lower amount such as 50 mg/square foot (540 mg/sq. meter) onto either surface of the coated metal substrate to avoid problems like dripping and puddling if the coil is to be wrapped and shipped. For some products it is desirable to provide for a high gloss surface that has adequate time to achieve maximum bonding. FIG. 8 shows how a vertical pass and an improved quenching system after the post treat operation provides for a high bond to the metal substrate as well as a high gloss product, with gloss readings in excess of 100 gloss units (60 degrees). FIG. 8 shows the waterfall contacting the coated substrate just above the water line of the cooling tank. A payoff reel 801 unwinds a flat metal substrate 802 which passes over two deflector rolls 803 and then is processed by a pair of preheat/pretreating burners 804 . The preheat/pretreat operation has already been described. The prepared metal substrate then goes through a laminating stand 805 where a film is bonded to at least one side. The laminating rolls are usually heated. The strip then passes over idler rolls and then goes down a vertical passline and is heated by post heat burners 806 to above the melting point of the polymer. A soaking box 807 with internal electric heaters 808 is used to maintain the strip temperature above the melting point, and to ensure uniform metal strip temperature across the width. The internal electric heaters may be a variety of types and include metal strip heaters, ceramic heaters, infrared heaters, surface heaters, flame heaters, etc. The goal is to maintain the metal temperature and not allow it to cool off as there is a tendency for the strip to cool due to air movement upward in the vertical passline. The strip then has a time at an elevated temperature to develop permanent bonding. Generally, only a few seconds is required. The strip is then cooled by an initial contact with a waterfall 809 in order to ensure that the initial contact with water is very controlled to ensure uniform gloss. The waterfall touches the strip approximately a half an inch to four inches above the waterline of the tank, and the waterfall amount is significant. Waterfall flows of 0.25-1.0 gpm per inch of strip width on each side are preferred, and higher amounts are not believed to improve cooling. The lip design of the waterfall is important and a slight downward bend of a metal lip was found to be desirable. The design of the box that projects the waterfall must ensure that the flow across the width is reasonably uniform, so that the there are no variances of gloss across the strip. It was found to be important that both waterfalls on either side of the strip reasonably touch at the same point of the strip, but there is a wide tolerance depending upon the line speed. The water used in the waterfall is recirculated out of the cooling tank 810 . A separate cooling system with a radiator and fan (not shown) removes heat from the cooling tank 810 . After the strip contacts the waterfall cooling 809 , it passes through a cooling tank 810 where the strip essentially takes on the temperature of the cooling water. It then passes through wringer rolls 811 and is dried by air blowoffs 812 . The strip then goes through an inline lubricator 813 , if that is required for the product, passes through an exit deflector roll stand 814 , and is wound up on a winding reel 815 . Another embodiment of the invention is to have a contact cooling roll at the bottom of a vertical pass in order to provide a matte or low gloss surface. FIG. 9A shows the vertical pass through the post heat burners and soak box similar to FIG. 8 . Instead of the cooling tank, a contact cooling roll 902 with cooling nip roll 901 are used to solidify the polymer surface. The contact cooling roll is preferably a shell within a shell as illustrated in FIG. 9B where the water passageway 903 is shown. This provides a more uniform surface temperature across the width of the roll as well as improved heat transfer. Spiral baffles may also be employed between the inner and outer shells. Depending upon the line speed and other factors, an inner shell may not be required, and the contact cooling roll may be very simply designed, such as a flooded roll without an inner shell. Generally, a once through design is better for fluid flow reasons, although both the inlet and outlet could be on one side. The contact cooling roll 902 or the cooling nip roll 901 are preferably made of metal, or both, and a chrome hardened steel is a good choice for practical reasons. The rolls may be ground to the desired finish that will impart the desired gloss onto the polymer, and the polymer will replicate the surface of the rolls provided it is in the melted state when it reaches the nip point between the two rolls. Preferably, the cooling nip roll is designed to be flexible by being made out of a thin tubing, or incorporate a suitable high temperature elastomer so that metal gauge variances across the width of the strip will not cause contact cooling problems. In another embodiment of the present invention, FIGS. 10A , 10 B shows force air cooing at the bottom of the vertical pass. In FIG. 10A a series of air knives 1001 (heated or unheated) flow air on the strip to get the strip below its melting point before it reaches the deflector roll at the bottom of the vertical pass In FIG. 10B an air fan 1002 is shown. Another important feature of the present invention is the use of a soaking box after the post heat operation. The box may be heated or unheated; it's primary purpose is to provide a uniform temperature of the coated metal substrate, and secondly, to allow the flat metal substrate and the polymer coating to become tightly bonded. The soaking box provides two important thermal effects: the natural conductivity of the metal at a sustained elevated temperature provides some smoothing out of high/low temperature areas, and the radiant heat reflection between the coated strip and the inner walls of the soaking box to provide an additional improvement in temperature uniformity. A relatively small amount of time is needed for the desired effect. A few seconds to twenty seconds is sufficient, depending upon the uniformity of the post heat operation. If the soaking box is heated, it is preferably controlled to an operational temperature by a suitable thermocouple or by infrared sensors that monitor the coated strip temperature. The heating is preferably done by electric power, such as infrared, radiant, quartz tube, heating coil, etc. The soaking box may be simply designed and the inner walls temperature controlled. It may be more complicated, such as a gas fired furnace, where the inside is temperature regulated. As an alternative design, the soaking box is an extension of the post heat operation if enough heating capacity is included to input a significant amount into the strip and elevate the average temperature of the strip. In this case, the post heat operation is extended to include a soaking temperature area. For the purposes of this application, the two designs are equivalent. The goal of the soaking box is to provide a residence time above an operational temperature to improve the temperature uniformity across the width, and this may be included in the post heat operation or it may be a separate step from an equipment standpoint. As shown in simplified FIG. 12 , the burners in the post heating operation include position actuators 1201 a,b,c,d on either end to move the burners 1202 a,b in/out. This is a top view of the strip 1203 in a downward pass through a post heating operating. Pins 1205 are included to accommodate twist. The piping 1204 a,b to the burners is also shown. A skew function is provided by selecting an actuator to move in and another one to move out on the same burner simultaneously. In one embodiment of the present invention, the position of both burners are controllable, so that the coated surface on both sides of the coated metal substrate may be temperature controlled across the width by skewing the burners on each side separately. The average temperature on each side is also controllable by moving the relative overall position of the burner closer or further away from the coated surface. It a production setting, it was found that temperature on each side of the coated metal strip behaved separately during the post heat operation when it was a direct fired burner, and that a thickness of 0.013″ (steel) was enough to cause temperature isolation in the coating between sides. Also, air cooling defects showed undesirable gloss changes in the coated metal substrate due to uneven temperatures in the post treat operation when the burners were not properly adjusted. These defects were removed when the burners were properly adjusted so that the temperature uniformity was reasonable prior to the soaking box. At least two infrared sensors across the strip width on each side are desirable to monitor the strip temperature so that the burners can be properly adjusted. An infrared hand held sensor is useful for manual burner adjustments, but it is better to automate the burner movement. Another important item is to trim the film prior to lamination, as already stated, and to provide for complete coverage per a customer specification. It is desirable to trim the film roll in place and leave an over width material on the cardboard core where the original film was obtained. Trimming film prior to lamination, and monitoring coverage of coating to ensure metal is covered to customer specification, one or two edges. It has also been found to be attractive to check the quality of coating adhesion to the metal strip by use of a shearing test as opposed the cross hatch adhesion test. For some operations, in particular—a stamping operation, the cross hatch adhesion test is not always a good predictive test for how well the coating will perform. A polymer coating has a stronger coating film strength when applied on the metal substrate, and has a tendency to peel versus a paint coating which tends to pick off The tape used in the test has a nominal 1000 grams per linear inch of width adhesive force, and is often used as a pass/fail test. Different adhesive tapes might be used, with different adhesive forces, but their predictive ability with polymers has been found frustrating in practice. FIG. 11A shows an end view of a shear tester that is useful for monitoring the ability of a coating to withstand a maximum shear force in a particular stamping operation. The tester comprises a moving forming tool 1101 , a moving forming radius 1102 , a sample to be tested 1103 , a stationary forming tool 1104 , and a stationary forming radius 1105 . The moving forming tool and stationary forming tool are separated by a gap 1106 which is selected to simulate the shear force developed in a stamping operation. The sample 1103 is rigidly clamped against the moving forming tool 1101 by block 1107 . The shear tester is useful for testing a variety of stamping operations, materials, tooling setups, and material thicknesses without the expense of purchasing tooling, which is not practical due to the expense. Sample widths of ½ to 2 inches are standard widths to be tested. The tester is used in FIGS. 11B-11D . The moving forming tool is stroked in a single direction over the stationary forming tool and the test sample is bent against the two forming radius as illustrated. The end result is a bent sample with the coating that has been tested for shear on a single side. The coating then may be examined for defects or failures as desired. The tester has three primary ways to be adjustable to a particular stamping operation, the gap 1106 , the forming radius of curvature(s) of the forming tools 1102 , 1105 , and the material to be tested 1103 . He strip is tested without internal tension, so the exact stamping operation is not replicated, however, a similar shear situation is developed depending upon the tolerances of the shear tester. Also, the tester is useful to compare existing coatings to new coatings, and to examine lubricants and their effects. It is important that the moving forming tool is pressed against the stationary forming tool at a reasonable rate, comparable to a particular stamping speed. Some stamping presses run very fast, and operate at hundreds of strokes per minute. FIG. 11E shows a manual shear tester. A lever 1110 is attached to linkage and rod cap 1111 which moves a stroke rod 1112 through a guide pipe 1113 which is attached to an upper guide plate 1115 . The upper guide plate is assembled in a frame 1118 as shown with guiding rails 1121 on either side so that it will only stroke in the vertical direction as shown without twisting. An upper forming tool 1114 is rigidly attached to the upper guide plate 1115 , and reinforced in place by keeper block 1120 , and moves when the lever 1110 is raised or lowered. A lower forming tool 1116 is rigidly attached to the base 1117 , which is attached to the frame 1118 , and are all stationary when lever 1110 is moved. A pin 1119 allows the lever to move relative to the frame 1118 . Thus, the upper forming tool moves relative to the lower forming tool when the lever is moved manually by the operator, and provides the ability to perform a shear test on a sample (not shown). While various embodiments of the present invention have been described, the invention may be modified and adapted to various uses to those skilled in the art. Therefore, this invention is not limited to the description and figures shown herein, and includes all such changes and modifications that are encompassed by the scope of the claims.

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to prior co-pending provisional U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 60/423,176 originally filed Nov. 1, 1902 and titled “DIALYSIS IN MICROCHIPS USING PHOTOPATTERNED THIN POROUS POLYMER MEMBRANES”. STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST [0002] This invention was made with Government support under government contract no. DE-AC04-94AL85000 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy to Sandia Corporation. The Government has certain rights in the invention, including a paid-up license and the right, in limited circumstances, to require the owner of any patent issuing in this invention to license others on reasonable terms. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0003] The invention is directed specifically to dialysis of chemical and biological samples in a microfabricated device prior to analysis. In general, it relates to enabling selective control of the transport of species (e.g., molecules or particles) in microfluidic channels through the use of a photopatterned porous membrane with controlled pore structure. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] Real-life biological, environmental or chemical samples frequently contain a large number of molecules of differing molecular sizes and weights. A few examples of such samples are bodily fluids such as blood, urine and saliva or the contents of a cell. The size of these particles can range from 0.1 mm to less than 1 nm. The presence of particles spanning such a wide range can create a number of problems in miniaturized systems such as blockage of fluidic channels and adsorption of unwanted molecules on system surfaces (channel fouling). Furthermore, in typical applications, it is often desirable to analyze specific classes of molecules (e.g., proteins); eliminating other particles (e.g., cells, and cell fragments) in order to reduce the background “clutter” in the sample and thereby simplifying analysis and providing greater sensitivity. In particular, in biomedical applications in order to study cell proteins and signaling molecules the cell membrane must be ruptured and the contents of the cell released. In practice cell samples are typically opened by mechanical emulsion or by exposing the cell sample to a denaturing solution. In doing so one is left with a myriad of particles and molecules that must be filtered in order to be analyzed. [0005] Dialysis is a means of separating molecules using a porous membrane. The separation is achieved according to molecular size or molecular weight of the assemblage of molecules under study: molecules smaller than the membrane pore size will pass through the membrane, while larger molecules ones are excluded. Dialysis, therefore, can be applied to achieve either of two purposes: (a) to remove interfering compounds, contaminants, or salts from a biological sample; or (b) to extract those molecules of interest from a “dirty” sample or a crowded assemblage of materials. In the former case, the molecules that do not pass through the membrane are of interest while in the latter case those molecules that do move through the membrane are of interest. The driving force for dialysis is the concentration differential between the solutions (sample and perfusion liquid respectively) on either side of the membrane. (For filtration, the process is the same but the driving force is a pressure gradient.) For maximum efficiency, the membrane is made to be as thin as possible while still providing sufficient rigidity and strength to prevent membrane rupture. Moreover, the concentration differential across the membrane is maintained as large as possible, and the membrane pore size distribution is made as narrow as possible such that the “tails” of the distribution decline rapidly. [0006] Microfluidic devices (specifically, those constructed using glass wet-etching, silicon micromachining, or LIGA-type processes) have in many ways revolutionized the analytical and synthetic capabilities available for chemistry, biology, and medicine (the term “microfluidics” is herein intended to imply fluidic processes occurring in fluid channels having cross-sectional dimensions below 1 mm and lengths ranging from millimeters to tens of centimeters). A number of analytical techniques have been shown to perform better in microfluidic structures of this type, and synthesis of small structures using the minimum amount of reagents requires efficient use of materials in small channels. Microfluidic devices allow analysis using minute amounts of samples (crucial when analyzing bodily fluids or expensive drug formulations), are fast and enable development of portable systems. [0007] When dealing with small volume samples, however, one of the major problems is a loss of sample due to the transfer of samples to and from the dialysis equipment. When sample is present in such a small volume and not readily available the loss of sample becomes an important consideration. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] There is a need, therefore, to develop a method and a device for performing dialysis that does not require the transfer of samples out of the dialyzer and which thereby minimizes handling loss. There are many devices currently available in the market for dialyzing small sample volumes. However, most if not all of these devices require advanced preparation before a sample can be dialyzed. Moreover, a common feature of these prior art dialysis devices is the need to transfer the sample into the dialysis device for analysis and the need for extracting the sample from the dialysis device after dialysis. These multi-step procedures involve an inevitable loss of sample, are operationally complex, require prolonged analysis times, and make integration and automation difficult and expensive. [0009] Simultaneous miniaturization and integration of the sample pretreatment methods into the miniaturized analysis device not only lead to significant improvement in performance but also allow autonomous operation. [0010] An embodiment of the present invention, therefore, allows for an integrated, miniaturized dialysis device wherein porous polymer membranes are fabricated in-situ in micro channels and used as a size-selective dialysis element to allow for species of different sizes to be distinguished, filtered, and extracted. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] [0011]FIG. 1 illustrates a cartoon of the general approach for creating a membrane by photo-initiated phase-separation polymerization. [0012] [0012]FIG. 2 shows a photolithographic technique for beam-shaping optics to provide the polymerized membranes. [0013] [0013]FIG. 3A shows a schematic of intersecting microchannels and a polymerized membrane located at the intersection junction. [0014] [0014]FIG. 3B illustrates that 200 nm (average) Ø microspheres tagged with a fluorescent dye do not diffuse through the polymer membrane. [0015] [0015]FIG. 3C illustrates fluorescein dye diffuses through the membrane. [0016] [0016]FIG. 4A shows the migration of rhodamine 560 through the dialysis membrane after 20 seconds exposure. [0017] [0017]FIG. 4B shows the migration of rhodamine 560 through the dialysis membrane after 160 seconds exposure. [0018] [0018]FIG. 4C shows FITC-labeled insulin introduced on one side of the dialysis membrane at initial exposure. [0019] [0019]FIG. 4D shows insulin on one side of the dialysis membrane 10 minutes after initial exposure illustrating that only slightly detectable migration of the insulin has occurred. [0020] [0020]FIG. 4E shows FITC-labeled lactalbumin introduced on one side of the dialysis membrane at initial exposure. [0021] [0021]FIG. 4F shows lactalbumin on one side of the dialysis membrane 12.5 minutes after initial exposure illustrating that virtually no migration of the lactalbumin has occurred. [0022] [0022]FIG. 5 illustrates a cartoon of a 1 cm long dialysis membrane in a counter-flow channel. [0023] [0023]FIG. 6A shows a graphical representation of the dialysis membrane in the counter-flow channel configuration shown in FIG. 5. [0024] [0024]FIG. 6B illustrates a dual dialysis membrane embodiment in a counter-flow channel. [0025] [0025]FIG. 6C illustrates a dialysis membrane in a co-flow channel embodiment wherein the membrane has multiple sections with different molecular cut-off pore sizes. [0026] [0026]FIG. 6D illustrates a tortuous dialysis membrane in a counter-flow channel wherein the membrane is deliberately convoluted in order to lengthen the porous surface. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0027] The present embodiment consists of a means for dialyzing species in microchannel devices that is based on the species' size. Utility is achieved by polymerizing a thin porous polymer membrane across a channel intersection within the microchannel device. A membrane of about 0.5 μm to about 20 μm in thickness can be used for this purpose. Because the shape and thickness of the membrane is controlled primarily by a UV light beam used to initiate a polymerization reaction in a solution contained within a microchannel, control of the excitation light beam focus and collimation can be used to control the membrane thickness. The thickness of the membrane is also negatively effected by photo-initiated radical diffusion, solvent-phase polymer diffusion, and bulk fluid motion within the fluid microchannel. These factors can be controlled by eliminating bulk fluid flow before initiating polymerization, and by the incorporation of polymerization inhibitors to minimize radical diffusion. [0028] In preparing the desired membrane, various monomers and solvents may be chosen to provide a polymerized membrane having a specific distribution of pore size and one which incorporates specific molecules into the membrane that impart a specific property to the membrane and therefore to the membrane pore structure. Such membranes, therefore, can be adapted or “engineered” to pass molecules having a specific size or having a specific protein molecular weight cutoff (as measured in Dalton units). Moreover the choice of monomer/solvent combinations can be used to dictate polymer properties such as (I) pore size; (ii) mechanical strength, which can be enhanced by using high polymer cross-linking density (using for example, 1% to 100% of polyfunctional acrylates such as pentaerythritol triacrylate, polyfunctional methacrylate, such as 1,3 butanediol dimethacrylate, or polyfunctional acrylamide, such as methylene bisacrylamide); (iii) hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, which can be controlled through the choice of monomers, e.g., ethylene glycol diacrylate, or zwitterionic molecules, for hydrophilicity, and alkyl-acrylates for hydrophobicity; and (iv) polymer charge, which can be controlled through incorporation of charged monomers into the membrane, such as for example, [2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl] ammonium methyl sulfate salt (MOE) for positive charge, 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) for negative charge. [0029] Of all of these properties, however, pore size is most common and most important. By utilizing carefully chosen appropriate combinations of monomers and solvents such as are shown in TABLE 1, pore sizes may be adjusted from small to large in the dialysis membrane. In particular, for a given concentration of solute, solvents that are characterized as “strong” with respect to the solute monomer provide for a smaller average pore size upon polymerization, while solvents characterized as “weak” provide for a larger average pore size. Utilizing a monomer such as SPE (N,N-dimethyl-N-(2 methacryloyl oxyethyl)-N-(3 sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine) and a solvent such as water, an average pose sizes of 1 nm to 3 nm is achieved, while a monomer such as pentaerythritol triacrylate with a solvent such as 1-propanol, the measured pore size is about 30 nm. TABLE 1 SOLVENT/ MONOMER/ MONOMER PORE SOLVENT CROSS-LINKER RATIO SIZE 20:60:20 70:30 67:33 1000 nm Ethanol:Acetonitrile:5 mM Butylacrylate:1,3 Phosphate buffer pH 6.8 Butanediol diacrylate 1-Propanol Pentaerythritol 27:73  30 nm triacrylate 96:2:2 95:5 60:40 1-3 nm Water: SPE:N,N′- 2-Methoxyethanol:10 mM Methylene Phosphate buffer pH 5.5 bisacrylamide [0030] This embodiment of the invention allows for two or more liquids (one sample liquid and one or more perfusion liquids) to be brought into contact on a microfluidic chip separated only by a thin (0.5 μm-100 μm) photopatterned porous polymer membrane; concentration gradient-driven diffusion will cause those molecules whose size is smaller than the membrane pore size to be transported from sample through the membrane to the perfusion liquids. Implementing this in a microfluidic chip format allows molecules having a size range of interest to be transported to analysis channels (e.g., chemical separation), to reaction zones (labeling, enzymatic), or to off-chip sites for mass spectrometry. [0031] A variety of geometries may be used to implement on-chip dialysis, including co-flow and counter-flow operation, single- and multiple-membrane configuration, straight and tortuous path configuration, and both single-pass and recirculating configurations. In particular, FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a counter-flow geometry wherein the dialysis is 1 cm in length. [0032] Polymer Formulation & In-situ Photopatterning of Polymer Membrane [0033] Standard glass microchips having conventional cross-shaped channels were obtained from Micralyne; chemicals were obtained from Aldrich and used as received. In order to facilitate bonding between the glass surfaces within the channels and the polymer membrane, the glass surfaces within the microchannels were first exposed to a 2:2:1 (by volume) mixture of water, glacial acetic acid, and 3-(trimethoxysilylpropyl) acrylate for a period of 30 minutes, covalently linking the silane to the wall and exposing the acrylate group for polymerization. [0034] Following surface treatment, the microchannels are filled with a monomer/solvent/photo-initiator solution comprising the following formulation. A monomer mixture consisting of 95% (by weight) of SPE (N,N-dimethyl-N-(2 methacryloyl oxyethyl)-N-(3 sulfopropyl) ammonium betaine) cross-linked with 5% (by weight) N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide is prepared. The monomer mixture is subsequently incorporated into a quantity of water to yield a 40:60 monomer:solvent solution and includes 0%-30% (by weight) of an organic additive to help control pore size and a small amount of a buffer solution to control the pH of the solution mixture. In the present formulation, the organic additive was about 2% (by weight) 2-methoxyethanol, although C1-C3 alcohols or acetonitrile could be used also) and the buffer solution was about a 2% (by weight) 10 mM concentration of a phosphate buffer solution to maintain the monomer/solvent solution mixture at a pH of 5.5. [0035] Lastly, a small quantity of a commercial grade photo-initiator is added to the monomer/solvent solution mixture to render the solution sensitive to UV light exposure. In the present case, the photo-initiator was 2,2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamide) dihydrochloride, purchased from Wako Chemicals USA, Inc., a division of Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan, under the trade name of V-50®. This material is added to the monomer/solvent solution in concentrations of generally about 10 mg/ml of the monomer solution and complete the polymerizable solution formulation used to create the dialysis membrane of the present invention. [0036] The other monomer/solvent solution mixture formulations are, of course, possible, including each of those listed in Table 1. Other photo-initiators are also possible, particularly [2,2′-Azobis-isobutyronitrile], also known as AIBN or V-40®, again purchased from Wako Chemicals USA, Inc. However, the formulation recited above is preferred for practicing dialysis as described herein. [0037] After preparing the interior surfaces of the microchannel system and filling it with the single phase monomer/solvent solution the intersection region of the microchannels was then exposed to a focused, collimated beam of UV laser light, shown in FIG. 2. As this beam of light interacts with the single phase solution a phase-separation polymerization reaction is initiated (and catalyzed by the presence of the photo-initiator) within the cross-sectional region of the microchannel into which the laser light is imaged. The polymerization reaction eventually produces the desired porous membrane within the microchannel as shown schematically in FIG. 1. Actual images of operational membranes are shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C as well as FIGS. 4 B- 4 E. [0038] As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a thin (4 μm-14 μm) porous polymer membrane is fabricated in-situ in glass micro channels by projection lithography; shaping and focusing the 355 nm output of a 12 kHz, 800 ps-pulse, 160 nJ-pulse, frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser into a 1-2 μm sheet and using this sheet to generate photo-initiated phase separation polymerization in the irradiated region. The thickness of the laser sheet was minimized by spatially filtering the focused laser output beam with a 2 μm slit and imaging the resulting diffraction pattern at ˜0.5 magnification onto the desired channel location into which the membrane is to be formed. [0039] As noted above, a related photolithography technique is described in commonly owned U.S. patent Ser. No. 10/141,906. However, this reference recites a contact photolithographic process that is inoperable in the present case. Because the imaging light beam must propagate through roughly a millimeter of glass covering the embedded microchannel in which the membrane is to be formed, the incoming light is subject to degradation due to the effects of diffraction and dispersion. In order to overcome these problems the Applicants have adapted projection photolithography techniques for focusing an image of the desired structure cross-section into the region of the microchannel and thus avoiding the problems of image integrity in the former technique as applied to the present embodiment. The process is described in greater detail in “Voltage-addressable on/off microvalves for high-pressure microchip separations”, ( J. Chromatography A; 979, pp. 147-154, 2002), herein incorporated by reference. [0040] The final thickness of the membrane, however, is determined by factors that include more than just the optical properties of the incident laser beam sheet. The membrane thickness is also effected by diffusion of radical species, by solved-phase polymer diffusion, and by bulk fluid motion. Effects of radical diffusion are reduced by retaining the natural polymerization inhibitors present in the system (15 ppm hydroquinone monomethyl ether, solved O 2 ); this effectively decreases the chemical lifetime and diffusion length of the radical products of photo-dissociation. Laser excitation was terminated upon the onset of phase separation. Phase separation was inferred from light scattering from the membrane-fluid interface. [0041] Following polymerization, the system was flushed thoroughly with 1-propanol and water to remove residual polymer/monomer/solvent material and then filled with aqueous solutions for testing. The nominal pore size of the present embodiment of porous polymer was established to be about 1 nm to about 3 nm as measured with mercury porosimetry, BET, and with SEM. Examples of Dialysis Operation in Membranes of the Present Invention [0042] FIGS. 3 A-C illustrate one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3A shows a schematic of the channel configuration. The operation of the porous membrane is shown in FIG. 3C by filling the channel assembly on one side of the polymerized membrane with an aqueous solution of fluorescein (MW=0.33 kDa, Ø≈1 nm); or as shown in FIG. 3B with an aqueous suspension containing 200 nm, carboxylate-modified, fluorescein-impregnated latex spheres (Molecular Probes®), while filling the opposite side of each of these channel assemblies with water. Both solutions were allowed to come to rest and the extent of species migration (fluorescein or latex spheres) across the membrane observed over a period of several minutes using 488 nm light to excite fluorescence in the fluorescein. As can be seen in FIG. 3C, fluorescein readily diffuses across the membrane while in FIG. 3B the 200 nm latex spheres do not, suggesting that the pore size cutoff for this membrane is below 200 nm since fluorescein molecules (having a “diameter” that is about 1 nm) pass freely through the membrane while the latex spheres are blocked. This observation is corroborated with SEM, Hg porosimetry, and BET porosimetry. [0043] A second embodiment is shown in FIGS. 4 A-F wherein the membrane, shown as element 40 diagonally separating intersecting fluid channels 41 and 42 , is subjected to a similar test as is illustrates in FIGS. 3B and 3C. In the present case, however, the test was modified to improve the granularity of the attempt to determine the molecular weight cut-off of the SPE membrane. In this case, the microchannel system was exposed to free dye (Rhodamine 560 , MW=0.37 kDa, Ø≈1 nm) and a solution containing FITC-labeled proteins with different molecular weights. In particular, the response of insulin (MW=5.7 kDa), lactalbumin (MW=14 kDa, Ø≈5-6 nm), bovine serum albumin (MW=66 kDa), and anti-biotin (MW=150 kDa) in their ability to diffuse through the membrane was tested. FIGS. 4A and 4B show the rapid permeation of the Rhodamine dye through the membrane. As seen in FIG. 4B, at 20 seconds after its introduction the rhodamine dye has already migrated well into both arms of the fluid channels to the right of the membrane 40 . However, FIGS. 4C and 4D show that insulin (5.7 kDa) experiences only barely measurable diffusion through the membrane, and FIGS. 4E and 4F show that lactalbumin presents virtually no measurable diffusion across the membrane even after a residence time of over 12 minutes. The larger species, i.e., those having MW>14 kDa, also show no diffusion and for brevity are not shown. These preliminary results, therefore, demonstrate that control of molecular weight cutoff through these porous polymer membranes is achievable by precisely engineering the constitution of water/2-methoxyethanol solutions. [0044] Finally, because combinations of monomers and solvents may be chosen to provide specific pore size distributions (as noted above), those skilled in the art will realize that a dialysis device may be provided having a plurality of membranes each exhibiting a unique specific pore size which would allow for isolating particles in any specific size range for any specific application. Moreover, the method described herein is applicable to many different geometries. FIGS. 2 and 3A illustrate a simple variation of the present technique wherein the membrane diagonally separates a junction made by two intersecting channels and is an example of cross-flow dialysis. FIG. 5 illustrates a counter-flow geometry wherein the membrane divides a single channel that connects two widely separated channel junctions by interconnecting a series of intermediate spaced support posts. The geometry of FIG. 5 has been successfully fabricated with membranes lengths of up to 1 cm. [0045] FIGS. 6 A- 6 D illustrate additional embodiments of the counter-flow geometry shown in FIG. 5 wherein the membrane divides the separation channel 60 once, in the case of FIG. 6A or twice, as in the case of FIG. 6B. As before the dialysis structure is fabricated by interconnecting a series of intermediate spaced posts 62 which bisect fluid channel 61 with short segments 63 of the polymer membrane. It is also possible to construct a separation channel capable of selecting species having a graded series of molecular weights (sizes). As shown in FIG. 6C, wherein channel network 60 contains groups 67 and 68 of membrane segments 63 spaced out along the length of polymer membrane 69 . Two groups are shown but it is obvious that more groups could be used. The structure achieves its utility for selecting particles having more than one range of molecular weights when each of the segments of a particular group of segments is fabricated with a polymer material that has a different average molecular cut-off pore size and when the groups are arranged in a logical order (ascending or descending) for its intended use. The particular configuration shown in FIG. 6C allows for molecular species with increasing molecular size to pass from the sample stream as the stream passes along the length of the membrane. While two sections are shown in FIG. 6C in principle any number of sections are possible. [0046] Finally, as shown in FIG. 6D the length of the separation network of FIG. 6A can be increased by convoluting the fluid channel. This allows for compact structures while still allowing for sufficient dialysis length to achieve the intended separation result. [0047] It is, therefore, apparent that due to the flexibility of the present process other geometries are possible and are limited only by the routineer's ability to provide the necessary lithographic tools.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a national stage application based on PCT/EP2012/050113, filed on Jan. 4, 2012. This application claims the priority from the same, and hereby incorporates the same by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not Applicable THE NAMES OF THE PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT Not Applicable INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC OR AS A TEXT FILE VIA THE OFFICE ELECTRONIC FILING SYSTEM (EFS-WEB) Not Applicable STATEMENT REGARDING PRIOR DISCLOSURES BY THE INVENTOR OR A JOINT INVENTOR Not Applicable BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to steering-column locks of the electrically motorized type. Many constructions of steering-column locks are known. First, steering-column locks have been proposed comprising a motor and a gearwheel which drives a locking bolt via a cam or a gradient associated with the gearwheel, wherein the gearwheel rotates about a shaft which is parallel to an output shaft of the electric motor, or else in which the gearwheel rotates about a shaft which is perpendicular to the output shaft of the electric motor. The bolt then travels slidingly closer to the steering column, under the action of a profile arranged on the gearwheel, to a locked position of the steering column. Conventionally, the bolt is designed to immobilize the shaft of the steering column by fitting into a longitudinal groove arranged on the contour of this shaft. For this purpose, the shaft comprises several grooves distributed angularly on its contour. The portions of the contour of the shaft separating two successive grooves are called teeth. When the bolt is in protruding position of interaction with the contour of the column shaft, it is either fitted into a groove for immobilizing this shaft, or in contact with a tooth. In the latter case, the column shaft is not prevented from rotating. However, as this is conventional, if the steering wheel connected to the shaft is operated, this shaft is automatically immobilized after a brief angular travel of the latter having the effect of placing a groove in line with the bolt so as to allow the latter to fit into this groove. In the case of a motorized steering lock, it is essential to define positions called unlocking and locking positions in order to switch off the motor when they are reached. Accordingly, an indexing device and indexer associated with the bolt are provided, that is to say that the motor will be switched off only when the bolt has reached the unlocked position or the locked position. With respect to the position called the locked position, because the bolt may be either on a tooth or in a groove, two options can be used. The first option consists in defining the locked position for a bolt that is in a groove, this position corresponds to the lowest position of the bolt. If, in this indexation configuration of the locked position, the bolt is not in a groove but on a tooth, the bolt has not been able to reach its bottom position and therefore the locked position has not been able to be detected. The motor therefore continues to run. In order to prevent this phenomenon, it is therefore preferred to define the position called the locked position for a bolt that is on a tooth. In this indexation configuration of the locked position, the motor is stopped for a bolt position that has not reached the bottom level, that is to say in a groove. In order to compensate for this difference, provision is made to keep the motor running for a certain period of time. Unfortunately, with this additional rotation, the gearwheel risks reaching its position of abutment and causing a repetition of mechanical force on this abutment. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is to alleviate these drawbacks while maintaining a compact configuration of a steering lock that can be housed in a restricted space at the bottom of the steering column. This object is achieved according to the invention by virtue of a motorized steering-column lock for a motor vehicle capable of adopting a locked configuration and an unlocked configuration of the steering column of the vehicle, said steering lock comprising: an electric motor driving a gearwheel, at least one profile placed on at least one face of the gearwheel, a bolt that can move between a locked position and an unlocked position of the steering column, said bolt comprising: a main bar of which one end interacts with an element of the steering column in the locked position, the bolt interacting with said profile such that the profile drives the bolt between the locked position and the unlocked position of the column, a return spring for returning the bolt to the locked position, a movable indexer interacting with at least one sensor in order to detect a position of the profile controlling a locked configuration of the column of the steering lock, characterized in that it comprises a return spring to return the movable indexer in interaction with said at least one profile and in that the return spring of the indexer and the return spring of the bolt are distinct. A steering lock according to the invention may also have one or more of the features below considered individually or in all the technically possible combinations: The indexer comprises a magnet and said at least one sensor is a Hall effect sensor. The sensor is a mechanical commutator and in that the indexer is furnished with a surface element capable of interacting with said at least one mechanical commutator. The indexer is translatably mounted in a channel arranged on the bolt. The return spring of the bolt is mounted between the bolt and a fixed element of the steering lock such that the compression of the spring does not depend on a relative position of the bolt and of the movable indexer. The output shaft of the motor, the direction of movement of the bolt and the direction of movement of the movable indexer are parallel. The bolt and the movable indexer rest on the profile of the gearwheel from the same side of said profile and move in the same direction against the profile. The invention also relates to a module for assisting the rotation of a steering column, comprising an assistance motor applying a pivoting force to the steering column, characterized in that it comprises a steering lock according to any one according to the preceding features. The invention also relates to an assembly consisting of a steering column of a motor vehicle and a steering lock according to any one of the preceding features. Finally, the invention relates to a combined assembly of a steering column of a motor vehicle and a module for assisting the rotation of the steering column according to the preceding features, wherein the steering column comprises a peripheral ring gear in which the bolt is engaged in the locked position and which peripheral ring gear receives a steering-column pivoting force delivered by the assistance motor. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS Other features, objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the following detailed description made with reference to the appended figures in which: FIG. 1 a is a view of a steering lock according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in an unlocked configuration of the steering column of the vehicle; FIG. 1 b is a view of a steering lock according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in a locked configuration of the steering column of the vehicle; FIG. 1 c is a view of a steering lock according to a preferred embodiment of the invention in an intermediate configuration of locking of the steering column of the vehicle; FIG. 2 a is a view of the column in the unlocked position, FIG. 2 b is a view of the steering column in a locked position, FIG. 2 c is a view of the column in the RTL (ready to lock) position, FIG. 3 is a view representing a combined assembly consisting of a steering column and a module for assisting the rotation of the steering column according to a preferred embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The steering lock shown in FIG. 1 a comprises an electric motor 10 furnished with an output shaft forming a worm 15 , a gearwheel 20 engaged on the worm 15 , and a bolt 30 mounted slidingly, these various elements being placed in a housing not shown. The gearwheel 20 is mounted so as to rotate about a shaft 21 which extends perpendicularly to the output shaft of the motor 10 such that the output shaft of the motor is indistinguishable in the geometric plane of the wheel. The wheel 20 has a first face 22 , turned toward a steering column not shown, which is furnished with a cam 23 in a disk portion which interacts with the bolt. Accordingly, the bolt 30 has, in addition to a main bar 31 , a lateral appendage 32 capable of being interposed, at its first end 33 , onto the path of the cam 23 when the latter pivots with the gearwheel 20 . The lateral appendage 32 is pushed against the cam 23 under the effect of the return spring 40 which returns the bolt 30 to the locked position. This interaction of the lateral appendage 32 of the bolt 30 with the cam 23 therefore has the effect of bringing the main bar 31 closer to an outer ring gear 50 of the steering column. In an alternative embodiment not shown, the cam 23 is replaced by a gradient. The steering lock also comprises a control unit advantageously implemented in the form of an electronic circuit placed in the housing. In addition to implementing the control of the electric motor 10 , the control unit also takes account of the information supplied by an indexation device. This indexation device makes it possible to inform the motorized control unit that the gearwheel has reached a position allowing the main bar 31 of the bolt to carry out the locking and the unlocking. In response to this information, the control unit commands the stopping of the motor. This indexation device essentially comprises a movable indexer 60 interacting with two sensors not shown of which one is used for detecting the position called the unlocked position and the other for the detection of the position called the locked position. The position called the unlocked position is illustrated in FIG. 3 a and corresponds to a position in which the main bar 31 of the bolt 30 is at a distance from the outer ring gear of the steering column. As can be seen also in FIGS. 3 b and 3 c , the ring gear 50 of the column consists of grooves 51 surrounded on either side by teeth 52 . The locking of the column takes place when the main bar 31 of the bolt 30 is at the bottom of a groove 51 , resting against an interstice of the ring gear 50 , thus preventing the ring gear 50 and hence the column from rotating. In certain conditions, although the gearwheel has reached the position called the locked position, the main bar 31 of the bolt 30 may be resting on a tooth 52 of the ring gear 50 . This position is called the RTL (ready to lock) position. Specifically, in this position, the column can be rotated. However, as is conventional, if the steering wheel connected to the column is operated, a brief angular travel of the latter will have the effect of placing a groove 51 in line with the main bar 31 of the bolt 30 so as to allow the latter to fit into this groove 51 . This fitting will take place with the aid of the return spring 40 of the bolt. The movable indexer 60 advantageously consists of a bar extending longitudinally parallel to the sliding axis of the bolt 30 , a first end 61 of the movable indexer 60 pressing on the cam 23 of the gearwheel 20 . The movable indexer 60 is held, at its first end 61 , pressing on the cam 23 by a return spring 62 , advantageously placed on the second end of the movable indexer 60 . It is also on this second end that a magnet 63 is placed. In this case, the two indexation sensors are of the Hall effect or Reed switch type. In an alternative embodiment, a boss is placed on the second end of the indexer 60 , and the two magnetic sensors are replaced by mechanical commutators. Thus configured, the movable index 60 will, under the rotary action of the gearwheel 20 , follow the contour of the cam 23 and move in a direction parallel to the sliding direction of the bolt 30 . In one advantageous embodiment, notably for requirements of compactness, the movable indexer 60 is placed so as to slide freely in a groove 34 arranged on the lateral appendage 32 of the bolt 30 . Starting from an unlocked position illustrated in FIGS. 1 a and 2 a , and to reach a locked position illustrated in FIGS. 1 b and 2 b or FIGS. 1 c and 2 c , the gearwheel 20 will turn in the clockwise direction. The end 33 of the lateral appendage 32 of the bolt 30 and the end 61 of the movable indexer will both initially follow the contour of the cam 23 and respectively drive the bolt 30 and the movable indexer 60 to slide parallel in the same direction. As illustrated in FIGS. 1 c and 2 c , because the movable indexer 60 slides freely in the groove 34 arranged on the lateral appendage 32 of the bolt 30 , the movable indexer 60 can reach the locked position while the bar 31 is in the RTL (ready to lock) position, the motor will then receive a stop instruction via one of the sensors of the indexation device. In one advantageous embodiment, the steering-column lock is an element of forming a module for motorized assistance to the rotation of the steering column. Incorporating the steering lock in a module for motorized assistance to the pivoting of the steering column provides an advantage in terms of safety since the steering lock is then in a particularly low portion of the steering column, at a particularly great distance from the instrument panel where a thief by predilection takes action and in a particularly inaccessible portion of the vehicle. As illustrated in FIG. 3 , in this case the motorized assistance module comprises an assistance motor 70 which is oriented such that its output shaft 75 extends parallel to the steering column. The output shaft 75 of the motor 70 has peripheral gear teeth which mesh with a ring gear 50 surrounding the steering column in order to rotate the latter. The ring gear 50 is advantageously the ring gear in which the bolt engages such that only one ring gear is used for both functions of driving and immobilizing, further reducing the space requirement necessary for the implementation of the assistance module described. Advantageously, the steering lock and the assistance motor are placed radially opposite with respect to the steering column, such that the bolt and the output shaft 75 of the assistance motor do not interfere. The motorized assistance module advantageously comprises one and the same electronic control unit for the assistance of pivoting and for controlling the immobilization of the column, which ensures that no assistance control is applied to the assistance motor when the steering lock is in the locked position. Due to the fact that the steering-column lock, in this instance referenced 71 , is a portion of the module for motorized assistance to the rotation of the steering column, the control unit that is common to the motorized assistance and the locking of the steering column is advantageously fitted with a control logic applying a slight rotational movement of the steering column when it simultaneously controls a driving force to unlock the bolt. Thus, by this slight movement, any frictional retention is removed between the bolt and the steering column, for example between the bolt and a lateral edge of a tooth of the ring gear 50 and the bolt slides reliably each time the vehicle is switched on. The control unit is advantageously implemented in the form of an electronic circuit placed in a common housing 80 of the assistance motor 70 and of the steering lock 71 . The electronic circuit is advantageously positioned outside the housing specific to the steering lock. In addition to implementing the control of the steering lock via this control unit notably in this instance takes account of the position of the bolt which is indicated to it by the receipt of output signals from the indexer positioning sensors as described above. Naturally, many modifications can be made to the invention without departing from the context of the latter.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2006-0082746, filed Aug. 30, 2006, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Present Invention The present invention relates to a method of stacking a flexible substrate, and more particularly, to a method of fabricating a flexible substrate capable of preventing bending of the flexible substrate without modification of production lines of conventional semiconductor and display devices. 2. Discussion of Related Art As modern society is becoming increasingly information-oriented, the importance of the display unit, which enables visualization of various types of information output from various devices, is increasing. Moreover, this trend is expected to continue for some time. As the information revolution progresses, the demand for information increases proportionately. In the field of displays, which are man-machine interfaces for information delivery, research aimed at enabling viewing without constraints and expressing true colors and the full intricacy of nature is actively progressing. In general, displays have been widely adapted in TVs, monitors and mobile phones. However, as technology develops, there is increasing demand for displays that are small, lightweight, have wide views, superior resolution, and fast response times. In reaction to such demand, efforts have been stepped up to enlarge displays and reduce the density and thickness of their glass substrate. However, such efforts cause problems in ensuring processability and reliability, and thus technological limits are confronted. An additional problem is that downsizing of display devices for portability clashes with consumers' desire for widescreen displays. Thus, in order to simultaneously obtain superior flexibility, light weight, and portability, a need has arisen for a flexible display substrate in which interconnections and elements of the display are formed on a flexible substrate. However, when using a flexible substrate to form an image display device, a difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between the flexible substrate and a carrier substrate may result in the application of stress to an adhesive layer joining the two substrates in a high temperature process (150-250° C.). An additional problem is that, because it lacks rigidity, the flexible substrate cannot be processed by conventional semiconductor manufacturing equipment or by display manufacturing equipment for liquid crystal displays and e-paper. So, it is necessary to either develop special equipment or drastically modify the conventional manufacturing equipment. Existing display set providers such as Sharp and Phillips have invented a chuck for a flexible display and applied it to a conventional manufacturing process. However, this method leads to difficulties in mass-production and processing and, consequently, higher production costs. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION The present invention is directed to providing a method of stacking a flexible substrate capable of preventing bending of the flexible substrate using conventional display manufacturing equipment applied in flexible display fabrication. One aspect of the present invention provides a method of stacking a flexible substrate comprises the steps of: preparing a carrier substrate; stacking an adhesive layer on the carrier substrate; and stacking a flexible substrate having at least one image display device on the adhesive layer using a laminating or pressing method. To stack the adhesive layer, the laminating or pressing method may be used. The laminating method may use a laminator having an upper roller rolling over the adhesive layer or the flexible substrate, and a lower roller rolling under the carrier substrate. Also, the laminating method may use a laminator having an upper roller rolling over the adhesive layer or the flexible substrate, and a lower support formed under the carrier substrate. The pressing method may use a presser having an upper presser formed over the adhesive layer or the flexible substrate and movable vertically, and a fixed presser formed under the carrier substrate or a lower presser movable vertically. The laminator and the presser may further comprise a protective body formed in a region with which the carrier substrate, the adhesive layer or the flexible substrate contacts in order to prevent damage to the carrier substrate, the adhesive layer or the flexible substrate. The protective body made of rubber or fabric may be coated or stacked. The laminator and the presser may be controlled within a temperature range from 0 to 160° C. The laminator and the presser may be controlled mechanically or by air pressure. The laminator may be controlled within an air pressure range from 0.1 to 10 kg/cm 2 . The presser may be controlled within an air pressure range from 0.1 to 100 kg/cm 2 . The step of stacking the adhesive layer and the flexible substrate may be performed under atmospheric pressure, inert atmosphere or vacuum. The carrier substrate may be formed of glass or silicon. The adhesive layer may comprise a support, and adhesive agent layers formed on and under the support. The support may be formed of one of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylenes terephthalate, polyimide, polyester, and polyolefine. The flexible substrate may be formed of one of a metal thin film, plastic and ultra thin glass. After forming the image display device on the flexible substrate, the present invention may further comprise the step of removing the carrier substrate therefrom. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments thereof with reference to the attached drawings in which: FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of stacking a flexible substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of stacking a flexible substrate according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and FIGS. 3A to 3C are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of fabricating a display having a flexible substrate using a method of stacking the flexible substrate according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS A method of stacking a flexible substrate and a method of fabricating a flexible display according to the present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodiments of the present invention are shown. FIGS. 1A to 1D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method of stacking a flexible substrate according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1A , a carrier substrate 110 is prepared. The carrier substrate 110 may be formed of various kinds of materials, for example, glass, silicon, etc. Referring to FIG. 1B , an adhesive layer 120 is stacked on the carrier substrate 110 . The adhesive layer 120 is composed of a support 121 and bonding materials 122 and 123 respectively formed on and under the support 121 . The support 121 may be formed of polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylenes terephthalate, polyimide, polyester, or polyolefine. As illustrated in FIG. 1B , the adhesive layer 120 is disposed by a laminator method using rollers 140 a and 140 b . Rollers rolling in the same direction are prepared under the carrier substrate 110 and over the adhesive layer 120 , and upper and lower rollers 140 a and 140 b formed over and under the carrier substrate 110 roll over and under the carrier substrate 110 so as to dispose the adhesive layer 120 thereon. In the next step, as illustrated in FIG. 1C , a flexible substrate 130 on which an image display device will be formed is stacked on the adhesive layer 120 using the roller 140 a . The flexible substrate 130 may be a metal thin film (stainless foil and aluminum thin film), a thin glass substrate (e.g., thinner than 0.3 mm) or a plastic substrate. To stack the flexible substrate 130 , the upper roller 140 a is prepared on the flexible substrate 130 , and the lower support 150 is prepared under the carrier substrate 110 . By such a structure, the lower support 150 fixes and supports the carrier substrate 110 , and the upper roller 140 a rolls on the flexible substrate 130 so as to stack the flexible substrate 130 . Meanwhile, the rollers 140 a and 140 b illustrated in FIGS. 1B and 1C are composed of a roller main body 142 and a protective body 141 surrounding the roller main body 142 and formed of rubber or soft fabric. To minimize damage to the stacked structures (e.g., the adhesive layer, the flexible substrate, the carrier substrate, etc.), the protective body 141 surrounds or coats the roller main body 142 . The lower support 150 formed under the carrier substrate 110 is composed of a support main body 152 and a support protective body 151 . Like the protective body 141 , the support protective body 151 is also formed of rubber or soft fabric. Referring to FIGS. 1B and 1C , in FIG. 1B , the rollers 140 a and 140 b are disposed on and under the adhesive layer 120 and a different number of rollers are disposed thereon, respectively. In FIG. 1C , the upper roller 140 a is disposed over the flexible substrate 130 , and the lower support 150 is disposed under the carrier substrate 110 . That is, to stack the adhesive layer 120 and the flexible substrate 130 , without regard to the number of the rollers 140 a and 140 b , a support supporting the carrier substrate may be used instead of the roller. When using the rollers, one to five rollers may be used over and under the carrier substrate, respectively. A gap between the rollers may be controlled to ensure close adhesion between the carrier substrate 110 and the adhesive layer 120 , and between the adhesive layer 120 and the flexible substrate 130 . Here, the gap between the rollers 140 a and 140 b may be controlled mechanically and by air pressure. When the gap between the rollers is controlled by air pressure, the air pressure may depend on the size and use of the adhesive layer 120 or the flexible substrate 130 , but preferably be 0.1 to 10 kg/cm 2 . Also, a preferable temperature of the rollers 140 a and 140 b is in the range of 0 to 160° C. to enhance the close adhesion between the carrier substrate 110 and the adhesive layer 120 . In the embodiments described above, the adhesive layer 120 utilizes the upper and lower rollers 140 a and 140 b , and the flexible substrate 130 utilizes the upper roller 140 a and the lower support 150 , but these may be freely changed. FIG. 1D illustrates a stacking structure of a flexible substrate fabricated by the stacking method of the flexible substrate shown in FIGS. 1A to 1C . As illustrated in FIG. 1D , the stacking structure of the flexible substrate is composed of the carrier substrate 110 , the adhesive layer 120 and the flexible substrate 130 . FIGS. 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of stacking a flexible substrate according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIGS. 2A to 2C , a carrier substrate 110 is prepared, and an adhesive layer 120 is stacked on the carrier substrate 110 . The adhesive layer 120 is stacked using a presser P, and the presser P is composed of an upper presser 240 disposed over the adhesive layer 120 , and a lower presser 250 or a fixed presser 260 . The upper and lower pressers 240 and 250 and the fixed presser 260 are composed of presser main bodies 242 , 252 and 262 , and protective bodies 241 , 251 and 261 corresponding to the adhesive layer 120 formed under the presser main bodies 242 , 252 and 262 and protecting structures which will be stacked later. The protective bodies 241 , 251 and 261 are made of rubber or soft fabric, and coated or stacked on the presser main bodies 242 , 252 and 262 , respectively. Referring to FIG. 2B , the upper and lower pressers 240 and 250 move vertically and press the structures. And, referring to FIG. 2C , the upper presser 240 which can move vertically and the fixed presser 260 press the structures. The presser P may operate at a temperature ranging from 0 to 160° C., and be controlled mechanically or by air pressure for close adhesion to the adhesive layer 120 or the flexible substrate 130 . When the presser P is controlled by air pressure, the air pressure may be in a range of 0.1 to 100 kg/cm 2 . When the presser is controlled mechanically, pressure may be controlled by a screw, etc. Also, the presser P may ensure the close adhesion of the adhesive layer 120 by operating under atmospheric pressure, inert atmosphere or vacuum. Then, a flexible substrate 130 is stacked on the adhesive layer 120 using the presser P as described above. In the above-described embodiment, the adhesive layer 120 utilizes the upper and lower pressers 240 and 250 which can move vertically, and the flexible substrate 130 utilizes the upper presser 240 which can move vertically, and the fixed presser 260 disposed under the substrate. However, the present invention may not be limited to the embodiment, and freely make other choices. FIGS. 3A to 3C are cross-sectional views schematically illustrating a method of fabricating a display having a flexible substrate using a method of stacking the flexible substrate according to the present invention. In the exemplary embodiment, first, a carrier substrate 110 , an adhesive layer 120 , and a flexible substrate 130 are sequentially stacked. When the flexible substrate 130 is stacked on the carrier substrate 110 , an image display device including a light-emitting device 330 and a transistor 310 , i.e. a driving device is formed on the flexible substrate 130 . To form the light-emitting device 330 and the transistor 310 , a buffer layer 301 and a semiconductor layer 315 are sequentially formed on the flexible substrate 130 , and a gate insulating layer 302 , a gate electrode 311 , an interlayer insulating layer 303 , source and drain electrodes 312 and a passivation layer 304 are formed on the semiconductor layer 315 . Then, the light-emitting device 330 electrically connected to the transistor 310 through a contact hole (not illustrated) formed in the passivation layer is formed on the transistor 310 including the gate electrode 311 and the source and drain electrodes 312 . The light-emitting device 330 includes an anode 331 , an emission layer 333 and a cathode 335 . A pixel defining layer 305 is formed on the anode 331 of the light-emitting device 330 and the passivation layer 304 . As described above, when a display having the image display device including the light-emitting device 330 and the transistor 310 is formed on the flexible substrate 130 , the carrier substrate 110 disposed under the flexible substrate 130 is removed. Here, the adhesive layer 120 may be removed with the carrier substrate 110 . In this case, the carrier substrate 110 may be removed by heat or pressure. Consequently, an adhesive layer for a flexible display can offset stress generated by a difference in coefficients of thermal expansion between a flexible substrate and a carrier substrate in a process of forming an image display device on a flexible substrate such as a plastic substrate, thereby effectively reducing bending of the flexible substrate. Also, a method of stacking a flexible substrate using a laminator or presser with rollers enables mass-production of flexible displays using flexible substrates without an additional investment in manufacturing equipment, because a conventional manufacturing line for semiconductors and displays can be applied to the present invention without equipment modification. While the present invention has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a device for transferring heat energy from a refrigeration circuit to a hot water system. More particularly, the present invention concerns a combination refrigerant desuperheater hot water heater, and apparatus and a method of supplying heated water to a hot water tank. 2. Description of the Prior Art In the typical vapor compression refrigeration system various components such as a compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion device are arranged to transfer heat energy between the fluid in heat exchange relation with the evaporator and fluid in heat exchange relation with the condenser. It is also known in conjunction with such refrigeration systems to utilize a desuperheater for removing superheat energy from gaseous refrigerant prior to circulating said refrigerant to the condenser. In a conventional building installation a hot water heater is provided to supply heated water to an enclosure. Many hot water heaters have a cold water inlet connected to an inlet extension pipe and a hot water outlet extending through the top of the hot water tank. Often an inlet extension pipe is connected to the cold water inlet such that the incoming water is directed to the bottom portion of the tank. In hot water tanks water is heated at the bottom of the tank and rises such that a stratified tank with relatively warm water at the top and cool water at the bottom is provided. When demand is made for hot water, water is discharged from the top of the tank at its warmest temperature and cold water is supplied through the inlet to the bottom portion of the tank. It is known to combine a refrigeration system and hot water heating system such that the superheat of the refrigerant may be rejected to water to be heated such that this heat energy may be utilized to provide hot water. In air conditioning systems when cooling is required heat energy is transferred from the enclosure and discharged to the ambient or some other heat sink. This heat is often wasted. With the combination system as disclosed herein it can be seen that this heat energy that is unwanted in the enclosure may be utilized to supply heat energy to water to provide heated water for various end uses. This heated water may be used for bathing, cleaning, cooking or other uses in a residence. Commercial applications include restaurants, supermarkets, process utilization and any other application wherein waste energy or excess energy from a refrigeration system may be utilized to provide some or all of the hot water heating needs. In addition to refrigeration systems providing excess heat for heating water during the cooling season, certain refrigeration circuits are capable of reversing the cycle of operation for providing heat energy to the enclosure during the heating season. If it is desirable some of the heat provided during the heating season may also be utilized to supply hot water through the disclosed hot water heater refrigerant desuperheater. In the specific embodiment disclosed a pump is used to circulate water from the hot water tank through the heat exchanger and back to the hot water tank when the compressor of the refrigeration circuit is energized. A temperature sensing device is located to sense the temperature of the incoming water. A second temperature sensing device is located to sense the temperature of the water being discharged from the heat exchanger. When both of these devices sense the proper condition a solenoid valve is opened such that the pump circulates water through the heat exchanger and back to the hot water tank. Should either of these switches be closed the pump will continue to operate, however, water will then flow through a by-pass line located in parallel with the heat exchanger. This by-pass line has as a part thereof a flow restriction which substantially reduces the volume flow of water through the by-pass line as compared to the flow through the heat exchanger when the valve is in the open position. The combination of the pump operating continuously with the compressor and this flow restricted bypass line acts to provide for continual sensing of the water temperature in the tank and additionally serves to reduce the overall energy input to the pump and the wear on the pump caused by continual cycling. In addition thereto by allowing for the limited flow through the by-pass line the heat energy generated by the pump, albeit a small value, may be supplied to a relatively small flow of water. Prior art devices disclose operating a pump continuously with a compressor, the use of a solenoid valve or other valve to control the flow of water through the heat exchanger and the use of a by-pass line to circulate the flow of water around the heat exchanger. None of these patents disclose the combination of operating the pump simultaneously with benefits achieved by utilizing a restricted by-pass. Additionally, the invention as claimed in this application comprises a coaxial fitting for supplying heated water from the heat exchanger to the hot water tank. It has been found that the temperature of the water flowing from the heat exchanger may exceed the normal discharge temperature of water flowing from the hot water tank to the hot water supply system. To prevent any unexpected high temperature water from traveling through the hot water system a coaxial fitting is utilized. This fitting discharges the water from the heat exchanger a predetermined depth into the top of the tank such that the water from the heat exchanger mixes partially with the water in the tank before it may be discharged out the hot water outlet of the tank into the hot water system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a combination hot water heater and refrigerant desuperheater accessory for installation with a refrigeration circuit and a hot water system for transferring heat energy from the refrigeration circuit to the hot water system. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method of transferring heat energy from a refrigeration circuit to a hot water system. It is another object of the present invention to provide apparatus for discharging heated water into a hot water system without allowing bursts of unexpectedly hot water to circulate through the hot water system. These and other objects are achieved according to a preferred embodiment of the invention wherein there is disclosed a combination pump which operates simultaneously with the compressor of the refrigeration system and a restricted flow by-pass line in parallel with the heat exchanger such that in response to water temperature conditions the water is either circulated primarily through the heat exchanger or circulated around the heat exchanger through the by-pass line. Additionally, a coaxial fitting is disclosed for discharging heated water from the heat exchanger into the hot water tank such that heated water mixes with the water in the tank prior to being discharged out of the tank into the hot water system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The FIGURE is a schematic diagram of a vapor compression refrigeration system and a hot water system with the claimed apparatus such that heat energy may be transferred between the two. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The embodiment described herein will be in conjunction with a vapor compression refrigeration system and a residential-type hot water tank. It is to be understood that the invention applies likewise to various types of refrigeration circuits wherein the refrigerant is superheated and additionally to various size units such as residential, commercial and industrial. Additionally, although the hot water system as described herein is appropriate for a residential application commercial and other size hot water systems would be equally suitable. Referring now to the FIGURE there can be seen a vapor compression refrigeration system having compressor 10 connected with discharge line 50 to refrigerant conduit 11 of desuperheater 12. The refrigerant conduit 11 of the desuperheater is connected to condenser inlet line 52 to condenser 14. Condenser 14 is connected to expansion means 16 which is connected to evaporator 18 which is connected to the compressor to complete the closed vapor compression circuit. A water system is disclosed having water inlet 60 supplying water to hot water tank 22. Water inlet 60 extends through the top of the hot water tank and has a water inlet extension 61 extending towards the bottom of the tank such that cooler inlet water may be supplied to the bottom of the hot water tank. Feed line 64 is connected at a T-intersection to water inlet 60 such that water may be supplied to preheater-desuperheater package 100 (that part of diagram within the dashed lines) from either the water inlet or the hot water tank depending upon whether or not water is being discharged from the tank. Feed line 64 is connected to pump 30 which is connected to desuperheater inlet line 66. Desuperheater inlet line 66 is connected to water conduit 15 of desuperheater 12 which is connected to the desuperheater outlet line 68. Desuperheater outlet line 68 is connected through solenoid valve 36 to return line 70. In parallel with desuperheater 12 desuperheater outlet line 68 and solenoid valve 36 is by-pass line 80 having flow restriction 38. Flow restriction 38 may be a capillary tube or fixed orifice device which creates a pressure drop. Return line 70 is connected through joint 91 to return line extension 92 of coaxial fitting 90 such that hot water from the desuperheater may be conducted into the reservoir of water within hot water tank 22. Hot water may be discharged from hot water tank 22 through tank outlet 59 through the conduit portion 94 of coaxial fitting 90 into water outlet conduit 62 to supply the hot water system. Preheater-desuperheater package 100 includes pump 30 connected to power source 24. Additionally, inlet thermal switch 32 and outlet thermal switch 34 are connected in series with solenoid valve 36. Compressor 10 of the refrigeration circuit is also connected to power source 24. Specifically, wire 26 is connected to compressor 10, to pump 30 and to solenoid valve 36. Wire 28 is connected to compressor 10, pump 30 and to thermal switch 32. Wire 29 connects inlet thermal switch 32 to outlet thermal switch 34. Wire 25 connects outlet thermal switch 34 to solenoid valve 36. Operation When a demand is sensed such that the refrigeration circuit is operated for supplying heating or cooling compressor 10 is energized which additionally serves to energize pump 30 and to provide power to inlet thermal switch 32. Once compressor 10 is energized hot refrigerant gas is discharged to desuperheater 12. This hot gas contains thermal energy including superheat energy, i.e. the energy rejected to cool the gas to its saturation temperature, the heat condensation (heat energy necessary to condense the gas to a liquid). In the desuperheater only the heat energy rejected by the gas being cooled to the saturated temperature is designed to be transferred to the water flowing therethrough. In condenser 14 the heat of condensation of the refrigerant is rejected to a heat transfer media in heat transfer relation therewith. When pump 30 is energized water is circulated from either water inlet 60 or hot water tank 22 through the water inlet extension 61. If the hot water system is removing water from water outlet 62 then water from water inlet 60 may flow directly to pump 30. If no outlet water is being discharged from the hot water tank then pump 30 will act to circulate water drawn from the bottom of hot water tank 22 through water inlet extension 61 and feed line 64. Pump 30 will circulate water through the water conduit portion of desuperheater 12 when the inlet thermal switch 32 and outlet thermal switch 34 are both closed energizing solenoid valve 36. Inlet thermal switch 32 is a thermal sensing device set to open if the incoming water temperature exceeds a predetermined value such as 120° F. Outlet thermal switch 34 is a thermal sensing device set to open if the temperature of the water being discharged from the heat exchanger drops below a second predetermined value such as 140° F. This combination of thermal switches acts to prevent flow through the heat exchanger if the water in the hot water tank is already sufficiently heated i.e. the inlet water temperature is above 120° F. It also serves to prevent water flow through the heat exchanger if the water within the heat exchanger has not been sufficiently heated such that cold water would be returned to the tank. Consequently, once this temperature is over 140° F. the thermal switch closes such that that batch of water within the desuperheater may be circulated back to the hot water tank. By-pass line 80 connecting superheater inlet line 66 and return line 70 has either formed as a part thereof or by its configuration a flow restriction. This flow restriction serves to limit the volume flow of water through the by-pass line regardless of whether solenoid line 36 is in the open position or the closed position. If solenoid valve 36 is open the pump experiences little head and pumps a preselected volume of water primarily through the heat exchanger. A small percentage of this water will flow through the by-pass and flow restriction such that not all of the water flows through the heat exchanger. However, should solenoid valve 36 be closed preventing flow through the heat exchanger then the only remaining flow path is through the restriction in by-pass line 80. Since this restriction may be an orifice or other small diameter opening the pump 30 does not generate sufficient head to pump a large flow of water therethrough. Consequently, a substantially reduced volume flow from the volume that flows through the heat exchanger when the valve is opened flows through by-pass line 80 when the solenoid valve is closed. This reduced flow when the valve is closed serves to allow inlet thermal switch 32 to constantly monitor the temperature of the water in the hot water tank. Should the solenoid valve 36 be closed because the temperature of the water in the water tank is sufficiently high, then after either usage of tank hot water or heat loss from the tank additional heat energy is required. By constantly operating the pump inlet thermal switch 32 is able to sense when either of these conditions is reached. Additionally, the energy generated by the constant operation of the pump is transferred to the water flowing through the pump such that the small volume of water being circulated is somewhat heated as it is returned to the hot water tank. The water being returned through return line 70 to the hot water tank passes through coaxial fitting 90. Coaxial fitting 90 is designed to be secured to tank outlet 59 at the top of hot water tank 22 and to water outlet conduit 62 supplying the remainder of the hot water system. Coaxial fitting 90 has opening 93 formed in the side wall thereof through which return line extension 92 projects. Return line 70 is connected to return line extension 92 by joint 91. The return line extension is bent within the coaxial fitting and extends coaxial to the conduit portion 94 of the fitting into the reservoir of water contained in the tank. Without a return line extension or its equivalent the heated water from the heat exchanger would be conducted directly into water outlet conduit 62 and into the hot water system of the home. This water may be at a temperature hotter than anticipated and might provide an unexpected blast of overheated water. To avoid this problem of unexpected warmer water return line extension 92 is utilized such that the heated water from the heat exchanger is discharged into the tank some distance below the top of the tank. The length of the return line extension extending into the tank is sufficient such that there is some mixing of the water from the heat exchanger with the reservoir of water in the hot water tank prior to the hot water being conducted out of the tank. If the hot water from the heat exchanger were simply dumped into the top of the tank that hot water might remain there since the tank is stratified. Again an unexpectedly warm spurt of hot water might be conducted out the hot water system upon demand therefor. The extension of the return line serves to have the water from the heat exchanger injected into the reservoir a distance from the tank outlet enabling the water from the desuperheater to be sufficiently mixed with the water in the reservoir such that the water being discharged out of the tank outlet will not have an unexpectedly high temperature. While the invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment it is to be understood by those skilled in the art that modifications and variations can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. It is further to be understood that although the preferred embodiment is described as a residential system, principles herein are likewise applicable to commercial and otherwise larger or smaller refrigerations as well as larger or smaller hot water systems.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to mechanisms for stowing and deploying various loads including personal mobility devices such as “scooters” and wheelchairs, in and from the cargo areas of utility, sport utility and other types of vehicles. BACKGROUND Electrically-powered personal mobility vehicles such as “scooters” and wheelchairs are used by many persons to move from place to place in the home as well as in hospitals, grocery stores, malls and other venues with pedestrian traffic. Persons who own such vehicles often wish to transport them by way of a utility or sport utility vehicle. The typical scooter weights approximately 300 pounds, too much for an ordinary person to lift into or out of a vehicle cargo area without mechanical assistance. It is known to install a lift mechanism in a vehicle cargo area by means of an assembly which stands on the floor of the cargo area and deploys a lifting strap by way of a powered spool or reel. When mounted in a rear cargo area, this mechanism interferes with the use of floor-based features such as foldaway seats and stowage compartment hatches. SUMMARY In accordance with the present invention, a lift mechanism for various loads including scooters is adapted to be mounted within the cargo area of a primary transport vehicle. Such vehicles include SUV's, minivans, crossover vehicles, wagons and even pick-up trucks. In general, the invention comprises a side-mounted, swingable boom pivotally attachable to a mast and provided with a linear actuator which raises and lowers the boom by changing its angle relative to the mast. The side-mount arrangement frees up the cargo area floor for other uses even when the lift mechanism is in service. The lift mechanism of the present invention is advantageously adapted for installation in vehicles having vertical structural components such as “D” pillars immediately inside the cargo area opening, but may be used with other vehicles through suitable modification; i.e., an existing vertical pillar may be reinforced or an entirely new base structure may be built and installed in the cargo area. The attachment structure includes a first component called a “mast” which receives the lifting boom and one end of a linear actuator, and a second component called a “pintle” which is securely bolted to the vehicle body either directly or via a reinforcing structure. The mast and pintle are removably and pivotally attachable to one another by, for example, pins and brackets so as to allow the boom to be selectively swung into and out of the cargo area over a sill or other threshold structure. In the preferred form, a multi-position lock is provided for holding the mast in the desired angular relationship to the pintle. Thus, the lift mechanism of the present invention leaves the floor of the cargo area available for normal use of such features as fold away seats and cargo stowage hatches. In accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the lift mechanism comprises a substantially L-shaped rigid boom preferably having a box section or partial box section defined by spaced-apart parallel side members. The lower end of the boom is attached to the rear side pillar of the transport vehicle, just inside the rear deck opening. The opposite end of the boom is equipped with a depending structure which can collect the scooter for hoisting or lowering. In addition, the lift mechanism includes an actuator, such as an electrically driven ball-screw linear actuator, for varying the angle between the boom and the vehicle. The attachment between the boom and the side pillar is such as to allow the boom and the suspended load to swing into and out of the SUV cargo area. In the preferred form, the present invention requires no winding or reeling mechanisms to lift or deploy the scooter or other load. Instead, the boom angles downwardly or upwardly in accordance with the selected operation of the power actuator to lift or deploy the scooter or other load. Because the boom is pivotally mounted to the side pillar of the vehicle by means of a mounting structure, which affords pivoting, the boom can readily swing into the area of the cargo area where the scooter or other load is lowered to the floor. In the preferred form, the attachment mechanism is designed with pins and brackets so as to permit the boom structure to be lifted and detached from the pillar and either removed entirely from the vehicle or placed on the floor of the cargo area as desired. As an optional feature, a second powered actuator mechanism can be provided to vary the position of the attachment point between the upper end of the boom and the load collector. In addition, means are provided for adjusting the configuration of the boom and the relationship between the boom and the actuator mechanism to fit in various shapes and sizes of vehicles. Another aspect of my invention is an improved suspension system connected between the boom and the load. This system comprises top and bottom blocks with spherical bearing cavities, and a linkage with a metal ball attached to the opposite ends to be removably placed into respective bearing cavities. The top block is attached to the boom and the bottom block is releasably attached to the load. Other applications of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art when the following description of the best mode contemplated for practicing the invention is read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The description herein makes reference to the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views, and wherein: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a lift mechanism according to the present invention attached to a scooter to be lifted into the cargo area of an SUV; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the lift mechanism raised to lift the load off of the ground; FIG. 3 shows the lift mechanism swung into the cargo area of the SUV; FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the lift mechanism of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 5 is a detail of the optional power adjustment mechanism in the upper end of the boom; FIG. 6 is a schematic side view of a preferred suspension system for attaching the lift mechanism to a scooter; FIG. 7 is an exploded view in perspective of the mast and pintle components, as well as the lock mechanism for releasably locking them in each of several angular relationships; FIGS. 8 and 9 are plan views of the lock mechanism in released and locked conditions, respectively; and FIG. 10 shows a mechanism for attaching the boom to a scooter by way of suspension components of FIG. 6 and a C-arm. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the drawings, a lift mechanism 10 is shown attached to the body structure 12 of a sport utility vehicle (SUV) 14 just inside of the rear cargo opening 16 . The vehicle 14 is equipped with a horizontally hinged lift gate 18 which fits over and closes the opening 16 . The SUV 14 is equipped with a bumper 20 which is separated from the floor 22 of the cargo area by way of plastic sill trim 24 . The floor 22 may be equipped with storage compartment hatches 25 and/or foldaway seat mechanisms (not shown), all of which are conventional and known in the SUV design art. The lift mechanism 10 is shown here lifting and stowing a conventional 4-wheel, electric “scooter” 82 of the type having handlebar steering. Such scooters are frequently used by people with limited ambulatory capability to move from place to place. Of course, the lift mechanism 10 can be used to hoist, stow and/or deploy many different types of loads which fit wholly or partially into the cargo area of an SUV or other transport vehicle. A typical scooter 82 is of such size to be stowable fully within the cargo compartment of the conventional full-sized SUV 14 on the floor 22 and with the lift gate 18 fully closed. The weight of a typical scooter is on the order of 300 pounds. The lift mechanism 10 comprises a substantially L-shaped rigid steel boom 26 having a three-sided, partial box section defining an interior channel. The lower end of boom 26 is pivotally attached to an elongate channel bracket hereinafter referred to as a “mast” 28 . The mast 28 is also a three-sided, partial box-section element and, like boom 26 , made of 1020 or 1040 steel. It's opposite parallel sides are far enough apart to allow the boom 26 to fit between them and be pinned in place, as shown in FIG. 4 . The pivotal connection between boom 26 and mast 28 is provided by pin 30 , which fits into any of several holes 32 provided in the mast 28 , so that the lifting mechanism can be adjusted in size for any of several different vehicle designs. As best shown in FIG. 4 , the mast 28 is provided with pivot pin brackets 34 and 36 which are welded to the back surface of the mast. The attachment structure further comprises a rigid, metal pintle plate 42 which is bolted to the D pillar 13 by way of a reinforcing plate 52 . It is to be understood that the reinforcing plate 52 may be customized to the particular vehicle. Typically it is an elongate plate or beam having a substantially vertical orientation relative to the body of the vehicle 14 . While shown here attached to a D pillar, it may be attached to any body structure or to a custom crafted structure mounted within the vehicle. Pintle 42 has vertical pins 38 and 40 which fit into the holes in brackets 34 and 36 . The pin and bracket arrangement 38 , 40 , 34 , 36 allows the boom 26 and mast 28 to pivot or swing relative to the side of the transport vehicle 14 to stow or deploy scooter 82 . A lock shown in FIG. 7 can hold the mast in any of several angular positions as hereinafter described. To summarize, the lift mechanism comprises the rigid boom 26 , a mounting structure 42 , 52 attached to the vehicle body, and a mast structure 28 for pivotally attaching the boom 26 to the mounting structure 42 , 52 . The lift mechanism 10 further comprises a linear actuator 54 , here an electric ball-screw devise having an electric drive motor, which is connected into the electrical system of the transport vehicle 14 by way of a cable 60 . A suitable switch (not shown) is preferably provided. The extension shaft 62 of the actuator 54 is connected to a flange 65 at a midpoint on the rigid boom 26 by way of a block 64 and a pin which allows pivotal movement. The free end of the boom 26 is provided with parallel slots 69 and receives a slide block 70 which can be adjusted and locked at any desired point along the length of the slots 69 by suitable threaded fasteners. A release mechanism 72 depends from the slide block 70 as hereinafter described with reference to FIG. 6 to collect and lift the scooter 82 at an attachment point which is at or near the load's center of gravity. The length of the upper arm 68 of the boom 26 is such as to permit the mechanism 10 to be pivoted downwardly to either deploy or collect the scooter 82 . Assuming the scooter 82 is being collected for stowage, the electric ball-screw actuator 54 is thereafter operated to raise the boom 26 to the position shown in FIG. 2 so that the scooter 82 is lifted up off of the ground to a point which places the wheels just above the level of the bumper 20 and the sill 24 . Thereafter, the lifting mechanism with the scooter depending therefrom is swung into the cargo area of the SUV 14 as shown in FIG. 3 . At this point, the lifting mechanism 26 is preferably locked in place and the lift gate 18 is closed. Looking now to FIG. 5 , an optional and/or alternative mechanism to provide a power assist for adjustment of the position of the slide block 70 along the upper arm 68 is shown. The mechanism includes another electric ball-screw linear actuator 76 having a drive motor 78 receiving DC power through a cable 80 . The actuator 76 has an extension rod 77 which is attached to the slide block 70 to push it out or pull it back along the slots 69 in the upper arm 68 . FIGS. 6 and 10 illustrate a preferred mechanism 12 , including a modified slide block 70 ′ for attaching the boom 26 to a tubular steel C-arm 84 which is removably attached by way of a mechanism 85 to the frame of the scooter 82 . The attachment mechanism 85 is a conventional socket with a conventional spring-loaded detent to allow the C-arm 84 to be removably attached in preparation for stowage. It is at or near the center of gravity of the scooter 82 for balance purposes as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The attachment mechanism is shown to comprise the modified slide block 70 ′, the primary difference between the modified block 70 ′ and the standard block shown in FIG. 5 being the presence of the conical cavity 84 opening to a side slot 86 . The cavity 84 receives the upper ball 88 of a two-part linkage comprising an upper eye 90 and a lower eye 92 , the lower eye 92 being threaded into a steel swivel ball 94 which provides a spherical bearing as hereinafter described. The ball 94 fits into a spherical cavity 96 in an aluminum block 98 , the interior cavity opening to both the top and side as shown for purposes of admitting the ball 94 to the side opening. A latch pin 100 prevents the ball 94 from exiting through the slide of the block 98 until such time as a release lever 104 is pushed to the left as shown in FIG. 6 against the action of a bias spring 106 to move a plate 102 movably mounted on the back of a block 98 . This action pulls the pin 100 out of the cavity and permits the ball 94 to be released. It will be apparent from the foregoing that the lower block 98 is permanently attached to the C-arm 84 which in turn is temporarily and removably attached to the scooter 82 by means of the spring-loaded detent type attachment mechanism 85 . Thereafter, the linear actuator associated with the arm 26 is operated to lower the arm until the length of the linkage 90 , 92 is sufficient to collect and attach the scooter 82 to the slide block 70 ′. At this point, the lift mechanism 10 is operated as described above to lift the scooter 82 above the bumper so that it may be swung into the cargo area of the SUV as described. Referring to FIGS. 7 , 8 and 9 , the mechanism for releasably locking the mast 28 in any of several angular positions about a vertical axis and relative to the pintle plate 42 will be described. The mechanism comprises a steel catch plate 102 having a semicircular end surface with tooth-like vertical slots 105 formed therein. The catch plate 102 is proposed between the brackets holding the pins 38 - 40 and is securely welded to the face of the pintle plate 42 . The mechanism further comprises a latch, including a hollow cylindrical metal tube attached to a key 108 which fits into the slots 104 in the catch plate 102 , as best shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 . A T-shaped anchor pin 110 fits between holes 112 and the sides of the mast 28 and extends into the hollow interior of the cylindrical element 106 . A spring 114 urges the cylinder 106 and the blade-like key 108 toward the catch plate 102 . A latch pin 116 , having cam lobes 118 formed thereon is pivotally mounted between slots 120 in the sides of the mast 28 so that rotation of the latch pin 116 , between the two positions shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 , causes the cam lobes 118 to engage the inside surface of the mast 28 , to slide the cylindrical element 106 and blade-type key 108 back along the axis of the T-shaped anchor pin 110 , between the released position shown in FIG. 8 and the locked position shown in FIG. 9 . It is apparent from these figures that, once the blade key 108 is withdrawn as shown in FIG. 8 , the mast 28 can be swung about the vertical axis through the pins 38 to 40 in the desired position. The locking element 106 and blade key 108 can then be released in such a manner that the spring 114 urges them firmly into one of the slots 104 in the desired position. It is highly desirable to lock the mast 28 relative to the pintle plate 42 in either the stowed or deployed positions to prevent inadvertent rotation thereof while the linear actuators are being used and/or the transport vehicle 14 is being driven. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiments but, on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent structures as is permitted under the law.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to RF feedthroughs, the short length of rigid RF transmission lines that pass RF energy through a barrier, and, more particularly, to an RF feedthrough for low-loss propagation of low power millimeter wave RF energy from millimeter wave RF electronic device package housings. The invention also relates to microwave strip line to waveguide transitions. BACKGROUND Solid state electronic devices, such as integrated circuits, are often housed in closed metal-walled containers or packages. The package is typically hermetically sealed and protects the electronic devices from the external environment, which sometimes contains radiation, corrosive gases or other material harmful to the confined electronic device. RF feedthroughs are used to carry RF signals through the package's metal wall between the package interior and exterior for connection to external devices. In essence, the feedthrough is a very short RF transmission line and is the conventional means to propagate RF energy through an RF barrier, such as a metal wall. Typically feedthroughs have been constructed of glass and metal, the glass, referred to as a glass bead, located in a hole in the package wall, serves as an insulating support and dielectric that maintains a straight metal pin, the transmission line conductor, in insulated relationship with the metal package walls and as an impervious barrier to the external environment. In some instances, a single glass bead may support multiple pins. Glass-to-metal feedthroughs of various sizes, shapes, and pin configurations have been known to the industry for over fifty years. Such feedthroughs have been formed directly within the metal wall of the package, where the wall is constructed of a nickel, cobalt and iron material, such as Kovar. They have also been constructed within a tubular ferrule of Kovar for later assembly into the package wall. The Kovar ferrule is inserted within a cylindrical aperture in the package's metal wall and soldered in place to form a relatively impervious seal. Glasses that are highly resistive to attack by atmospheric gases, such as H 2 O vapor and carbon dioxide, chemical fumes and industrial vapors are well known. One such type of glass is borosilicate glass, such as Corning 7052, a Kovar matched glass having thermal expansion characteristics closely matched to that of Kovar, Corning 7070, a Tungsten matched glass, both marketed by the Corning Company, and Kimble EN-1 marketed by the Kimble company. In the feedthrough's construction borosilicate glass is reflowed between the central metal pin, typically a pin formed of Kovar material, and the outer ferrule. In reflowing, the melted glass forms a glass meniscus about a portion of the pin's length. Upon hardening the glass forms a strong environmental seal that resists moisture, oxidation and other harmful chemicals that might attack the integrated circuits. A measure of the feedthrough's integrity is obtained by subjecting the feedthrough to a hermetic leakage test. In that test helium gas is placed in the sealed metal package or other enclosure in which the feedthrough has been mounted and a helium mass spectrometer type leak detector is used to detect the rate at which Helium atoms pass through the glass to metal seals, due to a defect in the glass. An acceptable package according to industry standards is one that has a helium leak rate of less than 1×10 -8 ATM-cc/sec. He, no matter how many feedthroughs the package contains. A good individual seal should have a leak rate no greater than 1.0×10 -10 ATM-cc/sec. He. The performance of the borosilicate glass-to-metal feedthroughs has been well demonstrated in the industry. Presently, microelectronic packages using those feedthroughs are routinely fabricated having Helium leak rates of only 1×10 -10 atm cubic centimeters per second. Despite its effectiveness, glass-to-metal seals suffer a drawback. They are not durable. The glass is brittle. If the feedthrough's glass encased metal pin is deflected, bent or deformed during handling or testing, glass particles are broken at the glass meniscus surrounding the pin. That breakage compromises the integrity of the feedthrough. In some cases, radial cracks or circumferential cracks appear in the glass. Those cracks might be due to differences in thermal expansion characteristics between the glass and the pin, or some form of fatigue or from other causes, which remain unknown. However, once even a small crack appears, the crack may propagate with repeated thermal cycling as occurs during normal use of the electronic apparatus containing the package. Once crack propagation occurs, mechanical movement of the package or mechanical stresses resulting from handling, shipping, aircraft or spacecraft vibration may aggravate the cracks and the feedthrough begins to noticeably leak. Atmospheric gases may then enter the package and damage the internal integrated circuits. Even if the initial crack in the glass does not penetrate the glass seal, the crack can expose a good portion of the length of the metal pin. When that occurs, subsequent chemical attack may corrupt the remaining portion of the pin and, ultimately, breach the seal and destroy the package integrity. Being aware of the glasses fragility, those skilled in fabricating devices containing those RF feedthroughs necessarily take extra care in handling to ensure the integrity of the product. One might hope for a more dynamic and cost efficient assembly process as would be possible if the glass seals did not require such careful handling. In addition to its fragility, the glass seal structure is more "lossy" in its electrical characteristics than one would desire, principally due to the use of Kovar material for the central pin. Kovar is a poor electrical conductor; it is made acceptable in the glass feedthrough only by plating the exposed portion of the pin's exterior surface with higher conductivity metals, such as a layer of Nickel followed by an overlayer plating of Gold. Unfortunately, in order to form the hermetic glass-to-metal seal, the Kovar must be oxidized at those portions that are to contact the glass to allow wetting by the borosilicate glasses. That oxide surface further compromises the glass feedthrough's electrical conductivity, forcing significant restriction of current passing through the feedthrough's glass bead portion. The pin's conductivity is dependent upon the "skin effect", described in the transmission line literature and well-known to RF engineers. That effect forces most of the current to flow essentially along the exterior surface of electrical conductors, with the electrical fields extending only a short depth below the surface. Because of that phenomenon, gold, which is highly conductive, plated on another conductor, such as Kovar, provides an excellent conduit for conduction. At RF frequencies above 20 Ghz, the skin effect is more pronounced, concentrating the RF fields at the surface and a minute depth into the conductor. Because the Kovar pin is plated with a layer of Gold, the bulk of the RF transmission takes place principally in and along the Gold plating and not significantly in the underlying highly resistive Kovar. For that reason it is permissible to use Kovar material as part of an RF transmission medium without the RF signal encountering significant resistive losses. However, in the glass to metal seal, only the portions of the Kovar pin that lie outside the glass bead may be gold plated to enhance the pin's electrical conductivity. The central portion of the Kovar pin that fits through the glass bead, however, cannot be Gold plated for the reason earlier stated and, therefore, compromises the electrical conductivity of the transmission path. The glass-to-metal feedthrough thus exhibits low electronic efficiency. Accordingly, a principal object of the present invention is to improve the electronic efficiency of RF feedthroughs by enhancing the feedthrough's electrical conductivity. A further object of the invention is to provide RF feedthroughs that are physically more hardy and durable than the glass-to-metal type by eliminating glass from the feedthrough structure. A still further object of the invention is to provide a new feedthrough structure that may employ metals of higher electrical conductivity than Kovar. An additional object of the invention is to increase the efficiency with which RF feedthroughs may be installed in electronic equipment. A still additional object of the invention is to provide a glass-less RF feedthrough that has a helium leak rate of less than 1×10 -10 atmospheres cubic centimeters per second and is of greater durability than the glass-to-metal type feedthroughs. And an ancillary object of the invention is to provide a new feedthrough structure whose center pin may be bent or straightened as desired, without damaging the feedthrough's hermetic seal. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the foregoing objects, an improved RF feedthrough is constructed of metal and ceramic, entirely eliminating glass. The ceramic-to-metal feedthrough is characterized by a metal pin, a metal flange surface collaring the pin and integral therewith, a washer shaped disk of strong non-glass dielectric material, such as alumina ceramic, with the central aperture disk allowing extension of the pin there through but not the flange surface. In one embodiment constructed in accordance with the invention, the ceramic disk is provided with a metalized inner rim on one side for soldering to the flange surface, and a metalized outer rim on an opposed side for soldering to another metal flange surface of a metal ferrule or cylindrical cavity formed in a metal package wall. The metal pin may be formed of any of the higher conductivity metals, those having a conductivity greater than that of Kovar material. Alternative embodiments may use silver, copper, molybdenum, brasses, and with unlimited budget, even gold for the feedthroughs center-conductor. Solder or braze seals can be effected with continuously plated higher conductivity metals with no central unplated regions, such as is required with Kovar in glass-metal seals. In less preferred embodiments a Kovar pin that is plated with a highly conductive material, such as Gold may be used. With the foregoing feedthrough, efficient broadband feedthrough transmission of millimeter wave signals is achieved with lower insertion loss and high return loss than available from a glass-to-metal feedthrough and greater durability achieved by a feedthrough of ceramic-to-metal construction. In accordance with a secondary aspect to the invention, the foregoing feedthrough structure serves as the principal element of a novel microwave microstrip line to waveguide transition. In that transition, a microwave launcher element is integrally attached to or formed on the end of the feedthrough's center pin to form a unitary one piece assembly. The new transition permits a waveguide to be mounted directly over the launcher element, permitting a more compact assembly. The foregoing and additional objects and advantages of the invention together with the structure characteristic thereof, which was only briefly summarized in the foregoing passages, becomes more apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of a preferred embodiment, which follows in this specification, taken together with the illustration thereof presented in the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in section view; FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic illustration of the embodiment of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention in section view; FIG. 4 pictorially illustrates a third embodiment of the invention in section view; FIG. 5 pictorially illustrates a fourth embodiment of the invention in section view. FIG. 6 is an electrical schematic illustration of the embodiment of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a microstrip line to waveguide transition formed in part with the preceding embodiments; and FIG. 8 illustrates a second embodiment of a microstrip to waveguide transition in section view. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the RF feedthrough constructed in accordance with the invention is illustrated in a not-to-scale section view in FIG. 1 to which reference is made. To avoid misunderstanding, it may be initially noted that the term RF, originally an acronym used just for radio frequency, as used herein as part of the term RF feedthrough, is herein intended to encompass all of the frequencies of electromagnetic energy used for not only radio, but for radar as well. The term encompasses not only the low, high and very high frequencies found in the energy spectrum, but also the microwave and millimeter wave frequencies as well. In a practical application being considered by the present applicants for the feedthrough, the RF used is of 50 Gigahertz, a frequency that falls in the millimeter wave region of the energy spectrum. The feedthrough of FIG. 1 contains a metal ferrule 1, ceramic disk 3, and a metal pin 5 assembled together as illustrated, suitably by brazing and/or soldering. Ferrule 1 is essentially a hollow cylinder in geometry, containing a radially inwardly projecting annular ledge 11 of a predetermined thickness. The ledge projects from the inner cylindrical wall of the ferrule at a right angle to the ferrule's axis. Although somewhat constricting the axial passage through the ferrule, the circular rim of ledge 11 leaves a relatively wide cylindrical passage centered on the ferrule's central axis. Suitably the ferrule is formed of Kovar. Pin 5 is formed of an electrically conductive metal, such as copper, molybdenum, silver or brass, as supports propagation of RF with low resistive loss. In less preferred embodiments the pin may be formed of Kovar that is plated with gold. Pin 5 contains an integral annular flange portion 13 positioned about midway along the pin's length that extends radially outward a short distance from the smaller diameter cylindrical surface that makes up the principal portion of the pin's length. The flange serves as a collar encircling the more slender shaft and, as more specifically described hereinafter, as a bonding surface. In this embodiment, the conducting pin is greater in length than the axial length of ferrule 1, leaving the pin ends extending beyond the ends of the ferrule. That allows external electrical coaxial RF connectors to more easily access the front and/or back ends of the pin, when the feedthrough is placed in service. Disk 3 is washer-shaped in geometry, is of a predetermined thickness, and contains a small cylindrical passage through the center, through which pin 5 protrudes. That small cylindrical passage is sufficient in diameter to permit the slender cylindrical portion of pin 5 to pass through, but is too small to permit passage of the pin's flange 13, the latter of which essentially abuts against the disk. The disk supports the pin in the central position in the assembly coaxial of the ferrule's metal walls and electrically insulates the pin from those metal walls. Disk 3 is constructed of a low-loss dielectric material that is rigid, impervious to gas and strong, such as Beryllium Oxide, quartz materials, Silicon dioxide, cordierite, and, preferably, alumina. The selected material also possesses a well-understood thermal expansion characteristic and the metal elements described are selected to match that thermal expansion characteristic as closely as the technology permits. Any resulting forces as may result from a slight difference in thermal expansion characteristic between the elements is taken up by the strength of the materials forming the elements, including the strength of the dielectric disk. To assist in brazing or soldering the elements together to disk 3 into the unitary assembly illustrated, a narrow ring of metallizing material 7 is deposited and bonded along the outer periphery on the upper surface of disk 3, and a second narrow ring of metallizing material 9 is deposited and bonded along the bottom surface of the ceramic disk bordering the central circular passage through the disk. These metallizing rings are formed using conventional technique on disk 3 prior to assembling the disk into the ferrule. Solder or braze metal preforms, 8 and 10, are pre-shaped and placed between the metallized surfaces of the disk and body. By raising the temperature to the respective eutectic temperatures, the elements are bonded together. Those skilled in the art may notice that pin 5 could also be bonded to the disk through use of soldering or brazing material that is placed on the cylindrical wall of the central passage in disk 3. However, that is a less reliable structure and is more difficult to manufacture. Although falling within the scope of the present invention, the latter alternative is a less preferred manner of construction. It is appreciated that the elements of the RF feedthrough form an integral assembly that is impervious to gas and provides a hermetic barrier between the front and rear sides thereof. The foregoing feedthrough structure provides a DC electrical connection through pin 5 and, hence, may alternatively be used to pass DC currents in addition to RF, a conventional feature of feedthroughs. In operation, RF energy applied to one end of pin 5 propagates to the other end of the pin and to an electrical RF connector, which, in practice, is connected to that end of the pin and permits the RF to propagate through and be distributed to external circuits, ideally with maximum power transfer. Those skilled in the art of microwave and RF transmission lines, particularly coaxial transmission lines, recognize that the foregoing mechanical assembly defines a short coaxial line that possesses certain electrical RF characteristics. Those characteristics may be further simplified and represented schematically as a simple single section low pass filter, formed of two inductances and a capacitance, such as schematically illustrated in FIG. 2. Schematically, the feedthrough is presented in the form of a "T" low pass filter in which the self- inductance of the coaxially arranged walls of the ferrule and surface of the pin to one side of the disk is represented by L1 and that on the other side of the disk by L2. The capacitance provided by the disk is represented by C1. The capacitance provided by the air dielectric between the metal elements being so much less than that of the disk, is disregarded in the schematic. The inductance of the disk and region is also insignificant and is disregarded. Because the feedthrough is to propagate RF energy between its terminals over a range of frequencies, the structure of the feedthrough should be "broadband" in characteristic or, as otherwise stated, have the lowest possible voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR, over a broad band of frequencies. This means that the parasitic inductances, L1 and L2, and the parasitic capacitance, C, should be minimized, while proportioned so that their effects cancel one another. Although rigid, strong and impervious to gas, the alumina in the foregoing feedthrough possesses a high dielectric constant, ε r , producing a capacitance to electrical ground potential, which is excessive in amount. To compensate for that additional shunt capacitance, the transmission circuit through the feedthrough must contain sufficient inductance. Generally speaking, that inductance may be increased by increasing the length of the pin. Inductance may also be increased by changing the diameter of a portion of the pin to provide a shorter circumference and/or be further from the metal cylindrical inner wall of the ferrule. Likewise to increase that inductance the inner diameter of the ferrule may be increased to place that wall further from the surface of the pin. Although the mathematical formulae available in the technical literature offers a general guide to establishing proper dimensions and spacing between the transmission line elements, from that guide, testing and simulations are desired to provide a more accurate result. For maximum RF power transfer between transmission lines the lowest voltage standing wave ratio, VSWR, occurs when the connecting transmission lines or waveguides have the same characteristic impedance, Z 0 at the principal frequency of interest, such as 50 GHz by way of example. Thus the low pass filter should have the same characteristic impedance at its input as the transmission line which, in application, is connected to it, i.e., the input end of pin 5. Likewise the output impedance of that formed low pass filter should match the transmission line that, in application, is to be connected to it, i.e., the output end of pin 5. As an example, the external transmission lines contemplated for use with a practical embodiment of the RF feedthrough typically have characteristic impedances of about 50 ohms, and, hence, the input and output of the RF feedthrough is designed to have the same impedance value. The effects of the parasitic impedances of ceramic disk 3 and flanges 11 and 13 may be minimized with appropriate geometries, resulting in the minimal VSWR over the widest bandwidth. Further reduction in VSWR for narrower bandwidths may then be accomplished by adding lengths of low or high impedance regions machined into the housing adjacent to the ceramic feedthrough region at the input and/or at the output. In the intended application for the foregoing feedthrough, the metal package wall in which the feedthrough is to be installed is pre-drilled to form the appropriate cylindrical hole or passage that matches the size and shape of the ferrule's outer surface. The ferrule is then inserted into the passage and soldered or brazed in place, forming a hermetic seal between the ferrule and the wall. In a practical embodiment of FIG. 1 for operation at 50 GHz. the diameter of the shaft of pin 5 is 0.009 inches and the pin's length is 0.155 inches overall. The flange or collar 13 is 0.030 inches in diameter and its thickness is 0.010 inches. The narrow cylindrical passage in the ferrule is also 0.021 inches in diameter while the larger passage portion is 0.049 inches in diameter. The alumina disk is 0.010 inches thick and is just under 0.120 inch in its outer diameter. The central aperture in the disk is just sufficient to permit clearance of the 0.009 inch diameter portion of the pin. Should one desire to forego the convenience of a drop-in feedthrough, the invention may be incorporated directly into the wall of the package or housing, an alternative which falls within the scope of the present invention, such as illustrated in the partial section view of FIG. 3 to which reference is made. In this embodiment, the "ferrule" 15 with its shaped inner walls (and simulated outer walls represented by the dash lines in the figure) in essence is formed integrally with the package's metal wall as a unitary one-piece assembly. Alternatively this embodiment may be looked upon as a "ferrule-less" RF feedthrough. As is apparent from the illustration, the elements in this embodiment have counterparts to the elements in the preceding embodiment. This includes metal wall 25, suitably of gold-plated Kovar material, which provides the same structural features as ferrule 1 in the preceding embodiment, disk 17, formed of a strong, rigid, dielectric material, such as alumina, and metal pin 19, formed of gold-plated Kovar, assembled in the permanent relationship illustrated with portions of the pin 19 extending in front of and behind metal wall 15. The pin also contains the integral annular collar 21. As in the preceding embodiment, disk 17 contains metalization rings 18 and 20, illustrated in a larger scale than the remaining elements, respectively bordering the outer edge of the upper surface and the inner circular edge of the bottom surface. For final assembly, preform solder rings, 22 and 24, also illustrated in a larger scale, suitably an 80/20 gold tin composition, placed between the metalization and the annulus in the inner wall, and the other between the lower metalized disk surface and the upper annular portion of collar 21. With the elements pressed together the assembly is heated and the temperature is raised to the eutectic temperature of the solder and the solder re-flows. Upon removal of the heat, the solder solidifies and firmly bonds the elements together, electrically and mechanically. To simplify the fabrication of the shaped opening while maintaining adequate inductance and other desirable RF characteristics required of the feedthrough, the inner walls of the passage are stepped in shape. Thus three pill or disk-shaped shaped openings are formed one atop the other and together form the passage. The first step is wide enough to seat disk 17 and contains an annular step against which to bond the upper edge surface of the disk. These stepped diameters are designed to provide an optimum RF coaxial structure when combined with the given pin 19 and disk 17. Another embodiment of the invention incorporates two alumina disks as illustrated in the partial section view of FIG. 5. This feedthrough contains a cylindrical ferrule 35 formed of gold-plated Kovar material, a pair of washer shaped dielectric disks, 37 and 39, suitably formed of alumina and a "rolling pin" shaped or stepped cylindrical metal pin 41, formed of gold plated Kovar. The ferrule contains an inner annular ledge at each of its front and back ends to support the outer peripheral edges of the alumina disks 37 and 39. The disks are identical in structure. Each contains a central cylindrical opening or passage sufficient to allow the smaller cylindrical ends of pin 41 to project through the respective disk passages, but not the larger diameter portion. Each disk contains a pair of metalization rings on one of the surfaces: One ring, 38, borders the outer edge of the disk and the other ring 40 borders the central passage. Pin 41 includes an annular shaped step at each end that forms the transition between the small diameter "handle" portion of the rolling pin shape and the larger diameter "rolling pin" portion of pin 41. Upon assembly, the respective annuluses are soldered to the adjacent inner metalization rings on the adjacent ceramic disks. The outer metalization rings on the disks are soldered to the respective ledges on ferrule 35. The soldering effectively hermetically seals the feedthrough. The RF coaxial transmission line represented by the foregoing feedthrough construction may be represented schematically by the "Pi" configured low pass filter illustrated in FIG. 6. In this figure L3 represents the inductance of the feedthrough and C3 and C4 represent the capacitances introduced by the dielectric disks. The capacitance due to air insulation between the inner and outer conductors being much less than that from the disks may be disregarded. In the foregoing embodiments, alumina was used as the dielectric material. However other dielectric materials that are also strong, rigid and relatively impervious to gases, capable of being metalized and brazed or soldered to the metal selected for the ferrule and center pin and having sufficiently close thermal expansion characteristics to those metals, may be substituted. Some such dielectric materials include sapphire, single crystal quartz, cordierite, and beryllia. As those skilled in the art appreciate, when another insulating material having a dielectric constant different from alumina is substituted for alumina, it is necessary to change the dimensions of the metal elements, adding or reducing inductance, as appropriate, in order to preserve the relationship between the capacitive and inductive impedances as will maintain the desired characteristic impedance at the input and output ends of the feedthrough. Other high conductivity metals may be substituted in the pin for gold plated Kovar, such as, but not limited to, copper, brass or Molubdenum. The lower,the surface resistivity of the metal, the lower is the insertion-loss created in the feedthrough. A good insertion loss is one that is less than 0.2 dB. Of the identified metals, copper is the most conductive and least resistive. Hence, with copper pins, the feedthrough would have the best insertion-loss figure, that is, the least insertion loss. However Kovar, though more resistive, possesses a thermal expansion characteristic that is more closely matched to the thermal expansion characteristic of the alumina, than is copper. However, to be useful in the foregoing feedthroughs, the Kovar must be plated with a more highly conductive metal. For greater durability in situations in which the RF feedthrough undergoes large temperature variations, Kovar thus offers the better compromise and more preferred choice. Where wide temperature variations are not expected, then an intrinsically highly conductive, that is, less resistive metal, such as copper, is the preferred choice, in that pin 15 is less expensive to manufacture. In the foregoing description, the word "integral" is used in connection with the description of the ledge on the ferrule and the collar on the pin. The term is used in the sense that the cited component is formed with the respective element to which it is attached in one piece defining a unitary one-piece assembly. The foregoing feedthrough structure may be easily adapted to an additional function, namely a microstrip to waveguide transition, by the addition of a "launcher" to an end, which couples to a microwave mode that can propagate in the waveguide. Such a launcher may be formed of conductive metal in the shape of a cross or tee or may be formed as an enlarged cylinder or cap, both of which are known waveguide coupling devices. As pictorially illustrated in FIG. 7, to which reference is made, a feedthrough 43, constructed in accordance with any of the foregoing embodiments, includes a conductive metal pin 45. The "T"-shaped metal member, which serves as the launcher, is inverted and attached to the end of pin 45, forming an integral assembly. In application the feedthrough is installed within the wall of an electronic assembly and in that installation the bottom end of pin 45 is connected directly or indirectly to a microwave microstrip line formed on a substrate. At the other end of pin 45 containing launcher 47, a rectangular waveguide, 48, is inserted over the launcher. Essentially the launcher 47 is inserted through an opening in the wall of the waveguide and, as is conventional, is placed at a location within the waveguide where the launcher couples microwave energy to the electric fields of the dominant microwave mode for the waveguide. FIG. 8 pictorially illustrates a corresponding stripline to waveguide transition which uses the second mentioned launcher of cylindrical geometry. Thus feedthrough 51, includes center conductive metal pin 53. The conductive metal cylinder 55, defining the launcher is integrally attached to one end of pin 53, while the opposed end of the pin is for connection to a microstrip line. As in the prior case, a rectangular waveguide 56 is placed over launcher 55 and the latter is positioned there within to couple to a dominant mode. At its other end pin 53 is connected to a microwave microstrip line 54 formed on a side of a circuit board substrate 52. The latter two structures combine the benefits of the new feedthrough construction and an integral microstrip to waveguide transition. An embodiment of a microwave microstrip line to waveguide transition is presented in partial section view in FIG. 4 to which reference is made. From the prior description one recognizes the elements of the single disk feedthrough construction. This also contains a ferrule 27, an alumina disk 29, containing metalization rings 28 and 30, and gold-plated Kovar pin 31. For additional construction details of the assembly and alternatives, the reader may refer back to the description of FIGS. 1 and 3, which are not repeated. In this embodiment, the inner cylindrical wall of the ferrule contains a single step, with a wide diameter portion sufficient to seat the disk, and a smaller diameter portion spaced from the slender portion of the cylindrical surface of pin 31. Instead of a collar, pin 31 has an enlarged diameter cylindrical portion 33 at the bottom end in the figure that is integral with the pin's shaft. That enlarged diameter portion is a microwave launcher from which microwaves may be coupled into rectangular waveguide and is formed in one piece with feedthrough pin. The surface formed in pin 31 as a result of the step up in diameter to the enlarged diameter portion 33 is bonded to the metalization band on the disk with an 80/20 gold-tin alloy preform ring. The disk in turn is bonded to the circular step surface in ferrule 27, also with an 80/20 gold-tin alloy preform ring. Ideally, feedthroughs of the forgoing construction are useable over a frequency range from DC to 50 GHz. They are broadband in characteristic; that is, about the principal frequency at which they are designed for use, they exhibit a impedance characteristic that is relatively flat or constant over a frequency range extending above the principal frequency by at least ten percent and below the principal frequency by the same percentage. More specifically at a frequency of 44 GHz, the bandwidth should extend from 40 GHz to 48 GHz. It is believed that the foregoing description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is sufficient in detail to enable one skilled in the art to make and use the invention. However, it is expressly understood that the detail of the elements presented for the foregoing purpose is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, in as much as equivalents to those elements and other modifications thereof, all of which come within the scope of the invention, will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading this specification. Thus the invention is to be broadly construed within the full scope of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an improved method for combining waste materials to produce valuable products for agricultural, horticultural, sylvicultural or public use. Specifically, the present invention relates to a delayed exothermic reaction of alkaline materials with waste materials, such as wastewater treatment plant sludge, animal excrement or process wastes, and additionally with carbon dioxide gas or carbon dioxide solids, to thereby convert said waste materials to useful products such as soil conditioners or fertilizer supplements. More specifically, the present invention relates to reacting alkaline materials, such as calcium oxide, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust or similar alkaline materials and combinations thereof with wastewater sludge or animal excrement as well as carbon dioxide gas or carbon dioxide solids in a reactor so as to provide a well blended mixture that reacts exothermically after discharge from the reactor, providing temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water, instantly drying said mixture through rapid evaporation of liquids, dramatically changing the appearance of the product so that the products meet or exceed regulatory requirements for beneficial use of waste materials while improving environmental quality and protecting human health. 2. Description of the Prior Art Those skilled in sludge management practices are aware that methods for alkaline stabilization or decontamination of waste sludge are presently in use. In his book titled "Treatment and Disposal of Wastewater Sludges", Ann Arbor Science Inc., publishers, 1979 Edition, P. Aarne Vesilind, reviews the practice of mixing lime and sludge in a common concrete mixer to yield a product which is marketable as a soil conditioner. The sludge is dried and disinfected as a result of an exothermic reaction which approaches (but does not exceed) 100° C. U.S. Pat. No. 4,226,712 dated Oct. 7, 1980 by Kamei discloses a method of treating water containing wastes by first mixing the waste with an alkaline earth metal oxide such as calcium oxide as a preliminary drying step followed by a second step of removing additional water by drying means at temperatures from 800° C. to 1,450° C. During the first step, the organic sludge is "partly gelated". Kamei also teaches that "the mixture thus heated by the exothermic reaction to a temperature from about 80° C. to 90° C." Additionally, Kamei teaches that the high temperatures do not decompose the organic constituents contained in organic waste and remain in the final product. The sterilized products are used as fertilizers. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,270,279 dated Jun. 2, 1981, Roediger teaches a method for alkaline stabilization of dewatered sludge cake which results in the formation of sterilized pellets. The claim is that an inexpensive method is provided for sterilizing dewatered sludge cake which is discharged from belt presses wherein the sludge cake is broken into ball-like particles having diameters ranging from 1 to 10 millimeters, dusting these particles with quicklime (calcium oxide) and achieving temperatures "of the bulk matter to about 70° C. to 80° C." The quicklime reacts exothermically with the surfaces of said ball-like particles resulting in a product which can be used as an agricultural product. To achieve complete sterilization, the treated waste had to be stored for four hours. The means for mixing and reacting the sludge with quicklime includes a paddle blender or pug mill. The RDP Company, Plymouth Meeting, Pa. advertises a so-called "Envessel Pasteurization" process. The process description is that of a screw conveyor or pug mill type mixer that enables reacting dewatered sludge cake and quicklime exothermically, discharging into a jacketed holding hopper, with "supplemental heat added to the vessel to insure the mixture maintains a temperature of 158° F./70° C. for a period of 30 minutes". This process produces a product meeting regulatory agency requirements for PFRP, Process to Further Reduce Pathogens. U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,002 dated Nov. 19, 1985, granted to Nicholson, discloses a method for beneficiating "low percentage solids" waste water treatment sludge, without prior dewatering, by mixing kiln dust containing a percentage of calcium oxide to form a solidified, disintegratable, friable product which can be eventually granulated after curing and aging for a sufficient period of time. A product is produced which can be applied to land as well as used as a soil conditioner and fertilizer supplement. Nicholson also disclosed improved methods for treating wastewater sludge in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,781,842 and 4,902,431. The method "decontaminates" wastewater sludge to a level that meets or exceeds U.S. EPA Process to Further Reduce Pathogens standards. The method mixes sludge with alkaline materials sufficient to raise the pH of the mixture to 12 and above for at least one day, and then the mixture is dried to produce a granular material. So-called "decontamination" is the process of exothermically reacting alkaline materials with sludge to raise the temperature to about 50° C., but not to temperatures sufficient to cause sterilization, thereby reducing and/or eliminating pathogenic microorganisms, but maintaining beneficial non-pathogenic microorganisms, and coupling this step with drying, such as windrowing, to produce a PFRP product. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,978 dated Dec. 22, 1981, entitled "Method for Lime Stabilization of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges", granted to the applicant, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto, a method for lime stabilization of wastewater treatment plant sludge is disclosed. The method includes the steps of dewatering sludge and rapidly and intimately mixing and reacting sludge cake with quicklime (calcium oxide) so as to produce stabilized sludge pellets. In U.S. patent application Ser. No. 546,426 for "Improved High Rate Method for Alkaline Stabilization, Beneficiating and Pelletizing of Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludges now U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,572," also by the applicant, an improved method is disclosed which exothermically reacts alkaline materials with waste material, beneficiates said materials, and forms pellets having a skin of calcium carbonate. The carbonates are formed as the last step of the process by reaction of calcium hydroxide, contained in the pellet, with carbon dioxide gas or carbon dioxide solids (dry ice). The aforesaid patented methods of the applicant are advantageously and efficiently accomplished in a blender-dryer-reactor invented by the applicant and described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,357. The method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,978 and the applicants patented apparatus have been widely accepted by the pollution control industry with many successful installations in the United States. Many of the aforesaid methods of alkaline stabilization or decontamination are presently in practice today, but all have limitations when compared to the new method of the applicant. Because of the increasing demand for viable alternative for disposing of waste materials and the promotion of practices that provide for beneficial use of sludge, the new inventive method addresses the limitations of present methods and provides a beneficial product from waste materials that not only will have appeal for public use by virtue of its physical appearance, but more importantly, because of the high rate, subsequent instant drying with high efficiency, can be shipped long distances without fear of degradation so that said products can be economically used as fertilizer supplements in third world countries. When compared to the instant invention, none of the aforesaid methods teach the method of obtaining of temperatures in excess of 100° C., such as temperatures up to or exceeding 117° C., which result from the exothermic reactions. Neither do any of the methods delay or retard the exothermic reaction so that the chemical reactions can take place with high efficiency after a highly accurate blending of the components of the mixtures is assured. Those skilled in the art of mixing, blending and reacting materials recognize that materials cannot be commingled or dispersed accurately as said materials are changing stage or state. Another limitation of present inventions is the relatively long drying periods when dried by natural means such as air drying, or the additional equipment and fuel required for drying in a drying apparatus. This compares to the subsequent relatively instant drying as the exothermic reaction takes place at high temperatures exceeding 100° C. for the new method. Extended drying periods also require costly land storage area as well as additional labor and material handling to transport material to and from said storage area. Most of the products provided by the methods presently in use have moisture content ranging from 10% to 35%. The products having the least amount of moisture require drying periods of at least 30 days. This is another limitation of the present methods in that the new process can selectively provide a moisture content in the product, ranging from 50% to less than 10%, by varying the ratios of components of the mixture and reaction. Additionally, the new product is so well blended, reacted and dried, that there remains no pockets of unblended material and therefore no pockets containing a higher moisture content which could cause spoilage or degradation over periods of time. The uniform drying of the new inventive product enables its packaging and shipping over long distances without degradation. The color of products produced by presently existing methods range from black to light gray, whereas the new product has an off-white appearance. This off-white appearance is more acceptable to the public since it does not resemble a product made from waste sludge. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a novel, improved method for reacting alkaline materials, carbon dioxide and waste materials, such as wastewater sludge, animal excrement or process wastes in a conventional blender-reactor, preferably a plow blender type so as to provide a delayed exothermic reaction after discharge from the blender-reactor, the reaction resulting in the beneficial use of waste materials while improving environmental quality and protecting human health. It is a further objection of the invention to provide a method of treating sludge wherein temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water are obtained with subsequent relatively instant drying through rapid evaporation of liquids from waste materials while dramatically altering the appearance of the waste products. It is also an object of the present invention to provide sterile products by thermal destruction of microorganisms, high dry solids content of the product, or a combination of thermal destruction and high dry solids content which is not life supporting. Accordingly, the invention provides for the reduction in pathogens that is equivalent to and exceeds the reduction of other approved USEPA standards for PFRP, the Process to Further Reduce Pathogens, as per USEPA Appendix II of 40 CFR 257, which standards state in part as follows: Heat drying: Dewatered sludge cake is dried by direct or indirect contact with hot gases, and moisture content is reduced to 10% or lower. Sludge particles reach temperatures well in excess of 80° C. Other methods: Other methods of operating conditions may be acceptable if pathogen and vector attraction of the waste (volatile solids) are reduced to an extent equivalent to the reduction achieved by any of the above (other) methods. In a 1985 memorandum regarding 40 CFR 257 regulations, the USEPA outlined another qualifying PFRP process, namely, the reduction of pathogenic bacteria, animal viruses, and parasites below detectable limits of one plaque forming unit (PFU) per 100 ml of sludge for animal viruses; three colony forming units (CFU) per 100 ml of sludge for pathogenic bacteria; and one viable egg per 100 ml of sludge for parasites. Additionally, vectors such as flies or rats should not be attracted to the product. Since Nicholson per U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,781,842 and 4,902,431 meets the aforementioned standard by providing temperatures of 50° C. and dryness of 65%, the new inventive process exceeds the temperatures of 50° C. with temperatures exceeding 100° C., and with a dryness exceeding 90%. The present invention also beneficiates waste materials by synergistically combining waste materials such as waste sludge and kiln dusts to thereby effect soil conditioners and fertilizer supplements, the products containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, trace nutrients and organic matter, as well as calcium from calcium carbonate, that can be land applied. The calcium carbonate of the product is known to degrade more slowly than hydrated lime and therefore provides beneficial slow release of alkalinity to cropland. The invention also eliminates the necessity for product storage or extra material handling. It provides a free flowing product that can be marketed as a free flowing powder or as granules, micro-pellets or pellets; have a innoxious odor; reduce vector attraction; reduce bulk density and color so that the products do not appear "sludge-like" to the general public. The invention also converts and beneficiates waste materials into valuable products for utilization as soil conditioners or fertilizer supplements in agricultural applications for food and feed crops; for horticultural applications such as plants and use in nurseries; for sylviculture to increase forest productivity and revegetate forest lands devastated by fire, land slides, volcanos or other natural disasters; public use such as turf maintenance or production, strip mine reclamation, covering expired landfills; fertilizing highway median strips; or additionally addressing process waste for preparing process waste for approved landfill applications. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The method of the invention provides for the delayed exothermic sterilization, beneficiating and subsequent instant drying of wastewater sludge, animal excrement, or process waste using an efficient blender-reactor, which method has the steps of: settling and/or dewatering the waste material to provide a sludge containing 3 to 60% by weight of dry solids; efficiently blending and reacting the sludge with alkaline earth metal oxides such as calcium oxide (quicklime), beneficiating material, such as kiln dusts, and carbon dioxide so as to retard exothermic reactions and maintain temperature at or near room temperature; discharging the accurately blended materials from the blender-reactor, prior to the exothermic reaction, into a holding hopper wherein the exothermic reaction initiates, said holding hopper optionally being maintained at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum; rapidly evaporating liquids from the entire mass of the mixed materials as the temperature resulting from the exothermic reaction rapidly rises and exceeds the boiling point of said liquids entrained in the mass of mixed materials, said temperature capable of reaching 117° C. either at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum; causing a violent percolation of the blend of material as vapor escapes from every particle of the accurately blended mass of material and as the temperature of each particle reaches the boiling point of the liquid between, on or within each particle; sterilizing the product by the relatively high temperature exothermic reaction, by the high dry solids content of the resulting product, or by a combination of heat and dryness so as to meet or exceed USEPA standards for PFRP, Process to Further Reduce Pathogens; reducing or eliminating the odor of the product so that the odor is innoxious to a panel of individuals selected at random, while also reducing vector attraction; changing the appearance of the sludge mixture from a wet, dark gray mass to an off-white, free flowing powder, which powder can find beneficial use as a powder; beneficiated with additional nutrients; granulated or pelletized for ease of material handling or land applying; and acceptable to industry and the general public for use in agriculture, horticulture, sylviculture or public use; and providing a product of sufficient uniform dryness, without pockets of moist material, to enable its packaging and shipping long distances, such as to third world countries to provide soil conditioners and fertilizer supplements to arid or non-productive land. The means for settling and/or dewatering the sludges can be any conventional settling and/or dewatering equipment. The means for blending and reacting calcium oxide, kiln dust and carbon dioxide with sludge includes an efficient blender reactor with gasketed cover. The blender-reactor could be single or dual shaft paddle blenders, pug mills, plow blenders, ribbon blenders or pin mills. However, due to its proven blending accuracy for viscous materials, the preferred embodiment is a dual shaft plow blender-reactor as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,941,357, which apparatus is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,978 and approved for U.S. patent application Ser. No. 546,426, for waste sludge treatment. The apparatus and methods of these patents are incorporated herein by reference. The holding hopper is a conventional hopper with inlet and outlet connections, suited for vacuum service, with sufficient volume to permit expansion of the product as the product percolates and reduces bulk density to 30 to 80% of the density of the initial blend of materials. A dry air purge is also provided to purge the holding hopper of any excess carbon dioxide, water vapor and volatile odor producing substances. For vacuum service, pressure locks are provided to maintain vacuum conditions. Pressure locks can be conventional positive displacement sludge pump on the inlet side and conventional rotary locks for free flowing dry materials on the outlet. The alkaline earth oxides blended with the waste sludge can be commercially available quicklime (calcium oxide), cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust or admixtures of these alkaline materials. Cement kiln dust is a waste by-product of the cement processing industry. It is known to be a substitute for calcium oxide or hydrated lime in processing of sewage sludge. Cement kiln dust composition includes SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , CaO, M E O, SO 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, and free CaO with the highest percentage of the components being CaO and S 1 O 2 O. The potassium, magnesium, calcium and trace nutrients, when blended with waste material, such as municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge, provide additional nutrients combined with the nitrogen and phosphorus in sludge to thereby find beneficial use as the aforesaid soil conditioners and fertilizer supplements. Lime kiln dust is a by-product of the processing of lime products and has the same characteristics as quicklime. Other alkaline materials can be substituted as long as the high heat exothermic reaction is obtained. The carbon dioxide of the method is commercially available and supplied in pressurized cylinders or tanks. It can be dispensed either as a gas, or alternately, with the use of a special attachment, as carbon dioxide granules or flakes, commonly known as "dry ice". The aforementioned objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in connection with the accompanying drawing, which drawing discloses embodiments of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a flow diagram for the production of sterilized, beneficiated product resulting from the delayed exothermic reaction of waste sludge, alkaline earth oxides, and carbon dioxide. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 1, settled sludge or dewatered sludge, an alkaline metal oxide such as calcium oxide, and carbon dioxide are delivered continuously into a blender 1 to effect an efficient, accurate blending of the charged materials. While the process could be carried out in a batch mode, blender 1 is preferably operated in a continuous mode. The settled sludge or dewatered sludge generally contains 4% to 60% dry solids. The alkaline earth oxides must contain sufficient free oxides to react exothermically with the free water of the sludge. For example, quicklime is known to have a high calcium oxide content up to 98%. Lime kiln dust, a by-product of lime processing, also has the same characteristics as quicklime with high calcium oxide content. Cement kiln dust has, as its major component, calcium oxide with free calcium oxide ranging from generally 0 to 15% of the total. The carbon dioxide can be charged into the blender either as a gas or as a solid. As a gas, it blends well with other materials since the gas is heavier than air. As a granular or flaked dry ice solid, commingling and dispersion of the carbon dioxide can take place so that as the solid sublimes, it is in contact with particles of the blended material thereby assuring a uniform reaction of all materials. It should be noted that this step of adding carbon dioxide as the first step is in contrast to the applicant's patent application Ser. No. 546,426, in which carbon dioxide is added as the last step so as to react with the calcium hydroxide on the surface of the formed pellet and produce a hard skin of calcium carbonate on the pellet. When added as the first step, as in the present invention, complex reactions take place which delays the exothermic reaction, which delay is advantageous to the process. Air containing oxygen is thus excluded from the reaction, and results in unexpected heat release which is substantially higher than those methods presently in practice. The determination of the ratios and flow rates of individual components of the mixture is determined by laboratory analysis. Since the object of the invention is to convert waste materials into beneficial products, it must be understood that the waste materials can vary widely in composition. Waste sludge can have varying dry solid and moisture contents. Kiln dusts can have widely varying oxide content even if the material is obtained from the same source. The variations are dependent on processing methods as well as storage practices. For example, as a waste, cement kiln dust (CKD) can be stored for long periods and that portion exposed to the air in the atmosphere can "air slake", that is, react with moisture in the atmosphere to form calcium hydroxide thereby depleting the calcium oxide content. Laboratory testing of raw materials should assure sufficient oxide content to react stoichiometrically with free water to produce the exothermic reactions. Additionally, material component ratios can be varied dependent on the product dryness required or final product temperature necessary to meet regulatory agency standards. For example, pasteurization is an accepted "add on" process to meet USEPA standards, said process requiring temperatures of 70° C. for 30 minutes, which specifications can readily be met using the new method. Due to the many variations of the waste material and the desired variations of the product for various beneficial uses, initial laboratory testing will be required to determine the proper ratios of waste sludge, alkaline materials and carbon dioxide. For economy in quicklime usage, kiln dusts containing calcium oxide can be used as an alternate to quicklime or as an admixture with quicklime to provide the necessary total calcium oxide content to react stoichiometrically with each 0.32 pounds of water in the waste sludge. As mentioned previously, the cement kiln dust (CKD) also serves to increase the dry solids content of the product through the reaction of other oxides, such as magnesium oxide, contained in the CKD, and also provides nutrients for beneficial use of the product. The discovery that the exothermic reaction between the water of the waste material and the alkaline earth oxides is retarded and delayed when including carbon dioxide gas is important from the standpoint of blending accuracy. Depending upon the amount of kiln dust added as a "filler", the blended material in the blender can form as a granule, pellet, or heavy paste. In either case, while complex reactions might be taking place, there is no visible changes of stage or state after the commingling of materials to form said granules, pellets or paste. The time period to accomplish accurate blending of charged materials can be up to 5 minutes. The result of this inaction is that all materials are intimately in contact with each other so that all particles of materials are thoroughly reacted when the exothermic reaction initiates later. It should also be noted that as the carbon dioxide gas expands in the blender, it blankets the blender with the carbon dioxide and thereby excludes or minimizes air entrance into the system. As in the case of the oxides, the amount of carbon dioxide added is in proportion to the molecular weight of the resultant products as per formulas of the chemical reactions following hereinafter. As discharged from the blender 1, the blended materials are approximately room temperature, but a temperature not higher than 10° F. above room temperature. (This slight increase could result from the viscous material blending wherein electrical energy of the drive 2 is converted to heat energy in the product.) The appearance is a dark gray, sludge-like intermediate which is continuously discharged from the blender 1 after a retention time ranging from 20 seconds to 5 minutes, the preferred retention time being one minute. Accurately blended components are discharged from the blender 1 into a holding hopper 3, hereinafter named the exothermic reaction chamber. The chamber is vented, using vent 4, and under atmospheric pressure conditions. The volume of the exothermic reaction chamber must be sufficient to contain discharged material for a delayed period of time until the exothermic reaction is initiated and completed. Additionally, 100% additional volume of the chamber is required to allow for a dramatic change in the bulk density of the reacting material. Air pads 5 are provided on the sloping walls of the discharge section 6 of the exothermic reaction chamber. Air pads provide a dry air purge of the chamber to purge water vapor, excess carbon dioxide, and noxious volatile odors. A rotary lock feeder discharges the reacted, free flowing product from the exothermic reaction chamber at a material flow rate, set by a variable speed drive 8, proportional to the volumetric flow rate of materials charged into the system and allowing for the decrease in bulk density of the product. Exothermic reaction chamber 3 is alternately suited for vacuum operation. Another major advantage of the new method is that the waste materials can be accurately blended under atmospheric conditions, without apparent reaction, and delivered to a vacuum system wherein evaporation and boiling point of water contained in the intermediate material can be reached, more violently, at lower pressure, when the exothermic reaction is initiated. For example, it is well known that the boiling point of water at 14.7 psia is 212° F./100° C. At 5 psia, the boiling point is 162.3° F./72.2° C. Therefore, if the exothermic reaction chamber is maintained at 5 psia, the exothermic reaction which is actually capable of reaction temperatures to 117° C., need only reach above 72.2° C. to accomplish the removal of water or alternately to meet standards for pasteurization. Under vacuum operation, vent 4 is converted to a vacuum connection to a conventional vacuum pumping system. Additionally, the connection 9, between the blender and the exothermic reaction chamber must include a pressure lock 10, to maintain vacuum conditions. Pressure lock 10 can be a conventional, motor driven, rotary lock if the intermediate blended material is granular or pelletized, or alternately, can be a progressive cavity pump for pasty material, such as the commercially available Moyno Pump. The resultant product 11 is continuously discharged from the exothermic reaction chamber as a free flowing, off-white powder or granule, ranging from 20 mesh to 100 mesh, which after the reaction is primarily composed of organic constituents and calcium carbonate constituents, the calcium carbonate preferred for land application as compared to hydrated lime since it degrades more slowly to supply alkalinity to the soil over longer time periods. For a better understanding of the reactions that take place, and an explanation for the violent reaction that produces temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water, a review of the chemical reactions that simultaneously take place, some being reversible, are as follows: 1. Calcium oxide (quicklime) added to settled or dewatered sludge reacts with the free water in the sludge to form calcium hydroxide plus heat. CaO+H.sub.2 O=Ca(OH).sub.2 +heat 2. Carbon dioxide reacts with free water in the sludge to form carbonic acid. However, carbonic acid reaches saturation readily and releases carbon dioxide. CO.sub.2 +H.sub.2 O=(H.sub.2 CO.sub.3) 3. calcium hydroxide formed in reaction 1 reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate and water. Ca(OH).sub.2 +CO.sub.2 =CaCO.sub.3 +H.sub.2 O 4. Calcium oxide, or other oxides contained in the kiln dusts, react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates, such as calcium carbonate. High exothermic heat is generated from this reaction. CaO+CO.sub.2 =CaCO.sub.3 +high heat It should also be noted that intermediates, such as bicarbonates, can be formed, but these reactions are driven in the direction to eventually react to carbonates. To further review the process, generally 5 to 45% by weight of calcium oxide, either 100% calcium oxide or an admixture of quicklime and kiln dust so blended to have a reactive content of oxide of 5 to 45% by weight, is combined with the waste sludge. The amount of carbon dioxide is determined by laboratory test, the objective of the laboratory test being to retard the exothermic reaction for at least 5 minutes with delayed exothermic reaction reaching the desired temperatures. Generally, this amount of carbon dioxide can range from 2% to 30% of the weight of sludge plus calcium oxide, not including the weight of any inactive filler materials such as inactive nutrients added for agricultural purposes. When the blended constituents are delivered to the exothermic reaction chamber, a surprising and unexpected phenomenon was discovered. After a delay, which could range from 5 to 20 minutes, a violent, exothermic reaction is initiated. Since all constituents of the blended materials are in intimate contact, the reaction takes place throughout the mass of the entire material, producing a violent percolation of material as gases escape from the reacted product. Gases are water vapor, excess carbon dioxide if any and volatile noxious odor producing gas. The temperature resulting from the exothermic reaction can reach temperatures exceeding the boiling point of water. For example, a temperature of 117° C. was obtained at atmospheric pressure conditions. The gases are vented through vent 4 to conventional scrubbing equipment. The resultant product converts from a sludge-like appearing material to a free flowing, off-white powder ranging from 20 mesh to 100 mesh. The product contains the organic constituents, carbonates and nutrients for beneficial uses. The product is also converted to an innoxious material by the conversion of noxious producing components in the waste, such as sulphur, to insoluble sulphate salts by the reaction of the sulphate ion with the calcium oxide. Also, volatile noxious odors are driven off by the high temperature. The resultant product can be further processed if necessary to satisfy a variety of applications. The 20 mesh to 100 mesh material can be blended with other nutrients to improve its value as a fertilizer. Also, using conventional agglomeration equipment, the product can be formed into micro-pellets, granules or pellets to suit a specific application. Most importantly, the waste material is uniformly sterilized by the new method. Sterilization occurs by the high temperature destruction of pathogens, the high dry solids content exceeding 90% dry solids (less than 10% moisture and generally less than 5% moisture) and a combination of temperature and dryness such that the process can be demonstrated to produce a beneficial product from waste materials which product meets or exceeds USEPA standards for PFRP, Process to Further Reduce Pathogens. With no pockets of high moisture, the product can be packaged and shipped long distances, without fear of degradation, to third world countries to supply beneficial use for arid and non-productive land. Various modifications and changes may, of course, be made as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. As an example, although the applicant's patented blender-reactor is well suited and highly advantageous to use, other suitable embodiments of conventional mixers may also be used, particularly when the material to be processed is non-hazardous, such as food waste, and additionally is more easily handled from a material handling and mixing the standpoint as compared to say fibrous sludge. Also, while the present application illustrates a method from waste sludge, such as municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge, and animal excrement or process wastes, the method is equally adaptable to food wastes such as waste from fish processing, produce processing or meat packing industries. Thus, while the aforementioned embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious that many changes and modifications may be made thereunto, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to cow milking devices and more particularly pertains to a strip bucket for collecting bad milk wherein such bucket is provided with an automatic overflow prevention valve arrangement. 2. Description of the Prior Art The use of strip buckets for collecting bad milk from cows is known in the prior art. In this respect, approximately 5 to 7% of all cows in a milk cow herd have to be strip bucket milked due to the presence of bad milk in their udders (teat). There is always a chance during every milking that a strip bucket could contaminate the bulk tank milk. This has become more of a problem in recent years due to better breeding of cows which has resulted in their providing of more milk. These new breed cows can easily fill a strip bucket and if a strip bucket overflows, bad milk can end up in the bulk milk tank which could result in a ruination of all of the milk. In those situations where a milker is very busy and forgets to unhook a strip bucket, the next cow in the line could overfill the bucket which could again result in ruination of the bulk supply. Also, where the bulk tank milk has been ruined and the dairy man doesn't discover this before the milk is delivered to a tank truck, a real possibility exists that all of the milk in the tank truck could be ruined. As such, there exists a continuing need for some means of preventing bad milk overflow from a strip bucket and in this respect, the present invention substantially fulfills this need. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known types of strip buckets now present in the prior art, the present invention provides an improved strip bucket construction wherein the same can be utilized to prevent the overflow of bad milk into a bulk storage container. As such, the general purpose of the present invention, which will be described subsequently in greater detail, is to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which has all the advantages of the prior art milk strip buckets and none of the disadvantages. To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises a strip bucket utilizable in a cow milking operation which is provided with a lid having a ball check valve to prevent bad milk from entering a bulk storage container. Additionally, the ball check valve may be provided with integrally attached milk collection tubes which extend orthogonally outwardly therefrom. Additionally, a ball check valve may be provided with an outwardly extending paddle member which operates to raise a signal flag once a strip bucket has been filled with milk. There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter and which will form the subject matter of the claims appended hereto. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based, may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientists, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which has all the advantages of the prior art strip bucket assemblies and none of the disadvantages. It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which is of a durable and reliable construction. An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which is susceptible of a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such strip bucket assemblies economically available to the buying public. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thereof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved strip bucket assembly which prevents the overflow of bad milk therefrom. These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty which characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be better understood and objects other than those set forth above will become apparent when consideration is given to the following detailed description thereof. Such description makes reference to the annexed drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of the cap assembly forming a part of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side elevation view thereof. FIG. 3 is a top plan view thereof. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of the invention wherein the strip bucket is only partially full of bad milk. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side elevation view of the invention wherein the strip bucket is filled with bad milk. FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the complete strip bucket assembly. FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a modified cap assembly for use with the present invention. FIG. 8 is a perspective view illustrating a use of the modified ball check valve forming a part of the second embodiment of the invention. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a further embodiment of the cap assembly utilizable with the present invention. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the third embodiment of the invention wherein a signal flag is now positioned in a raised condition. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference now to the drawings, and in particular to FIGS. 1-6 thereof, a new and improved strip bucket assembly embodying the principles and concepts of the present invention and generally designated by the reference numeral 10 will be described. The strip bucket assembly 10 essentially consists of a strip bucket 12 having a removable closure 14 affixed to a top portion thereof. The closure 14 may be designed to threadably attach to the top of the strip bucket 12; however, in the preferred embodiment, only a frictional fit is envisioned so as to permit the use of conventional strip buckets now commercially available. The closure 14 is provided with a pair of through-extending conduits 16, 18, and a ball check valve assembly 20 is designed to be secured to an interior end 22 of the conduit 16 whereby the ball check valve assembly extends downwardly into the strip bucket 12. The interior end 22 of the conduit 16 serves as a valve seat which can be selectively opened and closed by a floating ball 24 retained within a ball cage 26. The ball cage 26 and the floating ball 24 essentially comprise the ball check valve assembly 20. With particular reference to FIGS. 4-6, the manner of operation of the strip bucket assembly will be described. In this respect, a flexible milking tube 28 is attached to the conduit 18 and serves as the supply line for bad milk being stripped from a cow. The milk is generally designated by the reference numeral 30 and is collected within the strip bucket 12 in a now apparent manner. A second flexible tube 32 is attached to the conduit 16 and serves as the normal overflow line whereby the milk is directed from the strip bucket 12 to a bulk milk container. As shown in FIG. 4, when the milk supply 30 is below the bottom level of the valve ball check valve assembly 20, the check valve ball 24 will be retained in a bottom portion of the cage 26, whereby air may be ejected outwardly through the tube 32 as additional milk is supplied to the strip bucket 12 through the tube 28. When the milk supply 30 reaches the top of the strip bucket 12 as shown in FIG. 5, the ball check 24 moves to a top end portion of the cage 26, thereby to effectively prevent any flow of air or milk through the tube 32, thus to prevent the overflow of bad milk to the aforementioned bulk milk container. At this point in time, a milker knows to remove the strip bucket 12 and discard the bad milk 30 therefrom. FIGS. 7 and 8 of the drawings illustrate a modified embodiment of the ball check valve assembly 20. More particularly, a modified floating check valve ball 34 is provided with a plurality outwardly extending tubes, all of which are generally designated by the reference numeral 36, wherein such tubes extend outwardly through a plurality of slots 38 formed in the cage 26. Each of the tubes 36 are hollow and tend to capture small amounts of milk 30 once the milk comes into engagement with the check ball 34. The closure 14 can then be removed from the strip bucket 12, and the ball check valve assembly 20 can be removed from the conduit 16 whereby one or more of the tubes 36 can be inverted to collect milk in a remote container 40. This facilitates an easy means of collecting milk 30 from the strip bucket 12 for the purposes of determining the quality of the milk. Another version of ball check valve assembly 20 can be found in FIGS. 9 and 10 wherein a floating check ball 42 is provided with three outwardly extending arms 44 and one outwardly extending paddle member 46, with these four outwardly extending appendages being aligned in the afore-described slots 38 formed in the cage 26. A further conduit 48 is centrally positioned within the closure 14 and extends therethrough. A signal flag assembly 50 includes a flag member 52 attached to a rod 54 which is slidably positionable within the conduit 48. The weight of the signal flag assembly 50 normally holds it downwardly in a lowered position as indicated in FIG. 9. However, as milk 30 rises in the strip bucket 12, the float ball 42 will rise so as to cause the paddle member 46 to come into abutment with a bottom end portion 56 of the flag assembly 50. As the ball 42 continues to rise, the paddle member 46 will force the rod 54 upwardly through the conduit 48 so as to effectively cause the flag assembly 50 to rise, thereby indicating to a milker that the strip bucket 12 is full of milk. As to the manner of usage and operation of the present invention, the same should be apparent from the above description. Accordingly, no further discussion relating to the manner of usage and operation will be provided. With respect to the above description then, it is to be realized that the optimum dimensional relationships for the parts of the invention, to include variations in size, materials, shape, form, function and manner of operation, assembly and use, are deemed readily apparent and obvious to one skilled in the art, and all equivalent relationships to those illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are intended to be encompassed by the present invention. Therefore, the foregoing is considered as illustrative only of the principles of the invention. Further, since numerous modifications and changes will readily occur to those skilled in the art, it is not desired to limit the invention to the exact construction and operation shown and described, and accordingly, all suitable modifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within the scope of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to computer switches and more specifically it relates to a “on-on master switch” for a way to quarantine computer virus. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention generally relates to a computer switch which includes plastic computer panel, on-on miniature bat handle toggle, four and fifteen pin Molex power cable and two led lights one red and one green. [0003] There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, some of the features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution to the art may be better appreciated. There are additional features of the invention that will be described hereinafter. [0004] In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction or to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of the description and should not be regarded as limiting. [0005] The object is to provide a “On-On Master Switch” for a way to quarantine computer virus. [0006] Another object is to provide a “On-On Master Switch” that will be used as another computer. [0007] Another object is to provide a “On-On Master Switch” that will be used as a instant backup. [0008] Another object is to provide a “On-On Master Switch” that will increase performance for business. [0009] Another object is to provide a “On-On Master Switch” that will be used for upgrade computer software with approximately zero downtime for business. [0010] Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become obvious to the reader and it is intended that these objects and advantages are within the scope of the present invention. To the accomplishment of the above and related objects, this invention may be embodied in the form illustrated in the accompanying drawings, attention being called to the fact, however, that the drawings are illustrative only, and that changes may be made in the specific construction illustrated and described within the scope of this application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] Various other objects, features and attendant advantages of the present invention will become fully appreciated as the same becomes better understood when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the several views, and wherein: [0012] FIG. 1 : Is a flowchart illustrating the overall operation of the present invention. Existing power conation with “On-On Master Switch”. [0013] FIG. 2 : Is an exploded upper perspective view of the present invention. Isometric illustration of component installation with back detail of on-on miniature bat handle toggle left, center and right terminal conations FIG. 2A . [0014] FIG. 3 : Is an alternative embodiment of the present invention. Single line components diagram. [0015] FIG. 4 : Is a front view of the present invention, computer panel with dimensions. [0016] FIG. 5 : Is a top view and view of the present invention, computer panel with dimensions. [0017] FIG. 6 : Is a left side view of the present invention. Finished computer panel installed in a desk top computer. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A. Overview [0018] Turning now descriptively to the drawings, in which similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views, the figures illustrate plastic computer panel, on-on miniature bat handle toggle, four and fifteen pin Molex power cable and two led lights one red and one green. B. Plastic Computer Panel [0019] The structure of the plastic computer panel ( 10 ) is to hold the components and to be installed into computer. [0020] 3.76 inches wide×1.63 inches high with two openings 0.13 inches diameter and one opening 0.38 inches diameter, which holds the components on-on miniature bat handle toggle switch and two led lights. When the components are installed in the plastic computer panel it is then installed with computer. [0021] Provisional patent application did not have computer panel with new design. C. On-On Miniature Bat Handle Toggle [0022] The structure of the on-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ) is to switch from left to right when the computer is off. The function of on-on miniature bat handle toggle is to change the direction of electricity from one hard drive to another. Inside the computer there is power connections for hard drive, one power source can be used for connection with on-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ). [0023] Mini 4PDT (Four Pole Double Throw) on-on 125 Volt, 5 Amp, toggle switch, twelve (12) terminal. A switch device that open's, closes or changes connection of two conductors in an electrical circuit. Mounting hole 6 mm, material plastic, metal, silver. Dimension 12.8 mm×22.8 mm. There are twelve (12) terminal, four (4) in center, four (4) on the left side and four (4) on the right side. [0024] Two (2) push button double pole switches can be used for one (1) on-on miniature bat handle toggle. D. Four Pin (Female) Molex Power Cable—Left Side [0025] The structure is a plastic Molex four pin power cable. The function of the Molex power cable is to provide power source for the ATA or PATA hard drive, Molex ( 30 ) power cable. [0026] Molex 8981, 21 mm width×6 mm height, as follows (1) yellow +12V, (2) black ground, and (1) red +5V. The pins are 0.200 inches (5.08 mm) apart (center to center). The connector housing has chamfered corners on one side to prevent the user from plugging it in incorrectly. The connector that provides power has female pins and male housing. [0027] Right angle 90 degree 4-pin female Molex power cable can be used. It can do the same function. E. Fifteen Pin Molex Power Cable—Left Side [0028] The structure is a plastic Molex fifteen pin power cable, only four pins are used. The function of the Molex power cable is to provide power source for the SATA or SSD hard drive, Molex ( 40 ) power cable. [0029] It is 90 degree, dimension 60 mm×43 mm×43 mm×43 mm wafer-based, but its wider fifteen ( 15 ) pin shape prevents accidental mis-identification and forced insertion of the wrong connector type. Each voltage is transmitted through three grouped together, because the small contacts by themselves cannot supply sufficient current for some devices. A third voltage is supplied, 3.3V, in addition to the traditional 5V and 12V. Each voltage is transmitted through three pins. Five or six pins provide the ground connection, six being standard, or five if staggered spin-up or other special functionality is supported. For each of the three voltages, one of the three pins serves for hot-plugging. The ground pins and power pins 3 , 7 and 13 are longer on the plug so they will connect fast. A special hot-plug receptacle can connect ground pins 4 and 12 first. Pin 11 can function for staggered spin-up, activity indication, both or nothing. It is an open collector signal that may be pulled down by the connector or the drive. If pulled down at the connector, the drive spins up as soon as power is applied. If left floating, the drive waits until it is spoken to, this prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously, which might draw to much power. The pin is also pulled by the drive to indicate drive activity. [0030] There are no alternative variations. F. Four Pin (Female) Molex Power Cable—Right Side [0031] The structure is a plastic Molex four pin power cable. The function of the Molex power cable is to provide source for the ATA or PATA hard drive, Molex ( 50 ) power cable. [0032] Molex 8981, 21 mm width×6 mm height, as follows (1) yellow +12V, (2) black ground, and (1) red +5V. The pins are 0.200 inches (5.08 mm) apart (center to center). The connector housing has chamfered corners on one side to prevent the user from plugging it in incorrectly. The connector that provides power has female pins and male housing. [0033] Right angle 90 degree 4-pin female Molex power cable can be used. It can do the same function. G. Fifteen Pin Molex Power Cable—Right Side [0034] The structure is a plastic Molex fifteen pin power cable, only for pins are used. The function of the Molex power cable is to provide power source for the SATA or SSD hard drive, Molex ( 60 ) power cable. [0035] It is 90 degree, dimension 60 mm×43 mm×43 mm×43 mm wafer-based, but its wider fifteen (15) pin shape prevents accidental mis-identification and forced insertion of the wrong connector type. Each voltage is transmitted through three grouped together, because the small contacts by themselves cannot supply sufficient current for some devices. A third voltage is supplied, 3.3V, in addition to the traditional 5V and 12V. Each voltage is transmitted through three pins. Five or six pins provide the ground connection, six being standard, or five if staggered spin-up or other special functionality is supported. For each of the three voltages, one of the three pins serves for hot-plugging. The ground pins and power pins 3 , 7 and 13 are longer on the plug so they will connect fast. A special hot-plug receptacle can connect ground pins 4 and 12 first. Pin 11 can function for staggered spin-up, activity indication, both or nothing. It is an open collector signal that may be pulled down by the connector or the drive. If pulled down at the connector, the drive spins up as soon as power is applied. If left floating, the drive waits until it is spoken to, this prevents many drives from spinning up simultaneously, which might draw to much power. The pin is also pulled by the drive to indicate drive activity. [0036] There are no alternative variations. H. Red Led Light—Left Side [0037] The structure of the led is light emitting diode ( 70 ) is to illuminate. The heavy leads help conduct heat away from the chip. The reflector collects light emitted from the edges of the chip. The epoxy is usually colored when the led is a visible light emitter. Light scattering particles are often added to the epoxy. This diffuses the light and causes the end of the led to appear brighter visible light. The function of the red led light is to indicate which hard drive is being used. [0038] Stands for “Light-Emitting Diode”, led is an electronic device that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it. Led are commonly used for indicator lights (such as power on/off lights) on electronic devices. Since led are energy efficient and have a long lifespan (often more than 100,000 hours), they have begun to replace traditional light bulbs in several areas. The energy efficient nature of led allows them to produce brighter light than other types of bulbs while using less energy. [0039] An alternative variation of the led is a different color or shape. And a different voltage can be used. I. Green Led Light—Right Side [0040] The structure of the led is light emitting diode ( 80 ) is to illuminate. The heavy leads help conduct heat away from the chip. The reflector collects light emitted from the edges of the chip. The epoxy is usually colored when the led is a visible light emitter. Light scattering particles are often added to the epoxy. This diffuses the light and causes the end of the led to appear brighter visible light. The function of the red led light is to indicate which hard drive is being used. [0041] Stands for “Light-Emitting Diode”, led is an electronic device that emits light when an electrical current is passed through it. Led are commonly used for indicator lights (such as power on/off lights) on electronic devices. Since led are energy efficient and have a long lifespan (often more than 100,000 hours), they have begun to replace traditional light bulbs in several areas. The energy efficient nature of led allows them to produce brighter light than other types of bulbs while using less energy. [0042] An alternative variation of the led is a different color or shape. And a different voltage can be used. J. Molex (Male) Power Cable [0043] The structure of the Molex power cable ( 90 ) is to provide electrical power to on-on miniature bat handle toggle. The function of the Molex power cable is to connect with computer internal power source. [0044] Molex, 21 mm width×6 mm height, as follows (1) yellow+12V, (2) black ground, and (1) red+5V. The pins are 0.200 inches (5.08 mm), apart (center to center). The connector housing has chamfered corners on one side to prevent the user from plugging it in incorrectly. The connector that provides power has male pins and female housing. [0045] There are no alternative variations. K. Connections of Main Elements and Sub-Elements of Invention [0046] The Molex power cable ( 90 ) is connected with on-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ) with pin and 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, 5 Volt power cable ( 91 ) and center terminal ( 21 ), pin and 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, ground cable ( 92 ) and center terminal ( 22 ), pin and 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, ground cable ( 93 ) and center terminal ( 23 ), pin and 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 94 ) and center terminal ( 24 ). See FIG. 2 and FIG. 2A . [0047] The fifteen pin Molex power cable—left side ( 40 ) is connected with four pin (female) Molex power cable—left side ( 30 ) with 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, 5 Volt power cable ( 41 ) and cable ( 31 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length ground cable ( 42 ) and cable ( 32 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length ( 33 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 44 ) and cable ( 34 ). [0048] Four pin (female) Molex power cable—left side ( 30 ) is connected with on-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ) with 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, 5 Volt power cable ( 31 ) and terminal left ( 21 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, ground cable ( 32 ) and terminal left ( 22 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length ground cable ( 33 ) and terminal left ( 23 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 34 ) and terminal left ( 24 ). [0049] Red led light—left side ( 70 ) is connected with resister ( 71 ) 24 Gage, 3 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 73 ) with terminal left ( 24 ), the other side of red led light ( 70 ) is connected with 24 Gage, 3 inch in length, ground cable ( 74 ) with terminal left ( 23 ). The heat shrink ( 72 ) is wrapped red led light ( 70 ) and resister ( 71 ). [0050] Fifteen pin Molex power cable—right side ( 60 ) is connected with four pin (female) Molex power cable—right side ( 50 ) with 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, 5 Volt power cable ( 61 ) and cable ( 51 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, ground cable ( 62 ) and cable ( 52 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, ground cable ( 63 ) and cable ( 53 ), 20 Gage, 6 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 64 ) and cable ( 54 ). [0051] Four pin (female) Molex power-right side ( 50 ) is connected with on-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ) with 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, 5 Volt power cable ( 51 ) and terminal right ( 21 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length, ground cable ( 52 ) and terminal right ( 22 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length ground cable ( 53 ) and terminal right ( 23 ), 20 Gage, 12 inch in length 12 Volt power cable ( 54 ) and terminal right ( 24 ). [0052] Green led light-right side ( 80 ) is connected with resister ( 81 ), 24 Gage, 3 inch in length, 12 Volt power cable ( 83 ) with terminal right ( 24 ), the other side of green led light ( 80 ) is connected with 24 Gage, 3 inch in length, ground cable ( 84 ) with terminal right ( 23 ). The heat shrink ( 82 ) is wrapped green led light ( 80 ) and resister ( 81 ). [0053] On-on miniature bat handle toggle ( 20 ) is mounted to plastic computer panel ( 10 ) thru opening ( 15 ) and is held secure with washer ( 12 ) and nut ( 11 ). [0054] The red led light—left side ( 70 ) is mounted thru opening ( 13 ) and the green led light—ride side ( 80 ) thru opening ( 14 ) in the plastic computer panel ( 10 ). L. Alternative Embodiments of Invention [0055] There are no alternative variations at this time. M. Operation of Preferred Embodiment [0056] The user first makes the determination as to serf the internet or to work. [0057] When the decision is made to serf the Internet the user first activates the unit ( 20 ) is switched to the left side (changes the direction of electricity). The computer is turn on (activated), the electrical power is provided to unit ( 90 ) which provides electrical power to unit ( 70 ) is illuminated and electrical power to unit ( 30 ), if the hard drive is connected to unit ( 30 ) the operating system will start to function. If hard drive is connected to unit ( 40 ) the operating system will start to function. Only one hard drive can be used. [0058] Note there are different kinds of hard drives that can be used, ATA or PATA for ( 30 ) power cable and SATA or SSD hard drive for ( 40 ) power cable. [0059] When the decision is made to work with Autocad, make financial transaction, use word processor or transfer photos from camera to the computer the user first activates the unit ( 20 ) is switched to the right side (changes the direction of electricity). The computer is turn on (activated), the electrical power is provided to unit ( 90 ) which provides power to unit ( 80 ) is illuminated and electrical power to unit ( 50 ), if the hard drive is connected to unit ( 50 ) the operating system will start to function. If hard drive is connected to unit ( 60 ) the operating system will start to function. Only one hard drive can be used. [0060] Note there are different kinds of hard drives that can be used, ATA or PATA for ( 50 ) power cable and SATA or SSD hard drive for ( 60 ) power cable. [0061] What has been described and illustrated herein is a preferred embodiment of the invention along with some of its variations. The terms, descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations. Those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention in which all terms are meant in their broadest, reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated. Any headings utilized within the description are for convenience only and have no legal or limiting effect. INDEX OF ELEMENTS [0000] 10 : Plastic Computer Panel. 11 : Nut 12 : Washer 13 : 0.13 Inch Dia. Opening 14 : 0.13 Inch Dia. Opening 15 : 0.25 Inch Dia. Opening 20 : On-on Miniature Bat Handle Toggle. 21 : Right Terminal, Center Terminal, Left Terminal 22 : Right Terminal, Center Terminal, Left Terminal 23 : Right Terminal, Center Terminal, Left Terminal 24 : Right Terminal, Center Terminal, Left Terminal 30 : Four Pin (Female) Molex Power Cable—Left Side. 31 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 5 Volt Power Cable 32 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 33 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 34 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 40 : Fifteen Pin Molex Power Cable—Left Side. 41 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, 5 Volt Power Cable 42 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 43 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 44 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 50 : Four Pin (Female) Molex Power Cable—Right Side. 51 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 5 Volt Power Cable 52 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 53 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 54 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 60 : Fifteen Pin Molex Power Cable—Right Side 61 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, 5 Volt Power Cable 62 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 63 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 64 : 20 Gage, 6 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 70 : Red Led Light—Left Side. 71 : 1,000 Ohm Resister 72 : Heat Shrink Tube 73 : 24 Gage, 3 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 74 : 24 Gage, 3 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 80 : Green Led Light—Right Side. 81 : 1,000 Ohm Resister 82 : Heat Shrink Tube 83 : 24 Gage, 3 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable 84 : 24 Gage, 3 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 90 : Molex (Male) Power Cable 91 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 5 Volt Power Cable 92 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 93 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, Ground Cable 94 : 20 Gage, 12 Inch in Length, 12 Volt Power Cable

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present disclosure relates to the field of communications, and particularly to a method and device for sending downlink information. BACKGROUND [0002] A Machine Type Communication (MTC) device (also called as MTC User Equipment (UE) or Machine to Machine (M2M) user communication equipment), is currently a main application form of the Internet of Things. [0003] In recent years, more and more mobile operating companies have selected Long-Term Evolution or Long-Term Evolution Advance (LTE or LTE-A) as an evolution direction of a wideband wireless communication system due to relatively high spectral efficiency of an LTE or LTE-A system. Various types of LTE or LTE-A-based MTC data services may attract more attention. [0004] MTC equipment is usually low-cost equipment, and may have characteristics of supporting relatively small Radio Frequency (RF) bandwidth, single receiving antenna and the like. There is a type of MTC equipment, such as an ammeter, which may be placed in a metal cabinet of a basement, so that this type of MTC equipment may be under a very poor coverage. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) sets up a project in Release 12 (R12) and Release 13 (R13) to provide a solution for low-cost MTC UE with a coverage enhancement requirement. At present, the solution to coverage enhancement is to enhance coverage by lots of repetitions of some channels. [0005] In an existing LTE system, a paging message may be sent to UE in an idle state or a connected state. A paging process may be triggered by a core network to notify certain UE of receiving a paging request, or may be triggered by an Evolved Node B (eNB) to notify system information updating and notify UE of receiving information of e.g., an Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS), Commercial Mobile Alert Service (CMAS) and the like. Paging has at least one of the following purposes of: [0006] sending paging information to UE in a Radio Resource Control (RRC) idle state, where the paging information may be information indicating that the UE in the RRC idle state is called; [0007] notifying UE in an RRC connected state or idle state of a system message change; [0008] notifying UE of ETWS primary notification and/or auxiliary notification information; or [0009] notifying UE of CMAS notification information. [0010] A paging message is public information and may be sent on a paging subframe. Each paging message may include all of the abovementioned information, i.e. system message change information, the ETWS notification information and the CMAS notification information, or a subset of the information (if the information is required to be sent on the paging subframe). Before the paging message is received, a terminal may need to monitor a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and then judge whether the paging message is sent from a network in a current paging period or not according to whether the PDCCH contains a Paging Radio Network Temporary Identifier (P-RNTI) or not. The terminal may receive the paging message if the P-RNTI is detected on the PDCCH. For UE in an RRC connected state, an eNB may not send paging information to the UE, and the UE may need to receive the system message change information, the ETWS notification information and the CMAS notification information. However, the UE is still required to receive the whole paging message during reception. [0011] For UE with a coverage enhancement requirement and in a connected state, for correctly receiving paging messages, the UE may need to receive much repeated control information for scheduling the paging messages and lots of repeated paging messages. On one hand, dedicated information reception of MTC UE which only supports an RF narrow band may be influenced. On the other hand, if dedicated information is sent on another narrow band, it may be unfavorable for energy saving of the MTC UE. Even though a blind transmission manner is adopted for the paging messages, that is, no scheduling via the control information is adopted, since the paging messages include relatively much information and a Transmission-Block Size (TBS) is relatively large, it may still be necessary to receive lots of repeated paging messages. [0012] For the problem, there is yet no effective solution at present. SUMMARY [0013] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method and device for sending downlink information, so as to at least solve the problems that UE may need to receive many repeated unnecessary paging messages and the like. [0014] According to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for sending downlink information is provided, which may include the following acts. Specified information to be sent to UE is determined, and the specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or Extended Access Barring (EAB) parameter change notification information. The specified information is sent to the UE according to a predetermined manner, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of sending the specified information through a paging message. [0015] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined manner may include one of: sending the specified information through existing Downlink Control Information (DCI) for scheduling; sending the specified information through DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) or Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through Master Information Block (MIB) information; or sending the specified information through a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0016] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, sending the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling may include one of: sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling a paging message; or sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0017] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, sending the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling may include one of: adding a field for carrying the specified information in the existing DCI; redefining a specified field in the existing DCI, and the redefined specified field may be indicative of the specified information; indicating the specified information by adopting one of the followings in the existing DCI: a reserved bit, an idle bit, or an idle state of a specified field; or indicating different specified information by scrambling or masking a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) of the existing DCI by adopting different P-RNTIs. [0018] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, sending the specified information through the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information may include: indicating the specified information by scrambling or masking a CRC of the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information by adopting a dedicated P-RNTI. [0019] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, when the specified information is sent through the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information, the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information may have no corresponding PDSCH or PUSCH. [0020] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, sending the specified information through the MIB information may include one of: indicating the specified information by adopting an idle bit in an MIB; defining a field for indicating the specified information in the MIB; or indicating different specified information by scrambling or masking a CRC of the MIB by adopting different sequences. [0021] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the system message change information may include: system message change information on one or more working bands. [0022] According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for receiving downlink information is provided, which may include the following acts. UE receives specified information according to a predetermined manner. The specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of receiving the specified information through a paging message. [0023] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined manner may include one of: receiving the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; receiving the specified information on DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information on a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information through MIB information; or receiving the specified information on a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0024] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, receiving the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling may include one of: receiving the specified information on DCI for scheduling a paging message; or receiving the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0025] According to another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a device for sending downlink information is provided, which may include a determination module and a sending module. The determination module is configured to determine specified information to be sent to UE, and the specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information. The sending module is configured to send the specified information to the UE according to a predetermined manner, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of sending the specified information through a paging message. [0026] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sending module may be configured to send the specified information according to the predetermined manner including one of: sending the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; sending the specified information through DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through MIB information; or sending the specified information through a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0027] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sending module may be configured to send the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling according to one of the following manners of: sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling a paging message; or sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0028] According to still another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a device for receiving downlink information is provided, which may be applied to UE and include a receiving module. The receiving module is configured to receive specified information according to a predetermined manner, the specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of receiving the specified information through a paging message. [0029] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving module may be configured to receive the specified information according to the predetermined manner including one of: receiving the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; receiving the specified information on DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information on a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information through MIB information; or receiving the specified information on a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0030] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving module may be configured to receive the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling according to one of the following manners of: receiving the specified information on DCI for scheduling a paging message; or receiving the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0031] According to some exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure, the specified information to be sent to the UE is sent in the predetermined manner different from the sending manner of sending the specified information through the paging message. In this way, the problems that the UE may need to receive many repeated unnecessary paging messages and the like are solved, influence on dedicated information reception of the UE is further reduced, and the problem of energy consumption of the UE caused by reception of lots of repeated paging messages is solved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0032] FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for sending downlink information according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure; and [0033] FIG. 2 is a structure block diagram of a device for sending DCI according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS [0034] For UE with a coverage enhancement requirement and in a connected state, in order to correctly receive paging messages, the UE may need to receive much repeated control information for scheduling the paging messages and lots of repeated paging messages. Dedicated information reception of MTC UE which only supports an RF narrow band is influenced. On the other hand, if dedicated information is sent on another narrow band, it may be unfavorable for energy saving of the MTC UE. Even though a blind transmission manner may be adopted for the paging messages, that is, no scheduling via control information is adopted, the paging messages include relatively much information and a TBS is relatively large, so that it may still be necessary to receive lots of repeated paging messages. In order to solve this problem, the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure redefine a paging manner for the UE in the connected state (but not limited to the UE in this state). Detailed descriptions will be made below. [0035] FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for sending downlink information according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1 , the method may include the following processing acts S 102 to S 104 . [0036] At act S 102 , specified information to be sent to UE is determined, and in the exemplary embodiment, the specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information. [0037] At act S 104 , the specified information is sent to the UE according to a predetermined manner, and in the exemplary embodiment, the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of sending the specified information through a paging message. [0038] By each of the abovementioned processing acts, the specified information to be sent to the UE through the paging message may be sent according to the manner different from the manner of sending the specified information through the paging message. In this way, the problems that the UE may need to receive many repeated unnecessary paging messages and the like are solved, influence on dedicated information reception of the UE is further reduced, and the problem of energy consumption of the UE caused by reception of lots of repeated paging messages is solved. [0039] In an exemplary embodiment, the predetermined manner may include, but not limited to, one of the following predetermined manners. [0040] The specified information may be sent through existing DCI for scheduling. Sending the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling may include one of: sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling a paging message, or sending the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. The existing DCI may be understood to be DCI mentioned in an existing communication standard. [0041] The specified information may be sent through DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information. In an exemplary embodiment, the specified information may be indicated by scrambling or masking a CRC of the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information by adopting a dedicated P-RNTI, and when the specified information is sent through the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information, the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information may have no corresponding PDSCH or PUSCH. The dedicated P-RNTI may be understood as a P-RNTI different from a P-RNTI indicating the paging message, and may also be understood as a P-RNTI for indicating the specified information by scrambling or masking the DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0042] The specified information may be sent through a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0043] The specified information may be sent through MIB information. The MIB information may be represented as, but not limited to, one of the following implementation forms in an exemplary implementation mode: indicating the specified information by adopting an idle bit in an MIB, defining a field for indicating the specified information in the MIB, or indicating different specified information by scrambling or masking a CRC of the MIB by adopting different sequences. [0044] The specified information may be sent through a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0045] In an exemplary implementation mode of the present disclosure, sending the specified information through the scheduling existing DCI may be implemented in, but not limited to, one of the following manners of: [0046] adding a field for carrying the specified information in the existing DCI; [0047] redefining a specified field in the existing DCI, where the redefined specified field is indicative of the specified information; [0048] indicating the specified information by adopting one of the followings in the existing DCI: a reserved bit, an idle bit, or an idle state of a specified field; or [0049] indicating different specified information by scrambling or masking a CRC of the existing DCI by adopting different P-RNTIs. [0050] The system message change information may include: system message change information on one or more working bands. [0051] In an embodiment, a device for sending downlink information is also provided, which is configured to implement the abovementioned method. As shown in FIG. 2 , the device may include a determination module 20 and a sending module 22 . [0052] The determination module 20 is configured to determine specified information to be sent to UE through a paging message. The specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information. [0053] The sending module 22 is configured to send the specified information to the UE according to a predetermined manner. The predetermined manner may be different from a manner of sending the specified information through the paging message. [0054] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the sending module 22 may be configured to send the specified information according to the predetermined manner including one of: sending the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; sending the specified information through DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; sending the specified information through MIB information; or sending the specified information through a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0055] It may be appreciated that each of the abovementioned modules may be implemented through software or hardware. The latter condition may be implemented in, but not limited to, the following manner: the determination module 20 and the sending module 22 may be located in the same processor; or, the determination module 20 and the sending module 22 may be located in a first processor and a second processor respectively. [0056] A UE side is further improved in the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. An exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method for receiving downlink information, which may include the following act. [0057] UE receives specified information according to a predetermined manner. The specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of receiving the specified information through a paging message. [0058] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the predetermined manner may include one of: receiving the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; receiving the specified information on DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information on a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information through MIB information; or receiving the specified information on a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0059] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, receiving the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling may include one of: receiving the specified information on DCI for scheduling a paging message; or receiving the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0060] Another exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure further provides a device for receiving downlink information, which is applied to UE and may include a receiving module. The receiving module is configured to receive specified information according to a predetermined manner. The specified information may include at least one of: system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information, and the predetermined manner may be different from a manner of receiving the specified information through a paging message. [0061] In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the receiving module is configured to receive the specified information according to the predetermined manner including one of: [0062] receiving the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling, the existing DCI referring to DCI existing in the related technology; [0063] receiving the specified information on DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; [0064] receiving the specified information on a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; [0065] receiving the specified information through MIB information; or [0066] receiving the specified information on a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0067] In an exemplary implementation process, the receiving module may be further configured to receive the specified information through the existing DCI for scheduling according to one of the following manners of: receiving the specified information on DCI for scheduling a paging message; or receiving the specified information through DCI for scheduling dedicated data of the UE. [0068] As mentioned above, each of the abovementioned modules involved in the embodiment may be implemented through software, and may also be implemented through corresponding hardware. The latter condition may be implemented in, but not limited to, the following manner: the receiving module may be located in a processor. [0069] For better understanding the abovementioned embodiments, detailed descriptions will be made below with reference to exemplary embodiments. It may be appreciated that specified information involved in the following embodiments may be defined as follows. One or more of system message change information, ETWS notification information, CMAS notification information or EAB parameter change notification information may be defined as the specified information. First Embodiment [0070] DCI for scheduling a paging message may include specified information. [0071] A field for indicating the specified information may be added into the DCI for scheduling a paging message. Or some fields in the DCI may be redefined to indicate the specified information, for example, a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) process indication field may be redefined as a field for indicating the specified information. Or a reserved bit or idle bit or an idle state of some fields in the DCI for scheduling a paging message may also be adopted for indication, for example, a reserved bit in DCI format 1A may be adopted for indication, an HARQ process number indication field (3 bits), or a high bit (1 bit) of a Transmission Power Control (TPC) command field of a PUCCH or the like may be adopted for indication, or a reserved state of a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) may be adopted for indication. During practical application, the methods for indication are not limited to the above manners. Specific indication examples are given below. As an example, 3 bit information may be adopted to represent whether there is system message change information, ETWS notification information and CMAS notification information or not. For example, a first bit in the 3 bit information may indicate that a system message changes if being “1”, and may indicate that the system message does not change if being “0”. A second bit in the 3 bit information may indicate that an eNB is intended to send an ETWS message, i.e. a System Information Block (SIB) 10 and/or SIB11 if being “1”, and may indicate that the eNB is not intended to send the ETWS message if being “0”. A third bit in the 3 bit information may indicate that the eNB is intended to send a CMAS message, i.e. SIB12, if being “1”, and may indicate that the eNB is not intended to send the CMAS message if being “0”. If the 3 bit information is “100”, it represents that the system message changes and the eNB is not intended to send the ETWS and CMAS messages, and after receiving the information, UE may receive the system message but does not receive SIB10 and SIB11 corresponding to an ETWS and SIB12 corresponding to a CMAS. During practical application, the methods for indication are not limited to such an indication manner. If the UE or the eNB does not support the ETWS and/or the CMAS, the information may not be included. For example, if the UE or the eNB does not support any of the both functions, only one bit may be required to represent whether the system message changes or not. The system message change information, ETWS notification information and CMAS notification information in the paging message scheduled by the DCI may be reserved or removed, which will not be limited in the embodiment. [0072] Furthermore, the system message change information in the DCI may be system message change information on one or more working bands. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the one or more working bands may be working bands of one or more pieces of MTC UE. If a system bandwidth includes multiple working narrow bands and there is corresponding system information on multiple narrow bands (a number of the narrow bands where the system information is located is not larger than a total number of the working narrow bands), it may be suggested to indicate whether system messages on the multiple narrow bands change or not. As an example, 1 bit may be adopted to represent whether the system messages on the multiple narrow bands change or not. For example, if the system message on none of the narrow bands changes, the 1 bit information may be set as “0” for indication, otherwise the 1 bit information may be set as “1” for indication. Multiple bits may also be adopted to represent that the system messages on the multiple narrow bands change respectively. For example, there may be 5 working narrow bands in a system, there is system information on each working narrow band, and 5 bits may be adopted to indicate whether system messages on the 5 narrow bands change or not. Or, if there is system information on only 2 narrow bands in the 5 working narrow bands, 2 bits may be adopted to indicate whether the system messages on the two narrow bands change or not. If the system messages on 3 narrow bands are completely the same and the system messages on the other 2 narrow bands are completely the same although there is system information on each working narrow band in the 5 working narrow bands, 2 bits may be adopted to indicate whether the two types of system messages change or not. [0073] When the system bandwidth includes multiple working narrow bands, specified information on the multiple working narrow bands may also be indicated to the UE. If the specified information is indicated by 3 bits, 3×5=15 bits may be required to indicate the specified information on the 5 working narrow bands. During practical application, the methods for indication are not limited to the above indication manner. [0074] UE in a connected state may receive the DCI specifying the paging message only and acquire the specified information from the DCI, and is not required to receive the paging message scheduled by the DCI for acquisition of the specified information. Second Embodiment [0075] Specified information is indicated in DCI for scheduling dedicated data of UE, and is namely indicated in DCI for scheduling the UE to send a PUSCH or receive a PDSCH. In such a manner, an eNB may notify the UE of the specified information when the UE is scheduled to send or receive data. For example, a field for indicating the specified information may be added into the DCI for scheduling the dedicated data of the UE, or some reserved bits or idle bits or an idle state of some fields may be adopted for indication, or some existing fields may be redefined for indication. The DCI may be DCI of all formats, and may also be DCI of part of formats, for example, format 1A. An indication method is similar to the method described in the first embodiment. [0076] After receiving the DCI for scheduling the UE, the UE obtains the specified information according to the field. For example, if 3 bit information indicates whether there is system message change information, ETWS notification information and CMAS notification information or not respectively and the field obtained by the UE is “000”, it represents that a system message does not change and the eNB is not intended to send ETWS and CMAS messages, and the UE may not receive the system message and SIB10˜12. During practical application, the methods for indication are not limited to the above indication manner. Third Embodiment [0077] Specified information may be notified by adopting different P-RNTIs. That is, the specified information may be represented by scrambling or masking a CRC of DCI for scheduling a paging message or a CRC of DCI for scheduling dedicated data of UE by adopting different P-RNTIs. Similar to the first embodiment, system information may also be system information on multiple narrow bands. System message change information, ETWS notification information and CMAS notification information in the paging message scheduled by the DCI may be reserved or removed, which will not be limited in the embodiment of the present disclosure. [0078] If the UE or an eNB does not support an ETWS and/or a CMAS and is only required to support a system message change, the CRC of the DCI for scheduling a paging message may be scrambled or masked by adopting P-RNTI_1 to indicate that the system message does not change, and the CRC of the DCI for scheduling a paging message is scrambled or masked by adopting P-RNTI_2 to indicate that the system message changes. The UE descrambles or demasks the CRC of the DCI by adopting P-RNTI_1 and P-RNTI_2 respectively, and performs CRC to judge the P-RNTI which is adopted to determine whether the system message changes or not. In the embodiment, a scrambling or masking manner may adopt a bitwise “exclusive or” operation. If the P-RNTI is 16-bit, the CRC is also 16-bit, and an “exclusive or” operation is executed on the bits at the corresponding locations. For example, the P-RNTI is “0000110100001111” and the CRC is “1111001111110011”, the CRC is scrambled by the P-RNTI to obtain “1111111011111100”. A receiving party executes a bitwise “exclusive or” operation on the scrambled CRC and the P-RNTI to obtain the CRC. The practical application is not limited to such a scrambling or masking manner. Fourth Embodiment [0079] Dedicated DCI may be redefined to notify specified information. A CRC of the DCI is scrambled or masked by adopting a dedicated P-RNTI (that is, the dedicated P-RNTI is adopted for scrambling or masking). The DCI has no corresponding scheduled PDSCH or PUSCH. For example, if system message change information, notification information and CMAS notification information are required to be notified, the system message change information is 1 bit, the ETWS notification information is 1 bit and the CMAS notification information is 1 bit, 3 bits are adopted to indicate the information in the DCI. The DCI may have useful information of only 3 bits, or may also have some redundant bits which are not defined in this exemplary embodiment, or these redundant bits may also be adopted to indicate some other public information. The use of the redundant bits is not limited in the embodiment of the present disclosure. Furthermore, for avoiding increase of the number of blind detection times of UE, a size of the DCI may be the same as some existing DCI, and for example, may be equal to format 1C. The DCI may be sent on some preset subframes, and may also be sent on a paging occasion of a cell. [0080] UE in a connected state detects the DCI scrambled or masked by the P-RNTI on the preset subframes or the paging occasion of the cell, and obtains the specified information according to content of the DCI. In the embodiment, a scrambling or masking manner may adopt, but not limited to, a bitwise “exclusive or” operation. Fifth Embodiment [0081] Specified information may be sent through a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by dedicated DCI (i.e. DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information), a CRC of the dedicated DCI may be scrambled or masked by adopting a dedicated P-RNTI. The DCI may adopt an existing DCI format, for example, format 1C; or a new DCI format may be defined. A TBS of the PDSCH scheduled by the dedicated DCI may continue adopting an existing TBS, and may also be redefined, which will not be limited by the embodiment of the present disclosure. The advantage is that UE may acquire the specified information as fast as possible because more resources may be adopted to transmit small packets and a code rate may be very low. The dedicated DCI and the scheduled PDSCH may be sent on some preset subframes, and may also be sent on a paging occasion of a cell. [0082] UE in a connected state detects the dedicated DCI scrambled or masked by adopting the P-RNTI on the preset subframes or the paging occasion of the cell, and acquires the specified information loaded on the scheduled PDSCH according to the DCI. In the embodiment, a scrambling or masking manner may adopt, but not limited to, a bitwise “exclusive or” operation. Sixth Embodiment [0083] Specified information may be indicated in an MIB. The MIB may be an existing MIB. For example, a plurality of bits in 10 idle bits in the MIB may be adopted to indicate the specified information. The indication information in the MIB may be kept unchanged in a period, and for example, may be kept unchanged in a paging period. The period may not be limited to the paging period, and may be a newly defined period. [0084] Alternatively, a new MIB may be defined, and a field may be defined in the new MIB to indicate the specified information. The field in the MIB may be kept unchanged in a period, and for example, may be kept unchanged in a paging period. The period may not be limited to the paging period, and may be a newly defined period. Alternatively, a CRC of the new MIB may also be scrambled or masked by adopting an idle scrambling code to indicate the specified information, and the scrambling code may be kept unchanged in a paging period. The period may not be limited to the paging period, and may be a newly defined period. In the embodiment, a scrambling or masking manner may adopt, but not limited to, a bitwise “exclusive or” operation. [0085] UE in a connected state receives the MIB to obtain the specified information at least once in the period. Seventh Embodiment [0086] A dedicated channel (i.e. a channel dedicated to sending of specified information) may be newly defined, and the specified information may be transmitted on the dedicated channel. The channel may be sent on a preset symbol of a preset subframe and a preset frequency-domain location, for example, 6 central Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) of last three symbols on a subframe #0. During practical application, the sending of the channel is not limited to such exemplary manner. Information included in a preset period may be kept unchanged, and for example, information included in a paging period may be kept unchanged. UE may receive information on the channel on the subframe within the preset period to obtain the specified information. Embodiment 8 [0087] UE may receive specified information according to a predetermined manner. The specified information may at least include EAB parameter change notification information. The predetermined manner is different from a manner of receiving the specified information through a paging message. The predetermined manner may be at least one of the predetermined manners described in the first embodiment to the seventh embodiment. To be more specific, the predetermined manner may be at least one of: receiving the specified information through existing DCI for scheduling; receiving the specified information on DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information on a PDSCH or PUSCH scheduled by DCI dedicated to sending of the specified information; receiving the specified information through MIB information; or receiving the specified information on a channel dedicated to sending of the specified information. [0088] The EAB parameter change notification information may be 1 bit information. For example, the 1 bit information being “0” indicates that an EAB parameter does not change, and the 1 bit information being “1” indicates that the EAB parameter changes. If the EAB parameter change notification information received by the UE is “1”, the UE may receive changed EAB parameter information. In an existing LTE system, EAB parameter information is included in SIB14, and if the EAB parameter change notification information received by the UE is “1”, the UE may receive SIB14 again. In a future practical system, an EAB parameter may also be included in a newly defined SIB. [0089] In another embodiment, software is further provided, which is configured to execute the solutions described in the abovementioned embodiments and exemplary implementation modes. [0090] In another embodiment, a storage medium is further provided, in which the abovementioned software is stored, the storage medium including, but not limited to: an optical disk, a floppy disk, a hard disk, an erasable memory and the like. [0091] Obviously, those skilled in the art should know that each module or each act of the present disclosure may be implemented by a universal computing device, and the modules or acts may be concentrated on a single computing device or distributed on a network formed by a plurality of computing devices, and may optionally be implemented by program codes executable for the computing devices, so that the modules or acts may be stored in a storage device for execution with the computing devices, the shown or described acts may be executed in sequences different from those described here in some circumstances, or may form each integrated circuit module respectively, or multiple modules or acts therein may form a single integrated circuit module for implementation. As a consequence, the present disclosure is not limited to any specific hardware and software combination. [0092] The above is only the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure and not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present disclosure. For those skilled in the art, the present disclosure may have various modifications and variations. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements and the like made within the principle of the present disclosure shall fall within the scope of protection defined by the appended claims of the present disclosure. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY [0093] Some embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied to a downlink information sending process. According to some embodiments, the specified information to be sent to the UE is sent in the predetermined manner different from the sending manner of sending the specified information through the paging message. In this way, the problems that the UE may need to receive many repeated unnecessary paging messages and the like are solved, influence on dedicated information reception of the UE is further reduced, and the problem of energy consumption of the UE caused by reception of lots of repeated paging messages is solved.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention generally relates to a wireless communication system and specifically to a wireless tracking communication system and methods thereof. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Tracking systems are widely used around the world for diversified applications in manufacturing, agriculture, transportation, shipping and security, to monitor certain objects from a control center. A tracking system commonly includes tags that are affixed to the tracked objects and each tag transmitting individual identification and momentary location data to a central processing unit. The central processing unit follows the location of each of the tracked objects and reports the data through a user interface. In applications like package delivery tracking, or inventory control, where the tags do not have to communicate with the central unit, the tags used are paper coded with Barcodes read by code readers which are providing the tag data to the tracking system. In other applications where objects have to be tracked in real-time, electronic tags are required for transmitting identification and location data to the central unit. Commonly used electronic tags are the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. An REID tag comprises low cost Radio Frequency (RF) transceiver electronics adaptable to receive an inquiry from an RFID reader and transmit identification (ID) data to the reader. Some of REID tags do not include a battery and are powered by the tag reader via transmitted electrical power. Alternatively, other RFID tags use a small battery as a power source. In any event, the power of REID tag battery is limited hence RFID tags have to maintain extremely low power consumption. Therefore, REID tags transmit only identification data while location of an RFID tag is determined by the location of one or several readers identifying the tags. The scope of electronic tag capabilities may be extended to measuring accurate location within a defined area, sensing motion, or deriving any other information relevant to a particular application. Vehicle tracking, for example, may utilize tags incorporated as Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers with by bidirectional communication link while manufacturing tracking systems associated with a smaller predefined tracking area and high locating accuracy requirements, may use tags comprising optical of Radio Frequency (RF) locating means. Regardless whether the tags use GPS receivers, optical locating means, or RF locating means, a low power and reliable bi-directional communication link is essential for effectively transferring data between the smart tags and a central unit. The communication system has to include specific features pertinent to tracking systems, like for example: having a wireless communication link interface, adaptability to optical location devices, or GPS receivers, low power consumption, low data collision rate between tags and minimum data traffic between the tags and the central unit. Smart tags for tracking systems may be configured differently according to the tracking range and tracking accuracy of the application. However, regardless of the location means used by the tag, there is a long felt need for an adequate communication link connecting smart tags to a central unit. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] It is the object of this invention to have a wireless communication system for asset tracking, comprising a central processing and communicating unit (CPCU), a plurality of tags, each tag is assigned to an asset, a wireless communication link; and a clock generator signal, wherein said clock generator signal is broadcasted over said communication link for synchronizing data exchange between said CPCU and said tags and further wherein said clock signal is utilized for creating a plurality of time slots, each of said time slots is assigned to a tag. [0004] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said CPCU comprising a tag information registry database. [0005] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said CPCU further comprising an application interface server. [0006] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said CPCU further comprising a location server. [0007] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said tags comprising wireless transmitters and receivers. [0008] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said tags are by default in a sleep mode. [0009] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said tags further comprising a member selected from a group consisting of light emitters, GPS receivers, motion detectors, or any combination of thereof. [0010] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said CPCU comprising RF triangulation transceivers. [0011] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said CPCU unit comprising at least one optical reader and a video processor. [0012] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said communication link comprising at least one RF beacon adapted to cover a defined area. [0013] The wireless communication system according to claim 1 , wherein said communication link comprising at least one base station. [0014] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, comprising a protocol; said protocol further comprising a physical layer, a data link layer and an application layer; said physical layer further comprising a start preamble, a synchronizing header and an application data frame. [0015] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said physical layer comprising a start preamble, a synchronizing header and an application data frame, [0016] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said data link layer comprising a service preamble and an application frame; wherein said service preamble further comprising parameters selected from a group consisting of data type, data length, source address, destination address or any combination thereof. [0017] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said data link layer further comprising a section of a communication cycle redundancy correction (CRC) providing an error correction and operable by a checksum of at least one bit. [0018] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication system as defined in any of the above, wherein said data frame comprising application data and parameters of application data; wherein said parameters are selected from a group consisting of data type, data length, source address, destination address or any combination thereof. [0019] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method, comprising: obtaining a CPCU, a plurality of tags, each tag is assigned to an asset, a wireless communication link and a clock signal; communicating said tags with said CPCU via said communicating link, and broadcasting a clock signal across said communicating link, wherein said broadcasting of a clock signal is utilized for synchronizing said communicating of said tags with said CPCU and further utilized for creating a plurality of time slots; and further wherein each of said time slots is assigned to a tag. [0024] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating between of all said tags with said CPCU is provided during a communication cycle time. [0025] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating during said communication cycle is divided to an uplink time section and to a downlink time section. [0026] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating uplink time section comprising time slots associated with said tags. [0027] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating comprising acknowledging of data receipt by said CPCU. [0028] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating comprising a first and second operational mode, wherein said first mode is initiated by said CPCU and said second mode is initiated by any of said tags. [0029] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, comprising dividing said communication cycle time into time slots, wherein each said time slot is assigned to a single tag, [0030] Another object of this invention is to disclose a wireless communication method defined in any of the above, wherein said communicating between said tags and said CPCU occurring during a plurality of cycle times. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0031] The object and the advantages of various embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein, [0032] FIG. 1 schematically represents a block diagram of a tracking system according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0033] FIG. 2 schematically represents a detailed block diagram of the wireless communication system according to one embodiment of the invention; [0034] FIG. 3 schematically represents a timing diagram of the communication system according to another embodiment of the invention; [0035] FIG. 4 a schematically represents a system data flow communication cycle initiated by a tag according to another embodiment of the invention; [0036] FIG. 4 b schematically represents a system data flow communication cycle initiated by the application according to another embodiment of the invention; and, [0037] FIG. 5 schematically represents the communication system stack protocol according to another embodiment of the invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS [0038] The following description is provided alongside all chapters of the present invention, so as to enable any person skilled in the art to make use of said invention and sets forth the best modes contemplated by the inventor of carrying out this invention. Various modifications however, will remain apparent to those skilled in the art, since the generic principles of the present invention have been defined specifically to provide a wireless communication system for tracking assets and methods thereof. [0039] The system accommodates asset management and control functions via over the air asset related data exchange. The system consists of a plurality of smart agent tags (smart tags) affixed to the assets and base stations incorporated as front end units of a bidirectional wireless communication link between the smart tags and the central unit of the system. System timing and data structures are synchronized by a single clock source transmitted over the communication link. [0040] The system may further consist of at least one RF beacon used for locating smart tags within a predefined area and for initiating data exchange with smart tags that are most of the time in a sleep mode for minimizing power consumption of the smart tag battery. Depending on the size of the area serviced by the system and the locating accuracy requirement, the system may be configured but not limited to RF, optical or OPS measurement location devices or any combination thereof. The system architecture, data transfer timing and communication protocol are described in the subsequent sections. [0041] The term ‘central processing and communicating unit’ (CPCU) relates to processing devices radio frequency transmitters and receivers configured for communicating with the tags and user interface. [0042] The term ‘tag’ or ‘smart tag’ relates to an electronic device communicating transmitting location and identification to a CPCU. [0043] The term ‘asset’ relates to an object that can be tracked by affixing a tag to it. [0044] The term ‘wireless communication link’; EXAMPLES internet, intranet, cellular, or any other communicating means adapted to exchange data, [0045] The term ‘clock signal’ means a digital waveform of constant frequency. [0046] The term ‘time slice’ relates a period of time assigned for operation of a single tag. [0047] The term ‘RE beacon’ relates to a radio transmitter that sends a characteristic signal used for locating. [0048] The term ‘information registration module’ is a data base used by the central unit to record tag information. [0049] The term ‘uplink’ relates to data transmitted from the tags to the central unit. [0050] The term ‘downlink’ relates to data transmitted from the central unit to the tags. [0051] The term ‘optical reader’ relates commonly to a video camera. [0052] The term ‘communication cycle’ is the repeatable cycle time during which the central unit communicates with all the system tags and updates the tags database. [0053] The term ‘Tag originated Mode’ relates to a communicating mode initiated by a tag. [0054] The term ‘System originated Mode’ relates to a communicating mode initiated by an enquiry of the central unit. [0055] The term ‘TSR’ is Tag Service Request. [0056] The term ‘TIR’ is Tag Information Registry. [0057] The term ‘Cyclic Redundancy Correction (CRC) relates to a number derived from data, and transmitted with the data in order to detect errors. [0058] The term ‘protocol stack’ is software implementation of a computer networking protocol. [0059] The term ‘Application Interface Server (API)’ is related to the user interface terminal. [0060] The term ‘Location server’ relates to processing function of the CPCU, [0061] The term ‘radio frequency triangulation transceivers’ relates to a radio frequency location measurement by intersecting direction of two radio frequency beams reflected from an object. [0062] The term ‘base station’ relates to the units providing the radio frequency front end to the wireless communication link. [0063] The term ‘application data frame’ is the section of data in the application layer of the communication protocol. [0064] The term ‘acknowledge’ relates to a confirmation response transmitted by the CPCU to the tags indicating correct reception of data, [0065] Reference is now made to FIG. 1 schematically illustrating a block diagram of a system according to one embodiment of the present invention. An asset location and control system 10 consists of a central control and processing unit 11 connected via a wireless communication link 12 to a plurality of similar smart agent tags 13 a , 13 b and 13 n affixed respectively to assets 14 a , 14 b , and 14 n . Data communication between the smart tags and the central unit 11 , consisting of inquiries initiated by the central unit and local data sent by each of the smart tags, is sustained continuously. The central unit 11 may include but is not limited to base stations, RE beacons, servers and an application processor configured to be adaptable to smart tag operation and for data exchange between the smart tags and the and an application module. Smart tag data including asset location, identification and motion, or further required information, is used by the system for monitoring the assets within a user defines area. A single clock generator 15 generates a clock signal that synchronizes all the smart tags with the central unit by broadcasting the clock over the communication link. System synchronization enables defining time slots assigned to a tag operation on demand and thus minimizing or even avoiding conflicting transmission circumstances (collisions) between the smart tags. Furthermore, the robustness of synchronous data transfer and staying away from repeated data transmissions leads to short data transfer messages and hence to saving the power of a smart tag battery, [0066] Reference is now made to FIG. 2 schematically illustrating a detailed block diagram of the system architecture. System 20 is depicted with a single tag 21 representative of all the smart tags of the system, connected to the central unit incorporated by several parts. At least one RE beacon 22 , operating within a defined range of the system area, is used to transmit wakeup calls via RF link 23 to tag 21 which may be in a sleep mode. RE beacon 22 may also transmit to the central processor the associated coverage area which is included within the tracking area of the system. RF transceivers of base station units 24 a and 24 b provide the communication link between smart tags and the central processor. Each base station unit is connected to a data communication module 25 a and 25 b comprising client and server units. Each base station unit is further connected to a GPS receiver 26 a and 26 b providing base station location data to the central unit. Data communication modules 25 a and 25 b connected the associated base station units 24 a and 24 b are communicating with a mediation control server 36 via data communication unit 29 . Mediation control server 36 which is the processor of the central unit carries out the system operation algorithm and the user application interface. The mediation control server receives location data from a location server 34 and stores all the pertinent data of the tags in a database defined as tag information registration module 35 . When optical smart tags are used, a light beams generated by a tag, is detected by optical reader 31 a and 31 b which are essentially video cameras. The outputs of the optical readers are connected to a video processing module 32 , deriving each tag location by synchronous processing of video images of the optical smart tags. Alternatively, when non optical smart tags are being used, tag location may be determined by an RF triangulation module 33 using an RF triangulation method utilizing the intersection of two lines of radio frequency signals reflected from the tag, to measure tag location. Data associated with tag location, obtained either optically or by RF triangulation, is calculated by a location server 34 to provide the location of every smart server. As indicated in the preceding section, the synchronous operational mode of the system facilitates sharing effectively limited resources like the central unit processing power by a plurality of clients like smart tags. A single clock generator 27 , broadcasted over the communication and available to all the system modules, facilitates a synchronous operation of the system. The clock signal may be obtained from one of the system units or be entirely independent clock generator. Using synchronous communication reduces the probability of error rate and reduces the length of exchanged messages by staying away from frequently having to resend a message in the not as much of reliable asynchronous communication systems. A user can operate the system via a user application program 38 a , 38 b and 38 c connected to the mediation control server 36 via an Application Program Interface (API) 37 . Furthermore, communication protocol is also synchronized to the system clock and operable by the user through a terminal. [0067] Reference is now made to FIG. 3 schematically illustrating the system timing diagram. A system communication cycle 40 is divided into a plurality of equal time slots 43 associated with the plurality of system smart tags. When optical smart tags are used, each tag turns on a signaling light during a single time slot designated by the system controller for the associated tag. When system smart tags are configured with GPS receivers, each tag GPS transmits and receives data during the corresponding time slot. System communication cycle time 40 begins with transmission of clock signal which is transmitted continuously every cycle or intermittently every few cycles. System communication cycle consists of two sections of bidirectional data transfer: A downlink data section 41 followed by an uplink data section 42 . A commonly used communication cycle time may be 1 sec long, however actual value of communication cycle time, up-link time and down-link time may be set to other values depending on the configuration and requirements of the tracking system. A communication cycle time begins with Radio Frequency (RF) downlink time section 41 when system central unit transmits to the smart tags an acknowledgement of receiving data, or commands to the tags, or a combination of acknowledgement and commands thereof. The second section of the system communication cycle is RF uplink time 42 when a time slot is randomly assigned to a reporting smart tag which transmits during the associated time slot data to the central unit. A tag initiating a service request transmits the service request during the next randomly selected time slot. Smart tags can search for a beacon during any available time not interfering with synchronization and receiving an acknowledging message for the service request transmission. Tag receiver is utilizing the available free time for receiving beacon transmission. Communication between the smart tags and the central system may be initiated by the smart tags or by the central system. In the Tag originated mode, the smart tags send first messages to the central system regarding tag events selected from a group of battery low power, detecting a beacon, exceeding tag sleep time limit, external interrupt occurrence or any additional event that needs to be reported. In the System originated mode, the system sends first a message to the tag responding to an application request requiring any status information of a tag. [0068] Reference is now made to FIG. 4 a schematically illustrating the data flow through the communication link layers in the Tag originated mode. Beacon 52 transmits ID information that is received by all the smart tags located at the area covered by the beacon. Upon receiving ID information from the beacon, smart tag 51 transmits a Tag Service Request (TSR) to the central system 50 . The system transmits back an acknowledgement of TSR receipt to tag 51 , updates the data base of the Tag Information Registry (TIR) 53 with the information received from the tag and if applicable updates the application 54 with the new tag event information. Based on the received information and user instructions, the application 54 monitors the tracked assets with the affixed smart tags and controls the operation of the tracking system. This sequence of data flow is repeated by all the smart tags affixed to tracked assets and repeats for any of the tracked smart tags of the system. Every subsequent communication cycle, the procedure of data transfer between the smart tags and the central unit repeats, as long as the tracking system is operating. [0069] Reference is made now to FIG. 4 b presenting a schematically illustrating the data flow through the communication link layers in the System originated mode. Unlike the previous mode, data transfer begins with user application 54 sending an application request to the system central unit 50 . The system central unit responds by initiating data exchange with an associated tag by transmitting a query to tag 51 . The following data flow steps are identical to the corresponding steps listed in the preceding section. Tag 51 transmits a Tag Service Request to the system 50 and the system transmits back to the tag an acknowledgement of received message, updates TIR data base 53 and user application 54 . [0070] Reference is now made to FIG. 5 presenting a schematic illustration of the protocol stack which is the structure associated with the protocol layer. Application layer 60 is at the top level of the protocol. For every exchange of data with a tag, the data link layer 61 transfers an application frame of data to the application layer 60 . Application data consists of messages, timing diagram and logic of communication between the smart tags and the central unit. In the data link layer 61 , data is a commonly used data packet organized in three main sections: A service preamble section, a data section and a Cyclic Redundancy Correction section. The service preamble section consists of parameters of transmitted data selected from a group consisting of type of data, data length, source address and destination address. The data section can be configured in any format that is proper for the system operation. The CRC section is used for error correction of the data by including at least one bit of value determined by a checksum error correction calculation of the data section. Physical layer 62 is the lowest level of the communication link. The physical layer 62 comprises the actual data transmitted in the RF communication link. The physical layer includes a Preamble section, a header section and a data frame section. The Preamble section commonly uses a start bit indicating a beginning of data transmission. The header section is used for synchronization purposes and the data frame includes all the sections defined in data link layer 61 .

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This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 188,926, filed May 2, 1988, now abandoned. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the preparation of superconducting ceramics and more particularly to an improvement in preparing the metal oxide system known as Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A solution of the monocarboxylates of Ca, Ba, and Cu is prepared. The solvent is removed by drying by conventional means. The dried mixed monocarboxylates are calcined. The calcined product is mixed with Tl 2 O 3 and the mixture is heated. The result is superconducting. Tl 2 O 3 is one of the least volatile Tl compounds, and the delayed addition of Tl as the oxide avoids volatility problems of the Tl monocarboxylate and reduces toxicity problems. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has long been known that the effective resistivity of certain metals was sometimes substantially eliminated when the metal was exposed to low temperature conditions. Of particular interest were the metals and metal oxides which can conduct electricity under certain low temperature conditions with virtually no resistance. These have become known as superconductors. Certain metals, for example, are known to be superconductive when cooled to about 4° on the Kelvin scale (°K.), and certain niobium alloys are known to be superconductive at about 15° K., some as high as about 23° K. Discovery of superconductivity in the system La-Ba-Cu-O (J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zeit. Phys. B 64, 189-193 [1986]) and in the system Y-Ba-Cu-O (Wu et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 908-910 [1987]) has stimulated the search for other systems, particularly with a view to substituting other elements for the rare earths (RE) used in the earlier materials. For example, replacement of RE by Bi and Tl has been reported (papers in press). In preparing the system Tl-Ba-Cu-O, Z. Z. Sheng and A. M. Hermann (Superconductivity in the Rare Earth-Free Tl-Ba-Cu-O System above Liquid Nitrogen Temperature) (communication from the authors), first mixed and ground BaCO 3 and CuO to obtain a product which they heated, then intermittently reground to obtain a uniform black Ba-Cu-Oxide powder, which was then mixed with Tl 2 O 3 , ground, and heated, with formation of a superconducting material. It was noted that the Tl oxide partially melted and partially vaporized. The superconductor system Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O was also reported in a paper by Sheng and Hermann, "Bulk Superconductivity at 120K in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O System" (communication from the authors). The authors reported "stable and reproducible bulk superconductivity above 120K with zero resistance above 100K". According to the paper the composition was prepared by mixing and grinding together Tl 2 O 3 , CaO, and BaCu 3 O 4 . The ground mixture was pressed into a pellet and heated in flowing oxygen. The result was cooled and found to be superconducting. Our invention is an improvement in the latter Sheng-Hermann process of making Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O superconductors. See also the paper by Hazen et al, "100K Superconducting Phases in the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O System" (communication from the authors) which refers to two superconducting phases, Tl 2 Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 10+ δ and Tl 2 Ca 1 Ba 2 Cu 2 O 8+ , both with onset T c near 120K and zero resistivity at 100K. Preparation included grinding together Tl 2 O 3 , CaO, and BaCu 3 O 4 (or Ba 2 Cu 3 O 5 ), followed by heating. And see "Nota Bene" in High T c Update, vol. 2, No. 6, p. 1, Mar. 15, 1988, further re properties of the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu-O system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Our invention is applicable generally to the system Tl a -Ca b -Ba c -Cu d -O e , where a, b, and c are independently about 0.5-3, preferably 1 or 2; d is about 1-4, preferably 2 or 3; and e is indeterminate, depending on the mixture. Such compounds include: A. Tl 2 -Ca 2 -Ba 2 -Cu 3 O 10+ B. Tl 2 -Ca 1 -Ba 2 -Cu-O 8 + C. Tl 1 -Ca 1 -Ba 1 -Cu 2 -O x ; D. Tl 1 -Ca 3 -Ba 1 -Cu 3 -O x ; and the like. In the above, A is made in Example 3. C has been suggested as the component that provides actual superconductivity. ("Nota Bene", in High T c Update, op. cit.) The indicator "delta" follows the art convention and designates an undetermined value of 1 or less. The invention provides several novel compositions and processes: Compositions (1) Solution of monocarboxylates of Ca, Ba, and Cu. Total solids (monocarboxylates) is about 5-25 weight % of solution, and Ca, Ba, and Cu are present in an atomic ratio of Ca b -Ba c -Cu d , where b is about 0.5-3, c is about 0.5-3, and d is about 1-4. (2) The dried homogeneous mixture of the monocarboxylates of Ca, Ba, and Cu. (3) The homogeneous mixture of the oxides of Ca, Ba, and Cu. (4) The unfired mixture of 3 above, viz., the homogenized Ca, Ba, and Cu oxides, plus Tl 2 O 3 , providing Tl a -Ca b -Ba c -Cu d -O where a is about 0.5-3 and b, c, and d are as above defined. (5) The fired mixture of 4 above (superconductor). Comment The point of novelty of Composition 5 vis-a-vis the prior art is that the Ca, Ba, and Cu oxides are present in totally homogenized form in Composition 5, owing to their formation from the original homogeneously dispersed monocarboxylates. Processes (6) Forming a solution of monocarboxylates of Ca, Ba, and Cu, suitably to provide an atomic ratio of Ca b -Ba c -Cu d as above defined. (7) Drying (6). Drying can be done in an oven (cf. our Example 1), or (preferably) by spray drying, or by spraying the solution onto a heated drum, or by substantially any conventional means. (8) Heating the dried monocarboxylate mixture to convert the monocarboxylates to oxide, thereby forming a homogeneous mixture of the oxides of Ca, Ba, and Cu. (9) Intimately admixing the oxide mixture of (8) with Tl 2 O 3 to provide an atomic ratio of Tl a -Ca b -Ba c -Cu d -O where a, b, c, and d are as above defined. (10) Calcining the oxide mixture of (9) to form a superconductor. Although we used acetates in our examples, actually any of the lower monocarboxylates are suitable, i.e., formates, propionates, or butyrates. Further, mixtures of these salts are useful, e.g., a mixture of calcium acetate, barium formate, and copper propionate; or a mixture of calcium formate, barium propionate, and copper acetate, etc. The permutative possibilities are numerous and are not critical. Also, instead of water, the solvent may be a lower monohydroxyalkanol (1-4 carbons), e.g., ethanol. For economic reasons we prefer the acetates in water solvent. Preferably, we spray-dry our monocarboxylate solution. The spray-dried product is a powder and does not require grinding. The spray-dried product is calcined to a mixed oxide and this is mixed with Tl 2 O 3 powder. In this way no grinding at any stage is required. The powdered (Ca-Ba-Cu)oxide-Tl 2 O 3 mixture can be taken directly to the furnace and fired to convert the Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu oxide mix to a superconducting powder. As will be evident from this technique, not only is the Tl 2 O 3 not heated as the monocarboxylate--it is not heated at all until it is in proper stoichiometric oxide-admixture with the Ca-Ba-Cu oxide mixture. Our invention thus offers at least three closely related contributions to the art: (1) total homogeneity of the Ca-Ba-Cu oxides; (2) minimal handling of toxic Tl; (3) zero Tl loss during calcining and therefore better control of stoichiometry; and (4) minimal introduction of impurities. Our preferred use of acetates in water as above described avoids grinding and the introduction of impurities resulting from grinding. Our actual examples involve some grinding, but only on a small lab scale, and without introduction of sufficient impurities to destroy superconductivity. In these examples we have two grinding steps, the first being the step of grinding the dried acetate mixture, and the second being grinding thallium oxide with the calcined Ca-Ba-Cu oxide. However, the sum of these grinding steps is less than the art practice of starting with all oxides and/or carbonates, since in our process Ca, Ba, and Cu are already completely and homogeneously mixed at the outset. We use the term "homogeneous" to mean dispersion so fine that it is practically at the atomic level. This is the type of homogeneity that results when our acetate solution is dried and calcined. Subsequent admixture with Tl 2 O 3 , even with repeated grinding, does not give the same degree or type of dispersion. It is known of course that such mixing and grinding is operative, both in the prior art as well as in our invention (cf. Example 3). It does, however, tend to introduce traces of impurities. The following examples illustrate without limiting our invention. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of Mixed Acetates CaCO 3 (20.0 g) was dissolved in an acetic acid solution (70 g of glacial acetic acid in 850 g distilled H 2 O). BaCO 3 (39.5 g) was then dissolved in the above solution. Cupric acetate monohydrate (59.9 g) was dissolved in the above solution with an additional 50 g of distilled H 2 O. The solution was dried in glass trays in an oven at 150° (16 hours). EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of Ca 2 Ba 2 Cu 3 Oxides The dried product of Example 1 was ground with a mortar and pestle, and then calcined at 500° C. (8 hours). The product was a soft, easily ground, grey powder. The weight loss was 40.1%. EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Thallium Barium Calcium Copper Oxide Superconducting Powder The calcined product of Example 2 (10.0 g) was mixed with Tl 2 O 3 (7.0 g) with a mortar and pestle. The mixed powder was placed in an alumina boat, fired to 850° C., and held at this temperature for 5 hours. The resulting black powder was pressed into a pellet, which, when cooled in liquid nitrogen, repelled a magnet, thus showing the Meissner effect and indicating superconductance. Total weight loss in this step was 35.8%. EXAMPLE 4 Pelletizing Tl-Ca-Ba-Cu Oxide Powder Powder prepared as in Example 3 (8.57 g) was pressed into a 11/8" diameter disk-pellet at 4,000 psi. The disk was placed in a tube furnace under flowing O 2 and heated to 850° C. in 4 hours and 10 minutes. The sample was held at 865° C. for 6 hours, and then cooled to room temperature in 12 hours. The weight loss was 4.1%. Thd disk floated a rare earth magnet (ca. 3.6 g) in liquid nitrogen. The T c was found to be 114° K. on cooling and 125° K. on heating. Powders resulting from these operations are suitably about 100-mesh (i.e., about 90% will pass a 100-mesh U.S. Screen). The powder mixture can be formed into a pellet or other shape by compression or other conventional techniques. The pellets in our work were made with a Carver laboratory hydraulic press, and were about 1/2-1" in diameter and 1/4" in height. These dimensions are of course not critical. From the foregoing description it will be evident that our process introduces no extraneous substances into the system; viz., no cations other than Tl, Ca, Ba, and Cu enter the system. The process thus results in an oxide mix of extraordinary purity at all stages, from initial powder mixture to finished powder or other shape. Extraneous Materials Prior art processes conventionally enhance homogeneity by grinding the calcined intended superconductor, followed by recalcining. In some instances this sequence may be repeated several times. It is known that improved homogeneity in the general case enhances super-conductivity. The problem here is that effective grinding inevitably and inherently introduces impurities into the ceramic, simply by impacting the ceramic between the balls and walls (or other grinding surfaces) of the grinding mill. It is known, for example, that silica or stainless steel balls in a ball mill lose significant mass over a period of use. This mass of course disappears into whatever was being milled. Mills that comminute by particle self-impact lose metal by wall-scouring, particularly in the area of stream entry. If the product is ground in a ball mill using quartz or silica balls, some of the impurity is silica. Thus, the firing-grinding-refiring technique rapidly achieves a balance: Improvement in homogeneity tends to be matched by contamination build-up that cancels part or all of the improvement. As above described, our process minimizes the grinding problem in the general case. Our heat-treated product can of course by subjected to the conventional grinding-shaping-refiring cycle, but this is superfluous. Levitation Test for Superconductivity Various tests are available for the determination of superconductivity. One of these tests is conventional, simple, and is accepted in the art as definitive. We used this, the so-called levitation test, in our determinations, and we describe it below. The powder of Example 3 or 4 is pelletized as above described, and the pellet is placed in the center of a glass dish. Liquid nitrogen (77° K.) is poured into the dish. The pellet bubbles a bit at first, as the nitrogen boils on contact, and as surface air is flushed from the pellet. In a few minutes gas evolution diminishes to nearly zero, and the pellet may be assumed to be chilled to approximately the temperature of liquid nitrogen. A chip of a rare earth magnet is now dropped gently over the pellet. If the magnet levitates, i.e., hovers in the air over the pellet--the so-called "Meissner Effect"--the pellet is superconducting.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the general practice of photographing with a still camera the part of a patient's body undergoing surgical operation, there are two known methods. In one method, the still camera is built in a shadowless lamp which is used for lighting the operation room and photographs are taken by operating a photographing mechanism attached to the side surface of a lamp-house for the shadowless lamp, while in the other method the still camera to be used for the aforesaid purpose is not built into the shadowless lamp but it functions to photograph the affected part of a patient's body by independently photographing the patient. Selection of the method depends on the object, photographing conditions, frequency of photographing and other factors. In the former method, using a still camera built into the shadowless lamp itself, the camera and the stroboscopic lamp are set at a position with respect to the lamp structure where the shooting conditions are optimum for the intended purpose. Thus the former method has the advantage of being able to arrange for optimum lighting for shooting the affected part of a patient's body thus being assured of obtaining the most favorable photograph for a clinical record, and this method has the disadvantage that since the photographs are always taken from a fixed angle or position, multi-angle shooting which is often required is impossible. By contrast the latter method, using a standard still camera not built into the shadowless lamp, has the advantage of the aforesaid multi-angle shooting being possible but the disadvantage that since the affected part of a patient's body which is to be photographed usually faces the direction of incidence of the light from the shadowless lamp, photographing with an independent still camera positioned at an angle different from the incidence-angle of the light from the shadowless lamp often times can not be performed under adequate lighting and accordingly the resulting photo will not be satisfactory for the clinical record. Under such circumstances the present invention is related to a photographic flash device to be used together with a shadowless lamp for surgical operation. The device has the advantage that it can be installed in the shadowless lamp and a flash, or light from a stroboscopic unit, positioned in or connected to the independent still camera can be effectively focused on the light-receiving unit of said flash device, thereby assuring the best lighting condition for photography. Heretofore, there has been no device available resembling the flash device for photography under the shadowless lamp lighting as comprehended by the present invention. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The primary object of the present invention is to provide a device which assures the best lighting for clinical photography in which the affected part of a patient's body under surgical operation is photographed by a common still camera coupled with a stroboscopic unit by the combined use of the flash light from a shadowless lamp and a stroboscopic light unit from the still camera which is not connected to the shadowless lamp. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device which prevents saturation of the response performance of a light-receiving means and thereby make the action of the light-receiving means substantially improved through an arrangement whereby the light and its reflection from a light-emitting means, such as a stroboscopic unit positioned outside a lamp housing of a shadowless lamp for surgical operation, are substantially focused on a light-receiving means located inside the lamp housing; and a strong primary reflection from the illuniated field of the shadowless lamp is prevented from falling onto the light-receiving means. To attain these and other objectives the flash device according to the present invention comprises a light-receiving means such as a photocell which functions as a synchronous light-emission switch, and the means is housed in the lamp housing of the shadowless lamp; a focusing reflection means which focuses a flash coming from outside of the lamp housing on said light-receiving means; a light shielding means which prevents the primary reflection beam from the illuminated field of the shadowless lamp from falling onto said light-receiving means; a charging means connected to a power source and said light-receiving means; and a light-emission means, such as a stroboscopic lamp, which is connected to said charging means and emits the light toward the lighting direction of the shadowless lamp. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway elevational view of the lamp housing of one embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a bottom plain view of the light-receiver, the stroboscopic lamp and the power supply unit of one embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 3 is a wiring diagram of the flash device according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is a partially cutaway elevational view of the light-receiver and the focusing reflection plate of one embodiment according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a partially cutaway elevational view of the light-receiver and the focusing reflection plate of another embodiment according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Embodiment 1 (FIGS. 1-4) A light receiver (2) is a light-receiving means which includes a light-sensing unit (2a) positioned on the underside thereof and a trigger circuit built therein is attached thereto by means of a base (3) in the vicinity of the center on the underside of a lamp housing (1) of a clinical multi-unit shadowless lamp. The light sensing unit (2a) is exposed on the underside of said lamp housing (1). Below said light sensing unit (2a) there are fixed by means of a rod (6) to the lamp housing (1) a transparent cylinder (4) which is large enough to cover the periphery of said light sensing unit (2a), and a focusing reflection plate (5) which also functions as a light shielding means. Said focusing reflection plate (5) is a metal plate having a flat underside, which is large enough to shield a strong primary reflection beam (A) from the object (K) illuminated by the clinical shadowless lamp and large enough to prevent direct illumination of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) with the primary reflection beam (A), and having a substantially conical top side. The cone formed on the top side of said focusing reflection plate (5) is structured so that it can focus the reflection (C), from a stroboscopic unit (8) positioned in an independent still camera (7), which is not connected to the shadowless lamp, onto the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2). On the underside of the lamp housing (1) at positions radially from its center there are installed a pair of stroboscopic lamps (9) such that the flash area of the stroboscopic lamps may overlap the illuminated field of the shadowless lamp. On the side surface of the lamp housing (1) there are provided an adequate number of plugs (10) so as to connect a wire to the X-contact of the still camera (7). A power supply unit (11), which functions as a charging means, is held within the lamp housing (1) and is connected respectively to the light receiver (2) each plug (10), each stroboscopic lamp (9), a power switch (12), and a charge pilot lamp (13) located on the side surface of the lamp housing (1). When the power switch (12) is ON, the power supply unit (11) is charged with a current equivalent to that of the light emission from each stroboscopic lamp (9), and when a trigger circuit current from the light receiver (2) or a current from the built-in trigger circuit of the still camera (7) is received by the power supply unit (11), said charge current flows to each stroboscopic lamp (9). The light receiver (2) is a synchronous light-emission switch similar to that of the prior art, which senses only an instantaneous flash of pulse wave form from the stroboscopic light unit and thereby develops an electromotive force, which causes a switching action. The charge pilot lamp (13) is actuated when the power supply unit (11) is charged with a current equivalent to that of the light emission from each stroboscopic lamp (9). Operation and function of the flash device according to preferred Embodiment 1 are as follows. EXAMPLE 1 Photography with stroboscopic unit positioned with the still camera. For photographing a patient (K) undergoing an operation by a still camera (7) with a stroboscopic unit (8), said camera (7) is focused on the patient (K) by a routine method and then the shutter is released, after a charging of the power supply unit (11) is acknowledged by the charge pilot lamp (13) being ON with the power switch (12) being ON. At the same time the stroboscopic unit (8) of the still camera (7) emits a flash light and the direct beam (B) of the flash, the reflection (C) from the patient (K), and other light sources (including a scattered and irregular refraction) pass through the transparent cylinder (4), reaching directly the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) or illuminating the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) through reflection from the curved surface at the top side of the focusing reflection plate (5). When the light falls onto the light receiver (2), said receiver (2) discharges and consequently the trigger circuit is actuated, via the power supply unit (11), with regard to each stroboscopic lamp (9), and a light-emission current flows from the power supply unit (11) to each stroboscopic lamp (9), whereupon each stroboscopic lamp (9) emits a flash, which illuminates the patient (K) under operation. It is self-evident that the time lag between the flashing of the stroboscopic unit (8) in the still camera (7) and the flashing of the stroboscopic lamp (9) attached to the lamp housing (1) of the shadowless lamp is too short to influence the photographing operation. For the purpose of continuously taking photographs, one only has to repeat the same process after acknowledging that the charge pilot lamp (13) is ON. While photography is under way, the light from the shadowless lamp continues to illuminate the patient (K) under operation, but the reflection beam (A) is shielded by the underside of the focusing reflection plate (5) and is prevented from directly illuminating the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2). When photography is finished, the power switch (12) goes OFF. EXAMPLE 2 Photography without the stroboscopic unit positioned with the still camera For photography of the patient (K) under operation by a still camera (7) without the stroboscopic unit (8) positioned therewith, the X-contact is connected by a connection cord (not shown) to the plug (10) positioned on the side surface of the lamp housing (1). Next after acknowledgement of the charging of the power supply unit (11) by the charge pilot lamp (13) with the power switch (12) being ON, the still camera (7) is routinely focused on the patient (K) positioned on the bed and the shutter is released. At the same time a switch built-into the still camera (7) reacts to the shutter, causing the trigger circuit current to flow via the connecting cord and the power supply unit (11) to each stroboscopic lamp (9), and from the power supply unit (11), a light-emission current flows to each stroboscopic lamp (9) and consequently each stroboscopic lamp (9) flashes and this flash illuminates the patient (K) on the bed. The process for continuous photographing and shielding of the primary reflection beam (A) from the shadowless lamp are the same as in Example 1. When the photographing is finished, the power switch (12) is turned OFF and the connecting cord linking the X-contact of the still camera and the plug (10) of the lamp housing (1) are disconnected. The arrangement and process described in Example 2 are not the main objects of the present invention but a mere illustration showing how such arrangement and process can be facilitated by the embodiment of the invention. EMBODIMENT 2 (FIG. 5) The focusing reflection plate (14) is fitted near the center of the underside of the lamp housing (1) for a clinical multi-unit shadowless lamp. The focusing reflection plate (14) is semi-circular with a light receiver fixture (14a) formed at the top and a flange (14b) formed on the lower outer periphery thereof. Said flange (14b) together with the periphery of a transparent synthetic resin plate (15) is attached by a threaded shank 16 to the lamp housing (1). To the light receiver fixture (14a) of the focusing reflection plate (14), is slidably fitted with a light sensing unit (2a) on the underside thereof which has a trigger circuit built therein. At the center of the transparent synthetic resin plate (15) are a threaded belt (19), a light shielding plate (17), thereof and an auziliary reflection plate (18) on the top thereof. The light receiver (2) is fitted to the fixture (14a) of the focusing reflection plate (14) such that said receiver (2) is movable in the vertical direction by turning a threaded cylindrical member (20) which is threaded with a hole (14c) located on the inside periphery of the fixture (14a) and which has the light receiver (2) fitted into the center thereof. The focusing reflection plate (14) is designed such that a focus (F) is formed by an incident light (D) parallel to axis (CL) and the incident lights (B 1 ) (C) (E) which originate from specific angles to the axis (CL) and are directed to the center of the light sensing unit (2a) of said light receiver (2). The light shielding plate (17) is a metal plate large enough to prevent a strong primary reflection beam (A) originating from the direction of the patient under illumination of the shadowless lamp and to prevent other beams from directly fallong onto the focusing reflection plate (14). The auxiliary reflection plate (18) serves to reflect the direct beam (B 1 ) from a stroboscopic unit light flash outside of the lamp housing and the reflected light of the stroboscopic unit from the focusing reflection plate (14) and to focus these reflections onto the center (S) of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) and for this reason the light sensing unit (2a) has an irregular conical surface formed thereon. The center (S) of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2), the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14), the center of the auxiliary reflection plate (18), and the center of the light shielding plate (17) are aligned with said axis (CL) and the axis (CL) is in the same direction as the illuminated field of the shadowless lamp. The reason why it is so arranged that the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14) can be brought to or away from the center of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2), and, why the light receiver (2) is movable in the vertical direction to the fixture (14a) of the focusing reflection plate (14) is to be now described. Generally speaking, when a patient lies on an operation table and a surgeon performs an operation on the patient, usually the shadowless lamp is set just above a plane on which the operation takes place. Thereby the operating plane is photographed by a still camera independent of the lamp housing (1) using a stroboscopic unit positioned with the camera and positioned close to the operating table. In either case the photographing is performed at a distance from the operating table and accordingly the light beam from the stroboscopic unit positioned with the still camera falls onto the focusing reflection plate (14) and is not in parallel direction to the axis (CL) but rather at a certain angle with respect thereto. Therefore the luminous flux of directed light from the stroboscopic unit or the focused luminous flux of its reflection is naturally larger before it reaches the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14). For the reason of making as much light as possible from the stroboscopic light fall onto the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2), it is sometimes desirable that the center (S) of the light receiver (2) be located at a larger distance from the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14). Thus, depending on the positional relationship between the patient (K) and the still camera (7), i.e., combinations of the shooting conditions including the shooting distance, the type of lens in the still camera used and the volume of light emitted from the stroboscopic unit used in the photography, it is more desirable that the distance between the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14) and the center (S) of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) be variable. In the latter case, the cylindrical member (20) fixing the light receiver (2) can be turned to adjust the distance accordingly. The above is the description of the second embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention includes a vertical moving means equipped with an indicator showing the vertical distance of the light receiver (2) relative to the focusing reflection plate (14); the fitting of the light receiver (2) to the fixture (14a); and the assembly and fitting of the integrated assembly of the auxiliary reflection plate (18) and the light shielding plate (17) to the inside of the transparent synthetic resin plate (15). The flash device illustrated in the second embodiment is the same as the one illustrated in the first embodiment. Two differences in function between the two embodiments are recognized as follows; the first embodiment, the flash of the stroboscopic unit (8), positioned with the still camera, is reflected from the focusing reflection plate (5), and in the second embodiment the reflecting is done from two plates, i.e., the focusing reflection plate (14) and the auxiliary reflection plate (18); and in the second embodiment the distance between the focus (F) of the focusing reflection plate (14) and the center (S) of the light sensing unit (2a) of the light receiver (2) is adjustable so as to suit a particular shooting condition. The descriptions of the first and second embodiments do not restrict the scope of the present invention but are merely illustrations of preferred embodiments. The above-mentioned features with regard to the description and use of the present invention facilitate the following practical advantages. Since the light of illumination from the shadowless lamp and the flash light from the stroboscopic unit positioned with a common still camera are utilized for photographing the part of a patient's body undergoing operation, desirable clinical photographs of the operation performed on the patient can be taken by a handy camera from the chosen position and angle which facilitates the best photographing conditions. Since the light receiver reacts only to an instantaneous flash of pulse waveform which comes from the stroboscopic unit and thereby generates an electromotive force which causes a switching action and since a light shielding means is provided which prevents the incidence of the primary reflection beam from the illuminated field of the shadowless lamp onto the light sensing unit of the light receiver, saturation of the sensing performance in the light receiver can be avoided thus making the action of the light receiver reliable thereby not causing inadvertent action of the flash device due to light other than the flash. The combined use of a light shielding means and a focusing reflection plate facilitates a simple constitution of the present invention and makes it easy to apply the flash device of the present invention to already existing shadowless lamp. Since the focusing reflection means comprises a focusing reflection plate and an auxiliary reflection plate, the direct light and the reflection of the stroboscopic unit positioned outside the lamp housing of the shadowless lamp can be focused onto the light receiving means, thereby assuring a more dependable switching action of the light receiving means. Since the focus of the focusing reflection plate and the light sensing unit of the light receiving means can be moved toward or away from each other, the light sensing unit of the light receiving means can be moved to a position thereby allowing the highest focusing rate, i.e., to a position where as much of the direct light and the reflection of the stroboscopic unit positioned outside the lamp housing of the shadowless lamp can be concentrated as a function of the shooting distance, the type of lens used in the still camera and the amount of light from the stroboscopic unit. When a transparent cylinder is used to cover the light receiving means and the focusing reflection means, both the means can be protected; dust can be prevented from collecting on the top side of the focusing reflection means or from falling onto the patient being operated on; the reflecting surface of the focusing reflection means or the light sensing surface of the light receiving means can be substantially prevented from deteriorating, which ensures prolonged effective performance of the device. In the case where the light receiving means and the focusing reflection means is positioned in a lamp housing and their undersides are covered with a transparent plate, there is in addition to the advantage of the two means being protected, the advantages that the manipulation of the shadowless lamp is unrestricted because there are no projections from the lamp housing; and that the shadowless lamp is safe to handle and has an attractive appearance.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The subject matter disclosed herein relates generally to maintenance of intelligent electronic devices used in rugged environments and, more particularly, to systems and methods for facilitating predictive maintenance of intelligent electronic devices based on continuous monitoring of operating conditions, exposure to external factors, and reliability models embedded within the devices. [0002] Electrical grids including incorporated generation, transmission, distribution, and energy conversion means are often operated with the aid of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). Such devices protect against faults and other abnormal conditions, monitor and meter energy usage, and control other aspects of electrical grid operations. Intelligent electronic devices include, but are not limited to including, protective relays, remote terminal units, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), meters, local human machine interfaces (HMIs), Ethernet switches and/or routers, modems, and other similar devices. [0003] Intelligent electronic devices are often installed and operated in harsh environments, such as high voltage substation control houses, medium voltage switchgear, power plants, industrial plants, and motor control centers. As such, IEDs are exposed to conditions such as extreme temperatures, electromagnetic interference, electrical surges, mechanical shocks and vibration, and chemical agents. At least some known IEDs are designed to withstand such conditions as prescribed by industry standards, established design practices, and/or based on competition between manufacturers. [0004] At least some known IEDs perform critical functions within an electrical grid, such as protection functions and/or control functions. As such, IEDs are needed that remain fully functional during a commissioned time. To ensure that the IEDs retain their desired functions and perform when and as necessary, the IEDs are periodically checked and/or maintained. Periodic maintenance procedures have changed since the use of a previous generation of protection, control, and/or metering devices that included electro-mechanical and analog technologies. At least some known periodic maintenance procedures include visually inspecting an IED for signs of problems and periodically taking the IED out of service, isolating the IED from the rest of the system to which it belongs, and testing the functionality of the IED. The maintenance intervals of such periodic maintenance procedures may be between 2 and 5 years, and are based on factors such as past experience of a given user, a make of the IED being inspected, average operating conditions, a criticality of the application, and other related factors. [0005] Such periodic maintenance procedures, however, are not optimized to consider IEDs having different life expectancies and/or failure rates. IEDs may be installed in operating conditions that differ considerably when compared to average expected operating conditions. Variable operating conditions include easily verifiable factors such as average ambient temperature, and hidden factors such exposure to electromagnetic interference and local operating temperature. Often, all IEDs in a given facility are maintained, regardless of the make and/or operating conditions of the IEDs. As a result, some percentage of IEDs are “over maintained” and some are “under maintained,” causing unexpected failures to occur. [0006] Such periodic maintenance procedures miss a significant potential for cost savings to users and/or operators of IEDs. For example, maintenance is an expensive operation due to the amount of associated labor and, in cases where device redundancy has not been employed, the maintenance may require shutting down protected and/or controlled processes and/or assets. In addition, unexpected failures of IEDs require emergency-style responses that involve unscheduled work, unscheduled spare material usage, additional urgency and a need to work without proper preparation, and/or unscheduled shutdowns of protected and/or controlled assets, which may then trigger shutdowns of associated process steps. [0007] At least some known IEDs include microprocessors that enable the IEDs to collect and analyze information from the sensors. However, systems and/or methods are needed that employ information collection and analysis to understand the operating conditions and exposures of IEDs in combination with an embedded knowledge of the life expectancies of the IEDs, such as a reliability model, to generate predictive maintenance requests and/or signals. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0008] In one aspect, a method for predicting maintenance of an intelligent electronic device (IED) is provided. The method includes measuring environmental conditions using a plurality of sensors within the IED, processing the environmental measurements to determine long-term exposure factors representing historical operating conditions of the IED, applying a reliability model to the long-term exposure factors, determining a numerical measure of IED life based on the long-term exposure factors and the reliability model, comparing the numerical measure of IED life to preselected boundary values, and signaling if the numerical measure of IED life is outside of the preselected boundary values. [0009] In another aspect, a system is provided for establishing and maintaining reliability models for a plurality of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). The system includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire long-term exposure factors from the plurality of IEDs, an input unit configured to receive failure information from failed IEDs of the plurality of IEDs, and a processor configured to be coupled to the acquisition unit and the input unit. The processor is programmed to determine a reliability of each IED and derive a reliability model that correlates between the exposure factors and the reliability of each IED. [0010] In another aspect, a system is provided for monitoring operating conditions of an intelligent electronic device (IED) having a plurality of sensors therein for acquiring environmental data. The system includes an acquisition unit configured to acquire long-term exposure factors from the IED, an input unit configured to receive failure information the IED, and a processor configured to be coupled to the acquisition unit and the input unit. The processor is programmed to determine a reliability of the IED, derive a reliability model that correlates between the exposure factors and the reliability of the IED, compare the numerical measure of IED life to preselected boundary values, and generate a signal if the numerical measure of IED life is outside of the preselected boundary values. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] The detailed description below explains the exemplary embodiments of the systems and methods described herein, including advantages and features, by way of example with reference to the drawings. [0012] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary intelligent electronic device (IED) that may be used to monitor operating temperatures; [0013] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary IED that may be used to monitor and/or measure electrical surges; [0014] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary IED that may be used to detect improper grounding of inputs in relation to a grounding point; and [0015] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an exemplary predictive maintenance method. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0016] Although the embodiments described below describe monitoring intelligent electronic device (IED) life based on environmental factors such as temperature, surges, and grounding, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that other environmental factors may also be monitored. Moreover, one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that effects due to environmental factors may change due to flows in engineering or construction, unexpected events, and/or due to intentional use by a user that subjects the IED to accelerated wear. Further, it should be understood that miniaturization and/or integration enables an IED to include one sensor as described below, or a plurality of sensors, such that each IED may monitor multiple environmental factors concurrently. For example, and not by way of limitation, an IED may include a plurality of sensors that enable the IED to concurrently monitor mechanical shock, vibration, humidity, exposure to chemical factors, power supply levels, and/or radiated and/or conducted electromagnetic interference. [0017] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary intelligent electronic device (IED) 100 that may be used to monitor operating temperatures. IED 100 includes a chassis 102 having a plurality of components 104 and at least one temperature sensor 106 . In the exemplary embodiment, components 104 are critical components within IED 100 such as, but not limited to, a capacitor, a microcontroller, a graphical display, and/or a communication transceiver. Temperature sensor 106 is positioned within IED 100 such that temperature sensor 106 may monitor temperature points inside IED 100 as well as a temperature of ambient air 108 . More specifically, temperature sensor 106 is positioned to facilitate an accurate estimation of a temperature of each component 104 and ambient temperature 108 in order for a processor 110 to determine a temperature gradient between each component 104 and ambient temperature 108 . [0018] During operation, and under steady state conditions, a temperature measured by temperature sensor 106 remains at a substantially constant offset ΔTA with respect to ambient temperature 108 . Moreover, the temperature measured by temperature sensor 106 remains at a substantially constant offset with respect to each component 104 . For example, the temperature measured by temperature sensor 106 remains at a substantially constant first offset ΔT 1 with respect to a first component 112 , and remains at a substantially constant second offset ΔT 2 with respect to a second component 114 . Each offset ΔTA, ΔT 1 , ΔT 2 is determined via calculations and/or measurements during IED construction and/or IED post-construction testing. [0019] In the exemplary embodiment, temperature sensor 106 measures a temperature within IED 100 . Temperature sensor 106 generates a signal representative of the measured temperature, and transmits the signal to processor 110 . Processor 110 determines an estimated temperature of each component 104 by adding or subtracting the known temperature offset. For example, processor 110 determines an estimated temperature of first component 112 by adding or subtracting ΔT 1 , as appropriate, from the temperature measured by temperature sensor 106 . Moreover, processor 110 determines an estimated temperature difference between an interior operating temperature of IED 100 and ambient temperature 108 by adding or subtracting ΔTA, as appropriate, from the temperature measured by temperature sensor 106 . [0020] One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that external conditions such as a style of mounting used for each component 104 and/or temperature sensor 106 , patterns of circulating air, and the like, may change a temperature profile within IED 100 , thereby affecting the accuracy of the estimation of the temperature of each component 104 . [0021] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary IED 200 that may be used to monitor and/or measure electrical surges. IED 200 includes a plurality of inputs 202 , at least one grounding point 204 , and a plurality of surge suppressing circuits 206 that are coupled at a first end 208 to an input 202 . Each surge suppressing circuit 206 is also coupled at a second end 210 a shunt 212 to facilitate generating a measurable voltage across shunt 212 . Moreover, each surge suppressing circuit 206 is implemented using capacitors and/or non-linear resistors. Shunt 212 may be implemented by, for example and not by way of limitation, a resistor or an RLC circuit that is designed to capture desired frequency components in a surge current. In the exemplary embodiment, the voltage generated across shunt 212 is measured by a surge measuring circuit 214 . Surge measuring circuit 214 generates a signal representative of the measured voltage and transmits the signal to a processor 216 . The surge current that generated the measured surge voltage is then shunted by shunt 212 to grounding point 204 . In an alternative embodiment, shunt 212 is embodied by a plurality of capacitors to integrate high frequency components into a signal representative of the surge current, and surge measuring circuit 214 is implemented by a plurality of standard amplifiers. In such an embodiment, surge measuring circuit 214 amplifies the signal and transmits the signal to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter (not shown) that digitizes the signal and transmits the digital signal to processor 216 . The remaining components of the surge current are shunted by shunt 212 to grounding point 204 . [0022] During operation, surge suppressing circuits 206 create a bypass path for high frequency signal components and shunt these components to grounding point 204 without exposing other internal circuitry (not shown) of IED 200 to excessive electrical stress. In the exemplary embodiment, a surge current flows into IED 200 through inputs 202 . The surge current flows from each input 202 through an associated surge suppressing circuit 206 , thereby bypassing the other internal IED circuitry. The surge current then flows through shunt 212 , generating a surge voltage that is proportional to the surge current and a resistance of shunt 212 . The surge current then flows to grounding point 204 . The surge voltage is measured by surge measurement circuit 214 . Surge measurement circuit 214 generates a signal representative of the surge voltage and transmits the signal to processor 216 . In an alternative embodiment, the surge current flows through shunt 212 , which generates a signal representative of the surge current. Surge measurement circuit 214 amplifies the signal and transmits the signal to processor 216 . [0023] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary IED 300 that may be used to detect improper grounding of inputs in relation to a grounding point. Where an IED, such as IED 300 , is coupled to secondary generators of current and/or voltage, generally at least one wire carrying the secondary current and/or secondary voltage is grounded. An example of a secondary generator is a high voltage instrument transformer. Grounding the wire facilitates preventing capacitive coupling with primary generators of current and/or voltage. [0024] In the exemplary embodiment, IED 300 includes a high voltage current transformer 302 and a voltage transformer 304 , which are both coupled to respective inputs 306 and 308 . Specifically, current input 306 includes input terminal 310 , and voltage input 308 includes input terminal 312 . IED 300 also includes grounded input terminals 314 and 316 , each of which correspond to a respective input 306 and 308 . Current transformer 302 includes a primary circuit 318 and a secondary circuit 320 that is coupled to grounded input terminal 314 . Similarly, voltage transformer 304 includes a primary circuit 322 and a secondary circuit 324 that is coupled to grounded input terminal 316 . Grounding both secondary circuits 320 and 324 maintains grounded input terminals 314 and 316 at ground potential, and the non-grounded input terminals 310 and 312 at a relatively low voltage compared to ground potential. An impedance of current inputs 306 facilitates maintaining both input terminal 310 and grounded input terminal 314 at a potential nearly equal to ground potential. Moreover, an impedance of voltage inputs 308 facilitates maintaining both input terminal 312 and grounded input terminal 316 to within a relatively low voltage difference, such as 10.0 Volts (V) or 100.0 V. In the exemplary embodiment, IED 300 also includes a ground terminal 326 , which also facilitates maintaining current input terminal 310 near ground potential with respect to ground terminal 326 . Moreover, ground terminal 326 facilitates maintaining voltage input terminal 312 at a low potential with respect to ground terminal 326 . [0025] In the exemplary embodiment, IED 300 also includes a plurality of voltage detector circuits 328 that monitor voltages between current inputs 306 and voltage inputs 308 . More specifically, a first voltage detector circuit 330 monitors a voltage between current input terminal 310 and ground terminal 314 , and a second voltage detector circuit 332 monitors a voltage between voltage input terminal 312 and ground terminal 316 . Voltage detector circuits 328 are designed so as to respond to high frequency components of signals input into inputs 306 and 308 , as well as to system frequency components of approximately 50.0 Hertz (Hz) and approximately 60.0 Hz. Each voltage detector circuit 328 generates a signal representative of a detected voltage, digitizes the signal, and transmits the digitized signal to a processor 334 . [0026] During operation, high voltage current transformer 302 and voltage transformer 304 generate input signals and transmit the input signals to current inputs 306 and voltage inputs 308 , respectively. A voltage across the terminals of each input 306 and 308 is monitored by a voltage detector circuit 328 . More specifically, first voltage detector circuit 330 monitors a voltage between current input terminal 310 and ground terminal 314 , and second voltage detector circuit 332 monitors a voltage between voltage input terminal 312 and ground terminal 316 . Each voltage detector circuit 328 generates a signal representative of the detected voltage, digitizes the signal, and transmits the digitized signal to processor 334 . [0027] FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing an exemplary predictive maintenance method 400 using an IED. Although the IED is designed to withstand such factors as temperature extremes, electrical surges, improper grounding and exposure to elevated voltages, and the like, per applicable standards and design practices, such factors add wear to the IED and affect the life expectancy of the IED accordingly. Moreover, repetitive exposure of such factors shorten the life expectancy of the IED. As such, method 400 uses measured data, as described above, and applies the measured data to a reliability model developed for the IED. Although method 400 is described below in relation to IED 100 (shown in FIG. 1 ), it should be understood that method 400 is applicable to predicting maintenance for any IED. [0028] In the exemplary embodiment, a reliability model is developed 402 . For example, an integrated circuit, such as a microcontroller, typically exhibits a temperature-reliability relationship with a decline in reliability as the operating temperature exceeds a particular value. Such information is typically available from the integrated circuit manufacturer and may be verified by testing. For example, an integrated circuit that is operated with an internal temperature of 115° C. may have a life expectancy that is half of an expected life-expectancy when operated with an internal temperature of 75° C. A manufacturer of IED 100 may derive the internal operating temperature for each component 104 (shown in FIG. 1 ) based on a temperature profile of IED 100 and/or by directly measuring one or more points within IED chassis 102 (shown in FIG. 1 ), as described above. In one embodiment, the reliability model applied to the long-term exposure factors is a deterministic reliability model. In an alternative embodiment, the reliability model is a stochastic reliability model. In further alternative embodiments, the reliability model may be based on, for example, fuzzy mathematics and/or an artificial neural network. In one embodiment, the reliability model is integrated into an operating code of IED 100 . In an alternative embodiment, the reliability model is stored by IED 100 as a data entity. Storing the reliability model facilitates enabling an IED operator to upgrade the reliability model. For example, the operator may manually upgrade the reliability model at an TED installation site, or the reliability model may be upgraded from a centrally located application that is remote to the IED. [0029] Next, environmental factors are measured 404 within IED 100 using, for example, temperature sensor 106 (shown in FIG. 1 ). The measured environmental factors are then processed 406 to determine long-term exposure factors that represent historical operating conditions of IED 100 . More specifically, processor 110 (shown in FIG. 1 ) determines raw measurements, an integral, an average value of raw measurements, and/or a maximum value of raw measurements. For example, a set of internal temperature readings as recorded by temperature sensor 106 are sorted into temperature bands such as −40.0° C. to −25.0° C., −25.0° C. to 0° C., 0° C. to 25.0° C., 25.0° C. to 30.0° C., 30.0° C. to 35.0° C., and so on. A total operating time in each temperature band is accumulated by processor 110 . [0030] In the exemplary embodiment, the long-term exposure factors are then applied 408 to the reliability model of IED 100 and/or each component 104 . By using the temperature-reliability relationship, or reliability model, a remaining life of each component 104 and/or a probability of a failure may be calculated by processor 110 based on the long-term exposure factors. More specifically, processor 110 determines 410 a numerical measure of remaining IED life based on the long-term exposure factors and the reliability model. Examples of a numerical measure include, but are not limited to including, a remaining life of IED 100 , a used life of IED 100 , and a rate of wear of IED 100 . In one embodiment, the used life of IED 100 may be expressed in a number of time units such as hours, days, weeks, months, and/or years. Further examples of a numerical measure include a ratio of actual wear to normal wear. In one embodiment, the rate of wear of IED 100 is based on operating conditions that are outside a specified range of acceptable operating conditions for IED 100 . In one embodiment, the long-term exposure factors are transmitted to a centrally located application that is remote to IED 100 , such that the central application applies the long-term exposure factors received from a plurality of IEDs to one or more reliability models and determines a numerical measure of remaining IED life for each of the plurality of IEDs and/or for each individual IED. [0031] In the exemplary embodiment, processor 110 compares 412 the numerical measure of remaining IED life to a preselected remaining life value. If the numerical measure of remaining IED life is less than the preselected remaining life value, processor 110 generates 414 a signal, such as an alarm. The signal may be based on, for example, the determined remaining life of IED 100 , the determined used life of IED 100 , the determined rate of wear, and/or exceeded operating conditions. In one embodiment, the signal is a visual indication provided to an IED operator by, for example, an alphanumeric message, a light-emitting diode (LED), and the like. In an alternative embodiment, the signal is a physical on/off output. In another alternative embodiment, the signal may be a virtual point created by processor 110 in an operating code and/or programming code of IED 100 . For example, in such an embodiment, a maintenance output relay, or fail safe relay, may be opened, thereby de-energizing the relay to signify to the IED operator that IED 100 is in need of attention and/or repair. In such a case, IED 100 may continue to function while signifying to the IED operator that environmental conditions are not normal. Moreover, the opened relay may signify that IED 100 is experiencing wear at an accelerated rate and/or a remaining life of IED 100 has reached a level at which service is necessary. In the exemplary embodiment, sensitivity and/or functionality of the signal may be selected via user settings. [0032] In one embodiment, upon a failure of IED 100 and/or a particular component 104 , the long-term exposure factors determined for IED 100 are stored in a memory (not shown) such that the long-term exposure factors may be extracted by, for example, a service technician. Alternatively, the long-term exposure factors may be transmitted by processor 110 to a remote storage device (not shown) for storage. If IED 100 is sent for repair and/or refurbishment, for example after a failure of IED 100 and/or a particular component 104 , the stored long-term exposure factors may be augmented to reflect an actual wear of IED 100 in order to reflect the improved operation status of IED 100 due to the repair and/or refurbishment. In addition, the reliability model may be updated to reflect data, such as long-term exposure data, collected by a technician during repair. Upon a significant change in reliability data, a manufacturer of IED 100 may update the reliability model in newly manufactured devices. [0033] The systems and methods described herein facilitate predicting needed maintenance of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) by using sensors and/or processors to enable the IEDs to collect and analyze information from the sensors. Collecting and analyzing the information facilitates understanding the operating conditions and exposures of IEDs in combination with an embedded knowledge of the life expectancies of the IEDs, such as a reliability model, to generate predictive maintenance requests and/or signals. [0034] When introducing elements of aspects of the invention or embodiments thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. [0035] Exemplary embodiments of systems and methods for predicting maintenance of an intelligent electronic device (IED) are described above in detail. The systems and methods are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein but, rather, steps of the methods and/or components of the system may be utilized independently and separately from other steps and/or components described herein. Further, the described steps and/or components may also be defined in, or used in combination with, other systems and/or methods, and are not limited to practice with only the systems and methods as described herein. [0036] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT INVENTION 1. Field of Invention This present invention relates to a plumbing fixture and a flushing method, and more particularly to an infrared sensor technology applied in a flushing control method and a plumbing fixture flushing system. 2. Description of Related Arts The most common plumbing fixture design is a manually-operated flushing system in a plumbing fixture with a float-ball-controlled toilet tank. However, this specific plumbing fixture design is superannuated. Drawbacks of this design are low reliability, frequent malfunction, waste of water in each flush, and sanitation hygiene problem owing to operation of this specific commode design with bare hand. Because of the demand for plumbing fixture with water saving function, the retrofit of the manually-operated float-ball-controlled plumbing fixture is achieved by, for instance, using electromagnetic-controlled valve, especially in combination with the infrared technology into the automatic flushing system, yet mostly on the urinal flushing system and poorly performed in the excrement flushing. Since the retrofit only uses single electromagnetic-controlled valve to control, without modification on the flushing method, the water consumption is still considerably high. If the single electromagnetic-controlled valve controller is redesigned to meet the requirement of the sufficient flushing discharge quantity for excrement or solid waste, the overall volume of this controller integrating into the plumbing fixture would be increased, hence, it is difficult to install. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION A main object of the present invention is to provide an automatic water-saving flushing control method and system thereof, wherein the method is capable of achieving different modes of flushing in accordance with each individual's requirements and consequently having the advantages of water-conserving and better flushing effect, wherein the whole system also provides the convenient installation and minimum volume with integrated structure into the plumbing fixture. Accordingly, in order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides an infrared sensor flushing control method, comprising the steps of: a) providing a pulse signal for an infrared sensor through a single chip microprocessor control unit (MCU) installed with liquid and solid waste flushing procedures; b) generating an infrared signal in response the pulse signal which is first amplified and then emitted to an object within the detection range of the infrared sensor; c) transmitting a reflected infrared signal reflected by the object within the detection range of the infrared sensor to the single chip MCU, wherein the reflected infrared signal is amplified before transmitting to the single chip MCU; wherein the MCU checking the feedback signals reflected by an object within the detection range of the infrared sensor and discriminating the feedback signals to take a necessary procedure accordingly; which specific procedure should be selected is determined on the rules as follows: when an object enters within the detection range of the infrared sensor for shorter than or equal to a default period of time, a command-operating unit performs a liquid waste flushing procedure, when an object enters within the detection range of the infrared sensor for longer than or equal to a default period of time, the command-operating unit performs a solid waste flushing procedure; and a series of flushing command signals transmitted from the MCU, wherein the series of flushing command signals are amplified to drive the command-operating unit, hence conducting a flushing mechanism. The control method includes the pulse signal with 10% duty cycle in frequency 1 Hz, such as a pulse width of 100 microseconds and a period of 1 second, and the command-operating unit composed of either a set of two independent electro-magnetic-controlled valves or a set of one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve. Another object of the present invention is to provide the control method to follow a set of decision-making processes, concerning how the MCU discriminates the feedback signals and what different flushing mechanism is conducted after the discrimination is being affirmed; which specific procedure should be selected is determined on the rules as follows: after an object enters within the detection range of the infrared sensor for 5 to 7 seconds, the MCU sends command to the electromagnetic-controlled valve to start a rinsing procedure, after an object enters within the detection range of the infrared sensor for less than or equal to 59˜60 seconds, when the object leaves, the MCU sends command to the electromagnetic-controlled valve to start the liquid waste flushing procedure, after an object enters within the detection range of the infrared sensor for more than 60 seconds, when the object leaves, the MCU sends command to the electromagnetic-controlled valve to start the solid waste flushing procedure. Another object of the present invention is to provide a control method, wherein the corresponding flushing procedures are as follows: A). the rinsing procedure is to command a upper jet to discharge a flushing water to rinse the inner surface of the toilet bowl; B). the liquid waste flushing procedure is to command a lower jet to discharge flushing water to drain the liquid waste out through the trapway, and then the upper jet discharge the flushing water to rinse the inner surface of a toilet bowl; C). the solid waste flushing procedure is to conduct rinse-drain-refill in sequence. Another object of the present invention is to provide a control method, wherein each user could set high, medium, or low flushing power in accordance with varied purposes of flushing requirements and different hydraulic pressure conditions. Another object of the present invention is to provide a control method, wherein the user regains the control from the automatic flushing system to a mechanical flushing override, which means once the selection of the liquid or solid waste flushing procedure is determined manually, the automatic infrared sensor flushing mechanism stops functioning. Another object of the present invention is to provide a plumbing fixture flushing system to attain the aim of water-saving consumption and eventually eco-friendly sanitary ware by employing both an automatic control circuit to command the electromagnetic-controlled valves and a set of flushing water jets that connect to the electromagnetic-controlled valves. Accordingly, in order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a plumbing fixture flushing system, comprising: the automatic control circuit composing of a MCU in which different flushing control procedures are installed, a signal-amplifying circuit, and the infrared sensor; the MCU transmitting signals to the signal-amplifying circuit to control the electromagnetic-controlled valves and then initiating different flushing procedures according to the feedback signals received by the infrared sensor, wherein each individual user may switch the operating mode between automatic mode and manual mode in compliance with the personal preference or the status of usage; the infrared sensor, included in the automatic control circuit, composed of a infrared emitter and a infrared receiver, wherein a series of the infrared signals transmitted from the MCU into the signal-amplifying circuit and then emitted by the infrared emitter to detect any object within the detection range of the infrared sensor are reflected by any object and are received by the infrared receiver within the detection range of the infrared sensor, so as to provide the MCU to check and discriminate the feedback signals, the reflected infrared signals, to initiate the corresponding flushing procedures preinstalled in the MCU. Another object of the present invention is to provide a plumbing fixture flushing system with the upper and the lower jets controlled by two apparatus, wherein the first apparatus for controlling the upper and the lower jets are the electro-magnetic-controlled valves and the second apparatus are a pair of unidirectional valves which are on the aqueducts between the electromagnetic-controlled valves and the jets, respectively. Another object of the present invention is to provide a plumbing fixture flushing system with the electromagnetic-controlled valves designed as a one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve and the signal-amplifying circuit which is either a switching amplifier for a pulse-triggered electromagnetic-controlled valve or an amplifier for a DC-power electromagnetic valve. The present invention in the flushing method and plumbing fixture flushing system reduce the volume of each plumbing fixture by removing the toilet tank and integrate with the electro-automatic control flushing system to achieve a better flushing result. The plumbing fixture flushing system uses an apparatus of one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valves to control the flushing water in two aqueducts, respectively. Two aqueducts are connected to the unidirectional valves, respectively, and to the upper and lower jets, respectively, to function as a pair of conduits for the flushing water in each usage. With the MCU and the infrared sensor, the flushing system operates in compliance with default setting of flushing procedures to perform the cleansing process by the flushing water through the upper and the lower jets, providing a convenient integrated installation, a maximum flushing quality in minimum water consumption, and a automatic flushing procedure selection including: A). Rinse the inner surface of toilet bowl. B). Cleanse with the jet of flushing water. C). Discharge of the liquid and/or solid waste. D). Refill to prevent the odor from trapway. These and other objectives, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the plumbing fixture flushing system of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a flushing system circuit design of the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a switching amplifier for pulse-triggered electromagnetic valve according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an amplifier for DC-power electromagnetic valve according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a structural diagram of a one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve with decompression void according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a partial structural diagram of a one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve without decompression void according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve with the built-in unidirectional valve according to the above preferred embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3 of the drawings, the automatic controller 1 comprises infrared sensor 21 , MCU 22 , flushing power selection 23 , liquid/solid waste flushing mode selection 24 , amplifier 25 , and a one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valve 26 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The MCU 22 is installed with one flushing procedure for liquid waste and three flushing procedures for solid waste in different flushing power, which could be access through the flushing power selection 23 . The flushing mode selection 24 is designed for switching between automatic and manual flushing control. The manual flushing control guarantees the automatic control flushing process to function applicably even if the automatic flushing system collapses. The MCU 22 of the present invention is exchangeable with the programmable logic device to program the desired procedures according to different usages and each user's requirements. The following list illustrates the detail settings of the flushing power selection of the present invention: 00 01 02 03 Total amount Upper Jet Upper Jet Lower Jet Upper Jet of time Low Ready 2.5 sec. 3 sec. 1 sec   7 sec. Med. 0.5 sec.   3 sec. 4 sec. 8.5 sec. High   4 sec. 5 sec. 9.5 sec. For example, when an object is entered into a detection area, the MCU 22 generates a pulse signal per second. When an object stays in the detection area for 5 minutes, the MCU generates 5 pulse signals and so starts to operate. A V 1a of the electromagnetic-controlled valve 26 will first closed and a one second rinsing process starts for rinsing the toilet bowl. At the same time, the MCU starts to calculate and will sending command for liquid waste flushing process if less than 60 pulse signals are generated and detected. Then the V 1b of the electromagnetic-controlled valve 26 releases for three second for flushing, and the V 1a sprays water for two second to rinse the toilet bowl. When more than 60 pulse signals are generated and detected by the MCU, the MCU will initiate a solid flushing waste process comprising the steps of flushing the toilet bowl, draining the toilet bowl, and refilling flushing water or blocking any odor smell. Referring to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 of the drawings, the MCU 22 transmits a series of pulse signals 210 , with frequency 1 Hz and 10% duty cycle, to the infrared sensor 21 . After the series of pulse signals 210 is amplified by the signal-amplifying circuit, it is emitted by the infrared emitter 211 . The infrared receiver 212 of the infrared sensor 21 would detect any feedback infrared signals if any object is within the adjustable detection range of the infrared sensor 21 . Once the feedback signals are being amplified by the signal-amplifying circuit after received, the MCU 22 would check and discriminate according to the pre-installed decision rules. The amplifier 25 could be the triode amplifying circuit to set between the MCU 22 and the electromagnetic-controlled valve 26 , or simply using pulse-triggered electromagnetic-controlled valve which could be switch on by applying a positive voltage equal to or longer than 50 microsecond and switch off by applying a negative voltage equal to or longer than 50 microsecond. The pulse-amplifying circuit and the pulse-switching bridge circuit are showing in the FIG. 4 and the pulse high and low widths are set by the MCU 22 . Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the flushing system of a plumbing fixture in the present invention comprises automatic controller 1 , electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 , electromagnetic-controlled B valve 3 , unidirectional valves 4 and 5 , upper jet 6 , and lower jet 7 . The realization of the two-aqueduct flushing system of a plumbing fixture is achieved by using both electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 and B electromagnetic-controlled B valve 3 to control the flow in each aqueduct. The design of combining a water intake with two water outlets into a single water valve greatly reduce the size of the flushing control apparatus, and with supplementary unidirectional valves 4 and 5 on the aqueducts, this design is even feasible on the flush toilet. The unidirectional valves 4 and 5 are installed on the aqueducts between the electromagnetic-controlled valves 2 and upper jet 6 , and electromagnetic-controlled valves 3 and lower jet 7 , respectively. This installation provides the safety control which prevents the flushing water from being contaminated by the toilet water in the toilet bowl due to the failure of shutting electromagnetic-controlled valves 2 and 3 timely or the vacuum between electromagnetic-controlled valves 2 and 3 and the jets 6 and 7 , respectively, resulting in the siphon phenomenon. When the flushing system is not in process of flushing, the loophole of the unidirectional valve is not occluded and connects to the atmosphere. Once the electromagnetic-controlled valve switches on and starts flushing water into the aqueduct, the hydraulic pressure lifts the seal in the unidirectional to obstruct the loophole against the atmospheric pressure so that the flushing water is toward the jet without overflowing into the loophole causing leakage problem. After the electromagnetic-controlled valve switches off and stops flushing water into the aqueduct, the seal in the unidirectional valve descends by gravity and atmospheric pressure, which the airway of the loophole is not occluded, again. Even the siphon phenomenon occurs for some reason, it would only draw in the atmosphere from the loophole of the unidirectional valve, which provides an airway block to ensure that the contaminated water is not accessible to the electromagnetic-controlled valve. While the pressure of the residue of the flushing water does not suffice for pushing outward through the jet, it remains in the bent part of the aqueduct, which, provides as a block between the toilet water and the electromagnetic-controlled valve, another protection design. Referring to FIGS. 6 to 8 of the structural drawings, two electro-magnetic-controlled valves are designed to join on the same platform to form a set of one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valves according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The width of the above electromagnetic-controlled valve is 50 millimeters so that the discharge quantity of the flushing water is sufficient enough to qualify the design requirement. The main body of the valve with a 12 or 24 volts low voltage DC current, built up by one-step injection molding, greatly improves the convenience of installation, as compared with the most common valve: equilibrium electromagnetic water valve without on/off function. According to the FIG. 6 of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, pulse-triggered electromagnetic-controlled valves A and B consist of the permanent magnet 61 , the spring 62 , the coil 63 , the armature 64 , the seal 65 , the washer 66 , decompression void 67 , O-ring 68 , valve core 69 , and valve 60 . When the valve core 69 and the valve 60 are separated to switch on the valve itself, the positive voltage is applied to the coil 63 to polarize the armature 64 to have the attracting force with the permanent magnet 61 in opposite polarity against the pulling force of the string 62 . When the valve core 69 and the valve 60 are shut to switch off the valve itself, the negative voltage is applied to the coil 63 to polarize the armature 64 in the same polarity with the permanent magnet 61 and, consequently, repel away from each other. The switch-on interval for polarization requires only 0.05 sec to complete, which means a single 6-volt alkaline battery could last approximately two and a half year without the need for replacement. The FIG. 7 shows an optional structure for a set of one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valves without decompression void. If the volume saving is the first priority, an more compact structure is available in integrating the unidirectional valve with the set of one-in-two-out two-series electromagnetic-controlled valves according in FIG. 8 . The MCU 22 does not send any command signals until receiving 5 infrared pulse signals from the infrared sensor 21 . After the infrared sensor 21 detects an object is within the detection range for 5 seconds, in this case, the electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 switches on for 1 second to flush the inner surface of the plumbing fixture. If the object stays within the detection range for longer than 60 seconds, the flushing system discriminates the solid waste flushing procedure should be executed. If shorter than or equal to 60 seconds, the liquid waste flushing procedure is executed. The solid waste flushing procedure with medium flushing power is as follows: 1). the electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 switches on for 3 seconds to let the upper jet 6 flush. 2). the electromagnetic-controlled B valve 3 switches on for 4 seconds to let the lower jet 7 flush. 3). the electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 switches on for 2 seconds to let the upper jet 6 refill both the water in the toilet bowl and the water in the bent part of the aqueduct. The liquid waste flushing procedure is as follows: 1). the electromagnetic-controlled B valve 3 switches on for 3 seconds to let the lower jet 7 flush. 2). the electromagnetic-controlled A valve 2 switches on for 2 seconds to let the upper jet 6 flush. The present invention provides a two ways electromagnetic valve with an upper outlet and an lower inlet system. The flushing effect is effective and has an advantage of saving water. The construction of the present invention is simplified whereas the number of pipe elements is reduced and the installation is more convenience. The electromagnetic valves may be as small as 50 mm in size which is easy to arrange in different position. The two inlets are incorporated under one electromagnetic valve which can be manufactured in one mounding and hence is more convenience for manufacture. The MCU may store four different flushing processes suitable for operation under different pressure conditions for different area such that different individual's needs are met. The MCU can also analyze the action of an object to determine whether a liquid waste flushing process or a solid waste flushing process is suitable for each situation, thus achieving the purpose of saving water. The volume of flushing water used may be controlled between 2.8 and 3.2 liter. Since the system is operated under pulse signal system, the work is not high and is suitable for long time period. The present invention is safe and reliable, and easy to install. A unidirectional value is also used for defining an enclosed environment such that any gas or water is stopped and a hygiene environment can be maintained. One skilled in the art will understand that the embodiment of the present invention as shown in the drawings and described above is exemplary only and not intended to be limiting. It will thus be seen that the objects of the present invention have been fully and effectively accomplished. It embodiments have been shown and described for the purposes of illustrating the functional and structural principles of the present invention and is subject to change without departure form such principles. Therefore, this invention includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit and scope of the following claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part application of copending patent application Ser. No. 130,215 filed Mar. 14, 1980 now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a process for draining pitch containing water from wet pulp used to make paper. Such a process is carried out in both the forming section and press section of a paper-making machine. In the forming section a forming belt of linear substantially crystalline polyester monofilament is used. In the press section, a felt press belt comprised of non-woven batte on a woven base, also formed from linear substantially crystalline polyester monofilament or multifilament is used. Each belt is foraminous, that is, whether woven or non-woven, each belt has openings which place the upper surface of the belt in open fluid communication with its lower surface. This invention is directed to solving a particular clogging problem which occurs in each belt due to pitch and other oily contaminants which are contained in contaminated water in which pulp is slurried. Such clogging routinely occurs in both the forming section and press section of a paper-making machine and vitiates the efficiency of each belt because clogged openings defeat the process of draining water from the pulp. Thus this invention is more particularly directed to a process of draining pulp through a forming belt in a papermachine, and also through a press belt in a papermachine, with minimum clogging of the belts. In the paper-making art, wood logs or slabs conventionally are subjected to a series of operations including a grinding or chipping step, followed by pulping with chemicals, bleaching, and suspension of wood fibers in water to form an aqueous pulp slurry containing from about 0.1 to about 2 percent by weight (% by wt) fibers. Such pulp slurry contains impurities, including hydrophobic oily substances, known as pitch, which originates in the wood fibers and remains in the pulp. Pitch may also be found in a pulp slurry of secondary fibers derived from waste paper. Waste paper pulps are made in equipment which rewets and separates the fiber. Such pitch in a secondary pulp slurry may comprise asphalt-like material used in making corrugated boxes; or, latex, and hot melt adhesives used in cartons and printing papers; or, water-resistant and water-insoluble polymeric substances of all types. After pulping with chemicals and bleaching, pulp slurry, whether virgin or secondary, or a mixture of each, is pumped to a headbox of an open wire former in the forming section of a paper-making machine, and continuously jetted from the headbox or otherwise deposited onto a woven, endless fine wire screen or `forming belt` having openings of predetermined size between the machine direction filaments and cross-direction filaments through which openings the pulp slurry is filtered. As a natural, but undesired consequence, some of the pitch is deposited on the surfaces of filaments of the belt and eventually clogs its openings so that the paper-making operation must be interrupted to arduously clean the forming belt. Upon drainage of the water, a sheet of wet paper or "wet web" containing from about 8 to about 25% by wt solids, is formed and retained upon the belt, and as more and more fibers are retained, the fibers themselves act as a filter medium, complicating the analysis and solution of the problem of pits deposition which conventionally eventually causes interruption of the paper making process. The wet web is led to a press section where more water is pressed out of it by pressing the wet web, supported on an endless felt press belt, between rollers. Sometimes a belt, referred to as a "transfer fabric", may be used after the forming section. A transfer fabric may be either of woven or non-woven or needled batte-on-base manufacture, or a mixture of both. Various configurations of rollers are used in press sections, as illustrated in "Handbook of Pulp and Paper Technology" edited by Kenneth W. Britt, Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, 2d ed (1970), to produce a pressed web having more than 30% by wt solids content. A press belt may be made from a woven, or a non-woven fabric as described in the chapter titled "Felts", pp 487-495, id, supra. As long as the belt used, whether the forming belt or the press belt, is made from essentially linear substantially crystalline polyester monofilament or multifilament, the belt attracts and tenaciously holds pitch filtered out or expressed from the pulp and water mixture because the monofilament is strongly hydrophobic. By "essentially linear" is meant that the polyester is either unbranched or exhibits a minor degree of chain branching insufficient to render the polyester insoluble in solvents which dissolve the unbranched polymer. It has been recognized that the hydrophobic nature of the filaments must be negated to ameliorate the problem of clogging due to pitch. Many mechanisms have been hypothesized for clogging due to pitch, accompanied with suggestions which were acknowledgedly less than successful with respect to copying with pitch deposition. A discussion of this subject in this field of the papermaker's art, is found in "Mechanisms and Control of Pitch Deposition in Newsprint Mills", by L. H. Allen in Papermakers Conference Proceedings, TAPPI pps. 161-162 (1979). This attempt to control pitch by attracting and holding it in the fibers, rather than allowing it to run out with the drainage water, proved impractical. It was suggested in another reference entitled "Treatments Enhance Forming Fabric Performance" by Ed Hahn, Paper Age, pp 20-24 (1979), that both the electrochemical and physical nature of the woven fabric of a forming belt should be modified by chemical treatment. Hydrophilicity of the fabric was regarded as a major property desirable in a functional chemical treatment, but the hydraulic characteristics of the treated fabric were not modified, and there is no disclosure as to what an effective chemical treatment might entail. In yet another article titled "Forming Fabric Treatment--R&D Pay-Off for Improved Performance" by O. C. Casale in Paper Age, pp 36 (1979), it is suggested that a desirable treatment would be based on theories of the interaction of electrochemical properties of stock systems (Zeta potential) with the forming media surface characteristics, but there is no disclosure as to what the treatment is. Coatings have been adhesively bonded to a forming belt, which coatings were hydrophilic, but such coatings had the disadvantage of flaking off during operation because they were only mechanically or physically bonded to the belt and not bonded to it by co-crystallization. A method for making screen cloths for papermaking is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,089 to Tate in which a water-soluble organic compound having at least two active hydrogen-containing hydrophilic groups is employed so that one of the active hydrogen groups of the hydrophilic substance is condensed by a condensing agent onto the surface of screen cloth, forming a coated film of hydrophilic substance, at least one hydrophilic group remaining, which retains the hydrophilic property. Cross-linking condensing agents are formaldehyde, polyisocyanates and polyamines. This coated film consists of a rigid sheath of cross-linked resin around each wire of the warp and weft and intersections thereof, and this cross-linked resin provides sites for reactive H groups. The cross-linked resin is not co-crystallizable with either a polyamide or a polyester wire. The rigid sheath is formed around a metal screen wire or one made from a synthetic resin, but how the sheath is bonded to the wire will depend upon the composition of the wire and that of the cross-linked resin. The metal wire will be mechanically bonded to the rigid sheath. Nylon wire which is reactive with formaldehyde and polyisocyanates will be chemically bound to the rigid sheath. A polyester wire has no reactive groups at its surface and can only be mechanically bonded to the rigid sheath, like metal and unlike nylon wire, a fact well known in the bonding of tire cords during the manufacture of automobile tires. Accordingly, Tate specifically teaches in his illustrative examples that only metal or nylon wire are coated as he describes. Whether the screen, coated as described by Tate, is metal wire or nylon wire, he states the screen is so stiff that there is no possibility of elongation. Still other coatings have been adhesively bonded to the belt's filaments without chemically reacting with them, but these, like the Tate coatings mentioned hereinabove, have the disadvantage of being so thick that the openings are significantly reduced in size even before beginning the papermaking operation and such a disadvantage, combined with a rapid pitch buildup, together provide premature clogging. Also, coatings such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,157,276, containing fluorocarbons, have been used on forming belts which are thus rendered oil repellent in air. Though such materials are known to be resistant to the deposition of hydrophobic materials, such as oil, pitch, and the like, in air, a forming belt, or a press belt so coated with a fluorocarbon is not oil repellent in an acid papermaking environment. The result is premature clogging, long before the belt is sufficiently physically worn out that it must be replaced. The coating compound used to coat a papermaker's forming belt or felt press belt, so as to provide the novel belt of this invention, has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,416,952, for use in the textile industry to coat polyester fibers and imbue them with a characteristic "soil release" or "soil releasant" property. This soil releasant property of a material is distinct from any "soil resistance" property that the same or other material may have. As understood in the textile industry, a "soil resistant" textile material is one which resists the attachment of soil, particularly oils and the like, when the textile such as clothing is worn, or a textile such as a tablecloth or drapery is otherwise used. Whether worn or not, such textiles are used in an atmospheric ("air") environment. The purpose of imparting "soil resistance" to a material is to prevent the attachment of soil in the first place. An example of a soil resistant material is one coated with a fluorocarbon compound such as is currently sold by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company under the trademark "Scothban". "Soil resistant" textiles are not considered in the textile industry as having a characteristic soil release property, that is, as being "soil releasant", and vice versa. A soil releasant textile, whether worn or not, typically soils as rapidly as the untreated material. The much-touted advantage of a "soil release" treatment of an article is evidenced when the article is washed with detergent in a washing machine. When soaked in water containing detergent, the treated article readily "releases" deposited soil, particularly hydrophobic materials such as oil. In addition, when several soiled articles are together washed in a machine, soil released from one article is not redeposited on another which is deemed soil releasant. Compounds capable of providing a particular fabric with soil release properties are selected for use as a coating depending upon the ability of the compound to co-crystallize with, and not covalently bond to the fabric, as stated in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,416,952, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. Particular alkoxylated esters, known for many years and currently sold under the trademarks "Milease T" and "Zelcon" by Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., and E. I. duPont Co., respectively, are the only available compounds found useful in this invention. It must be noted that paper-making forming belts and press belts which have been co-crystallized with Milease T or Zelcon "soil release" compounds, generally operate in the acid environment of a papermachine and not in an environment for which these compounds are formulated. As already noted, soil releasant articles are designed to evidence a soil releasant property when the articles are completely immersed in a detergent aqueous medium, after the articles are soiled during wear or use in an atmospheric environment. By contrast, in the present invention, a papermaker's belt is treated with a soil release compound but is used in a primarily papermaking environment so that it exhibits a soil resistant property. Despite exposure of the belts to air and water, rather than immersion in a water bath, contaminated water in contact with the belt fabric provides a barrier through which pitch does not penetrate to attach itself to the fabric. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A papermaker's woven forming belt, and also a felt press belt of this invention, whether woven or non-woven, negates the build-up of pitch in openings of the belts for substantially their entire operating lives. It has been discovered that when the polyester filaments of the belt are co-crystallized with a coating compound comprising an alkoxylated ester moiety consisting essentially of a molecule having a hydrophobic "head" portion, and a hydrophilic "tail" portion, which coating compound has a molecular weight of at least 300 and polyoxyalkylene groups linked by groups containing a member of the class consisting of ester and amide linkages, to polyester repeat units which are identical with those repeat units constituting the crystalline segments of the internal structure of the polyester filament, they are attached to the internal structure of the filament by co-crystallization with the crystalline polyester segments of the internal structure, so that the coated filament, when wet, repels pitch. Such a coated filament is represented as having a hydrophobic inner core, and, an outer coating. The outer coating is formed from a profusion of molecules of alkoxylated ester which molecules are co-crystallized through their ester head portions to the filament, the oxyalkylene tail portions being generally freely disposed in spaced apart relationship with the filament. The hydrophilic tail portions together, when wetted, form an aqueous barrier through which pitch and other hydrophobic contaminants do not penetrate. It is therefore a general object to provide a process for forming a wet web of pulp on a forming belt woven predominantly of a linear substantially crystalline polyester monofilament or multifilament to which an alkoxylated ester is bonded by co-crystallization. It is also a general object of this invention to provide a novel papermaker's belt, whether woven or non-woven, formed predominantly of a linear substantially crystalline polyester to which an alkoxylated ester is bonded by co-crystallization. It is a specific object of this invention to provide a woven forming belt for a papermachine, and a non-woven or woven felt press belt for a press machine, each belt consisting essentially of a multiplicity of linear substantially crystalline polyester filaments to which a polyalkoxylated ester is bonded by co-crystallization so as to provide soil resistant properties to the belt to such an extent that it does not require cleaning, or cleans easily. It is also a specific object of this invention to provide a woven belt of polyester filaments coated with a compound having polyester repeat units which are identical with those repeat units constituting the crystalline segments of the internal structure of the filaments, so that the compound is attached to the internal structure of the filaments by co-crystallization in such a way that the warp and weft filaments are not bonded to each other and the stiffness of the coated belt is essentially the same as the uncoated belt. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view diagrammatically illustrating the structure and configuration of a wire forming machine typically used in the forming section of a papermachine; FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view, partially in cross section, of a portion of the forming belt of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a broken-away schematic side elevation cross sectional view, greatly enlarged, diagrammatically illustrating the flow of pitch-containing water through an opening of the woven forming belt; and, FIG. 4 is a side elevational view diagrammatically illustrating the structure and configuration of a press section typically used in a papermachine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1 thereof, there is diagrammatically illustrated the configuration of a typical forming machine in the forming section of a papermaking machine. A forming machine includes a wire former, also referred to as the fourdrinier wire section, indicated generally by reference numeral 10. Other forming machines may include suction breast roll formers, cylinder machines, twin wire formers and variatons thereof, but the following description is particularly directed to a wire former, it being understood that the process of this invention may be used in any papermaking wet process in which an endless belt comprising a major porportion by weight of polyester filament, is subject to clogging due to pitch contained in a pulp slurry. The wire former 10 is so called because the paper-forming fibers in the pulp slurry are deposited on top of an endless wire forming belt 11 running horizontally, with drainage elements positioned under the wire belt. Though it will be evident that the pulp slurry is a "pulp and water mixture", the latter term is also used to define the wet web from the time it commences to form on the wire belt, to the time when the wet web passes through the press section, so as to encompass the wide range of proportions by weight of pulp and water from the front end of the wet section and the back of the press section. The wire former comprises a rigid structural framework a portion of which includes large side beams 12 for the support of the elements defining the run of the belt. A large turning roll 13 underneath a headbox 14 holding the pulp slurry, at the front end of the former, has a wrap of about 180° and is called the breast roll. The roll 15 at the far end of the wire section is called the couch. The top part of the wire belt between the breast roll 13 and the couch 15 runs in a straight, mostly horizontal run over different types of drainage elements and supporting structures such as are more fully described in the-chapter titled "Paper Machine--Forming Section" in the Handbook of Pulp and Paper Technology, supra, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. Among the drainage elements used there are typically included plain or grooved table rolls 16, single or double deflectors 17, foils (not shown), wet suction boxes 19, and/or dry suction boxes 21, and a lump breaker roll 20 over the couch. As the name implies, the lump breaker breaks lumps of pulp and smooths out the pulp and water mixture on the belt by exerting pressure pulses on the mixture. Suction pulses are applied to the mixture as it passes over the suction boxes to accelerate the removal of water. Thus, in the forming machine, the pulp and water mixture is subjected to both suction and pressure pulses. It will be apparent that water will be removed even if the mixture is not subjected to suction pulses, but very slowly. Between the couch 15 and the breast roll 13 on the lower part of the wire belt, there are return rolls 22, 23, 24, and 25 needed to drive, support, stretch, and guide the belt. As shown in FIG. 2, the belt 11 is predominantly composed of a plurality of machine-direction filaments 26' and cross-direction filaments 26 of polyester monofilament or multifilament woven to provide a plurality of drainage openings 27 having effective diameters as small as about 0.003" if woven with 5 mil yarn, and as large as 0.070" if woven with 30 mil yarn. "Effective diameter" refers to the diameter of a circle having the same area as that of an opening which is defined by the confronting surfaces of adjacent interwoven filaments. The monofilament which is preferred is derived from a linear substantially crystalline polyethylene terephthalate polyester such as is commercially available under the trademark Dacron. By "substantially crystalline" is meant a crystallinity greater than about 80 percent, and preferably greater than about 90 percent. The weave of a forming belt typically ranges from a coarse weave less than about 45 mesh, to a finer weave of more than about 85 mesh, depending upon the paper to be made, the openings 27 being small enough so that most of the fibers in the pulp slurry to be filtered are retained as a wet web 30 on the belt. Since the actual diameter of the filament is in the range from about 0.005" (inch) to about 0.030", it will be appreciated that the problem of clogging can be especially severe even in a medium weave. When the fabric is a non-woven felt such as is used in a felt press belt, the openings are generally smaller, more random and far more convoluted so that the problem of clogging is further exacerbated. In FIG. 3 there is shown a schematic side elevation cross sectional view, greatly enlarged, to illustrate the flow of a pulp and slurry mixture 30 onto the wire belt, the cross-direction filaments 26 of which are shown in cross section. Contaminated water 31 in which pitch agglomerates 32 are dispersed, flows through the openings in the belt and is aided by suction pulses and pressure pulses generated in the forming machine, the force and frequency of the pulses being varied depending upon the characteristics of the pulp, the speed at which the belt is run, and other considerations. A web of fibers 33 is deposited upon the upper surface of the belt. Though the pitch agglomerates as shown in FIG. 3 are relatively small compared with the effective diameter of the openings between the woven filaments, these agglomerates may acquire much larger dimensions. Depending upon the nature of the pulp slurry, pitch agglomerates may sometimes be so large and of such shape that they are mechanically lodged and intertwined between the filaments, though the agglomerates themselves are actually repelled by the hydrophilic surfaces of the filaments. If such mechanical clogging due to pitch becomes severe, the belt will need to be cleaned, but can be cleaned quite easily. If a coated filament is viewed on a microscopic scale, it is thought to include an inner core which is the filament composed of hydrophobic crystalline polyester, and an outer coating composed of polymeric chains having hydrophobic "heads" co-crystallized with the hydrophobic inner core. The polymeric chains have at their other ends, hydrophilic "tails" which attract water molecules in the slurry, and, concomitantly with such attraction also repel the hydrophobic pitch agglomerates 32. It is believed that, despite the generally acid environment through which the belt 11 moves, the first aqueous molecules contacting the hydrophilic tails form a hydrophilic barrier, which is spaced apart on a molecular scale from the outer surface of the hydrophobic inner core, and the barrier obstructs penetration of the pitch agglomerates attempting to reach the inner core. The coating on each filament is provided by applying a stable dispersion of a block or graft copolymer in water, a first polymeric constituent of which is a crystalline polyester and a second polymeric constituent of which is solvated by water. Each filament of the belt is made from a polyester which has repeat units which are chemically identical with the first polymeric constituent of the stable dispersion of copolymer in water. The bonding of the coating compound to the filaments provides a thin strong coating which not only provides openings of maximum diameter in the belt, but is strongly attached to the hydrophobic core that the coating lasts for the life of the belt. The coating also repels pitch so effectively that it eliminates the need to shut down the forming operation to clean the belt. For example, with the system of the present invention, a test belt ran efficiently for 120 days, which was the life of the belt. Referring now to FIG. 4 there is schematically illustrated a typical press section indicated generally be reference numeral 40, of a papermachine, and there is shown a felt press belt 41 drivingly trained upon numerous rolls of the press section. The felt press belt is typically a needled non-woven batte on a woven base, such as is depicted in a photograph in the "Handbook" supra, at page 489. The pulp and water mixture (wet web) 30 is shown as it comes off the couch 15, and is deposited on the felt belt 41. The belt and wet web are then together squeezed between a pair of press rolls 42 and 43 so that the water is expressed from the pulp and water mixture due to the pressure pulses exerted by the press rolls. A tensioning mechanism, indicated generally by reference numeral 44, maintains a predetermined tension on the felt belt as it moves between the press rolls and over the other rolls none of which is individually identified. The pulp and water mixture leaving the press section then is led to the dryer section (not shown) of the paper making facility. It is preferred that the filament be formed from a material which is more than 50% by wt of linear crystalline polyester, and more preferably at least 80% by wt, the most preferred polyester being selected from the group consisting of polyethylene terephthalate, and poly(1,4-bismethylenecyclohexane terephthalate). The surface structure of the coated filaments contains water solvatable oxyalkylene groups as active groups, and the oxyalkylene concentration is in the range from about 0.5×10 -5 g/cm 2 to about 1.5×10 -5 g/cm 2 on the surface of the filaments. The essentially linear crystalline polyester filaments are provided with a surface structure containing at least one oxyalkylene group having a molecular weight of at least 44, said oxyalkylene group being linked by groups containing a member of the class consisting of ester and amide linkages to polyester repeat units which are identical with those repeat units constituting the crystalline segments of the internal structure of the filaments, and which are attached to the inner core of the filaments by co-crystallization with the crystalline polyester segments of the inner core. By water solvatable polymeric group we mean a polymeric group derived from a polyoxyalkylene group which in turn is derived from a glycol having an average molecular weight of at least 62, but more preferably in the range from about 100 to about 6000 inclusive, and the viscosity ratio of the crystallizable polymeric compound, as measured in a 1% solution in orthochlorophenol at 25° C., lies in the range from about 1.0 to about 1.6. Suitable polyoxyalkylene groups include polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene, polyoxytrimethylene, polyoxytetramethylene, polyoxybutylene, and copolymers thereof. More preferred is a polyoxyethylene or polyoxypropylene active group which serves to impart hydrophilicity to the surface of the inner core, which active group is derived from about one ethylene glycol or propylene glycol unit to about five such units, and preferably sufficient plural units of either or both gycols to yield a molecular weight in the range from about 300 to about 6000. Further details with respect to the coating compound are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,416,952 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth. It is preferred that the belt itself, whether the forming belt or the press belt, be fabricated so that it contains a major proportion by weight, and preferably more than about 90% by wt, of polyester filament. The most preferred filament diameter for a papermachine belt of this invention is in the range from about 5 to about 30 mils, and when such a belt is woven with a mesh count in the range from about 50 to about 100 mesh in either the machine direction or cross direction, it has substantially the same stiffness as an otherwise identical but uncoated belt. Similarly, the belt of this invention is normally extensible, by which is meant that it is just as extensible during use as is the identical but untreated belt. Further, despite the coating, the filaments in the cross direction are free to move relative to those in the machine direction, to substantially the same extent as the untreated belt. Moreover, the belt of this invention has substantially the same air permeability as that of the uncoated belt. By "substantially the same air permeability" I mean that the air permeability as determined by a Frazier Air Permeability Test is at least 95% of the air permeability of the belt before it was coated. Still further, the belt of this invention is so hydrophilic that water drains through it immediately and has essentially no retention time when poured into a cup-shaped portion of the treated fabric. In contrast, an untreated fabric will hold the water for about 8 to 10 seconds before it will drain through the fabric; and the same fabric when treated as described in Tate's example 2, has a retention time of about 3 to 4 seconds. The foregoing physical characteristics of the belt of this invention derive from the particular co-crystalline attachment of the coating compound to the polyester filament of the belt, and provide easily observable evidence as to the distinguishing characteristics of my belt as compared with prior art belts which are coated with an adhesively bonded coating composition. EXAMPLE In the following example there is set forth a particular coating of a forming belt of 72 (machine direction)×50 (cross direction) mesh polyester, 11 mil filament in the machine direction and 12 mil filament in the cross direction, which belt is about 200 inches wide and of arbitrary length. A treating bath is formulated in a large vat in which the coating compound is preferably present as an aqueous disperson containing 15% solids, which dispersion is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 15% by wt. In a specific example, there is added to the vat: 1055 gals of water, 53 gals of Milease T as received (15% solids dispersed in water), and 3 gals of Triton X405 non-ionic surfactant commercially available from Rohm & Hass Co. In addition, sufficient bactericide is added to prevent degradation of the bath. The forming fabric is draped into the vat and soaked for from about 1 to about 72 hours after which it is air-dried at ambient temperature. The air-dried fabric is placed on a stretcher and passed over a head roll which is either oil-heated or infra-red heated sufficiently so that the temperature of the fabric is raised in the range from about 250° F. to about 420° F. during a period of about a minute. The heat causes co-crystallization of the coating compound which has polyester repeat units identical with those repeat units constituting the crystalline segments of the internal structure of the filament. In an analogous manner, a polyester forming fabric is coated with Zelcon 4780 commercially obtained from the E. I. duPont Co. In each of the above cases, forming belts fabricatd from the coated polyester forming fabric can be run essentially without cleaning for the entire operating life of the forming belt. Also in an analogous manner as that described hereinabove, a polyester felt press belt fabric is treated with Milease T and Zelcon 4780 and the coated press belts exhibit remarkable repulsion of pitch agglomerates, and if the belts have to be cleaned, are cleaned with ease. A typical felt press belt has a woven base fabric of polyester filament having a diameter in the range from about 7 to about 17 mils onto which base fabric is needled filaments in the range from about 0.5 mil to about 3 mil. A 1×2 twill fabric woven from a 7 mil polyester monofilament so that the mesh count in the machine direction is 76 and the mesh count in the cross direction is 68, is a typical polyester forming fabric commercially available from Lindsay Wire Weaving Co. as Style 761. When this fabric is treated with a Milease T aqueous dispersion as described hereinabove, the cross direction filaments are free to move relative to the machine direction filaments, and the treated belt is normally extensible, and no stiffer than the untreated fabric. A portion of the untreated fabric is treated as described in Example 2 of the Tate U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,089, and compared with fabric coated with Milease T. A standard Frazier Air Permeability test is then conducted with each fabric at 0.5" water pressure drop across the fabric, and the volume of air (in cubic feet per minute) flowing through the fabric is measured. The results are presented hereinbelow in Table I: TABLE I______________________________________Untreated fabric 683 cfm 100% flowFabric treated with Milease T 677 cfm 99% flowFabric treated as in Ex. 2 of '089 patent 632 cfm 92% flow______________________________________ It is evident from the foregoing flow rates that the air permeability of fabric treated with Milease T as described is substantially the same as that of untreated fabric, while that of the prior art fabric is substantially restricted. The stiffness of the foregoing three fabrics are then compared by taking 1" wide strip (the width being measured in the machine direction of the fabric), and placing portions of the strip between knife edge supports spaced 1.5" and 2.0" apart respectively, and placing a 5 g weight in the center of each strip to obtain a deflection. The smaller the deflection the greater the stiffness. The average reading for each fabric is set forth in Table II hereinbelow: TABLE II______________________________________Untreated fabric 0.0875"Fabric treated with Milease T 0.115"Fabric treated as in Ex. 2 of '089 patent 0.0575"______________________________________ It is evident from the foregoing that the fabric treated with Milease T as described hereinabove, provides an average deflection which is substantially the same as that of the untreated fabric, the deflection of Milease T treated fabric actually being slightly greater than that of untreated fabric.

4y

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an intercooler for a turbocharged internal combustion engine to cool the air entering the engine intake manifold. Various intercoolers for turbocharged engines, particularly diesel engines, have been proposed heretofore to cool the air entering the engine intake manifold, thereby increasing the amount of useful oxygen in a given volume of the intake air. The present invention is directed to an intercooler of novel construction which greatly improves the heat transfer between the coolant and the pressurized air coming from the turbocharger, thereby increasing the engine's output power and reducing the temperature of its exhaust. In a presently preferred example the present intercooler is on a turbocharged marine diesel engine which uses sea water to cool its lubricating oil. The same sea water is then passed through finned pipes in the present intercooler to serve as a coolant for the intake air coming from the turbocharger. The sea water flows lengthwise through a straight, finned-tube core in the intercooler. The housing of the intercooler has opposite V-shaped walls, one of which engages the core midway along its length at the bend or apex of that wall and the other of which engages the core at its opposite ends. This leaves triangular spaces between these housing walls and the intercooler core which affect the air flow across the fins of the core such that all of the fins along the length of the core have a substantial flow of air across them. This produces a much more effective transfer of heat between the pressurized air coming from the turbocharger and the sea water coolant flowing through the finned pipes of the intercooler core. Consequently, the air is cooled to a temperature closely approaching that of the sea water coolant before it enters the engine intake manifold. Preferably, the sea water flows lengthwise through the core of the intercooler more than once to enhance the heat transfer between the coolant and the compressed air. A principal object of this invention is to provide a novel intercooler for a turbocharged internal combustion engine. Another object of this invention is to provide an intercooler of novel construction which greatly improves the heat transfer between the pressurized air coming from the turbocharger and the liquid coolant in the core of the intercooler. Further objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of a presently preferred embodiment which is illustrated schematically in the accompanying drawings. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger and an intercooler in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a top plan view; FIG. 3 is an end elevation taken from the line 3--3 in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a cross-section taken along the line 4--4 in FIG. 2 longitudinally through the engine intercooler; FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section taken along the line 5--5 in FIG. 1 through the intercooler; FIG. 6 is a cross-section taken along the line 6--6 in FIG. 5 midway along the intercooler; FIG. 7 is a view generally similar to FIG. 5 with additional parts in section to show the flow paths for water in the intercooler; FIG. 8 is a cross-section taken along the line 8--8 in FIG. 7 through the header at the water inlet end of the intercooler; FIG. 9 is a cross-section taken along the line 9--9 in FIG. 7 through the header at the water outlet end of the intercooler; FIG. 10 is a perspective view, with parts broken away for clarity, of the header at the water inlet end of the intercooler; and FIG. 11 is a similar view of the header at the water outlet end of the intercooler. Before explaining the disclosed embodiment of the present invention in detail it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the particular arrangement shown since the invention is capable of other embodiments. Also, the terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. 1, a marine diesel engine 15 of known design has an exhaust pipe 16 leading into one end of an exhaust manifold 17 whose opposite end leads into the inlet side of a rotary turbine 18 in a turbocharger of known design. The outlet side of this turbine is vented to the atmosphere. As shown in FIG. 4, the turbine 18 has a rotary output shaft 19 which is also the drive shaft of an air compressor 20 of known design. Between the housing of turbine 18 and the housing of air compressor 20 the shaft is rotatably supported by a ball bearing assembly indicated generally by the reference numeral 21. The air compressor 20 has an air intake covered by a screen 22 on the side of the compressor housing away from the housing of turbine 18. Air compressor 20 has an air outlet leading to a downwardly extending discharge pipe 23 mounted on top of an air-water heat exchange intercooler 24 in accordance with the present invention. The intercooler has a housing 25 which, as shown in FIG. 6, is rectangular in cross-section for almost its entire length. However, at the right end in FIG. 4 the intercooler housing has a lateral offset or branch 26 where the air enters from pipe 23 coming down from the air compressor 20 above. Except at this lateral offset 26, the intercooler housing presents opposite vertical side walls 27 and 28, each of which has a shallow V-shape from end to end. These opposite V-shaped side walls are evenly spaced apart along the length of the intercooler. The apex of the "V" is located midway along the intercooler housing, as shown at 29 in FIGS. 1 and 2. This is where the cross-sectional view of FIG. 6 is taken. The intercooler housing has a flat top wall 30 and a flat bottom wall 31, both extending between the V-shaped opposite side walls 27 and 28. At the right end in FIGS. 5 and 7 the intercooler is closed by a bolted-on end plate 32. At the left end in these Figures the intercooler housing presents an end wall 33. Next to end wall 33 the inner side wall 27 of the intercooler housing has an opening 34 which leads into the intake manifold 35 of the diesel engine 15. The intercooler core has a plurality of straight, cylindrical water pipes P extending lengthwise inside the intercooler housing. These pipes are physically supported at the apex or bend in the intercooler housing by a rigid block 36 of rectangular cross-section which is formed with openings which snugly receive the water pipes individually. This block has a seal strip 37 on three sides which, as shown in FIG. 6, sealingly engages the inner side wall 27 and the top and bottom walls 30 and 31 of the intercooler housing. Except at this block the pipes P carry thin, flat heat exchange fins or plates 38 which improve the transfer of heat from the air outside the pipes to the sea water inside the pipes. In the particular embodiment shown there are seven vertical columns of the water pipes, with the pipes in neighboring columns offset vertically, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 8, to form diagonal rows. The right ends of the pipes in FIGS. 5 and 7 extend into a rectangular, box-like header 40. Sea water enters this header through pipe 41 above a diagonal divider wall 42 (FIGS. 8 and 10), which divides the interior of header 40 into an upper chamber 43 and a lower chamber 44. As shown in FIG. 8, sixteen of the upper pipes P (above the divider wall 42) open into the upper chamber 43 to receive sea water coming in through pipe 41. These sixteen pipes are: the top four in the left-hand vertical column, the top three in each of the next two columns to the right, the top two in each of the next two columns farther to the right, and the top pipe in each of the two columns at the right side. The incoming sea water flows through these sixteen pipes from right to left in FIGS. 5 and 7 into a header 45 at the opposite end of the intercooler housing. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 11, header 45 is a rectangular, box-like structure with a diagonal divider wall 46, which separates an upper header chamber 47 from a lower chamber 48. Divider wall 46 extends parallel to and at a lower diagonal level than the divider wall 42 in header 40 at the opposite end of the pipes. The projection of divider wall 42 is shown in phantom at 42' in FIG. 11. Sixteen lower pipes P (which collectively are a reverse image of the sixteen upper pipes which open into the upper chamber 43 of header 40) open into the lower chamber 48 of header 45. Fourteen pipes (two in each vertical column) at one end open into the lower chamber 44 of header 40 and at the opposite end into the upper chamber 47 of header 45. These fourteen pipes form two diagonal rows of pipes which open into the upper chamber 47 of header 45 in addition to the same sixteen upper pipes which open into the upper chamber 43 of header 40. The sea water, which flows from right to left in FIGS. 5 and 7 through the sixteen pipes which open into header chamber 43, upon reaching the upper chamber 47 of the header 45 now flows from left to right through the next two diagonal rows of pipes down from the sixteen which received sea water from the upper chamber 43 of header 40. These two diagonal rows of pipes (immediately above divider wall 46 in header 45) open into the lower chamber 44 in header 40 at the right end of the intercooler in FIGS. 5 and 7. From here, the sea water again flows from right to left through the remaining sixteen lower pipes which open into the lower chamber 44 of header 40 and open into the lower chamber 48 of header 45 (below the divider wall 46). From manifold chamber 48 the sea water passes through an outlet pipe 49 leading to the inlet of a water pump (not shown). With this arrangement, the incoming sea water flows three times lengthwise through the intercooler: first, from right to left through the sixteen pipes connecting the upper chamber 43 of header 40 to the upper chamber 47 of header 45; second, from left to right through the fourteen pipes connecting the upper chamber 47 of header 45 to the lower chamber 44 of header 40; and third, from right to left through the sixteen lower pipes connecting the lower chamber 44 of header 40 to the lower chamber 48 of header 45. As shown in FIG. 8, the header 40 at the right end fills the interior of the intercooler housing from top to bottom next to the V-shaped outer side wall 28. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9, the header 45 at the left end fills the interior of the intercooler from top to bottom next to the V-shaped outer side wall 28. Between these headers the outer side wall 28 of the intercooler housing diverges from the assembly of pipes P and fins 38, reaching a maximum distance from them at the apex 29 of this side wall midway along the length of the pipes. At this midpoint, as shown in FIG. 6, the block 36 which holds the pipes P engages the opposite (inner) side wall 27 of the intercooler housing and fills the interior of this housing from top to bottom. In each longitudinal direction away from block 36 the inner side wall 27 of the intercooler housing diverges from the assembly of pipes P and fins 38. The heat transfer fins or plates 38 on the pipes P preferably have a rectangular shape the same as that of the headers 40 and 45, so that each fin 38 fills the interior of the intercooler housing from top to bottom, i.e., between top wall 30 and bottom wall 31. Consequently, the air flowing through the intercooler must pass between the neighboring fins 38 and cannot pass around the edges of these fins. This maximizes the heat exchange between the air and these fins because air sweeps across the entire flat surface on each major face of each fin 38. Referring to FIG. 7, the pressurized air entering the intercooler housing at 26 first encounters a first triangular space S-1 between the inner side wall 27 of the intercooler housing and the heat exchanger core consisting of the fins 38 and pipes P. This space is progressively narrower from the end plate 32 to the midpoint where support block 36 is located. From this first triangular space S-1 the air flows between the fins and across the pipes to a second triangular space S-2 on the opposite side, between the pipe-and-fin heat exchange core and the outer side wall 28 of the intercooler housing, which is narrowest next to the inlet manifold 40 and progressively wider toward the apex 29 of the outer side wall 28. Thus, lengthwise of the intercooler, the second triangular space S-2 is virtually a mirror image of the first triangular space S-1. On the opposite side of the apex 29, a third triangular space S-3 is formed between the outer side wall 28 of the intercooler housing and the pipe-and-fin heat exchanger core. This space S-3 is a continuation of space S-2 and is a mirror image of it, becoming progressively narrower from the apex 29 toward the header 45. From this space S-3 the air flows between the fins 38 and across the pipes P to a fourth triangular space S-4 located between the fin-and-pipe heat exchanger core and the inner side wall 27 of the intercooler housing. Space S-4 is narrowest next to the support block 36 and becomes progressively larger toward the end wall 33 of the intercooler housing. I have discovered that this novel arrangement of the fin-and-pipe heat exchanger core and the intercooler housing produces a much more effective heat exchange action because of a more uniform flow of air across the fins throughout the length of the heat exchanger assembly. This can be determined by removing the fin-and-pipe heat exchanger core from the intercooler housing and observing the discoloration of the fins caused by air flowing across them. In my intercooler this discoloration is substantially the same for all the fins. In contrast, in prior intercoolers which I have inspected there has been a strong discoloration or blackening of only those fins which are at certain locations and virtually no discoloration of the others, indicating that practically all of the air flow was localized at the fins which were most discolored. I do not fully understand why these greatly improved air flow characteristics take place except that I have determined that they are obtained as a result of the novel physical arrangement of the fin-and-pipe heat exchanger and the intercooler housing, as disclosed herein. Referring to FIG. 2, the pipe 41 which passes sea water into the heat exchanger manifold 40 receives it from a conduit or chamber 51 on the outlet side of a heat exchanger 52 which receives water through inlet pipe 53 directly from the sea or other body of water where the boat is located. In heat exchanger 52, the incoming sea water is used to cool the recirculating lubricating oil supply for the marine engine. The temperature of the sea water going into the sea water-air intercooler typically is more than 300 degrees below the temperature of the compressed air entering the intercooler at 26. In one practical embodiment, the present intercooler is 33 inches long, the fins 38 are 3.75 inches square and are of 0.006 inch thick semi-hard copper, and the pipes P are of cupronickel about 0.020 inch thick with an outside diameter of about 3/8 inch. I have used this intercooler on a 363 cubic inch, six cylinder diesel engine which when equipped with two intercoolers of previous design could achieve a maximum of 284 shaft horsepower, with an exhaust temperature of about 1250 degrees F., which is too high for long term operation of the engine. After replacing the two prior intercoolers with the present intercooler, for the same fuel consumption the shaft horsepower was increased to 340 and the exhaust temperature was reduced to 900 degrees F. The engine exhaust was clean and, of course, the engine ran cooler. In the present intercooler the heat exchange between the sea water and the air is so efficient that the temperature of the air leaving the intercooler and going into the engine intake manifold 35 is only about 10 degrees F. higher than the temperature of the sea water coolant entering the intercooler at the inlet header 40. Typically, the air enters the intercooler at a pressure of 30 psi above atmospheric and at a temperature of about 400 degrees F., and it leaves the intercooler at a temperature of about 110 degrees F. If desired, the core of the present intercooler may be constructed to provide less or more lengthwise flows of the coolant, than the three passes provided by the specific embodiment shown in the drawings. For example, the coolant may flow just once lengthwise in one direction through all of the pipes P in the intercooler core, or the coolant may flow lengthwise in one direction through half the pipes and return in the opposite direction through the remaining pipes in the intercooler for a total of two passes, or the coolant may flow in successive opposite directions four times or more through different pipes of the intercooler. Internal baffles in the headers 40 and 45 at the opposite ends of the core would determine the flow path of the coolant, except that if the coolant is to flow just once through all of the pipes there should be no internal baffles in these headers. Also it is to be understood that the present intercooler may be used on an internal combustion engine other than a diesel engine, such as a conventional gasoline engine of the general type still used on most passenger automobiles. Likewise, the coolant may be other than sea water, such as the coolant typically used in passenger car engines.

4y

This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan patent application number 097209674 filed on Jun. 2, 2008. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a linear actuator and more particularly, to the structural design of the housing of a linear actuator, which is formed of two half shells, facilitating installation and position adjustment of limit switches. 2. Description of the Related Art Many linear actuators are known and intensively used in electric hospital beds, treadmills and to facilitate position adjustment. During application of a linear actuator, limit switches are usually used and respectively mounted in the start end and finish end to control the forward and return strokes of the linear actuator. When a push block of a nut of the linear actuator touches the limit switch at the finish end during the forward stroke, the limit switch is triggered to stop forward movement of the linear actuator. On the contrary, when the push block of the nut touches the limit switch at the start end during the return stroke, the limit switch is triggered to stop backward movement of the linear actuator. Thus, the linear actuator is controlled to reciprocate with the start end and the finish end. FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a linear actuator according to the prior art. According to this design, the linear actuator comprises a housing A, a driving mechanism B, and two limit switches C. The housing A comprises a hollow base A 1 , and an outer tube A 2 that extends from one side of the hollow base A 1 and defines therein a longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 . The driving mechanism B comprises a motor B 1 fastened to one side of the hollow base A 1 of the housing A, a worm B 11 fixedly connected to the output shaft of the motor B 1 and inserted into the inside of the hollow base A 1 of the housing A, a spindle B 2 rotatable mounted in the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A, a worm gear B 21 fixedly mounted on one end of the spindle B 2 and meshed with the worm B 11 , a nut B 3 threaded onto the spindle B 2 and supported inside the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A and movable linearly relative to the spindle B 2 during rotation of the spindle—B 2 , and a push rod 4 threaded onto the spindle B 2 and extending out of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A for connection to an external driven member. The nut B 3 has a push block B 31 protruded from the periphery thereof. Further, a rail C 1 is mounted in a longitudinal groove A 22 inside the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 of the outer tube A 2 . Further, two limit switches C are mounted on the rail C 1 at selected locations at two opposite sides relative to the push block B 31 of the nut B 3 at the spindle B 2 . When started the motor B 1 , the worm B 11 is driven to rotate the worm gear B 21 and the spindle B 2 , causing forward or backward movement of the nut B 3 and the transmission shaft B 4 relative to the spindle B 2 . When the nut B 3 reaches a predetermined position, it will touch one limit switch C, causing the limit switch C to stop the motor B 1 . In actual practice, this design of linear actuator still has drawbacks as described hereinafter. During installation of the linear actuator, the rail C 1 and the limit switches C are mounted in the longitudinal groove A 22 inside the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A subject to the use of a scale, and then the spindle—B 2 and the nut B 3 are inserted from one end of the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 into the inside of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A, and then the transmission shaft B 4 is inserted from the other end of the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 into the inside of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A and threaded onto the spindle—B 2 . During insertion of the spindle B 2 and the nut B 3 into the longitudinal receiving chamber A 21 of the outer tube A 2 of the housing A, the limit switches C may be biased accidentally by the push block B 31 of the nut B 3 . When this problem happens, the user needs to re-install the rail C 1 and the limit switches C. Further, when wishing to adjust the positions of the limit switches C, the user needs to detach all the parts of the linear actuator, solder the limit switches on the other position and rearrange the wires accordingly. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a linear actuator that eliminates the aforesaid drawbacks. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been accomplished under the circumstances in view. It is one object of the present invention to provide a linear actuator, which assures positive positioning of the component parts and allows quick detachment of the housing for easy installation and position adjustment of limit switches. To achieve this and other objects of the present invention, the linear actuator comprises a housing, a driving mechanism, which is mounted in the housing and comprises a motor, a spindle-coupled to and rotatable by the motor and a push rod coupled to the spindle for a linear motion upon rotation of the spindle, and at least one limit switch controllable by the nut of the push rod to switch off the motor. The housing is formed of a first half shell and a second half shell. The first half shell and the second half shell are fastened together, defining an accommodation chamber that accommodates the spindle and the push rod of the driving mechanism, a front opening in communication with the front end of the accommodation chamber for the passing of the push rod to the outside of the housing, and a receiving chamber at one side of the accommodation chamber for the positioning of the at least one limit switch. The housing comprises a tubular front coupling portion formed of a front part of the first half shell and a front part fastened to the tubular front coupling portion to reinforce the strength of the housing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevational view of a linear actuator in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the linear actuator in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3 is an elevational view of a limit switch for the linear actuator in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the linear actuator in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 5 corresponds to FIG. 4 , showing the position of the front limit switch adjusted. FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an alternate form of the linear actuator in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 7 is an exploded view of a linear actuator according to the prior art. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1˜4 , a linear actuator in accordance with the present invention is shown comprising a housing 1 , a driving mechanism 2 and at least one, for example, two limit switches 3 . The housing 1 is formed of a first half shell 11 and a second half shell 12 , having an accommodation chamber 13 extending along the length thereof, a front opening 131 located on one end of the accommodation chamber 13 , a rear compartment 132 located on the other end of the accommodation chamber 13 , a bottom receiving chamber 14 located on the bottom side of the accommodation chamber 13 , a longitudinal seat 141 set between the accommodation chamber 13 and the bottom receiving chamber 14 , a series of transverse grooves 1411 located on the longitudinal seat 141 and facing the inside of the accommodation chamber 13 , a tubular front coupling portion 15 extending around the front opening 131 , at least one, for example, and two raised portions 151 protruded from the periphery at two opposite sides. Further, a metal retaining ring 16 is capped on the tubular front coupling portion 15 , having two retaining holes 161 respectively forced into engagement with the raised portions 151 . The driving mechanism 2 comprises a motor 21 , a worm 211 connected to and rotatable by the motor 21 , a push rod 23 having an inner thread 231 axially located on the inside and a nut— 232 protruded from the periphery of one end thereof, a spindle 22 threaded into the inner thread 231 of the push rod 23 , a worm gear 221 fixedly mounted on one end of the spindle 22 and meshed with the worm 211 , and a connector 24 connected to the other end of the push rod 23 remote from the nut 232 for the connection of an external device to be driven by the linear actuator. Each limit switch 3 comprises a switch body 31 , and a positioning device 32 disposed at one side relative to the switch body 31 . The switch body 31 has a plurality of electrode pins 311 located on the bottom side thereof. The positioning device 32 has a button 321 protruded from the top wall thereof and suspending above the switch body 31 and adapted for triggering the switch body 31 , a locating groove 322 located on one lateral side thereof opposite to the switch body 31 , at least one, for example, two protruding blocks 323 suspending in one side, namely, the top side of the locating groove 322 , and a retaining portion 324 located on the other side, namely, the bottom side of the locating groove 322 . During the assembly process of the linear actuator, perpendicularly attach the motor 21 of the driving mechanism 2 to the rear end of the housing 1 to insert the worm 211 of the motor 21 into the rear compartment 132 of the housing 1 and then fixedly secure the motor 21 to the housing 1 , and then thread the spindle— 22 into the inner thread 231 of the push rod 23 and put the push rod— 23 with the spindle 22 in the accommodation chamber 13 of the housing 1 to force the worm gear 221 into engagement with the worm 211 of the motor 21 and to have the push rod 23 extend out of the accommodation chamber 13 to the outside of the housing 1 through the front opening 131 , and then fasten the limit switches 3 to the front and rear sides of the longitudinal seat 141 in the bottom receiving chamber 14 of the housing 1 to aim the button 321 of each limit switch 3 at the nut 232 of the push rod 23 , and then fasten the first half shell 11 and second half shell 12 of the housing 1 together and attach the metal retaining ring 16 to the tubular front coupling portion 15 of the housing 1 to force the two retaining hole 161 of the metal retaining ring 16 into engagement with the raised portions 151 of the tubular front coupling portion 15 respectively and to reinforce the strength of the housing 1 . According to the present preferred embodiment, the first half shell 11 and second half shell 12 of the housing 1 are respectively molded from a plastic material. Alternatively, a metal material can be used to make the first half shell 11 and second half shell 12 of the housing 1 . Referring to FIG. 5 and FIGS. 2˜4 again, when started the motor 21 to rotate the worm 211 clockwise or counter-clockwise, the worm 211 drives the worm gear 221 to rotate the spindle 22 in the inner thread 231 of the push rod 23 , causing the push rod 23 to be moved linearly forwards or backwards. Further, the electrode pins 311 of the limit switches 3 are respectively electrically connected to the circuit (not shown) at the start end and finish end of the linear stroke. When the nut 232 of the push rod 23 reaches the finish end during a forward linear motion of the push rod 23 subject to clockwise rotation of the spindle 22 , the nut 232 touches the button 321 of the limit switch 3 at the finish end, causing the limit switch 3 at the finish end to switch off the motor 21 , avoiding disconnection of the push rod 23 from the front end of the spindle— 22 . On the contrary, when the nut 232 of the push rod 23 reaches the start end during a backward linear motion of the push rod— 23 subject to counter-clockwise rotation of the spindle 22 , the nut— 232 touches the button 321 of the limit switch 3 at the start end, causing the limit switch 3 at the start end to switch off the motor 21 , avoiding locking of the spindle 22 and preventing worm gear damage. The distance between the two limit switches 3 is determined subject to the designed distance of the linear stroke of the nut 232 . Further, the positioning device 32 of each limit switch 3 is fastened to the longitudinal seat 141 in the bottom receiving chamber 14 of the housing 1 by means of forcing the protruding blocks 323 into engagement with the transverse grooves 1411 on the longitudinal seat 141 to have the longitudinal seat 141 is received in the locating groove 322 and retaining portion 324 be abutted against the bottom side of the longitudinal seat 141 . When wishing to adjust the distance between the two limit switches 3 , remove the metal retaining ring 16 from the tubular front coupling portion 15 of the housing 1 , and then separate the first half shell 11 and second half shell 12 of the housing 1 , and then pull the limit switch 3 away from the longitudinal seat 141 , and then reinstall the limit switch 3 in the longitudinal seat 141 at the selected location. Further, the formation of the series of transverse grooves 1411 on the longitudinal seat 141 constitutes a rack for engagement with the tooth-like protruding blocks 323 of the positioning device 32 of each limit switch 3 . Further, the protruding blocks 323 can be made having a rectangular, dovetail-like or arched profile for positive engagement with the series of transverse grooves 1411 on the longitudinal seat 141 and easy removal of the respective limit switch 3 from the longitudinal seat 141 . FIG. 6 is an exploded view of an alternate form of the linear actuator. According to this alternate form, the housing 1 has a motor chamber 17 perpendicularly connected to the rear compartment 132 for accommodating the motor 21 of the driving mechanism 2 . Therefore, the motor 21 is well protected in the motor chamber 17 and will not be forced to bias during delivery of the linear actuator, avoiding improper engagement between the worm gear 221 and the worm 211 or any possible gear tooth damage. Further when the motor 21 in the motor chamber 17 also prevent it from water and dust. In the aforesaid embodiment, the positioning device 32 of each limit switch 3 is fastened to the longitudinal seat 141 in the bottom receiving chamber 14 of the housing 1 by means of forcing the protruding blocks 323 into engagement with the transverse grooves 1411 on the longitudinal seat 141 , however this arrangement is not a limitation; alternatively the positioning device 32 of each limit switch 3 can be fastened to the longitudinal seat 141 in the bottom receiving chamber 14 of the housing 1 by a screw joint. In general, the invention provides a linear actuator, which has the following advantages and features: 1. The first half shell 11 and the second half shell 12 constitute the housing 1 , and the metal retaining ring 16 is fastened to the tubular front coupling portion 15 of the housing 1 to force the two retaining holes 161 of the metal retaining ring 16 into engagement with the raised portions 151 of the tubular front coupling portion 15 and to reinforce the strength of the housing 1 . When wishing to adjust the positions of the limit switches 3 , the user can remove the metal retaining ring 16 from the tubular front coupling portion 15 of the housing 1 and then separate the first half shell 11 and the second half shell 12 for allowing re-installation of the limit switches 3 . Therefore, the invention facilitates adjustment of the positions of the limit switches 3 and avoids displacement of the limit switches 3 due to accidental touching by the spindle 22 or push rod 23 during installation of the driving mechanism 2 . 2. The first half shell 11 and second half shell 12 of the housing 1 are molded from plastics for the advantages of ease of fabrication and low manufacturing cost. The use of the metal retaining ring 16 assures tight connection of the first half shell 11 and the second half shell 12 and reinforces the strength of the housing 1 , avoiding vibration of the push rod 23 during operation of the driving mechanism 2 . A prototype of linear actuator has been constructed with the features of FIGS. 1˜6 . The linear actuator functions smoothly to provide all of the features disclosed earlier. Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration, various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, any other linear transmission structures may be used to substitute for the worm and worm gear for transmission of rotary driving force from the motor to the spindle; the metal retaining ring can be made having raised portions and the tubular front coupling portion can be made having retaining holes for engagement with the raised portions of the metal retaining ring. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims.

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