bainskarman/WikiClassification
Text Classification
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Updated
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The dataset generation failed
Error code: DatasetGenerationError
Exception: TypeError
Message: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<type: string, value: string, links: list<item: struct<url: string, text: string, images: list<item: struct<content_url: string, width: int64, height: int64, alternative_text: string>>>>, name: string, has_parts: list<item: struct<type: string, value: string, links: list<item: struct<url: string, text: string>>>>>
to
{'type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'value': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'links': [{'url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'images': [{'content_url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'width': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'height': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'alternative_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}]}], 'has_parts': [{'type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'value': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'links': [{'url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}]}]}
Traceback: Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1870, in _prepare_split_single
writer.write_table(table)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 622, in write_table
pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2292, in table_cast
return cast_table_to_schema(table, schema)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2245, in cast_table_to_schema
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2246, in <listcomp>
cast_array_to_feature(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1795, in wrapper
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1795, in <listcomp>
return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2013, in cast_array_to_feature
casted_array_values = _c(array.values, feature[0])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2005, in cast_array_to_feature
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2006, in <listcomp>
_c(array.field(name) if name in array_fields else null_array, subfeature)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2013, in cast_array_to_feature
casted_array_values = _c(array.values, feature[0])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2005, in cast_array_to_feature
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2006, in <listcomp>
_c(array.field(name) if name in array_fields else null_array, subfeature)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2013, in cast_array_to_feature
casted_array_values = _c(array.values, feature[0])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2005, in cast_array_to_feature
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2006, in <listcomp>
_c(array.field(name) if name in array_fields else null_array, subfeature)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2013, in cast_array_to_feature
casted_array_values = _c(array.values, feature[0])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2005, in cast_array_to_feature
arrays = [
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2006, in <listcomp>
_c(array.field(name) if name in array_fields else null_array, subfeature)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2013, in cast_array_to_feature
casted_array_values = _c(array.values, feature[0])
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1797, in wrapper
return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 2108, in cast_array_to_feature
raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type\n{_short_str(array.type)}\nto\n{_short_str(feature)}")
TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<type: string, value: string, links: list<item: struct<url: string, text: string, images: list<item: struct<content_url: string, width: int64, height: int64, alternative_text: string>>>>, name: string, has_parts: list<item: struct<type: string, value: string, links: list<item: struct<url: string, text: string>>>>>
to
{'type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'value': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'links': [{'url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'images': [{'content_url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'width': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'height': Value(dtype='int64', id=None), 'alternative_text': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}]}], 'has_parts': [{'type': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'value': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'links': [{'url': Value(dtype='string', id=None), 'text': Value(dtype='string', id=None)}]}]}
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 1412, in compute_config_parquet_and_info_response
parquet_operations, partial, estimated_dataset_info = stream_convert_to_parquet(
File "/src/services/worker/src/worker/job_runners/config/parquet_and_info.py", line 988, in stream_convert_to_parquet
builder._prepare_split(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1741, in _prepare_split
for job_id, done, content in self._prepare_split_single(
File "/src/services/worker/.venv/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1897, in _prepare_split_single
raise DatasetGenerationError("An error occurred while generating the dataset") from e
datasets.exceptions.DatasetGenerationError: An error occurred while generating the datasetNeed help to make the dataset viewer work? Make sure to review how to configure the dataset viewer, and open a discussion for direct support.
name
string | identifier
int64 | abstract
string | version
dict | event
dict | url
string | date_created
string | date_modified
string | is_part_of
dict | in_language
dict | license
list | description
string | sections
list | infoboxes
list | main_entity
dict | additional_entities
list | image
dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not Again SU | 76,716,259 | null | {
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"comment": "Added # to title.",
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"scores": {
"damaging": null,
"goodfaith": null,
"revertrisk": {
"prediction": null,
"probability": {
"false": 0.5951822996139526,
"true": 0.40481770038604736
}
}
},
"editor": {
"identifier": 47559838,
"name": "T.olivia.p",
"edit_count": 4,
"groups": [
"*",
"user"
],
"is_bot": null,
"is_anonymous": null,
"is_admin": null,
"is_patroller": null,
"has_advanced_rights": null,
"date_started": "2024-03-19 15:34:53"
},
"number_of_characters": 72,
"size": {
"value": 72,
"unit_text": "B"
},
"event": null,
"is_breaking_news": null,
"noindex": null,
"maintenance_tags": {
"citation_needed_count": null,
"pov_count": null,
"clarification_needed_count": null,
"update_count": null
}
} | {
"identifier": "fa3cae5b-8707-4f55-9fab-5baa4c286a32",
"type": "update",
"date_created": "2024-04-23T16:53:56.207887Z",
"date_published": "2024-08-06T08:45:21.669087Z"
} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Again_SU | 2024-04-23 16:50:32 | 2024-04-23 16:53:55 | {
"name": null,
"identifier": "enwiki",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org",
"version": null,
"additional_type": null,
"code": null,
"namespace": null,
"date_modified": null,
"in_language": null,
"size": null,
"event": null
} | {
"identifier": "en",
"name": null,
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} | [
{
"name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
"identifier": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
}
] | Student organization in Syracuse, New York | [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Abstract",
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Introduction:",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "The hashtag and student led organization #NotAgainSU began circulating after several racist incidents occurred on the campus of Syracuse University, during the academic course of 2019-2021. Initial reports of racist paraphernalia occurred early November in the dorm buildings of first- and second-year undergraduate students. After nearly a month of daily reports, Syracuse students organized a sit-in where they occupied, and created an elaborate list of 19 demands for Chancellor Kent Syverud to sign. After several protests, some taking place at his persona residence, the list was signed with few revisions on November 21st.",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Demands:",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "The #NotAgainSU protestors made a list of 19 demands to the University which was later expanded to 34 after Chancellor Kent Syverud signed the initial list. The protestor's demands focus on the improvement of marginalized student experiences on campus as well as improved University wide education on diversity with a specific focus on Anti-Racism.",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "The protestors called for punishments for the students involved in hate crimes and bias related incidents based on their level of involvement, reform of the SEM100 course now called FYS 101 and mandatory education of faculty and staff on diversity and anti-racism. The demands also included stronger anti-harassment policies, an open forum between the University and students in order for the grievances of marginalized students to be addressed and published updates from the University on their progress in meeting the protestors demands.",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "In terms of the improvement of the experience of marginalized students on campus, the protestors demanded housing reforms including the prioritization of disabled students in the housing selection process and the use of roommate selection platforms such as My College Roomie in order for students to select roommates of similar backgrounds and interests. They demanded increased funding for counseling services which better represent marginalized students, development of a multicultural center, recognition of Multicultural Greek life and increased financial aid funding for students of color.",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "The demands also addressed the protestors specific concerns with the administration and Department of Public Safety processes and procedures. These demands included timelier responses to racial incidences on campus and more transparency regarding these incidences. They also demanded an external review of the Department of Public Safety singling out Associate Chief John Sardino in their request. They also demanded the removal of multiple university administration leaders including Chancellor Kent Syverud, Senior VP for Enrollment and Student Experience Dolan Evanovich, DPS Chief Bobby Maldonado, and Deputy Chief John Sardino.",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
}
]
}
] | null | null | null | null |
Mike Ross (Suits) | 76,727,681 | REDIRECT List of Suits characters#Mike Ross | {
"identifier": 1220574416,
"comment": "Requesting speedy deletion ([[WP:CSD#R2|CSD R2]]).",
"tags": [
"mw-removed-redirect",
"twinkle"
],
"is_minor_edit": null,
"is_flagged_stable": null,
"has_tag_needs_citation": null,
"scores": {
"damaging": null,
"goodfaith": null,
"revertrisk": {
"prediction": null,
"probability": {
"false": 0.8686162978410721,
"true": 0.13138370215892792
}
}
},
"editor": {
"identifier": 9560390,
"name": "Launchballer",
"edit_count": 29828,
"groups": [
"autoreviewer",
"extendedconfirmed",
"extendedmover",
"reviewer",
"rollbacker",
"*",
"user",
"autoconfirmed"
],
"is_bot": null,
"is_anonymous": null,
"is_admin": null,
"is_patroller": true,
"has_advanced_rights": null,
"date_started": "2009-04-28 14:46:05"
},
"number_of_characters": 141,
"size": {
"value": 141,
"unit_text": "B"
},
"event": null,
"is_breaking_news": null,
"noindex": true,
"maintenance_tags": {
"citation_needed_count": null,
"pov_count": null,
"clarification_needed_count": null,
"update_count": null
}
} | {
"identifier": "22366970-ddf7-43dc-8cec-941de1248b57",
"type": "update",
"date_created": "2024-04-24T17:14:11.475093Z",
"date_published": "2024-08-06T08:45:21.875527Z"
} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Ross_(Suits) | 2024-04-24 17:12:05 | 2024-04-24 17:14:10 | {
"name": null,
"identifier": "enwiki",
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org",
"version": null,
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} | {
"identifier": "en",
"name": null,
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} | [
{
"name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
"identifier": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
}
] | An American Legal drama series from 2011-2019 | [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Abstract",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "REDIRECT List of Suits characters#Mike Ross",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Suits_characters#Mike_Ross",
"text": "List of Suits characters#Mike Ross",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
}
]
}
] | null | {
"identifier": "Q125388612",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q125388612"
} | [
{
"identifier": "Q125388612",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q125388612",
"aspects": [
"S"
]
}
] | null |
Second Polish republic | 76,744,378 | REDIRECT #Second Polish Republic | {
"identifier": 1220875620,
"comment": "[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with 'REDIRECT #[[Second Polish Republic]]'",
"tags": null,
"is_minor_edit": null,
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"has_tag_needs_citation": null,
"scores": {
"damaging": null,
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},
"editor": {
"identifier": 47609009,
"name": "Me Da Wikipedian",
"edit_count": 1415,
"groups": [
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],
"is_bot": null,
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"date_started": "2024-03-28 19:28:25"
},
"number_of_characters": 36,
"size": {
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"unit_text": "B"
},
"event": null,
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"maintenance_tags": {
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}
} | {
"identifier": "552624d6-5c55-45ef-a8e3-94533520f261",
"type": "update",
"date_created": "2024-04-26T13:30:10.889543Z",
"date_published": "2024-08-06T08:45:21.94651Z"
} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_republic | 2024-04-26 13:30:10 | 2024-04-26 13:30:10 | {
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} | {
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} | [
{
"name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
"identifier": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
}
] | Country in Central and Eastern Europe (1918–1939) | [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Abstract",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "REDIRECT # Second Polish Republic",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic",
"text": "Second Polish Republic",
"images": null
}
],
"name": null,
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}
]
}
] | null | null | null | null |
Left-to-right script | 76,735,997 | REDIRECT Writing system#Directionality | {
"identifier": 1220716997,
"comment": "create redirect",
"tags": [
"very short new article",
"wikieditor"
],
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"number_of_characters": 44,
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}
} | {
"identifier": "aae6c4ee-bf95-4dc0-942d-5eea535967bf",
"type": "update",
"date_created": "2024-04-25T13:58:40.060742Z",
"date_published": "2024-08-06T08:45:21.947105Z"
} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-to-right_script | 2024-04-25 13:58:39 | 2024-04-25 13:58:39 | {
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} | {
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} | [
{
"name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
"identifier": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
}
] | Convention of symbols representing language | [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Abstract",
"has_parts": [
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "REDIRECT Writing system#Directionality",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system#Directionality",
"text": "Writing system#Directionality",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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}
]
}
]
}
] | null | null | null | null |
1442 in France | 58,128,987 | Events from the year 1442 in France | {
"identifier": 1145356533,
"comment": "Alter: url. URLs might have been anonymized. | [[WP:UCB|Use this bot]]. [[WP:DBUG|Report bugs]]. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | #UCB_CommandLine",
"tags": null,
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"scores": null,
"editor": {
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},
"number_of_characters": 750,
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},
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} | {
"identifier": "c4526432-0a4a-42ed-8ef7-54827c0c1f5b",
"type": "update",
"date_created": "2024-04-27T00:36:05.809918Z",
"date_published": "2024-08-06T08:45:22.490377Z"
} | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1442_in_France | null | 2023-03-18 18:38:51 | {
"name": null,
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org",
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"code": null,
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} | {
"identifier": "en",
"name": null,
"alternate_name": null,
"direction": null,
"event": null
} | [
{
"name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
"identifier": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
}
] | List of events in the year 1442 | [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Abstract",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "Events from the year 1442 in France",
"links": [
{
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Juan Benet (computer scientist) | 76,634,085 | Juan Benet is an American computer scientist. He is the founder and CEO of Protocol Labs, a computer networking research and development company. He designed the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), a decentralized web protocol, and Filecoin, a peer-to-peer file storage network. | {
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"value": "Henry I of England has a series of charges drawn up against the rebel Robert of Bellême, Earl of Shrewsbury and, when Robert refuses to answer to them, has Robert's former vassal and ally Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys, persuaded to besiege and capture Robert's castles in Shropshire; Iorwerth also delivers his own brother Maredudd ap Bleddyn to the king. The king banishes Robert and his brothers from England and Wales; his brother Arnulf of Montgomery, lord of Pembroke, goes to serve his father-in-law, Muirchertach Ua Briain, High King of Ireland.",
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"value": "Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys, having been insufficiently rewarded for his actions the previous year, again rebels against Henry I and is arraigned before a royal tribunal at Shrewsbury, convicted and imprisoned, leaving his brother Cadwgan ap Bleddyn as sole ruler of the parts of Powys not already in Norman hands.",
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"value": "Nest ferch Rhys is abducted from Cilgerran Castle by Owain ap Cadwgan, son of Cadwgan ap Bleddyn.",
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"value": "Cadwgan ap Bleddyn loses Ceredigion to the Norman Gilbert Fitz Richard.",
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"value": "Iorwerth ap Bleddyn is released from prison.",
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"value": "Philip de Braose, 2nd Lord of Bramber, rebels against King Henry I of England, and his estates are confiscated.",
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"value": "Madog ap Rhiryd, an ally of Owain ap Cadwgan, kills Iorwerth ap Bleddyn (Owain's uncle) near Llanfair Caereinion, soon afterwards also killing Iorwerth's brother Cadwgan ap Bleddyn at Welshpool (Y Trallwng) so that Owain takes over their possessions in Powys.",
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Rhiryd",
"text": "Madog ap Rhiryd",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_ap_Cadwgan",
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{
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"text": "Cadwgan ap Bleddyn",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshpool",
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"value": "William de Braose regains possession of the estates lost two years earlier.",
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"value": "Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth, heir of Rhys ap Tewdwr, returns from exile in Ireland.",
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},
{
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],
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"value": "Maredudd ap Bleddyn captures Madog ap Rhiryd and sends him to Maredudd's nephew, Owain ap Cadwgan, Prince of Powys, who takes revenge for the killing of his father by having Madog's eyes gouged out.",
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"value": "King Henry I of England invades Gwynedd, obliging Gruffudd ap Cynan to pay homage to him.",
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"value": "Bernard replaces Wilfred as Bishop of St David's, as a result of Henry I's determination to take the diocese out of Welsh control.",
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{
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],
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{
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"value": "Owain ap Cadwgan is knighted by King Henry I of England for his service in Normandy.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England",
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],
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"value": "Gruffydd ap Rhys seeks sanctuary in Gwynedd but receives no assistance from Gruffudd ap Cynan.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys",
"text": "Gruffydd ap Rhys",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan",
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"value": "Revolt against the Normans, led by Gruffydd ap Rhys. He successfully attacks Swansea Castle, Carmarthen Castle, and Kidwelly Castle, but fails to take Castle Llanmyddyfri or Aberystwyth.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys",
"text": "Gruffydd ap Rhys",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Castle",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Castle",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidwelly_Castle",
"text": "Kidwelly Castle",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandovery_Castle",
"text": "Castle Llanmyddyfri",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth",
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"value": "Bernard, Bishop of St David's, attends the council of Reims.",
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"value": "4 April – The Archbishop of Canterbury grants a request from Gruffudd ap Cynan to recognise David the Scot as Bishop of Bangor.",
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury",
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"value": "Canonization of Saint David is recognised by Pope Callixtus II.",
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"value": "Walter of Gloucester enters Llanthony Priory as a monk; his title passes to his son Miles.",
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"value": "Bernard, Bishop of St David's, visits Rome.",
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"value": "Cadwallon ap Gruffydd kills the three rulers of the cantref of Dyffryn Clwyd, Meilyr ab Owain, Rhiryd ab Owain and Gronw ab Owain, his maternal uncles, to annexe it to his father's Kingdom of Gwynedd.",
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1125",
"links": null,
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},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bernard, Bishop of St David's, ejects the Benedictines from Carmarthen, replacing them with the Augustinian order.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "David, Bishop of Bangor, visits the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1127",
"links": null,
"name": null,
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},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bishop Urban of Llandaff unsuccessfully seeks support from the Council of Westminster to extend the boundaries of his diocese from the River Tawe to the River Towy.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_(bishop_of_Llandaff)",
"text": "Bishop Urban of Llandaff",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tawe",
"text": "River Tawe",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Towy",
"text": "River Towy",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gruffydd ap Rhys of Deheubarth goes into a brief exile in Ireland.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys",
"text": "Gruffydd ap Rhys",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Caradog ap Iestyn of Glamorgan, and his brothers Gruffydd and Goronwy are involved in a “deed of violence”.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradog_ap_Iestyn?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Caradog ap Iestyn",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1128",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "19 April - Bishop Urban of Llandaff seeks support from the Pope for the extension of his diocese.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_April",
"text": "19 April",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1129",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bishop Urban of Llandaff makes a second appeal to the Pope. Bishop Bernard of St David's follows him to Rome and obtains a deferment of the decision.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bledri ap Cydifor makes a grant of land to Carmarthen Priory.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bledri_ap_Cydifor",
"text": "Bledri ap Cydifor",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Priory",
"text": "Carmarthen Priory",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Richard I de Grenville makes a grant of land to the Congregation of Savigny for foundation of Neath Abbey; the first monks arrive in 1130.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_de_Grenville",
"text": "Richard I de Grenville",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Savigny",
"text": "Congregation of Savigny",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neath_Abbey",
"text": "Neath Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "The name of Geoffrey of Monmouth appears on the charter of Osney Abbey in Oxfordshire.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth",
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osney_Abbey",
"text": "Osney Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Penhow Castle is first known to be occupied.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penhow_Castle",
"text": "Penhow Castle",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1130",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Robert de Bethune, prior of Llanthony, is made Bishop of Hereford by King Henry I of England.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Bethune",
"text": "Robert de Bethune",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanthony_Priory",
"text": "Llanthony",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England",
"text": "Henry I of England",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Construction of Painscastle by Pain fitzJohn.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painscastle_Castle",
"text": "Painscastle",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_fitzJohn",
"text": "Pain fitzJohn",
"images": null
}
],
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"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1131",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "9 May - Tintern Abbey is founded.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_May",
"text": "9 May",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintern_Abbey",
"text": "Tintern Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bernard, Bishop of St David's, is present at a second council of Reims. His cathedral at St David's receives a “dedication”, possibly indicating a partial rebuilding.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Reims",
"text": "council of Reims",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1132",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Basingwerk Abbey is founded.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingwerk_Abbey",
"text": "Basingwerk Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Madog ap Maredudd succeeds his father as ruler of Powys.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd",
"text": "Madog ap Maredudd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1133",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadwallon ap Gruffydd is defeated and killed by an army of the Kingdom of Powys near Nanheudwy.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Gruffydd?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Cadwallon ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys",
"text": "Kingdom of Powys",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanheudwy",
"text": "Nanheudwy",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1135",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Monks of Llanthony Priory are forced by persistent attacks from the local population to flee across the English border and establish a daughter cell, Llanthony Secunda.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanthony_Priory",
"text": "Llanthony Priory",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanthony_Secunda",
"text": "Llanthony Secunda",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Geoffrey of Monmouth gives permission to Caradog of Llancarfan to use material from his History of the Kings of Britain. Ordericus Vitalis quotes from Geoffrey's work in his Historia Ecclesiastica.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth",
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradog_of_Llancarfan",
"text": "Caradog of Llancarfan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordericus_Vitalis",
"text": "Ordericus Vitalis",
"images": null
}
],
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"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1136",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "January - Rebellion breaks out in Ceredigion. Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd invade the region and take five of its castles, including Aberystwyth.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd is killed in battle near Kidwelly.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenllian_ferch_Gruffydd",
"text": "Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidwelly",
"text": "Kidwelly",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "September/October - Battle of Crug Mawr; a signal victory for the Welsh.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crug_Mawr",
"text": "Battle of Crug Mawr",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cardigan Castle is taken by the Welsh and burned.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_Castle",
"text": "Cardigan Castle",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Llanthony Secunda Priory is founded by Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanthony_Secunda",
"text": "Llanthony Secunda",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_of_Gloucester,_1st_Earl_of_Hereford",
"text": "Miles of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Hereford",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1137",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Death of Gruffudd ap Cynan, king of Gwynedd; he is replaced by Owain Gwynedd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffudd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Gruffudd ap Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Gwynedd",
"text": "king of Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain and his brother Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan complete their conquest of Ceredigion by capturing the castles in the east and south of the region.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "William of Wycombe becomes prior of Llanthony Priory.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Wycombe",
"text": "William of Wycombe",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanthony_Priory",
"text": "Llanthony Priory",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1138",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "A shrine to St Winefride is established in Shrewsbury, and the saint's remains are transferred there from Holywell.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winefride",
"text": "Winefride",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury",
"text": "Shrewsbury",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Flintshire",
"text": "Holywell",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Gwynedd and Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan fail to take Cardigan with the aid of a Danish fleet. Their allies include Anarawd ap Gruffydd and his brother Cadell. Cadwaladr consolidates their previous gains and retains control of northern Ceredigion.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Anarawd ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "King Stephen of England gives Gilbert de Clare the title of Earl of Pembroke.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_of_England",
"text": "Stephen of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke",
"text": "Gilbert de Clare",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1139",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Gwynedd places southern Ceredigion under the control of his son Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain and his brother Cadwaladr oppose the appointment of Meurig to the see of Bangor. They are supported by Anarawd ap Gruffydd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurig_(bishop)",
"text": "Meurig",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Anarawd ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1140",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "January - Meurig is consecrated Bishop of Bangor.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurig_(bishop)",
"text": "Meurig",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "16 September – Whitland Abbey is founded at Little Trefgarn near Haverfordwest by monks from Clairvaux.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_September",
"text": "16 September",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitland_Abbey",
"text": "Whitland Abbey",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest",
"text": "Haverfordwest",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvaux_Abbey",
"text": "Clairvaux",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1141",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "2 February – Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan is an ally of Earl Randolph of Chester in his attack on Lincoln.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_February",
"text": "2 February",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Ewenny Priory is founded.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewenny_Priory",
"text": "Ewenny Priory",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1143",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Following the murder of Anarawd ap Gruffydd by supporters of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan, Owain Gwynedd and his son Hywel drive Cadwaladr out of Ceredigion.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarawd_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Anarawd ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gilbert is appointed Bishop of St Asaph.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph",
"text": "Bishop of St Asaph",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1144",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bernard, Bishop of St David's, gives land at Trefgarn to the first Cistercian monks to settle in west Wales.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan brings a Danish fleet to Abermenai from his Irish allies; the Danes are driven out by his brother Owain Gwynedd. Cadwaladr is reconciled with Owain and restored to Ceredigion.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hugh de Mortimer recaptures Maelienydd and Elfael from the Welsh.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Mortimer",
"text": "Hugh de Mortimer",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1145",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cynan sack Cardigan but fail to take the castle.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hugh de Mortimer captures a local leader, Rhys ap Hywel.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Mortimer",
"text": "Hugh de Mortimer",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, fortifies the castle of “Dinwileir”.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke",
"text": "Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1146",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Gwynedd takes Mold from Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire",
"text": "Mold",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranulf_de_Gernon,_4th_Earl_of_Chester",
"text": "Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadell ap Gruffydd takes the castle of Dinwileir from Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke. With help from Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd, he also takes the castles of Carmarthen and Llansteffan. Rhys ap Gruffydd (the Lord Rhys) begins his military career, aged 13, fighting under his brother Cadell.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke",
"text": "Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hugh de Mortimer brings about the death of Maredudd ap Madog ab Idnerth.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_de_Mortimer",
"text": "Hugh de Mortimer",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1147",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "In alliance with Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd and the Fitzgeralds of Pembroke, Cadell ap Gruffydd takes the castle of Wiston from Walter Fitzwiz.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fitzwiz?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Walter Fitzwiz",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cynan invade Meirionnydd and take the castle of Cynfail from their uncle, Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Margam Abbey founded.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margam_Abbey",
"text": "Margam Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
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"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1148",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "19 December – David FitzGerald is consecrated Bishop of St David's, at Canterbury.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_December",
"text": "19 December",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_FitzGerald",
"text": "David FitzGerald",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_David's",
"text": "Bishop of St David's",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1149",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Madog ap Maredudd mounts an expedition into England and takes the Fitzalan lordship of Oswestry. He appoints his nephew Owain Cyfeiliog to rule Cyfeiliog on his behalf.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd",
"text": "Madog ap Maredudd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry",
"text": "Oswestry",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Tegeingl and Iâl are annexed by Owain Gwynedd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegeingl",
"text": "Tegeingl",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1150",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadell ap Gruffydd launches a raid on Kidwelly.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd is imprisoned by his father Owain Gwynedd, for unspecified reasons.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynan_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd captures his cousin Cadfan, son of Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan, and occupies the new castle at Llanrhystud.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Bertha of Hereford marries William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_of_Hereford",
"text": "Bertha of Hereford",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose,_3rd_Lord_of_Bramber",
"text": "William de Braose, 3rd Lord of Bramber",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1151",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadell ap Gruffydd is attacked by Normans while hunting in the forest of Coed Rhath. Although he survives the attack, he is unable to continue his military activities.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1152",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "21 February - Geoffrey of Monmouth is consecrated Bishop of St Asaph, ten days after being ordained a priest.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_February",
"text": "21 February",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth",
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph",
"text": "Bishop of St Asaph",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Another quarrel takes place between Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cadwaladr; Cadwaladr goes into exile in England.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1153",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadell ap Gruffydd makes a pilgrimage to Rome. His brothers Maredudd and Rhys ap Gruffydd drive Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd out of Ceredigion.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion",
"text": "Ceredigion",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys ap Gruffydd attacks the territory of Owain Cyfeiliog, beginning a feud between the two princes, and captures the Norman castle at St Clears.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Clears",
"text": "St Clears",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1154",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Morgan ab Owain, grandson of Caradog ap Gruffydd, is recognised as lord of Caerleon by King Henry II of England.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caradog_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Caradog ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1155",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "The sudden death of Maredudd ap Gruffydd leaves his brother Rhys sole ruler of Deheubarth.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maredudd_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Maredudd ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deheubarth",
"text": "Deheubarth",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1157",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "King Henry II of England invades Wales, with the support of Madog ap Maredudd, attacking Anglesey by sea. Following a highly successful ambush in Hawarden Woods (led by Owain's sons Dafydd and Cynan) near Ewloe in north-east Wales, Owain Gwynedd repulsed Henry II's army, his forces scattering in disarray and his royal standard was thrown to the ground; a symbol of surrender in those times. The standard bearer was later killed in a judicial duel connected to this humiliating retreat. King Henry escaped with his life but had suffered a humiliating set back. Realising that further confronting the Plantagenet king would be a highly risky affair, the subsequent peace agreement between Henry and Owain saw the latter buy peace with a certain number of cattle and, although he also cedes Tegeingl to Henry; it is recovered into Welsh hands in the late 1160s. Owain is also made to return his brother Cadwaladr to his former position.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd",
"text": "Madog ap Maredudd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey",
"text": "Anglesey",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewloe",
"text": "Ewloe",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1158",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys ap Gruffydd is forced to pay homage to King Henry II of England; Rhys temporarily loses Ceredigion and part of Ystrad Tywi.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Ifor Bach makes a fatal attack on Morgan ab Owain of Caerleon; Morgan is succeeded by his brother Iorwerth. Later in the year, Ifor captures William, Earl of Gloucester, and his family from Cardiff Castle and holds them hostage pending the restoration of his own former lands.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifor_Bach",
"text": "Ifor Bach",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_ab_Owain",
"text": "Morgan ab Owain",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Earl_of_Gloucester?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "William, Earl of Gloucester",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1159",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "An alliance of English earls and some Welsh leaders (including Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan, Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd and Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd) unsuccessfully attempts to overthrow Rhys ap Gruffydd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd ap Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynan_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Cynan ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1160",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Following the death of Madog ap Maredudd, prince of Powys, at Whittington, Powys is permanently divided into two and shared between his sons, including Gruffydd Maelor, Owain Brogyntyn and Owain Cyfeiliog.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madog_ap_Maredudd",
"text": "Madog ap Maredudd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powys",
"text": "Powys",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington,_Shropshire",
"text": "Whittington",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_Maelor",
"text": "Gruffydd Maelor",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Brogyntyn",
"text": "Owain Brogyntyn",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1162",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "3 June – David FitzGerald, Bishop of St David's, and Nicholas ap Gwrgant, Bishop of Llandaff, assist in the consecration of Thomas Becket as Archbishop of Canterbury.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_June",
"text": "3 June",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_ap_Gwrgant?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Nicholas ap Gwrgant",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket",
"text": "Thomas Becket",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1163",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "19 May - David FitzGerald, Bishop of St David's, attends a council of Pope Alexander III at Tours.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_May",
"text": "19 May",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III",
"text": "Pope Alexander III",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Cyfeiliog and his cousin Owain Fychan capture and destroy the royal castle of Carreghofa.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Gwynedd musters an assembly of Welsh leaders at Corwen, in opposition to King Henry II of England, which is attended by Owain's brother Cadwaladr. Cadwallon ap Madog and his brother Einion ap Madog, Owain Cyfeiliog and others. Owain Gwynedd also begins diplomacy with France - the first Welsh ruler known to have done so.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Madog",
"text": "Cadwallon ap Madog",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France",
"text": "France",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1164",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "30 January - David FitzGerald, Bishop of St David's, is among the signatories of the Constitutions of Clarendon.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_January",
"text": "30 January",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutions_of_Clarendon",
"text": "Constitutions of Clarendon",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Strata Florida Abbey is founded.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_Florida_Abbey",
"text": "Strata Florida Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1165",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "King Henry II of England invades Wales via Oswestry; Owain Gwynedd gathers an army composed of the forces of several of the other native rulers of Wales and camps at Corwen. After a few skirmishes, Henry withdraws up Berwyn mountain for security and eventually felly retreats to England without fighting. Although Henry cites bad weather as the reason for his withdrawal, the Welsh troops, under the same skies, remained in the field; from now on, Owain is considered prince of Wales. This was a signal success for Owain and was recorded as such by contemporary English chronicler, John of Salisbury. Similarly, Owain's successes against Henry are mentioned in the diplomatic messages exchanged with the French king, Louis VII.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corwen",
"text": "Corwen",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales",
"text": "prince of Wales",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cardigan Castle is captured and Robert Fitz-Stephen is taken prisoner by the Lord Rhys of Deheubarth.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_Castle",
"text": "Cardigan Castle",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitz-Stephen",
"text": "Robert Fitz-Stephen",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "the Lord Rhys",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1165",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cardigan Castle is taken by Rhys ap Gruffydd and destroyed. Its constable Robert Fitzstephen becomes Rhys's prisoner.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzstephen",
"text": "Robert Fitzstephen",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd makes a successful raid on Tegeingl.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1167",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Gwynedd and his brother Cadwaladr take the castles of Rhuddlan and Prestatyn.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwaladr_ap_Gruffydd_ap_Cynan",
"text": "Cadwaladr",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "David Fitzgerald, Bishop of St David's, persuades Rhys ap Gruffydd to release Robert Fitzstephen (David's half-brother).",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_fitzGerald",
"text": "David Fitzgerald",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzstephen",
"text": "Robert Fitzstephen",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Cyfeiliog, having entered into an alliance with the English, loses the commote of Caereinion when he is attacked by joint forces of Owain Gwynedd and Rhys ap Gruffydd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1170",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "November - The death of Owain Gwynedd throws his former kingdom into disarray and causes a power struggle in Gwynedd; within weeks, his nominated heir is dead, and his son Dafydd ab Owain assumes power. Dafydd is, however, unable to maintain his father's hold on south Wales, which falls under the aegis of Rhys ap Gruffydd.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd",
"text": "Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd ab Owain",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Court poet Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr produces his well-known elegy to Owain.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynddelw_Brydydd_Mawr",
"text": "Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Cyfeiliog establishes the Cistercian monastery of Strata Marcella.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_Marcella",
"text": "Strata Marcella",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Peter de Leia becomes Prior of Much Wenlock.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Leia",
"text": "Peter de Leia",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlock",
"text": "Much Wenlock",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "According to folklore, Madoc (Owain's illegitimate son) sails from Wales to America.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoc",
"text": "Madoc",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1171",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "September - The Lord Rhys negotiates a lasting peace with King Henry II of England.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "The Lord Rhys",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "October - King Henry II of England makes a pilgrimage to St David's.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Iorwerth ab Owain, having fallen out of favour with King Henry II, loses the lordship of Caerleon.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1172",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Philip de Braose is given the “honour” of Limerick, in recognition of his service to the English king in Ireland.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gerald of Wales completes his studies at the University of Paris and returns to Britain. He is soon commissioned by the Archbishop of Canterbury to enforce the payment of tithes on wool and cheese in the diocese of St David's. In the same year David Fitzgerald, the bishop, is granted a royal charter confirming all his possessions.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
"text": "Gerald of Wales",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury",
"text": "Archbishop of Canterbury",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_fitzGerald",
"text": "David Fitzgerald",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Following the death of his son Owain at the hands of the Earl of Gloucester, Iorwerth ab Owain rebels against Norman rule.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gloucester",
"text": "Earl of Gloucester",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1173",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd, one of the sons of Owain Gwynedd, is driven into exile in Ireland by his brother Dafydd. Dafydd sides with the King of England against the Welsh rebels and seeks the hand of Henry's half-sister Emma of Anjou in return for his assistance.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Anjou",
"text": "Emma of Anjou",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Iorwerth ab Owain and his son take Caerleon and other castles in Gwent.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1174",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd returns from exile and is imprisoned by his brother Dafydd, who proceeds to eliminate all opposition to his rule in Gwynedd, including his brothers Rhodri, Cynan and Iorwerth Drwyndwn; Cynan and Iorwerth are both believed to have died during this year. Dafydd marries Emma of Anjou during the summer.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynan_ab_Owain?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Cynan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorwerth_Drwyndwn",
"text": "Iorwerth Drwyndwn",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Anjou",
"text": "Emma of Anjou",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, takes Usk Castle.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke",
"text": "Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usk_Castle",
"text": "Usk Castle",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1175",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "18 May – David FitzGerald, Bishop of St David's, attends the council of Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury in London, in the presence of King Henry II of England and Henry the Young King.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_May",
"text": "18 May",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_of_Dover",
"text": "Richard",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King",
"text": "Henry the Young King",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "12 October – Adam Parvipontanus is consecrated as Bishop of St Asaph following the resignation of the long-absent Godfrey.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_October",
"text": "12 October",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Parvipontanus",
"text": "Adam Parvipontanus",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Christmas – Abergavenny Massacre: William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber, summons Seisyll ap Dyfnwal and other Welsh leaders to his seat at Abergavenny Castle under pretence of reconciliation and has them murdered.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas",
"text": "Christmas",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose,_4th_Lord_of_Bramber",
"text": "William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisyll_ap_Dyfnwal",
"text": "Seisyll ap Dyfnwal",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergavenny_Castle",
"text": "Abergavenny Castle",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cadell ap Gruffydd enters Strata Florida Abbey shortly before his death.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadell_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Cadell ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strata_Florida_Abbey",
"text": "Strata Florida Abbey",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1176",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "11 November - Peter de Leia is consecrated as Bishop of St David's, despite the chapter's expressed preference for Gerald of Wales.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_November",
"text": "11 November",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Leia",
"text": "Peter de Leia",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
"text": "Gerald of Wales",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "December - An eisteddfod of bards and musicians is held at Cardigan Castle, to celebrate Christmas. It is for this occasion that Gwynfardd Brycheiniog's awdl in honour of the Lord Rhys is thought to have been composed.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1176_Cardigan_eisteddfod",
"text": "An eisteddfod of bards and musicians",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardigan_Castle",
"text": "Cardigan Castle",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "the Lord Rhys",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Following the death of the last of the sons of Miles de Gloucester, his lands are divided between his daughters, including Bertha, wife of William de Braose. William thus acquires the lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_de_Gloucester",
"text": "Miles de Gloucester",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_of_Hereford",
"text": "Bertha",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose,_3rd_Lord_of_Bramber",
"text": "William de Braose",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Cwmhir Abbey is re-established under the patronage of Cadwallon ap Madog and his brother Einion.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmhir_Abbey",
"text": "Cwmhir Abbey",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Madog",
"text": "Cadwallon ap Madog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1177",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "May - At the Council of Oxford, Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd is given the lordships of Ellesmere and Hales in Shropshire by his brother-in-law King Henry II of England. Owain Cyfeiliog is also present at the Council.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
"text": "Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England",
"text": "Henry II of England",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Robert Fitzstephen is given a joint grant of the kingdom of Cork, where he settles.",
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{
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}
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"value": "Llantarnam Abbey is founded by the Cistercians, as a daughter house of Strata Florida Abbey.",
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{
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}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Adam Parvipontanus, Bishop of St Asaph, attends the Lateran Council in Rome.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Parvipontanus",
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}
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},
{
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"value": "Roger Mortimer of Wigmore is imprisoned by King Henry II of England for his part in the death of Cadwallon ap Madog.",
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{
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},
{
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwallon_ap_Madog",
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}
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
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},
{
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"value": "The Life of St Kentigern (Mungo), written about this time by Jocelyn of Furness, contains the only known account of the life of Saint Asaph.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_of_Furness",
"text": "Jocelyn of Furness",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Asaph",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1183",
"links": null,
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},
{
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{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gerald of Wales visits Ireland, with his brother Philip.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
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}
],
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{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "A rising in Glamorgan is led by Morgan ap Caradog ap Iestyn.",
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1184",
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},
{
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"value": "Peter de Leia is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury, but not selected.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_de_Leia",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1185",
"links": null,
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},
{
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"value": "Benedictine priory at Llandovery dissolved and town established.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandovery",
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}
],
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"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gerald of Wales is selected to accompany Prince John to Ireland.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_England",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1186",
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},
{
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"value": "Maenan Abbey is founded near Conwy.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenan_Abbey",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1187",
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},
{
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"links": null,
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"value": "Siege of Tenby by Maelgwn ap Rhys.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenby",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys",
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}
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}
]
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{
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"value": "1188",
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},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gerald of Wales accompanies Baldwin, Archbishop of Canterbury, on a journey through Wales to recruit volunteers for the Third Crusade. The only Welsh ruler who refuses to support the visit is Owain Cyfeiliog, who is excommunicated for his failure to cooperate.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
"text": "Gerald of Wales",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_of_Exeter",
"text": "Baldwin",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade",
"text": "Third Crusade",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
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},
{
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"links": null,
"name": null,
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "At the urging of his son Gruffydd, Rhys ap Gruffydd imprisons his illegitimate son Maelgwn ap Rhys. Gruffydd marries Matilda de Braose, the daughter of Maud de Braose and of William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Rhys_II",
"text": "Gruffydd",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maud_de_Braose",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose,_4th_Lord_of_Bramber",
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}
],
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}
]
},
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"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1190",
"links": null,
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys ap Gruffydd annexes the Norman lordships of Cydweli and Carnwyllion.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
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"value": "1192",
"links": null,
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},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "Maelgwn ap Rhys is released from captivity by his father, Rhys ap Gruffydd.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys",
"text": "Maelgwn ap Rhys",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1194",
"links": null,
"name": null,
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},
{
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"links": null,
"name": null,
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"value": "Llywelyn the Great defeats his uncle Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd at the Battle of Aberconwy and assumes control of Gwynedd.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great",
"text": "Llywelyn the Great",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dafydd_ab_Owain_Gwynedd",
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},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aberconwy",
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}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys ap Gruffydd is defeated in battle by his sons Maelgwn ap Rhys and Hywel ap Rhys, and is imprisoned at Nevern Castle.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maelgwn_ap_Rhys",
"text": "Maelgwn ap Rhys",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevern_Castle?action=edit&redlink=1",
"text": "Nevern Castle",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
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"value": "1195",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "Owain Cyfeiliog abdicates in favour of his son Gwenwynwyn.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owain_Cyfeiliog",
"text": "Owain Cyfeiliog",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwenwynwyn_ab_Owain",
"text": "Gwenwynwyn",
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}
],
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"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys Gryg and Maredudd ap Rhys are imprisoned by their father, Rhys ap Gruffydd, for seizing the territories of Llanymddyfri and Dinefwr.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_Gryg",
"text": "Rhys Gryg",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
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}
],
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}
]
},
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"name": null,
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},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Rhys ap Gruffydd launches his last campaign against the Normans, capturing several castles and defeating Roger Mortimer of Wigmore near Radnor.",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
"text": "Rhys ap Gruffydd",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Mortimer_of_Wigmore",
"text": "Roger Mortimer of Wigmore",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1199",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "6 January - Cwmhir Abbey is officially founded by a charter of Llywelyn the Great.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_January",
"text": "6 January",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwmhir_Abbey",
"text": "Cwmhir Abbey",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great",
"text": "Llywelyn the Great",
"images": null
}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "date unknown - First mention of a church on the site of St Mary's Church, Aberavon.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary's_Church,_Aberavon",
"text": "St Mary's Church, Aberavon",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1200",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "Giles de Braose becomes Bishop of Hereford.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giles_de_Braose",
"text": "Giles de Braose",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford",
"text": "Bishop of Hereford",
"images": null
}
],
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}
]
}
]
},
{
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"name": "Books",
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{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Geoffrey of Monmouth Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) Vita Merlini (1148)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth",
"text": "Geoffrey of Monmouth",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae",
"text": "Historia Regum Britanniae",
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},
{
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}
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},
{
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{
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"text": "Historia Regum Britanniae",
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}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Vita Merlini (1148)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Merlini",
"text": "Vita Merlini",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Gerald of Wales Topographia Hibernica (1188) Itinerarium Cambriae (1191) Descriptio Cambriae (1194)",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
"text": "Gerald of Wales",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographia_Hibernica",
"text": "Topographia Hibernica",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerarium_Cambriae",
"text": "Itinerarium Cambriae",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptio_Cambriae",
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"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Topographia Hibernica (1188)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographia_Hibernica",
"text": "Topographia Hibernica",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Itinerarium Cambriae (1191)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerarium_Cambriae",
"text": "Itinerarium Cambriae",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Descriptio Cambriae (1194)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptio_Cambriae",
"text": "Descriptio Cambriae",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "Thomas of Monmouth The Life and Miracles of William (1173)",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_of_Monmouth",
"text": "Thomas of Monmouth",
"images": null
}
],
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},
{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "The Life and Miracles of William (1173)",
"links": null,
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"name": null
}
]
}
]
},
{
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"name": "Births",
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"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1132",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "date unknown - The Lord Rhys, ruler of Deheubarth (d. 1197)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd",
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}
],
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"name": null
}
]
},
{
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"links": null,
"name": null,
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},
{
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"value": null,
"links": null,
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"has_parts": [
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "approximate - Gerald of Wales, cleric and topographer (d. c.1223)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales",
"text": "Gerald of Wales",
"images": null
}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1173",
"links": null,
"name": null,
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},
{
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"value": "probable - Llywelyn the Great (d. 1240)",
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{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great",
"text": "Llywelyn the Great",
"images": null
}
],
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}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Deaths",
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{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1101",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
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{
"type": "list_item",
"value": "27 July - Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27_July",
"text": "27 July",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_d'Avranches,_1st_Earl_of_Chester",
"text": "Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester",
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}
],
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}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1107",
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": null
},
{
"type": "list",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": null,
"has_parts": [
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "March - Robert Fitzhamon, conqueror of Glamorgan",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzhamon",
"text": "Robert Fitzhamon",
"images": null
}
],
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"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "1111",
"links": null,
"name": null,
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},
{
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"type": "list_item",
"value": "date unknown Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys Iorwerth ap Bleddyn, prince of Powys",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadwgan_ap_Bleddyn",
"text": "Cadwgan ap Bleddyn",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorwerth_ap_Bleddyn",
"text": "Iorwerth ap Bleddyn",
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}
],
"has_parts": null,
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
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{
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{
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"value": "date unknown - Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, prince of Gwynedd",
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Li Cong (astronaut) | 76,726,568 | Lieutenant colonel Li Cong is a Chinese fighter pilot and People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps (PLAAC) taikonaut. | {
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Fashion Design | 7,871,468 | Fashion designers
'Fashion designers work in a variety of different ways when designing their pieces and accessories such as rings, bracelets, necklaces and earrings. Due to the time required to put a garment out in market, designers must anticipate changes to consumer desires. Fashion designers are responsible for creating looks for individual garments, involving shape, color, fabric, trimming, and more. Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, as in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass market, especially casual and everyday wear, which are commonly known as ready to wear or fast fashion. Structure
There are different lines of work for designers in the fashion industry. Fashion designers that work full-time for one fashion house, as 'in-house designers', own the designs and may either work alone or as a part of a design team. Freelance designers who work for themselves, sell their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to clothing manufacturers. There are quite a few fashion designers who choose to set up their own labels, which offers them full control over their designs. While others are self-employed and design for individual clients. Other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or high-end fashion department stores. Designing a garment
Fashion designers work in various ways, some start with a vision in their head and later on move into drawing it on paper or computer, while others go directly into draping fabric onto a dress form, also known as a mannequin. The design process is unique to the designer and it is rather intriguing to see the various steps that go into the process. A designer may choose to work with certain apps that are able to help connect all their ideas together and expand their thoughts to create a cohesive design. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile, they will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the pattern out of card or via a computer program. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make sure it is an operational outfit. Fashion design is expressive, the designers create art that may be functional or non-functional. Ready-to-wear (prêt-à-porter)
Ready-to-wear, or prêt-à-porter, clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a citywide basis and occurs twice a year. The main seasons of Fashion Week include; spring/summer, fall/winter, resort, swim, and bridal. | {
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Quingentillion | 76,633,409 | REDIRECT Names of large numbers | {
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1906 Mississippi hurricane | 33,375,130 | The 1906 Mississippi hurricane was a deadly and destructive hurricane during the 1906 Atlantic hurricane season. The fourth hurricane of the season, the system was originally observed in the western Caribbean on September 22; however, modern research revealed that the system became a tropical depression on September 19. The system slowly intensified, eventually becoming a major hurricane by September 24. The system made landfall near Pascagoula, Mississippi, during the evening of September 27, devastating the cities of Pensacola and Mobile and the state of Mississippi. Damage totaled to at least $19,221,000, and more than 134 people were killed. | {
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"value": "The city of Pensacola suffered the most severe damage caused by the storm. Several tugboats, vessels, fishing boats, and other watercraft were tossed along the shore of the city. Large numbers of trees were uprooted and the roofs of houses were torn off. At its highest, the storm surge of the hurricane was 8.5 feet (2.6 m) above the normal tide, the highest recorded in the city at the time. The city's waterfront was completely flooded, along with some houses near the waterfront. Muscogee wharf was partially destroyed, broken into two pieces. On either side of the wharf, railroad tracks had been washed away. A total of 39 freight cars carrying coal were also washed away. In addition, the grain elevator of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad was destroyed during the hurricane. A timber boom was demolished during the hurricane, leaving wood and debris on the beach.",
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"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola",
"text": "Pensacola",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat",
"text": "tugboats",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraft",
"text": "vessels",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_vessel",
"text": "fishing boats",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad",
"text": "Louisville and Nashville Railroad",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_boom",
"text": "timber boom",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "Along Intendencia Street, several cottages were flooded; in some areas, the floodwaters were 10 feet (3.0 m) deep. The southern end of West Main Street was completely inundated and was swept away. There was devastation between Barcelona and Perdido streets, with several boats wrecked. Between Palafox Street and Wright Street, many houses' roofs were torn away. Rail service in and out of Pensacola was severely affected; one train arrived several hours later than scheduled, and it was said that it had to stop \"every few yards\" in order to remove trees and debris covering the track. Between Magnolia Bluff and Milton, the track was destroyed and the Escambia Bridge was partially demolished. The fishing industry of Pensacola was estimated to have suffered at least $500,000 in damage. Many wharfs had been completely destroyed during the hurricane. Electricity was shut off during the hurricane.",
"links": null,
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "Fort Barrancas, Fort Pickens, and Fort McRee suffered severe damage. At Forts Pickens and Barrancas, damage was estimated to be around $10,000. In the Bayou Grande area of Pensacola, the tide was estimated to be about 12 feet (3.7 m) above normal. At the intersection of Cedar and Baylen streets, oyster boats, steam tugs, wood, and other debris were scattered. A boat identified as the Wolverine was tossed into a lot near the corner. Trees and chimneys were blown down, and a tin roof was peeled off a house as a result of strong winds. On the 26th port, one bark was completely destroyed, while another eleven were tossed around. A schooner that sank during the hurricane was tipped over. At the 38th port, 29 schooners were thrown ashore, and another sixteen were completely destroyed. Only eight of the 36 lumber barges floated, while three of eight tugs were floating, and of those three of them were wrecked. Other debris was scattered around the city, including pieces of shattered glass. A fire occurred at a hotel in Pensacola.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Barrancas",
"text": "Fort Barrancas",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pickens",
"text": "Fort Pickens",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_McRee",
"text": "Fort McRee",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque",
"text": "bark",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner",
"text": "schooner",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "At the navy yard of Pensacola, all but three boats—the Isle de Luzon and two \"water boats\"—were either sunk or thrown ashore. A steel dock owned by Spain was untouched, but areas surrounding it were littered with debris. In the towns of Wosley and Warrington, waterfronts were severely damaged and some houses washed away. At Pensacola Bay, the tide was 10 feet (3.0 m) high; at East Bay, the tide was measured at 9 feet (2.7 m); at St. Andrews Bay, the tide was 6 feet (1.8 m) high; and at Apalachicola Bay, the tide was 5 feet (1.5 m) high. The damage caused in the city totaled to at least $2,620,000, while the damage within the vicinity of the city amounted to more than $1,230,000. The total damage caused within Pensacola and the surrounding areas totaled to greater than $3,850,000. The hurricane was considered the worst in the city in 170 years. However, there was widespread praise by residents and newspapers for the Weather Bureau for tracking the hurricane and issuing storm warnings three days before the storm made landfall. A total of 35 people were killed in Pensacola.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola#Navy_yard",
"text": "navy yard of Pensacola",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington,_Florida",
"text": "Warrington",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensacola_Bay",
"text": "Pensacola Bay",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_(Santa_Rosa_County,_Florida)",
"text": "East Bay",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews_Bay_(Florida)",
"text": "St. Andrews Bay",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachicola_Bay",
"text": "Apalachicola Bay",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service",
"text": "Weather Bureau",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": "Louisiana",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "In New Orleans, observations at the backwater of the Mississippi River indicated a storm surge of about 6 feet (1.8 m) in height on the morning of September 27. The highest sustained winds recorded during the storm in New Orleans were measured at 49 mph (79 km/h), while the minimum pressure recorded was 987 mbar (hPa; 29.15 inHg). In the town of Burrwood, a wharf was impacted by the hurricane's storm surge. In addition, local crops and railroads suffered severe damage. Lake Pontchartrain overflowed during the hurricane, with its waters 5 feet (1.5 m) above normal levels, flooding New Orleans. Telegraph wires were down in New Orleans after the hurricane, resulting in the loss of contact with the city. Chimneys were blown down in the city; and a resort along Lake Pontchartrain was underwater, and many houses were swept away near the hotel. Telephone service in New Orleans went down during the hurricane. It was reported that Fort St. Philip was flooded by boaters along the Mississippi River. The hurricane set a new 24-hour-record for rainfall at Colliston, where rainfall amounted to 4.55 inches (11.6 cm) accumulated during the hurricane.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans",
"text": "New Orleans",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River",
"text": "Mississippi River",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge",
"text": "storm surge",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbar",
"text": "mbar",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPa",
"text": "hPa",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InHg",
"text": "inHg",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrwood,_Louisiana",
"text": "Burrwood",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Pontchartrain",
"text": "Lake Pontchartrain",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._Philip",
"text": "Fort St. Philip",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colliston",
"text": "Colliston",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": "Alabama",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "The lowest air pressure recorded in Mobile was 977 mbar (hPa; 28.84 inHg). At the highest point, the tide was measured at 9.87 feet (3.01 m), while the maximum sustained wind during the hurricane reached 94 mph (151 km/h). About twenty small buildings and houses were destroyed by the hurricane's winds. Most of the buildings in the city were either slightly or moderately damaged. Some shingles and roofs were blown off, while telegraph wires were down, along with other services that required electricity. In the Mobile River and Bay, a total of eleven steamships, seventeen barks and schooners, and 12 tugboats, had either been sunk or blown ashore. About 6.4 inches (16 cm) of rain was measured during the hurricane. In the areas surrounding Mobile, approximately half of all timber to be converted into turpentine was destroyed, and between 5 and 35 percent of other wood had been destroyed. The hurricane caused at least $1,650,000 in damage throughout Mobile. Telegraph wires were cut off from Mobile after the hurricane, resulting in the loss of communication with the city. It was estimated that five thousand houses were damaged in Mobile during the hurricane. The steamer Camp Carney was thrown onto St. Francis Street. Between Franscati Street and Three Mile Creek, all wharves were destroyed.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_River",
"text": "Mobile River",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Bay",
"text": "Bay",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat",
"text": "steamships",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine",
"text": "turpentine",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "At the Christ Church Cathedral in Mobile, about $40,000 in damage was suffered, while at the St. Francis Baptist Church, damage totaled to about $10,000. Several steamers sank during the storm, including the J. P. Sehuh, Mary E. Staples, Mary S. Blees, Cama, Overton, Hattie B. Moore, City of Camden, and numerous others. One child was killed in Mobile. At Fort Morgan, many trees fell, roofs caved in, and windows were \"smashed as though of tissue paper\". Telegraph buildings in the city were flooded and moderately damaged. Five hotels suffered damage totaling to $21,000, while the Southern Supply Company, which was headquartered in the city, suffered $100,000 in damage. The fort's port suffered about $100,000 in damages. Six civilians were killed at the fort. Between Flomaton and Pensacola, railroad tracks of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad were torn up and blocked by trees. The section of railroad tracks between Georgian and Graceville was affected by similar damage. The railroad cancelled all services following the hurricane.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Morgan_(Alabama)",
"text": "Fort Morgan",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flomaton,_Alabama",
"text": "Flomaton",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceville,_Florida",
"text": "Graceville",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"value": null,
"links": null,
"name": "Mississippi",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "In Scranton, the steamer Winona reported a minimum air pressure of 965 mbar (hPa; 28.50 inHg). Lieutenant B.L. Brockway speculated that Scranton was near the center of the hurricane at the time, due to the low pressure readings. At Biloxi, Moss Point, and Mississippi City, communications were not received. However, Moss Point reported that floodwaters were 5 feet (1.5 m) deep before communications were lost. In Macon, a hotel had been demolished during the hurricane, resulting in the deaths of two people. Jackson and Brookhaven suffered a loss of at least 300,000 cotton bales, amounting to $12,000,000 in damage. In Vicksburg and McComb, many buildings were damaged, along with damage to shipping in Vicksburg, with a broken dock. The railroads and trees of Monticello suffered moderate damage: the railroad tracks were covered in trees, and service was suspended east of the town. In Hattiesburg, many cabins were blown down during the storm. Damage in Hattiesburg amounted to $300,000. In McNeil, one person was killed by a tree that was blown down.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biloxi,_Mississippi",
"text": "Biloxi",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Point,_Mississippi",
"text": "Moss Point",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_City,_Mississippi",
"text": "Mississippi City",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Mississippi",
"text": "Macon",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi",
"text": "Jackson",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookhaven,_Mississippi",
"text": "Brookhaven",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi",
"text": "Vicksburg",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McComb,_Mississippi",
"text": "McComb",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monticello,_Mississippi",
"text": "Monticello",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattiesburg,_Mississippi",
"text": "Hattiesburg",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McNeil,_Mississippi",
"text": "McNeil",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
},
{
"type": "paragraph",
"value": "At the Horn Island lighthouse, the hurricane killed the lighthouse keeper and his wife and daughter. In addition to the death of the three at the lighthouse, it was noted that the schooner Daisy had been dismantled there, with one person killed. A person who was climbing a small tree was thrown away by the wind and drowned. Several people were trapped in their homes after a creek topped its banks. A warehouse and four other buildings were destroyed, while a bank's roof was blown off. A train near Brookhaven was washed away along the tracks of the Mississippi Central Railroad, resulting in the injury of five people. 25 schooners along the Mississippi coastline were completely destroyed. Two barks, the Nuremberg and Hercules were destroyed during the hurricane. Mandeline, owned by Norway, was filled with water, while Sigrav suffered severe damage, completely torn apart. A boat known as the Florine was washed ashore. A total of 78 fatalities occurred.",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn_Island_(Mississippi)",
"text": "Horn Island",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad#Mississippi_Central_(1897–1967)",
"text": "Mississippi Central Railroad",
"images": null
}
],
"has_parts": null,
"name": null
}
]
}
]
}
] | [
{
"type": "infobox",
"name": "Infobox weather event",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "section",
"name": "1906 Mississippi hurricane",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "image",
"name": null,
"value": "Shipping damage in Pensacola caused by the hurricane",
"links": null,
"values": null,
"images": [
{
"content_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1906_Pensacola_Hurricane_Damage.PNG/220px-1906_Pensacola_Hurricane_Damage.PNG",
"width": 220,
"height": 220,
"alternative_text": null,
"caption": "Shipping damage in Pensacola caused by the hurricane"
}
]
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Meteorological history",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Formed",
"value": "September 19, 1906",
"links": null,
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Dissipated",
"value": "September 29, 1906",
"links": null,
"values": null,
"images": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Category 3 major hurricane",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "field",
"name": null,
"value": "1-minute sustained (SSHWS / NWS)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir–Simpson_scale",
"text": "SSHWS",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Weather_Service",
"text": "NWS",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Highest winds",
"value": "120 mph (195 km/h)",
"links": null,
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Lowest pressure",
"value": "953 mbar (hPa); 28.14 inHg",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(unit)",
"text": "mbar",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)",
"text": "hPa",
"images": null
},
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inch_of_mercury",
"text": "inHg",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
}
]
},
{
"type": "section",
"name": "Overall effects",
"has_parts": [
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Fatalities",
"value": "At least 134",
"links": null,
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Damage",
"value": ">$19,221 (1906 USD)",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar",
"text": "USD",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": "Areas affected",
"value": "Southeastern United States",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_United_States",
"text": "Southeastern United States",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": null,
"value": "IBTrACS",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://ncics.org/ibtracs/index.php?name=v04r00-1906263N12283",
"text": "IBTrACS",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
},
{
"type": "field",
"name": null,
"value": "Part of the 1906 Atlantic hurricane season",
"links": [
{
"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Atlantic_hurricane_season",
"text": "1906 Atlantic hurricane season",
"images": null
}
],
"values": null,
"images": null
}
]
}
]
}
] | {
"identifier": "Q189056",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q189056"
} | [
{
"identifier": "Q189056",
"url": "https://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q189056",
"aspects": [
"C.P4540",
"D.en",
"O",
"S",
"T"
]
}
] | {
"content_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/1906_Pensacola_Hurricane_Damage.PNG",
"width": 1125,
"height": 895,
"alternate_text": null,
"caption": null
} |
End of preview.
Dataset Card for Wikimedia Structured Wikipedia
Dataset Description
Dataset Summary
Early beta release of pre-parsed English and French Wikipedia articles including infoboxes. Inviting feedback.
This dataset contains all articles of the English and French language editions of Wikipedia, pre-parsed and outputted as structured JSON files with a consistent schema (JSONL compressed as zip). Each JSON line holds the content of one full Wikipedia article stripped of extra markdown and non-prose sections (references, etc.).
Invitation for Feedback
The dataset is built as part of the Structured Contents initiative and based on the Wikimedia Enterprise html snapshots. It is an early beta release to improve transparency in the development process and request feedback. This first version includes pre-parsed Wikipedia abstracts, short descriptions, main images links, infoboxes and article sections, excluding non-prose sections (e.g. references). More elements (such as lists and tables) may be added over time. For updates follow the project’s blog and our Mediawiki Quarterly software updates on MediaWiki.
As this is an early beta release, we highly value your feedback to help us refine and improve this dataset. Please share your thoughts, suggestions, and any issues you encounter either on the discussion page of Wikimedia Enterprise’s homepage on Meta wiki, or on the discussion page for this dataset here on HuggingFace.
The contents of this dataset of Wikipedia articles is collectively written and curated by a global volunteer community. All original textual content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 License. Some text may be available only under the Creative Commons license; see the Wikimedia Terms of Use for details. Text written by some authors may be released under additional licenses or into the public domain.
Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The dataset in its structured form is generally helpful for a wide variety of tasks, including all phases of model development, from pre-training to alignment, fine-tuning, updating/RAG as well as testing/benchmarking.
We would love to hear more about your use cases.
Languages
English
BCP 47 Language Code: EN
French/Français
BCP 47 Language Code: FR
There is only one language edition for English, and one for French. They encompass national and cultural variations of spelling, vocabulary, grammar etc. Within a Wikipedia language edition, no national variety is officially preferred over others. The rule of thumb is that the conventions of a particular variety of language should be followed consistently within a given article.
The relevant Manual of Style policy documents are available for English Wikipedia, and for French Wikipedia.
As part of this Beta Wikimedia Enterprise Structured Contents project, the team is working to including more language editions: https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#available-structured-contents-snapshots-beta
Dataset Structure
Data Instances
An example of each line of JSON looks as follows (abbreviated data):
{
"name":"JosephineBaker",
"identifier":255083,
"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker",
"date_created":"...",
"date_modified":"...",
"is_part_of":{"..."},
"in_language":{"..."},
"main_entity":{"identifier":"Q151972",...},
"additional_entities":[...],
"version":{...},
"description":"American-bornFrenchdancer...",
"abstract":"FredaJosephineBaker,naturalizedas...",
"image":{"content_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/...",...},
"infobox":[{"name":"Infoboxperson",
"type":"infobox",
"has_parts":[
{ "name":"JosephineBaker",
"type":"section",
"has_parts":[
{"name":"Born",
"type":"field",
"value":"FredaJosephineMcDonaldJune3,1906 St.Louis,Missouri,US",
"links":[{"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis", "text":"St.Louis"},}],
]
}
]
}],
"sections": [{"name": "Abstract",
"type": "section",
"has_parts": [
{ "type": "paragraph",
"value": "Freda Josephine Baker (née McDonald; June 3, 1906 - April 12, 1975), naturalized as Joséphine Baker...",
"links": [{"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_...","text": "Siren of the Tropics"...}]
}
],
...
}],
"license":[...],
}
Timestamp
Dataset extracted 16 September 2024
Size
English: enwiki_namespace_0.zip
Size of compressed dataset files: 17.91 GB
Size of uncompressed dataset: 79.57 GB
French: frwiki_namespace_0.zip
Size of compressed dataset files: 6.95 GB
Size of the uncompressed dataset: 34.01 GB
JSONL files compressed in zip, once uncompressed they are chunked by max 2.15GB.
For more guidelines on how to process the snapshots, see SDKs.
Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all, noteworthy included fields:
- name - title of the article.
- identifier - ID of the article.
- url - URL of the article.
- version: metadata related to the latest specific revision of the article
- version.editor - editor-specific signals that can help contextualize the revision
- version.scores - returns assessments by ML models on the likelihood of a revision being reverted.
- main entity - Wikidata QID the article is related to.
- abstract - lead section, summarizing what the article is about.
- description - one-sentence description of the article for quick reference.
- image - main image representing the article's subject.
- infobox - parsed information from the side panel (infobox) on the Wikipedia article.
- sections - parsed sections of the article, including links.
Note: excludes other media/images, lists, tables and references or similar non-prose sections.
Full data dictionary is available here: https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/data-dictionary/
Data Splits
[N/A]
Dataset Creation
Curation Rationale
This dataset has been created as part of the larger Structured Contents initiative at Wikimedia Enterprise with the aim of making Wikimedia data more machine readable. These efforts are both focused on pre-parsing Wikipedia snippets as well as connecting the different projects closer together.
Even if Wikipedia is very structured to the human eye, it is a non-trivial task to extract the knowledge lying within in a machine readable manner. Projects, languages, domains all have their own specific community experts and way of structuring data, bolstered by various templates and best practices. A specific example we’ve addressed in this release is article infoboxes. Infoboxes are panels that commonly appear in the top right corner of a Wikipedia article and summarize key facts and statistics of the article’s subject. The editorial community works hard to keep infoboxes populated with the article’s most pertinent and current metadata, and we’d like to lower the barrier of entry significantly so that this data is also accessible at scale without the need for bespoke parsing systems.
We also include the link to the Wikidata Q Identifier (corresponding Wikidata entity), and the link to (main and infobox) images to facilitate easier access to additional information on the specific topics.
You will also find Credibility Signals fields included. These can help you decide when, how, and why to use what is in the dataset. These fields mirror the over 20 years of editorial policies created and kept by the Wikipedia editing communities, taking publicly available information and structuring it. Like with article structures, because this information is not centralized (neither on a single project nor across them), it is hard to access. Credibility signals shine a light on that blind spot. You will find most of these signals under the ‘version’ object, but other objects like ‘protection’ and ‘watchers_count’ offer similar insight.
This is an early beta release of pre-parsed Wikipedia articles in bulk, as a means to improve transparency in the development process and gather insights of current use cases to follow where the AI community needs us most; as well as feedback points, to develop this further through collaboration. There will be limitations (see ‘known limitations’ section below), but in line with our values, we believe it is better to share early, often, and respond to feedback.
You can also test out more languages on an article by article basis through our beta Structured Contents On-demand endpoint with a free account.
Attribution is core to the sustainability of the Wikimedia projects. It is what drives new editors and donors to Wikipedia. With consistent attribution, this cycle of content creation and reuse ensures encyclopedic content of high-quality, reliability, and verifiability will continue being written on Wikipedia and ultimately remain available for reuse via datasets such as these.
As such, we require all users of this dataset to conform to our expectations for proper attribution. Detailed attribution requirements for use of this dataset are outlined below.
Beyond attribution, there are many ways of contributing to and supporting the Wikimedia movement. and various other ways of supporting and participating in the Wikimedia movement below. To discuss your specific circumstances please contact Nicholas Perry from the Wikimedia Foundation technical partnerships team at nperry@wikimedia.org. You can also contact us on either the discussion page of Wikimedia Enterprise’s homepage on Meta wiki, or on the discussion page for this dataset here on HuggingFace.
Source Data
Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The dataset is built from the Wikimedia Enterprise HTML “snapshots”: https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/ and focusses on the Wikipedia article namespace (namespace 0 (main)).
Who are the source language producers?
Wikipedia is a human generated corpus of free knowledge, written, edited, and curated by a global community of editors since 2001.
It is the largest and most accessed educational resource in history, accessed over 20 billion times by half a billion people each month. Wikipedia represents almost 25 years of work by its community; the creation, curation, and maintenance of millions of articles on distinct topics.
This dataset includes the complete article contents of two Wikipedia language editions: English https://en.wikipedia.org/ and French https://fr.wikipedia.org/, written by the respective communities.
Annotations
Annotation process
[N/A]
The dataset doesn't contain any additional annotations
Who are the annotators?
[N/A]
Personal and Sensitive Information
The Wikipedia community and the Wikimedia Foundation - which operates Wikipedia - establish robust policy and guidelines around personal and sensitive information; both to avoid personal/sensitive information within articles as well as strict privacy policies around information of their contributors.
The Wikimedia Foundation’s privacy policy is available at: https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy
Transparency reports covering the Wikimedia Foundation’s responses to requests received to alter or remove content from the projects, and to provide nonpublic information about users, are found here: https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/transparency/
Among many editorial policies regarding personal and sensitive information, particular care is paid by the community to biographies of living people. Details for each language community’s responses and norms can be found here: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4663389#sitelinks-wikipedia
Considerations for Using the Data
Social Impact of Dataset
Wikipedia’s articles are read over 20 billion times by half a billion people each month. It does not belong to, or come from a single culture or language. It is an example of mass international cooperation, across languages and continents. Wikipedia is the only website among the world’s most visited that is not operated by a commercial organization.
Wikimedia projects have been used (and upsampled) as a core source of qualitative data in AI/ML/LLM . The Wikimedia Foundation has published an article on the value of Wikipedia in age of generative AI.
There is also a Community Article about why Wikimedia data matters for ML on the HuggingFace blog. This highlights that it is: rich, diverse content; multimodal; and both community-curated and openly licensed.
Discussion of Biases
While consciously trying to present an editorially neutral point of view, Wikipedia’s content reflects the biases of the society it comes from. This includes various “gaps” (notably in both the proportion of biographies of, and editors who identify as, women. Other significant gaps include in linguistic and technical accessibility of the websites, and censorship. Because the content is written by its readers, ensuring the widest possible access to the content is crucial to reducing the biases of the content itself. There is continuous work to redress these biases through various social and technical efforts – both centrally and at the grassroots around the world.
Other Known Limitations
This is an early beta version, the following limitations may apply:
- A small percentage of duplicated, deleted or missed articles may be part of the snapshot. Duplicates can be filtered out by looking at the highest "version.identifier", being the most up-to-date revision of the article
- Revision discrepancies may happen due to limitations with long articles
- On occasion empty sections or values may be returned. This is either because the section contains references or similar; or is made out of structured elements like lists and tables; or the section was left empty by editors.
- Images: only main and infobox image links are supported at the moment, we encourage you to take additional information and licensing by following the image link, while we are evaluating adding this data directly.
Please let us know if there are any other limitations that aren't covered above.
Additional Information
Dataset Curators
This dataset was created by the Wikimedia Enterprise team of the Wikimedia Foundation as part of the Structured Contents initiative.
Attribution Information
Wikimedia Enterprise provides this dataset under the assumption that downstream users will adhere to the relevant free culture licenses when the data is reused. In situations where attribution is required, reusers should identify the Wikimedia project from which the content was retrieved as the source of the content. Any attribution should adhere to Wikimedia’s trademark policy (available at https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trademark_policy) and visual identity guidelines (available at https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Visual_identity_guidelines) when identifying Wikimedia as the source of content.
How To Attribute Wikipedia
We ask that all content re-users attribute Wikipedia in a way that supports our model. In the spirit of reciprocity the framework allows you to leverage our brand to signal trust, reliability and recency whilst also communicating that our dataset is written entirely by human contributors who have volunteered their time in the spirit of knowledge for all.
For example, for Generative AI, what to include in all attribution cases:
Attribution UI Example: Outputs using Wikipedia non-specifically
Attribution UI Example: Outputs using Wikipedia in-line
Tools & Resources for Attribution
W Favicons: The Wikipedia ‘W’ icon is a distinctive graphic element derived from the W of Wikipedia, set in the font Hoefler combined with various framing devices.
W Wordmarks: The distinctive wordmark, with larger case W and A characters. The wordmark alone is the most identifiable and clearly understood version of all of the official marks representing Wikipedia.
Wikimedia Product Icons: You can find all currently available icons in the Assets library in Figma. We provide a listing of all icons with their ids for implementation in the Codex demo. Additionally you also find all icons as single SVGO production optimized SVGs for usage outside of MediaWiki.
More logo assets and guidance can be found on the Wikipedia and Wikimedia Brand portals. Wikipedia favicons can be found on Wikimedia Commons.
To schedule a 30-minute brand attribution walkthrough or to request a customized solution, please email us at brandattribution@wikimedia.org
Licensing Information
All original textual content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL) and the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 4.0 License. Some text may be available only under the Creative Commons license; see the Wikimedia Terms of Use for details. Text written by some authors may be released under additional licenses or into the public domain.
Derived dataset prepared by Wikimedia Enterprise. Wikipedia and Wikimedia Enterprise are registered trademarks of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
For more information, see dumps licensing information and Wikimedia Enterprise Terms.
Citation Information
@ONLINE{structured-wikipedia,
author = {Wikimedia Enterprise, Wikimedia Foundation},
title = {Structured Wikipedia},
month = {sep},
year= {2024}
}
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