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Shell Nigeria is the common name for Royal Dutch Shell's Nigerian operations carried out through four subsidiariesprimarily Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited SPDC. Royal Dutch Shell's joint ventures account for more than 21 of Nigeria's total petroleum production bpd in 2009 from more than eighty fields. History Shell started business in Nigeria in 1937 as Shell DArcy and was granted an exploration license. In 1956, Shell Nigeria discovered the first commercial oil field at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta and started oil exports in 1958. Prior to the discovery of oil, Nigeria like many other African countries strongly relied on agricultural exports to other countries to support its economy. Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil. Recent news In July 2013, Shell Nigeria awarded Kaztec engineering Limited a $84.5 million exploration and production contract for the Trans-Niger oil pipeline. On March 25, 2014, Shell Nigeria declared a force majeure on crude oil exports from its Forcados crude oil depot which stopped operations due to a leak in its underwater pipeline, a clause freeing the company from contractual obligations as a circumstance beyond its control happened. While it struggled repairing the pipeline, Royal Dutch Shell announced a force majeure on Nigerian crude oil exports. Uzere was the second place where oil was discovered. Olomoro was the third place, before oil discovery spread across most places in the Niger Delta region. Structure Shell Petroleum Development Company Shell Petroleum Development Company SPDC is the largest fossil fuel company in Nigeria, which operates over of pipelines and flowlines, 87 flowstations, 8 natural gas plants and more than 1,000 producing wells. SPDC's role in the Shell Nigeria family is typically confined to the physical production and extraction of petroleum. It is an operator of the joint venture, which composed of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 55, Shell 30, Total S.A. 10 and Eni 5. Until relatively recently. It operated largely onshore on dry land or in the mangrove swamp. Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company SNEPCO was established in 1993. It operates two offshore licenses, including for the Bonga Field. Shell Nigeria Gas Shell Nigeria Gas SNG was established in 1998 for Shell Nigeria natural gas activities and natural gas transmission system operation. Shell Nigeria on Oil Products Shell Nigeria Oil Products SNOP - The principal activity of the Company was the marketing and distribution of refined petroleum products, lubricants and industrial chemicals. Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas Nigeria LNG NLNG is a joint venture for liquefied natural gas production. Shell has a share of 25.6 in this company and is also its technical adviser. Other partners are Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 49, Total 15 and Eni 10.9. Impact In the 1990s tensions arose between the native Ogoni people of the Niger Delta and Shell. The concerns of the locals were that very little of the money earned from oil on their land was getting to the people who live there, and the environmental damages caused by the recurring sabotage of pipelines operated by Shell. In 1993 the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People MOSOP organized large protests against Shell and the government, often occupying the company production facilities. Shell withdrew its operations from the Ogoni areas. The Nigerian government raided their villages and arrested some of the protest leaders. Some of these arrested protesters, Ken Saro-Wiwa being the most prominent, were later executed, against widespread international opposition from the Commonwealth of Nations and human rights organisations. The ethnic unrest and conflicts of the late 1990s such as those between the Ijaw, Urhobo and Itsekiri, coupled with a peak in the availability of small arms and other weapons, led increasingly to the militarization of the Delta. By this time, local and state officials had offered financial support to those paramilitary groups they believed would attempt to enforce their own political agenda. Conflagrations have been concentrated primarily in Delta and Rivers States. Shell maintained that it asked the Nigerian government for clemency towards those found guilty but its request was declined. A 2001 Greenpeace report mentioned two witnesses for whom the company and the Nigerian military bribed by promising money and jobs at the facility. Shell gave money to the military and was blamed for contaminating the Niger Delta with oil. The company denied these claims and implied that MOSOP was an extortionary movement that advocated violence and secession. In December 2003, Shell Nigeria acknowledged that the conflict in the Niger Delta makes it difficult to operate safely and with integrity and that we sometimes feed conflict by the way we award contracts, gain access to land, and deal with community representatives, and that it intends to improve on its practices. In 2009, Shell offered to settle the Ken Saro-Wiwa case with US$15.5 million while denying any wrongdoings and calling the settlement a humanitarian gesture. According to the New York Times and the journalist Michael D. Goldhaber the settlement came days before the start of a trial in New York that was expected to reveal extensive details of Shell's and MOSOP's activities in the Niger Delta. Oil spills Individuals from villages surrounding oil production facilities occasionally drill holes into Shell Oil pipelines for the purposes of capturing oil and transporting it illegally out of Nigeria for monetary gain. This process, known as oil bunkering, is estimated to cost Nigeria as much as 400,000 barrels of crude oil per day. Typically, when the oil theft operation is finished, the pipeline is left open, which results in an oil spill. In addition to the spills caused by 'oil bunkering', oils spills can also occur as a result of the quality of the equipment being used to extract and transport the oil. These spills are referred to as 'operational spills' and can be caused by corrosion, a lack of regular maintenance of the equipment, and overall underinvestment in the equipment being used. 18.7 of the spills reported by Shell since 2011 are labeled to be 'operational spills'. Oil spills can also occur as a result of natural hazards causing damage to pipelines. In 1970, there was an oil spill from a Shell pipeline caused primarily by corrosion and operational failure resulting in over 250 barrels of oil spilled. The resulting effects included the pollution of the surrounding air, water, and soil, as well as, a loss of the surrounding ecological and aquatic species. Health problems in the surrounding areas were also cited as an impact of the oil spill. In 1978, another spill from a Shell pipeline due to corrosion and operational failure was reported to have leaked 580,000 barrels of oil. The resulting impacts were air, water, and soil pollution in the area of the spill. In 2006, a team of experts in environmental assessments from Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States were independently organized to conduct a Natural Resource Damage Assessment in the Niger Delta. They concluded that over the past fifty years, around nine million to thirteen million barrels of oil had been estimated to have spilled in the Niger Delta. Shell is responsible for around fifty percent of the oil production in Niger Delta. Between 1998 and 2009, Shell oil was responsible for 491, 627 barrels of oil spilled, averaging about 41,000 barrels per year. In 2011, Shell started publishing the reports it has been required to take every time an oil spill occurs. These reports, titled 'Joint Investigation Visit' or JIV, record when the spill began, where the spill took place, the cause of the spill, and the estimated amount of oil lost. JIV reports are important to not only keep track of the oil spills, but also to determine whether or not the surrounding communities will be able to receive forms of compensation for any damage on their homes, fisheries, or fields resulting from the oil spilled. Communities receive compensation only if the spill is not caused by sabotage or third party interference. This practice is based on Nigeria's 1990 Oil Pipelines Act that requires the company to compensate any person that is suffering from the damages of an oil spill, unless caused by a third party. The data from these reports have been published online since 2015 by the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency NOSDRA. Since 2011, 1,010 oil spills with an overall sum of 110,535 barrels, or 17.5 million liters, of oil have been reported as lost by Shell. Oil Spill Reporting Practices and Responses: Nigerian government regulations legally require companies to report a spill within twenty-four hours of the spill, then conduct a JIV report within the next twenty-four hours following. In addition, the repair and clean-up of the spill is also required to begin within the first twenty-four hours of when the spill was discovered. Shell's response time has been reported to rarely be within these regulations. In only 25.7 of the spills that have occurred since 2011, Shell has conducted JIV reports within the first twenty-hours of a spill being reported. Oftentimes, it has been reported that Shell and other oil companies do not begin to clean up the spills until after the reports are conducted delaying the response time even further. Shell does state that the pipelines are shut off in the event of a spill being reported, however, the oil that has already been spilled is still left in the environment. For example, 252 days passed before Shell visited the site of an oil spill that was reported in February 2016. Another case in May, 2015 took Shell 190 days to visit after a report had been made. Both spills were reportedly in areas that were easily accessible providing limited excuse for the companies delayed responses. On average, Shell took around 9.68 days to respond and conduct JIV reports for spills that occurred in water and around 5.35 days to respond and conduct JIV reports for spills that occurred on land. Underreporting on the amount of oil spilled during each incident can also be attributed to the high volatility of oil resulting in the evaporation of about 50 of the exposed oil within twenty-four to forty-eight hours of the initial spill. Amnesty International and Friends of the Earth International contested Shell's claims that up to 98 of all oil spills in Nigeria were due to sabotage. The two groups filed a complaint against the company in the OECD. Under Nigerian law, Shell has no liability when spills are classified as result of sabotage. Soon after, Shell representatives were heard by the Dutch Parliament and Shell revised its estimates from 98 to 70. It was the second time the company did such a large revision to its oil spill statistics. A Dutch court ruled in 2013 that Shell is liable for the pollution in the Niger Delta. Shell faced their oil spill response practices in November 2014 during legal action that was taken in the United Kingdom. The spill that was contested was from the Trans-Niger Pipeline in 2008 where 1640 barrels of oil were reported by Shell and a second spill in 2009 where Shell reported 4000 barrels of oil were spilled. In court, the assessment was proven to be extremely under-estimated and Shell ended up committing to a compensation of 55 million pounds. Court Cases Involving SPDC Shell's oil extraction activities have been challenged in Court by various Nigerian communities. These communities sought to use the state and its judicial instruments to demand justice from the Shell corporation. Many communities have reported being disappointed by the legal process due to lengthy delays and the Court's perceived favoritism for the oil company. Ejama-Ebubu Court Case In 1970, an oil spill occurred at one of Shell's oil extraction facilities located in the Ejama-Ebubu community. The exact cause for the oil spill is disputed with some claiming that the spill was caused by a bomb exploding during the Nigeria-Biafra civil war. Others reject this claim, and instead believe Shell's equipment is responsible for the spill. Although the cause for the spill is disputed, it is agreed that roughly two million barrels of crude oil was spilled, affecting 631 acres, or 255 hectares, of surrounding land. Additionally, it is known that the spilt oil caught fire and burned for weeks. Chief Isaac Osaro Agbara, Oneh-eh Eta Ejaman XI, Emere Nkunna I of Eleme explained the fire by stating, One early morning, there was a blow-out. Everywhere was dark, but there was fire at the same time. People were running helter-skelter....The fire burnt sand into coal tar. Most of our people had to flee the community to neighbouring towns and villages. In 2011, forty-one years after the spill, researchers have reported still being able to see oil when looking down into deep crevices and have found that eight centimeters of refined oil floats on groundwater in the region. The spilt oil is also said to have negative health consequences for members of the community, such as, causing respiratory problems because toxic gases are released. According to community members, SPDC had promised to clean up the affected land, but oil pollution remained. The long-lasting environmental impacts, the health consequences of the oil spill, and the unfulfilled promises to take action ultimately led the Ejama-Ebubu community to file a lawsuit against SPDC in 2001. Court Proceedings Thirty years after the spill, in 2001, the Ejama-Ebubu community filed a lawsuit against Shell at the Federal High Court in Port Harcourt. The community asked the Court to require that Shell provide remedies in three ways. First, the Ejama-Ebubu community sought N5.4 billion in special damages. These special damages include direct value lost due to the oil spill, such as the cost of renewable crops, loss of income, health problems, and desecration of shrines. Second, the community sought N10 billion in general damages caused by the oil spill. These general damages were claimed due to general inconveniences caused by the oil spill such as polluted underground water, acid rain, and other difficulties faced by the community, like deprivation of education. Lastly, the community asked that Shell de-pollute the affected area and restore the environment to its pre-polluted state. Although the lawsuit was initiated in 2001, a decision was not issued until July 5, 2010 by Justice Ibrahim Buba. The community's counsel, Emmanuel Asido Esq., explained that the case had been heard by two other judges before being presented to Justice Buba, resulting in a significant time delay. Justice Buba ruled in favor of the community, requiring Shell to pay N15.4 billion in damages and restore the Ejama-Ebubu land to its pre-polluted state. Justice Buba also decided that the Ejama-Ebubu community was granted a 25 interest charge on the N15.4 billion. Following this ruling, SPDC appealed the judgement in 2010 and asked that any payment be suspended until after the appeal process. The Court agreed that payment could be postponed, but required that SPDC's bank, First Bank Plc, become a guarantor of the funds payable to the Ejama-Ebubu community. The Bank agreed to become Shell's guarantor and volunteered to guarantee to pay to the respondents [the community] the judgment sums only if the aforesaid appeal to the Court of Appeal fails and the appellants [SPDC] become liable in law to pay the judgment sums therein. These judgement sums included the initial N15.4 billion as well as interest. In 2013, the Ejama-Ebubu community filed an objection to Shell's appeal because the oil company had not paid the correct filing fees. The Court upheld the community's objection and rejected SPDC's appeal. In response to this objection, SPDC appealed to the Supreme Court of Nigeria. In 2016, the Supreme Court of Nigeria overturned the Court of Appeal's decision to reject the appeal. Justice Ibrahim Muhammad of the Supreme Court decided that Shell was allowed to appeal the initial 2010 judgement and ruled that the Court of Appeals must hear the case. The following year, in 2017, the Court of Appeals at Port Harcourt ruled that SPDC needed to pay the Ejama-Ebubu community the damages plus interest. Accounting for the interest since the 2010 judgement of N15.4 billion, the oil company was now required to pay N122 billion. Since First Bank Plc's had accepted the responsibility as guarantor of payment if the appeal failed, the bank was then liable to pay N122 billion to the Ejama-Ebubu community. However, as of January 2019, Shell sought to continue the appeals process, and many people expect a continuation of the complex legal proceedings. Iwherekhan Court Case In the Iwherekhan community, aring. According to Shell, it is common that when oil is brought to the Earth's surface, gas is produced as well. This gas is seen as an unwanted by-product and consequently, burned off in a process known as gas flaring. Many subsistence farm lands are located near the gas flaring station, and local community members have argued that the flaring activities contribute to environmental and health problems. In 2005, an Iwherekhan community member filed a lawsuit against SPDC in an attempt to shut down the gas flaring facility. Court proceedings In July 2005, Jonah Gbemre, an Iwherekhan community member, filed a lawsuit against Shell to try to end gas flaring. Gbemre and the community argued that the extraction of oil and the technique of gas flaring results in a polluted environment and unhealthy living space. One activist in the region stated, My community, Iwhrekan, is one out of the many of such host communities that have suffered from decades of gas flaring by IOCs [International Oil Company]. The million tons of carbon dioxide and methane released into the atmosphere every year, as a result of gas flaring, have obviously polluted the air we breathe in this part of the world. On November 14, 2005, the Federal High Court in Nigeria ruled in favor of the Iwherekhan community and declared that gas flaring was illegal. Furthermore, the court determined that gas flaring constituted a violation of the Iwherekhan community members' right to life and dignity. SPDC appealed the ruling, and despite the court's order to stop gas flaring activities, it was reported that Shell continued to operate the gas flaring station in the Iwherekhan community. In response to SPDC's continued activities, on December 16, 2005, Gbemre and the Iwherekhan community filed contempt of court documents. However, SPDC argued that it was not in contempt of court since the oil company was still appealing the ruling. In April 2006, the Nigerian Supreme Court ordered that the oil company end all flaring by April 2007. However, as of 2015, gas flaring in the Iwherekhan community has continued, even though Shell announced that between 2002 and 2015 the volume of gas burned through gas flaring in Nigeria had been reduced by 85. Bodo Community Settlement Case In 2008, two oil spills occurred in the Bodo community. An investigation team was sent to determine the cause of the oil spill. Upon learning that operational failures of the pipelines caused the oil spills, Shell accepted responsibility. SPDC stated that the spills were deeply regrettable operational accidents, and as in all cases of operational spills SPDC acknowledged responsibility to pay compensation as required by Nigerian law. The oil company and the community were reportedly in and out of negotiations from 2009-2015, until finally an agreement suitable to both sides was crafted. Settlement Negotiations Two oil spills in the Bodo community negatively impacted the region's farmland and fisheries, harming the livelihood of the Bodo community members. SPDC initially responded to the oil spills in 2009 by offering food supplies to affected community members. This offer was rejected by Bodo chiefs, and SPDC then offered twice as much in food supplies. In 2011, members of the Bodo community brought claims against SPDC for environmental pollution. The environment pollution was significant for the Bodo community because the oil spilled into Bodo Creek, an important water supply for the community members who were mostly subsistence farmers and fishers. Following this lawsuit, Shell and the Bodo community more actively engaged in negotiation efforts, but the process was continuously interrupted by competing interests. The community argued that Shell was not offering enough compensation, while SPDC argued that the expectation of the community was too high and disproportionate to Nigerian standards. Finally, in 2015, Shell announced a £55 million settlement agreement. The oil company stated we have now reached a settlement agreeable to ourselves and the community. References Shell first place of oil discovery in Nigeria is Iho-Dimeze Imo State around 1937 before they found a larger deposit in Oloibiri for export. Shell had there residential camp in Owerri called shell Camp about 10 km from Iho and more than 70 km from Oloibiri. Shell was in Owerri/Iho before Oloibiri and the camp still exists today. External links Shell Nigeria Official Homepage Shell must clean up its act in Nigeria Category:Royal Dutch Shell subsidiaries Category:Oil and gas companies of Nigeria Category:Companies based in Port Harcourt Category:1937 establishments in Nigeria

Changing Partners is a 2017 Philippine independent musical drama film directed by Dan Villegas, starring Agot Isidro, Jojit Lorenzo, Sandino Martin, and Anna Luna. Based on the Palanca Award-winning musical play by Vincent de Jesus, the adaptation tells the story of couple Alex and Cristheir love relationship and at the period of breaking up. The film tells the story in four gender bending relationship variations. The film premiered on November 14, 2017 at the 2017 Cinema One Originals Film Festival, where it receive eight awards, including Best Director, Best Music, and Best Editing. It was commercially released by Star Cinema on January 31, 2018 in selected theatres nationwide. Cast Agot Isidro as Alex Jojit Lorenzo as Alex Sandino Martin as Cris Anna Luna as Cris Nicco Manalo and Vincent de Jesus also made their cameo appearances in the film. Soundtrack The soundtrack album was digitally released via iTunes on June 1, 2017. The pop version of the soundtrack was released by Star Music on January 26, 2018. It features Jona, KZ Tandingan, Daryl Ong, and Khalil Ramos respectively. Awards and nominations References External links Category:2017 films Category:Philippine films Category:Philippine musical films Category:2010s romantic drama films Category:2010s romantic comedy films Category:2010s musical drama films Category:2010s LGBT-related films Category:Philippine LGBT-related films Category:Philippine romantic drama films

Birger Stuevold Lassen 19 August 1927 15 December 2011 was a Norwegian jurist, legal scholar and expert on intellectual property law. Biography He was born at Molde in Møre og Romsdal, Norway. He grew up in Romsdal, where his father Odd Lassen was a lawyer. He obtained the examen artium in 1946. After completing Officer Cadet School, he went on to study law, obtaining the cand.jur. degree in 1954. He was an assistant judge in Stavanger, before he was appointed research fellow at the University of Oslo in 1957. He was appointed lecturer in 1961, senior lecturer in 1971 and professor in 1990. He was editor-in-chief of Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap 19741999 and served as editor of Norges Lover which was published by the Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo. He was also acting Supreme Court Justice in the Supreme Court of Norway. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters and in 1992 received an honorary doctorate at Stockholm University. References External links Category:1927 births Category:2011 deaths Category:People from Molde Category:University of Oslo faculty Category:Norwegian jurists Category:Norwegian educators Category:Norwegian legal scholars Category:Norwegian journal editors Category:Norwegian legal writers Category:Academics of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters

Godøy Chapel is a chapel of the Church of Norway in Sunndal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is located on the small island of Godøy. It is an annex chapel in the Giske parish which is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti deanery in the Diocese of Møre. The stone chapel was built in 1953 by the architect O.S. Solheim. The chapel seats about 200 people. See also List of churches in Møre og Romsdal References Category:Giske Category:Churches in Møre og Romsdal Category:Stone churches in Norway Category:20th-century Church of Norway church buildings Category:Churches completed in 1953 Category:1953 establishments in Norway

Kortrijk-Roeselare-Tielt was a constituency used to elect members of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives between 1995 and 2003. Representatives References Category:Defunct constituencies of the Chamber of Representatives Belgium

There is evidence of prehistoric human habitation in the region known today as the U.S. state of Wyoming stretching back roughly 13,000 years. Stone projectile points associated with the Clovis, Folsom and Plano cultures have been discovered throughout Wyoming. Evidence from what is now Yellowstone National Park indicates the presence of vast continental trading networks since around 1000 years ago. The Union Pacific Railroad played a central role in the European settlement of the area. Wyoming became a U.S. territory in 1868 and became the 44th U.S. state in 1890. It was the first state to grant women the right to vote, in 1869 although it was then still a territory. Native American settlement There is evidence of prehistoric human habitation in the region known today as the U.S. state of Wyoming stretching back roughly 13,000 years. Stone projectile points associated with the Clovis, Folsom and Plano cultures have been discovered throughout Wyoming. In the Big Horn Mountains there is a medicine wheel that has not yet been dated accurately due to disruption of the site prior to the two archaeological excavations of 1958 and 1978. However, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel's design of twenty-eight spokes is similar to the Majorville Medicine Wheel in Canada that has been dated at 3200 BCE 5200 years ago by careful stratification of known artifact types. Throughout the Bighorn Mountains, south to Medicine Lodge Creek, artifacts of occupation date back 10,000 years. Large ceremonial blades chipped from obsidian rock formations in what is now Yellowstone National Park to the west of the Bighorns, have been found in the Hopewell burial mounds of Southern Ohio, indicative of vast continental trading networks since around 1000 years ago. When White explorers first entered the region, they encountered numerous American Indian tribes including the Arapaho, Bannock, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Crow, Gros Ventre, Kiowa, Nez Perce, Sioux, Shoshone and Ute. Early European observations Europeans may have ventured into the northern sections of the state in the century. Most of the southern part of modern-day Wyoming was nominally claimed by Spain and Mexico until the 1830s, but they had no presence. John Colter, a member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition, was probably the first American to enter the region in 1807. His reports of thermal activity in the Yellowstone area were considered at the time to be fictional. Robert Stuart and a party of five men returning from Astoria, Oregon discovered South Pass in 1812. The route was later followed by the Oregon Trail. In 1850, Jim Bridger located what is now known as Bridger Pass, which was later used by both the Union Pacific Railroad in 1868, and in the 20th century by Interstate 80. Bridger also explored the Yellowstone region and like Colter, most of his reports on that region of the state were considered at the time to be tall tales. During the early 19th century, fur trappers known as mountain men flocked to the mountains of western Wyoming in search of beaver. In 1824, the first mountain man rendezvous was held in Wyoming. The gatherings continued annually until 1840, with the majority of them held within Wyoming territory. Immigration trails The route later known as the Oregon Trail was already in regular use by traders and explorers in the early 1830s. The trail snakes across Wyoming, entering the state on the eastern border near the present day town of Torrington following the North Platte River to the current town of Casper. It then crosses South Pass, and exits on the western side of the state near Cokeville. In 1847, Mormon emigrants blazed the Mormon Trail, which mirrors the Oregon Trail, but splits off at South Pass and continues south to Fort Bridger and into Utah. Over 350,000 emigrants followed these trails to destinations in Utah, California and Oregon between 1840 and 1859. In 1859, gold was discovered in Montana, drawing miners north along the Bozeman and Bridger trails through the Powder River Country and Big Horn Basin respectively. Indian Wars The influx of emigrants and settlers into the state led to more encounters with the American Indian, resulting in an increase of military presence along the trails. Military posts such as Fort Laramie were established to maintain order in the area. In 1851, the first Treaty of Fort Laramie was signed between the United States and representatives of American Indian nations to ensure peace and the safety of settlers on the trails. The 1850s were subsequently quiet, but increased settler encroachment into lands promised to the tribes in the region caused tensions to rise again, especially after the Bozeman Trail was blazed in 1864 through the hunting grounds of the Powder River Country, which had been promised to the tribes in the 1851 treaty. As encounters between settlers and Indians grew more serious in 1865, Major General Grenville M. Dodge ordered the first Powder River Expedition to attempt to quell the violence. The expedition ended in a battle against the Arapaho in the Battle of the Tongue River. The next year the fighting escalated into Red Cloud's War which was the first major military conflict between the United States and the Wyoming Indian tribes. The second Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868 ended the war by closing the Powder River Country to whites. Violation of this treaty by miners in the Black Hills lead to the Black Hills War in 1876, which was fought mainly along the border of Wyoming and Montana. Cattle In 1866 Nelson Story, Sr. drove approximately 1000 head of Texas Longhorns to Montana through Wyoming along the Bozeman Trailthe first major cattle drive from Texas into Montana. The Wyoming Stock Growers Association is a historic American cattle organization created in 1873. The Association was started among Wyoming cattle ranchers to standardize and organize the cattle industry, but quickly grew into a political force that has been called the de facto territorial government of Wyoming's organization into early statehood, and wielded great influence throughout the Western United States. The association is still active to this day, but it is best known for its rich history and is perhaps most famous for its role in Wyoming's Johnson County War. In 1892 the Johnson County War, also known as the War on Powder River and the Wyoming Range War, took place in Johnson, Natrona and Converse County, Wyoming. It was fought between small settling ranchers against larger established ranchers in the Powder River Country and culminated in a lengthy shootout between local ranchers, a band of hired killers, and a sheriff's posse, eventually requiring the intervention of the United States Cavalry on the orders of President Benjamin Harrison. The events have since become a highly mythologized and symbolic story of the Wild West, and over the years variations of the storyline have come to include some of the west's most famous historical figures and gunslingers. The storyline and its variations have served as the basis for numerous popular novels, films, and television shows. Railroad The Union Pacific Railroad played a central role in the settlement of Wyoming. The land was good for cattle ranches, but without transportation it was too far for a cattle drive. The UP railroad companies had large land grants that were used to back the borrowings from New York and London that financed construction. UP was anxious to locate settlers upon the land as soon as possible, so there would be a steady outflow of cattle, and a steady inflow of manufactured items purchased by the ranchers. UP also built towns that were needed to service the railroad itself, with dining halls for passengers, construction crews, repair shops and housing for train crews. The towns attracted cattle drives and cowboys. The UP reached the town of Cheyenne, which later became the state capital, in 1867. The railroad eventually spanned the entire state, boosting the population, and creating some of Wyoming's largest cities, such as Laramie, Rock Springs and Evanston. The railroad needed coal, which was discovered in quantity in the southwestern part of the state, especially around Rock Springs. In 1885, a murderous riot known as the Rock Springs Massacre broke out when white miners drove out Chinese miners employed by the Union Pacific Coal Company in Rock Springs. Territory and statehood The name was used by Representative J. M. Ashley of Ohio, who introduced the Ashley Bill to Congress to provide a temporary government for the territory of Wyoming. The name Wyoming was made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell. The name is derived from the Delaware Munsee name xwé:wamənk, meaning at the big river flat, originally applied to the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. After the arrival of the railroad, the population began to grow steadily in the Wyoming Territory, which was established on July 25, 1868. Unlike Colorado to the south, Wyoming never experienced a rapid population boom in the 19th century from any major mineral discoveries such as gold or silver. Inclusion of women's suffrage in the Wyoming constitution was debated in the constitutional convention, but ultimately accepted. The constitution was mostly borrowed from those of other states, but also included an article making all the water in Wyoming property of the state. Wyoming overcame the obstacles of low population and of being the only territory in the U.S. giving women the right to vote, and the United States admitted Wyoming into the Union as the 44th state on July 10, 1890. Suffrage In 1869, Wyoming territory granted women the right to vote, becoming the first U.S. state to extend suffrage to women. Wyoming was also the home of many other firsts for U.S. women in politics. The first time women served on a jury was in Wyoming Laramie in 1870. Wyoming had the first female court bailiff Mary Atkinson, Laramie, in 1870, and the country's first female justice of the peace Esther Hobart Morris, South Pass City, in 1870. Wyoming became the first state in the Union to elect a female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross, who was elected in 1924 and took office in January 1925. Yellowstone National Park Following on the reports of men like Colter and Bridger, a number of organized expeditions were undertaken in northwestern Wyoming. The CookFolsomPeterson Expedition in 1869 and the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition in 1870 confirmed the stories of the mountain men. In 1871, Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden led a formal geological survey of the area, the result of which ultimately convinced Congress to set aside the region. Yellowstone National Park became the world's first National Park in 1872. In August 1886, the U.S. Army was given administration of the park. In 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the new National Park Service. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, and researchers have examined more than 1,000 archaeological sites. Most of Yellowstone National Park is located in Wyoming. Wyoming is also home to the nation's first national monument Devils Tower created in 1906, and the first national forest Shoshone National Forest created in 1891. Settlers The Homestead Act of 1862 attracted many new farmers and ranchers to Wyoming, where they congregated along the fertile banks of the rivers. Most of the land in Wyoming in the 2nd half of the 19th century was in the public domain and so was open for both homesteading and open range for grazing cattle. As individual ranchers moved into the state, they became at odds with the larger ranches for control of the range and water sources. Tensions rose to a boiling point in April 1892 as an armed conflict known as the Johnson County War, fought between the large cattle operators and smaller ranchers and homesteaders. The increased number of settlers also brought with them merchants, as well as outlaws. A number of notable outlaws of the time started their careers in Wyoming, including Butch Cassidy and Harry Longabaugh, both of whom were incarcerated in Wyoming as young men. A remote area in Johnson County, Wyoming known as the Hole-in-the-Wall was a well known hideout for a loose association of outlaw gangs known as the Hole in the Wall Gang. It was used from the 1860s through the early 20th century by outlaws operating throughout Wyoming. Mining Precious metals were never discovered in great quantities, though a small amount of gold was discovered near South Pass prompting a small rush in the 1860s. Coal was discovered early and has been mined extensively through the state. Union Pacific Railroad ran several coal mines in the southern part of the state to supply the railroad. In 1885 tensions at a Union Pacific mine in Rock Springs resulted in the Rock Springs Massacre, one of the largest race riots in U.S. history. Oil is also plentiful throughout the state. In 1924, irregularities over the allocation of naval reserves near Casper resulted in the Teapot Dome Scandal. Natural gas, bentonite and uranium have also been mined through the state's history. One exception is the copper mines in Carbon County west of Encampment. The Ferris-Haggarty Mine Site supplied copper for the electrification of the world in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Historical memory After 1890 Wyoming pageants and parades, as well as school courses, increasingly told a nostalgic story of Wyoming as rooted in the frontier West. During the 1940s, Wyoming millionaire William R. Coe made large contributions to the American studies programs at Yale University and at the University of Wyoming. Coe wished to celebrate the values of the Western United States in order to meet the threat of communism. See also Bibliography of Wyoming history History of the Great Plains History of the Rocky Mountains History of the Western United States List of Wyoming counties Emigrant Trail in Wyoming Territorial evolution of Wyoming Timeline of Cheyenne, Wyoming References Further reading ; Cassity, Michael. Wyoming Will Be Your New Home: Ranching, Farming, and Homesteading in Wyoming, 18601960 Cheyenne: Wyoming State Parks and Cultural Resources, 2011 342 pp. Cassity, Michael. Lives Worth Living, History Worth Preserving Wyoming: A Brief History of Wyoming 1860 - 1960 2010 Cassity, Michael. Building Up Wyoming: Depression-Era Federal Projects in Wyoming, 1929-1943 Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office, 2013 Chisum, Emmett D. Boom Towns on the Union Pacific: Laramie, Benton, and Bear River City. Annals of Wyoming 53#1 1981: 2-13. Dick, Everett. Vanguards of the Frontier: A Social History of the Northern Plains and Rocky Mountains from the Earliest White Contacts to the Coming of the Homemaker 1941 online Gardner, A. Dudley. You Could Still Live Off the Land: Sweetwater County During the Great Depression. Annals of Wyoming 2011 83#1, pp 220. McDaniel, Rodger. Dying for Joe McCarthy's Sins: The Suicide of Wyoming Senator Lester Hunt WordsWorth, 2013, Writers' Program of the Work Projects Administration in the State of Wyoming. Wyoming, a Guide to Its History, Highways, and People 1940 online famous WPA guide External links Today in Wyoming's History Wyoming Wyoming Category:History of the Rocky Mountains Wyoming

This Family is a 1996 single by Magnapop by Play It Again Sam Records on CD catalogue number 450.0307.24 - BIAS 307 CD. Track listing All songs written by Linda Hopper and Ruthie Morris This Family Mark Freegard Remix  3:28 This Family  3:28 Personnel Magnapop Linda Hopper  lead vocals, art direction, photography Ruthie Morris  lead guitar, backing vocals, art direction, photography Shannon Mulvaney  bass guitar Additional personnel Josh Freese  drums Geza X  production, engineering Eddie Shryer of Future Disc  mastering External links Category:1996 singles Category:Magnapop songs Category:PIAS Recordings singles Category:Song recordings produced by Geza X Category:Songs written by Ruthie Morris Category:Songs written by Linda Hopper Category:1996 songs

John Biggs may refer to: John Biggs politician born 1957, British Labour Party politician John Biggs composer born 1932, American composer John B. Biggs born 1934, Australian educational psychologist John H. Biggs born 1936, American businessman, former chairman and chief executive officer of TIAA-CREF John Biggs, Jr. 18951979, U.S. federal judge John Biggs MP 18011871, British Member of Parliament for Leicester See also John Biggs-Davison 19181988, British Conservative Member of Parliament John Bigg disambiguation John Bigge disambiguation

This page provides supplementary chemical data on trifluoroiodomethane. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet MSDS for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Spectral data References Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure. Disclaimer applies. Category:Chemical data pages

JUMP World is the second studio album by Hey! Say! JUMP. It was released in Japan on June 6, 2012, under the group's labels: Johnny & Associates and J Storm. The album was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan for shipping of 100,000+ copies. Information After almost 2 years since Hey! Say! JUMP's first album JUMP No. 1 was released, it was announced that the group would be releasing their second album on June 6, 2012. The album would contain their singles from Arigatō Sekai no Doko ni Ite mo to SUPER DELICATE. The album would be released on two different versions: a Regular Edition, which contains a 3D Jacket and 40-page booklet, and a Limited Edition, which contains a DVD, a changeable jacket, and a 40-page booklet. This also marks their first album without Ryutaro Morimoto after his suspension. Promotion On May 25, TV Asahi's Music Station revealed their artist line-up for the June 1st episode. This is where Hey! Say! JUMP started the album promotion. They performed a special medley of Arigatō Sekai no Doko ni Ite mo, Boku wa Vampire, and SUPER DELICATE. The group also appeared on NHK's Music Japan on June 3, 2012. They also performed their title song, Boku wa Vampire on Ichiban Song Show and The Shonen Club. Songs All the singles that they released after JUMP No. 1 were included on the album. These are OVER and Arigatō Sekai no Doko ni Ite mo which were the last two singles in which Morimoto participated. Magic Power was used as the theme song for the Japanese dubbed movie The Smurfs. SUPER DELICATE was the theme song of the TV comedy Risou no Musuko, in which members Ryosuke Yamada and Yuto Nakajima were lead cast. Boku wa Vampire was the title song of the album. The song Hana Egao was used for Yuri Chinen's romantic comedy TV series, Sprout. Regular Edition Perfect Life SUPER DELICATE Tsunagu Te to Te Boku wa Vampire OVER Hero Magic Power Hurry up! Sam & Pinky Arigatō Sekai no Doko ni Ite mo Together Forever Snap - Hey! Say! BEST Hana Egao - Hey! Say! 7 Single Medley Second Act Message from Members of Hey! Say! JUMP Charts and certifications Charts Sales and certifications Release References External links Hey! Say! JUMP Johnny's-net Category:2012 albums Category:Hey! Say! JUMP albums

Sandra Louise Maud Edlind Friberg born Louise Edlind on 15 July 1946 is a Swedish actress, model and politician. Acting career As an actress she became popular as Malin Melkersson, the kind, warm and beautiful older sister in the popular 1964 children's TV series Vi på Saltkråkan, which frequently enjoys re-runs on Swedish television, and the subsequent Saltkråkan movies. The script for the series was written by Astrid Lindgren. She got positive reviews for her part in the American film Le Mans in 1971, starring Steve McQueen. The same year she starred in the Swedish movie Lockfågeln. More recently, she had a major part in the soap opera Vänner och Fiender between 1996 and 1999. Political work Edlind Friberg is a politician for the Swedish Liberal People's Party. She was a substitute in the Riksdag from 2003, and on 1 January 2006 she became a full member of the parliament. She lost her seat in the Riksdag following the 2006 elections. Filmography Vi på Saltkråkan 1964, Sweden TV series Tjorven, Båtsman och Moses 1964, Sweden Tjorven och Skrållan 1965, Sweden Tjorven och Mysak 1966, Sweden Skrållan, Ruskprick och Knorrhane 1967, Sweden Vi på Saltkråkan 1968, Sweden movie version Lockfågeln 1971, Sweden Le Mans 1971, USA Vänner och fiender 1996-1999, Sweden TV series Barnvakten 2007, Sweden Short Morden i Sandhamn 2010, Sweden TV series Psalm 21 2010, Sweden Stugan i skuggan 2013, Sweden Quicksand 2019, Sweden External links Man blir ju ganska stämplad interview with Louise Edlind about 40 years of being identified with Malin Louise Edlind Friberg at the Riksdag website Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Actresses from Stockholm Category:Swedish film actresses Category:Liberals Sweden politicians Category:Women members of the Riksdag Category:Members of the Riksdag 20022006 Category:21st-century Swedish women politicians

Ramón Acha Caamaño April 24, 1861 November 26, 1930 was a brigadier general in the Spanish Army. As Captain in charge of the Spanish Artillery in San Juan, he defended Puerto Rico against U.S. attack during the SpanishAmerican War. Caamaño was awarded the Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval Primera Clase The Cross of the Order of the Naval Merit 1st class by the Spanish government for his role in the rescue of the cargo of the SS Antonio López, a Spanish transoceanic steamer. In 1921, while Spain was involved in the Rif War, Caamaño served as commander of the Artillery Corps in defense of Valladolid, Spain. Early years Caamaño was born in San Juan, the capital city of Puerto Rico, to Antonio Acha Arrigoitia and Dolores Caamaño Federico. He received his primary and secondary education in his hometown. On September 1, 1878, he was sent to Spain where he attended the Military Artillery Academy of Segovia. Caamaño graduated from the academy on July 24, 1882 and was commissioned a lieutenant in the Spanish Army. Military career He served in Spain's Sexto Regimiento a Pie Sixth Infantry Regiment and on February 11, 1883, was sent to his homeland Puerto Rico, where he served as captain of the Artillery Battalion. He also served as military instructor at Puerto Rico's Military Academy until July 1891, when he was reassigned to the District of Castilla in Spain. He returned to Puerto Rico in June 1893, and was assigned once more to the Artillery Battalion of San Juan. SpanishAmerican War Puerto Rican Campaign On May 8, 1898, the USS Yale captured a Spanish freighter, the Rita in San Juan Bay, this being the first hostile encounter between the warring sides in Puerto Rico. On May 9, Yale fought a brief battle with an auxiliary cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory. Around this time, Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez was assigned the command of the Spanish forces in the fortress of San Cristóbal in San Juan. On May 10, the Yale returned to San Juan Bay and Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire on the with an Ordoñez 15 centimeter cannon. This was the first attack against the Americans in Puerto Rico during the SpanishAmerican War. For his actions, Captain Rivero-Mendez was awarded the Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar Primera clase The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit first class. Bombardment of San Juan The Bombardment of San Juan, or the First Battle of San Juan not to be confused with the Battle of San Juan Hill or the Battle for the Río San Juan de Nicaragua, refers to an American naval attack on the fortifications of San Juan, Puerto Rico during the SpanishAmerican War. For weeks, the United States Navy had been awaiting the arrival of the Spanish fleet under Admiral Pascual Cervera y Topete, unaware that he had already eluded them and slipped his squadron into the Bay of Santiago. On May 12, U.S. Admiral William T. Sampson and a fleet of ten American ships arrived in San Juan to bombard the city's citadels. Caamaño and Capt. José Antonio Iriarte were among those who defended the city from their positions in Fort San Felipe del Morro. They had three batteries under their command, which were armed with at least three Ordóñez cannons each. The battle lasted three hours and resulted in the death of Justo Esquivies, the first Puerto Rican soldier to die in the Puerto Rican Campaign. Caamaño was awarded the Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar Primera clase The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit 1st class for his actions. After causing much damage to the Spanish defenses and receiving minor damage, low on coal and ammunition, Sampson ordered a cease fire and returned to Havana, Cuba and then to Florida for repairs and supplies. On June 28, 1898, two American cruisers fought with a squadron of Spanish warships. This squadron consisted of one cruiser, two gunboats and one blockade runner. During the engagement the SS Antonio López, a transoceanic steamer belonging to the Compañía Transatlántica Española which had a cargo of military supplies, was pursued by until it ran aground at Ensenada Honda, Puerto Rico with its valuable cargo. The men under Capt. Caamaño's command quickly removed as much as possible of the stranded ship's cargo. The desperate efforts proved fruitful, and nearly the entire cargo was salvaged from the hulk. Only one cannon and some minor articles fell overboard during the salvage operation. On 15 July, arrived to relieve Yosemite, and the next day it quickly finished off the SS Antonio Lopez by firing twenty incendiary shells into the vessel and sinking it. Though the Antonio Lopez had been sunk, she successfully delivered her cargo, ensuring that any American assault on San Juan would be met with stronger resistance. Caamaño was awarded the Cruz de la Orden de Merito Naval Primera clase The Cross of the Order of the Naval Merit 1st class by the Spanish government. Post war The residents of San Juan were furious with Rivero and blamed him for the destruction caused to their city by the American bombardments, however nothing came of those accusations. On October 18, 1898, Capt. Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the U.S. Army after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed. Members of the Spanish forces and civilians who were loyal to the Spanish Crown were allowed to return to Spain. Caamaño was among those who opted to leave. By October 18, the Spanish withdrawal from Puerto Rico was completed as the final troops left San Juan for Spain. Return to Spain Caamaño continued to serve in the Spanish Army once he arrived in Spain. In 1904, he was named director of the commission in charge of recovering Spanish military equipment left behind in Puerto Rico. He was sent to Puerto Rico and to Washington, D.C. on this mission. He served in various positions in the military and in 1908 was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Caamaño was promoted to the rank of colonel on September 4, 1917, and placed in charge of the 3rd Mounted Regiment of Artillery. Later that same year he was named director of the Laboratorio y Centro Electrónico de Artillería Laboratory and Electronic Center of Artillery. From 1918 to 1922, Caamaño was assigned to the Artillery section of the Ministry of War Department. He was promoted to the rank of brigadier general on December 29, 1921. In 1921, while Spain was involved in the Rif War, Caamaño was assigned the position of Commander of the Artillery Corps in the eventual defense of Valladolid, Spain. He moved to Madrid and, on August 28, 1925, was named president of the Defense of the National Production of the National Economic Counsel. On November 26, 1930, Caamaño died in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. Military decorations Among Caamaño's military decorations are the following: Orden del Mérito Naval Primera clase con distantivo rojo Orden del Mérito Militar Primera clase con distantivo blanco See also List of Puerto Ricans List of Puerto Rican military personnel Puerto Rican Campaign Military history of Puerto Rico Notes References Category:1861 births Category:1930 deaths Category:People from San Juan, Puerto Rico Category:Puerto Rican Army personnel Category:Spanish generals Category:Puerto Rican military officers Category:Puerto Rican people of Spanish descent Category:Puerto Rican military personnel

Hartford Female Seminary in Hartford, Connecticut was established in 1823, by Catharine Beecher, making it one of the first major educational institutions for women in the United States. By 1826 it had enrolled nearly 100 students. It implemented then-radical programs such as physical education courses for women. Beecher sought the aid of Mary Lyon in the development of the seminary. The Hartford Female Seminary closed towards the later half of the 19th century. The school was first hosted in a third-floor room in a building at Main and Kinsley Streets in Hartford, then in the basement of the North Church. In 1827 the school moved into a new neoclassical building at 100 Pratt Street . Harriet Beecher Stowe taught at the school beginning in November 1827. Notable people Alumni Rose Terry Cooke Fanny Fern Annie Trumbull Slosson Virginia Thrall Smith Harriet Beecher Stowe Mary E. Van Lennep Sarah Woodruff Walker Teachers Kate Foote Coe See also Female seminaries Women in education in the United States References External links 1867 College Catalogue Category:Defunct universities and colleges in Connecticut Category:Former women's universities and colleges in the United States Category:Educational institutions established in 1823 Category:Education in Hartford, Connecticut Category:Female seminaries in the United States Category:19th-century disestablishments in Connecticut

Belle Black is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network. Created by head writer James E. Reilly, she was born on October 21, 1993, as the only child of supercouple John Black and Marlena Evans. She is also one half of the supercouple Shawn Brady and Belle Black. Belle was rapidly aged to a teen when Kirsten Storms was hired to portray the character from August 5, 1999, to July 16, 2004. Charity Rahmer briefly played the role from July 19 to August 9, 2004. Martha Madison appeared in the role from August 10, 2004, to March 21, 2008. In June 2015, Madison confirmed she would reprise the role of Belle in November, as part of the show's fiftieth anniversary celebration. In March 2016, it was revealed that Madison was among four actors who been let go from the soap. However, on September 7, 2016, it was confirmed that Madison had been re-hired shortly following her firing and would remain on the soap indefinitely. Madison returned on January 24, 2017 and departed on February 20, 2017. In July 2017, it was announced that Madison would return to the series. Madison returned from December 4, 2017 to March 27, 2018. Madison recently appeared from August 21 to November 8, 2018. Madison's recent appearance on the show aired from March 18 to July 9, 2019. In November 2019, it was announced that Madison would again reprise the role for the digital series, Last Blast Reunion. Storylines Belle is the daughter of John Black Drake Hogestyn and Dr. Marlena Evans Deidre Hall. Originally, she is believed to be the daughter of Marlena and her husband, Roman Brady Wayne Northrop. Belle, however, is the product of an affair between Marlena and John. Roman and Marlena's daughter, Sami Brady Alison Sweeney, becomes aware of the affair, and purposely changes the paternity test. After Belle is born, Sami kidnaps her and tries to give her up for adoption. John thwarts her, and rescues Belle. At Belle's christening, Marlena and John's affair is revealed, and Stefano DiMera Joseph Mascolo later reveals the truth of Belle's paternity through Sami's diary. As a teen at Salem High School, Belle begins an ill-fated relationship with bad boy Philip Kiriakis Jay Kenneth Johnson but soon falls in love with Shawn-Douglas Brady Jason Cook. Best friends with Mimi Lockhart Farah Fath, Belle's peers are shocked to see her burgeoning friendship with Ghoul Girl Chloe Lane Nadia Bjorlin. In 2001, Belle goes on a class trip to Puerto Rico. Belle, Shawn and Philip embark on their own on a missing-jewel hunt in search of a ruby that belongs to Alice Horton. After a near-drowning, the teens are successful and Shawn is able to return the ruby to his great-grandmother. Once back in Salem, a troubled classmate, Jan Spears Heather Lauren Olsen, confides to Shawn that she had been raped by the father of recent arrivals to Salem, siblings Nicole Arianne Zucker and Brandon Walker Matt Cedeño, and is now pregnant. Shawn agrees to claim paternity, thereby destroying his blossoming relationship with Belle. Despite her sense of loss, Belle is accepted to Columbia University, and makes it through her senior year as class valedictorian. Moreover, after Jan's miscarriage and the truth of her rape comes out, Belle forgives Shawn and tentatively reunites with him at the Last Blast Dance. Later that summer, during meteor showers on the Fourth of July, Belle and Shawn rescue the faux-alien-Gemini-twins, Rex Brady and Cassie Brady Alexis Thorpe, who as it turns out were the children of Roman and Kate Roberts Lauren Koslow. Deciding not to move to New York City, Belle attends Salem University where she lives in the same campus dorm with Shawn, Rex and Cassie, while more economically challenged Mimi lives at home. Belle and Shawn commit to a future together, but suffer another setback during Victor and Nicole's New Year's Eve wedding when Colin Murphy Justin Melvey is murdered. Though Shawn shot at Colin and missed, he still felt responsible. Meanwhile, Belle works as an intern at her father's company, Basic Black. Headed for success as a fashion designer, Basic Black opts to feature Belle's designs, but Belle becomes increasingly disturbed when some of Salem's most prominent citizens are murdered by the Salem Stalker. The killer murders nine people before police uncovered the killer's identity, Belle's own mother Marlena. A devastated Belle lies to Shawn to provide an alibi for her mother. When Alice Horton Frances Reid, Shawn's great grandmother is murdered, Shawn leaves town. Unbeknownst to Belle at the time, Jan Spears held Shawn captive in a cage; this allowed Belle to grow closer to Philip. Harboring a secret crush, Philip provides Belle with some much-needed solace and eventually persuades her to be with him. When Shawn returns, his personality undergoes a profound change. Philip and Belle agree to marry; Shawn only realizes his true feelings for Belle on the eve of her wedding to Philip. Belle also realizes the true extent of her feelings for Shawn, but fails to tell Philip before he ships out with his Marine unit. Shawn then attempts to rescue his former friend when Philip is taken hostage. Belle stays married given the extent of Philip's injuries. Later, Belle gives birth to Claire, who is really Shawn's daughter. Eventually, Claire's paternity is revealed, and Belle tells Phillip that she does not love him. Pregnant again, doctors tell Belle the baby would not survive. Philip makes the decision to terminate Belle's pregnancy after assuring her that he would not let the baby die. Utterly devastated, Belle leaves Philip and moves in with her parents. Ready to resume her relationship with Shawn, Belle begins to pressure Shawn to be a more responsible father. Shawn opts to respond by sleeping with former prostitute, Willow Stark. After Victor kidnaps Claire, a custody battle ensues, pitting Brady against Kiriakis. The conflict came to a head while at sea when Philip loses hold of Claire and the baby is swept overboard. Belle and Shawn eventually reunite with Claire; Shawn proposes marriage even as Belle and Philip grew closer. The passion-tossed triangle continues to undergo several more trials and predictable miscommunications when in November 23, 2007, Shawn and Belle marry even though Belle continued to have feelings for Philip. In March 2008, Shawn and Belle once again reconcile and decide to sail the world, strengthen their marriage, and bond as a family by taking Claire with them as Bo and Hope did with Shawn, then together they are written off the daytime soap. Seven years later, Belle returns to Salem with Shawn and their teenage daughter Claire. In September 2016 Belle and Shawn move to Hong Kong leaving Claire in Salem with Marlena and John. References See also Shawn Brady and Belle Black Category:Days of Our Lives characters Category:Fictional lawyers Category:Television characters introduced in 1993 Category:Female characters in television fi:Luettelo televisiosarjan Päivien viemää henkilöistä#Belle Black

Article 12 was a youth-led children's rights organisation based in England. Its main aim was to ensure the implementation of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child UNCRC. About The group, run by a steering committee, worked to ensure the rights of young people were heard by decision makers. It was founded after a young people's rights conference in Greenwich, London England and was run by and for young people aged 18 and under. The administrative duties of Article 12 were run by CRAE Children's Rights Alliance for England. The group's most high-profile campaigns included 'Stop Smacking Us' challenging Reasonable Chastisement when it led a rally in Westminster to 10 Downing Street with 100 children. Its members have represented the United Kingdom at several United Nation's sessions. In 1999 Daisy Langmaid and David Joseph Henry took part in 10th commemorative meeting of the UNCRC in Geneva. In 2001 James Anderson and Lucy Mason took part in the Special Session on Children in New York. Many of its key members have gone on to become Human Rights activists. Article 12 also produced a report in 2000. It was called Respect and was a report into how well Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child is put into Practice across the UK. The team who produced this report called themselves CR2000, which stood for Children's Rights 20000. The report was put together by the members of CR2000 conducting interviews and research with children in schools, youth groups etc., gaining their opinions and views on how well their rights were upheld and how much their opinions were heard. Members of the team were : Anna Fisher, Daisy Langmaid, Emma Richardson, Francine Lansdown, Georgia Lansdown, Hossnieh Nayyeri, James Anderson, Laura Fisher, Lucy Mason, Michael Baker, Millie Collins, Robert O'Farrell, Tamsin Landells, This organisation is no longer active but its work continues through CRAE and work of former members who continue to work in the young people's rights movement. See also Article 12 in Scotland External links BBC News | UK | Children in anti-smacking protest Children's Rights Alliance for England United Nations: Summary record of the 574th Meeting Category:Youth organisations based in the United Kingdom Category:Youth-led organizations Category:Youth rights organizations Category:Non-governmental organizations with consultative status at the United Nations Category:Human rights organisations based in the United Kingdom

Çağlayan River or Fındıklı River Laz language: Abu River is one of the main water streams of Fındıklı in the eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Its name is Turkish for cascade. Description Çağlayan River rises in Kaçkar Mountains in Fındıklı. The Çağlayan River is long. It is a notable spawning place for Black Sea salmon. The Çağlayan River is also a popular place for amateur handline fishing. References Category:Rivers of Rize Province

Karim Rekik ; born 2 December 1994 is a Dutch professional footballer who currently plays as a centre back for Bundesliga club Hertha BSC. Early life Rekik was born in The Hague. His father was born in Tunisia and his mother is a Dutch primary school teaching assistant. Rekik started his football when he joined Scheveningen in 1999 before joining Feyenoord, where he went on to stay for nine years. But in March 2011, Manchester City made an approach for Rekik, as Feyernood were determined to keep a hold off him. The approach was to be controversial, as the club took the case matter to the Dutch FA, as a result of the club losing their youngsters to Premier League clubs. The club was also considering legal action against Rekik's agent Søren Lerby, though he insisted he maintain following FIFA's rules. The case was dismissed. Club career Manchester City Rekik signed for Manchester City from Feyenoord in the summer of 2011, and made his debut appearance for the first team in the Dublin Super Cup in pre-season. He made his official first team debut for Manchester City on 21 September 2011 against Birmingham City in the third round of the League Cup, coming on as a substitute for Wayne Bridge in the last 12 minutes of the game. His debut against Birmingham City saw him become the youngest overseas player to appear in a senior game for City, just 16 years and 294 days old. He also made a 73rd-minute substitute appearance in the fourth round of the competition against Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux, in place of Luca Scapuzzi. Rekik returned to Manchester City at the end of the 201112 season. On 5 December 2012, it was announced that Rekik signed a long term contract with the club. He would go on to start in his Premier League debut, a 10 win at home to Reading on 22 December 2012, and was substituted for James Milner in the 84th minute. Reading claimed that they deserved a penalty for Rekik's challenge on Jay Tabb, which was not given by referee Mike Dean. On 10 August 2014, Rekik was an unused substitute as City lost the Community Shield 30 to Arsenal at Wembley Stadium. Loan spells in England On 22 March 2012, it was confirmed that Michael Appleton was to take Scapuzzi and Rekik on a month's loan at Portsmouth in the Football League Championship. He made his debut for Portsmouth on 27 March, in a 20 home win against Hull City. This was also Rekik's first senior league appearance in club football. Unlike Scapuzzi, Rekik became a regular starter as Portsmouth struggled to fight relegation. He was an ever-present figure in the Portsmouth defence as the league came to an end. Nevertheless, Pompey were relegated at the end of the season. On 15 February 2013, it was confirmed that Rekik would join Blackburn Rovers in the Championship until the end of the season. The move reunited him with his former Portsmouth manager Appleton. Rekik made his Blackburn Rovers debut, playing as a left-midfield, in a 20 loss against Hull City on 19 February 2013. Rekik went on to make five appearance for the club. PSV Eindhoven loan On 8 July 2013, it was confirmed that Rekik would join PSV Eindhoven on loan for the 201314 season, wearing number 3. Rekik made his PSV Eindhoven debut, in the first leg of third round of Champions League, in a 20 win over Zulte Waregem on 30 July 2013. Three days later, Rekik made his league debut, in the opening game of the season, in a 32 win over ADO Den Haag. Rekik played the remaining three matches in the Champions League play-off, as PSV were knocked out by Milan. However, Rekik suffered an ankle injury, while in international duty. As a result, Rekik would be out for four weeks, though he would need to undergo surgery. The surgery was successful, resulting him out for another four weeks. After two months on the sidelined, Rekik made his return from the first team on 2 November 2013, in a 11 draw against PEC Zwolle. He then scored his first Eredivisie goal for PSV on 7 December in a 26 home defeat to Vitesse. Rekik went on to captain two games in absence of Georginio Wijnaldum against Utrecht and ADO Den Haag. Later in the 201314 season, Rekik became a regular starter at PSV, as he made twenty-five appearance for the club. Because of his good performance at PSV, Rekik was keen to re-join PSV for the second time next season, though he could return to Manchester City for next season. However, Rekik said he would not return to Manchester City next season unless he was given first team chances. As his loan spell with PSV came to an end, Rekik was linked with a move to Marseille. Instead on 14 August 2014, it announced that Rekik returned to PSV until the end of the season. Rekik's first game after signing for the club on a loan for the second time came, in a 61 win over NAC Breda on 16 August 2014. Rekik then scored his second goal of his PSV career on 9 November 2014, in a 21 win over Heracles. Since making his second debut for PSV, Rekik continued to be in the first team in straight matches until he suffered a hamstring injury and was substituted during a match against AZ Alkmaar on 13 February 2015. After making his return to training, Rekik made his return to the first team on 22 March 2015, in a 21 loss against Feyernood. Despite this, Rekik later helped PSV win their first league since 2008. Rekik later spoke out about the club's winning the league. Like his first season at PSV, Rekik established himself in the first team with twenty-nine appearance and formed a strong central-defense partnership with Jeffrey Bruma. Following the 201415 season came to an end, PSV was keen to sign Rekik for the third time. However, PSV decided not to sign him after Rekik made it clear that he prefer playing in the higher league other than Eredivisie. Olympique de Marseille On 30 June 2015, he joined Marseille for an undisclosed fee after making just two appearances for Manchester City in four years. The move was later confirmed on 2 July 2015 and the player was unveiled, along with Lucas Ocampos. Rekik scored his first goal for Marseille in a 11 Ligue 1 draw with rivals Lyon on 20 September. Hertha BSC On 16 June 2017, he signed for Hertha BSC for a reported fee of €2.5 million as a long term replacement for the departing John Anthony Brooks to VfL Wolfsburg. International career Rekik is eligible to play for Netherlands, through his birthplace, and Tunisia, through his father. Rekik was called up by Netherlands U17 in September 2010 and made his Netherlands U17 debut, in a 00 draw against Italy U17. Rekik was then called up into the squad by Netherlands U17 for the UEFA European Under-17 Championship and scored the opening game of the season, in a 20 win over Germany U17. Rekik went on to help the club reached the final, where Netherlands U17 beat Germany U17 52. Rekik was then called up by Netherlands U19 in October 2011 and made his Netherlands U19 debut, in a 30 win over Moldova U19. Rekik then captained his first Netherlands U19 game, in a 20 win over Norway U19. Rekik went on to captain five times in his eleven appearance. In August 2013, Rekik was first called up Netherlands for the two matches in the World Cup Qualifying, but was never used. Rekik made his debut for the Netherlands national football team in a 20 friendly defeat to France at the Stade de France 6 March 2014. In May 2014, he was named in manager Louis van Gaal's provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. However, on 31 May 2014, van Gaal announced his final squad, which saw Rekik left out of the 23 man squad. Career statistics Club Statistics accurate as of 18 July 2018. International Statistics accurate as of 10 October 2017. Honours PSV Eredivisie: 201415 International UEFA European Under-17 Championship:2011 References External links Voetbal International profile Holland U16 stats at OnsOranje Holland U17 stats at OnsOranje Holland U19 stats at OnsOranje Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch footballers Category:Dutch people of Tunisian descent Category:Manchester City F.C. players Category:Portsmouth F.C. players Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. players Category:PSV Eindhoven players Category:Olympique de Marseille players Category:English Football League players Category:Premier League players Category:Eredivisie players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Footballers from The Hague Category:Netherlands youth international footballers Category:Netherlands under-21 international footballers Category:Netherlands international footballers Category:Dutch expatriate footballers Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in England Category:SVV Scheveningen players Category:Feyenoord players Category:Expatriate footballers in England Category:Expatriate footballers in France Category:Association football central defenders Category:Hertha BSC players Category:Bundesliga players Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:Dutch expatriate sportspeople in Germany

Road Scholars is the second live album by the American jazz group Spyro Gyra, released in 1998 by GRP Records. The final track, Best Friends, is a studio recording. Track listing Heart of the Night Jay Beckenstein 6:41 Breakfast at Igor's Beckenstein 7:20 Morning Dance Beckenstein 4:16 Shaker Song Beckenstein 10:15 Shanghai Gumbo Julio Fernandez 6:28 Innocent Soul Tom Schuman 6:28 South American Sojourn Joel Rosenblatt 5:36 Ariana Jeremy Wall 6:07 De la Luz Fernandez 8:24 Daddy's Got a New Girl Now Beckenstein 6:01 Best Friends Scott Kreitzer, Randy Andos 4:04 Personnel Jay Beckenstein saxophone Tom Schuman keyboards Julio Fernández guitar Scott Ambush bass guitar Joel Rosenblatt drums References External links Spyro Gyra-Road Scholars at Discogs Spyro Gyra-Road Scholars at AllMusic Spyro Gyra official web site Category:1998 albums Category:GRP Records albums Category:Spyro Gyra albums

The 2015 season is Chonburi's 6th season in the Thai Premier League of Chonburi Football Club. Transfers In Total spending: ~ ฿0 Out Total income: ~ ฿0 Loans in Loans out Matches Pre-season League table Results by round League FA Cup League Cup References Category:Chonburi F.C. seasons Chonburi

You're Beautiful is a 2005 single by James Blunt. You're Beautiful or You Are Beautiful may also refer to: You're Beautiful TV series, a South Korean television drama You're Beautiful Nathaniel Willemse song You're Beautiful, a song by Roger Whittaker from The Last Farewell You Are Beautiful, a phrase spelt out on 108 North State Street You Are Beautiful, a Rodgers and Hammerstein song from the 1958 musical Flower Drum Song

Edward McWilliam Patterson, FRSE 30 July 1926 5 April 2013 was an English mathematician. He was born in Whitby, North Yorkshire, the son of parents from Northern Ireland, and educated at the local Lady Lumley's school and Leeds University, where he graduated B.Sc in mathematics and was awarded a Ph.D. on the subject of differential geometry. From 1959 to 1951 he was a demonstrator at Sheffield University before moving to St Andrews in to take up a post as lecturer for five years. After three further years as a lecturer in Leeds, he returned to Scotland in 1959 as a senior lecturer at the University of Aberdeen. The same year he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. In 1965 he was made professor of mathematics at Aberdeen and in 1974 became head of department, a position he held alternately with Professor John Hubbuck until his retirement in 1989. From 1981 to 1984 he also served as dean of science. His mathematical work was originally geometry-based, and he published a textbook entitled Topology in 1956. He later switched to algebra, especially ring theory and Lie algebra, and published two textbooks, Elementary Abstract Algebra in 1965, in collaboration with Professor Dan Rutherford, and Vector Algebra in 1968. He was awarded the Makdougall Brisbane Prize by the Royal Society of Edinburgh for 19601962. He was president of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society from 1964 to 1965 and served as a councillor for The Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1966 to 1968. He also served on the council of The London Mathematical Society. He died in Aberdeen in 2013. He had married twice: firstly Joan Maddick, with whom he had a daughter, Christine and secondly, after her death, Elizabeth Hunter. References Category:1926 births Category:2013 deaths Category:People from Whitby Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds Category:British mathematicians Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

Overload 1979 is a novel by Arthur Hailey, concerning the electricity production industry in California and the activities of the employees and others involved with Golden State Power and Light, a fictional California public service company. The plot follows many of the issues of the day, including race relations, corporate politics, business ethics, terrorism and journalism. Hailey would later explore television journalism in another novel, The Evening News. Plot Synopsis The novel is described from the point of view of vice-president of Golden State Power and Light, Nimrod Nim Goldman, who, despite being married, tends to be somewhat of a Lothario and has many extramarital affairs. The geographic area of service of the fictional electric utility, Golden State Power and Light, matches the actual Northern California footprint of the real-life Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Golden State Power and Light is a public utility, supplying two-thirds of California's electric power. During a hot summer, GSP&L as it is called, loses a major part of its capacity to supply power due to a terrorist attack on its largest oil burner an oil-fired power plant, called Big Lil. There is a board meeting about the incident. The chairman of GSP&L, Eric Humphrey, leaves the matter in the hands of Nim Goldman, one of the utility's many vice-presidents, and head of security Ray Paulsen. After the explosion at Big Lil, which killed chief engineer Walter Talbot, Nim visits Ardythe, Walter's widow, and Wally, his son. After some time, Nim and Ardythe make love. As a result of Nim noticing how some customers were marked for emergency restoration because they depend on electric power for survival, such as iron lung users and certain disabled persons, utility billing supervisor Teresa Van Buren convinces Nim go visit one of these emergency restoration customers, Karen Sloan, a quadriplegic who uses a portable respirator on her wheelchair, whom he instantly befriends, angering Ruth, his wife and his children Leah and Benjamin. Later, Nim and Harry London, property protection president, go to Brookside, to catch power thieves. And surprisingly, they catch many. Nim later learns that the terrorist attacks were by a group called Friends of Freedom. Later the leader of the group, Georgos Archambault, mails letter bombs and kills five people including utility president Fraser Fenton. Because of this, Nim forms a think group with utility General Counsel Oscar O'Brien, Teresa Van Buren and Harry London. Laura Bo Carmichael, chairman of environmental group Sequoia Clubs a thinly veiled reference to the real-life Sierra Club meets with Nim to protest the building of three coal-fired plants at Tunipah, Fincastle valley and Devil's Gate, fearing the environmental damage. Not having much experience with coal, Nim decides to take a trip to Colorado and visit a power plant operated by Public Service Company of Colorado now known as Xcel Energy. Noticing that a worker on the furnace feed conveyor was in danger, Nim instinctively runs down to the plant floor and saves the man from otherwise certain death. A comely young lady who is part of the group saw what happened and decides she wants to invite herself into Nim's bed and offer him sex as a thank you for what he did. When Nim is back in his bedroom a woman slips in, and he discovers it's not the lady who propositioned him, it's the wife of one of the executives of the Colorado electric company where he is staying, who asks Nim to impregnate her so she can have a child the other executive had privately admitted to Nim that he is shooting blanks, i.e. infertile and unable to get his wife pregnant. Then, later, the lady who originally wanted to bed Nim arrives, and is able to get Nim to have sex with her as well. Returning to California after his trip, Nim decides the benefits of coal power outweigh the environmental risks, but also decides to continue the startup of other power plants, as a result a geothermal plant at Fincastle and a hydro at Devil's Gate are launched. At Devil's Gate, Nim and the press end up seeing a gruesome electrocution of a plant employee after he tries to save a technician's child similar to the successful effort of Nim in saving a worker at the Colorado coal plant. A California Examiner the local newspaper for San Francisco reporter, Nancy Molineaux, reports Nim to be selfish when she sees him arrive in a utility-owned helicopter. David Birdsong, leader of Power and Light for People, and the Sequoia Club, hold a trial against GSP&L. Birdsong and Georgos later plan to destroy the power workers, including Nim Goldman who would meet for a conference at a hotel. Unknown to Georgos, Yvette, his mistress, knows of his plans and betrays him to Nancy Molineaux, who reports it to the police thirty-six minutes before the bombs go off. In an attempt to secure the last remaining bomb, Art Romeo, London's assistant, is blown to pieces when the bomb goes off. The think group, using coded incoming mail, finally arrest David Birdsong and expose Georgos. Georgos attempts to bomb Big Lil, but he is killed by the pump's turbine blades. The plant manager, noticing that someone had gotten into the reservoir, realizes that if the plant is bombed while it is operating, the damage would put the plant out of operation for months, but a bomb when the plant is shut down would only cause minor damage, chooses to shut the plant down, causing a major power shortage. Georgio's corpse floats up after the turbines stop, essentially confirming the manager's concern. This shut down, however, causes a major blackout throughout the region. Karen Sloan dies after her respirator fails due to this power outage. Nim discovers his wife is dying of cancer, and the novel ends as Nim finally befriends Nancy Molineaux and visits her at her house as she offers Nim a one-time opportunity to be her lover. Reception Kirkus Reviews called the novel timely and certain to move fast, but also noted that Hailey heavily stacks the argument against nice-nelly ecologists. References Category:Novels by Arthur Hailey Category:1979 British novels Category:Novels set in California Category:Doubleday publisher books Category:1979 Canadian novels