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[ { "docid": "462221#4", "text": "At the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was divided into North Korea and South Korea with North Korea (assisted by the Soviet Union), becoming a communist government after 1946, known as the Democratic People's Republic, followed by South Korea becoming the Republic of Korea. China became the communist People's Republic of China in 1949. In 1950, the Soviet Union backed North Korea while the United States backed South Korea, and China allied with the Soviet Union in what was to become the first military action of the Cold War.", "title": "Eighth United States Army" }, { "docid": "29810#23", "text": "The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple climate zones gives the state highly variable weather. The Panhandle of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages of annual rainfall, while parts of southeast Texas average as much as per year. Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate per year.", "title": "Texas" }, { "docid": "3716905#0", "text": "A French creole, or French-based creole language, is a creole language (contact language with native speakers) for which French is the \"lexifier\". Most often this lexifier is not modern French but rather a 17th-century koiné of French from Paris, the French Atlantic harbors, and the nascent French colonies. French-based creole languages are spoken natively by millions of people worldwide, primarily in the Americas and on archipelagos throughout the Indian Ocean. This article also contains information on French pidgin languages, contact languages that lack native speakers.", "title": "French-based creole languages" }, { "docid": "22399755#18", "text": "There are many hypotheses on the origins of Haitian Creole. Linguist John Singler suggests that it most likely emerged under French control in colonial years when shifted its economy focused heavily on sugar production. This resulted in a much larger population of enslaved Africans, whose interaction with the French created the circumstances for the dialect to evolve from a pidgin to a Creole. His research and the research of Claire Lefebvre of the Université du Québec à Montréal suggests that Creole, despite drawing 90% of its lexicon from French, is the syntactic cousin of Fon, a Gbe language of the Niger-Congo family spoken in Benin. At the time of the emergence of Haitian Creole, 50% of the enslaved Africans in Haiti were Gbe speakers.", "title": "Haitian literature" } ]

[ { "docid": "1170520#2", "text": "Louisiana Creole is a contact language that arose in the 18th century from interactions between speakers of the lexifier language of Standard French and several substrate or adstrate languages from Africa. Prior to its establishment as a Creole, the precursor was considered a pidgin language. The social situation that gave rise to the Louisiana Creole language was unique, in that the lexifier language was the language found at the contact site. More often the lexifier is the language that arrives at the contact site belonging to the substrate/adstrate languages. Neither the French, the French-Canadians, nor the African slaves were native to the area; this fact categorizes Louisiana Creole as a contact language that arose between exogenous ethnicities. Once the pidgin tongue was transmitted to the next generation as a \"lingua franca\" (who were then considered the first native speakers of the new grammar), it could effectively be classified as a creole language.", "title": "Louisiana Creole" }, { "docid": "49823#1", "text": "The precise number of creole languages is not known, particularly as many are poorly attested or documented. About one hundred creole languages have arisen since 1500. These are predominantly based on European languages such as English and French due to the European Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade that arose at that time. With the improvements in ship-building and navigation, traders had to learn to communicate with people around the world, and the quickest way to do this was to develop a pidgin, or simplified language suited to the purpose; in turn, full creole languages developed from these pidgins. In addition to creoles that have European languages as their base, there are, for example, creoles based on Arabic, Chinese, and Malay. The creole with the largest number of speakers is Haitian Creole, with almost ten million native speakers, followed by Tok Pisin with about 4 million, most of whom are second-language speakers.", "title": "Creole language" }, { "docid": "1651722#10", "text": "Krio is an English-based creole from which descend Nigerian Pidgin English and Cameroonian Pidgin English and Pichinglis. It is also similar to English-based creole languages spoken in the Americas, especially the Gullah language, Jamaican Patois (Jamaican Creole), and Bajan Creole but it has its own distinctive character. It also shares some linguistic similarities with non-English creoles, such as the French-based creole languages in the Caribbean.", "title": "Krio language" }, { "docid": "540382#4", "text": "Until recently creoles were considered \"degenerate\" dialects of Portuguese unworthy of attention. As a consequence, there is little documentation on the details of their formation. Since the 20th century, increased study of creoles by linguists led to several theories being advanced. The monogenetic theory of pidgins assumes that some type of pidgin language — dubbed West African Pidgin Portuguese — based on Portuguese was spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the forts established by the Portuguese on the West African coast. According to this theory, this variety may have been the starting point of all the pidgin and creole languages. This may explain to some extent why Portuguese lexical items can be found in many creoles, but more importantly, it would account for the numerous grammatical similarities shared by such languages, such as the preposition \"na\", meaning \"in\" and/or \"on\", which would come from the Portuguese contraction \"na\" meaning \"in the\" (feminine singular).", "title": "Portuguese-based creole languages" }, { "docid": "49823#7", "text": "Other scholars, such as Salikoko Mufwene, argue that pidgins and creoles arise independently under different circumstances, and that a pidgin need not always precede a creole nor a creole evolve from a pidgin. Pidgins, according to Mufwene, emerged in trade colonies among \"users who preserved their native vernaculars for their day-to-day interactions.\" Creoles, meanwhile, developed in settlement colonies in which speakers of a European language, often indentured servants whose language would be far from the standard in the first place, interacted extensively with non-European slaves, absorbing certain words and features from the slaves' non-European native languages, resulting in a heavily basilectalized version of the original language. These servants and slaves would come to use the creole as an everyday vernacular, rather than merely in situations in which contact with a speaker of the superstrate was necessary.", "title": "Creole language" }, { "docid": "11236157#2", "text": "While many creoles around the world have lexicons based on languages other than Portuguese (e.g. English, French, Spanish, Dutch), it was hypothesized that such creoles were derived from this lingua franca by means of relexification, i.e. the process in which a pidgin or creole incorporates a significant amount of its lexicon from another language while keeping the grammar intact. There is some evidence that relexification is a real process. Pieter Muysken and show that there are languages which derive their grammar and lexicon from two different languages respectively, which could be easily explained with the relexification hypothesis. Also, Saramaccan seems to be a pidgin frozen in the middle of relexification from Portuguese to English. However, in cases of such mixed languages, as call them, there is never a one-to-one relationship between the grammar or lexicon of the mixed language and the grammar or lexicon of the language they attribute it to.", "title": "Monogenetic theory of pidgins" }, { "docid": "1612877#8", "text": "A mixed language differs from pidgins, creoles and code-switching in very fundamental ways. In most cases, mixed language speakers are fluent, even native, speakers of both languages; however, speakers of Michif (a N-V mixed language) are unique in that many are not fluent in both of the sources languages. Pidgins, on the other hand, develop in a situation, usually in the context of trade, where speakers of two (or more) different languages come into contact and need to find some way to communicate with each other. Creoles develop when a pidgin language becomes a first language for young speakers. While creoles tend to have drastically simplified morphologies, mixed languages often retain the inflectional complexities of one, or both, of parent languages. For instance, Michif retains the complexities of its French nouns and its Cree verbs.", "title": "Mixed language" }, { "docid": "9606120#4", "text": "While it is classified as a pidgin language, this is inaccurate. Speakers are already fluent in either English and French, and as such it is not used in situations where both parties lack a common tongue. As a whole, Camfranglais sets itself apart from other pidgins and creoles in that it consists of an array of languages, at least one of which is already known by those speaking it. For instance, while it contains elements of borrowing, code-switching, and pidgin languages, it is not a contact language as both parties can be presumed to speak French, the lexifer. Numerous other classifications have been proposed, like ‘pidgin’, ‘argot’, ‘youth language’, a ‘sabir camerounais’, an ‘appropriation vernaculaire du français’ or a ‘hybrid slang’. However, as Camfranglais is more developed than a slang, this too is insufficient. Kießling proposes it be classified as a 'highly hybrid sociolect of the urban youth type\", a definition that Stein-Kanjora agrees with.", "title": "Camfranglais" } ]

[ { "docid": "51042#14", "text": "The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of 35% during the Carboniferous period, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen and the breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is high enough for rapid development of animals.The climate of the late Precambrian showed some major glaciation events spreading over much of the earth. At this time the continents were bunched up in the Rodinia supercontinent. Massive deposits of tillites and anomalous isotopic signatures are found, which gave rise to the Snowball Earth hypothesis. As the Proterozoic Eon drew to a close, the Earth started to warm up. By the dawn of the Cambrian and the Phanerozoic, life forms were abundant in the Cambrian explosion with average global temperatures of about 22 °C.", "title": "Paleoclimatology" }, { "docid": "202898#50", "text": "The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is great enough for this rapid development of animals.", "title": "Atmosphere of Earth" }, { "docid": "28742#27", "text": "Oxygen levels of the Archaean Eon were negligible and today they are roughly 21 percent. It is thought that the Earth's oxygen content has risen in stages: six or seven steps that are timed very closely to the development of Earth's supercontinents.\nThe process of Earth's increase in atmospheric oxygen content is theorized to have started with continent-continent collision of huge land masses forming supercontinents, and therefore possibly supercontinent mountain ranges (supermountains). These supermountains would have eroded, and the mass amounts of nutrients, including iron and phosphorus, would have washed into oceans, just as we see happening today. The oceans would then be rich in nutrients essential to photosynthetic organisms, which would then be able to respire mass amounts of oxygen. There is an apparent direct relationship between orogeny and the atmospheric oxygen content). There is also evidence for increased sedimentation concurrent with the timing of these mass oxygenation events, meaning that the organic carbon and pyrite at these times were more likely to be buried beneath sediment and therefore unable to react with the free oxygen. This sustained the atmospheric oxygen increases.", "title": "Supercontinent" }, { "docid": "14553266#3", "text": "The common allotrope of elemental oxygen on Earth, , is generally known as oxygen, but may be called \"dioxygen\", \"diatomic oxygen\", \"molecular oxygen\", or \"oxygen gas\" to distinguish it from the element itself and from the triatomic allotrope \"ozone,\" . As a major component (about 21% by volume) of Earth's atmosphere, elemental oxygen is most commonly encountered in the diatomic form. Aerobic organisms utilize atmospheric dioxygen as the terminal oxidant in cellular respiration. The ground state of dioxygen is known as triplet oxygen, O, because it has two unpaired electrons. The first excited state, singlet oxygen, \"\"O has no unpaired electrons and is metastable.", "title": "Allotropes of oxygen" } ]

[ { "docid": "47695176#16", "text": "There are no solid arguments to explain if Earth's atmosphere has the optimal composition to host life. On Earth, during the period when coal was first formed, atmospheric oxygen () levels were up to 35%, and coincided with the periods of greatest biodiversity. So, assuming that the presence of a significant amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is essential for exoplanets to develop complex life forms, the percentage of oxygen relative to the total atmosphere appears to limit the maximum size of the planet for optimum superhabitability and ample biodiversity.", "title": "Superhabitable planet" }, { "docid": "49278818#2", "text": "In the area of the evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere, Catling is known for a theory explaining how the Earth’s crust accumulated large quantities of oxidized minerals and how the atmosphere became rich in oxygen. Geological records show that oxygen flooded the atmosphere in a Great Oxidation Event (GOE) about 2.4 billion years ago, even though bacteria that produced oxygen likely evolved hundreds of millions of years earlier. Catling’s theory proposes that biological oxygen was initially used by reactions with chemicals in the environment; gradually, however, Earth’s environment shifted to a tipping point where oxygen flooded the air. Atmospheric methane is the key part of this theory. Before oxygen was abundant, methane gas could reach concentrations hundreds of times greater than today’s 1.8 parts per million. Ultraviolet light decomposes methane molecules in the upper atmosphere, causing hydrogen gas to escape into space. Over time, the irreversible atmospheric escape of hydrogen– a powerful reducing agent -caused Earth to oxidize and reach the GOE tipping point.\nOther studies about Earth’s atmospheric oxygen have considered its second increase around 600 million years ago that acted as a precursor to the rise of animal life. Catling proposed looking at oxygen-sensitive variations in stable isotopes of selenium to trace atmospheric and seawater oxygen, and the results of such a study showed that Earth's second increase in oxygen occurred in fits and starts spread over about 100 million years.", "title": "David Catling" }, { "docid": "248189#24", "text": "The stability of the atmosphere in Earth is not a consequence of chemical equilibrium. Oxygen is a reactive compound, and should eventually combine with gases and minerals of the Earth's atmosphere and crust. Oxygen only began to persist in the atmosphere in small quantities about 50 million years before the start of the Great Oxygenation Event. Since the start of the Cambrian period, atmospheric oxygen concentrations have fluctuated between 15% and 35% of atmospheric volume. Traces of methane (at an amount of 100,000 tonnes produced per year) should not exist, as methane is combustible in an oxygen atmosphere.", "title": "Gaia hypothesis" }, { "docid": "22303#35", "text": "Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's biosphere, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen. Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the Earth's crust by mass as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide and is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass). Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the Earth's atmosphere, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 10 tonnes). Earth is unusual among the planets of the Solar System in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: Mars (with 0.1% by volume) and Venus have much less. The surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.", "title": "Oxygen" }, { "docid": "22303#36", "text": "The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while respiration, decay, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate.", "title": "Oxygen" }, { "docid": "20653168#7", "text": "The troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere are the five layers which make up Earth's atmosphere. 75% of the gases in the atmosphere are located within the troposphere, the lowest layer. In all, the atmosphere is made up of about 78.0% nitrogen, 20.9% oxygen, and 0.92% argon. In addition to the nitrogen, oxygen, and argon there are small amounts of other gases including CO and water vapor. Water vapor and CO allow the earth's atmosphere to catch and hold the Sun's energy through a phenomenon called the greenhouse effect. This allows Earth's surface to be warm enough to have liquid water and support life. In addition to storing heat, the atmosphere also protects living organisms by shielding the earth's surface from cosmic rays—which are often incorrectly thought to be deflected by the magnetic field. The magnetic field—created by the internal motions of the core—produces the magnetosphere which protects Earth's atmosphere from the solar wind. As the earth is 4.5 billion years old, it would have lost its atmosphere by now if there were no protective magnetosphere.", "title": "Earth science" } ]

[ { "docid": "26823431#6", "text": "Sophia Antonopoulou developed this critique of Marx and Marxism in her book \"The Marxist Theory of Development and its Convergence with the Bourgeois Theoretical Paradigm\" (Papazissis, Athens, 1991) (in Greek), in which she criticizes the theoretical model that Marx had developed with respect to the economy, society and history, as well as Marx’s philosophical theory (Dialectical and Historical Materialism). The conclusion she arrives at is that Marxism did not fail as an alternative to the bourgeois theoretical and political paradigm, but, on the contrary, because it did not succeed in the formulation of such an alternative paradigm. She considers that Marxism, and Marx himself, constitutes a peculiar type of bourgeois thought and that it is not accidental that Marxist theory led to the creation of “state capitalism” in the former USSR.", "title": "Sophia N. Antonopoulou" }, { "docid": "9209651#16", "text": "Marxism, first developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the mid-1800s, has been the foremost ideology of the communist movement. Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of scientific socialism, and rather than model an \"ideal society\" based on intellectuals' design, it is a non-idealist attempt at the understanding of society and history through an analysis based in real life. Marxism does not see communism as a \"state of affairs\" to be established, but rather as the expression of a real movement, with parameters which are derived completely from real life and not based on any intelligent design. Therefore, Marxism does no blueprinting of a communist society and it only makes an analysis which concludes what will trigger its implementation and discovers its fundamental characteristics based on the derivation of real life conditions.", "title": "Communism" }, { "docid": "1904053#6", "text": "The term \"Marxism\" was popularized by Karl Kautsky, who considered himself an \"orthodox\" Marxist during the dispute between the orthodox and revisionist followers of Marx. Kautsky's revisionist rival Eduard Bernstein also later adopted use of the term. Engels did not support the use of the term \"Marxism\" to describe either Marx's or his views. Engels claimed that the term was being abusively used as a rhetorical qualifier by those attempting to cast themselves as \"real\" followers of Marx while casting others in different terms, such as \"Lassallians\". In 1882, Engels claimed that Marx had criticized self-proclaimed \"Marxist\" Paul Lafargue, by saying that if Lafargue's views were considered \"Marxist\", then \"one thing is certain and that is that I am not a Marxist\".", "title": "Marxism" } ]

[ { "docid": "640818#11", "text": "Sorel had been politically monarchist and traditionalist before embracing orthodox Marxism in the 1890s. He attempted to fill in what he believed were gaps in Marxist theory, resulting in an extremely heterodox and idiosyncratic view of Marxism. For instance, Sorel saw pessimism and irrationalism at the core of Marxism and rejected Karl Marx's own rationalism and \"utopian\" tendency. Sorel also saw Marxism as closer in spirit to early Christianity than to the French Revolution. He did not view Marxism as \"true\" in a scientific sense, as orthodox Marxists did, but believed Marxism's \"truth\" lay in its promise of a morally redemptive role for the proletariat, within a terminally decadent society.", "title": "Georges Sorel" }, { "docid": "43350024#6", "text": "Orthodox Marxism is contrasted with revisionist Marxism as developed in post-First World War Social Democratic parties. Some writers also contrast it with Marxism–Leninism as it developed in the Soviet Union, while others describe the latter as firmly within orthodoxy: Orthodox Marxism rested on and grew out of the European working class movement that emerged in the final quarter of the 19th century and continued in that form until the middle years of the twentieth century. Its two institutional expressions were the 2nd and 3rd Internationals, which despite the great schism in 1919, were marked by a shared conception of capital and labour. Their fortunes therefore rose and fell together. Trotskyism and Left communism were equally orthodox in their thinking and approach, and therefore must be considered left-variants of this tradition.", "title": "Orthodox Marxism" }, { "docid": "40626908#11", "text": "In 1833, France was experiencing a number of social problems arising out of the Industrial Revolution. A number of sweeping plans of reform were developed by thinkers on the political left. Among the more grandiose were the plans of Charles Fourier and the followers of Saint-Simon. Fourier wanted to replace modern cities with utopian communities while the Saint-Simonians advocated directing the economy by manipulating credit. Although these programs did not have much support, they did expand the political and social imagination of Marx.", "title": "Classical Marxism" }, { "docid": "22280428#3", "text": "Marxism–Leninism is a synthesis of philosophical and economic theories of Karl Marx with the revolutionary political theories of Vladimir Lenin. Lenin brought Marxism into the 20th century, with his original theoretical contributions such as his analysis of imperialism, principles of party organization, and the implementation of socialism through revolution and reform thereafter. As the official ideology of the Soviet Union, Marxism–Leninism was adopted by communist parties worldwide with variation in local application. Parties with a Marxist–Leninist understanding of the historical development of socialism advocate for the nationalisation of natural resources and monopolist industries of capitalism and for their internal democratization as part of the transition to workers' control. The economy under such a government is primarily coordinated through a universal economic plan with varying degrees of market distribution. Since the fall of the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries, many communist parties of the world today continue to use Marxism–Leninism as their method of understanding the conditions of their respective countries.", "title": "List of communist ideologies" }, { "docid": "17806555#1", "text": "The sources of open Marxism are many, from György Lukács' return to the philosophical roots of Marx's thinking to council communism and from anarchism to elements of sutonomism and situationism. Intellectual affinities with autonomist Marxism were especially strong and led to the creation of the journal \"The Commoner\" (2001–2012) following in the wake of previous open Marxist journals \"Arguments\" (1958–1962) and \"Common Sense\" (1987–1999). In the 1970s and 1980s, state-derivationist debates around the separation of the economic and the political under capitalism unfolded in the San Francisco-based working group \"Kapitalistate\" and the Conference of Socialist Economists journal \"Capital & Class,\" involving many of the theorists of Open Marxism and significantly influencing its theoretical development.", "title": "Open Marxism" }, { "docid": "40626900#1", "text": "Post-Marxism dates from the late 1960s; several trends and events of that period influenced its development. The weakness of the Communist Soviet paradigm became evident and Marxism faced a 'lack' since the Second International. This happened concurrently with the occurrence internationally of the student riots of 1968, the rise of Maoist theory, and the proliferation of commercial television, which covered in its broadcasts the Vietnam War. Subsequently, Laclau and Mouffe address the proliferation of 'new subject positions' by locating their analysis on a Post-Marxist non-essentialist framework.", "title": "Post-Marxism" }, { "docid": "1904053#30", "text": "The theoretical development of Marxist archaeology was first developed in the Soviet Union in 1929, when a young archaeologist named Vladislav I. Ravdonikas (1894–1976) published a report entitled \"For a Soviet history of material culture\". Within this work, the very discipline of archaeology as it then stood was criticised as being inherently bourgeois, therefore anti-socialist and so, as a part of the academic reforms instituted in the Soviet Union under the administration of Premier Joseph Stalin, a great emphasis was placed on the adoption of Marxist archaeology throughout the country. These theoretical developments were subsequently adopted by archaeologists working in capitalist states outside of the Leninist bloc, most notably by the Australian academic V. Gordon Childe (1892–1957), who used Marxist theory in his understandings of the development of human society.", "title": "Marxism" } ]

[ { "docid": "23903477#39", "text": "In February 2016, Ubisoft announced they would not be releasing a new game in 2016 in order to step \"back and [re-examine] the \"Assassin's Creed\" franchise... [and take the] year to evolve the game mechanics and to make sure we're delivering on the promise of \"Assassin's Creed\" offering unique and memorable gameplay experiences\". On the decision, Guillemot said that \"Ubisoft started to question the annualized franchise with the release of \"Assassin's Creed Unity\", and the fact that \"Assassin's Creed Syndicate\" had \"a slower launch than expected\". Guillemot added that \"by moving away from the annual iterations of the franchise, it will give the \"Assassin's Creed\" teams more time to take advantage of new engines and technology\". \"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag\"s director Ashraf Ismail, commented on an interview that he and the team would be interested in doing an \"Assassin's Creed\" game in an Ancient Egyptian setting, along with reiterating an earlier statement that a female leading character was not an impossibility for the series. In May 2017, Ubisoft confirmed the development of \"Assassin's Creed Origins\". It was announced to be set in the Ptolemaic Egypt in June 2017. The game was released worldwide on October 27, 2017 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows.", "title": "Assassin's Creed" } ]

[ { "docid": "22366161#34", "text": "On November 12, 2009, Ubisoft released \"Assassin's Creed II\" themed virtual items on PlayStation Home to promote the release of the game, as well as the game \"\" for PSP. \"Assassin's Creed II\" virtual items and an Ezio costume were also released on the Xbox Live Marketplace for the Xbox 360's avatars. On November 19, 2009, more \"Assassin's Creed II\" virtual items were released in PlayStation Home, along with a costume for Ezio, which was released on November 26, 2009, in which the player could obtain and roam PlayStation Home in it. On December 3, 2009, more 15th century Italian renaissance themed items were released in Home.\nEzio's \"Purple Assassin\" costume is available to download on \"LittleBigPlanet\", as of December 8, 2009, on the PlayStation Network.", "title": "Assassin's Creed II" }, { "docid": "25198689#39", "text": "Ubisoft's senior vice president of sales and marketing, Tony Key, said the game would enjoy the biggest marketing commitment in company history. Ubisoft UK MD Rob Cooper has said that \"Assassin's Creed III\" is a good entry point for newcomers to the series, and that he thinks \"Assassin's Creed III\" will hold its own against this year's biggest releases. In March 2012, the \"Assassin's Creed: Double Pack\" was released both as a retail purchase for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and for download on PSN, which brings together the first \"Assassin's Creed\" and \"Assassin's Creed II\" in a virtual compilation box.", "title": "Assassin's Creed III" }, { "docid": "25198689#33", "text": "Following the reports, Ubisoft released \"Assassin's Creed III\"s official box art on March 1, 2012, which confirmed the game's American Revolution setting. The company said it will announce \"all the details\" at 5pm on March 5. Additionally, \"Game Informer\" revealed its latest cover feature, which included more artwork of the game's new main character. On March 2, several screenshots were leaked ahead of Ubisoft's official reveal, and the first gameplay details emerged via \"Game Informer\".", "title": "Assassin's Creed III" }, { "docid": "36042325#0", "text": "Assassin's Creed III: Liberation is a 2012 action-adventure video game developed and published by Ubisoft, initially as an exclusive title for PlayStation Vita. Sony announced the game at its press conference during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, few days after first leaks about the game presented in \"Game Informer\". It was released on October 30, 2012 alongside \"Assassin's Creed III\", with which it can be linked. The game was re-released as Assassin's Creed: Liberation HD for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows via the PlayStation Network, Xbox Live Arcade and Steam, respectively. It was later packed as part of \"Assassin's Creed The Americas Collection\" for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, along with \"Assassin's Creed III\" and \"\". In March 2019, the game will be re-released as a part of \"Assassin's Creed III Remastered\" for PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows, featuring 4K HDR, enhanced visuals, an entirely new graphics engine using physics-based lighting, brand new character models, heavily revamped game mechanics and more.", "title": "Assassin's Creed III: Liberation" }, { "docid": "31632993#25", "text": "In November 2010, Ubisoft's CEO Yves Guillemot teased \"something \"Assassin's\" related\" in 2011, despite an earlier statement by Ubisoft Montreal's Jean-Francois Boivin that no \"Assassin's Creed\" game will be released in 2011. Geoffroy Sardin of Ubisoft later confirmed that there will be a \"big\" Assassin's Creed game in 2011. Guillemot also explained that ultimate goal for Ubisoft is to release new games in the franchise annually along with Ubisoft's most popular other franchises. In February 2011, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next \"Assassin's Creed\" game would be released during its next fiscal year, which starts on April 1, 2011, and ends on March 31, 2012.", "title": "Assassin's Creed: Revelations" }, { "docid": "42267661#0", "text": "Assassin's Creed Unity is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It was released in November 2014 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It is the eighth major installment in the \"Assassin's Creed\" series, and the successor to 2013's \"\". It also has ties to \"Assassin's Creed Rogue\" which was released for the previous generation consoles, the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on the same date.", "title": "Assassin's Creed Unity" }, { "docid": "54003770#19", "text": "Information on \"Origins\", then titled \"Assassin's Creed Empire\", first leaked in January 2017, showing several screenshots of a character on a boat and in front of a cave. The game was officially revealed on June 11, 2017. It was developed using the latest iteration of the AnvilNext engine. During production of \"Assassin's Creed III\" in November 2011 Ubisoft conducted a fan survey exploring potential settings for future titles. Ancient Egypt was one of the most popular choices, but Alex Hutchinson, the creative director of \"Assassin's Creed III\", dismissed the results as he considered Ancient Egypt—as with the other two chosen settings, feudal Japan and World War II—as being \"the worst choices\" for a setting. The development team hired Egyptologists to assist in making the open world more accurate to the time period.", "title": "Assassin's Creed Origins" }, { "docid": "31632993#26", "text": "On April 29, 2011 the game's name was released on the official \"Assassin's Creed\" Facebook page, with a link which led to a flash file. The teaser clip included the words, \"Altaïr Ibn La-Ahad, Son of no one\" in Arabic which hints that \"Altaïr\", the main protagonist of the first game, may once again be the main protagonist of the game. A third teaser clip for the game showed the city of Constantinople, which hints at it being the setting for the game. In the E3 rumor section of its April 2011 issue, Xbox World 360 said \"Assassin's Creed: Revelations\" is not \"Assassin's Creed III\", but suggests that game is also secretly in the works. \"Revelations\" was likely to be \"another slimline \"Brotherhood\"-style offering\", Xbox World 360 stated. On May 5, \"Game Informer\" released details of the game, and the game was \"officially\" announced by Ubisoft at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011.", "title": "Assassin's Creed: Revelations" }, { "docid": "38666874#19", "text": "In early February 2013, during its quarterly financial call to investors, Ubisoft CEO Yves Guillemot confirmed that the next \"Assassin's Creed\" game, due for release some time before April 2014, would feature a new hero, time period, and development team. On February 28, 2013, Ubisoft posted their first promotional picture and cover for their next \"Assassin's Creed\" game, following leaked marketing material days before. It announced the title of the game as \"Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag\" and featured an unnamed character holding a flintlock and a sword with a black flag in the back ground containing the Assassin's symbol with a skull. A reported glitch on the official \"Assassin's Creed IV\" website suggested the game will release on next-gen consoles and October 29 as the release date, which was confirmed by the first trailer for the game, released on March 4, 2013 (originally leaked on March 2, 2013, but was quickly pulled by Ubisoft).", "title": "Assassin's Creed IV: Black Flag" } ]

[ { "docid": "1656574#16", "text": "Guerrilla warfare is defined as fighting by groups of irregular troops (guerrillas) within areas occupied by the enemy. When guerrillas obey the laws and customs of war, they are entitled, if captured, to be treated as ordinary prisoners of war; however, they are often treated by their captors as unlawful combatants and executed. The tactics of guerrilla warfare stress deception and ambush, as opposed to mass confrontation, and succeed best in an irregular, rugged, terrain and with a sympathetic populace, whom guerrillas often seek to win over or dominate by propaganda, reform, and terrorism. Guerrilla warfare has played a significant role in modern history, especially when waged by Communist liberation movements in Southeast Asia (most notably in the Vietnam War) and elsewhere.", "title": "Modern warfare" }, { "docid": "12720#3", "text": "Guerrilla warfare is a type of asymmetric warfare: competition between opponents of unequal strength. It is also a type of irregular warfare: that is, it aims not simply to defeat an enemy, but to win popular support and political influence, to the enemy's cost. Accordingly, guerrilla strategy aims to magnify the impact of a small, mobile force on a larger, more-cumbersome one. If successful, guerrillas weaken their enemy by attrition, eventually forcing them to withdraw.\nTactically, guerrillas usually avoid confrontation with large units and formations of enemy troops, but seek and attack small groups of enemy personnel and resources to gradually deplete the opposing force while minimizing their own losses. The guerrilla prizes mobility, secrecy, and surprise, organizing in small units and taking advantage of terrain that is difficult for larger units to use. For example, Mao Zedong summarized basic guerrilla tactics at the beginning of the Chinese \"\" as:\"The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue.\" At least one author credits the ancient Chinese work \"The Art of War\" with inspiring Mao's tactics. In the 20th century, other communist leaders, including North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh, often used and developed guerrilla warfare tactics, which provided a model for their use elsewhere, leading to the Cuban \"foco\" theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan.", "title": "Guerrilla warfare" } ]

[ { "docid": "22634730#60", "text": "Although both loyalist and republican paramilitaries carried out terrorist atrocities against civilians which were often tit-for-tat, a case can be made for saying that attacks such as the Provisional IRA carried out on British soldiers at Warrenpoint in 1979 was a well planned guerrilla ambush. Anti-Good Friday Agreement splinter groups could be called guerrillas but are usually called terrorists or dissidents by governments of both the British and Irish governments. The news media such as the BBC and CNN will often use the term \"gunmen\" as in \"\"IRA gunmen\"\" or \"\"Loyalist gunmen\"\". Since 1995 CNN also uses guerrilla as in \"\"IRA guerrilla\"\" and \"\"Protestant guerrilla\"\". Reuters, in accordance with its principle of not using the word terrorist except in direct quotes, refers to \"\"guerrilla groups\"\".", "title": "History of guerrilla warfare" }, { "docid": "17131451#7", "text": "When American advisors were sent to Laos and South Vietnam in the fifties and early sixties, the major problem was not to create guerrilla units, but to fight existing Laotian and Vietnamese guerrilla forces. To them it seemed logical that soldiers trained to \"be\" guerrillas would have a deep understanding of how to \"fight\" guerrillas, so Special Forces was given that mission. The White Star mission in Laos was initially covert, and used Special Forces and other personnel under Central Intelligence Agency control. Whether the mission is called counterguerrilla, counterinsurgency, or foreign internal defense, it involves assisting a friendly government—the \"foreign\" in FID—to defend against guerrillas acting inside its borders. FID can also involve training a foreign government to deal with a future internal guerrilla threat.", "title": "Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)" }, { "docid": "24938530#4", "text": "In the Word Watch of April 1997, \"The Atlantic Monthly\" defined guerrilla librarianship as “the use of surreptitious measures by librarians determined to resist the large-scale 'deaccessioning' of rarely used books: 'A branch librarian ... sometimes goes around with a due-date stamp, furtively stamping into currency books that she feels are imperiled... [Employees of the San Francisco Public Library] call it “guerrilla librarianship”' (The New Yorker).”", "title": "Guerrilla librarian" }, { "docid": "3491729#2", "text": "A mobile guerrilla force unit was inserted into its assigned tactical area of operations by the most unobtrusive means available. Once in the area of operations, the unit became a true guerrilla force in every respect except that of living solely off the land. Selected items of resupply were delivered by air. The guerrilla force operated from mobile bases, and the troops were capable of remaining and operating in a particular area for thirty to sixty days. The guerrilla force required complete freedom of action within a specified area of operations in order to achieve success. For this reason, once an area was designated for the conduct of an operation, the mobile guerrilla force \"owned\" that area—including control of air support.", "title": "Mobile Guerrilla Force" }, { "docid": "446536#0", "text": "Guerrilla art is a street art movement that first emerged in the UK, but has since spread across the world and is now established in most countries that already had developed graffiti scenes. In fact, it owes so much to the early graffiti movement, in the United States guerrilla art is still referred to as ‘post-graffiti art’.\nGuerrilla art differs from other art forms in it has no external boundary between the image and the environment. While a traditional painting can be moved from one gallery to another without the meaning or the artistic credibility of the piece being affected, street art is environmental, the surface to which it is applied to being as fundamental to the piece's meaning as that which is applied. Without the dynamics of modern life, guerrilla art is reduced to ‘art for arts sake’ and would be defined by \"what it is\" as opposed to \"what it does\".", "title": "Guerrilla art" }, { "docid": "162597#0", "text": "Guerrilla communication and communication guerrilla refer to an attempt to provoke subversive effects through interventions in the process of communication.\nIt can be distinguished from other classes of political action because it is not based on the critique of the dominant discourses but in the interpretation of the signs in a different way. Its main goal is to make a critical non-questioning of the existing, for reasons ranging from political activism to marketing. In terms of marketing, journalist Warren Berger explains unconventional guerrilla-style advertising as \"something that lurks all around, hits us where we live, and invariably takes us by surprise\". These premises apply to the entire spectrum of guerrilla communication because each tactic intends to disrupt cognitive schemas and thought processing.", "title": "Guerrilla communication" }, { "docid": "32412462#1", "text": "Waǵay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Virgo. \"Waǵay\" literally means \"virgin\" in Pashto.", "title": "Waǵay" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "676#28", "text": "Tarkovsky's first feature film was \"Ivan's Childhood\" in 1962. He then directed \"Andrei Rublev\" in 1966, \"Solaris\" in 1972, \"Mirror\" in 1975 and \"Stalker\" in 1979. The documentary \"Voyage in Time\" was produced in Italy in 1982, as was \"Nostalghia\" in 1983. His last film \"The Sacrifice\" was produced in Sweden in 1986. Tarkovsky was personally involved in writing the screenplays for all his films, sometimes with a cowriter. Tarkovsky once said that a director who realizes somebody else's screenplay without being involved in it becomes a mere illustrator, resulting in dead and monotonous films.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" }, { "docid": "676#2", "text": "Tarkovsky's films include \"Ivan's Childhood\" (1962), \"Andrei Rublev\" (1966), \"Solaris\" (1972), \"Mirror\" (1975), and \"Stalker\" (1979). He directed the first five of his seven feature films in the Soviet Union; his last two films, \"Nostalghia\" (1983) and \"The Sacrifice\" (1986), were produced in Italy and Sweden, respectively. The films \"Andrei Rublev\", \"Solaris\", \"Mirror\", and \"Stalker\" are regularly listed among the greatest films of all time.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" } ]

[ { "docid": "676#35", "text": "Tarkovsky has been the subject of several documentaries. Most notable is the 1988 documentary \"Moscow Elegy\", by Russian film director Alexander Sokurov. Sokurov's own work has been heavily influenced by Tarkovsky. The film consists mostly of narration over stock footage from Tarkovsky's films. \"Directed by Andrei Tarkovsky\" is 1988 documentary film by Michal Leszczylowski, an editor of the film \"The Sacrifice\". Film director Chris Marker produced the television documentary \"One Day in the Life of Andrei Arsenevich\" as an homage to Andrei Tarkovsky in 2000.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" }, { "docid": "676#8", "text": "Tarkovsky's teacher and mentor was Mikhail Romm, who taught many film students who would later become influential film directors. In 1956 Tarkovsky directed his first student short film, \"The Killers\", from a short story of Ernest Hemingway. The short film \"There Will Be No Leave Today\" and the screenplay \"Concentrate\" followed in 1958 and 1959.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" }, { "docid": "1411169#0", "text": "Andrei Rublev (Russian: Андрей Рублёв) is a 1969 Soviet biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written with Andrei Konchalovsky. The film was remade and re-edited from the 1966 film titled \"The Passion According to Andrei\" by Tarkovsky which was censored during the first decade of the Breshnev era in the Soviet Union. The film is loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev, the 15th-century Russian icon painter. The film features Anatoly Solonitsyn, Nikolai Grinko, Ivan Lapikov, Nikolai Sergeyev, Nikolai Burlyayev and Tarkovsky's wife Irma Raush. Savva Yamshchikov, a famous Russian restorer and art historian, was a scientific consultant of the film.", "title": "Andrei Rublev (film)" }, { "docid": "2560314#8", "text": "The concept of \"Mirror\" dates as far back as 1964, when Tarkovsky wrote down his idea for a film about the dreams and memories of a man, though without the man appearing on screen as he would in a conventional film. The first episodes of \"Mirror\" were written while Tarkovsky was working on \"Andrei Rublev\". These episodes were published as a short story under the title \"A White Day\" in 1970. The title was taken from a 1942 poem by his father, Arseny Tarkovsky. In 1968, after having finished \"Andrei Rublev\", Tarkovsky went to the cinematographer's resort in Repino intending to write the script for \"The Mirror\" together with Aleksandr Misharin. This script was titled \"Confession\" and was proposed to the film committee at Goskino. Although it contained popular themes – for example, a heroic mother, the war, and patriotism – the proposal was turned down. The main reason was most likely the complex and unconventional nature of the script. Moreover, Tarkovsky and Misharin clearly stated that they did not know what the final form of the film would be – this was to be determined in the process of filming.", "title": "The Mirror (1975 film)" }, { "docid": "15044621#0", "text": "Andrei Tarkovsky (1932–1986) was a Russian film director, screenwriter and film theorist. He directed several student films, co-directed a documentary, and was the author of numerous screenplays, both for his own films and for those of other directors. He directed two stage plays and one radio production, played minor acting roles in several films, and wrote a book on film theory. In addition, Tarkovsky kept a diary (published posthumously) and appeared in, or was the subject of, several dozen documentaries on the history of cinema and the art and craft of filmmaking.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky filmography" }, { "docid": "676#12", "text": "In 1965, he directed the film \"Andrei Rublev\" about the life of Andrei Rublev, the fifteenth-century Russian icon painter. \"Andrei Rublev\" was not, except for a single screening in Moscow in 1966, immediately released after completion due to problems with Soviet authorities. Tarkovsky had to cut the film several times, resulting in several different versions of varying lengths. The film was widely released in the Soviet Union in a cut version in 1971.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" }, { "docid": "59574007#0", "text": "The Passion According to Andrei (Russian: Андрей Рублёв) is a 1966 Soviet biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written with Andrei Konchalovsky. This is the original version of the film \"Andrei Rublev\" which was eventually released in a shortened form in 1969 at Cannes and in general release within Russia. The film is loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev, the 15th-century Russian icon painter. The film features Anatoly Solonitsyn, Nikolai Grinko, Ivan Lapikov, Nikolai Sergeyev, Nikolai Burlyayev and Tarkovsky's wife Irma Raush. Savva Yamshchikov, a famous Russian restorer and art historian, was a scientific consultant of the film. The film was censored shortly after its premiere in the first decade of the Breshnev administration of the Soviet Union. The original version of the film, also known as the first cut of the film, survives only because it was privately preserved by Tarkovsky's staff before being eventually obtained by Martin Scorsese who brought a copy of it to the West for release under its original title.", "title": "The Passion According to Andrei" }, { "docid": "676#11", "text": "Tarkovsky's first feature film was \"Ivan's Childhood\" in 1962. He had inherited the film from director Eduard Abalov, who had to abort the project. The film earned Tarkovsky international acclaim and won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in the year 1962. In the same year, on 30 September, his first son Arseny (called Senka in Tarkovsky's diaries) Tarkovsky was born.", "title": "Andrei Tarkovsky" } ]

[ { "docid": "39675028#0", "text": "\"Happy Days\" is a song written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox. It is the theme song of the 1970s television series \"Happy Days\". It can be heard during the TV show's opening and closing credits as it runs in perpetual rerun syndication.", "title": "Happy Days (TV theme)" }, { "docid": "6268276#4", "text": "That year, the producers of ABC-TV's successful situation comedy \"Happy Days\" decided to replace its theme song, Bill Haley and the Comets' \"Rock Around the Clock\", with a new song written especially for the show. The tune was written by Norman Gimbel and Charles Fox, who also wrote themes for \"Love, American Style\", \"Wonder Woman\", \"Laverne & Shirley\", and \"The Love Boat\". Omartian was chosen to produce the song, and he recommended Pratt & McClain to record it. Multiple short arrangements were produced for the show and its promotional vehicles, and a full-length version was recorded for popular release.", "title": "Pratt & McClain" }, { "docid": "49436761#2", "text": "Brooke Candy announced the release of \"Happy Day\" on January 25, 2016 by releasing footage of its music video through her Instagram account. The single was released on January 29, 2016. Produced by More Mega, \"Happy Days\" is written by Cassie Davis, Sean Mullins, Ali Tamposi, Olivia Waithe, Talay Riley. The track uses the music from her previously released video \"A Study In Duality\". A remix package was released on April 1, 2017 to promote the song.", "title": "Happy Days (Brooke Candy song)" } ]

[ { "docid": "15586418#6", "text": "\"Time Magazine\" reported in 1953 that \"Oh Happy Day\" had a \"folklike origin: Donnie heard it sung by an Ohio State girlfriend, who had picked it up on the campus. Donnie worked it out on his guitar, changed it a bit, wrote some lyrics, sang it at parties and prudently got it copyrighted..\" Six weeks later, while \"Oh Happy Day\" was still on the pop charts, the \"Washington Post\" reported that Nancy Binns Reed, a 28-year-old housewife, had filed a lawsuit to prove that she wrote the song. Represented by Lee Eastman (father of Linda McCartney), a New York copyright and show business attorney, Mrs. Reed obtained affidavits from persons who had heard her singing the song when serving as a counselor at various camps and when she attended the University of California in the 1940s. She stated that many campers and high school and college friends had learned the song. The lawsuit resulted in an out-of-court cash settlement along with an agreement that Mrs. Reed and Mr. Kaplow share equal credit for the song's words and music. \"Music Views\" magazine reported in its June 1953 edition that Kaplow's girlfriend had graduated from a girl's camp, where Ms. Reed had served as a counselor.", "title": "Oh Happy Day (1952 song)" }, { "docid": "15586418#8", "text": "\"Oh Happy Day\" by Don Howard reached #4 on the \"Billboard\" Chart. The \"Billboard\" confusion arises from the fact that \"Billboard\" printed two charts. One ranking for individual artist recordings of a song and one for combined sales of a song by all of the recorded versions. The #3 ranking for \"Oh Happy Day\" in \"Billboard\" came from the \"Billboard\" \"Honor Roll of Hits\" listing. That ranking included all version of \"Oh Happy Day\" and not just the Don Howard version. The #4 ranking in \"Billboard\" came from the chart listing \"The Best Sellers In Stores\" and only included sales of the Don Howard version. It did reach #3 on The Cashbox Chart, which like the \"Honor Roll of Hits\" included all recordings of the same song.", "title": "Oh Happy Day (1952 song)" }, { "docid": "15586418#5", "text": "\"Oh Happy Day\" was one of the first pop hits whose momentum was driven by the high-school teen set. Described as a \"garage hit,\" before the song was recorded, Don Howard Kaplow sang it accompanied by his guitar before his classmates at Cleveland Heights High School, in Cleveland, Ohio. At a Saturday high-school dance, the boys and girls called 13 times for \"Oh Happy Day\". This convinced Koplow to put the song on wax. Once it was played on the air, teenage fans besieged the disc jockey, Phil McLean of radio station WERE with requests that kept him spinning the song all week. Calls began coming in from nearby cities, and it was decided the record should go to market. A contract was signed in early November 1952 and \"Oh Happy Day\" went on sale. Upon release by a brand new record company (Triple A), 21,000 copies quickly sold around Cleveland. Then the record was leased to another label (Essex) for national distribution. By February 1953, it was pushing the half-million mark.", "title": "Oh Happy Day (1952 song)" }, { "docid": "18711156#4", "text": "In the book, Alexander reveals a perplexing contrast between her parents public and private lives. On the surface, her parents lead glamorous lives and were the toast of the town. Her father Milton was a noted and highly successful composer whose songs included \"Happy Days Are Here Again\", \"Ain't She Sweet\", and \"I’m Nobody’s Baby\"; her mother Cecelia wrote columns in Variety, was a Hollywood screenwriter, and Manhattan movie critic. Friends like George and Ira Gershwin, the Marx Brothers, Sophie Tucker, and Dorothy Parker were some of the frequent visitors to their homes in New York and Hollywood. Yet, in their private lives, the couple, who often lived in hotels, were temperamentally opposites, slept in separate rooms, and essentially led separate lives. Alexander describes her mother as cold and unattached and writes of her inability to express love to either her daughters or her husband. However, the marriage lasted 57 years.", "title": "Happy Days (book)" }, { "docid": "171103#20", "text": "Season one used a newly recorded version of \"Rock Around the Clock\" by Bill Haley & His Comets (recorded in the fall of 1973) as the opening theme song. This recording was not commercially released at the time, although the original 1954 recording returned to the American Billboard charts in 1974 as a result of the song's use on the show. The \"Happy Days\" recording had its first commercial release in 2005 by the German label Hydra Records. (When \"Happy Days\" entered syndication in 1979, the series was retitled \"Happy Days Again\" and used an edited version of the 1954 recording instead of the 1973 version). In some prints intended for reruns and overseas broadcasts, the original \"Rock Around the Clock\" opening theme is replaced by the more standard \"Happy Days\" theme.", "title": "Happy Days" }, { "docid": "49436761#1", "text": "Moving away from her past rap sound from her 2014 EP \"Opulence\", the track is an electropop song that revolves around the pursuit of happiness and the struggles involved. Critical response to \"Happy Days\" was mixed; some music critics praised the sound while another criticized it alongside the other promotional singles for the album. Renata Raksha directed the song's music video, which features Candy portraying three characters based on parts of her psyche. The video received positive feedback from \"Elle UK\".", "title": "Happy Days (Brooke Candy song)" }, { "docid": "15586418#11", "text": "In terms of legacy and influence, \"Oh Happy Day\" has been performed by numerous artists of various persuasions and interests. Folk versions (accompaniment by acoustic guitar only) were performed by Don Howard, Mickey Baker, Dolph Dixon and Elvis Presley. Don Howard's version has been released on a recent CD compilation entitled \"Songs That Inspired The King\" in reference to Elvis Presley. Elvis is known to have performed \"Oh Happy Day\" during the dress rehearsal for his 1968 Comeback Show and at an August 5, 1976, concert at the Sahara in Las Vegas. He described the chord arrangement on \"Oh Happy Day\" as representative of early rock and roll, stating \"Oh Happy Day\" was similar to the songs \"Blue Moon\" and \"Young Love\" in this regard. See Elvis's voice over on the CD From Burbank to Vegas, recorded at the Burbank Studios, Hollywood, where the 1968 dress rehearsal for the 1968 Comeback Show took place. The arrangement of Lawrence Welk's \"Oh Happy Day\" has also been described as early rock and roll. A more traditional big band 1940s sound is heard in the rendition by Geraldo and His Orchestra (UK). Other versions demonstrate a jazz orientation or influence including those by Jimmy Giuffre, Dick Erickson and Ron Levin and Milt Levitt Orchestra. Other international versions were performed by The Johnston Brothers (#4 in the UK); Pilgrim With Rhythm Quartette (UK), Don Cameron (UK), Dave Carey (UK), Leo Heppe u.d. Continentals & Lutz Alberecht u.s. Orchester (Germany and sung in German); Mieke Telkamp (Germany) and Dick Todd (Canada). The Four Knights rendition has been described as early doo-wop rock and roll and several more explicitly doo-wop versions followed in the 1950s and 1960s by the Singing Belles, the Skylites, Dion, Rick Martell & the Angels, the Five Satins, and Stephanie & the Gothics. Dion's \"Oh Happy Day\", recorded in 1963, has been described as a stand-out doo-wop recording on his \"Bronx Blues: The Columbia Recordings” album. Other artists that have recorded \"Oh Happy Day\" include Tab Hunter, the Four Lads, Homer & Jethro, Kamahl, Bill Buchanan, the Honey Dreamers and Don McPherson and the Hy-powers. Homer & Jethro's \"Unhappy Day\", a parody of \"Oh Happy Day\", stays faithful to the melody and brings forth a chuckle.", "title": "Oh Happy Day (1952 song)" } ]

[ { "docid": "736446#0", "text": "The 2000 Atlantic hurricane season was the first Atlantic hurricane season without a tropical cyclone in the month of July since 1993. The hurricane season officially began on June 1, and ended on November 30. It was slightly above average due to a La Niña weather pattern although most of the storms were weak. The first cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed in the southern Gulf of Mexico on June 7 and dissipated after an uneventful duration. However, it would be almost two months before the first named storm, Alberto, formed near Cape Verde; Alberto also dissipated with no effects on land. Several other tropical cyclones—Tropical Depression Two, Tropical Depression Four, Chris, Ernesto, Nadine, and an unnamed subtropical storm—did not impact land. Five additional storms—Tropical Depression Nine, Florence, Isaac, Joyce, and Leslie—minimally affected land areas.", "title": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "736446#10", "text": "A tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa and quickly developed into Tropical Depression Two on June 23. Although it was well-organized, the National Hurricane Center did not initiate advisories on the depression until 1500 UTC on June 24, since it operationally appeared that a surface circulation did not exist until then. However, the depression was less organized after the National Hurricane Center began advisories. Having formed at 19.8°W, it was one of the easternmost developing tropical cyclones in the month of June, even further east than Tropical Storm Ana in 1979 and Tropical Depression Two in 2003. Though light wind shear and marginally warm sea surface temperatures were in the path of the depression, no significant intensification occurred as it tracked generally westward. The depression began encountering a stable air mass, and degenerated back into a tropical wave on June 25.\nA well-developed tropical wave was observed in satellite imagery over central Africa on July 30. The system tracked westward and emerged into the Atlantic Ocean on August 3. Thereafter, the system rapidly organized, and developed into Tropical Depression Three at 1800 UTC that day. The depression moved west-northwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Alberto early on August 4. While briefly turning westward on August 6, Alberto reached hurricane status. It tracked west-northwestward, and by early the following day, the storm reached an initial peak with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h). Shortly thereafter, Alberto re-curved northwestward. Wind shear then increased, which caused Alberto to weaken to a tropical storm on August 9. However, it quickly re-strengthened, and early on August 10, Alberto was upgraded to a hurricane again. Due to a break in a subtropical ridge, Alberto gradually curved northward and north-northeastward between August 11 and 12. While turning northeastward, Alberto strengthened into a Category 3 hurricane, becoming the first major hurricane of the season. By 1200 UTC on August 12, Alberto attained its peak intensity with winds of .", "title": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season" } ]

[ { "docid": "1267116#0", "text": "The 1950 Atlantic hurricane season was the first year in the Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT) that storms were given names in the Atlantic basin. Names were taken from the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, with the first named storm being designated \"Able\", the second \"Baker\", and so on. It was an active season with sixteen tropical storms, with eleven of them developing into hurricanes. Six of these hurricanes were intense enough to be classified as major hurricanes—a denomination reserved for storms that attained sustained winds equivalent to a Category 3 or greater on the present-day Saffir–Simpson scale. One storm, the twelfth of the season, was unnamed and was originally excluded from the yearly summary, and three additional storms were discovered in re-analysis. The large quantity of strong storms during the year yielded, prior to modern reanalysis, what was the highest seasonal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) of the 20th century in the Atlantic basin; 1950 held the seasonal ACE record until broken by the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. However, later examination by researchers determined that several storms in the 1950 season were weaker than thought, leading to a lower ACE than assessed originally.", "title": "1950 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "736446#6", "text": "Tropical cyclogenesis first occurred in the month of June, with two tropical depressions developing in the Atlantic. However, no tropical cyclones developed in the month of July, the first phenomenon since 1993. In August, five tropical cyclones developed, most notably, Hurricane Alberto. September was more active, with seven named storms forming; that month featured Hurricane Keith, the strongest system of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season. With seven named storms forming in September, this made it the most active September on record at the time. This record was surpassed two years later when eight storms formed in September. In addition, a quick succession of eight storms occurred in September, and lasted into early October. Six tropical cyclones existed in October and one additional subtropical storm developed in the last week of the month. Following an active October, no tropical cyclogenesis occurred in November, which is the final month of the season.", "title": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "791513#2", "text": "The hurricane season officially began on June 1, though the first tropical cyclone developed on May 21. A total of 21 tropical and subtropical cyclones formed, but just 10 of them intensified into nameable storm systems. This was about average compared to the 1950–2000 average of 9.6 named storms. Six of these reached hurricane status, around the 1950–2000 average of 5.9. Furthermore, three storms reached major hurricane status; close to the 1950–2000 average of 2.3. Collectively, the cyclones of this season caused at least 84 deaths and about $101.63 million in damage. The Atlantic hurricane season officially ended on November 30, with the final cyclone becoming extratropical on October 28.", "title": "1976 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "1267116#1", "text": "The tropical cyclones of the season produced a total of 88 fatalities and $38.5 million in property damage (1950 USD). The first officially named Atlantic hurricane was Hurricane Able, which formed on August 12, brushed the North Carolina coastline, and later moved across Atlantic Canada. The strongest hurricane of the season, Hurricane Dog, reached the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson scale, and caused extensive damage to the Leeward Islands. Two major hurricanes affected Florida: Easy produced the highest 24-hour rainfall total recorded in the United States, while King struck downtown Miami as a Category 4 hurricane and caused $27.75 million (1950 USD) of damage. The two major landfalls made the 1945–1950 period the only five-year period to feature five major hurricane landfalls in the United States—a record that held until tied in 2000–2005. The last storm of the year, an unnamed tropical storm, dissipated on November 13.", "title": "1950 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "737328#5", "text": "Activity in the season began slowly, with the first tropical cyclone not forming until July 27. It did not become Tropical Storm Alex until July 29, which was an abnormally late first named storm for an Atlantic hurricane season. After being dormant for about two weeks, Hurricane Bonnie developed on August 19. Thereafter, tropical cyclogenesis became more frequent, with an additional three storms by the end of August. September was the most active month, coinciding with the climatological peak of the season. Six tropical cyclones formed in that month, four of which reached hurricane intensity. Four hurricanes were active on September 26, with Georges over the Straits of Florida, Ivan in the North Atlantic, Jeanne was located near Cape Verde, and Karl was situated over the Central Atlantic. This was the first such occurrence since August 22 in 1893. However, three hurricanes also co-existed in the Atlantic on September 11 in 1961, with a possible fourth. Following a busy September, activity began slowing, starting in October, when only two tropical cyclones developed. However, both storms became a hurricane, with the second cyclone, Hurricane Mitch, become the most intense, deadliest, and costliest storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season.", "title": "1998 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "768664#2", "text": "The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1. Of the twenty-four tropical cyclones that developed in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1969, eighteen of them intensified into tropical storms; this was above the 1950–2000 average of 9.6 named storms. In terms of tropical storms, it was the busiest season since 1933. Twelve of the eighteen named storms reached hurricane status, a record that stood until there were fifteen named storms in 2005. Five of the hurricanes deepened into major hurricanes, which are Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale. Between 1950 and 2000, there was an average of 2.3 major hurricanes per season. Throughout the season, the U.S. Weather Bureau issued more advisories than in any previous season. Additionally, reconnaissance aircraft were utilized for more flight hours than in any year in the Atlantic basin until that point. The season officially ended on November 30.", "title": "1969 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "736446#34", "text": "The Marine Prediction Center issued some marine gale and storm warnings offshore, while the National Weather Service issued gale warnings for coastal North Carolina. It was not designated as a subtropical cyclone operationally. The storm produced tropical storm force winds in portions of Atlantic Canada, although it was associated with the larger extratropical storm at the time. Several ships also recorded tropical storm force winds, one of which recorded peak winds of .\nThe following names were used for system that attained at least tropical storm intensity within the Atlantic basin in the year 2000. Although this was the same list used for the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season, storms were named Joyce, Leslie, Michael, and Nadine for the first time in 2000 due to inactivity in the former. Names that were not assigned are marked in .", "title": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "737328#0", "text": "The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the most disastrous Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, featuring the highest number of storm-related fatalities in over 200 years, most of which occurred during Hurricane Mitch. It officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Storm Alex, developed on July 27, and the season's final storm, Hurricane Nicole, became extratropical on December 1. The strongest storm, Mitch was tied with 2007's Hurricane Dean for the eighth most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Mitch is also the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. The system dropped tremendous amounts of rainfall in Central America, causing over 11,000 confirmed deaths and at least $6.08 billion (1998 USD) in damage. The season was the first since Hurricane Andrew in the 1992 season to feature a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.", "title": "1998 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "1338908#1", "text": "The first hurricane of the season, Able, formed prior to the official start of the season; before reanalysis in 2015, it was once listed as the earliest major hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. It formed on May 16 and executed a counterclockwise loop over the Bahamas; later it brushed the North Carolina coastline. Hurricane Charlie was a powerful Category 4 hurricane that struck Jamaica as a major hurricane, killing hundreds and becoming the worst disaster in over 50 years. The hurricane later struck Mexico twice as a major hurricane, producing deadly flooding outside of Tampico, Tamaulipas. The strongest hurricane, Easy, spent its duration over the open Atlantic Ocean, briefly threatening Bermuda, and was formerly listed as one of a relatively few Category 5 hurricanes on record over the Atlantic Ocean. It briefly neared Category 5 status and interacted with Hurricane Fox, marking the first known instance of a hurricane affecting another's path.", "title": "1951 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "736446#11", "text": "Increasing upper-level westerlies caused Alberto to weaken as it moved east-northeastward, with the cyclone losing most of its convection. Early on August 14, Alberto was downgraded to a tropical storm. A westerly trough that had been guiding Alberto outran the storm, and strong ridging developed to the north and west. As a result, Alberto turned southward on August 15, southwestward on August 16, and then to the west on August 17. While curving northwestward and then northward, Alberto began to re-strengthen, and was upgraded to a hurricane for the third occasion on August 18. Alberto reached a third peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with winds of on August 20. After weakening back to a Category 1 hurricane, Alberto had completed a cyclonic loop, which it had started on August 13. Due to decreasing ocean temperatures, Alberto was again downgraded to a tropical storm on August 23 as it accelerated northeastward. Six hours later, Alberto transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while centered about south-southwest of Reykjavík, Iceland.", "title": "2000 Atlantic hurricane season" } ]

[ { "docid": "5054631#0", "text": "Islam is the official state religion in the Republic of Iraq, but the constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Iraq is a multi ethnic and multi religious country with Islam, Christianity, Yazdanism, Zoroastrianism, Shabakism, Judaism, Mandaeism, Bahā'i, Ahl-e Haqq-Yarsanis, Ishikism and numerous other religions all having a presence in the country. Shia Islam is the main religion in Iraq followed by 60–65% of the population, while Sunni Islam is followed by 32–37% of the people. Many cities throughout Iraq have been areas of historical prominence for both Shia and Sunni Muslims, including Najaf, Karbala, Baghdad and Samarra.", "title": "Religion in Iraq" }, { "docid": "4770955#1", "text": "Iraq's Muslims follow two distinct traditions, majority Shia Islam and minority Sunni Islam. Arabic-speaking Shias are known as Iraqiyyuns, and Arabic-speaking Sunnis are known as Jaziran Arabs. Iraq is home to many religious cities important for both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Baghdad was a hub of Islamic learning and scholarship for centuries and served as the capital of the Abassids. Baghdad also is home to two prominent Shia Imams in what is known as Kadhimiya, Iraq. The city of Karbala has substantial prominence in Shia Islam as a result of the Battle of Karbala, fought in October 10, 680. Similarly, Najaf is renowned as the site of the tomb of Alī ibn Abī Tālib (also known as \"Imām Alī\"), whom the Shia consider to be the righteous caliph and first imām. The city is now a great center of pilgrimage from throughout the Shi'a Islamic world and it is estimated that only Mecca and Medina receive more Muslim pilgrims. The city of Kufa was home to the famed scholar Abu Hanifah, whose school of thought is followed by many Sunni Muslims internationally. Kufa was also the capital of the Rashidun Caliphate during the time of Ali. Likewise, Samarra is also home to the al-Askari Mosque, containing the mausoleums of the Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari, the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams respectively, as well as the maqam (or \"point\") of Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is the twelfth and final Imam of the Shia Madhhab. This has made it an important pilgrimage centre for Ja'farī Shia Muslims. In addition, some female relatives of Muhammad are buried in Samarra, making the city one of the most significant sites of worship for Shia Muslims and a venerated location for Sunni Muslims. Basra Iraq is also a prominent Shia area due to its significant role during the First Fitna, where Ali defeated Aisha during the Battle of the Camel.", "title": "Islam in Iraq" } ]

[ { "docid": "285319#0", "text": "The Islamic Dawa Party, also known as the Islamic Call Party ( \"Ḥizb Al-Daʿwa Al-Islāmiyya\"), is a political party in Iraq. Dawa and the Supreme Islamic Iraqi Council are two of the main parties in the religious-Shiite United Iraqi Alliance, which won a plurality of seats in both the provisional January 2005 Iraqi election and the longer-term December 2005 election. The party is led by Haider al-Abadi, who has been Prime Minister of Iraq since 8 September 2014. The party backed the Iranian Revolution and also Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War and the group still receives financial support from Tehran despite ideological differences with the Islamic Republic.", "title": "Islamic Dawa Party" }, { "docid": "32815780#22", "text": "Islam is the official religion of Iraq with about 97% of the population practice this religion.\nOn January 29, 2004, the interim Iraqi government, supported by the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq and despite the strong opposition of the American Administrator Paul Bremer, launched \"Resolution 137\" which introduced sharia law in the \"law on personal civil status\", which since 1958 established rights and freedoms for Iraqi women. This resolution permitted very different interpretations from the law of 1958 on the part of religious communities. It opened an additional breach in the civil law and risked exacerbating inter-religious tensions in Iraq. In a statement, OWFI affirmed :", "title": "Women in Iraq" }, { "docid": "7079135#54", "text": "There have been a number of reports of attempts to forcibly convert religious minorities in Iraq. The Yazidi people of northern Iraq, who follow an ethnoreligious syncretic faith, have been threatened with forced conversion by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, who consider their practices to be Satanism. UN investigators have reported mass killings of Yazidi men and boys who refused to convert to Islam. In Baghdad, hundreds of Assyrian Christians fled their homes in 2007 when a local extremist group announced that they had to convert to Islam, pay the jizya or die. In March 2007 the BBC reported that people in the Mandaean ethnic and religious minority in Iraq alleged that they were being targeted by Islamist insurgents, who offered them the choice of conversion or death.", "title": "Forced conversion" }, { "docid": "70795#9", "text": "'Mr Pace said the Ministry of the Interior was \"acting as a rogue element within the government\". It is controlled by the main Shia party, the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq (Sciri); the Interior Minister, Bayan Jabr, is a former leader of Sciri's Badr Brigade militia, which is one of the main groups accused of carrying out sectarian killings. Another is the Mehdi Army of the young cleric Moqtada al-Sadr, who is part of the Shia coalition seeking to form a government after winning the mid-December election.", "title": "Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq" }, { "docid": "9087364#110", "text": "An Islamic Front sharia court judge in Aleppo, Mohamed Najeeb Bannan, stated: \"The legal reference is the Islamic Sharia. The cases are different, from robberies to drug use, to moral crimes. It's our duty to look at any crime that comes to us... After the regime has fallen, we believe that the Muslim majority in Syria will ask for an Islamic state. Of course, it's very important to point out that some say the Islamic Sharia will cut off people's hands and heads, but it only applies to criminals. And to start off by killing, crucifying etc. That is not correct at all.\" In response to being asked what the difference between the Islamic Front's and ISIL's version of sharia would be, he said, \"One of their mistakes is before the regime has fallen, and before they've established what in Sharia is called Tamkeen [having a stable state], they started applying Sharia, thinking God gave them permission to control the land and establish a Caliphate. This goes against the beliefs of religious scholars around the world. This is what [IS] did wrong. This is going to cause a lot of trouble. Anyone who opposes [IS] will be considered against Sharia and will be severely punished.\"", "title": "Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant" }, { "docid": "1088385#5", "text": "When the IAI first formed, it used kidnapping as a means of pursuing its goals. The group also threatened to target the January 2005 elections, although it didn't carry out any such attack. Unlike most resistance movement organizations today, the IAI does not have Salafist tendencies, its primary focus and goal being the expulsion of foreign troops from Iraq. A November 2004 \"Washington Post\" interview with the group's leader, Ishmael Jubouri, stated that the IAI was predominantly composed of Iraqis (Sunnis, Shiites, Kurds, and Arabs) trying to force foreign troops out of Iraq. The Terrorism Monitor put out by The Jamestown Foundation confirms some of what Jubouri was claiming. In a March 2005 article, the monitor staid the group was composed primarily of Sunnis with a small Shiite congregation and, in general, was \"[an] inclusive Islamic organization with Iraqi nationalist tendencies.\"", "title": "Islamic Army in Iraq" }, { "docid": "13376#14", "text": "The state religion is Roman Catholicism which 80–85% of the population professes. 15–20% of Haitians practice Protestantism. Only a very small percentage of the population practice Vodou, mostly along with another religion.The main religions practiced in Haiti are Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Islam, and Judaism. In addition, the protestant population is continuing to grow, along with Islam and Judaism. The Islam population usually goes uncounted for and has links to the slave trade. Almost 99% of Haitians claim at least one religion, with many practicing some part of voodoo.", "title": "Demographics of Haiti" }, { "docid": "54604579#12", "text": "Statuary, wall paintings and jewellery from ancient sites in Iraq\nSelected artwork and handcrafts from post-Islamic structures and sites in Iraq \nUntil the 20th-century, Iraq had no tradition of easel painting. Traditional art, which included metal-work, rug-making and weaving, glass-blowing, ceramic tiles, calligraphy and wall murals were widely practised during the 19th-century. Some traditional practices traced their origins back to the 9th-century Assyrians. However, in the 19th-century, mural painters were generally seen as artisans rather than artists - although in traditional Islamic society, the distinction between artists and artists was not well defined. A few named individuals are known, including the painter, Abbud 'the Jewish' Naqqash and the calligrapher, painter and decorator; Hashim al-Khattat (\"Hashim the Calligrapher\", early 20th-century) (d. 1973) and Niazi Mawlawi hashim (19th century), but relatively few details of their lives and careers are known.", "title": "Iraqi art" } ]

[ { "docid": "340935#1", "text": "By the time extant history hears of him, Aristagoras is already serving as deputy governor of Miletus, a polis on the western coast of Anatolia around 500 BC. He was the son of Molpagoras, previous tyrant of an independent Miletus, and brother-in-law (and nephew) of Histiaeus, whom the Persians had set up as tyrant, but never quite trusted. After general Megabazus presented his complaints about Histiaeus to Darius I of Persia, the latter summoned Histiaeus to his court and detained him at Susa, the main reason being that he wanted a trustworthy advisor. On the recommendation of Histiaeus, the Achaemenids then appointed Aristagoras as the new ruler of Miletus. Aristagoras ruled Miletus while Histiaeus remained in Susa. The assignment was put forward as temporary. Privately, everyone knew that he was being kept under observation away from his troops.\nAristagoras was the main orchestrator of the Ionian Revolt on secret instruction by Histiaeus, when the latter learned of Persian plans to interfere directly in Miletus. Aristagoras took advantage of Greek dissatisfaction with Persian rule to incite an alliance of the Greek poleis of Ionia. Soliciting assistance from the states of mainland Greece he failed to obtain the help of a major state, Sparta. He did obtain the half-hearted assistance of Athens. Their attack on the satrapy of Lydia having been defeated, they withdrew, abandoning Aristagoras to his fate.", "title": "Aristagoras" }, { "docid": "340935#0", "text": "Aristagoras (), d. 497/496 BC, was the leader of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC and a key player during the early years of the Ionian Revolt against the Persian Achaemenid Empire. He was the son-in-law of Histiaeus, and inherited the tiranny of Miletus from him.", "title": "Aristagoras" }, { "docid": "70997#26", "text": "When Cyrus of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia in the middle of the 6th century BC, Miletus fell under Persian rule. In 499 BC Miletus's tyrant Aristagoras became the leader of the Ionian Revolt against the Persians under Darius the Great, who quashed this rebellion and punished Miletus by selling all of the women and children into slavery, killing the men, and expelling all of the young men as eunuchs, thereby assuring that no Miletus citizen would ever be born again. A year afterward, Phrynicus produced the tragedy \"The Capture of Miletus\" in Athens. The Athenians fined him for reminding them of their loss.", "title": "Miletus" }, { "docid": "340935#9", "text": "Both leaders being of the same mind, Aristagoras conferred with a council of his supporters, who agreed to a rebellion in Miletus in 499 BC. Aristagoras was supported by most of the citizens in council, except the historian Hecataeus. Hecataeus voted against the revolt because he believed that the Ionians would be out-matched. Defeat would be inevitable. Once the vote was taken, however, there is no evidence that he recused himself from the revolt. In fact, he had suggestions to make. Once the war began, the Ionians did not allow any fence-sitting among themselves, although they could not stop the larger allies from withdrawing. In general knowledge, warring nations do not allow citizens of any social status to comment from the sidelines without participating in the war effort.", "title": "Aristagoras" }, { "docid": "298695#34", "text": "At the height of the Persian counter-offensive, Aristagoras, sensing his untenable position, decided to abandon his responsibilities as leader of Miletus and of the revolt. He left Miletus with all the members of his faction who would accompany him, and went to the part of Thrace that Darius had granted to Histiaeus after the campaign of 513 BC. Herodotus, who evidently has a rather negative view of him, suggests that Aristagoras simply lost his nerve and fled. Some modern historians have suggested that he went to Thrace to exploit the greater natural resources of the region, and thus support the revolt. Others have suggested that finding himself at the centre of an internal conflict in Miletus, he chose to go into exile rather than exacerbate the situation.", "title": "Ionian Revolt" } ]

[ { "docid": "340935#5", "text": "Certain exiled citizens of Naxos came to Miletus to seek refuge. They asked Aristagoras to supply them with troops, so that they could regain control of their homeland. Aristagoras considered that if he was able to supply troops to the Naxians, then he could become ruler of Naxos. So he agreed to assist the Naxians. He explained that he did not have enough troops of his own, but that Artaphernes, Darius’ brother and the Persian satrap of Lydia, who commanded a large army and navy on the coast of Asia, could help supply troops. The Naxians agreed to Aristagoras seeking Artaphernes' support and supplied him with money.", "title": "Aristagoras" }, { "docid": "340935#17", "text": "Aristagoras next went to Athens, where he made a convincing speech, promising “everything that came into his head, until at last he succeeded.” Won over, the Athenians agreed to send ships to Ionia and Aristagoras went before them. The Athenians subsequently arrived in Miletus with twenty triremes and five others that belonged to the Eretrians. Herodotus described the arrival of these ships as the beginning of troubles between Greeks and barbarians. Once all his allies had arrived, Aristagoras put his brother Charopinus and another Milesian, Hermophantus, in charge of the expedition, and the whole contingent set out for the provincial capital, Sardis, while Aristagoras remained to govern at Miletus.", "title": "Aristagoras" }, { "docid": "298695#9", "text": "About 40 years after the Persian conquest of Ionia, and in the reign of the fourth Persian king, Darius the Great, the stand-in Milesian tyrant Aristagoras found himself in this familiar predicament. Aristagoras's uncle Histiaeus had accompanied Darius on campaign in 513 BC, and when offered a reward, had asked for part of the conquered Thracian territory. Although this was granted, Histiaeus's ambition alarmed Darius's advisors, and Histiaeus was thus further 'rewarded' by being compelled to remain in Susa as Darius's \"Royal Table-Companion\". Taking over from Histiaeus, Aristagoras was faced with bubbling discontent in Miletus. In 500 BC, Aristagoras was approached by some exiles from Naxos, who asked him to take control of the island. Seeing an opportunity to strengthen his position in Miletus by conquering Naxos, Aristagoras approached the satrap of Lydia, Artaphernes, with a proposal. If Artaphernes provided an army, Aristagoras would conquer the island, thus extending the boundaries of the empire for Darius, and he would then give Artaphernes a share of the spoils to cover the cost of raising the army. Artaphernes agreed in principle, and asked Darius for permission to launch the expedition. Darius assented to this, and a force of 200 triremes was assembled in order to attack Naxos the following year.", "title": "Ionian Revolt" }, { "docid": "8791492#18", "text": "Despite these setbacks, the revolt spread further. The Ionians sent men to the Hellespont and Propontis, and captured Byzantium and the other nearby cities. They also persuaded the Carians to join the rebellion. Furthermore, seeing the spread of the rebellion, the kingdoms of Cyprus also revolted against Persian rule without any outside persuasion. For the next three years, the Persian army and navy were fully occupied with fighting the rebellions in Caria and Cyprus, and Ionia seems to have had an uneasy peace during these years. At the height of the Persian counter-offensive, Aristagoras, sensing the untenability of his position, decided to abandon his position as leader of Miletus, and of the revolt, and he left Miletus. Herodotus, who evidently has a rather negative view of him, suggests that Aristagoras simply lost his nerve and fled.", "title": "Siege of Naxos (499 BC)" }, { "docid": "349855#11", "text": "Despite these setbacks, the revolt spread further. The Ionians sent men to the Hellespont and Propontis, and captured Byzantium and the other nearby cities. They also persuaded the Carians to join the rebellion. Furthermore, seeing the spread of the rebellion, the kingdoms of Cyprus also revolted against Persian rule without any outside persuasion. For the next three years, the Persian army and navy were fully occupied with fighting the rebellions in Caria and Cyprus, and Ionia seems to have had an uneasy peace during these years. At the height of the Persian counter-offensive, Aristagoras, sensing the untenability of his position, decided to abandon his position as leader of Miletus, and of the revolt, and he left Miletus. Herodotus, who evidently has a rather negative view of him, suggests that Aristagoras simply lost his nerve and fled.", "title": "Battle of Lade" } ]

[ { "docid": "1572240#0", "text": "Captain Cold (Leonard Snart) is a fictional supervillain/antihero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Captain Cold is the leader of the Rogues, a loose criminal association, as well as the older brother of Golden Glider. An acquaintance of the various superheroes known as the Flash, he has served as a bitter enemy to Barry Allen, both enemy and grudging friend to Wally West, and one of the regretting killers of Bart Allen. As part of 2011's The New 52 reboot, Captain Cold is a villain that with his team The Rogues lives by a code to never kill and sometimes can be perceived as a hero.", "title": "Captain Cold" } ]

[ { "docid": "1572240#6", "text": "Captain Cold was declared the leader of the Flash's Rogues Gallery. His skill and experience have made him a strong leader to the likes of the Weather Wizard, the new Trickster, the new Mirror Master, and the new Captain Boomerang. Len seems to have taken the young Captain Boomerang under his wing, after the elder Boomerang was recently killed. Tabloids rumoured that Captain Cold's sister, the Golden Glider, was Boomerang's mother, making him Captain Cold's nephew. This turned out to be false, however, as the new Boomerang's mother has been revealed to be Meloni Thawne, who is also the mother of Bart Allen. Despite his more ruthless nature as of late, Captain Cold's heart is not completely frozen, evidenced by having sent flowers to honor Sue Dibny, murdered wife of the Elongated Man.", "title": "Captain Cold" }, { "docid": "3097822#23", "text": "In \"Little Orphan Hero\", it is revealed that Hero's real name is Leslie and in \"Nipple Ring-Ring Goes to Foster Care\" that he earned the name \"Captain Hero\" when he was 12 years old and masturbated with a hero sandwich in public. What would occur in a continuous spiral is Captain Hero telling his 12-year-old self (through a walkie-talkie via an electrical storm) to do stupid things. Captain Hero says that the one that did this to him told him to \"go screw a garbage disposal\", thus causing the \"accident\" that lost his penis – although he has been shown to possess one, and is particularly resilient to physical harm; he had a sexual relationship with Foxxy for an episode, in which they explored increasingly harmful parasexual activities, including disembowelment.", "title": "List of Drawn Together characters" }, { "docid": "2021319#13", "text": "Real name unknown, Copperhead is a crime boss in Central City, as well as a former mercenary. She is an antagonist of both Batman and the Flash.\nTwo-Face placed a large bounty on Batman's head that many super-villains and mercenaries intended to collect, including Copperhead. Alongside several other villains Copperhead tracked down the Bat to a active train. Climbing on board the train Copperhead attempted to kill Batman but he was able to escape by jumping into a flowing stream.\nAfter a brief stint of assassinations and other mercenary jobs, Copperhead was called up to lead her families' crime business in Central City. After a mysterious rival boss started muscling in on her territory she decided to hire several mercenaries to enforce her rule, two of these mercenaries were Shrapnel and Black Spider. However Black Spider was arrested by the Flash for robbing a diamond exchange, and Shrapnel was arrested after murdering the Road Reapers. Soon after this another pair of mercenaries were apprehended by the Flash- Trigger Twins, this prompted Copperhead to open negotiations with the mysterious crimelord whom she discovered was Captain Cold of the Rogues, in order to find away to defeat the Flash. Copperhead followed Cold's plan to eliminate the Flash, but Cold turned on her when he planted a cold bomb in a weapons delivery. The Flash was able to save her after he apprehended Cold, but without any evidence of her involvement she was allowed to walk free.", "title": "Copperhead (DC Comics)" }, { "docid": "1572240#5", "text": "During the events of \"Underworld Unleashed\", Captain Cold lost his soul to Neron but Wally West brought it back to the land of the living. He soon returned to crime, this time a member of Wally's Rogues Gallery. The Rogues had first been assembled when another Flash foe, the super-intelligent Gorilla Grodd had broken them out of jail to distract the Flash. The Golden Glider had abandoned her bounty hunter career and had started partnering with a series of thugs who she dressed in a costume, armed with a copy of Captain Cold's signature Cold Gun, and called Chillblaine. Already distraught over the death of her lover, the Top, it seemed that the supposed death of her brother pushed her over the edge. But the last Chillblaine was a little smarter and more vicious. He murdered the Golden Glider, prompting Captain Cold to hunt him down, torture him and kill him by freezing his outer layer of skin and then pushing him off a high rise building. Not long after that, Snart was framed by a new incarnation of Mister Element. He used his Element Gun to simulate Cold's gun, using ice and cold to murder several police officers before Captain Cold and the Flash discovered who was actually responsible. With the death of his sister, and having killed Chillblaine and Mr. Element in vengeance, Cold has again become an unrepentant criminal. However, during a confrontation with Brother Grimm, Cold actually worked with Wally West to defeat the powerful magic user, although this was mainly because he and Mirror Master had been betrayed by Grimm and wanted revenge.", "title": "Captain Cold" }, { "docid": "1572240#10", "text": "In the 2008 miniseries \"\", Captain Cold and the Rogues briefly joined Libra's Secret Society of Super Villains. In \"\" story, however, Cold and the rest of the Rogues reject Libra's offer, wanting to stay out of the game. Before they can retire, they hear of Inertia escaping and decide to stick around long enough to get revenge for being used. Cold and his group are challenged by a new set of Rogues, formed by Libra to be their replacements. The new group, having kidnapped Cold's father, challenge the Rogues, and are defeated and killed. Cold goes to his father, talking to him about the abuse he suffered, and the fate of his sister. After the elder Snart insults him and his mother, calling them weak, Cold punches him, but finds himself unable to kill him, instead getting Heat Wave to do it. The Rogues have their confrontation with Inertia, despite interference by Zoom and Libra, and kill Inertia. Libra then reveals that he needs the Rogues because Barry Allen has returned from the dead, and the Flashes are potential threats to him and Darkseid. Though shocked by the news that Allen is alive, Cold still rejects his offer of membership. After regrouping, Cold and the other Rogues agree not to retire, claiming that the game is back on. In \"Final Crisis\" #7, someone that looks like Captain Cold appears as a Justifier and is seen fighting the Female Furies alongside the other Justifiers under Lex Luthor's control.", "title": "Captain Cold" }, { "docid": "1572240#14", "text": "In the timeline of the 2011 company-wide reboot of all its superhero titles, The New 52, Captain Cold is reintroduced as a younger man than in the previous timeline and now with his Rogues lives with a code to never kill. His origin remains the same, however, his sister Lisa has not been the Golden Glider, and is instead dying of cancer. Upon learning that the hospital does not have enough energy to power a laser that could save her life, because of an EMP seemingly caused by the Flash, Cold blames him for everything that has happened to him, including a falling out with the Rogues, and decides to break the rules of their \"game\" and kill the Flash. Captain Cold has undergone experiments that have given him ice-based metahuman powers, including the ability to slow down the molecules around him, creating a field of inertia that reduces the Flash's speed to human level, allowing Captain Cold to touch him and effortlessly beat him. He and the Rogues are set to return, but later defeated them with help from Flash, and the Pied Piper.", "title": "Captain Cold" }, { "docid": "1572240#7", "text": "Traditionally, Captain Cold is driven by three things: money, women, and the desire to beat Barry Allen. Although not the lecher that Captain Boomerang was, Len Snart has an eye for the ladies, particularly models. When Barry Allen died, Captain Cold drifted for a while, jumping back and forth over the lines of crime and justice. He was captured by the Manhunter and served time in the Suicide Squad, worked with his sister as a bounty hunter (Golden Snowball Recoveries), and, with his longtime friend and sometimes nemesis Heat Wave, encountered Fire and Ice of the Justice League. He has teamed up with various villains over the years other than the many Rogues. These include Catwoman and the Secret Society of Super Villains. His favorite baseball team is the Houston Astros.", "title": "Captain Cold" }, { "docid": "25737977#9", "text": "On the ABC animated series \"Challenge of the Super Friends\", Captain Cold is one of two Flash villains (along with Grodd) that appear as members of Lex Luthor's Legion of Doom. Dick Ryal provided the voice of Captain Cold. This version of Captain Cold was depicted as having pale blue skin.", "title": "List of Super Friends villains" }, { "docid": "32539958#4", "text": "In 1988 Gallo founded the heavy metal band \"Cold Shot\" recruiting singer/songwriter Adam Murray, bassist Erin Bartley, and drummer Rikki Baggett. The name \"Cold Shot\" (a suggestion by Murray) was not inspired from Stevie Ray Vaughan's song of the same name.Murray was working a construction job. His boss described his ex as \"A real cold shot\". Cold Shot played alongside such bands as the Bullet Boys, Bang Tango, Guns and Roses and Motörhead. Cold Shot disbanded in 1994. In November 2012 Cold Shot signed a record deal with Eönian Records to release all their previously unreleased material.", "title": "Anthony Gallo" } ]

[ { "docid": "46611475#14", "text": "Many of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons known to be tumorigenic or mutagenic are found in atmospheric aerosols, which is connected to the thermal rearrangement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fast soot formation during combustion.", "title": "Thermal rearrangement of aromatic hydrocarbons" }, { "docid": "1313#15", "text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are aromatic hydrocarbons that consist of fused aromatic rings and do not contain heteroatoms or carry substituents. Naphthalene is the simplest example of a PAH. PAHs occur in oil, coal, and tar deposits, and are produced as byproducts of fuel burning (whether fossil fuel or biomass). As pollutants, they are of concern because some compounds have been identified as carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. PAHs are also found in cooked foods. Studies have shown that high levels of PAHs are found, for example, in meat cooked at high temperatures such as grilling or barbecuing, and in smoked fish.", "title": "Aromatic hydrocarbon" } ]

[ { "docid": "653006#0", "text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, also polyaromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) are hydrocarbons—organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen—that are composed of multiple aromatic rings (organic rings in which the electrons are delocalized). The simplest such chemicals are naphthalene, having two aromatic rings, and the three-ring compounds anthracene and phenanthrene.", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" }, { "docid": "3949132#1", "text": "In general, the term polycyclic includes polycyclic aromatic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as heterocyclic aromatic compounds with multiple rings (where heteroaromatic compounds are aromatic compounds that contain sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or another non-carbon atoms in their rings in addition to carbon).", "title": "Polycyclic compound" }, { "docid": "22201177#0", "text": "Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) are a group of compounds comprising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with two or more aromatic rings and one or more chlorine atoms attached to the ring system. Cl-PAHs can be divided into two groups: chloro-substituted PAHs, which have one or more hydrogen atoms substituted by a chlorine atom, and chloro-added Cl-PAHs, which have two or more chlorine atoms added to the molecule. They are products of incomplete combustion of organic materials. They have many congeners, and the occurrences and toxicities of the congeners differ. Cl-PAHs are hydrophobic compounds and their persistence within ecosystems is due to their low water solubility. They are structurally similar to other halogenated hydrocarbons such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Cl-PAHs in the environment are strongly susceptible to the effects of gas/particle partitioning, seasonal sources, and climatic conditions.", "title": "Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" }, { "docid": "41696772#0", "text": "Erich Clar (August 23, 1902 – March 27, 1987) was an organic chemist who studied polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemistry. He is considered as the father of that field. He authored the two-volume \"Polycyclic Hydrocarbons\", which described the syntheses, properties, and UV-visible absorption spectra of hundreds of PAHs. He created the Sextet Theory, now eponymously called \"Clar's rule\", to describe the behavior of PAH isomers. This was described in his book \"The Aromatic Sextet\". He was awarded the August Kekulé Medal by the Chemical Society of the GDR in 1965, the highest award given by that society to foreign scientists, and the first Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Research Award of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in 1987.", "title": "Erich Clar" }, { "docid": "653006#3", "text": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed as possible starting materials for abiotic syntheses of materials required by the earliest forms of life.", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" }, { "docid": "653006#38", "text": "Priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified by the US EPA, the US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) due to their carcinogenicity or genotoxicity and/or ability to be monitored are the following:", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" }, { "docid": "653006#12", "text": "Spiral galaxy NGC 5529 has been found to have amounts of PAHs.", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" }, { "docid": "653006#39", "text": "A spectral database exists for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. Detection of PAHs in materials is often done using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible or fluorescence spectroscopic methods or by using rapid test PAH indicator strips.", "title": "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon" } ]

[ { "docid": "16907086#0", "text": "Eric Northman is a fictional character in \"The Southern Vampire Mysteries,\" a series of thirteen books written by \"New York Times\" bestselling author Charlaine Harris. He is a vampire, slightly over one thousand years old, and is first introduced in the first novel, \"Dead Until Dark\" and appears in all subsequent novels. Since the book series is told from the first person perspective of Sookie Stackhouse, what readers perceive of his character is influenced by what Sookie comprehends. HBO's television series \"True Blood\" is based on this book series and the character of Eric Northman is portrayed somewhat differently. A list of \"True Blood\" characters has a detailed description of Eric's character from the TV show.", "title": "Eric Northman" } ]

[ { "docid": "49859683#5", "text": "Sometime in the mid 1840s, the botanist Charles Alexander Johns saw Stackhouse's watercolours and asked her to provide illustrations for a series of popular natural history books that he was publishing through the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. The first two were \"Forest Trees of Britain\" (1847) and \"A Week at the Lizard\" (1848, focusing on the Lizard peninsula in Cornwall); in both, some of the illustrations were engravings based on watercolours by Stackhouse, uncredited, but signed 'E.S.' This was followed by Johns's best-known book, \"Flowers of the Field\", published in two volumes in 1851 with over 200 uncredited illustrations by Stackhouse. Referred to as \"the bible of the amateur botanist,\" its success was such that it went into more than 50 editions and was still in print a century after it first came out. In addition, after Johns and Stackhouse were dead, the SPCK continued to use Stackhouse's images in other books; it is estimated that they had been printed in at least 15 and as many as 30 different books by the end of the 19th century.", "title": "Emily Stackhouse" }, { "docid": "28562235#5", "text": "In 1967, George Mitchell recorded Stackhouse, Curtis and Nighthawk as the Blues Rhythm Boys in Dundee, Mississippi. Nighthawk died shortly after the recording was made. Another field researcher, David Evans, recorded Stackhouse in Crystal Springs. By 1970, following the deaths of Curtis and Mason, Stackhouse had moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he resided with his old friend Wilkins and his wife, Carrie. At the height of the blues revival Stackhouse toured with Wilkins and with the Memphis Blues Caravan and performed at various music festivals.", "title": "Houston Stackhouse" }, { "docid": "49859683#0", "text": "Emily Stackhouse (15 July 1811 – 1 April 1870) was a 19th-century Cornish botanical artist and plant collector. She collected and painted flowers and mosses throughout the British isles, and her work was widely reproduced in a series of popular books issued by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Many of her watercolours show that she had collected and depicted specific plants years earlier than their accredited discovery in Cornwall, and it is now acknowledged that she collected and classified nearly all of the British mosses.", "title": "Emily Stackhouse" }, { "docid": "28562235#4", "text": "Stackhouse tutored Jimmy Rogers and Sammy Lawhorn in guitar techniques. Between 1948 and 1954, he worked during the day at the Chrysler plant in West Helena, Arkansas, and played the blues in his leisure time. He did not move from the South, unlike many of his contemporaries, and continued to perform locally into the 1960s with Frank Frost, Boyd Gilmore and Baby Face Turner. In May 1965, Sonny Boy Williamson II, who was by then back on \"King Biscuit Time\", used Stackhouse as an accompanist when he was recorded in concert by Chris Strachwitz of Arhoolie Records. The recording, entitled \"King Biscuit Time\", was issued under Williamson's name. Shortly afterwards, Williamson died. Stackhouse continued briefly on the radio program, back in tandem with Nighthawk.", "title": "Houston Stackhouse" }, { "docid": "53609454#0", "text": "The Sookie Stackhouse Companion is a book written by Charlaine Harris and published by Ace Hardcover/Ace Books (an imprint of Berkley Books, owned by Penguin Random House) on 30 August 2011, which later went on to win the Anthony Award for Best Critical Non-Fiction in 2012.", "title": "The Sookie Stackhouse Companion" }, { "docid": "28562235#0", "text": "Houston Stackhouse (September 28, 1910 – September 23, 1980) was an American Delta blues guitarist and singer. He is best known for his association with Robert Nighthawk. He was not especially noted as a guitarist or singer, but Nighthawk showed gratitude to Stackhouse, his guitar teacher, by backing him on a number of recordings in the late 1960s. Apart from a brief tour in Europe, Stackhouse confined his performing to the area around the Mississippi Delta.", "title": "Houston Stackhouse" }, { "docid": "1750913#2", "text": "She taught in schools in both Indianapolis and Chicago. She wrote for the \"Chicago Tribune\" under the pseudonym \"Nora Marks\" from 1888 to 1890, and later became publisher of the Little Chronicle Publishing Company, Chicago; this published several of her own works, along with other educational books and the \"Little Chronicle\", an illustrated newspaper intended for young children. Whilst she wrote both fiction and non-fiction, the former mostly romances and the latter mostly educational books, she is best known for her 1912 novel \"Greyfriars Bobby\". This popular work recounted the famous story of the eponymous dog; most of the modern versions of the story seem to stem from her form of the tale. Many details of the book, especially those regarding the dog's master are inaccurate; until recently it was assumed that she had no opportunity for original research of her setting. It seems likely that she worked from the basic story and embellished it from her own imagination. The story, however, \"is\" lovingly detailed; the descriptions of the geography may be somewhat confused, but effort was clearly made to get names correct, and to get across the atmosphere of the city. Unusually for someone with no connection to the country, her portrayal of the local accent was convincing and strongly phrased; this suggests it is possible she picked up the story directly from Scottish immigrants to the Midwest.", "title": "Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson" }, { "docid": "24617147#1", "text": "When the novel begins, Sookie Stackhouse is still recovering physically and emotionally from the torture she received at the hands of demented fairies Lochlan and Neave in the previous book (\"Dead and Gone\"). She has finally settled into a relationship with the Viking vampire Eric, and her errant brother Jason seems to have his life in order, too, with a solid new girlfriend, Michele. But all the other people in Sookie’s life—Eric himself, her former lover Bill, her friend and boss Sam—are having family problems. Eric’s maker, Appius Livius Ocella, shows up with Eric’s ‘brother’ in tow—he is Alexei Romanov, only son of the last Czar of Russia, who as an adolescent witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution, including the slaughter of his entire family. He developed emotional problems as a result. Appius has sought Eric out as a last resort, to see if Eric can help restore Alexei to sanity. Meanwhile, Bill is still suffering from the silver poisoning he got via the teeth of Neave when he rescued Sookie from her torturers. He is not getting better, and may only be able to be cured by the blood of a vampire made by Bill's maker, the dead Lorena, but Bill refuses to ask his sibling for help.", "title": "Dead in the Family" }, { "docid": "9194743#5", "text": "Stackhouse appeared on the editorial masthead of \"Christianity Today\" from 1994 until 2018, and served as a contributing editor for \"Books & Culture\" and \"Christian History & Biography\" magazines. He is a former columnist with \"Christian Week\" and the \"Winnipeg Free Press\", and resumed his column with \"Faith Today\" in 2009. He served as senior advisor to the Centre for Research on Canadian Evangelicalism from its genesis in 2008 to 2010. He currently blogs weekly for \"Context with Lorna Dueck,\" a leading Canadian Christian public affairs television program, and writes occasionally for the Religion News Service, \"Sightings\" (produced at the University of Chicago Divinity School), and other media.", "title": "John G. Stackhouse Jr." }, { "docid": "1750913#3", "text": "The book is often considered a classic, especially for children, and has been reprinted several times; it was the basis for the films \"Challenge to Lassie\" (MGM, 1949) and \"Greyfriars Bobby\" (Disney, 1961), although both of these postdated her death. Both films starred Donald Crisp.", "title": "Eleanor Stackhouse Atkinson" }, { "docid": "16907086#13", "text": "In \"True Blood\", an HBO series based on the earliest books in the series, the character of Eric Northman is played by Swedish actor Alexander Skarsgård. Some details of the character are portrayed somewhat differently on \"True Blood\" than in the books. In the series, Eric is created by Godric, with whom he shares a deep bond of loyalty and devotion. In season 2 Godric commits suicide by exposing himself to sunlight, causing Eric to shed bloody vampire tears, however, in the novels he cries for the first time in book 9. In the series, Bill, rather than Eric, saves Sookie from Long Shadow (in the books Eric kills him). Eric has not demonstrated the outward concern for Sookie that he exhibited in the early novels, but he appears to be developing an uneasy, guarded affection for her and the series seems to portray a reluctance on his part to show people, particularly Sookie, his genuine emotions. Often Eric has presented himself to Sookie as violent, arrogant, mischievous and consciously manipulative. Thus far in the series he has usually acted in a manner with little apparent concern for Sookie's feelings or immediate safety, although ultimately he seems to protect her.", "title": "Eric Northman" } ]

[ { "docid": "48781658#8", "text": "First launched in the 2006 model year, the Cayman is a coupé derived from Porsche's second and third generation Boxster roadster, styled in its first iteration by Pinky Lai. A large percentage of the Boxsters were assembled in Finland for Porsche by Valmet Automotive with others assembled in Zuffenhausen, Stuttgart. All Caymans were manufactured in Finland by Valmet Automotive. Porsche's Deputy Chairman, Holger P. Haerter said the contract with Valmet Automotive would end in 2012, and the Cayman's production was to be outsourced to Magna Steyr in Graz, Austria. As Volkswagen assumed control of Porsche AG, production of Caymans and Boxsters after 2012 began in the former Karmann plant in Osnabrück, Germany, at the time owned by Volkswagen and also used for production of the 2012 Golf (Mk6) convertible.", "title": "Porsche Boxster/Cayman" } ]

[ { "docid": "67720#30", "text": "The company also started work on a new design, the Porsche 356, the first car to carry the Porsche brand name. The company then was located in Gmünd in Carinthia, where they had relocated from Stuttgart to avoid Allied bombing. The company started manufacturing the Porsche 356 in an old saw mill in Gmünd. They made only 49 cars, which were built entirely by hand.", "title": "Ferdinand Porsche" }, { "docid": "401502#2", "text": "Porsche GmbH had manufactured about 100 chassis for their unsuccessful proposal for the Tiger tank, the \"Porsche Tiger\", in the Nibelungenwerk factory in Sankt Valentin, Austria. Both the successful Henschel proposal and the Porsche design used the same Krupp-designed turret—the Henschel design had its turret more-or-less centrally located on its hull, while the Porsche design placed the turret much closer to the front of the superstructure. Since the competing Henschel Tiger design was chosen for production, the Porsche chassis were no longer required for the Tiger tank project. It was therefore decided that the Porsche chassis were to be used as the basis of a new heavy panzerjäger, \"Ferdinand\", mounting Krupp's newly developed \"Panzerjägerkanone 43/2\" (PaK 43) anti-tank gun. This precise long-range weapon was intended to destroy enemy tanks before they came within their own range of effective fire.", "title": "Elefant" }, { "docid": "387407#2", "text": "At the Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung (Frankfurt Motor Show) in Frankfurt in September 1963, Porsche presented its successor to the Porsche 356 as the 901. It took several more months until the cars were manufactured for sale to customers. Between 14 September and 16 November 1964, 82 cars were built and the 901 was presented in October at the 1964 Paris Auto Salon. There, French car maker Peugeot objected to Porsche using any three digit number where the middle number was 0, asserting ownership of the naming rights in key markets, and having already sold many models with that scheme.", "title": "Porsche 901" }, { "docid": "488804#0", "text": "The Porsche Carrera GT (Project Code 980) is a mid-engine sports car that was manufactured by German automobile manufacturer Porsche between 2004–2007. Sports Car International named the Carrera GT number one on its list of Top Sports Cars of the 2000s, and number eight on Top Sports Cars of All Time list. For its advanced technology and development of its chassis, Popular Science magazine granted the \"Best of What's New\" award in 2003.", "title": "Porsche Carrera GT" }, { "docid": "4254029#11", "text": "As the company grew the product categories diversified. There are three possibilities how designs made by Porsche Design can appear — Porsche Design brand products made exclusively for Porsche Design; products bearing the manufacturer's name and the writing \"Design by F.A. Porsche\"; and products with no hint of Porsche Design at all. Porsche Design came up with several bathroom designs, a washing machine, furniture, knives, television receivers, desk lamps (one with three telescoping radio antennas attaching the light bulb holder to the base and one employing design aspects of a guillotine in its pull-out mechanism), tobacco pipes with air-cooled-engine-inspired cooling fins, pens made out of wire-cloth used in oil hoses for racing engines, computer monitors, computer external hard drives, coffee makers, and even a grand piano for an Austrian manufacturer Bösendorfer. The \"Design by F.A. Porsche\" mark is used no more, with the exception of the professional kitchen knives of CHROMA Cnife.", "title": "Ferdinand Alexander Porsche" }, { "docid": "26458686#7", "text": "The production version was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. The 2014 model year 918 Spyder was produced in a limited series and it was developed in Weissach and assembled in Zuffenhausen. Porsche manufactured 918 units as a 2014 model year and production started on November 18, 2013, with deliveries scheduled to begin in December 2013. Sales in the United States began in June 2014. Pricing for the 918 Spyder started at (~ or ). According to its battery size, the 918 Spyder was eligible to a federal tax credit of up to .", "title": "Porsche 918 Spyder" }, { "docid": "4254029#5", "text": "After the family decided to change the company's legal form and to keep the family out of its management, Ferdinand Alexander founded his own industrial design company, Porsche Design, in Stuttgart, Germany, which was later moved to Zell am See, Austria, where the Porsche family owns an estate called Schüttgut. The first product Porsche Design created was a chronograph wristwatch made by Swiss watchmaker company Orfina. Its design started while F.A. was still working at the Porsche Style bureau. It was launched in 1973 and was different from other chronograph wristwatches, as its case and bracelet were made out of matte black chromed steel. It was intended as accessory for Porsche drivers and sold by the Porsche dealers. It operated the then-new Valjoux 7750 movement, which is today still the most widespread mechanical movement for chronograph wristwatches. As many customers would have liked a normally-coloured watch, a version with bead-blasted stainless steel was issued. Later the movement was changed to the Lemania 5100, which was a simple and rugged movement mainly used for military watches. The Porsche Design Chrono I was made in different versions — color of case and straps, print on dial — for several country's air forces, as well as the NATO alliance.", "title": "Ferdinand Alexander Porsche" }, { "docid": "1755878#0", "text": "The Porsche Panamera is an executive car (E-segment in Europe) manufactured by the German automobile manufacturer Porsche. It is front-engined and has a rear-wheel-drive layout, with all-wheel drive versions also available. It is the only sedan manufactured by Porsche as part of its strategy of expanding its market.", "title": "Porsche Panamera" }, { "docid": "19944726#1", "text": "Porsche Holding GmbH, headquartered in Salzburg, Austria, was founded by Louise Piëch and Ferry Porsche (daughter and son of Ferdinand Porsche) in 1947 as Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH in Gmünd, Austria. After Porsche 360 Grand Prix racing car was designed by Ferry Porsche with help from the engineers of his father's design office for Cisitalia in 1947, the company started manufacturing Porsche 356, starting with the prototype Porsche 356/1 and then 356/2 in 1948 at the factory located in a saw mill in Gmünd, and later at a factory in Salzburg.", "title": "Porsche Holding" } ]

[ { "docid": "31869205#0", "text": "Lagos Colony was a British colonial possession centred on the port of Lagos in what is now southern Nigeria. Lagos was annexed on 6 August 1861 under the threat of force by Commander Beddingfield of HMS Prometheus who was accompanied by the Acting British Consul, William McCoskry. Oba Dosunmu of Lagos (spelled \"Docemo\" in British documents) resisted the cession for 11 days while facing the threat of violence on Lagos and its people, but capitulated and signed the Lagos Treaty of Cession. Lagos was declared a colony on 5 March 1862.\nBy 1872 Lagos was a cosmopolitan trading center with a population over 60,000.\nIn the aftermath of prolonged wars between the mainland Yoruba states, the colony established a protectorate over most of Yorubaland between 1890 and 1897. The colony and protectorate were incorporated into Southern Nigeria in February 1906, and Lagos became the capital of the protectorate of Nigeria in January 1914.\nSince then, Lagos has grown to become the largest city in West Africa, with an estimated metropolitan population of over 9,000,000 as of 2011.", "title": "Lagos Colony" }, { "docid": "85232#26", "text": "Although the 2006 National Population Census of Nigeria credited the metropolitan area with a population figure of 7,937,932, the figure is at variance with some projections by the UN and other population agencies and groups worldwide. The population figure of Lagos State given by the Lagos State Government is 17,553,924. It was based on claimed conducted enumeration for social planning by the Lagos State Government \"parallel census\" and it believes that since the inhabitants of the metropolitan area of Lagos constitute 88% of the Lagos State population, the population of metropolitan Lagos is about 15.5 million.", "title": "Lagos" }, { "docid": "85232#2", "text": "The exact population of Metropolitan Lagos is disputed. In the 2006 federal census data, the conurbation had a population of about 8 million people. However, the figure was disputed by the Lagos State Government, which later released its own population data, putting the population of Lagos Metropolitan Area at approximately 16 million. As at 2015, unofficial figures put the population of \"Greater Metropolitan Lagos\", which includes Lagos and its surrounding metro area, extending as far as into Ogun State, at approximately 21 million.", "title": "Lagos" }, { "docid": "626168#5", "text": "Lagos is the most populous city in the state and in Nigeria as a whole. The conurbation is one of the most populous in the world. As of 2015, the population of Lagos city was approximately 16 million. Lagos is a port which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to east and west of the mouth. The metropolitan area of Lagos includes Ikeja (which is the capital of Lagos State) and Agege and Mushin.", "title": "Lagos State" }, { "docid": "85232#29", "text": "Lagos is, by most estimates, one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Lagos is currently experiencing a population increase of about 275,000 persons per annum. In 1999 the United Nations predicted that the city's metropolitan area, which had only about 290,000 inhabitants in 1950, would exceed 20 million by 2010 and thus become one of the ten most populated cities in the world.", "title": "Lagos" } ]

[ { "docid": "85232#27", "text": "A rejoinder to Lagos State Government views concluded that Lagos State concealed the fact that the population projection, for Lagos Urban Agglomeration by the UN agencies had been revised downwards substantially as early as 2003. It failed to interpret the two most important and fairly representative and reliable secondary data sets already in public domain, the National Identity Card Scheme and the 2003 Voters Registration figures from INEC. The figures for 2007 Voters Registration by INEC were an act subsequent to the release of the provisional census results and comprehensively corroborate, vindicate and validate the population figures in no uncertain terms.\nAccording to the official results of the 2006 census, there were 8,048,430 inhabitants in Metropolitan Lagos. This figure was lower than anticipated, and has created controversy in Nigeria. Lagos Island, the central Local Government Area and historic centre of Metropolitan Lagos, had a population of 212,700 at the 2006 Census.", "title": "Lagos" }, { "docid": "2116048#14", "text": "On the other side of the extreme is Metropolitan Lagos. This city has a population of nearly 8 million according to the latest census, which is debated. Official data by the Lagos State estimate the population of Metropolitan Lagos at more than 14 million. However, there is no Metropolitan Government. The Municipality of Lagos was disbanded in 1976 and divided into several Local Government Areas. As a result, the most populous city in Africa, and one of the most populous and fastest growing cities in the world can be missing from lists of cities proper. A similar situation exists in Australia, where large cities are divided into much smaller Local Government Areas.", "title": "City proper" }, { "docid": "438139#0", "text": "Lagos (, literally \"lakes\"; ) is a municipality at the mouth of Bensafrim River and along the Atlantic Ocean, in the Barlavento region of the Algarve, in southern Portugal. The population in 2011 was 31,049, in an area of 212.99 km². The main town of Lagos (which includes only the parish of São Sebastião e Santa Maria) has a population of approximately 22,000. Typically, these numbers increase during the summer months, with the influx of visiting tourists and seasonal residents. While the majority of the population lives along the coast and works in tourism and services, the inland region is sparsely inhabited, with the majority of the people working in agriculture and forestry.", "title": "Lagos, Portugal" }, { "docid": "13405686#0", "text": "Lagos (Greek: Λαγός) is a village in the northeastern part of the Evros regional unit in Greece. It is located south of Orestiada and north of Didymoteicho. Lagos is part of the community of Ellinochori within the municipality of Didymoteicho. In 2011 its population was 620. A military base next to Lagos is home to the Greek Army's 30th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.", "title": "Lagos, Evros" }, { "docid": "1646254#0", "text": "Lagos Island (Isale Eko) is the principal and central local government area (LGA) in Lagos, Lagos State. It is part of the Lagos Division. As of the preliminary 2006 Nigerian census, the LGA had a population of 209,437 in an area of 8.7 km². The LGA only covers the western half of Lagos Island; the eastern half is under the jurisdiction of the LGA of Eti-Osa.", "title": "Lagos Island" } ]

[ { "docid": "2091812#0", "text": "Watson Brake is an archaeological site in present-day Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, from the Archaic period. Dated to about 5400 years ago (approx. 3500 BCE), Watson Brake is considered the oldest earthwork mound complex in North America. It is older than the Egyptian pyramids or England’s Stonehenge. Its discovery and dating in a paper published in 1997 changed the ideas of American archaeologists about ancient cultures in the Southeast and their ability to manage large, complex projects over centuries. The archeologists revised their date of the oldest earthwork construction by nearly 2000 years, as well as having to recognize that it was developed over centuries by a hunter-gatherer society, rather than by what was known to be more common of other, later mound sites: a more sedentary society dependent on maize cultivation and with a hierarchical, centralized polity.", "title": "Watson Brake" }, { "docid": "864667#1", "text": "The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara, northwest of Memphis. The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser, which was built  2630–2610 BC during the Third Dynasty. This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep, and are generally considered to be the world's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry.", "title": "Egyptian pyramids" } ]

[ { "docid": "220861#20", "text": "In 2013, Vanessa O'Brien became the fastest female to complete the Seven Summits (including Carstensz Pyramid), finishing in 10 months. Cason Crane became the first openly gay man to climb the Seven Summits. On 21 November 2013, Werner Berger (Canada, ex-South African), at the age of 76 years and 129 days, became the oldest person in the world to complete the Seven Summits after a 6-day jungle trek to Carstensz Pyramid. In 2013, Cheryl and Nikki Bart became the first mother-daughter team to complete the Seven Summits.", "title": "Seven Summits" }, { "docid": "1866773#1", "text": "The oldest of the texts have been dated to c. 2400–2300 BC. Unlike the later Coffin Texts and Book of the Dead, the pyramid texts were reserved only for the pharaoh and were not illustrated. Following the earlier Palermo Stone, the pyramid texts mark the next-oldest known mention of Osiris, who would become the most important deity associated with afterlife in the Ancient Egyptian religion.", "title": "Pyramid Texts" }, { "docid": "49634400#1", "text": "The great antiquity of the Pyramids caused their true nature to become increasingly obscured. As the Egyptian scholar Abu Ja‘far al-Idrisi (d. 1251), the author of the oldest known extensive study of the Pyramids, puts it: \"The nation that built it lay destroyed, it has no successor to carry the truth of its stories from father to son, as sons of other nations carry from their fathers what they love and cherish among their stories.\" As a result, the oldest discussion of the Pyramids that has survived is from the Greek historian Herodotus, who visited them soon after 450 BCE. He describes \"the underground chambers on the hill whereon the pyramids stand,\" which \"the king meant to be burial places for himself.\" Several later classical authors, such as Diodorus Siculus, who visited Egypt ca. 60 BCE, also recorded that the “kings built the pyramids to serve as their tombs”; and similarly Strabo, who made his visit in 25 BCE, explicitly noted that they were “the tombs of kings”; yet in 77 CE the well-read natural historian Pliny the Elder simply says they were “a superfluous and foolish display of wealth,” built by the kings so as “to avoid providing funds for their successors or for rivals who wished to plot against them, or else to keep the common folk occupied.”", "title": "Joseph's Granaries" }, { "docid": "182028#1", "text": "The oldest known cave paintings are over 40,000 years old (art of the Upper Paleolithic), found in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). The oldest type of cave paintings are hand stencils and simple geometric shapes; the oldest undisputed examples of figurative cave paintings are somewhat younger, close to 35,000 years old.\nA 2018 study claimed an age of 64,000 years for the oldest examples of (non-figurative) cave art in Iberia, which would imply production by Neanderthals rather than modern humans. In November 2018, scientists reported the discovery of the oldest known figurative art painting, over 40,000 (perhaps as old as 52,000) years old, of an unknown animal, in the cave of Lubang Jeriji Saléh on the Indonesian island of Borneo.", "title": "Cave painting" }, { "docid": "7641579#11", "text": "The oldest structure, Temple I, is exposed on the west side of the structure, at the pyramid’s base. This section dates from approximately the 6th century AD, deduced from a date inscribed on the door lintel and radiocarbon dating. The façade of this structure is heavily decorated with masks of the rain god, Chaac, a characteristic of the Chenes style of architecture, though the masks may have been added at a later date. The rest of the structure is covered by subsequent construction. The passageway that led to this structure was closed off after the drenching rains of Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 in order to assure the preservation of the building.", "title": "Pyramid of the Magician" }, { "docid": "1970544#4", "text": "Richard Vyse, who first visited Egypt in 1835, discovered on 28 July 1837 in the upper antechamber the remains of a wooden anthropoid coffin inscribed with Menkaure's name and containing human bones. This is now considered to be a substitute coffin from the Saite period. Radiocarbon dating on the bones determined them to be less than 2,000 years old, suggesting either an all-too-common bungled handling of remains from another site, or access to the pyramid during Roman times. Deeper into the pyramid, Vyse came upon a basalt sarcophagus, described as beautiful and rich in detail with a bold projecting corniche, which contained the bones of a young woman. Unfortunately, this sarcophagus now lies at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, having sunk on October 13, 1838, with the ship \"Beatrice\", as she made her way between Malta and Cartagena, on the way to Great Britain.\nIt was one of only a handful of Old Kingdom sarcophagi to survive into the modern period. The lid from the anthropoid coffin mentioned above was successfully transported to England and may be seen today at the British Museum.", "title": "Pyramid of Menkaure" }, { "docid": "1838352#32", "text": "Building C or the Pyramid of the Nine Stories, was built over Building B between 350 and 450 AD, and is bigger by volume than the Pyramid of the Moon at Teotihuacan. This latter phase was a radial pyramid, with stairways climbing all four sides of the structure. The Pyramid of the Nine Stories was built over the oldest structure using adobe again for expansion to a pyramid with a base of 190 meters squared and a height of 34 meters. Instead of a surface of earth and lime, this pyramid was finished with rock and stucco, which is more durable. Its architectural style is distinct from the one before. It consists of nine stories with talud only, covered in stucco. Each story above is smaller than below, leaving a space of two meters. The entrance stairs were those on the southeast corner, with those on the other three serving as exits. These walls were painted black with the stucco serving as white. Associated with the Stepped Pyramid is the Jaguar Altar, which is located on the southeast corner. The west and south sides of the altar's two levels have been explored. There is evidence that this altar was covered in decoration. On the west side of the first level, there is evidence of black, red, green and ochre paint. On the lower part of the south wall, there are fragments of red, black and ochre. Above this, there is a well conserved section of 3.15 m by 53 cm, with a black and green background with red stripes. There are also the profiles of a jaguar and two serpents. (chapter 4 135)", "title": "Great Pyramid of Cholula" }, { "docid": "3205447#7", "text": "Though Unas's reign lasted for around thirty to thirty-three years, his pyramid was the smallest built in the Old Kingdom. Time constraints cannot be considered a factor explaining the small size, and it is more likely that resource accessibility constrained the project. The monument's size was also inhibited due to the extensive quarrying necessary to increase the size of the pyramid. Unas chose to avoid that additional burden and instead kept his pyramid small.", "title": "Pyramid of Unas" }, { "docid": "247083#4", "text": "The oldest masks that have been discovered are 9,000 years old, being held by the Musée \"Bible et Terre Sainte\" (Paris), and the Israel Museum (Jerusalem). Most probably the practice of masking is much older – the earliest known anthropomorphic artwork is circa 30,000–40,000 years old – but insofar as it involved the use of war-paint, leather, vegetative material, or wooden masks, the masks probably have not been preserved (they are visible only in paleolithic cave drawings, of which dozens have been preserved). At the neanderthal Roche-Cotard site in France, a flintstone likeness of a face was found which is about 35,000 years old, but it is not clear that it was intended as a mask.\nIn the Book of Genesis, one can read how Adam and Eve used fig leaves to cover \"their nakedness\" after eating the fruit from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. \"The masquerade motif appears in the Bible on two different levels: an attempt to fool people and an attempt to fool God.\" What shaped Judaic ritual was an \"absolute prohibition against fashioning a statue or a mask\", originating with the Second Commandment.", "title": "Mask" }, { "docid": "864667#25", "text": "Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser – generally identified as the world's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone – the Pyramid of Userkaf, the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare, dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt. Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas, which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best-preserved in Egypt. Together with the pyramid of Userkaf, this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts, conducted by Khaemweset, a son of Ramesses II. Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser's successor Sekhemkhet, known as the Buried Pyramid. Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed, it would have been larger than Djoser's.", "title": "Egyptian pyramids" } ]

[ { "docid": "52573456#145", "text": "On 24 April 2018, it was announced that Spearritt would reprise the role for another guest appearance later in 2018. The character's July 2018 return was described as a \"comedy plot\". A third stint over Christmas 2018 was announced on 4 December 2018.\nAbi Branning first appears in the episode broadcast on 29 December 2017. She is the daughter of Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald) and Steven Beale (Aaron Sidwell).", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2017)" }, { "docid": "4768094#0", "text": "Abi Branning is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Lorna Fitzgerald. She was introduced by executive producer Kate Harwood on 3 July 2006 as an extension to the Branning family, along with father Max (Jake Wood), mother Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) and older sister Lauren Branning (Madeline Duggan/Jacqueline Jossa). Her storylines involve her friendships and relationships with Ben Mitchell (Charlie Jones/Joshua Pascoe/Harry Reid) and Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick), her toxic friendship with Babe Smith (Annette Badland), faking a pregnancy so that Ben would not leave her for Paul Coker (Jonny Labey), being a suspect in the murder of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater), her affair with Lauren's fiancé, Steven Beale (Aaron Sidwell), and becoming pregnant by him. In September 2017, it was announced that Fitzgerald and Jossa had been axed by executive consultant John Yorke. Abi's exit storyline involves her and Lauren falling from the roof of The Queen Victoria pub, leading to Abi giving birth prematurely and being confirmed brainstem dead in later episodes. Abi's final scenes aired on 19 January 2018 after her life support is withdrawn. The character's funeral took place on 16 February 2018.", "title": "Abi Branning" } ]

[ { "docid": "11103651#81", "text": "Bernadette Logan, played by Olivia Grant, is a pupil in Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald) and Ben Mitchell's (Charlie Jones) school year. She is first seen when she takes part in Dot Branning (June Brown) and Yolande Trueman's (Angela Wynter) 2007 nativity play. Abi is jealous of her as Bernadette is playing Mary. After Abi tries to sabotage Bernadette to gain the role of Mary, she is demoted from narrator to the role of the donkey.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2007)" }, { "docid": "37578555#53", "text": "Tramp is a stray dog found by Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald). He first appears on 3 December 2013. The dog wakes up several Albert Square residents in the night by barking, and in the morning, Abi tells her father Max Branning (Jake Wood) that she will deal with the dog. She immediately takes a liking to him and brings him in the house. Max wants him gone, but Abi says she has named him. Max calls him \"Tramp\" and when Abi's sister Lauren Branning (Jacqueline Jossa) arrives, she and Abi convince Max to let them keep the dog. He mates with the Carter family's bulldog, Lady Di, who becomes pregnant. Upset over her break-up with Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick), a drunken Abi tries to leave Albert Square, and when Max refuses to take her she decides to drive herself, but runs over Tramp, killing him.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2013)" }, { "docid": "2395994#1", "text": "From 1995–2013, Ashdown was series consultant and lead writer on \"EastEnders\". He was involved in the creation of the Slater family, and along with other writers, developed the characters around the actors themselves, rather than the other way round. He created the character of Max Branning and was responsible for numerous key episodes such as Ethel Skinner's death, Stacey Slater's bipolar and the \"Who Killed Archie?\" storyline. In 2010 he wrote the twenty fifth anniversary live episode, \"\"EastEnders\" Live\". More recent episodes that he has written include Pat Evans' death, Mandy Salter's second exit, Janine Butcher's temporary exit, the aftermath of David Wicks' return and the Jake Stone and Sadie Young reveal. He returned to \"EastEnders\" to write the Christmas 2017 episode which saw Tanya Branning return and Abi Branning and Lauren Branning fall from a rooftop. He then returned to write the Christmas 2018 episodes, in which Hayley Slater pushes Alfie Moon down the stairs and he then kidnaps their daughter, Cherry Slater.", "title": "Simon Ashdown" }, { "docid": "37578555#16", "text": "Albert, played by Huw Parmenter, appears on 18 June. He is a French curate who arrives in Walford with Reverend Stevens (Michael Keating). Dot Cotton (June Brown) asks her step-granddaughter Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald) to show Albert around. Gary Gillatt from \"Inside Soap\" wrote of Albert: \"We were entirely mystified as to the purpose of Albert (pronounced \"Al-bear\") the French curate in Walford this week. \"Ze poverty! Ze vermin! Ze underworld!\" he enthused to Abi—so he's clearly a fan of \"EastEnders\". But what was he for?\"", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2013)" }, { "docid": "12808015#0", "text": "The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\" in 2006, by order of first appearance. 2006 was a year when many families joined \"EastEnders\". First, Deano Wicks, his sister Carly Wicks and father Kevin Wicks joined. Then, the Fox family appeared, with the characters of Denise Fox, Chelsea Fox and Libby Fox as members. The Branning family was extended with Max Branning, Tanya Branning, Abi Branning and Lauren Branning all joining. Also, May Wright, Jay Brown and Shirley Carter, the biological mother of Deano and Carly, all joined the show. Also, Owen Turner, Denise's abusive ex-husband, and his mother Liz both arrived in this year.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2006)" }, { "docid": "12808015#45", "text": "Abigail \"Abi\" Branning, played by Lorna Fitzgerald, is the youngest daughter of Tanya (Jo Joyner) and Max (Jake Wood). Her parents' volatile marriage often leads to Abi playing mediator, despite her family trying to shield her from the worst of the conflict. Abi develops a crush on Darren Miller (Charlie G. Hawkins), but moves on to have a relationship with Jay Brown (Jamie Borthwick). Abi also proves to be a loyal support to her sister, Lauren (Jacqueline Jossa) during her alcoholism. For her portrayal as Abi, Fitzgerald won the \"Best Dramatic Performance from a Young Actor or Actress\" award at the 2012 British Soap Awards.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2006)" }, { "docid": "31942921#0", "text": "Cora Cross is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera \"EastEnders\", played by Ann Mitchell. Cora is the mother of Tanya Branning (Jo Joyner) and Rainie Cross (Tanya Franks) and the grandmother of Lauren (Jacqueline Jossa) and Abi Branning (Lorna Fitzgerald). Cora initially appeared from 11 to 15 April 2011, and returned as a regular character on 28 July. Cora is described as having \"a brash, outspoken attitude and does not care who she offends\", deemed \"an archetypal East End matriarch\" and \"Inside Soap\" says that Cora is a \"brash, loud lady who likes to tell everyone what she thinks and has absolutely no shame.\"", "title": "Cora Cross" }, { "docid": "12808015#46", "text": "Lauren Branning is played by Madeline Duggan from 2006 to 2010, and Jacqueline Jossa from 2010 onwards. She is the eldest daughter of Max (Jake Wood) and Tanya (Jo Joyner), the sister of Abi (Lorna Fitzgerald), and half-sister of Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements). Lauren uncovers an affair between her father and Bradley's fiancée, Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner). The affair leads to the breakdown of her parents' marriage, and blaming Max, Lauren runs him over in a car. Lauren has brief relationships with Peter Beale (Thomas Law) and Ryan Malloy (Neil McDermott), but has a serious relationship with her cousin, Joey Branning (David Witts). However, when Lauren becomes an alcoholic this leads to Joey ending their relationship.", "title": "List of EastEnders characters (2006)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1737792#2", "text": "Its course is generally to the south, however with a major bend to the west at about 7° N 37° 30' E to about 36° E where it turns south until 5° 30' N where it makes a large S- bend then resumes its southerly course to Lake Turkana. According to materials published by the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency, the Omo-Bottego River is 760 kilometers long.", "title": "Omo River" } ]

[ { "docid": "1737792#1", "text": "The Omo River forms through the confluence of the Gibe River, by far the largest total tributary of the Omo River, and the Wabe River, the largest left-bank tributary of the Omo at . Given their sizes, lengths and courses one might consider both the Omo and the Gibe rivers to be one and the same river but with different names. Consequently, the whole river basin is sometimes called the \"Omo-Gibe River Basin\". This river basin includes part of the western Oromia Region and the middle of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region.", "title": "Omo River" }, { "docid": "2379800#0", "text": "Omo National Park is one of the national parks of Ethiopia. Located in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region on the west bank of the Omo River, the park covers approximately 4,068 square kilometers, about 870 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa; across the Omo is the Mago National Park. Although an airstrip was recently built near the park headquarters on the Mui River, this park is not easily reachable; the Lonely Planet guide \"Ethiopia and Eritrea\" describes Omo National Park as \"Ethiopia's most remote park.\"", "title": "Omo National Park" }, { "docid": "49678904#0", "text": "Omo Child: The River and the Bush is a documentary film by John Rowe. It is about a young man who is on a quest to get tribes to change their beliefs and traditions. Namely their beliefs about curses. One tribe in particular had a custom of killing children that were believed to be cursed.\nThe film is set in the Omo River valley in Ethiopia. Children that are thought to be cursed are killed because it is believed that they can bring disease, famine and death to the tribes.\nLale Labuko, an educated man decided to challenge the tradition that had been around for a long time.\nAs of October 2015,the film had managed to pick up 24 awards around the world.\nJourneyman Pictures, a London based distributor has the worldwide rights to the film.", "title": "Omo Child: The River and the Bush" }, { "docid": "5169231#1", "text": "This zone is named for the Omo River, a river that flows south into Lake Turkana on the western side. Mago National Park and Tama Wildlife Reserve are located at the eastern bank of Omo river. There is Lake Chew Bahir surrounded by Stephanie Wildlife Sanctuary located at the eastern border of this zone. Notable high points include Mount Smith (2560 meters) and Mount Mago (2538 meters). West of the Omo is the most sparsely populated part of Ethiopia, inhabited by nomadic and semi-nomadic ethnic groups. A 1996 report described the infrastructure of the Zone as \"weak and for the most part non-existent; this is a disadvantage inherited from historical neglect of a typical marginal region.\" It also observed that the Debub Omo Zone \"one of Ethiopian's socially most diverse zones. It contains a minimum of 12 different ethnic groups, and possibly as many as 21. Social diversity therefore compounds the existing problems of isolation, acute shortage of basic infrastructure as well as scarcity of professional and technical man-power.\"", "title": "South Omo Zone" }, { "docid": "1737792#3", "text": "In its course the Omo-Bottego has a total fall of about 700 m from the confluence of the Gibe and Wabe rivers at 1060 m to 360 m at lake-level, and is consequently a rapid stream in its upper reaches, being broken by the Kokobi and other falls, and navigable only for a short distance above where it empties into Lake Turkana, one of the lakes of the Gregory Rift. The \"Spectrum Guide to Ethiopia\" describes it as a popular site for white-water rafting in September and October, when the river is still high from the rainy season. Its most important tributary is the Gibe River; smaller tributaries include the Wabi, Denchya, Gojeb, Mui and Usno rivers.", "title": "Omo River" }, { "docid": "1737792#13", "text": "Heavy rains in 2006 caused the Omo to flood its lower course, drowning at least 456 people and stranding over 20,000 people over the space of five days ending 16 August. While seasonal heavy rains are normal for this part of the country, overgrazing and deforestation are blamed for this tragedy. \"The rivers in Ethiopia have less capacity to hold as much water as they did years before, because they are being filled up with silt,\" World Food Programme spokeswoman Paulette Jones said. \"It takes less intensity of rainfall ... to make a river in any particular part of the country overflow.\" The seasonal flooding of the Omo River is vital to the indigenous groups that live along it. The flood brings fertile silt and inundates the banks with water, making river bank cultivation possible. The diverse peoples along the lower Omo—which include the Turkana, Dassanach, Hamer, Nyangatom, Karo, Kwegu, Mursi, Bodi, and Me'en—derive a great portion of their food supply from flood retreat cultivation.", "title": "Omo River" }, { "docid": "1737792#11", "text": "The Gibe III Hydroelectric dam is a 243 m high roller-compacted concrete dam with an associated hydropower plant on the Omo River in Ethiopia. It is the largest hydropower plant in Africa with a power output of about 1870 Megawatt (MW), thus more than doubling total installed capacity in Ethiopia from its 2007 level of 814 MW. A controversy has ensued over its construction, with several NGOs forming a campaign to oppose it. According to Terri Hathaway, director of International Rivers' Africa programme, Gibe III is \"the most destructive dam under construction in Africa.\" The project would condemn \"half a million of the region's most vulnerable people to hunger and conflict.\" \nA group of international campaigners launched an online petition against Ethiopia's dam project over human rights concerns.", "title": "Omo River" }, { "docid": "56003259#8", "text": "Upper part of the Omo River (segment of )Lower part of the Omo River (segment of )The \"Omo River\" flows into a river bend on the east bank of the Maicasagi River. From there, it flows southwest and west to the east shore of Maicasagi Lake. Then the current flows south-west through the Max Passage into the Goéland Lake. The latter is crossed to the northwest by the Waswanipi River which is a tributary of Matagami Lake.", "title": "Omo River (Quebec)" }, { "docid": "1737792#4", "text": "The Omo-Bottego River formed the eastern boundaries for the former kingdoms of Janjero, and Garo. The Omo also flows past the Mago and Omo National Parks, which are known for their wildlife. Many animals live near and on the river, including hippopotamuses, crocodiles and puff adders.", "title": "Omo River" } ]

[ { "docid": "924482#6", "text": "Formed in 1870 with the first line following three years later, the Isle of Man Railway Company operated services until 1977 (see below) merging with the Manx Northern Railway and Foxdale Railway in 1905. The railway is now marketed as the \"Steam Railway\" to differentiate it from the Manx Electric Railway, operated by the same department. It was marketed as \"Isle of Man Railway\" until closure in 1965. From 1969 to 1972, it operated as the \"Isle of Mann Victorian Steam Railway Company Limited\", reverting to Isle of Man Railway. When nationalised in 1978 it fell under the banner of \"Isle of Man Railways\", along with the Manx Electric Railway. Re-branding to \"Isle of Man Passenger Transport\" took place from 1984 but the steam line was not affected, and this reverted to \"Isle of Man Railways\" from 1990, when a re-branding exercise took place with the emphasis on the Victorian origins of the railway. A change in management style occurred in 1999, and trains, trams and buses were presented as \"Isle of Man Transport\". The electric railway was affected more by this change, with a series of non-historical and modern liveries, but in 2007 this was changed and the railway is marketed once more as the \"Isle of Man Railway\". In keeping with the historical aspect, coaches and locomotives carry original names and transfers. The banner heading of all the railways was again changed in 2009 and became collectively known as \"Isle of Man Heritage Railways\", although the \"heritage\" tag has been dropped latterly. Joint timetabling with the Manx Electric Railway sees the line titled as the \"Steam Railway\" in marketing material.", "title": "Isle of Man Railway" }, { "docid": "13248302#9", "text": "A further development of this policy occurred between 1909 and 1926 when the bodies of the four wheel coaches were removed from their original chassis and mounted in pairs on to bogie underframes supplied by Metropolitan. By the late 1950s, relatively few were used in regular service, but two sets were reserved for schools traffic. These were used in regular service on exceptionally busy days, such as Tynwald Day, but otherwise were confined to the school runs. By this time they were painted in a utilitarian all-over brown colour scheme. Oddly, several of the pairs were rehabilitated in the early 1970s, as their steel frames were of relatively recent date. Surviving pairs carriages are mostly in poor condition, as their bodies date from 1873–75, and have been surrounded by a certain amount of controversy in recent years, having been removed from the railway for storage. The Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association have campaigned for their retention on the railway. Some are now in the carriage sheds at Douglas and Port Erin, four in open storage at Port St. Mary protected with tarpaulins.", "title": "Isle of Man Railway rolling stock" } ]

[ { "docid": "6181707#2", "text": "Built to a common Manx gauge, a narrow gauge, construction began in 1878 and the railway opened for business without formality on 23 September 1879. It was operated by the Isle of Man Railway until 6 November 1880 when the MNR took over the responsibility. In 1881, passenger services started operating through to Douglas using running rights over the tracks of the Isle of Man Railway.\nSome significant engineering works were required on the west coast section of the line, including the bridging of Glen Wyllin (at Kirk Michael) and the nearby Glen Mooar. An embankment high on the cliffs south of Glen Mooar, the \"Donkey Bank\", was an unending maintenance problem and a drain upon the line's profitability. To try to stabilise the track, this section was the only part of the Manx railways to have its rails mounted in chairs. The rest of the system had the rails directly spiked to the sleepers.", "title": "Manx Northern Railway" }, { "docid": "13213443#1", "text": "The group was originally one of two (the other being the short-lived Mannin Railway Group which was merged to form the one association within the first few months) formed in 1966 when the future of the Isle of Man Railway hung in the balance, this group provided a watchdog role over the railway until it was eventually nationalised in 1978 when the future of the remaining section from Douglas to Port Erin was assured. In 1966 however, the railway did not operate any services for the first time in its history which dates back to 1873 when the line to Peel was opened.", "title": "Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association" }, { "docid": "13260176#21", "text": "When the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee was selling surplus assets in the early 1960s, the Isle of Man Railway were looking for a cheap alternative to their ageing steam locomotive fleet and purchased these two railcars. They had already been allocated fleet numbers which were retained by the new owners but it was only when the ex-contractors' engine No. 18 \"Ailsa\" was officially numbered in 2005 that the fleet had ever been in correct sequence. These railcars have been the subject of much controversy in the late 1990s when their over-budget rebuild was brought to a halt by incoming management and since this time no work has been done on them. The preservationist group Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association have campaigned for their completion, especially in conjunction with a potential commuter train services between Port Erin, Castletown and Douglas, which would extend the service that is laid on annually by the railway in connection with the T.T.. The TT Commuter service is currently run using a steam locomotive and hauled stock, which leads to high operating costs. A shift in management attitude could see their return to service in the future, but for the time being, they remain in store at Douglas station awaiting completion and return to service.", "title": "Isle of Man Railway locomotives" }, { "docid": "6461508#1", "text": "The museum was first opened in 1975 when the Isle of Man Road Services (a subsidiary of the railway company) relocated to their new garage which is still extant today at the foot of the main platform. At this time the railway only operated between Port Erin and Castletown in an experimental season attempting to reduce running costs; the following year services were extended to Ballasalla before finally returning to Douglas in 1977 since when the full line has operated. The building, consisted of metal frame and asbestos cladding and for this reason was extensively rebuilt in 1999, since which time it has included a souvenir shop which is housed in the former goods shed; prior to this, the locomotives were kept overnight in this goods shed, the original locomotive shed being used only to store unservicable locomotives; when the museum was modified the locomotive shed returned to its original use and the goods shed converted into a shop area with new porch added.", "title": "Isle of Man Railway Museum" }, { "docid": "13353944#6", "text": "Under the original Manx Northern Railway operations, trains ran to St. John's, where there was a junction with the Isle of Man Railway's Peel to Douglas line. Some trains continued on to Douglas by agreement with the other company, and by 1888 when the northern company was struggling financially, the larger company took responsibility for all operational activities, ultimately taking over the whole line in 1905. Owing to the close proximity of the railway-owned Glen Wyllin Pleasure Grounds some services terminated at Kirk Michael from here. After the merger, through services to Douglas and stations on the south line were offered. During the wars the north line was busy with troop carrying trains which started from here.", "title": "Ramsey railway station (Isle of Man Railway)" }, { "docid": "13213443#0", "text": "The Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association Ltd (IoMSRSA) is a railway preservationist group dedicated to ensuring the continued operation of the Isle of Man Railway on the Isle of Man. Since its inception in 1966 the group has provided volunteer workers, acted in a watchdog role and undertaken the restoration of the Groudle Glen Railway on the island, as well as supporting projects on the railway and producing a journal \"Manx Steam Railway News\" regularly.", "title": "Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association" }, { "docid": "13213443#9", "text": "Since the nationalisation of the railway secured its future the main thrust of the group has been the restoration of the Groudle Glen Railway commencing in 1982 and the line continues today. Since starting the project, at which time the line had been reduced to a footpath, the line has been relaid to its full length for the first time since 1939 which was officially opened in 1992, seen the return of the original steam locomotive Sea Lion to service in 1987, the erection of various replica station buildings starting with the station canopy in 1993, and the continuing improvement of the line as one of the island's tourist attractions; this has included the added attraction of visiting steam locomotives, gala days in conjunction with Isle of Man Heritage Railways and popular off-season events such as \"Santa Trains\" and \"Bunny Trains\" each Easter weekend. In more recent times there have also been \"Jester Express\" days, promotions in connection with Father's Day and operations on New Year's Day were introduced in 2011. Additionally, \"Driver Experience Days\" are also offered where, for a fee, members of the public may spend the day on the footplate of a steam locomotive and drive trains. The railway is now a stand-alone charity and operates seasonally, whilst the volunteers of the Supporters' Association continue to maintain strong ties with the Isle of Man Railway albeit in a watchdog role, and provision of project items. The group maintains a strong working relationship with the management and attends regular meetings to ensure the development.", "title": "Isle of Man Steam Railway Supporters' Association" }, { "docid": "924482#35", "text": "The earliest use of the railway as a backdrop for filming purposes appears to have been in 1946 when \"I See A Dark Stranger\" used Union Mills station in the opening scenes, doubling as a station in Ireland. The Isle of Man was one of the locations for the movie \"Thomas and the Magic Railroad\" when Castletown station became \"Shining Time station\" while the goods shed at Port Erin became Burnett Stone's workshop, containing a replica of \"Lady\", although the trains themselves were not used during production. Other locations were used to represent the entrance to Burnett's workshop (an old lead mine) and the entry to the Magic Railroad (near the old lead mine), and a workshop in Port Erin was used to store properties, presumably including the Lady replica. The railway has also been used during the filming of \"The Brylcreem Boys\" using on-board views and Douglas station, \"Five Children & It\" for which Castletown station was fitted with a temporary canopy and given period set dressing, Channel 4's production of \"Cinderella\" that saw Santon station used heavily, the BBC adaptation of \"The Ginger Tree\" in which it doubled for communist Russia using the carriage shed at Douglas, lineside scenes and Castletown station (№ 11 \"Maitland\" was painted matte black for this production and remained in this guide for the remainder of the 1989 season) as well as being the subject of a 1988 BBC documentary as part of the \"Train Now Departing...\" series in an episode called \"Steam in the Isle Of Man\". Other television credits include an adaptation of \"The Legend Of The Tamworth Two\", the television movie \"Stiff Upper Lips\" and the long-running travelog show \"Wish You Were Here...?\" which featured Sir Norman Wisdom.", "title": "Isle of Man Railway" } ]

[ { "docid": "4862#11", "text": "Most of the Bengal region lies in the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta, but there are highlands in its north, northeast and southeast. The Ganges Delta arises from the confluence of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers and their respective tributaries. The total area of Bengal is 232,752  km—West Bengal is and Bangladesh .", "title": "Bengal" } ]

[ { "docid": "40096#76", "text": "The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The former province of Bengal was divided into two new provinces \"Bengal\" (comprising western Bengal as well as the province of Bihar and Orissa) and Eastern Bengal and Assam with Dacca as the capital of the latter. Partition was promoted for administrative reasons: Bengal was geographically as large as France and had a significantly larger population. Curzon stated the eastern region was neglected and under-governed. By splitting the province, an improved administration could be established in the east, where subsequently, the population would benefit from new schools and employment opportunities. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa. Indians were outraged at what they recognised as a \"divide and rule\" policy.", "title": "History of Bangladesh" }, { "docid": "47892#1", "text": "The Bay of Bengal occupies an area of . A number of large rivers flow into the Bay of Bengal: the Ganges-Hooghly, the Padma, the Brahmaputra-Jamuna, the Barak-Surma-Meghna, the Irrawaddy, the Godavari, the Mahanadi, the Brahmani, the Baitarani, the Krishna and the Kaveri. Among the important ports are Chennai-Ennore, Chittagong, Colombo, Kolkata-Haldia, Mongla, Paradip, Port Blair, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam and Yangon,Dhamra . Among the smaller ports are Gopalpur Port, Kakinada and Payra.", "title": "Bay of Bengal" }, { "docid": "6758087#0", "text": "Sagar Island is an island in the Ganges delta, lying on the continental shelf of Bay of Bengal about 100 km (54 nautical miles) south of Kolkata. This island forms the Sagar CD Block in Kakdwip subdivision of South 24 Parganas district in the Indian State of West Bengal. The island is large — with an area of 224.3 km², lying between 21°36’ to 21°56’ north latitude and 88°2’ to 88° 11’ east latitude. It has 43 villages and a population of over 160,000. The largest village is also named \"Ganga Sagar\" or \"Gangasagar\". Although Sagar island is a part of Sunderban Administration, it does not have any tiger habitation or mangrove forests or small river tributaries as is characteristic of the overall sunderban delta.", "title": "Sagar Island" }, { "docid": "10442499#8", "text": "The preferred habitats of the Bengal slow loris range across tropical and subtropical regions, and include evergreen and semi-evergreen rainforests with forest edges and continuous, dense canopies. It can also be found in bamboo groves. It prefers habitats with larger diameter, tall trees with a large crown depth (defined as the length along the main axis from the tree tip to the base of the crown); these areas are typically associated with greater food abundance, and decreased risk of predation. Because of its preference for dense forests, it acts as a good indicator of the ecosystem's health.", "title": "Bengal slow loris" }, { "docid": "28473733#1", "text": "After the Maratha rebellions in Northern India the Bengal province became autonomous and was ruled by the Nawab of Bengal however after the Battle of Plassey the region became the administrative division of British India with Bengal's capital Calcutta becoming the Indian capital. Bengal Presidency was formed in 1765. In 1905, the presidency was divided into Bengal province and East Bengal and Assam province. In 1911, Bengal was reunited. Assam including Meghalaya and Sylhet was severed from the Presidency in 1874. Assam became the Province of Assam together with Lushai Hills in 1912. In 1912 Bengal was separated into various states of the British empire after being a tense area of the Indian independence movement. These new provinces were Bihar and Orissa and East Bengal and Assam however the westernmost part of the Bihar and Orissa province and East Bengal were reunited to become a smaller but yet united Bengal. This province was partitioned again in 1947 into Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority East Bengal (now Bangladesh) to facilitate the creation of the separate Muslim state of Pakistan, of which East Bengal became a province.", "title": "Greater Bangladesh" }, { "docid": "4862#57", "text": "The Bengal region is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. With a population of 300 million, Bengalis are the third largest ethnic group in the world after the Han Chinese and Arabs.\nAccording to provisional results of 2011 Bangladesh census, the population of Bangladesh was 142,319,000; however, CIA's \"The World Factbook\" gives 163,654,860 as its population in a July 2013 estimate. According to the provisional results of the 2011 Indian national census, West Bengal has a population of 91,347,736. So, the Bengal region, , has at least 233 million people. This figures give a population density of 1003.9/km; making it among the most densely populated areas in the world.", "title": "Bengal" }, { "docid": "34040#18", "text": "As per the India State of Forest Report 2017, recorded forest area in the state is , while in 2013, forest area was , which was 18.93% of the state's geographical area, compared to the then national average of 21.23%. Reserves and protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8%, and 8.9%, respectively, of forested areas, as of 2009. Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans is located in southern West Bengal.\nFrom a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans. The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, combined with favourable rainfall, makes this region especially fertile. Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state has similar species composition with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand. The predominant commercial tree species is \"Shorea robusta\", commonly known as the sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the \"Casuarina\". A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous \"sundari\" (\"Heritiera fomes\"), from which the forest gets its name.", "title": "West Bengal" }, { "docid": "7282876#4", "text": "Eastern Bengal and Assam had a total area of 111,569 sq m and was situated between 20° 45' and 28° 17' N., and between 87° 48' and 97° 5' E. It was bounded by Tibet and the Kingdom of Bhutan to the north, British Burma to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the south. Within these limits, were the princely states of Hill Tippera, Cooch Behar and Manipur.", "title": "Eastern Bengal and Assam" }, { "docid": "4308757#11", "text": "A small coastal region is on the extreme south of the state. A part of the district of Purba Medinipur along the Bay of Bengal constitutes the coastal plain. This emergent coastal plain is made up of sand and mud deposited by rivers and by wind. Parallel to the coast are colonies of sand dunes and marshy areas. The Digha dune lies nearest to the Bay of Bengal while the Kanthi dune is the farthest from it. In some areas dunes occur at a distance of 15–16 km from the coast and are 11–12 m high.", "title": "Geography of West Bengal" } ]

[ { "docid": "258648#0", "text": "Chandragupta I (r. c. 319-335 or 319-350 CE) was a king of the Gupta dynasty, who ruled in northern India. His title \"Maharajadhiraja\" (\"king of great kings\") suggests that he was the first emperor of the dynasty. It is not certain how he turned his small ancestral kingdom into an empire, although a widely-accepted theory among modern historians is that his marriage to the Lichchhavi princess Kumaradevi helped him extend his political power. Their son Samudragupta further expanded the Gupta empire.", "title": "Chandragupta I" }, { "docid": "227918#0", "text": "The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire existing from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE to 590 CE. At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 550 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent. This period is called the \"Golden\" Age of India by some historians. The ruling dynasty of the empire was founded by the king Sri Gupta; the most notable rulers of the dynasty were Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II alias Vikramaditya. The 5th-century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits the Guptas with having conquered about twenty-one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas, and others.", "title": "Gupta Empire" } ]

[ { "docid": "14097#20", "text": "The Kushan Empire would fall apart by 220 CE, creating more political turmoil in India. Then in 320, the Gupta Empire (Sanskrit: गुप्त राजवंश, Gupta Rājavanśha) was established and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent. Founded by Maharaja Sri-Gupta, the dynasty was the model of a classical civilization. Gupta kings united the area primarily through negotiation of local leaders and families as well as strategical intermarriage. Their rule covered less land than the Maurya Empire, but established the greatest stability. In 535, the empire ended when India was overrun by the Huns.", "title": "History of Asia" }, { "docid": "2659825#22", "text": "The Gupta dynasty ruled from around 240 to 550 CE. The origins of the Gupta Dynasty are shrouded in obscurity. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang provides the first evidence of the Gupta kingdom in Magadha. He came to India in 672 CE and heard of 'Maharaja Sri-Gupta' who built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near \"Mrigasikhavana\". Ghatotkacha (c. 280–319) CE, had a son named Chandra Gupta I (Not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya (340–293 BC), founder of the Mauryan Empire). In a breakthrough deal, Chandra Gupta I was married to a woman from Lichchhavi—the main power in Magadha.", "title": "History of Bihar" }, { "docid": "227918#19", "text": "Faxian (or Fa Hsien etc.), a Chinese Buddhist, was one of the pilgrims who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 and reached India in 405. During his stay in India up to 411, he went on a pilgrimage to Mathura, Kannauj, Kapilavastu, Kushinagar, Vaishali, Pataliputra, Kashi, and Rajagriha, and made careful observations about the empire's conditions. Faxian was pleased with the mildness of administration. The Penal Code was mild and offenses were punished by fines only. From his accounts, the Gupta Empire was a prosperous period. And until the Rome–China trade axis was broken with the fall of the Han dynasty, the Guptas did indeed prosper. His writings form one of the most important sources for the history of this period.", "title": "Gupta Empire" }, { "docid": "530331#46", "text": "The origins of the Gupta Empire are believed to be from local Rajas as only the father and grandfather of Chandra Gupta are mentioned in inscriptions. Chandra Gupta's reign was an unsettled one, but under his son, Samudra Gupta, the empire reached supremacy over India roughly similar to the proportions that the Maurya Empire had exercised before. Various records exist of Samudra Gupta's conquest, showing that nearly all of North India and a portion of Southern India had been under Gupta rule. The Empire was organised along the lines of provinces, frontier feudatories, and subordinate kings of vassal states that had sworn fealty to the Empire. In the case of Punjab, the local Janapadas were semi-independent but were expected to obey orders and pay homage to the empire. Samudra Gupta was regarded as a patron of the arts and humanities. Inscriptions give evidence to the Raja not only being a learned man, but one fond of the company of poets and writers; one type of coinage even shows him playing on the veena..", "title": "History of Punjab" }, { "docid": "227918#4", "text": "The Gupta records do not mention the dynasty's varna (social class). Some historians, such as A.S. Altekar, have theorized that they were of Vaishya origin, as some ancient Indian texts prescribe the name \"Gupta\" for the members of the Vaishya varna. Critics of this theory point out that the suffix Gupta features in the names of several non-Vaishyas before as well as during the Gupta period, and the dynastic name \"Gupta\" may have simply derived from the name of the family's first king Gupta. Some scholars, such as S.R. Goyal, theorize that the Guptas were Brahmanas, because they had matrimonial relations with Brahmanas, but others reject this evidence as inconclusive. Based on the Pune and Riddhapur inscriptions of the Gupta princess Prabhavati-gupta, some scholars believe that the name of her paternal gotra (clan) was \"Dharana\", but an alternative reading of these inscriptions suggests that Dharana was the \"gotra\" of her mother Kuberanaga.", "title": "Gupta Empire" }, { "docid": "530331#51", "text": "After the death of Skanda Gupta, the Empire suffered from various wars of succession. The last major Gupta King was Buddha Gupta; after him, the Empire had split into various branches across India. Nevertheless, by the sixth century, the Huns had established themselves and Toramana and his son Mihirakula, who has been described to be a Saivite Hindu, had ruled over the approximate areas of Punjab, Rajputana, and Kashmir. Several accounts, including those by Chinese pilgrims, make reference to the cruelty of the Huns. There had been several alliances throughout this time that had checked the advance of the Huns, but it was not until 533-534 that Raja Yashovarman of Mandasor firmly defeated them.", "title": "History of Punjab" }, { "docid": "227918#6", "text": "In the Allahabad Pillar inscription, Gupta and his successor Ghatotkacha are described as \"Maharaja\" (\"great king\"), while the next king Chandragupta I is called a \"Maharajadhiraja\" (\"king of great kings\"). In the later period, the title \"Maharaja\" was used by feudatory rulers, which has led to suggestions that Gupta and Ghatotkacha were vassals (possibly of Kushan Empire). However, there are several instances of paramount sovereigns using the title \"Maharaja\", in both pre-Gupta and post-Gupta periods, so this cannot be said with certainty. That said, there is no doubt that Gupta and Ghatotkacha held a lower status and were less powerful than Chandragupta I.", "title": "Gupta Empire" }, { "docid": "530331#50", "text": "The White Huns, who initially were part of the predominantly Buddhist Hephthalite group, established themselves in Afghanistan by the first half of the 5th century, with their capital at Bamiyan. The Huns invaded the Gupta Empire under Kumara Gupta (r.415-455). Kumara Gupta had just earlier defeated several revolts from the Pushyamitras, a tribe of central India. After the death of Kumaragupta in 467, the Huns renewed their attacks and managed to invade border provinces around this time. Kumara Gupta's son Skanda Gupta had managed to defeat further Hun invasions. Skanda Gupta managed to defeat the Huns in such a manner that they were fully routed; the consequences of the Gupta victory over the Huns were far-reaching, leading a historian to believe that this was likely the reason for the Hun invasions further West.", "title": "History of Punjab" }, { "docid": "227918#5", "text": "Gupta (fl. late 3rd century CE) is the earliest known king of the dynasty: different historians variously date the beginning of his reign from mid-to-late 3rd century CE. \"Che-li-ki-to\", the name of a king mentioned by the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing, is believed to be a transcription of \"Shri-Gupta\" (IAST: Śrigupta), \"Shri\" being an honorific prefix. According to Yijing, this king built a temple for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims near \"Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no\" (believed to be a transcription of Mṛgaśikhāvana).", "title": "Gupta Empire" }, { "docid": "227918#3", "text": "The homeland of the Guptas is uncertain. According to one theory, they originated in the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh, where most of the inscriptions and coins of the early Gupta kings have been discovered. The proponents of this theory argue that according to the Puranas, the territory of the early Gupta kings included Prayaga, Saketa, and other areas in the Ganges basin. Another prominent theory locates the Gupta homeland in the present-day Bengal region, based on the account of the 7th century Chinese Buddhist monk Yijing. According to Yijing, king Che-li-ki-to (identified with the dynasty's founder \"Shri\" Gupta) built a temple for Chinese pilgrims near Mi-li-kia-si-kia-po-no (apparently a transcription of Mriga-shikha-vana). Yijing states that this temple was located more than 40 \"yojana\"s east of Nalanda, which would mean it was situated somewhere in the modern Bengal region. Another proposal is that the early Gupta kingdom extended from Prayaga in the west to northern Bengal in the east.", "title": "Gupta Empire" } ]