paragraphs
list | title
dict |
|---|---|
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The consumerism, entertainment culture, and new technologies that characterised the 1920s in the United States were also found in Australia. Prohibition was not implemented in Australia, though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having hotels closed after 6 pm, and closed altogether in a few city suburbs.The fledgling film industry declined through the decade, over 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues. A Royal Commission in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), atrophied until its revival in the 1970s.Stanley Bruce became Prime Minister in 1923, when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes. Speaking in early 1925, Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians, saying that \"men, money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia\" and that he was seeking such from Britain. The migration campaign of the 1920s, operated by the Development and Migration Commission, brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia, although schemes to settle migrants and returned soldiers \"on the land\" were generally not a success. \"The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of Queensland proved disastrous\"In Australia, the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s. A Loan Council was set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans, three-quarters of which came from overseas. Despite Imperial Preference, a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain. \"In the five years from 1924..to..1928, Australia bought 43.4% of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7% of its exports. Wheat and wool made up more than two-thirds of all Australian exports\", a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities.Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam, and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure. In 1918 there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia. By 1929 there were 500,000. The stage coach company Cobb and Co, established in 1853, finally closed in 1924. In 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (to become the Australian airline Qantas) was established. The Reverend John Flynn, founded the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the world's first air ambulance in 1928. Daredevil pilot, Sir Charles Kingsford Smith pushed the new flying machines to the limit, completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean, via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft Southern Cross. He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935.",
"zh_tw": "1901 年 1 月 1 日，幾個英國的殖民地組成了第一個隸屬於英國的澳洲聯邦（Commonwealth of Australia），白澳政策及移民限制法被透過。1914 年至 1918 年，澳洲參與第一次世界大戰。1920 年，澳洲航空公司（Qantas）國內航線成立。1921 年，伊迪斯科文（Edith Dircksey Cowan）成為澳洲首位女性國會議員。1927 年前，澳大利亞的首都是墨爾本。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2372,
"text": "1920"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "1920"
}
]
},
"id": "259859e7ef46ceec687fca2499c6dd2ea6d1ffb3",
"question": {
"en": "In what year was the airline Qantas originally established under another name?",
"zh_tw": "在哪一年，澳洲航空公司最初是以另一個名字成立的？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "History of Australia",
"zh_tw": "澳大利亞歷史"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Gal Gadot Varsano (Hebrew: גל גדות, [ˈɡal ɡaˈdot]; born 30 April 1985) is an Israeli actress and model. At age 18, she was crowned Miss Israel 2004. She then served two years in the Israel Defense Forces as a combat instructor, and began studying law and international relations at IDC Herzliya college while building up her modeling and acting careers.Gadot's first international film role came as Gisele Yashar in Fast & Furious (2009), a role she reprised in subsequent installments of the film franchise. She went on to earn worldwide fame for portraying Wonder Woman in the DC Extended Universe, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), followed by the solo film Wonder Woman and the ensemble Justice League (both 2017). In 2018, Gadot was included on Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, and was listed among the highest-paid actresses in the world.",
"zh_tw": "蓋兒・加朵 - 瓦爾薩諾（希伯來語：גל גדות，拉丁化：Gal Gadot-Varsano，1985 年 4 月 30 日－）是一位以色列女演員、製片人與時裝模特兒。她曾贏得 2004 年以色列小姐的頭銜並代表以色列參加了 2004 年環球小姐的選美比賽。此外還是服裝公司 Castro 的時尚領導。2012 年 4 月，媒體網站《Shalom Life》評選出的「50 位全球最有天賦、最聰穎、最有趣及最高雅的猶太女性」中，將加朵列為第五名。2018 年被《時代》雜誌評選為「最具影響力一百人」。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "30 April 1985"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 35,
"text": "Gadot-Varsano，1985 年 4 月 30 日－）是一位以色列女演員、製片人與時裝模特兒。"
}
]
},
"id": "4d3656f9ce6bd3a3b4c4b53ffa0f7390d797aaa1",
"question": {
"en": "When was Varsano born?",
"zh_tw": "瓦爾薩諾哪一年出生？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Gal Gadot was born in Petah Tikva, Israel, and raised in its neighbouring city of Rosh HaAyin. In Hebrew, her first name means \"wave\" and her surname means \"riverbanks\". Her parents are Irit (née Weiss), a teacher, and Michael Gadot, an engineer. Both her parents were born in Israel, and they Hebraized their surname from \"Greenstein\" to \"Gadot\" prior to her birth. Her father is a sixth-generation Israeli. Her maternal grandparents were born in Europe; her grandfather, who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp, survived the Holocaust, and her grandmother left before the Nazi invasion. Gadot has stated that she was brought up in a \"very Jewish, Israeli family environment\". Her ancestry is Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish. She has one younger sister.Her high school major was biology. She says that in high school she was good at basketball because of her height. As a teenager, her first jobs were babysitting and working at Burger King. As an adult, Gadot studied law and international relations at the IDC Herzliya college.Gadot completed her two mandatory years of service in the Israel Defense Forces, enlisted as a combat instructor. She said of her time in the Israeli military: \"You give two or three years, and it's not about you. You learn discipline and respect.\" Gadot says that her background helped her to win the role of Gisele in Fast & Furious: \"I think the main reason was that the director Justin Lin really liked that I was in the military, and he wanted to use my knowledge of weapons.\"",
"zh_tw": "蓋兒・加朵出生在以色列佩塔提克瓦（屬特拉維夫都會區）的阿什肯納茲猶太人家庭。她在鄰城羅什艾因長大。父母都住在薩布拉。加朵說她是在「很猶太的以色列家庭氛圍中長大的」。她的祖先是來自歐洲的猶太移民（她描述自己的家庭背景是「四分之一的波蘭猶太人、四分之一的奧地利猶太人、四分之一的德國猶太人和四分之一的捷克猶太人」）。加朵的外祖父是捷克斯洛伐克的猶太人，他的家人被送到奧斯威辛集中營，他的母親和兄弟在毒氣室裡死亡。加朵是一個狂熱的摩托車騎手，並擁有一輛黑色的 Ducati Monster-S2R（2006 年）。而她也擅長排球、籃球和網球。在出演《玩命關頭》時就發揮了自己的本領。加朵說：「我認為主要的原因是，林詣彬真的很喜歡我在軍隊的時候，他想採用我的武器知識」。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 709,
"text": "Polish-Jewish, Austrian-Jewish, German-Jewish, and Czech-Jewish"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "四分之一的波蘭猶太人、四分之一的奧地利猶太人、四分之一的德國猶太人和四分之一的捷克猶太人"
}
]
},
"id": "bd866dce517b6216d216287a26c9e713db9d29da",
"question": {
"en": "Gadot's ancestry is made up of what ethnicities?",
"zh_tw": "加朵的祖先是由什麼種族構成的？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Gal Gadot",
"zh_tw": "蓋爾・加朵"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as \"tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences\". The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras, and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004. The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals, and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile.Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on, and Android was facing eviction from its office space. Steve Perlman, a close friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope, and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding. Perlman refused a stake in the company, and has stated \"I did it because I believed in the thing, and I wanted to help Andy.\"In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million. Its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time, with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones. At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system. Google had \"lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation\".Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006. An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone, with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard, but the arrival of 2007's Apple iPhone meant that Android \"had to go back to the drawing board\". Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that \"Touchscreens will be supported\", although \"the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption, therefore a touchscreen cannot completely replace physical buttons\". By 2008, both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch-based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G, and Android's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens. The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23, 2008.",
"zh_tw": "2005 年 7 月 11 日，Google 以高於 $5,000 萬美元的價錢收購了 Android 科技公司，使其成為 Google 旗下的一部分。Android 的關鍵人物包括安迪・魯賓、利奇・米納爾和克里斯・懷特，以及所有 Android 科技公司的員工都一併加入 Google，作為收購的一部分。當時並沒有人知道 Google 為何會作出這項收購，引來許多的猜測，後來證實 Google 正是藉助該次收購正式進入行動領域。根據前 Google CEO 施密特的說法，收購 Android 目的是抗衡微軟，試圖阻止微軟在移動市場複製桌面市場的成功。在 Google，由魯賓領導的團隊開發了一個基於 Linux 核心驅動的行動作業系統的平臺，該開發專案便是 Android 作業系統。Google 向手機制造商及手機網路供應商推出該平臺，承諾提供一個靈活可靠並可升級的系統，為 Android 提供一個廣闊的市場。Google 組織了一系列硬體及軟體的合作伙伴，並向運營商示意指公司開放到各種程度的合作。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1414,
"text": "Google"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 279,
"text": "Google"
}
]
},
"id": "e7d28274ef65219ddfbdd758a4e12820cd4fdb0b",
"question": {
"en": "What is the company associated with the team in charge of developing a mobile device platform?",
"zh_tw": "與負責開發移動裝置平臺的團隊相關的公司是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Android (operating system)",
"zh_tw": "Android"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "《普羅米修斯》（英語：Prometheus）是 2012 年的英國科幻電影，由雷德利・斯科特執導，喬・斯派茨和戴蒙・林道夫編劇，勞米・拉佩斯、麥可・法斯賓達、蓋・皮爾斯、伊德瑞斯・艾爾巴、羅根・馬歇爾 - 格林和查理茲・塞隆主演。影片的故事背景設定在 21 世紀，劇情圍繞一艘名為 “普羅米修斯號”（Prometheus）的太空船及其船員展開，他們根據從多個地球古文明文物中發現的星圖前往外太空尋找人類的起源。然而當他們到達一個遙遠的世界後，卻發現了可能導致人類滅絕的威脅。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "人類的起源"
}
]
},
"id": "728968dc0992834b2c33dd4680e48b59eddec616",
"question": {
"en": "What are the crew trying to find?",
"zh_tw": "船員們想找到什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "費菲爾德突變成了一隻可怕的怪物並攻擊了 “普羅米修斯號” 的機庫，殺死了多名船員後才被別的船員所殺。“普羅米修斯號” 的船長簡尼克（Janek）推測，這個人造建築是工程師的一個軍事設施，而黑色液體則是一種致命的生物武器，其失控導致了設施的荒廢，他還相信這個建築中存在一個航天器。韋蘭與另外幾人在大衛的陪同下到達控制室，肖也跟在後面。大衛喚醒了休眠中的工程師，然後開始向對方說明韋蘭希望得到永生的願望。工程師反問其要求永生的原因，韋蘭表示自己創造了人造人，有如工程師創造人類，自誇為神，絕對有永生的權利。然而工程師一族早已否定人類的存在，多年前已打算消滅人類。（有分析相信工程師一族忌諱人類的潛能，終究會威脅自身的存在，在多年前已著手消滅人類，但生物兵器洩漏的意外令計劃延誤。生還的工程師驚覺人類已經能夠越過星海，瞭解自己的語言及科技，甚至創造出人造人及妄圖永生，更深信人類為極之危險的存在）工程師扯下了大衛的頭，然後殺死了韋蘭及其隊員，只有肖成功逃脫，然後工程師重新激活了飛船。肖告訴簡尼克，工程師的目標是地球，打算在地球上釋放那種可怕的黑色液體消滅人類，請他一定要阻止工程師的飛船。簡尼克彈出救生艇，將 “普羅米修斯號” 朝外星人的飛船撞上去，犧牲了自己和另外兩位飛行員。維克斯從救生艇中逃出，但被工程師嚴重損毀的飛船壓死。前往救生艇的肖發現自己的外星人後代還活著，並且已經長到非常大。大衛的頭部功能仍然正常，他警告肖那個工程師還活著。工程師強行打開了救生艇的氣閘來攻擊肖，後者為自保而放出外星人後代，工程師雖然極力掙扎，但還是被制服，被怪獸的產卵器刺入喉嚨。蕭找到了大衛的殘骸，大衛表示可以協助蕭利用另一艘外星人太空船回到地球，因此帶著大衛被分離的身體及頭部，前往另一艘太空船，並要大衛協助前往外星人的母星，詢問為什麼要毀滅人類；在離開時，蕭發出警告訊息不要前往本訊息的發射地星球，該星球已無人生還。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 537,
"text": "維克斯"
}
]
},
"id": "577dddc2d8cde0caf772983a674767ee2c430067",
"question": {
"en": "After the engineer starts killing the crew, who is able to escape?",
"zh_tw": "在工程師開始屠殺船員後，誰得以逃脫？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 159,
"text": "肖"
}
]
},
"id": "2b94ddc3abae3830b97bd476dc599a5e2f1f04f1",
"question": {
"en": "Who is with Weyland when the team returns to the structure?",
"zh_tw": "探險隊重返哪建築時，誰與韋蘭在一起？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 171,
"text": "休眠"
}
]
},
"id": "5cd104b7ca52cae404b1103dc5377d6adc1c0e99",
"question": {
"en": "What does David wake the Engineer up from?",
"zh_tw": "大衛把工程師從什麼中喚醒？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "2011 年 9 月，劇組轉戰西班牙阿利坎特的光明之城（Ciudad de la Luz）電影製片廠。拍攝地點包括製片廠的大水池和附近的海灘。劇組從 2011 年 8 月 22 日起到 2011 年 12 月 10 日訂下了相關區域，而外景建設則從 8 月起持續到 9 月下旬。西班牙的拍攝週期約為 3 個月，共有約 250 人的參與，給當地經濟帶去了約 100 萬歐元的收益，此外劇組還有在約旦的瓦地倫谷進行拍攝。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 73,
"text": "從 2011 年 8 月 22 日起到 2011 年 12 月 10 日"
}
]
},
"id": "544f3863a35735cd19c101c42113dce8869fd976",
"question": {
"en": "what dates were the complex booked for?",
"zh_tw": "哪段期間預訂了製片廠？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "普羅米修斯 (電影)"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The win was Real's eighth European Cup Championship overall and their second in three years, and was notable for being Vicente del Bosque's first title as manager. It was also a landmark for being the first final played between two teams from the same nation. Upon this win, McManaman became the first English player to win the tournament with a non-English club.",
"zh_tw": "這場勝利使得皇家馬德里第 8 次贏得歐冠獎盃，也是其三年內的第 2 次奪冠，值得一提的是，這也是比森特・德爾・博斯克以主教練身份贏得的第一項錦標。此外，這場比賽也成為了一座里程碑，因它是首次由來自同一個國家的兩支球隊角逐的決賽。同時史蒂夫・麥克馬納曼也成為首個隨國外俱樂部贏得歐冠的英格蘭球員。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 12,
"text": "Real"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 6,
"text": "皇家馬德里"
}
]
},
"id": "47f3c634b2554b704e40f997750d2548f424345e",
"question": {
"en": "Who won the first ever final between two teams of the same nation",
"zh_tw": "哪支球隊贏得了首次由來自同一個國家的兩支球隊角逐的決賽"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "2000 UEFA Champions League Final",
"zh_tw": "2000 年歐洲冠軍聯賽決賽"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "During their service with Soviet Anti-Air Defense and in East Germany, MiG-19s were involved in multiple interceptions of Western reconnaissance aircraft. The first documented encounter with a Lockheed U-2 took place in the autumn of 1957. The MiG-19 pilot reported seeing the aircraft, but could not make up the 2,234 m (7,000 ft) difference in altitude. When Francis Gary Powers's U-2 was shot down in the 1960 incident, one pursuing MiG-19P was also hit by the salvo of S-75 Dvina (NATO: SA-2 \"Guideline\") missiles, killing the pilot Sergei Safronov. In a highly controversial incident, on 1 July 1960, a MiG-19 shot down an RB-47H (S/N 53-4281) reconnaissance aircraft in international airspace over the Arctic Circle with four of the crew killed and two captured by the Soviets (they were released in 1961). In another incident, on 28 January 1964, a MiG-19 shot down a T-39 Sabreliner which had strayed into East German airspace while on a training mission; all three crewmembers were killed.",
"zh_tw": "作為蘇聯空軍與東德空軍的主力裝備，米格 - 19 參加了大量對西方飛機的攔截行動。1957 年秋季，一架米格 - 19 的駕駛員報告稱發現了一架偵察機，事後發現這是一架 U-2。在 U-2 後來執行的幾次任務中，米格 - 19 多次起飛試圖攔截，但由於升限限制均未成功。在攔截中，米格 - 19 採用了一種被稱為 “倉卒向上射擊” 的機動，即透過開啟加力衝刺至本機升限（甚至略微超過），然後用機炮或火箭彈攻擊上方的 U-2。這樣的危險動作導致許多米格 - 19 進入尾旋狀態無法改出而墜毀。1960 年擊落加里・鮑爾斯所駕駛的 U-2 的行動中，由於指揮混亂，一架米格 - 19P 被己方的一枚 S-75（北約稱 SA-2）擊落，飛行員謝爾蓋・薩夫羅諾夫陣亡。1960 年 7 月 1 日，一架米格 - 19 擊落了一架 RB-47H（編號 S/N53-4281），但北約方面聲稱該機當時正位於北極圈內的公海上空，機上 6 名成員中 4 人死亡，2 人被俘，1961 年被釋放。1964 年 1 月 28 日，一架誤入東德領空的 T-39 被米格 - 19 擊落，機上 3 人死亡。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 755,
"text": "two"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 378,
"text": "2"
}
]
},
"id": "4a4b28d17796a941a3eff70e01f1455964af746e",
"question": {
"en": "How many Soviets were caught in the highly controversial incident in July of 1960?",
"zh_tw": "1960 年 7 月，有多少名蘇聯人在這場極具爭議的事件中被俘？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19",
"zh_tw": "米格 - 19 戰鬥機"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "乙酸是一種簡單的羧酸，由一個甲基一個羧基組成，是一種重要的化學試劑。在化學工業中，它被用來製造聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯，後者即飲料瓶的主要部分。乙酸也被用來製造電影膠片所需要的醋酸纖維素和木材用膠粘劑中的聚乙酸乙烯酯，以及很多合成纖維和織物。家庭中，乙酸稀溶液常被用作除垢劑。食品工業方面，在食品新增劑列表 E260 中，乙酸是規定的一種酸度調節劑。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 158,
"text": "乙酸"
}
]
},
"id": "d5dfd50b955a195beedfb53ce514ea9cc1898f1a",
"question": {
"en": "What kind of acid does E260 control?",
"zh_tw": "E260 調節什麼樣的酸？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "以醋的形式，乙酸溶液（一般含 5% 到 18%（質量分數）的乙酸）被用作調味品，也被用來醃蔬菜和其他食物。一般來說，醃菜用的醋在濃度上比一般調味品醋濃度更大。食用醋的總量在世界乙酸年產量中只佔一個很小的比例，不過在歷史上，這卻是一個悠久的應用。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "醋"
}
]
},
"id": "85aea1f80ebf543955cb0b0d2beb73319d7a958c",
"question": {
"en": "Using what condiment is a well-known application.",
"zh_tw": "使用哪種調味品是眾所周知的應用。"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "乙酸"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Air India Flight 101 was a scheduled Air India passenger flight from Bombay to London that accidentally flew into Mont Blanc in France on the morning of 24 January 1966. The accident was caused by a misunderstood verbal instruction from the radar controller to the pilot in lieu of VOR data, one of the receivers being out of service. The crash was almost at the exact spot where Air India Flight 245, a Lockheed 749 Constellation on a charter flight, had crashed in 1950 with the loss of all 48 on board that aircraft.",
"zh_tw": "印度航空 101 號班機空難是印度航空一班的來回賈特拉帕蒂・希瓦吉國際機場至倫敦希斯洛機場定期航班，1966 年 1 月 24 日，一架波音 707 客機墜毀於白朗峰附近，造成 117 人死亡。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 109,
"text": "into Mont Blanc in France"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "白朗峰"
}
]
},
"id": "88f90e89d149f784cb76a8bc567f840e6297f7f4",
"question": {
"en": "Where did flight 101 fly?",
"zh_tw": "101 號班機飛過哪裡？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Air India Flight 101",
"zh_tw": "印度航空 101 號班機空難"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Berlin is a world city of culture, politics, media and science. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations and convention venues. Berlin serves as a continental hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics.",
"zh_tw": "柏林無論是從文化、政治、傳媒還是科學上講都稱的上是世界級城市。該市經濟主要基於服務業，包括多種多樣的創造性產業、傳媒集團、議會舉辦地點。柏林扮演歐洲大陸上航空與鐵路運輸交通樞紐的角色，同時它也是歐盟內遊客數量最多的城市之一。主要的產業包括資訊科技、製藥、生物工程、生物科技、光學電子、交通工程和可再生能源。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "culture, politics, media and science"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 6,
"text": "文化、政治、傳媒還是科學"
}
]
},
"id": "186ceeedd46ede6c730de500ceb410be1dc57b83",
"question": {
"en": "What is Berlin known for?",
"zh_tw": "柏林以什麼聞名？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Berlin",
"zh_tw": "柏林"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Russell specifically applied his analogy in the context of religion. He wrote that if he were to assert, without offering proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars, he could not expect anyone to believe him solely because his assertion could not be proven wrong.",
"zh_tw": "羅素寫道，如果他聲稱，有一個茶壺在地球和火星之間圍繞太陽轉，而他指望別人相信他的理由，居然是沒有人能證明這宣告是錯，他認為這顯然是荒謬的。羅素的茶壺至今仍然頻繁出現在有關神是否存在的討論中。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 105,
"text": "without offering proof, that a teapot, too small to be seen by telescopes, orbits the Sun somewhere in space between the Earth and Mars"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 11,
"text": "有一個茶壺在地球和火星之間圍繞太陽轉"
}
]
},
"id": "121b3b6033660884cb5cc18958534715db95844e",
"question": {
"en": "What is the analogy Russell uses to argue against religion?",
"zh_tw": "羅素運用什麼比喻來反對宗教？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Russell's teapot",
"zh_tw": "羅素的茶壺"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "As a solo artist, Martin has written songs for a variety of acts including Embrace (\"Gravity\") and Jamelia (\"See It in a Boy's Eyes\", co-written with Coldplay producer Rik Simpson). Martin has also collaborated with Ron Sexsmith, Faultline, the Streets, and Ian McCulloch. He also sang a part of the vocals for the Band Aid 20 single, \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" at the end of 2004. In 2005, Martin collaborated with Nelly Furtado on the track \"All Good Things (Come to an End)\", for her 2006 album, Loose. The two were once rumoured to be a couple, after they both performed at Glastonbury in 2002. Nelly Furtado joked about it, saying, \"Yeah, he's my boyfriend—he just doesn't know it yet\".Martin's fascination with hip hop was shown in mid-2006 when he collaborated with rapper Jay-Z for the rapper's comeback album Kingdom Come after the two met earlier in the year. Martin put some chords together for a song known as \"Beach Chair\" and sent them to Jay-Z who enlisted the help of hip-hop producer Dr. Dre to mix it. Coldplay producer Rik Simpson conceived and performed the drum beats. The song was performed on 27 September 2006 by the two during Jay-Z's European tour at Royal Albert Hall. Martin has also worked on a solo collaboration with Kanye West, with whom he shared an impromptu jam session during a 2006 concert at Abbey Road Studios. He performed the chorus of \"Homecoming\", from Kanye West's album Graduation.",
"zh_tw": "克里斯・馬汀以個人的身分為不同的歌手撰寫了許多歌曲，包括 Embrace 樂團的「Gravity」和潔米莉雅（Jamelia）的「See It In a Boy's Eyes」等。他也與朗・賽克斯（Ron Sexsmith）、Faultline、街頭小子（The Streets）和伊安・馬克庫羅（Ian McCulloch）等人合作。此外，他在 2004 年底也參與了 Band Aid 20 的單曲「Do They Know It's Christmas?」，在其中擔任主唱。在 2005 年，馬汀和妮莉・費塔朵（Nelly Furtado）為了她的專輯《Loose》而合唱「All Good Things」這首歌曲。但唱片公司隨後認為克里斯的聲音聽起來音太粗而將這首歌從專輯中拿掉。他們一起在 2002 年的格拉斯頓伯裡音樂節（Glastonbury Festival）表演之後，曾有傳聞指出兩人是一對戀人。對此費塔朵開玩笑表示「是啊，他是我的男友 — 只是他還不知道而已」。在 2006 年和肯伊・威斯特（Kanye West）於 Abbey Road 錄音室 的現場即興演出後，馬汀也期待與他進行合作。他和肯伊・威斯特的合作歌曲預計會收錄在威斯特的新專輯《Graduation》中，預計在 2007 年下半年發行。馬汀對於嘻哈音樂的興趣不只如此，2006 年夏天他和饒舌歌手傑斯（Jay-Z）合作《王者再臨》（Kingdom Come）專輯。兩人曾先在年初見面，傑斯向馬汀表示他希望有合作的機會，因此兩人在之後一直保持連絡。馬汀為了歌曲「Beach Chair」編寫了一些和絃，並交給傑斯請嘻哈製作人德瑞博士（Dr. Dre）加入鼓聲節奏，最後完成這首歌曲。傑斯在 2006 年 9 月 27 日場次的歐洲巡迴演唱會中與馬汀一起演出了這首歌。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 503,
"text": "Loose"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 279,
"text": "《Loose》"
}
]
},
"id": "4904db3df460aa71692ee54fcc30be98b7f64f52",
"question": {
"en": "What was the name of Furtado's 2006 album?",
"zh_tw": "費塔朵 2006 年的專輯叫什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Chris Martin",
"zh_tw": "克里斯・馬汀"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The International Paralympic Committee has had three presidents to date. Its founding president, who presided it from 1989 to 2001, was the Canadian Robert Steadward, who had previously founded the Canadian Sports Fund for the Physically Disabled. He was succeeded in 2001 by Philip Craven, a British Paralympian and former President of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation, who served as President until 2017. Craven was succeeded by Brazil's Andrew Parsons, IPC Vice President from 2013 to 2017 and a former President of the Brazilian Paralympic Committee.",
"zh_tw": "1989 年起擔任主席的為加拿大籍的羅伯特・斯特德沃德，他為創始主席至 2001 年，曾於加拿大成立加拿大殘疾人體育基金。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 140,
"text": "Canadian"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "加拿大籍"
}
]
},
"id": "816e3b8379b22ab3535228e4e92dd0a89d142b66",
"question": {
"en": "What was Robert Steadward's nationality?",
"zh_tw": "羅伯特・斯特德沃德的國際是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "International Paralympic Committee",
"zh_tw": "國際帕拉林匹克委員會"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Vinod Khosla (born 28 January 1955) is an Indian American billionaire engineer, businessman and venture capitalist. He is a co-founder of Sun Microsystems, and the founder of Khosla Ventures. In 2014, Forbes named him amongst the 400 richest people in the world. He is well-known for a failed decade-long legal battle to overturn the California Coastal Act and privatize Martins Beach.",
"zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉（古木基文：ਵਿਨੋਦ ਖੋਸਲਾ，英語：Vinod Khosla，1955 年 1 月 28 日－），生於印度德里，印度裔美國籍企業家，創業投資家。他是昇陽電腦的共同創辦者之一，也是第一任執行長與主席。1986 年，他加入風險投資公司，Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 22,
"text": "January"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 47,
"text": "1 月"
}
]
},
"id": "9f26a3087a0936f314c7c8f930ebec21411f15d9",
"question": {
"en": "Which month was Vinod Khosla born in?",
"zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉在哪月出生？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Vinod Khosla",
"zh_tw": "維諾德・柯斯拉"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "110 athletes from 24 nations are scheduled to participate, with number of athletes in parenthesis. Both Kazakhstan and Tonga (also making its Winter Olympics debut) marked their first Olympic appearances in the sport. India's athlete competed as an Independent Olympic Participants, as the Indian Olympic Association was suspended by the International Olympic Committee; the suspension was later lifted, but not before India's athlete had already competed under the Independent Olympic Participant banner. IOC decision to disqualify Russia was nullified by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.",
"zh_tw": "總共有來自 24 個國家 110 名運動員參賽。哈薩克和東加 (也是首次參加冬奧) 都是首次參加冬奧無舵雪橇比賽。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 104,
"text": "Kazakhstan and Tonga"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "哈薩克和東加"
}
]
},
"id": "c9df105e709646aa441dd8f9497d778e39569a40",
"question": {
"en": "Which countries made their debut during the Olympics?",
"zh_tw": "哪些國家在奧運會期間首次亮相？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Luge at the 2014 Winter Olympics",
"zh_tw": "2014 年冬季奧林匹克運動會無舵雪橇比賽"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "康瓦爾郡的（Padstow）每年舉行 「Obby-Oss」 (愛好馬匹) 節日。這被認為是英國最古老的土壤肥力儀式（fertility rites）之一；慶祝者會和 Oss 一起跳著舞穿過城鎮街道甚至私人花園，伴隨著手豐琴演奏者和身著用紅色或藍色的飾帶裝飾的白衣的演唱傳統「五朔節」歌曲的跟隨者。全鎮用春季綠樹裝飾每年有上千盤觀者參與。19 世紀前特殊的五朔節慶典曾在康瓦爾郡流傳甚廣，現又在聖艾夫斯和彭贊斯復甦。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 160,
"text": "上千"
}
]
},
"id": "d4fe8a6930317390a55804e79ed8581db292b05c",
"question": {
"en": "How many people go to Obby-Oss?",
"zh_tw": "多少人前來慶祝愛好馬匹節日？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "若年份是閏年那麼就該由女性放置花柱。所有行動通常都是秘密的，由個人決定是否提示她 / 他自己的身份或保持匿名。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 11,
"text": "女性"
}
]
},
"id": "eabe3ab87fd9c55c55e4c704a650200b786386e7",
"question": {
"en": "Who is in charge of placing the maypole?",
"zh_tw": "誰負責放置五朔節的花柱？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "五朔節"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "jQuery 是一套跨瀏覽器的 JavaScript 函式庫，簡化 HTML 與 JavaScript 之間的操作。由約翰・雷西格（John Resig）在 2006 年 1 月的 BarCamp NYC 上釋出第一個版本。目前是由 Dave Methvin 領導的開發團隊進行開發。全球前 10,000 個訪問最高的網站中，有 65% 使用了 jQuery，是目前最受歡迎的 JavaScript 函式庫。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 78,
"text": "2006 年"
}
]
},
"id": "6f0caef74de9e513b5ea33545f64b135e8159dda",
"question": {
"en": "What year did it finally come to be?",
"zh_tw": "最終在哪一年成型？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "jQuery 是開源軟體，使用 MIT 許可證授權。 jQuery 的語法設計使得許多操作變得容易，如操作文件物件（document）、選擇文件物件模型（DOM）元素、建立動畫效果、處理事件、以及開發 Ajax 程式。jQuery 也提供了給開發人員在其上建立外掛的能力。這使開發人員可以對底層互動與動畫、高階效果和高階主題化的元件進行抽象化。模組化的方式使 jQuery 函式庫能夠建立功能強大的動態網頁以及網路應用程式。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 192,
"text": "建立功能強大的動態網頁以及網路應用程式"
}
]
},
"id": "be9cc99d90072948f8e3bf9e8cc143c3fd498da3",
"question": {
"en": "What is the javascript library known for?",
"zh_tw": "指令碼庫以什麼聞名？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "微軟和諾基亞已宣佈在他們的平臺上繫結 jQuery。微軟最初在 Visual Studio 中集成了 jQuery 以便在微軟自己的 ASP.NET AJAX 框架和 ASP.NET MVC Framework 中使用，而諾基亞則在他的 Web 執行時元件開發平臺中集成了 jQuery。MediaWiki 自從 1.16 版本後也開始使用 jQuery。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "微軟最初在 Visual Studio 中集成了 jQuery 以便在微軟自己的 ASP.NET AJAX 框架和 ASP.NET MVC"
}
]
},
"id": "e6cdaa12ad273b0327c44dcfd33b1132d640c1ca",
"question": {
"en": "What company integrated the MVC and AJAX frame works into a widget development platform?",
"zh_tw": "什麼公司將 MVC 和 AJAX 框架整合到一個小部件開發平臺？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "JQuery"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Paris Orly Airport (French: Aéroport de Paris-Orly), commonly referred to as Orly (IATA: ORY, ICAO: LFPO), is an international airport located partially in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi, 7 NM (13 km; 8.1 mi) south of Paris, France. It serves as a secondary hub for domestic and overseas territories flights of Air France and as the homebase for Transavia France. Flights operate to destinations in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, North America, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Prior to the opening of Charles de Gaulle Airport in March 1974, Orly was the main airport of Paris. Even with the shift of most international traffic to Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly remains the busiest French airport for domestic traffic and the second busiest French airport overall in passenger traffic, with 33,120,685 passengers in 2018. The airport is operated by Groupe ADP under the brand Paris Aéroport. Since February 2018, the CEO of the airport has been Régis Lacote.",
"zh_tw": "巴黎 - 奧利機場（法語：Aéroport de Paris - Orly，IATA 程式碼：ORY；ICAO 程式碼：LFPO）是一座位於瓦勒德馬恩省奧利的機場。機場距離巴黎市中心 13 公里（8.1 英里）。該機場的航班都是往歐洲、中東、非洲、加勒比地區、北美洲和東南亞地區。在戴高樂機場建成前，這座機場是全巴黎最重要的機場。現在多數國際航班都轉往戴高樂機場，只有部分國際航班和國內航班留在此機場。奧利機場是法國第二繁忙的機場。在 2007 年，客運量為 26,441,000。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 409,
"text": "Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Caribbean, North America, East Asia and Southeast Asia"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 115,
"text": "歐洲、中東、非洲、加勒比地區、北美洲和東南亞地區"
}
]
},
"id": "c1e8faf6ccd98017aa64ab94426dfa18b4738bc5",
"question": {
"en": "Where are some destinations flights from Paris Orly operate to?",
"zh_tw": "從巴黎 - 奧利機場起飛的航班，其目的地為哪些？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Orly Airport",
"zh_tw": "巴黎 - 奧利機場"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The Owen went into production at the John Lysaght factories at Port Kembla and Newcastle. Between March 1942 and February 1943, Lysaght's produced 28,000 Owen Guns. However, the initial batch of ammunition turned out to be the wrong type and 10,000 guns could not be supplied with ammunition. Once again the government overrode military bureaucracy, and took the ammunition through the final production stages and into the hands of Australian troops, at that time fighting Japanese forces in New Guinea. Approximately 45,000 Owens were produced from 1942 to 1944. During the war, the average cost to manufacture the Owen submachine gun was $30.Although it was somewhat bulky, the Owen became very popular with soldiers because of its reliability. New Zealanders fighting in the Guadacanal and Solomon Islands campaigns swapped their Thompson submachine guns for Owens, as they found the Australian weapons to be more reliable.The Owen was later used by Australian troops in the Korean and Vietnam Wars, particularly the scouts in infantry sections. It remained a standard weapon of the Australian Army until the mid-1960s, when it was replaced by the F1 submachine gun and, later, the M16.",
"zh_tw": "歐文槍是在 1942 年開始正式由坎布拉港和紐卡斯爾的約翰・萊薩特工廠投入生產，在生產高峰期每個星期生產 800 支。1942 年 3 月至 1943 年 2 月之間，萊薩特生產了 28,000 枝歐文槍。然而，最初的一批彈藥型別竟然是錯誤的，以至 10,000 枝歐文槍無法提供彈藥。政府再一次推翻軍方的官僚主義作風，並讓彈藥透過其最後的生產階段，以及運送到當時在新幾內亞與日軍戰鬥的澳大利亞部隊的手中。在 1941 年至 1945 年間生產了約 50,000 枝歐文槍。在戰爭期間，歐文槍的平均生產成本為 $ 30。雖然它是有點笨重，因為其可靠性，歐文槍在士兵當中變得非常流行。它是如此成功，它也被紐西蘭、英國和美國訂購。歐文槍後來也被澳大利亞部隊在朝鮮戰爭和越南戰爭，特別是步兵組的偵察兵。這仍然是一枝制式的澳大利亞陸軍武器，直到 1960 年代中期，它被 F1 衝鋒槍所取代。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1151,
"text": "F1 submachine gun"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 383,
"text": "F1 衝鋒槍"
}
]
},
"id": "ab64cc016e388ff778115f5497069dcdf2cfc914",
"question": {
"en": "What was the standard weapon replaced with?",
"zh_tw": "什麼取代了制式武器？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Owen Gun",
"zh_tw": "歐文衝鋒槍"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Dr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (French pronunciation: [ɡijɔtɛ̃]; 28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, politician and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out death penalties in France, as a less painful method of execution. Although he really did not invent the guillotine, and in fact opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt. working with the kings physician Antoine Louis.",
"zh_tw": "約瑟夫 - 伊尼亞斯・吉約丹（Joseph-Ignace Guillotin，1738 年 5 月 28 日－1814 年 3 月 26 日）是一名法國醫生，出生於法國西南部城市桑特，1789 年入選國民制憲議會。他是廢除殘酷死刑的主要倡導者之一，推動通過了一項要求所有死刑應由一個簡單而高效的裝置來執行的法律，使得斬首不再是貴族的特權，死刑儘可能的不痛苦。在醫院利用死屍進行了幾個令人滿意的試驗後，於 1792 年 4 月 25 日使用新式斷頭臺在巴黎市政廳廣場處死了一名強盜。最初，斷頭臺在西方語言中是以其發明人安託萬・路易的名字命名為 Louisette 或 Louison，後來改為以吉約丹的名字稱呼斷頭臺為 Guillotine。吉約丹醫生本人在 1814 年因肩膀生疽而過世，絕非如傳說中的死在源於其姓氏的斷頭臺。為避免和斷頭臺扯上關係，他的後人更改了自己的姓氏。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 63,
"text": "28 May 1738"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "1738 年 5 月 28 日"
}
]
},
"id": "dff9fd27fc5ac7f365d469e67da3515a57d99c3b",
"question": {
"en": "When was Guillotin born?",
"zh_tw": "吉約丹何時出生的？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Joseph-Ignace Guillotin",
"zh_tw": "約瑟夫 - 伊尼亞斯・吉約丹"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Various telecommunications firms also have branches in Somaliland. Among these companies is Telesom, one of the largest operators in Somaliland. Founded in 2002 with the objective of supplying the local market with telecommunications services such as GSM, fixed line, and Internet access, it has an extensive network that covers all of Somaliland's major cities and more than 40 districts in both Somalia and Somaliland. Telesom also offers among the cheapest international calling rates at US$0.2 less than its nearest competitor. Other telecommunication firms serving the region include Somtel, Telcom and NationLink.Livestock is the backbone of Somaliland's economy. Sheep, camels, and cattle are shipped from the Berbera port and sent to Gulf Arab countries, such as Saudi Arabia.Agriculture is generally considered to be a potentially successful industry, especially in the production of cereals and horticulture. Mining also has potential, though simple quarrying represents the extent of current operations, despite the presence of diverse quantities of mineral deposits.",
"zh_tw": "農業被認為是一個前景光明的行業，特別是糧食和園藝的生產。礦產業也很有潛力，雖然目前只包括沙石場，但是各種礦產儲量豐富。當地的車輛有 99% 都是日本製造。最近一次在索馬利蘭附近的調查顯示該國擁有豐富的海上和內陸石油及天然氣儲量。在過去幾年中已經有一些油井被開採，但是鑑於該國不被承認的現狀，外國石油公司無法從中獲益。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1061,
"text": "mineral deposits"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 52,
"text": "礦產儲量"
}
]
},
"id": "e8b338998ace2e4a093097e778cd27146d4f3668",
"question": {
"en": "What are they searching for in the quarry?",
"zh_tw": "他們在採石場尋找什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Somaliland",
"zh_tw": "索馬利亞蘭"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The first study of the corpus with relation to gender was by R. B. Bean, a Philadelphia anatomist, who suggested in 1906 that \"exceptional size of the corpus callosum may mean exceptional intellectual activity\" and that there were measurable differences between men and women. Perhaps reflecting the political climate of the times, he went on to claim differences in the size of the callosum across different races. His research was ultimately refuted by Franklin Mall, the director of his own laboratory.Of more mainstream impact was a 1982 Science article by Holloway and Utamsing that suggested sex difference in human brain morphology, which related to differences in cognitive ability. Time published an article in 1992 that suggested that, because the corpus is \"often wider in the brains of women than in those of men, it may allow for greater cross-talk between the hemispheres—possibly the basis for women’s intuition.\"More recent publications in the psychology literature have raised doubt as to whether the anatomic size of the corpus is actually different. A meta-analysis of 49 studies since 1980 found that, contrary to de Lacoste-Utamsing and Holloway, no sex difference could be found in the size of the corpus callosum, whether or not account was taken of larger male brain size. A study in 2006 using thin slice MRI showed no difference in thickness of the corpus when accounting for the size of the subject.",
"zh_tw": "第一個研究胼胝體的是費城外科醫生比恩，1906 年他認為 “胼胝體特別大的人可能特別聰明”，並認為男子和女子有明顯區分。可能與當時的政治氣候相關他必須說不同人種胼胝體的大小不同。最後他自己待的實驗室的主任富蘭克林・默爾否認了他的理論。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Philadelphia"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 10,
"text": "費城"
}
]
},
"id": "467291ba5e6fe108c21ed84b9f23e326a86f1532",
"question": {
"en": "The anatomist R.B. Bean is from which American city?",
"zh_tw": "解剖學家比恩來自美國哪個城市？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Corpus callosum",
"zh_tw": "胼胝體"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Fuzhou lies on the north (left) bank of the estuary of Fujian's largest river, the Min River. All along its northern border lies Ningde, and Ningde's Gutian County lies upriver. Its population was 7,115,370 inhabitants as of the 2010 census, of whom 4,408,076 inhabitants are urban representing around 61.95%, while rural population is at 2,707,294 representing around 38.05%. In 2015, Fuzhou was ranked as the 10th Fastest Growing Metropolitan Areas in the world by Brookings Institution.",
"zh_tw": "根據 2011 年的統計資料，福州全市常住總人口 720 萬人，全市戶籍總人口 649.41 萬人，市區常住人口 296.30 萬人，市區戶籍人口 190.02 萬人，均居福建第二位，市區非農業戶籍人口 158.33 萬人，居福建第一位，是中國的特大城市之一。福州當地居民以漢族的福州族群為主，還包括被官方識別為漢族的福州疍民以及畲族、滿族等少數民族人口。 根據官方統計，福州籍的海外人口達到 300 多萬，還有 80 萬福州族群分佈於臺灣。 2005 年福州的出生率、死亡率和自然增長率分別為 11.3‰、5.5‰、5.8‰，城鎮人口占 54.5％，老齡人口占 9.9%，其中 65 歲以上的老齡人口占 6.76%。 2002 年的失業率為 1.27%，2008 年城鎮人口失業率為 3.3%。20 世紀晚期以來，福州經濟快速發展，產生大量勞動力需求，因此大批來自福建省內其他地區和外省的外來人口湧入福州就業。21 世紀初福州的外來人口有 44.74 萬，主要分佈在市區，佔總人口的 7% 左右，大部分為來榕務工的勞動力，其中來自福建本省和外省的勞動力大概各佔一半，外省勞動力主要來自四川、江西、安徽、湖南、浙江、貴州。外來勞動力 60% 以上從事工業、建築業等行業，還有 16% 左右在服務性行業工作。外來人口填補了福州經濟發展對勞動力的需求，對促進經濟起到了積極作用，但另一方面，這些外來人口的犯罪率較高，也造成了福州市治安一定程度的惡化。2001 年左右，福州罪犯中的外來人口占到了 36%，相對於外來總人口所佔比例為 7% 而言，該資料大大超過了當地人口的犯罪率。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 316,
"text": "rural population"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 95,
"text": "農業戶籍人口"
}
]
},
"id": "69acaabc375b6d1a7fc6c1fdf42873759089f641",
"question": {
"en": "Which is smaller as of the 2010 census, the urban population or the rural population of Fuzhou?",
"zh_tw": "在 2010 年人口普查中，是福州市區人口少還是農村人口少？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Fuzhou",
"zh_tw": "福州市"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Xsolla is headquartered in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California. It has offices in Moscow and Perm in Russia, Kiev in Ukraine and Seoul in South Korea. Companies that use the service include Valve, Twitch.tv, Epic Games, Aeria Games, BigPoint Games, Gameforge, Ankama Games, Gaijin Entertainment, Goodgame Studios, Snail Games, and Roblox Corporation.",
"zh_tw": "Xsolla 總部位於美國洛杉磯，在俄羅斯的莫斯科和彼爾姆以及烏克蘭的基輔，韓國的首爾都開設了辦事處。其服務被多家知名遊戲公司所採用：Valve（Steam）、Aeria Games、BigPoint、Gameforge、Ankama、Wargaming.net、Gaijin Entertainment、GoodGame Studios、Snail Games 等等。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 131,
"text": "Seoul"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "首爾"
}
]
},
"id": "3e53e3bc32c88ad0f7c69dd82e2809c4effef512",
"question": {
"en": "where is the office in South Korea?",
"zh_tw": "韓國的辦事處在哪裡？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Xsolla",
"zh_tw": "Xsolla"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Upon release, Episode One was sold in both retail stores and Valve's online Steam distribution system, where it was sold at a discount price. The game was also distributed by Electronic Arts as both a standalone release and as part of Half-Life 2: Platinum Collection. It was available for pre-load and pre-purchase through Steam on May 1, 2006, with Half-Life Deathmatch: Source and Half-Life 2: Deathmatch immediately available for play as part of the package. Episode One is available as part of a bundle package known as The Orange Box, which also includes Half-Life 2, Episode Two, Team Fortress 2, and Portal; and is available for Mac, PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. About 1.4 million retail copies of Episode One were sold by 2008.Response to Episode One was generally positive, and reviewers praised the game for having more intricate, well-paced gameplay than Half-Life 2. The game's interactivity, particularly in the form of Alyx and her reactions to the player's actions and the events of the game, was also singled out for praise. PC Gamer commented that \"while this inaugural episode may not be the essential FPS that Half-Life 2 is, I can't imagine any shooter fan who'd want to miss it.\" In its review, PC Gamer UK directed particular praise to the balance between puzzle-oriented and action-oriented challenges throughout the game. In Australia, the magazine PC PowerPlay awarded the game 10 out of 10. Edge praised the \"deftness\" with which the game was able to direct the player's eyes, and the strength of Alyx as a companion, concluding, \"In an interactive genre bound to the traditions of the pop-up gun and invisible hero, it simply doesn't get more sophisticated than this.\" Episode One earned a scores of 87/100 and 85.59% on review aggregators Metacritic and GameRankings respectively. IGN awarded Episode One \"Best PC FPS of 2006\" and described it as a \"great bang for the buck using Valve's new episodic plan\", although it did not offer \"the complete experience that Half-Life 2 was\". GameSpy ranked Episode One ninth on its 2006 \"Games of the Year\" list, and it also noted the implementation of Alyx as a believable and useful companion.A common criticism of the game is its short length. Episode One takes roughly 4–6 hours to complete, which raises the issue of whether the game justifies its price. Computer Games Magazine argued the futility of reviewing the game due to its episodic nature; as the first part of a three-part story arc, it is difficult to judge it when divorced from the final product. Game Revolution expressed disappointment at a lack of new features such as environments and weapons.",
"zh_tw": "遊戲的負評主要集中於劇情的長度，整個遊戲基本上只要 4 至 6 小時就可結束，許多人認為遊戲並不符合其所標定的價格。另外《電腦遊戲雜誌》（Computer Games Magazine）質疑三部曲的劇情可能會越走越偏，而身為首部曲的本作，最後將會淪為無足輕重的地位；Game Revolution 則對遊戲沒有新武器或是新場景而感到失望"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2247,
"text": "4–6"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 25,
"text": "4 至 6"
}
]
},
"id": "3a66cd3eb1baee3a15dc1ac4ab4d2a067aea4129",
"question": {
"en": "How any hours did Episode One take to complete?",
"zh_tw": "《第一章》需要多少小時才能完成？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Half-Life 2: Episode One",
"zh_tw": "戰慄時空 2 首部曲：浩劫重生"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "LuaTeX is a TeX-based computer typesetting system which started as a version of pdfTeX with a Lua scripting engine embedded. After some experiments it was adopted by the pdfTeX team as a successor to pdfTeX (itself an extension of eTeX, which generates PDFs). Later in the project some functionality of Aleph was included (esp. multi-directional typesetting). The project was originally sponsored by the Oriental TeX project, founded by Idris Samawi Hamid, Hans Hagen, and Taco Hoekwater.",
"zh_tw": "LuaTeX 是作為帶有 Lua 指令碼引擎嵌入的 pdfTeX 版本發起的基於 TeX 的電腦排版系統。經過一段時間的開發後被 pdfTeX 小組採納作為 pdfTeX 的繼任者（本身是 eTeX 的擴充套件，後者也生成 PDF）。後來在專案中 Aleph 的功能被包含進去（尤其是多方向排印）。該專案最初由 Oriental TeX project 資助，由 Idris Samawi Hamid、Hans Hagen 和 Taco Hoekwater 發起。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 170,
"text": "pdfTeX team"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 64,
"text": "pdfTeX 小組"
}
]
},
"id": "90ab1779892ae30a8935e5ae8e0577fe4b9c0d69",
"question": {
"en": "Who adopted it?",
"zh_tw": "誰採用了它？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "LuaTeX",
"zh_tw": "LuaTeX"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In 1998, the United States Congress passed the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act which President Clinton signed into law. The legislation extended copyright protections for twenty additional years, resulting in a total guaranteed copyright term of seventy years after a creator's death. The bill was heavily lobbied by music and film corporations like Disney, and dubbed as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. Lawrence Lessig claims copyright is an obstacle to cultural production, knowledge sharing and technological innovation, and that private interests – as opposed to public good – determine law. He travelled the country in 1998, giving as many as a hundred speeches a year at college campuses, and sparked the movement. It led to the foundation of the first chapter of the Students for Free Culture at Swarthmore College.",
"zh_tw": "在 1998 年，美國國會通過了桑尼・波諾版權期限延長法案，由柯林頓總統簽署。這份法案將著作權的期限延長了二十年，使得原先在著作人身後的著作權保護期限增加至七十年。因為這份立法過程經過像是迪士尼這樣的企業大力遊說，有時被戲稱為「保護米老鼠法案」。勞倫斯・雷席格表示，版權法是阻礙文化發展，知識共享和技術創新，且是基於私人利益（而不是公共利益）的立法。他在 1998 年到美國各地的校園演講，催生了自由文化運動，也為斯沃斯莫爾學院的自由文化學生組織奠立了基礎。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 783,
"text": "Students for Free Culture"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 215,
"text": "自由文化學生組織"
}
]
},
"id": "a2d7fba47e1fa1f49849f397febe83d779a25faf",
"question": {
"en": "What was founded at Swarthmore College?",
"zh_tw": "什麼在斯沃斯莫爾學院被建立？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Free-culture movement",
"zh_tw": "自由文化運動"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Heȟáka Sápa (Black Elk) (December 1, 1863 – August 19, 1950) was a wičháša wakȟáŋ (\"medicine man, holy man\") and heyoka of the Oglala Lakota people. He was a second cousin of the war leader Crazy Horse.",
"zh_tw": "黑麋鹿（拉科塔語：Heȟáka Sápa；英語：Black Elk；1863 年 12 月－1950 年 8 月 19 日），北印地安奧格拉拉蘇族人，身兼獵人、戰士、巫醫及先知等角色，為北美印第安戰爭中的印地安領袖瘋馬之堂弟（其父與瘋馬之父為堂兄弟）。9 歲時曾目睹「偉大的幻景」（靈視，vision）。1882 年（19 歲）開始行醫。1886 年（23 歲）曾參加表演團赴芝加哥、紐約、倫敦等地演出「麋鹿儀式」，英國維多利亞女王曾親臨觀賞。曾參與多次與白人的戰役，包括 1890 年（27 歲）的傷膝河之役。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Heȟáka Sápa"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "黑麋鹿"
}
]
},
"id": "2c23031bb4ce56d96f447909d4a13771e5df1002",
"question": {
"en": "Who was related to Crazy Horse?",
"zh_tw": "誰是瘋馬的血親？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Black Elk",
"zh_tw": "黑麋鹿"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Since independence, the sovereign state has officially been a unitary parliamentary republic, although it continues to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict. Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Turkic Council, the Türksoy community and the United Nations.",
"zh_tw": "作為中亞古國，吉爾吉斯斯坦歷史達兩千年，經歷各種王朝與文化。因其被山巒環繞而相對孤立，吉爾吉斯文化得以較好傳承；又因地理位置，吉爾吉斯斯坦處於多個文化交匯點。儘管眾多部落族群在吉爾吉斯斯坦居住已久，但時有外來勢力入侵統治。直至 1991 年從原蘇聯獨立後，吉爾吉斯斯坦成為一個擁有獨立主權的民族國家。政治體制為單一制和議會制。吉爾吉斯斯坦至今仍時有民族衝突、叛亂以及經濟問題。現為獨聯體、歐亞經濟聯盟和集體安全條約組織成員國；同時也是上海合作組織、伊斯蘭合作組織、突厥議會和突厥文化國際組織成員國。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 400,
"text": "the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 224,
"text": "伊斯蘭合作組織"
}
]
},
"id": "0cd6543a6ccac9874930fd2cf7e1b40ac0afcce8",
"question": {
"en": "What is the name fo the Islamic organisation that Kyrgyzstan is a part of?",
"zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦參與的伊斯蘭組織叫什麼名字？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Kyrgyzstan",
"zh_tw": "吉爾吉斯斯坦"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "If a closed-form expression for the solution is not available, the solution may be numerically approximated using computers. The theory of dynamical systems puts emphasis on qualitative analysis of systems described by differential equations, while many numerical methods have been developed to determine solutions with a given degree of accuracy.",
"zh_tw": "數學領域對微分方程的研究著重在幾個不同的面向，但大多數都是關心微分方程的解。只有少數簡單的微分方程可以求得解析解。不過即使沒有找到其解析解，仍然可以確認其解的部份性質。在無法求得解析解時，可以利用數值分析的方式，利用電腦來找到其數值解。 動力系統理論強調對於微分方程系統的量化分析，而許多數值方法可以計算微分方程的數值解，且有一定的準確度。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 114,
"text": "computers"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 108,
"text": "電腦"
}
]
},
"id": "7107d04673007cafc4b89adbfb25bf846c94db6f",
"question": {
"en": "What can be used to find solution to closed-form expression?",
"zh_tw": "可以用什麼來找到解析表示式的數值解？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Differential equation",
"zh_tw": "微分方程"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The Float at Marina Bay, stylised as The Float@Marina Bay and also known as the Marina Bay Floating Platform, is the world's largest floating stage. It is located on the waters of the Marina Reservoir, in Marina Bay, Singapore.",
"zh_tw": "濱海灣浮動舞臺（英語：The Float@Marina Bay，或 Marina Bay Floating Platform）是世界上最大的浮動舞臺。位於新加坡濱海灣濱海蓄水池。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 37,
"text": "The Float@Marina Bay"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "濱海灣浮動舞臺"
}
]
},
"id": "1a4747b6d8700c658c87c2d96c8a009b01516676",
"question": {
"en": "How is the name stylized?",
"zh_tw": "名稱風格如何？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "The Float @ Marina Bay",
"zh_tw": "濱海灣浮動舞臺"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Mātā Amritānandamayī Devī (born Sudhamani Idamannel; 27 September 1953), better known simply as Amma (\"Mother\"), is a Hindu spiritual leader and guru who is revered as a saint by her followers.",
"zh_tw": "Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Devī （讀作：瑪妲・阿穆瑞達南達瑪依・蔕薇，傳統譯法：摩多・阿彌利哆難陀摩伊・提毗），原名 Sudhamani Idamannel，1953 年九月 27 日出生，是印度的印度教靈性導師暨上師，被信眾奉為聖人，尊稱為 Amma （讀作：阿瑪），意指「母親」或是「神聖母效能量」。因她不吝給人擁抱，因此也被稱為擁抱阿瑪。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Amma"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "Amma"
}
]
},
"id": "e8a76330b229bd172442f06ed9a026d9059641a1",
"question": {
"en": "What is Devi better known as?",
"zh_tw": "蔕薇尊稱為什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Mata Amritanandamayi",
"zh_tw": "擁抱阿瑪"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Illustrator CS2 (version 12) was available for both the Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows operating systems. It was the last version for the Mac which did not run natively on Intel processors. Among the new features included in Illustrator CS2 were Live Trace, Live Paint, a control palette and custom workspaces. Live Trace allows for the conversion of bitmap imagery into vector art and improved upon the previous tracing abilities. Live Paint allows users more flexibility in applying color to objects, specifically those that overlap. In the same year as the CS2 release, Adobe Systems announced an agreement to acquire Macromedia in a stock swap valued at about $3.4 billion and it integrated the companies' operations, networks, and customer-care organizations shortly thereafter. Adobe now owned FreeHand along with the entire Macromedia product line and in 2007, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development and updates to the FreeHand program. Instead, Adobe would provide tools and support to ease the transition to Illustrator.CS3 included interface updates to the Control Bar, the ability to align individual points, multiple Crop Areas, the Color Guide panel and the Live Color feature among others. CS3 was released March 27, 2007.",
"zh_tw": "被納入 Creative Suite 套裝後不用數字編號，而改稱 CS 版本，並同時擁有 Mac OS X 和 Microsoft Windows 作業系統兩個版本。維納斯的頭像從 Illustrator CS（實質版本號 11.0）被更新為一朵藝術化的花朵，增加創意軟體的自然效果。CS 版本新增功能有新的文字引擎（對 OpenType 的支援）、“3D 效果” 等等。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 56,
"text": "Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "Mac OS X 和 Microsoft Windows"
}
]
},
"id": "742b5767c20847ad565ecfa0b87b504fa373c981",
"question": {
"en": "Which operating systems support Illustrator CS2?",
"zh_tw": "哪些作業系統支援 Illustrator CS2？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Adobe Illustrator",
"zh_tw": "Adobe Illustrator"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The 2037 Bomber is the unofficial name given to a heavy strategic bomber planned by the United States Air Force, intended to serve as a replacement for the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. The aircraft is projected to enter service in 2037 as a stealth, supersonic, long-range bomber aircraft with capability for unmanned operation.",
"zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機（英文：2037 Bomber）是一個非官方稱呼，它是美國空軍用以取代 B-2 幽靈戰略轟炸機的戰略轟炸機。據預測，2037 轟炸機將集隱形能力、超音速飛行能力、遠端轟炸能力和無人駕駛能力於一身。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 309,
"text": "unmanned"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "無人"
}
]
},
"id": "481c9bc0b0a3e95bc5f3f4788bba0e53699a1f2d",
"question": {
"en": "What type of operation will the 2037 Bomber model be capable of using?",
"zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機能夠使用哪種型別的操作？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "2037 Bomber",
"zh_tw": "2037 轟炸機"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "State formation began during this era and perhaps even earlier. Various small city-states arose along the Nile. Centuries of conquest then reduced Upper Egypt to three major states: Thinis, Naqada, and Nekhen. Sandwiched between Thinis and Nekhen, Naqada was the first to fall. Thinis then conquered Lower Egypt. Nekhen's relationship with Thinis is uncertain, but these two states may have merged peacefully, with the Thinite royal family ruling all of Egypt. The Thinite kings were buried at Abydos in the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery.",
"zh_tw": "城邦在這個時代，甚至更早的時期開始形成。各種小城邦在沿尼羅河出現。通過幾個世紀的征服，上埃及地區合併成為三個大國：提尼斯，納卡達和希拉孔波利斯。納卡達是在提尼斯和希拉孔波利斯之間第一個覆滅的。然後提尼斯征服下埃及。希拉孔波利斯與提尼斯關係是不確定的，這兩個國家可能和平地進行合併，隨著提尼斯王室統治全埃及的。幾個世紀，提尼斯國王被埋在阿拜多斯的烏姆・卡伯墓地。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 494,
"text": "Abydos in the Umm el-Qa'ab cemetery"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 167,
"text": "阿拜多斯的烏姆・卡伯墓地"
}
]
},
"id": "0937728e0a273128db520e44c016f83b19711000",
"question": {
"en": "Where were the rulers of Egypt laid to rest?",
"zh_tw": "埃及的統治者都埋放在哪裡？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Naqada III",
"zh_tw": "奈加代三期文化"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In 1856 Kekulé became Privatdozent at the University of Heidelberg. In 1858 he was hired as full professor at the University of Ghent, then in 1867 he was called to Bonn, where he remained for the rest of his career. Basing his ideas on those of predecessors such as Williamson, Edward Frankland, William Odling, Auguste Laurent, Charles-Adolphe Wurtz and others, Kekulé was the principal formulator of the theory of chemical structure (1857–58). This theory proceeds from the idea of atomic valence, especially the tetravalence of carbon (which Kekulé announced late in 1857) and the ability of carbon atoms to link to each other (announced in a paper published in May 1858), to the determination of the bonding order of all of the atoms in a molecule. Archibald Scott Couper independently arrived at the idea of self-linking of carbon atoms (his paper appeared in June 1858), and provided the first molecular formulas where lines symbolize bonds connecting the atoms. For organic chemists, the theory of structure provided dramatic new clarity of understanding, and a reliable guide to both analytic and especially synthetic work. As a consequence, the field of organic chemistry developed explosively from this point. Among those who were most active in pursuing early structural investigations were, in addition to Kekulé and Couper, Frankland, Wurtz, Alexander Crum Brown, Emil Erlenmeyer, and Alexander Butlerov.Kekulé's idea of assigning certain atoms to certain positions within the molecule, and schematically connecting them using what he called their \"Verwandtschaftseinheiten\" (\"affinity units\", now called \"valences\" or \"bonds\"), was based largely on evidence from chemical reactions, rather than on instrumental methods that could peer directly into the molecule, such as X-ray crystallography. Such physical methods of structural determination had not yet been developed, so chemists of Kekulé's day had to rely almost entirely on so-called \"wet\" chemistry. Some chemists, notably Hermann Kolbe, heavily criticized the use of structural formulas that were offered, as he thought, without proof. However, most chemists followed Kekulé's lead in pursuing and developing what some have called \"classical\" structure theory, which was modified after the discovery of electrons (1897) and the development of quantum mechanics (in the 1920s).",
"zh_tw": "這個理論來自於原子價的觀念，特別是碳的四價（Kekulé 在 1857 年末宣佈），和碳原子相互聯絡的能力（在 1858 年 5 月發表的一篇論文中宣佈）以確定分子中所有原子的鍵合順序。根據那些先行者們的想法，例如威廉姆森，愛德華・弗蘭克蘭德，威廉・奧丁，奧古斯特・羅朗，查爾斯 - 阿道夫・武爾茨等人，凱庫勒是化學結構理論（1857-58）的主要制定者。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 419,
"text": "chemical structure"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 156,
"text": "化學結構"
}
]
},
"id": "a75b1b2525787844e72aeae8203f4836b35fb534",
"question": {
"en": "In what area of science was the Kekulé's theory?",
"zh_tw": "凱庫勒的理論是在哪個科學領域？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "August Kekulé",
"zh_tw": "弗里德里希・奧古斯特・凱庫勒・馮・斯特拉多尼茨"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "There were 3,282 households out of which 31.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.80% were married couples living together, 9.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 29.6% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.01.",
"zh_tw": "根據 2000 年人口普查，白松縣擁有 9,181 居民、3,282 住戶和 2,159 家庭。其人口密度為每平方英里 1 居民（每平方公里 0.4 居民）。白松縣擁有 4,439 間房屋單位，其密度為每平方英里 0.5 間（每平方公里 0.19 間）。白松縣的人口是由 86.35% 白人、4.14% 黑人、3.29% 土著、0.78% 亞洲人、0.24% 太平洋島民、3.09% 其他種族和 2.10% 混血構成。而西班牙裔或拉丁美洲人佔了人口 10.98%。在 3,282 住戶中，有 31.20% 擁有一個或以上的兒童（18 歲以下）、51.80% 為夫妻、9.3% 為單親家庭、而有 34.2% 為非家庭。其中 29.6% 住戶為獨居，11.5% 為同居長者。平均每戶有 2.42 人，而平均每個家庭則有 3.01 人。在 9,181 居民中，有 24.2% 為 18 歲以下、7.6% 為 18 至 24 歲、29.9% 為 25 至 44 歲、24.8% 為 45 至 64 歲以及 13.5% 為 65 歲以上。人口的年齡中位數為 38 歲，每 100 個女性就有 128.6 個男性。而每 100 個成年女性（18 歲以上）就有 138.5 個成年男性。白松縣的住戶收入中位數為 $36,688，而家庭收入中位數則為 $44,136。男性的收入中位數為 $36,083，而女性的收入中位數則為 $18,309。白松縣的人均收入為 $19,785。約 10.3% 家庭和 11.0% 人口在貧窮線以下。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 228,
"text": "29.6%"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 310,
"text": "29.6%"
}
]
},
"id": "d1a5e6945781120d17755acf2b9a271a6bf6039d",
"question": {
"en": "What percentage of households were individual residences?",
"zh_tw": "獨居的住戶佔百分之多少？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "White Pine County, Nevada",
"zh_tw": "白松縣 (內華達州)"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Fritz Zwicky was born in Varna, Bulgaria, to a Swiss father. His father, Fridolin (b. 1868), was a prominent industrialist in the Bulgarian city and also served as ambassador of Norway in Varna (1908–1933). The Zwicky House in Varna was designed and built by Fridolin Zwicky. Fritz's mother, Franziska Vrček (b. 1871), was an ethnic Czech of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Fritz was the oldest of the Zwicky family's three children: he had a younger brother named Rudolf and a sister, Leonie. Fritz's mother died in Varna in 1927, and his father Fridolin remained in Bulgaria until 1945, when he returned to Switzerland. His sister Leonie married a Bulgarian from Varna and spent her entire life in the city.In 1904, at the age of six, Fritz was sent to his grandparents in the family's ancestral canton of Glarus, Switzerland, to study commerce. His interests shifted to math and physics and he received an advanced education in mathematics and experimental physics at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic (today known as ETH Zurich) in Zurich. In 1925, he immigrated to the United States to work with Robert Millikan at California Institute of Technology (Caltech) with an office down the hall from Robert Oppenheimer after receiving the \"international fellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation.\"He was responsible for positing numerous cosmological theories that have a profound impact on the understanding of our universe today. He coined the term \"supernova\" during his fostering the concept of neutron stars. It would be five years later when Oppenheimer would publish his landmark paper announcing \"neutron stars\". Fritz was appointed Professor of Astronomy at Caltech in 1942 and also worked as a research director/consultant for Aerojet Engineering Corporation (1943–1961) and staff member of Mount Wilson Observatory and Palomar Observatory for most of his career. He developed some of the earliest jet engines and holds over 50 patents, many in jet propulsion, and is the inventor of the Underwater Jet (TIME March 14, 1949), the Two Piece Jet Thrust Motor and Inverted Hydro Pulse.In April 1932, Fritz Zwicky married Dorothy Vernon Gates (1904-1991), a member of a prominent local family and a daughter of California State Senator Egbert Gates. Her money was instrumental in the funding of the Palomar Observatory during the Great Depression. Nicholas Roosevelt, cousin of President Theodore Roosevelt, was his brother-in-law by marriage to Tirzah Gates. Zwicky and Dorothy divorced amicably in 1941. In 1947 Zwicky was married in Switzerland to Anna Margaritha Zurcher and they had three daughters, Margrit, Franziska, and Barbarina. The Zwicky Museum at the Landesbibliothek, Glarus, houses many of his papers and scientific works, and the Fritz Zwicky Stiftung (Foundation) in Switzerland carries on his ideas relating to \"Morphological analysis\". Zwicky died in Pasadena on February 8, 1974, and was buried in Mollis, Switzerland.",
"zh_tw": "他在宇宙論中所設定的一些數值，對今天我們所認識的宇宙有深遠的影響。他在 1942 年被任命為加州理工學院的天文學教授，同時還是噴射飛機工程公司的研究主任 / 顧問 (1943-1961 年)，而在他的職業生涯中，大部分時間都是和威爾遜山天文臺和帕羅馬山天文臺的工作人員。他開發出最早期的噴射引擎並且擁有 50 項以上的專利，許多噴射推進器，他也是水下噴射引擎 (時間在 1949 年 3 月 14 日)、兩段噴射馬達和逆水脈衝器的發明者。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1647,
"text": "Astronomy at Caltech"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "加州理工學院的天文"
}
]
},
"id": "db5f0b891294bab251329d8f85f8628c16906513",
"question": {
"en": "What school did Fritz teach at?",
"zh_tw": "弗裡茨在哪個學校教書？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Fritz Zwicky",
"zh_tw": "弗裡茨・茲威基"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "On 18 August 1916, Kronprinz took part in an operation to bombard Sunderland. Admiral Scheer attempted a repeat of the original 31 May plan; the two serviceable German battlecruisers—Moltke and Von der Tann—supported by three dreadnoughts, were to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty's battlecruisers. The rest of the fleet, including Kronprinz, would trail behind and provide cover. The British were aware of the German plans and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them. By 14:35, Admiral Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet's approach and, unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just eleven weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland, turned his forces around and retreated to German ports.Kronprinz participated in two uneventful fleet operations, one a month prior on 16 July to the north of Helgoland, and one into the North Sea on 18–20 October. Kronprinz and the rest of III Squadron were sent to the Baltic directly afterward for training, which lasted until 2 November. Upon returning from the Baltic, Kronprinz and the rest of III Squadron were ordered to cover the retrieval of a pair of U-boats that were stranded on the Danish coast. On the return trip, on 5 November 1916, Kronprinz was torpedoed by the British submarine J1 near Horns Reef. The torpedo struck the ship beneath the forward-most gun turret and allowed approximately 250 metric tons (250 long tons; 280 short tons) of water into the ship. Kronprinz maintained her speed and reached port. The following day she was placed in drydock at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven for repairs, which lasted from 6 November to 4 December. During this period, Bernhard Rösing took command of the vessel.After returning to III Squadron, Kronprinz took part in squadron training in the Baltic before conducting defensive patrols in the German Bight. In early 1917, the ship became the flagship of the deputy commander of the squadron, at that time Rear Admiral Karl Seiferling. During training maneuvers on 5 March 1917, Kronprinz was accidentally rammed by her sister ship Grosser Kurfürst in the Heligoland Bight. The collision caused minor flooding in the area abreast of her forward superfiring turret; Kronprinz shipped some 600 t (590 long tons; 660 short tons) of water. She again went into the drydock in Wilhelmshaven, from 6 March to 14 May. On 11 September, Kronprinz was detached for training in the Baltic. She then joined the Special Unit for Operation Albion.",
"zh_tw": "1916 年 8 月 19 日，王儲號參加了一個炮擊桑德蘭的行動。舍爾上將試圖重演原本在 5 月 31 日的計劃；兩個仍可供使用的德國戰列艦巡洋艦毛奇號和馮・德坦恩號將在三艘無畏艦的支援下，炮擊桑德蘭沿岸的城鎮，以引誘和摧毀貝蒂的戰列巡洋艦。而艦隊的其餘部分，包括王儲號，則尾隨在後並提供掩護。但英國人已事先破譯了德國人的計劃，並派出大艦隊應戰。在 14 時 35 分，舍爾收到了大艦隊迫近的警告，他並不願意在難分伯仲的日德蘭海戰後僅 11 周便又與整個大艦隊交戰，於是下令全體艦隊掉頭撤回德國港口。王儲號還參加過兩次波瀾不驚的艦隊行動：一次是一個月前於 7 月 16 日航行至黑爾戈蘭島北部；另一次是 10 月 18－20 日推進至北海。在此之後，王儲號連同第三分艦隊的其餘部分被直接派往波羅的海進行訓練，並一直持續至 11 月 2 日。從波羅的海返回後，王儲號和第三分艦隊又奉命為取回在丹麥沿岸擱淺的兩艘 U 型潛艇提供保護。在回程途中，於 1916 年 11 月 5 日，王儲號在喇叭礁附近被英國潛艇 J1 號施射的魚雷擊中。魚雷在艦隻最前端炮塔的下方爆炸，並使得約 250 噸水進入艦身。王儲號維持其航速並抵達港口。第二日，它被安排在威廉港帝國船廠的旱塢進行維修，並一直持續至 12 月 4 日。迴歸第三分艦隊後，王儲號在擔當德意志灣的警戒任務前，參加了于波羅的海進行的分艦隊訓練。在 1917 年 3 月 5 日的訓練演習期間，王儲號於黑爾戈蘭灣意外的遭到其姊妹艦大選帝侯號撞擊。碰撞造成輕微水浸，共有 600 噸水滲入王儲號艦身。它再度駛入威廉港的旱塢，從 3 月 6 日至 5 月 17 日進行維修。9 月 11 日，王儲號再從艦隊中分離至波羅的海參加訓練。然後，它被編入特遣部隊參加阿爾比恩行動。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1253,
"text": "Kronprinz was torpedoed by the British submarine J1 near Horns Reef."
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 439,
"text": "王儲號在喇叭礁附近被英國潛艇 J1 號施射的魚雷擊中。"
}
]
},
"id": "fd3e19fd081c871b1f639e90b7ac6bded7836528",
"question": {
"en": "What happened to Kronprinz during the war?",
"zh_tw": "王儲號在戰爭中發生了什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "SMS Kronprinz",
"zh_tw": "王儲號戰列艦"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "On October 14, 1964, King won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped organize the Selma to Montgomery marches. The following year, he and the SCLC took the movement north to Chicago to work on segregated housing. In his final years, he expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War. He alienated many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled \"Beyond Vietnam\". J. Edgar Hoover considered him a radical and made him an object of the FBI's COINTELPRO from 1963 on. FBI agents investigated him for possible communist ties, recorded his extramarital liaisons and reported on them to government officials, and on one occasion mailed King a threatening anonymous letter, which he interpreted as an attempt to make him commit suicide.",
"zh_tw": "1964 年 10 月 14 日，諾貝爾委員會因小馬丁・路德・金長期以非暴力方法追求種族平等理想而授予他諾貝爾和平獎。1965 年，他與 SCLC 共同組織「由塞爾瑪向蒙哥馬利進軍」行動；隔年又將民權運動往北擴散至芝加哥。在他生命最後幾年，除了民權運動，金也關注美國的貧窮問題和越南戰爭，發表《越南背後：打破沉默的時刻》演講說明他對越戰的立場轉變。金以曾規劃全美性質的佔領華盛頓特區行動，是為「窮人運動」。1968 年 4 月 4 日，馬丁・路德・金遭人暗殺，地點是田納西州孟斐斯一家汽車旅館。金遇刺後，全美各地都出現暴動。之後，詹姆斯・厄爾・雷遭到逮捕，被指為殺害金的兇手；根據他的辯詞，他是與政府特工一同策劃或犯案的，直到暗殺案後 20 年仍如此堅稱。1999 年 7 月召開的民事審判庭上，餐廳老闆勞伊德・宙沃斯被指為金遇刺案的共犯。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 92,
"text": "nonviolent"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 35,
"text": "非暴力"
}
]
},
"id": "b39af081552fd68b0ebd27ed4c6d3eff2fe21c73",
"question": {
"en": "What type of protest did King advocate?",
"zh_tw": "國王支援哪種抗議？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Martin Luther King Jr.",
"zh_tw": "馬丁・路德・金"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Pichai was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India in a Tamil family. His mother Lakshmi was a stenographer and his father, Regunatha Pichai was an electrical engineer at GEC, the British conglomerate. His father also had a manufacturing plant that produced electrical components. Pichai grew up in a two-room apartment in Ashok Nagar, Chennai.Pichai completed schooling in Jawahar Vidyalaya, a Central Board of Secondary Education school in Ashok Nagar, Chennai and completed the Class XII from Vana Vani school in the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. He earned his degree from Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur in metallurgical engineering. He is currently a distinguished alumnus. He holds an M.S. from Stanford University in material sciences and engineering, and an MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was named a Siebel Scholar and a Palmer Scholar, respectively.",
"zh_tw": "皮採在印度泰米爾納德邦出生並長大。他在印度理工學院坎普爾分校 (Indian Institutes of Technology Kanpur) 獲得過工學學士學位（冶金工程）並被授予學院銀獎章， 同時擁有斯坦福大學的理學碩士學位（材料科學與工程）以及賓夕法尼亞大學沃頓商學院的工商管理學碩士學位。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 51,
"text": "Tamil"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 5,
"text": "泰米爾"
}
]
},
"id": "aa721a3a0b5f5764556bbe4d69040f4e222c3b6b",
"question": {
"en": "Into what type of family was Pichai born?",
"zh_tw": "皮採出生於什麼樣的家庭？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Sundar Pichai",
"zh_tw": "孫達爾・皮柴"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Argon is used for thermal insulation in energy-efficient windows. Argon is also used in technical scuba diving to inflate a dry suit because it is inert and has low thermal conductivity.Argon is used as a propellant in the development of the Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VASIMR). Compressed argon gas is allowed to expand, to cool the seeker heads of some versions of the AIM-9 Sidewinder missile and other missiles that use cooled thermal seeker heads. The gas is stored at high pressure.Argon-39, with a half-life of 269 years, has been used for a number of applications, primarily ice core and ground water dating. Also, potassium–argon dating and related argon-argon dating is used to date sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.Argon has been used by athletes as a doping agent to simulate hypoxic conditions. In 2014, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added argon and xenon to the list of prohibited substances and methods, although at this time there is no reliable test for abuse.",
"zh_tw": "因為氬的低傳熱率和惰性，氬氣在水肺潛水可以用來作為膨脹潛水衣的氣體。氬氣還可以在水肺中代替氮氣（吸收純氧對身體不好，因此水肺中要新增其他氣體），因為氮氣在高壓下會溶進血液裡而造成氮麻醉，氬氣則可以減輕這種症狀（雖然一般來說，惰性氣體也會造成這種症狀）。使用特定的方法可以使氬氣離子化並且發光，這種功能可用於電漿燈和粒子物理學中的能量器。以氬作成的氬雷射會發出藍光，它在醫學外科中可用於連線動脈、去除腫瘤和治療眼睛的缺陷等。氬氣還可以用於濺鍍。另外氬 - 39 有 269 年的半衰期，可以用於測定地下水和冰層的年齡，而鉀 - 氬年代測定法適用鉀 - 40 衰變成氬 - 40 的過程來用於測定火成岩的年齡。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 539,
"text": "269 years"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 231,
"text": "269 年"
}
]
},
"id": "cc81fb916f547d7d51730e0f726891179b361ebd",
"question": {
"en": "What is the half-life of Argon 39?",
"zh_tw": "氬 - 39 的半衰期是多長時間？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Argon",
"zh_tw": "氬"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Johnston was born and raised in Ontario, studying there before enrolling at Harvard University and later Cambridge and Queen's universities. He went on to work as a professor at various post-secondary institutions in Canada, eventually serving administrative roles as dean of law at the University of Western Ontario, principal of McGill University, and president of the University of Waterloo. At the same time, Johnston involved himself with politics and public service, moderating political debates and chairing commissions in both the federal and provincial spheres, his most renowned position in that field being the chairmanship of the inquiry into the Airbus affair. He was in 2010 appointed as governor general by Queen Elizabeth II, on the recommendation of then Prime Minister of Canada Stephen Harper, to replace Michaëlle Jean as viceroy and he occupied the post until succeeded by Julie Payette in 2017. At the time, Johnston was predominantly praised as a worthy choice for the Queen's representative, though his appointment was denounced by some Quebec sovereigntists.",
"zh_tw": "大衛・勞埃德・莊士敦 CC CMM COM CD FRSC (hon) （英語：David Lloyd Johnston，1941 年 6 月 28 日－）曾任麥吉爾大學和滑鐵盧大學校長。由前加拿大總理史提芬・哈珀提名及經加拿大女王伊利沙白二世的任命，於 2010 年 10 月 1 日接替莊美楷成為加拿大總督。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 772,
"text": "Prime Minister"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 99,
"text": "總理"
}
]
},
"id": "244b552d2f8e850eb0b88d4c7440c575639fa911",
"question": {
"en": "What role in government did Stephen Harper have?",
"zh_tw": "史提芬・哈珀在政府扮演什麼角色？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "David Johnston",
"zh_tw": "大衛・勞埃德・約翰斯頓"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In 2005, Criss Angel became the creator, director, and executive producer of the A&E Network show Criss Angel Mindfreak, and had entered production in January. Seasons 1 and 2 were filmed at The Aladdin in Las Vegas, with Season 3 at the Luxor Las Vegas. Premiering on July 20, 2005, the show's illusions included walking on water, levitating, walking up the side of Luxor Hotel (in the light of 39 focused lamps that can be seen from space), floating between two buildings, causing a Lamborghini to disappear, surviving in an exploding C4 Crate, cutting himself in half in full view of an audience and getting run over by a steamroller while lying on a bed of broken glass.",
"zh_tw": "克里斯・安吉爾製作並主演了 A&E 網路的電視節目克里斯・安吉爾的街頭魔術。第一、第二季是在星球好萊塢酒店和賭場拍攝，而第三季則在拉斯維加斯的盧克索酒店拍攝。節目首映於 2005 年 7 月 20 日，內容包括水中漫步、在盧克索酒店表演的人體漂浮（表演在 39 盞聚光燈下進行，以致在太空中也觀測得到表演地）、身處裝有 C4 炸藥的木箱並在爆炸後存活、觀眾圍觀下的全景人體切割，以及躺臥在滿布玻璃碎床上經壓路機碾壓等等不可思議的幻術。另外，在第三季中，他因在疾駛的汽車中跳車而備受關注。在這次表演中，安吉爾負傷並中斷節目製作長達 3 周。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 238,
"text": "Luxor Las Vegas"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 65,
"text": "拉斯維加斯的盧克索酒店"
}
]
},
"id": "4716c0c31202186e963a12a50143d48978f8a0a2",
"question": {
"en": "What hotel was season 3 filmed at?",
"zh_tw": "第三季在哪家酒店拍攝？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Criss Angel",
"zh_tw": "克里斯・安吉爾"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The name Spartacus is otherwise manifested in the Black Sea region. Kings of the Thracian dynasty of the Cimmerian Bosporus and Pontus are known to have borne it, and a Thracian \"Sparta\" \"Spardacus\" or \"Sparadokos\", father of Seuthes I of the Odrysae, is also known.",
"zh_tw": "斯巴達克斯這個名字被證實也用於黑海地區：色雷斯王朝波斯普拉王國和本都的國王都曾使用過這個名字。而稱謂「斯巴達」（Sparta）、「斯巴大克斯」（Spardacus）或奧德李希（色雷斯一部落）撒西斯一世的父親的名字「斯巴多克斯」（Sparadokos）也廣為人知。"
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 68,
"text": "Kings of the Thracian dynasty"
}
],
"zh_tw": [
{
"answer_start": 20,
"text": "色雷斯王朝"
}
]
},
"id": "c555e59e9cf74869aaf94cbeaf932cd1fd89e55e",
"question": {
"en": "which King?",
"zh_tw": "哪個國王？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Spartacus",
"zh_tw": "斯巴達克斯"
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "An arcade stick is a large-format controller for use with home consoles or computers. They use the stick-and-button configuration of some arcade cabinets, such as those with particular multi-button arrangements. For example, the six button layout of the arcade games Street Fighter II or Mortal Kombat cannot be comfortably emulated on a console joypad, so licensed home arcade sticks for these games have been manufactured for home consoles and PCs.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 229,
"text": "six"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c87d11aee77aa1ba84445a5dcc12ed753b2571d4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "《街機遊戲街頭霸王 II》的遊戲機上有多少用於控制角色的圓形物體？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In the 1960s the use of joysticks became widespread in radio-controlled model aircraft systems such as the Kwik Fly produced by Phill Kraft (1964). The now-defunct Kraft Systems firm eventually became an important OEM supplier of joysticks to the computer industry and other users. The first use of joysticks outside the radio-controlled aircraft industry may have been in the control of powered wheelchairs, such as the Permobil (1963). During this time period NASA used joysticks as control devices as part of the Apollo missions. For example, the lunar lander test models were controlled with a joystick.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 472,
"text": "joysticks"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ce88218a3895a7b4c20fb2ae634a6ee81ae9a03f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "Kraft 系統向美國宇航局供應了什麼作為控制裝置？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Specialist joysticks, classed as an assistive technology pointing device, are used to replace the computer mouse for people with fairly severe physical disabilities. Rather than controlling games, these joysticks control the pointer. They are often useful to people with athetoid conditions, such as cerebral palsy, who find them easier to grasp than a standard mouse. Miniature joysticks are available for people with conditions involving muscular weakness such as muscular dystrophy or motor neurone disease as well. They are also used on electric powered wheelchairs for control since they are simple and effective to use as a control method.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 271,
"text": "athetoid"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cc52b29559c6e61d96ee46167dde64576234076b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼樣的病情是腦癱？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The electrical two-axis joystick was invented by C. B. Mirick at the United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and patented in 1926 (U.S. Patent no. 1,597,416)\". NRL was actively developing remote controlled aircraft at the time and the joystick was possibly used to support this effort. In the awarded patent, Mirick writes: \"My control system is particularly applicable in maneuvering aircraft without a pilot.\"The Germans developed an electrical two-axis joystick around 1944. The device was used as part of the Germans' Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl radio control transmitter system used in certain German bomber aircraft, used to guide both the rocket-boosted anti-ship missile Henschel Hs 293, and the unpowered pioneering precision-guided munition Fritz-X, against maritime and other targets. Here, the joystick of the Kehl transmitter was used by an operator to steer the missile towards its target. This joystick had on-off switches rather than analogue sensors. Both the Hs 293 and Fritz-X used FuG 230 Straßburg radio receivers in them to send the Kehl's control signals to the ordnance's control surfaces. A comparable joystick unit was used for the contemporary American Azon steerable munition, strictly to laterally steer the munition in the yaw axis only.This German invention was picked up by someone in the team of scientists assembled at the Heeresversuchsanstalt in Peenemünde. Here a part of the team on the German rocket program was developing the Wasserfall missile, a variant of the V-2 rocket, the first ground-to-air missile. The Wasserfall steering equipment converted the electrical signal to radio signals and transmitted these to the missile.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 772,
"text": "maritime"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2f96dfbce0121645583cdfc2ac98af712766a134",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "這個裝置主要瞄準什麼目標？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The name \"joystick\" is thought to originate with early 20th century French pilot Robert Esnault-Pelterie. There are also competing claims on behalf of fellow pilots Robert Loraine, James Henry Joyce, and A. E. George. Loraine is cited by the Oxford English Dictionary for using the term \"joystick\" in his diary in 1909 when he went to Pau to learn to fly at Bleriot's school. George was a pioneer aviator who with his colleague Jobling built and flew a biplane at Newcastle in England in 1910. He is alleged to have invented the \"George Stick\" which became more popularly known as the joystick. The George and Jobling aircraft control column is in the collection of the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 389,
"text": "pioneer aviator"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "4a98db3180456026443e4cf9e34fb4c50822fbc4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "George 的職業是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 165,
"text": "Robert Loraine, James Henry Joyce, and A. E. George"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a4bd597b65c210244c83dc4a1bd4b9aa551472a2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "\"除了 Robert Esnault-Pelterie 之外，還有哪些人認為他們創造了\" 控制桿 \" 這個名字？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Joystick",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "From 1670 to 1672, Newton lectured on optics. During this period he investigated the refraction of light, demonstrating that the multicoloured spectrum produced by a prism could be recomposed into white light by a lens and a second prism. Modern scholarship has revealed that Newton's analysis and resynthesis of white light owes a debt to corpuscular alchemy.He showed that coloured light does not change its properties by separating out a coloured beam and shining it on various objects, and that regardless of whether reflected, scattered, or transmitted, the light remains the same colour. Thus, he observed that colour is the result of objects interacting with already-coloured light rather than objects generating the colour themselves. This is known as Newton's theory of colour.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 641,
"text": "objects interacting with already-coloured light"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "8deebf03088b2efe6a248acb57439844faaf582b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "顏色來自哪裡？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 19,
"text": "Newton"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1412334a2b268481e33030d187013df11fe87fab",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰分析了白光？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "He was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in 1669, on Barrow's recommendation. During that time, any Fellow of a college at Cambridge or Oxford was required to take holy orders and become an ordained Anglican priest. However, the terms of the Lucasian professorship required that the holder not be active in the church – presumably so as to have more time for science. Newton argued that this should exempt him from the ordination requirement, and Charles II, whose permission was needed, accepted this argument. Thus a conflict between Newton's religious views and Anglican orthodoxy was averted.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Cambridge or Oxford"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "be840d83f09c9c98da4488aafda24eff3a055460",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪些大學規定要擔任聖職？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar, in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643) \"an hour or two after midnight\", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, Newton was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug. When Newton was three, his mother remarried and went to live with her new husband, the Reverend Barnabas Smith, leaving her son in the care of his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough. Newton disliked his stepfather and maintained some enmity towards his mother for marrying him, as revealed by this entry in a list of sins committed up to the age of 19: \"Threatening my father and mother Smith to burn them and the house over them.\" Newton's mother had three children from her second marriage.From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham, which taught Latin and Greek and probably imparted a significant foundation of mathematics. He was removed from school, and returned to Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth by October 1659. His mother, widowed for the second time, attempted to make him a farmer, an occupation he hated. Henry Stokes, master at The King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student, distinguishing himself mainly by building sundials and models of windmills.In June 1661, he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, on the recommendation of his uncle Rev William Ayscough, who had studied there. He started as a subsizar—paying his way by performing valet's duties—until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664, guaranteeing him four more years until he could get his MA. At that time, the college's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton supplemented with modern philosophers such as Descartes, and astronomers such as Galileo and Thomas Street, through whom he learned of Kepler's work. He set down in his notebook a series of \"Quaestiones\" about mechanical philosophy as he found it. In 1665, he discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus. Soon after Newton had obtained his BA degree in August 1665, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague. Although he had been undistinguished as a Cambridge student, Newton's private studies at his home in Woolsthorpe over the subsequent two years saw the development of his theories on calculus, optics, and the law of gravitation.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1388,
"text": "persuaded his mother to send him back to school"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "dcc42ec6b396191626e80999aa237337761b5117",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "亨利・斯托克斯做了什麼，讓牛頓被勒令退學後，又回伍爾斯索普呢？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 609,
"text": "his maternal grandmother, Margery Ayscough"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "33852d3f97b7651a7acc25675298ddcd3546fb3a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰養大了艾薩克・牛頓？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2264,
"text": "1665"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6eaf6cdc35490b6d82078a735319b29378171d08",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "他在哪一年發現了廣義二項式定理？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "It is known from his notebooks that Newton was grappling in the late 1660s with the idea that terrestrial gravity extends, in an inverse-square proportion, to the Moon; however it took him two decades to develop the full-fledged theory. The question was not whether gravity existed, but whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit. Newton showed that if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period, and get good agreement. He guessed the same force was responsible for other orbital motions, and hence named it \"universal gravitation\".",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 287,
"text": "whether it extended so far from Earth that it could also be the force holding the Moon to its orbit"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7cb8a08435da80688b76e574ddd03f86c587dee2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼有關引力的質疑？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 407,
"text": "if the force decreased as the inverse square of the distance, one could indeed calculate the Moon's orbital period"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0d9d240495c4103e48aa59a4dc7d8ae384d64f80",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "牛頓對地球引力的看法是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "John Conduitt, Newton's assistant at the Royal Mint and husband of Newton's niece, also described the event when he wrote about Newton's life:",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "Newton's niece"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cfbf0f7b7044622d4cf9b5b58fff2f4adb2a6419",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "康杜特與誰結了婚？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a sophisticated theory of colour based on the observation that a prism separates white light into the colours of the visible spectrum. His work on light was collected in his highly influential book Opticks, published in 1704. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, made the first theoretical calculation of the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid. In addition to his work on calculus, as a mathematician Newton contributed to the study of power series, generalised the binomial theorem to non-integer exponents, developed a method for approximating the roots of a function, and classified most of the cubic plane curves.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Newton"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f6d0c42792c166772d6947b1ae69a88ff0ae03da",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰負責光譜的觀察？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727). His body was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire may have been present at his funeral. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. His papers went to John Conduitt and Catherine Barton. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 460,
"text": "Mercury"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3e7f0fd26153a784adf6aa6765a61f35d3d2fed5",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪種中毒有助解釋牛頓的晚年生活？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 12,
"text": "in his sleep"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "99eaecf7bcc8585dcefa55c1176bc896fc9a09b2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "牛頓是怎麼死的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Newton was relatively modest about his achievements, writing in a letter to Robert Hooke in February 1676:",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "writing in a letter"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a05046cdf2cfbf0f5e3ee7cb0ad9f3125186886b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "這兩個人之間以怎樣溝通？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Newton's work has been said \"to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied.\" His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers. The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as \"[...] of an extraordinary genius and proficiency in these things.\"Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed calculus independently, although with very different mathematical notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. Leibniz's notation and \"differential Method\", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians.Such a suggestion fails to account for the calculus in Book 1 of Newton's Principia itself and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684; this content has been pointed out by critics of both Newton's time and modern times.His work extensively uses calculus in geometric form based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishingly small quantities: in the Principia itself, Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of \"the method of first and last ratios\" and explained why he put his expositions in this form, remarking also that \"hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles.\"Because of this, the Principia has been called \"a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus\" in modern times and in Newton's time \"nearly all of it is of this calculus.\" His use of methods involving \"one or more orders of the infinitesimally small\" is present in his De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684 and in his papers on motion \"during the two decades preceding 1684\".",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 715,
"text": "Newton and Leibniz"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f56e644b8266381ada22b2c0a01faa2bdc94a072",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪些人被認為創造了稱為微積分學的數學領域？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Of Natures Obvious Laws & Processes in Vegetation (unpublished, c. 1671–75)",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 67,
"text": "1671–75"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "21fec539768f1e537f1cef78d62d12020cda4543",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "年度範圍是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Isaac Newton",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "As of 2014, approximately one billion adults or ~22% of the population of the world have hypertension. It is slightly more frequent in men, in those of low socioeconomic status, and it becomes more common with age. It is common in high, medium, and low income countries. In 2004 rates of high blood pressure were highest in Africa, (30% for both sexes) and lowest in the Americas (18% for both sexes). Rates also vary markedly within regions with rates as low as 3.4% (men) and 6.8% (women) in rural India and as high as 68.9% (men) and 72.5% (women) in Poland. Rates in Africa were about 45% in 2016.In Europe hypertension occurs in about 30-45% of people as of 2013. In 1995 it was estimated that 43 million people (24% of the population) in the United States had hypertension or were taking antihypertensive medication. By 2004 this had increased to 29% and further to 32% (76 million US adults) by 2017. In 2017, with the change in definitions for hypertension, 46% of people in the United States are affected. African-American adults in the United States have among the highest rates of hypertension in the world at 44%. It is also more common in Filipino Americans and less common in US whites and Mexican Americans. Differences in hypertension rates are multifactorial and under study.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "one"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f29ed0f8b2d2d97291cf7b41db773105d3faefc1",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "有幾十億成年人患有高血壓？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Descriptions of hypertension as a disease came among others from Thomas Young in 1808 and especially Richard Bright in 1836. The first report of elevated blood pressure in a person without evidence of kidney disease was made by Frederick Akbar Mahomed (1849–1884).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 81,
"text": "1808"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e84177c67b7c7b03c2b1c613705316635c6a982e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "高血壓的描述是何時起出現的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Failure to thrive, seizures, irritability, lack of energy, and difficulty in breathing can be associated with hypertension in newborns and young infants. In older infants and children, hypertension can cause headache, unexplained irritability, fatigue, failure to thrive, blurred vision, nosebleeds, and facial paralysis.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 185,
"text": "hypertension"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b77547691f3f5206a6a5647f8457d2013691c04f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "是什麼原因導致年輕人在面對更大問題時可能會經歷面部運動困難？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "High blood pressure is the most common chronic medical problem prompting visits to primary health care providers in USA. The American Heart Association estimated the direct and indirect costs of high blood pressure in 2010 as $76.6 billion. In the US 80% of people with hypertension are aware of their condition, 71% take some antihypertensive medication, but only 48% of people aware that they have hypertension adequately control it. Adequate management of hypertension can be hampered by inadequacies in the diagnosis, treatment, or control of high blood pressure. Health care providers face many obstacles to achieving blood pressure control, including resistance to taking multiple medications to reach blood pressure goals. People also face the challenges of adhering to medicine schedules and making lifestyle changes. Nonetheless, the achievement of blood pressure goals is possible, and most importantly, lowering blood pressure significantly reduces the risk of death due to heart disease and stroke, the development of other debilitating conditions, and the cost associated with advanced medical care.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 226,
"text": "$76.6 billion"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "115ea90ffe86ecc5d9717f9edcd69a100efc7143",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "2010 年，高血壓的費用為多少？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide. It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease, strokes, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, aortic aneurysms, diffuse atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism. Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "the risk of ischemic heart disease, strokes, peripheral vascular disease, and other cardiovascular diseases"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "00df95637d0fc0837b9eba5dafceb545856459b9",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "高血壓增加了什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Hypertension occurs in approximately 8–10% of pregnancies. Two blood pressure measurements six hours apart of greater than 140/90 mm Hg are diagnostic of hypertension in pregnancy. High blood pressure in pregnancy can be classified as pre-existing hypertension, gestational hypertension, or pre-eclampsia.Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition of the second half of pregnancy and following delivery characterised by increased blood pressure and the presence of protein in the urine. It occurs in about 5% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately 16% of all maternal deaths globally. Pre-eclampsia also doubles the risk of death of the baby around the time of birth. Usually there are no symptoms in pre-eclampsia and it is detected by routine screening. When symptoms of pre-eclampsia occur the most common are headache, visual disturbance (often \"flashing lights\"), vomiting, pain over the stomach, and swelling. Pre-eclampsia can occasionally progress to a life-threatening condition called eclampsia, which is a hypertensive emergency and has several serious complications including vision loss, brain swelling, seizures, kidney failure, pulmonary edema, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (a blood clotting disorder).In contrast, gestational hypertension is defined as new-onset hypertension during pregnancy without protein in the urine.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 708,
"text": "pre-eclampsia"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "892e20cf8c340006123412c728f5ee7110572180",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪種病症通常沒有症狀？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Hypertension occurs in around 0.2 to 3% of newborns; however, blood pressure is not measured routinely in healthy newborns. Hypertension is more common in high risk newborns. A variety of factors, such as gestational age, postconceptional age and birth weight needs to be taken into account when deciding if a blood pressure is normal in a newborn.Hypertension defined as elevated blood pressure over several visits affects 1% to 5% of children and adolescents and is associated with long term risks of ill-health. Blood pressure rises with age in childhood and, in children, hypertension is defined as an average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child. High blood pressure must be confirmed on repeated visits however before characterizing a child as having hypertension. Prehypertension in children has been defined as average systolic or diastolic blood pressure that is greater than or equal to the 90th percentile, but less than the 95th percentile. In adolescents, it has been proposed that hypertension and pre-hypertension are diagnosed and classified using the same criteria as in adults.The value of routine screening for hypertension in children over the age of 3 years is debated. In 2004 the National High Blood Pressure Education Program recommended that children aged 3 years and older have blood pressure measurement at",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 124,
"text": "Hypertension"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "71efffa3e3c1d3630b3ec1e4109c8d85aa2f273e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "高危新生兒中比較常見的狀況是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 606,
"text": "average systolic or diastolic blood pressure on three or more occasions equal or higher than the 95th percentile appropriate for the sex, age and height of the child"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "87c7cc6be5f8e7da5c1d4df15bf5a19daae13bbe",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "兒童高血壓是如何定義的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In people aged 18 years or older hypertension is defined as either a systolic or a diastolic blood pressure measurement consistently higher than an accepted normal value (this is above 129 or 139 mmHg systolic, 89 mmHg diastolic depending on the guideline). Other thresholds are used (135 mmHg systolic or 85 mmHg diastolic) if measurements are derived from 24-hour ambulatory or home monitoring. Recent international hypertension guidelines have also created categories below the hypertensive range to indicate a continuum of risk with higher blood pressures in the normal range. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC7) published in 2003 uses the term prehypertension for blood pressure in the range 120–139 mmHg systolic or 80–89 mmHg diastolic, while European Society of Hypertension Guidelines (2007) and British Hypertension Society (BHS) IV (2004) use optimal, normal and high normal categories to subdivide pressures below 140 mmHg systolic and 90 mmHg diastolic. Hypertension is also sub-classified: JNC7 distinguishes hypertension stage I, hypertension stage II, and isolated systolic hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension refers to elevated systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure and is common in the elderly. The ESH-ESC Guidelines (2007) and BHS IV (2004) additionally define a third stage (stage III hypertension) for people with systolic blood pressure exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg. Hypertension is classified as \"resistant\" if medications do not reduce blood pressure to normal levels. In November 2017, the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology published a joint guideline which updates the recommendations of the JNC7 report.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1476,
"text": "exceeding 179 mmHg or a diastolic pressure over 109 mmHg"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d6d76338394c6414828179c0d07ad93ef6a248bf",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "高血壓三期的血壓是多少？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, before effective pharmacological treatment for hypertension became possible, three treatment modalities were used, all with numerous side-effects: strict sodium restriction (for example the rice diet), sympathectomy (surgical ablation of parts of the sympathetic nervous system), and pyrogen therapy (injection of substances that caused a fever, indirectly reducing blood pressure).The first chemical for hypertension, sodium thiocyanate, was used in 1900 but had many side effects and was unpopular. Several other agents were developed after the Second World War, the most popular and reasonably effective of which were tetramethylammonium chloride, hexamethonium, hydralazine, and reserpine (derived from the medicinal plant Rauwolfia serpentina). None of these were well tolerated. A major breakthrough was achieved with the discovery of the first well-tolerated orally available agents. The first was chlorothiazide, the first thiazide diuretic and developed from the antibiotic sulfanilamide, which became available in 1958. Subsequently, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and renin inhibitors were developed as antihypertensive agents.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 715,
"text": "reserpine"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5b4172fa39234f7755a6615269035a8fc90b0bbb",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼藥物源自蛇根木？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Modern understanding of the cardiovascular system began with the work of physician William Harvey (1578–1657), who described the circulation of blood in his book \"De motu cordis\". The English clergyman Stephen Hales made the first published measurement of blood pressure in 1733. However, hypertension as a clinical entity came into its own with the invention of the cuff-based sphygmomanometer by Scipione Riva-Rocci in 1896. This allowed easy measurement of systolic pressure in the clinic. In 1905, Nikolai Korotkoff improved the technique by describing the Korotkoff sounds that are heard when the artery is ausculted with a stethoscope while the sphygmomanometer cuff is deflated. This permitted systolic and diastolic pressure to be measured.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 422,
"text": "1896"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "4e0f843d642d715f22de2f205f0a498dc090bc60",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "希皮奧內・裡瓦羅西在哪一年發明了袖套法血壓計"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 163,
"text": "De motu cordis"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e97ae381ec1f8a2455e4cb7277000d88da26426a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "威廉・哈維寫的是什麼書？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Once the diagnosis of hypertension has been made, healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause based on risk factors and other symptoms, if present. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by kidney disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and adults and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. Laboratory tests can also be performed to identify possible causes of secondary hypertension, and to determine whether hypertension has caused damage to the heart, eyes, and kidneys. Additional tests for diabetes and high cholesterol levels are usually performed because these conditions are additional risk factors for the development of heart disease and may require treatment.Initial assessment of the hypertensive people should include a complete history and physical examination. Serum creatinine is measured to assess for the presence of kidney disease, which can be either the cause or the result of hypertension. Serum creatinine alone may overestimate glomerular filtration rate and recent guidelines advocate the use of predictive equations such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to estimate glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). eGFR can also provide a baseline measurement of kidney function that can be used to monitor for side effects of certain anti-hypertensive drugs on kidney function. Additionally, testing of urine samples for protein is used as a secondary indicator of kidney disease. Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG) testing is done to check for evidence that the heart is under strain from high blood pressure. It may also show whether there is thickening of the heart muscle (left ventricular hypertrophy) or whether the heart has experienced a prior minor disturbance such as a silent heart attack. A chest X-ray or an echocardiogram may also be performed to look for signs of heart enlargement or damage to the heart.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1494,
"text": "urine"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "01b793014fbd87d8be9368f08eec683d2e1cc055",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼體液用來檢查腎臟問題？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 442,
"text": "Laboratory tests"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "05d39419d02a64797526e0be53cbc6da9ccf4b1d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "你如何發現有高血壓？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 50,
"text": "healthcare providers should attempt to identify the underlying cause"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a759e6a606ce90aec3e072f1aa0f5468060cee92",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "一旦診斷為高血壓，第一步是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1591,
"text": "EKG/ECG"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e6ea06caaa1deb4f675c8f6abad569df1c8641f6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "心電圖的英文縮寫是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The World Health Organization has identified hypertension, or high blood pressure, as the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality. The World Hypertension League (WHL), an umbrella organization of 85 national hypertension societies and leagues, recognized that more than 50% of the hypertensive population worldwide are unaware of their condition. To address this problem, the WHL initiated a global awareness campaign on hypertension in 2005 and dedicated May 17 of each year as World Hypertension Day (WHD). Over the past three years, more national societies have been engaging in WHD and have been innovative in their activities to get the message to the public. In 2007, there was record participation from 47 member countries of the WHL. During the week of WHD, all these countries – in partnership with their local governments, professional societies, nongovernmental organizations and private industries – promoted hypertension awareness among the public through several media and public rallies. Using mass media such as Internet and television, the message reached more than 250 million people. As the momentum picks up year after year, the WHL is confident that almost all the estimated 1.5 billion people affected by elevated blood pressure can be reached.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 525,
"text": "three years,"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5ec293e4a924587a28d20f57359d4c4b93fcb191",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "各國紅會參與世界遺產保護事業已有多少年了？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 137,
"text": "World Hypertension League"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cdeacee23dab19773a4d50ade89f7d0fadf605a6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪個組織創立了世界高血壓日來提高對高血壓的認識？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 394,
"text": "global awareness campaign on hypertension"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "834152db11e91de3c0a8e3a34e741544adc5e670",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "WHL 對解決高血壓問題做了什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Hypertension",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, Volume 1 – Made for America, 1890–1901. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. ISBN 0-520-08670-8.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 88,
"text": "1890–1901"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e1b878128e37ff7b9bb8a619aa8ba8305ee462d6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "這部記錄片是基於哪幾年的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "My Disillusionment in Russia. Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1923.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "New York"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e0f81a3af3e1c5be87e6c49cd1596e87cef0d586",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "Garden City 在那個州？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Emma Goldman",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "George III hoped that \"the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve\", but in the popular mind George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists, though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal. The grievances in the United States Declaration of Independence were presented as \"repeated injuries and usurpations\" that he had committed to establish an \"absolute Tyranny\" over the colonies. The Declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one demonstrating \"attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power\", while the other \"derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition\".Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as Trevelyan and Erskine May, promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of Lewis Namier, who thought George was \"much maligned\", started a re-evaluation of the man and his reign. Scholars of the later twentieth century, such as Butterfield and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter, are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: \"Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth.\" In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives. In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III the monarchy continued to lose its political power, and grew as the embodiment of national morality.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 594,
"text": "absolute Tyranny"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7580a3eaa676b82877e6983971607c17ebc91f8b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "美國獨立宣言指控國王喬治三世犯了什麼罪？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 279,
"text": "mid-1770s"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "12c7633f3d85f2f7ac3e348921edcbd3be45dd8a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "喬治國王在哪個年代失去了美國殖民地人民的支援？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings. Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II have since lived and reigned longer.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 186,
"text": "Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "19063ab82f8e134bea248578d279c2cd8afe3612",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰比喬治三世活得還久？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square. He was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 284,
"text": "Thomas Secker"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cbafe2e1c0d7ec38849e50c72aa8f8014d0ab4b6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰給喬治王子施洗？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed dementia, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818. At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. He died at Windsor Castle at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son, the Duke of Kent. His favourite son, Frederick, Duke of York, was with him. George III was buried on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "50768795a265b38075326808e4fa1be0596fa850",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "喬治三世生病後發生了什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "George III of the United Kingdom",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function, the permanent income hypothesis (1957), which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work. This work contended that rational consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income. Windfall gains would mostly be saved. Tax reductions likewise, as rational consumers would predict that taxes would have to increase later to balance public finances. Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment (1968). This critique associated his name, together with that of Edmund Phelps, with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so. Unemployment may be temporarily lower, if the inflation is a surprise, but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 112,
"text": "Friedman"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f76c014bf7aa69d9137f89646d295174f8fa2720",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰聲稱所得假說是佛利民最重要的成就？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output, that is, the quantity theory of money. Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory. Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further; however, Friedman's contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization. He co-authored, with Anna Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (1963), which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in the U.S. history. A striking conclusion of their research regarded the way in which money supply fluctuations contribute to economic fluctuations. Several regression studies with David Meiselman during the 1960s suggested the primacy of the money supply over investment and government spending in determining consumption and output. These challenged a prevailing, but largely untested, view on their relative importance. Friedman's empirical research and some theory supported the conclusion that the short-run effect of a change of the money supply was primarily on output but that the longer-run effect was primarily on the price level.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 998,
"text": "Friedman's"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7d26501111fe68ace02dc13c407d1a0cdfff82f4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰也研究了貨幣供給？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Milton Friedman",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Acetic acid has 349 kcal per 100 g. Vinegar is typically no less than 4% acetic acid by mass. Legal limits on acetic acid content vary by jurisdiction. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated. The proportion of acetic acid used worldwide as vinegar is not as large as commercial uses, but is by far the oldest and best-known application.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 432,
"text": "vinegar"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "85aea1f80ebf543955cb0b0d2beb73319d7a958c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "使用哪種調味品是眾所周知的應用。"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid). It consists of a methyl group attached to a carboxyl group. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used primarily in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film, polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, and synthetic fibres and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is controlled by the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. In biochemistry, the acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 429,
"text": "acetic"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d5dfd50b955a195beedfb53ce514ea9cc1898f1a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "E260 調節什麼樣的酸？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Acetic acid",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "On 13 December 2007, Prime Minister Manasseh Sogavare was toppled by a vote of no confidence in Parliament, following the defection of five ministers to the opposition. It was the first time a prime minister had lost office in this way in Solomon Islands. On 20 December, Parliament elected the opposition's candidate (and former Minister for Education) Derek Sikua as Prime Minister, in a vote of 32 to 15.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 36,
"text": "Manasseh Sogavare"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7e38c1ad56b52c1939ca1330d77db703b018f1ed",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "2007 年 6 月索羅門群島的總理是誰？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Solomon Islands governments are characterised by weak political parties (see List of political parties in Solomon Islands) and highly unstable parliamentary coalitions. They are subject to frequent votes of no confidence, leading to frequent changes in government leadership and cabinet appointments.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 127,
"text": "highly unstable"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "290ad41f5d0ec5981f753efb1b547e22670a6c82",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "索羅門群島有穩定的議會聯盟嗎？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Solomon Islands archipelago is part of two distinct terrestrial ecoregions. Most of the islands are part of the Solomon Islands rain forests ecoregion, which also includes the islands of Bougainville and Buka; these forests have come under pressure from forestry activities. The Santa Cruz Islands are part of the Vanuatu rain forests ecoregion, together with the neighbouring archipelago of Vanuatu. Soil quality ranges from extremely rich volcanic (there are volcanoes with varying degrees of activity on some of the larger islands) to relatively infertile limestone. More than 230 varieties of orchids and other tropical flowers brighten the landscape. Mammals are scarce on the islands, with the only terrestrial mammals being bats and small rodents. Birds and reptiles, however, are abundant.The islands contain several active and dormant volcanoes. The Tinakula and Kavachi volcanoes are the most active.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 43,
"text": "two"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e18b622076aef43307b5a837683a3f6779bca4c7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "索羅門群島有多少生態區？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Solomon Islands",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Governments are also getting online. Some countries, such as those of Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Myanmar, the People's Republic of China, and Saudi Arabia use filtering and censoring software to restrict what people in their countries can access on the Internet. In the United Kingdom, they also use software to locate and arrest various individuals they perceive as a threat. Other countries including the United States, have enacted laws making the possession or distribution of certain material such as child pornography illegal but do not use filtering software. In some countries Internet service providers have agreed to restrict access to sites listed by police.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 583,
"text": "Internet service providers"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f182fcbefd5ffd21ee85ee5819979777caaa52ae",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在不同的國家，何種型別的公司有時會對警方列表中的特定網站進行訪問限制？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Internet is a relatively new phenomenon. As Robert Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that \"took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it.\" The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid-1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce. Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998. Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0 is still emerging. The amount of information available on the net and the number of Internet users worldwide has continued to grow rapidly. The term 'digital sociology' is now becoming increasingly used to denote new directions in sociological research into digital technologies since Web 2.0.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "ARPANET"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b8e433330f2cc4a9c454e76198ba699ac12de62e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "全球資訊網可以追溯到哪個 20 世紀 60 年代末的發展階段？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "While much has been written of the economic advantages of Internet-enabled commerce, there is also evidence that some aspects of the Internet such as maps and location-aware services may serve to reinforce economic inequality and the digital divide. Electronic commerce may be responsible for consolidation and the decline of mom-and-pop, brick and mortar businesses resulting in increases in income inequality.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 133,
"text": "Internet such as maps and location-aware services"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "28f509ca9d17155e46e87a1b8c01b12a9223ecd4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "是什麼加劇了經濟不平等？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Sociology of the Internet",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. This area, reaching as far north as 60° south latitude, is covered in tectonic fractures and ridges. The area has few sizable impact craters, suggesting that it is the youngest surface on Enceladus and on any of the mid-sized icy satellites; modeling of the cratering rate suggests that some regions of the south polar terrain are possibly as young as 500,000 years or less. Near the center of this terrain are four fractures bounded by ridges, unofficially called \"tiger stripes\". They appear to be the youngest features in this region and are surrounded by mint-green-colored (in false color, UV–green–near IR images), coarse-grained water ice, seen elsewhere on the surface within outcrops and fracture walls. Here the \"blue\" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the E ring. Results from the visual and infrared spectrometer (VIMS) instrument suggest that the green-colored material surrounding the tiger stripes is chemically distinct from the rest of the surface of Enceladus. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past. VIMS also detected simple organic (carbon-containing) compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far. And in 27 June 2018, scientists reported the detection of complex macromolecular organics on Enceladus' jet plumes, as sampled by the Cassini orbiter.One of these areas of \"blue\" ice in the south polar region was observed at high resolution during the July 14, 2005 flyby, revealing an area of extreme tectonic deformation and blocky terrain, with some areas covered in boulders 10–100 m across.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 53,
"text": "2005"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7461836a40e86d7302118fbf546a9c55f8d6f4fe",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪一年拍攝了土衛二的南極？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The discoveries Cassini made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (Journey to Enceladus and Titan or JET) to analyze plume contents in-situ, a lander by the German Aerospace Center to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (Enceladus Explorer), and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the Enceladus Life Finder and Life Investigation For Enceladus (LIFE)).The European Space Agency (ESA) was assessing concepts in 2008 to send a probe to Enceladus in a mission to be combined with studies of Titan: Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). TSSM was a joint NASA/ESA flagship-class proposal for exploration of Saturn's moons, with a focus on Enceladus, and it was competing against the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) proposal for funding. In February 2009, it was announced that NASA/ESA had given the EJSM mission priority ahead of TSSM, although TSSM will continue to be studied and evaluated.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 879,
"text": "the EJSM mission"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "11ce5ad7b966892f28efb848eb742d37d0c408c2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪一個計劃被 NASA 認為更加重要"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Voyager 2 was the first spacecraft to observe Enceladus's surface in detail, in August 1981. Examination of the resulting highest-resolution imagery revealed at least five different types of terrain, including several regions of cratered terrain, regions of smooth (young) terrain, and lanes of ridged terrain often bordering the smooth areas. In addition, extensive linear cracks and scarps were observed. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. Accordingly, Enceladus must have been recently active with \"water volcanism\" or other processes that renew the surface. The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface gives Enceladus the most reflective surface of any body in the Solar System, with a visual geometric albedo of 1.38 and bolometric Bond albedo of 0.81±0.04. Because it reflects so much sunlight, its surface only reaches a mean noon temperature of −198 °C (−324 °F), somewhat colder than other Saturnian satellites.Observations during three flybys by Cassini on February 17, March 9, and July 14, 2005, revealed Enceladus' surface features in much greater detail than the Voyager 2 observations. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. Numerous fractures were found within the older, cratered terrain, suggesting that the surface has been subjected to extensive deformation since the craters were formed. Some areas contain no craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. There are fissures, plains, corrugated terrain and other crustal deformations. Several additional regions of young terrain were discovered in areas not well-imaged by either Voyager spacecraft, such as the bizarre terrain near the south pole. All of this indicates that Enceladus's interior may be liquid today, even though it should have been frozen long ago.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1828,
"text": "near the south pole"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2b86cc8838dd2f17d69afbb493ca7e98b62508e1",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在哪裡發現了年輕的地形？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Enceladus",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "As intriguing as geometric Newtonian gravity may be, its basis, classical mechanics, is merely a limiting case of (special) relativistic mechanics. In the language of symmetry: where gravity can be neglected, physics is Lorentz invariant as in special relativity rather than Galilei invariant as in classical mechanics. (The defining symmetry of special relativity is the Poincaré group, which includes translations, rotations and boosts.) The differences between the two become significant when dealing with speeds approaching the speed of light, and with high-energy phenomena.With Lorentz symmetry, additional structures come into play. They are defined by the set of light cones (see image). The light-cones define a causal structure: for each event A, there is a set of events that can, in principle, either influence or be influenced by A via signals or interactions that do not need to travel faster than light (such as event B in the image), and a set of events for which such an influence is impossible (such as event C in the image). These sets are observer-independent. In conjunction with the world-lines of freely falling particles, the light-cones can be used to reconstruct the space–time's semi-Riemannian metric, at least up to a positive scalar factor. In mathematical terms, this defines a conformal structure or conformal geometry.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 372,
"text": "Poincaré group"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "232b14bebdf00ba29173731437d47a4278d7c3b3",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在對稱性中，什麼是特殊的運動相對性？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "At the base of classical mechanics is the notion that a body's motion can be described as a combination of free (or inertial) motion, and deviations from this free motion. Such deviations are caused by external forces acting on a body in accordance with Newton's second law of motion, which states that the net force acting on a body is equal to that body's (inertial) mass multiplied by its acceleration. The preferred inertial motions are related to the geometry of space and time: in the standard reference frames of classical mechanics, objects in free motion move along straight lines at constant speed. In modern parlance, their paths are geodesics, straight world lines in curved spacetime.Conversely, one might expect that inertial motions, once identified by observing the actual motions of bodies and making allowances for the external forces (such as electromagnetism or friction), can be used to define the geometry of space, as well as a time coordinate. However, there is an ambiguity once gravity comes into play. According to Newton's law of gravity, and independently verified by experiments such as that of Eötvös and its successors (see Eötvös experiment), there is a universality of free fall (also known as the weak equivalence principle, or the universal equality of inertial and passive-gravitational mass): the trajectory of a test body in free fall depends only on its position and initial speed, but not on any of its material properties. A simplified version of this is embodied in Einstein's elevator experiment, illustrated in the figure on the right: for an observer in a small enclosed room, it is impossible to decide, by mapping the trajectory of bodies such as a dropped ball, whether the room is at rest in a gravitational field, or in free space aboard a rocket that is accelerating at a rate equal to that of the gravitational field.Given the universality of free fall, there is no observable distinction between inertial motion and motion under the influence of the gravitational force. This suggests the definition of a new class of inertial motion, namely that of objects in free fall under the influence of gravity. This new class of preferred motions, too, defines a geometry of space and time—in mathematical terms, it is the geodesic motion associated with a specific connection which depends on the gradient of the gravitational potential. Space, in this construction, still has the ordinary Euclidean geometry. However, spacetime as a whole is more complicated. As can be shown using simple thought experiments following the free-fall trajectories of different test particles, the result of transporting spacetime vectors that can denote a particle's velocity (time-like vectors) will vary with the particle's trajectory; mathematically speaking, the Newtonian connection is not integrable. From this, one can deduce that spacetime is curved. The resulting Newton–Cartan theory is a geometric formulation of Newtonian gravity using only covariant concepts, i.e. a description which is valid in any desired coordinate system. In this geometric description, tidal effects—the relative acceleration of bodies in free fall—are related to the derivative of the connection, showing how the modified geometry is caused by the presence of mass.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2148,
"text": "gravity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "444aff2e573454101fc25d8c80ea5d026526a03c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼造成物體自由落體？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In general relativity, no material body can catch up with or overtake a light pulse. No influence from an event A can reach any other location X before light sent out at A to X. In consequence, an exploration of all light worldlines (null geodesics) yields key information about the spacetime's causal structure. This structure can be displayed using Penrose–Carter diagrams in which infinitely large regions of space and infinite time intervals are shrunk (\"compactified\") so as to fit onto a finite map, while light still travels along diagonals as in standard spacetime diagrams.Aware of the importance of causal structure, Roger Penrose and others developed what is known as global geometry. In global geometry, the object of study is not one particular solution (or family of solutions) to Einstein's equations. Rather, relations that hold true for all geodesics, such as the Raychaudhuri equation, and additional non-specific assumptions about the nature of matter (usually in the form of energy conditions) are used to derive general results.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 170,
"text": "A to X"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c0743cc7ff039fd531ce7e2198c85df06323759b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "光定必定從某一點傳播到某一點嗎？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Several relativistic effects are directly related to the relativity of direction. One is geodetic precession: the axis direction of a gyroscope in free fall in curved spacetime will change when compared, for instance, with the direction of light received from distant stars—even though such a gyroscope represents the way of keeping a direction as stable as possible (\"parallel transport\"). For the Moon–Earth system, this effect has been measured with the help of lunar laser ranging. More recently, it has been measured for test masses aboard the satellite Gravity Probe B to a precision of better than 0.3%.Near a rotating mass, there are gravitomagnetic or frame-dragging effects. A distant observer will determine that objects close to the mass get \"dragged around\". This is most extreme for rotating black holes where, for any object entering a zone known as the ergosphere, rotation is inevitable. Such effects can again be tested through their influence on the orientation of gyroscopes in free fall. Somewhat controversial tests have been performed using the LAGEOS satellites, confirming the relativistic prediction. Also the Mars Global Surveyor probe around Mars has been used.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 465,
"text": "lunar laser ranging"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "15ec3998ad199d71e8d0f622bdbd65764ebb14ff",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼幫助測量了地球 - 月球系統的大地歲差？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Some predictions of general relativity differ significantly from those of classical physics, especially concerning the passage of time, the geometry of space, the motion of bodies in free fall, and the propagation of light. Examples of such differences include gravitational time dilation, gravitational lensing, the gravitational redshift of light, and the gravitational time delay. The predictions of general relativity in relation to classical physics have been confirmed in all observations and experiments to date. Although general relativity is not the only relativistic theory of gravity, it is the simplest theory that is consistent with experimental data. However, unanswered questions remain, the most fundamental being how general relativity can be reconciled with the laws of quantum physics to produce a complete and self-consistent theory of quantum gravity.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "classical physics"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9786f25f64439691c89c81c9744b4f30b416b4e2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛因斯坦的廣義相對論的特定預測與哪種物理學不一致？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The notion of evolution equations is intimately tied in with another aspect of general relativistic physics. In Einstein's theory, it turns out to be impossible to find a general definition for a seemingly simple property such as a system's total mass (or energy). The main reason is that the gravitational field—like any physical field—must be ascribed a certain energy, but that it proves to be fundamentally impossible to localize that energy.Nevertheless, there are possibilities to define a system's total mass, either using a hypothetical \"infinitely distant observer\" (ADM mass) or suitable symmetries (Komar mass). If one excludes from the system's total mass the energy being carried away to infinity by gravitational waves, the result is the Bondi mass at null infinity. Just as in classical physics, it can be shown that these masses are positive. Corresponding global definitions exist for momentum and angular momentum. There have also been a number of attempts to define quasi-local quantities, such as the mass of an isolated system formulated using only quantities defined within a finite region of space containing that system. The hope is to obtain a quantity useful for general statements about isolated systems, such as a more precise formulation of the hoop conjecture.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1017,
"text": "the mass of an isolated system formulated using only quantities defined within a finite region of space containing that system"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6c0a01e73d4bc3620f2382f091657b9ecf793025",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "準定域量的一個定義是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "is the spacetime metric. Isotropic and homogeneous solutions of these enhanced equations, the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker solutions, allow physicists to model a universe that has evolved over the past 14 billion years from a hot, early Big Bang phase. Once a small number of parameters (for example the universe's mean matter density) have been fixed by astronomical observation, further observational data can be used to put the models to the test. Predictions, all successful, include the initial abundance of chemical elements formed in a period of primordial nucleosynthesis, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the existence and properties of a \"thermal echo\" from the early cosmos, the cosmic background radiation.Astronomical observations of the cosmological expansion rate allow the total amount of matter in the universe to be estimated, although the nature of that matter remains mysterious in part. About 90% of all matter appears to be dark matter, which has mass (or, equivalently, gravitational influence), but does not interact electromagnetically and, hence, cannot be observed directly. There is no generally accepted description of this new kind of matter, within the framework of known particle physics or otherwise. Observational evidence from redshift surveys of distant supernovae and measurements of the cosmic background radiation also show that the evolution of our universe is significantly influenced by a cosmological constant resulting in an acceleration of cosmic expansion or, equivalently, by a form of energy with an unusual equation of state, known as dark energy, the nature of which remains unclear.An inflationary phase, an additional phase of strongly accelerated expansion at cosmic times of around 10−33 seconds, was hypothesized in 1980 to account for several puzzling observations that were unexplained by classical cosmological models, such as the nearly perfect homogeneity of the cosmic background radiation. Recent measurements of the cosmic background radiation have resulted in the first evidence for this scenario. However, there is a bewildering variety of possible inflationary scenarios, which cannot be restricted by current observations. An even larger question is the physics of the earliest universe, prior to the inflationary phase and close to where the classical models predict the big bang singularity. An authoritative answer would require a complete theory of quantum gravity, which has not yet been developed (cf. the section on quantum gravity, below).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2441,
"text": "quantum gravity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "4d70d4c6366a3ee0993c0bae033733244f84f47a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪種引力需要有權威性的解答？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "General relativity",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations. Baseball is the most popular. Other sports and pastimes include football, basketball, volleyball, cricket, and athletics. Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions. Cuban boxers are not permitted to turn professional by their government. However, many boxers defect to the U.S. and other countries. Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Due to historical associations with the United States"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "98ec0961d4655f5ef0f2890795d858ab5c6a9269",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "為什麼古巴人參與美國的運動？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Republic of Cuba is one of the world's last remaining socialist countries following the Marxist–Leninist ideology. The Constitution of 1976, which defined Cuba as a socialist republic, was replaced by the Constitution of 1992, which is \"guided by the ideas of José Martí and the political and social ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin.\" The constitution describes the Communist Party of Cuba as the \"leading force of society and of the state\".The First Secretary of the Communist Party is concurrently President of the Council of State (President of Cuba) and President of the Council of Ministers (sometimes referred to as Prime Minister of Cuba). Members of both councils are elected by the National Assembly of People's Power. The President of Cuba, who is also elected by the Assembly, serves for five years and there is no limit to the number of terms of office.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 139,
"text": "1976"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6ef5d50a6cc9699dd3a9df439ac19d7d9d9528eb",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "古巴成為社會主義共和國是在哪一年？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Cuba",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Exchanging \"+\" and \"−\" in the expression, i.e., permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e., solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.The problem can be dealt with by shifting to field theory and considering the splitting field of a polynomial. Modern Galois theory generalizes the above type of Galois groups to field extensions and establishes—via the fundamental theorem of Galois theory—a precise relationship between fields and groups, underlining once again the ubiquity of groups in mathematics.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 241,
"text": "5 and higher"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "db57d7df7d9d2f8a9b4e62f1de4f93912b370f4c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "相似的公式，在什麼程度不存在？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Finite symmetry groups such as the Mathieu groups are used in coding theory, which is in turn applied in error correction of transmitted data, and in CD players. Another application is differential Galois theory, which characterizes functions having antiderivatives of a prescribed form, giving group-theoretic criteria for when solutions of certain differential equations are well-behaved. Geometric properties that remain stable under group actions are investigated in (geometric) invariant theory.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Finite symmetry groups"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "8c212a01649e1fb7d15dedec911cf4d9d27faf30",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "馬蒂厄群是何種型別的群？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In some situations the set of cosets of a subgroup can be endowed with a group law, giving a quotient group or factor group. For this to be possible, the subgroup has to be normal. Given any normal subgroup N, the quotient group is defined by",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 84,
"text": "giving a quotient group or factor group"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "242d13ac49d2b1ff2b1cfdedcaba0bb59c76a5b6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "當一個子群的陪集得到群公理時會發生什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Many groups are simultaneously groups and examples of other mathematical structures. In the language of category theory, they are group objects in a category, meaning that they are objects (that is, examples of another mathematical structure) which come with transformations (called morphisms) that mimic the group axioms. For example, every group (as defined above) is also a set, so a group is a group object in the category of sets.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 377,
"text": "set"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3a4a39b966d8efe3282dad704fb78d883543dc43",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "所有的群也稱為什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Many number systems, such as the integers and the rationals enjoy a naturally given group structure. In some cases, such as with the rationals, both addition and multiplication operations give rise to group structures. Such number systems are predecessors to more general algebraic structures known as rings and fields. Further abstract algebraic concepts such as modules, vector spaces and algebras also form groups.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 302,
"text": "rings and fields"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "667d26466db11d666e87f45b42e2ff09536a5582",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "一般代數結構的兩個例子是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups. An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups. A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself. The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the \"monster group\"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 838,
"text": "Listing all finite simple groups"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f7bc3b58fe3f4433ea74ba095835dba75fd6a15c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼是喬丹 - 霍德理論的成就？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 34,
"text": "complete classification"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "44b4161b1b4d2f04b8a18ece6f8499ec66c4f969",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼是數學家的願望之一？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.Representation theory is both an application of the group concept and important for a deeper understanding of groups. It studies the group by its group actions on other spaces. A broad class of group representations are linear representations, i.e., the group is acting on a vector space, such as the three-dimensional Euclidean space R3. A representation of G on an n-dimensional real vector space is simply a group homomorphism",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 295,
"text": "very small"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ae1bfefd0c0a57942764eeb2cb78e798872fd073",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "這個例子可以被看作是多大的矩陣群？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 785,
"text": "vector space"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5b318513e5f5d953e08708f9261b9a7e081d0926",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "群對何種空間型別起作用？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The dihedral group (discussed above) is a finite group of order 8. The order of r1 is 4, as is the order of the subgroup R it generates (see above). The order of the reflection elements fv etc. is 2. Both orders divide 8, as predicted by Lagrange's theorem. The groups Fp× above have order p − 1.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "8"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "815a47c5fea0e5c2ef605ecd8b153a6ace1ebd78",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "根據此定理，這兩個階數要除以幾？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The modern concept of an abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics. The original motivation for group theory was the quest for solutions of polynomial equations of degree higher than 4. The 19th-century French mathematician Évariste Galois, extending prior work of Paolo Ruffini and Joseph-Louis Lagrange, gave a criterion for the solvability of a particular polynomial equation in terms of the symmetry group of its roots (solutions). The elements of such a Galois group correspond to certain permutations of the roots. At first, Galois' ideas were rejected by his contemporaries, and published only posthumously. More general permutation groups were investigated in particular by Augustin Louis Cauchy. Arthur Cayley's On the theory of groups, as depending on the symbolic equation θn = 1 (1854) gives the first abstract definition of a finite group.Geometry was a second field in which groups were used systematically, especially symmetry groups as part of Felix Klein's 1872 Erlangen program. After novel geometries such as hyperbolic and projective geometry had emerged, Klein used group theory to organize them in a more coherent way. Further advancing these ideas, Sophus Lie founded the study of Lie groups in 1884.The third field contributing to group theory was number theory. Certain abelian group structures had been used implicitly in Carl Friedrich Gauss' number-theoretical work Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (1798), and more explicitly by Leopold Kronecker. In 1847, Ernst Kummer made early attempts to prove Fermat's Last Theorem by developing groups describing factorization into prime numbers.The convergence of these various sources into a uniform theory of groups started with Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques (1870). Walther von Dyck (1882) introduced the idea of specifying a group by means of generators and relations, and was also the first to give an axiomatic definition of an \"abstract group\", in the terminology of the time. As of the 20th century, groups gained wide recognition by the pioneering work of Ferdinand Georg Frobenius and William Burnside, who worked on representation theory of finite groups, Richard Brauer's modular representation theory and Issai Schur's papers. The theory of Lie groups, and more generally locally compact groups was studied by Hermann Weyl, Élie Cartan and many others. Its algebraic counterpart, the theory of algebraic groups, was first shaped by Claude Chevalley (from the late 1930s) and later by the work of Armand Borel and Jacques Tits.The University of Chicago's 1960–61 Group Theory Year brought together group theorists such as Daniel Gorenstein, John G. Thompson and Walter Feit, laying the foundation of a collaboration that, with input from numerous other mathematicians, led to the classification of finite simple groups, with the final step taken by Aschbacher and Smith in 2004. This project exceeded previous mathematical endeavours by its sheer size, in both length of proof and number of researchers. Research is ongoing to simplify the proof of this classification. These days, group theory is still a highly active mathematical branch, impacting many other fields.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3067,
"text": "simplify the proof of this classification"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "26910418f796539bf9af80b152b4299abe3b3e33",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "這項研究的目標是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The study of finitely generated abelian groups is quite mature, including the fundamental theorem of finitely generated abelian groups; and reflecting this state of affairs, many group-related notions, such as center and commutator, describe the extent to which a given group is not abelian.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 13,
"text": "finitely"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ece9cf86a13c86472b582c271e21b23193963bee",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪一個詞最適合說明這些群的生成方式？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Group (mathematics)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig, the United Kingdom and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece. Shortly after the Franco-British pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to \"encircle\" Germany and renounced the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact.The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. In August 23, when tripartite negotiations about a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom and Soviet Union stalled, the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact with Germany. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet \"spheres of influence\" (western Poland and Lithuania for Germany; eastern Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Bessarabia for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralized the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World War I. Immediately after that, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland, and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which only served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig, and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a stormy meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 370,
"text": "Pact of Steel"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "170db0702ab6db44b1162a2d1aaac235a8d6c4da",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "二戰中德意聯盟的名稱是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and a democratic government, later known as the Weimar Republic, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a \"New Roman Empire\".Adolf Hitler, after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923, eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933. He abolished democracy, espousing a radical, racially motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive rearmament campaign. Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance, allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards military globalization; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect though, the Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year.Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to appeasement. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the Rome–Berlin Axis. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy would join in the following year.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1197,
"text": "France"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "66abeeee7d7a0e0b16c97cb514345a23ad027332",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪個國家允許義大利在衣索比亞獲得機會？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2449,
"text": "Germany and Japan"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "af4a32a9dadf7710c49a23154c2133c0f8d5df73",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪兩國首先簽署了《反共產國際協定》？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels, led by General Francisco Franco. Italy supported the Nationalist to a greater extent than National-Socialist did: altogether Mussolini sent to Spain more than 70,000 ground troops and 6,000 aviation personnel, as well as about 720 aircraft. The Soviet Union supported the existing government, the Spanish Republic. Over 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the International Brigades, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 710,
"text": "Franco"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "76d335dd3dd302e964ea75cd244c23196128df26",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰援助了德國？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "World War II",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Before the middle of the 20th century, most forest managers believed that fires should be suppressed at all times. By 1935, the U.S. Forest Service's fire management policy stipulated that all wildfires were to be suppressed by 10 a.m. the morning after they were first spotted. Firefighting crews were established throughout public lands, and generally staffed by young men during fire seasons. By 1940, firefighters known as smokejumpers would parachute out of airplanes to extinguish flames in remote locations. By the beginning of World War II, more than 8,000 fire lookout towers had been constructed in the United States. Though many have been torn down due to increased use of airplanes for fire spotting, three are still used each year in Yellowstone. Firefighting efforts were highly successful, with the area burned by wildfires reduced from an annual average of 30,000,000 acres (120,000 km2) during the 1930s, to between 2,000,000 acres (8,100 km2) and 5,000,000 acres (20,000 km2) by the 1960s. The need for lumber during World War II was high and fires that destroyed timberland were deemed unacceptable. In 1944, the U.S. Forest Service developed an ad campaign to help educate the public that all fires were detrimental, using a cartoon black bear named Smokey Bear. This iconic firefighting bear can still be seen on posters with the catchphrase \"Only you can prevent forest fires\". Early posters of Smokey Bear misled the public into believing that western wildfires were predominantly human-caused. In Yellowstone, human-caused fires average between 6 and 10 annually, while 35 wildfires are ignited by lightning.Some researchers, as well as some timber companies and private citizens, understood that fire was a natural state of affairs in many ecosystems. Fire would help clean out the understory and dead plant matter, allowing economically important tree species to grow with less competition for nutrients. Native Americans would often burn woodlands to reduce overgrowth and increase grasslands for large prey animals such as bison and elk. As early as 1924, environmentalist Aldo Leopold argued that wildfires were beneficial to ecosystems, and were necessary for the natural propagation of numerous tree and plant species. Over the next 40 years, increasing numbers of foresters and ecologists concurred about the benefits of wildfire to ecosystems. In 1963, a group of ecologists consulted by the National Park Service released a report recommending that wildfires should be allowed to periodically burn to restore the environmental balance in parks. The Wilderness Act of 1964 helped to address the role of fire as a natural part of ecosystems. By 1968, the National Park Service had adjusted its fire management policies to reflect changing attitudes. The service determined that fires that started naturally (by lightning) would be permitted to burn if they posed little risk to human life and property. The service also decreed that under prescribed conditions, controlled burns would be deliberately set to restore balance to ecosystems. Fire ecology became better understood after many forests had aged to maturity and were overdue for a large scale burn.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3132,
"text": "aged to maturity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c130dada9e5533431518475208b59537a0675db2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼會應用燃燒的更好？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "fires"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0c557002a203f954c8fc9679f1376a11d1531248",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "森林管理員想要抑制什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1777,
"text": "Fire"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c21a78482c9f987237c7972bbbce4d2bf1040ee9",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪種自然現象可以幫助一些重要的樹種多一些生長空間？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3040,
"text": "restore balance to ecosystems"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f7360503ff17ae9632d6b19b3789207c007331b2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "控制燃燒的目的是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 365,
"text": "young men"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "caa402ec56b2678247a0e17425ad12be669f7f53",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "消防員大多由哪個年齡組組成？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "From 1972, the National Park Service began allowing natural fires in Yellowstone to burn under controlled conditions. Fires of this type were referred to as prescribed natural fires. Between 1972 and 1987, a total of 235 prescribed natural fires burned a relatively small 33,759 acres (137 km2) under the directives of the new policy. Of these, only 15 spread to more than 100 acres (0.4 km2). The five years prior to 1988 were much wetter than normal and this may have reduced the area of the fires during that period. The prescribed natural fire policy appeared to be an effective way to manage fires, especially in the Yellowstone region.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 69,
"text": "Yellowstone"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "aca1c4a8849d15ad71b353633430cb0c757fd9ad",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "制定的自然山火可以在哪個公園使用？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In contrast, in 1988, Yellowstone was overdue for a large fire, and, in the exceptionally dry summer, the many smaller \"controlled\" fires combined. The fires burned discontinuously, leaping from one patch to another, leaving intervening areas untouched. Intense fires swept through some regions, burning everything in their paths. Tens of millions of trees and countless plants were killed by the wildfires, and some regions were left looking blackened and dead. However, more than half of the affected areas were burned by ground fires, which did less damage to hardier tree species. Not long after the fires ended, plant and tree species quickly reestablished themselves, and natural plant regeneration has been highly successful.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 617,
"text": "plant and tree species"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b1dde800da1cfba917947226d4a5aa7786185098",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "火災結束後，什麼很快自我再生？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In the eastern United States, with its significant rainfall, wildfires are relatively small and have rarely posed great risk to life and property. As white settlements moved further west into drier areas, the first large scale fires were encountered. Range fires on the Great Plains and forest fires in the Rocky Mountains were far larger and more destructive than what had ever been seen in the east. A number of catastrophic fire events over the years greatly influenced fire management policies.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 7,
"text": "eastern United States"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "48331339b0624ff5a309e78c77164a30b7eb499a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "山火在美國哪個地區威脅較小？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 182,
"text": "west"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "32e96e03234e4fb88c7e06b4ec30893713070d9c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "居民們向哪個方向遷移？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The worst loss of life in United States history due to a wildfire occurred in 1871 when the Peshtigo Fire swept through Wisconsin, killing more than 1,500 people. The Santiago Canyon Fire of 1889 in California and especially the Great Fire of 1910 in Montana and Idaho contributed to the philosophy that fire was a danger that needed to be suppressed. The Great Fire of 1910 burned 3,000,000 acres (12,000 km2), destroyed a number of communities, and killed 86 people; this event prompted various land management agencies to emphasize wildfire suppression. U.S. Government land agencies, including the National Park Service, generally followed the fire management policies established by the U.S. Forest Service, which oversees the majority of the nation's forestlands.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 719,
"text": "oversees the majority of the nation's forestlands"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "05d688c66cf04d5404507eff1dda1eba212b251c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "美國森林管理局的職責是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Yellowstone fires of 1988",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Parliament may determine the number of members of the House of Representatives but the Constitution provides that this number must be \"as nearly as practicable, twice the number of Senators\"; this requirement is commonly called the \"nexus provision\". Hence, the House presently consists of 150 members. Each state is allocated seats based on its population; however, each original state, regardless of size, is guaranteed at least five seats. The Constitution does not guarantee representation for the territories. Parliament granted a seat to the Northern Territory in 1922, and to the Australian Capital Territory in 1948; these territorial representatives, however, had only limited voting rights until 1968. Federal electorates have their boundaries redrawn or redistributed whenever a state or territory has its number of seats adjusted, if electorates are not generally matched by population size or if seven years have passed since the most recent redistribution.From 1901 to 1949, the House consisted of either 74 or 75 members (the Senate had 36). Between 1949 and 1984, it had between 121 and 127 members (the Senate had 60 until 1975, when it increased to 64). In 1977, the High Court ordered that the size of the House be reduced from 127 to 124 members to comply with the nexus provision. In 1984, both the Senate and the House were enlarged; since then the House has had between 148 and 150 members (the Senate has 76).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 443,
"text": "The Constitution"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b9b370b52d56b60da8b109a128bcc276e98780d8",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼文件不保證各地區有議席？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1087,
"text": "between 121 and 127"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "74cb5d4cd7c19e24b5b539df5ac336a1fb07eaf9",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "1949 年至 1984 年那裡有多少成員？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Commonwealth of Australia came into being on 1 January 1901 with the federation of the six Australian colonies. The inaugural election took place on 29 and 30 March and the first Australian Parliament was opened on 9 May 1901 in Melbourne by Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V. The only building in Melbourne that was large enough to accommodate the 14,000 guests was the western annexe of the Royal Exhibition Building. After the official opening, from 1901 to 1927 the Parliament met in Parliament House, Melbourne, which it borrowed from the Parliament of Victoria (which sat, instead, in the Royal Exhibition Building until 1927).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 520,
"text": "Parliament House"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7db54e2c15d78f06edc0ec8e5bea0b67d77112af",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "1901 年至 1927 年的議會會議在哪裡舉行？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The principal function of the Parliament is to pass laws, or legislation. Any Senator or Member may introduce a proposed law (a bill), except for a money bill (a bill proposing an expenditure or levying a tax), which must be introduced in the House of Representatives. In practice, the great majority of bills are introduced by ministers. Bills introduced by other Members are called private members' bills. All bills must be passed by both Houses to become law. The Senate has the same legislative powers as the House, except that it may not amend money bills, only pass or reject them. The enacting formula for Acts of Parliament is simply \"The Parliament of Australia enacts:\".The Commonwealth legislative power is limited to that granted in the Constitution. Powers not specified are considered \"residual powers\", and remain the domain of the states. Section 51 grants the Commonwealth power over areas such as taxation, external affairs, defence and marriage. Section 51 also allows State parliaments to refer matters to the Commonwealth to legislate.Section 96 of the Australian Constitution gives the Commonwealth Parliament the power to grant money to any State, \"on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit\". In effect, the Commonwealth can make grants subject to States implementing particular policies in their fields of legislative responsibility. Such grants, known as \"tied grants\" (since they are tied to a particular purpose), have been used to give the federal parliament influence over state policy matters such as public hospitals and schools.The Parliament performs other functions besides legislation. It can discuss urgency motions or matters of public importance: these provide a forum for debates on public policy matters. Senators and Members can move motions of censure against the government or against individual ministers. On most sitting days in both Houses there is a session called Question time at which Senators and Members address questions to the Prime Minister and other ministers. Senators and Members can also present petitions from their constituents. Both Houses have an extensive system of committees in which draft bills are debated, evidence is taken and public servants are questioned. There are also joint committees, composed of members from both Houses.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 527,
"text": "that it may not amend money bills, only pass or reject them"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "03d42670aca127a899e1178ca4ad0ae4b9afa69e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "參議院和眾議院的立法權力有什麼不同？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Parliament of Australia",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Although the Greeks and Romans did much to advance water clock technology, they still continued to use shadow clocks. The mathematician and astronomer Theodosius of Bithynia, for example, is said to have invented a universal sundial that was accurate anywhere on Earth, though little is known about it. Others wrote of the sundial in the mathematics and literature of the period. Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, the Roman author of De Architectura, wrote on the mathematics of gnomons, or sundial blades. During the reign of Emperor Augustus, the Romans constructed the largest sundial ever built, the Solarium Augusti. Its gnomon was an obelisk from Heliopolis. Similarly, the obelisk from Campus Martius was used as the gnomon for Augustus's zodiacal sundial. Pliny the Elder records that the first sundial in Rome arrived in 264 BC, looted from Catania, Sicily; according to him, it gave the incorrect time until the markings and angle appropriate for Rome's latitude were used—a century later.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 122,
"text": "mathematician and astronomer"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b84a0df755a4a0c27df01d0cb19a100278518b23",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "比提尼亞的狄奧多以什麼而聞名？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Egyptian shadow clocks divided daytime into 12 parts with each part further divided into more precise parts. One type of shadow clock consisted of a long stem with five variable marks and an elevated crossbar which cast a shadow over those marks. It was positioned eastward in the morning so that the rising sun cast a shadow over the marks, and was turned west at noon to catch the afternoon shadows. Obelisks functioned in much the same manner: the shadow cast on the markers around it allowed the Egyptians to calculate the time. The obelisk also indicated whether it was morning or afternoon, as well as the summer and winter solstices. A third shadow clock, developed c. 1500 BC, was similar in shape to a bent T-square. It measured the passage of time by the shadow cast by its crossbar on a non-linear rule. The T was oriented eastward in the mornings, and turned around at noon, so that it could cast its shadow in the opposite direction.Although accurate, shadow clocks relied on the sun, and so were useless at night and in cloudy weather. The Egyptians therefore developed a number of alternative timekeeping instruments, including water clocks, and a system for tracking star movements. The oldest description of a water clock is from the tomb inscription of the 16th-century BC Egyptian court official Amenemhet, identifying him as its inventor. There were several types of water clocks, some more elaborate than others. One type consisted of a bowl with small holes in its bottom, which was floated on water and allowed to fill at a near-constant rate; markings on the side of the bowl indicated elapsed time, as the surface of the water reached them. The oldest-known waterclock was found in the tomb of pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC), suggesting that they were first used in ancient Egypt. Another Egyptian method of determining the time during the night was using plumb-lines called merkhets. In use since at least 600 BC, two of these instruments were aligned with Polaris, the north pole star, to create a north–south meridian. The time was accurately measured by observing certain stars as they crossed the line created with the merkhets.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 560,
"text": "whether it was morning or afternoon"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0a20c95fc4c73edbd647031cfee17df862a3ecb6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "方尖碑有何象徵意義？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In Greek tradition, clepsydrae were used in court; later, the Romans adopted this practice, as well. There are several mentions of this in historical records and literature of the era; for example, in Theaetetus, Plato says that \"Those men, on the other hand, always speak in haste, for the flowing water urges them on\". Another mention occurs in Lucius Apuleius' The Golden Ass: \"The Clerk of the Court began bawling again, this time summoning the chief witness for the prosecution to appear. Up stepped an old man, whom I did not know. He was invited to speak for as long as there was water in the clock; this was a hollow globe into which water was poured through a funnel in the neck, and from which it gradually escaped through fine perforations at the base\". The clock in Apuleius's account was one of several types of water clock used. Another consisted of a bowl with a hole in its centre, which was floated on water. Time was kept by observing how long the bowl took to fill with water.Although clepsydrae were more useful than sundials—they could be used indoors, during the night, and also when the sky was cloudy—they were not as accurate; the Greeks, therefore, sought a way to improve their water clocks. Although still not as accurate as sundials, Greek water clocks became more accurate around 325 BC, and they were adapted to have a face with an hour hand, making the reading of the clock more precise and convenient. One of the more common problems in most types of clepsydrae was caused by water pressure: when the container holding the water was full, the increased pressure caused the water to flow more rapidly. This problem was addressed by Greek and Roman horologists beginning in 100 BC, and improvements continued to be made in the following centuries. To counteract the increased water flow, the clock's water containers—usually bowls or jugs—were given a conical shape; positioned with the wide end up, a greater amount of water had to flow out in order to drop the same distance as when the water was lower in the cone. Along with this improvement, clocks were constructed more elegantly in this period, with hours marked by gongs, doors opening to miniature figurines, bells, or moving mechanisms. There were some remaining problems, however, which were never solved, such as the effect of temperature. Water flows more slowly when cold, or may even freeze.Between 270 BC and AD 500, Hellenistic (Ctesibius, Hero of Alexandria, Archimedes) and Roman horologists and astronomers began developing more elaborate mechanized water clocks. The added complexity was aimed at regulating the flow and at providing fancier displays of the passage of time. For example, some water clocks rang bells and gongs, while others opened doors and windows to show figurines of people, or moved pointers, and dials. Some even displayed astrological models of the universe.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "in court"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5c311a45da3d8ea677e9daf9d82186155b0a0d48",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪裡使用漏壺？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1606,
"text": "water to flow more rapidly"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b41234f0bb50e1dd6a377b865a38cdebbff383af",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "增加的壓力會導致什麼結果？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In addition to water, mechanical, and candle clocks, incense clocks were used in the Far East, and were fashioned in several different forms. Incense clocks were first used in China around the 6th century; in Japan, one still exists in the Shōsōin, although its characters are not Chinese, but Devanagari. Due to their frequent use of Devanagari characters, suggestive of their use in Buddhist ceremonies, Edward H. Schafer speculated that incense clocks were invented in India. Although similar to the candle clock, incense clocks burned evenly and without a flame; therefore, they were more accurate and safer for indoor use.Several types of incense clock have been found, the most common forms include the incense stick and incense seal. An incense stick clock was an incense stick with calibrations; most were elaborate, sometimes having threads, with weights attached, at even intervals. The weights would drop onto a platter or gong below, signifying that a certain amount of time had elapsed. Some incense clocks were held in elegant trays; open-bottomed trays were also used, to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray. Sticks of incense with different scents were also used, so that the hours were marked by a change in fragrance. The incense sticks could be straight or spiraled; the spiraled ones were longer, and were therefore intended for long periods of use, and often hung from the roofs of homes and temples. In Japan, a geisha was paid for the number of senkodokei (incense sticks) that had been consumed while she was present, a practice which continued until 1924.Incense seal clocks were used for similar occasions and events as the stick clock; while religious purposes were of primary importance, these clocks were also popular at social gatherings, and were used by Chinese scholars and intellectuals. The seal was a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves etched in it into which incense was placed. These clocks were common in China, but were produced in fewer numbers in Japan. To signal the passage of a specific amount of time, small pieces of fragrant woods, resins, or different scented incenses could be placed on the incense powder trails. Different powdered incense clocks used different formulations of incense, depending on how the clock was laid out. The length of the trail of incense, directly related to the size of the seal, was the primary factor in determining how long the clock would last; all burned for long periods of time, ranging between 12 hours and a month.While early incense seals were made of wood or stone, the Chinese gradually introduced disks made of metal, most likely beginning during the Song dynasty. This allowed craftsmen to more easily create both large and small seals, as well as design and decorate them more aesthetically. Another advantage was the ability to vary the paths of the grooves, to allow for the changing length of the days in the year. As smaller seals became more readily available, the clocks grew in popularity among the Chinese, and were often given as gifts. Incense seal clocks are often sought by modern-day clock collectors; however, few remain that have not already been purchased or been placed on display at museums or temples.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 532,
"text": "burned evenly and without a flame"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c9fc32c8f4220d26ec063fe618491e2f16654617",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "香鍾為什麼在室內更安全？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Other ancient timekeeping devices include the candle clock, used in ancient China, ancient Japan, England and Mesopotamia; the timestick, widely used in India and Tibet, as well as some parts of Europe; and the hourglass, which functioned similarly to a water clock. The sundial, another early clock, relies on shadows to provide a good estimate of the hour on a sunny day. It is not so useful in cloudy weather or at night and requires recalibration as the seasons change (if the gnomon was not aligned with the Earth's axis).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 46,
"text": "candle clock"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "892399ba3096c329a241af9437a218a6102f6675",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "古代用什麼來確定時間？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "History of timekeeping devices",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "After the war, Leona Marshall returned to the University of Chicago, where she became a fellow at Fermi's Institute for Nuclear Studies. Working with the Chicago Pile 3 heavy water reactor, she found a way to 100 percent spin polarize neutron beams, and determined the refractive index of neutrons for various materials. Her second child, John Marshall III, was born in 1949. She became an assistant professor in 1953.After Fermi died in 1954, the Marshalls separated. John Marshall returned to the Los Alamos Laboratory, while Leona, now effectively a single mother, became a fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey in 1957. The following year she became a fellow at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, at a time when the focus of research in physics was shifting away from the nucleus and towards elementary particles. In 1960, she joined New York University as an associate professor of physics. She became a professor in 1962.Three years later, she became a professor at the University of Colorado, researching high-energy physics, astrophysics and cosmology. She then became a staff member at RAND Corporation, where she worked until 1976. In 1966, she divorced John Marshall, and married Willard Libby, who had won the Nobel prize in 1960. She later joined him at UCLA, where she became a visiting professor of environmental studies, engineering, engineering archaeology, mechanical aerospace and nuclear engineering in 1973.Now known as Leona Marshall Libby, she became interested in ecological and environmental issues, and she devised a method of using the isotope ratios of Oxygen-18 to Oxygen-16, Carbon-13 to Carbon-12, and Deuterium to Hydrogen in tree rings to study changes in temperature and rainfall patterns hundreds of years before records were kept, opening the door to the study of climate change.Like Willard Libby, she was a strong advocate of food irradiation as a means of killing off harmful bacteria, and advocated that legal and regulatory restrictions on its use be relaxed. She proposed that, instead of it being sprayed with malathion, fruit affected by the Mediterranean fruit fly could be treated with gamma rays.She was a prolific author, publishing over 200 scientific papers. While at RAND she wrote a paper on Creation of an Atmosphere for the Moon (1969). Her works include the autobiographical The Uranium People (1979), a history of early atomic research. After Libby died in 1980, she edited his papers with Rainer Berger, and published The Life Work of Nobel Laureate Willard Libby (1982). Her last paper, on quasi-stellar objects, appeared in 1984.She died at St. John's Medical Center in Santa Monica, California, on November 10, 1986, from an anesthesia-induced stroke. She was survived by her sons Peter and John, and four grandchildren. She also had two stepdaughters, Janet Eva Libby and Susan Charlotte Libby from her second marriage.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 339,
"text": "John Marshall III"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2a4a9a8de163086fe5bb589cc8ea2375a99864df",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "利昂娜第二個孩子叫什麼名字？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "After the war, she became a fellow at Fermi's Institute for Nuclear Studies. She later worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, the Brookhaven National Laboratory, and New York University, where she became a professor in 1962. Her research involved high-energy physics, astrophysics and cosmology. In 1966 she divorced Marshall and married Nobel laureate Willard Libby. She became a professor at the University of Colorado, and a staff member at RAND Corporation. In later life she became interested in ecological and environmental issues, and she devised a method of using the isotope ratios in tree rings to study climate change. She was a strong advocate of food irradiation as a means of killing harmful bacteria.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 347,
"text": "Marshall"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "94a8c104b5b793e55be57b609b656626dd6b7abe",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "1966 年後她和誰離婚了？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Laura Fermi remembered Woods as \"a tall young girl built like an athlete, who could do a man's job and do it well. She was the only woman physicist in Enrico's group. At that time, her mother, who was also endowed with inexhaustible energy, was running a small farm near Chicago almost by herself. To relieve Mrs. Woods of some work, Leona divided her time between atoms and potatoes.\"Like many scientists working on the project, Woods affected a casual attitude towards the danger posed by radiation. After a morning with Willard Libby soldering a canister containing a mixture of radium salt and beryllium metal, Woods absorbed about 200 roentgens, and her white blood cell count halved. The doctors gave her a lecture on how a woman has only a fixed number of egg cells, a proposition that Woods was skeptical of. She considered that the important thing was that the solder was done correctly. When the team moved to their new home at Argonne, Woods had a dormitory all to herself.Woods married John Marshall in July 1943. Soon after, she fell pregnant. While she told Enrico Fermi, they agreed not to let Walter Zinn know, for fear that he would insist that she leave the reactor building. She covered up her pregnant belly with her baggy denim work clothes. She rode to work each day on an unheated Army bus, \"arriving each morning barely in time to vomit before starting the day's work.\" The child, a boy called Peter, was born in 1944. She returned to work a few days later.A team from Argonne was on hand for powering up the first reactor at the Hanford Site, where large reactors would produce plutonium for bombs. They watched the reactor in shifts, with John Marshall and others on the day shift, Enrico Fermi and Leona Marshall on the night shift, ending at midnight, and Don Hughes and John Wheeler on the swing shift. While the Marshalls were babysitting the reactor in Hanford, they left Peter with Leona's mother.The reactor was powered up successfully, but after a few hours the power level dropped and the reactor shut down. Leona speculated that a water leak was the problem, rather than a radioactive poison. However, during the night the operators were able to power the reactor up again only to have it once more die away. The timings now pointed to a radioactive poison. After working through the numbers with slide rules and hand calculators, they determined the neutron cross section of the poison, which turned out to be xenon-135. Fortunately, the DuPont engineers had equipped the reactor with 50 per cent more fuel tubes than the physicists had called for, and by loading them up, they managed to get the reactor started.Asked many years later about how she felt about her involvement in the Manhattan Project, she said:",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 245,
"text": "running a small farm"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "42edd771fb853a1a1207df97274a47e6e75c0c1e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "伍茲太太的母親從事什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Leona Harriet Woods (August 9, 1919 – November 10, 1986), later known as Leona Woods Marshall and Leona Woods Marshall Libby, was an American physicist who helped build the first nuclear reactor and the first atomic bomb.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 21,
"text": "August 9, 1919"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e2866451fd2a036b9c76e1c7dd8688309558572e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "利昂娜・伍茲出生於什麼時候？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Leona Woods",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In astronomy, those elements with higher atomic numbers than helium are termed \"metals\". The metallicity of Vega's photosphere is only about 32% of the abundance of heavy elements in the Sun's atmosphere. (Compare this, for example, to a threefold metallicity abundance in the similar star Sirius as compared to the Sun.) For comparison, the Sun has an abundance of elements heavier than helium of about ZSol = 0.0172 ± 0.002. Thus, in terms of abundances, only about 0.54% of Vega consists of elements heavier than helium.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 80,
"text": "metals"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "38eed51d73ec98dd986957f62cf4f3c6032a512f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "比氦的原子量大的元素的名稱是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 468,
"text": "0.54%"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2a3b6c0bf054b0728d712d1d953f82e1db341979",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "織女星有多少組成元素比氦重？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers, leading it to be termed “arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun”. Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BC and will be so again around the year 13,727, when the declination will be +86°14'. Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded. It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements. Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the zero point for the UBV photometric system.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Vega"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7b77284a7c74ad79bdab1a571040a1e0e222a0d8",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "天空中有重大意義的一顆星星是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Vega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae, which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr. This star is relatively close at only 25 light-years from the Sun, and, together with Arcturus and Sirius, one of the most luminous stars in the Sun's neighborhood. It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 212,
"text": "25 light-years"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c09fc87aaa08a320842c787efc8ef0812185e966",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "天空中第五亮星距離太陽多遠？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Vega's spectral class is A0V, making it a blue-tinged white main sequence star that is fusing hydrogen to helium in its core. Since more massive stars use their fusion fuel more quickly than smaller ones, Vega's main-sequence lifetime is roughly one billion years, a tenth of the Sun's. The current age of this star is about 455 million years, or up to about half its expected total main-sequence lifespan. After leaving the main sequence, Vega will become a class-M red giant and shed much of its mass, finally becoming a white dwarf. At present, Vega has more than twice the mass of the Sun and its bolometric luminosity is about 40 times the Sun's. Because it is rapidly-rotating and seen nearly pole-on, its apparent luminosity, calculated assuming it was the same brightness all over, is about 57 times the Sun's. If Vega is variable, then it may be a Delta Scuti type with a period of about 0.107 days.Most of the energy produced at Vega's core is generated by the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle (CNO cycle), a nuclear fusion process that combines protons to form helium nuclei through intermediary nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This process requires a temperature of about 15 million K, which is higher than the core temperature of the Sun, but is less efficient than the Sun's proton-proton chain reaction fusion reaction. The CNO cycle is highly temperature sensitive, which results in a convection zone about the core that evenly distributes the 'ash' from the fusion reaction within the core region. The overlying atmosphere is in radiative equilibrium. This is in contrast to the Sun, which has a radiation zone centered on the core with an overlying convection zone.The energy flux from Vega has been precisely measured against standard light sources. At 5480 Å, the flux is 3,650 Jy with an error margin of 2%. The visual spectrum of Vega is dominated by absorption lines of hydrogen; specifically by the hydrogen Balmer series with the electron at the n=2 principal quantum number. The lines of other elements are relatively weak, with the strongest being ionized magnesium, iron, and chromium. The X-ray emission from Vega is very low, demonstrating that the corona for this star must be very weak or non-existent. However, as the pole of Vega is facing Earth and a polar coronal hole may be present, confirmation of a corona as the likely source of the X-rays detected from Vega (or the region very close to Vega) may be difficult as most of any coronal X-rays would not be emitted along the line of sight.Using spectropolarimetry, a magnetic field has been detected on the surface of Vega by a team of astronomers at the Observatoire du Pic du Midi. This is the first such detection of a magnetic field on a spectral class A star that is not an Ap chemically peculiar star. The average line of sight component of this field has a strength of −0.6 ± 0.3 G. This is comparable to the mean magnetic field on the Sun. Magnetic fields of roughly 30 gauss have been reported for Vega, compared to about 1 gauss for the Sun. In 2015, bright star spots were detected on the star's surface—the first such detection for a normal A-type star, and these features show evidence of rotational modulation with a period of 0.68 days.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 521,
"text": "a white dwarf"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "494217cb4b0f28d922f3a61924c50d9a7147249d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "織女星在未來會變成什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Vega",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In March 2006, the Ministry of Health issued the Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation, which stipulated that medical centres must meet new requirements for transplant services; the provinces were made responsible for plans for clinical applications. Establishments performing transplantation were thereby obliged to incorporate considerations for ethics, medical and surgical expertise, and intensive care. In April 2006, the Committee of Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplantation Technologies was created to standardise clinical practice; a national summit on clinical management took place in November 2006 which issued a declaration outlining regulatory steps. Professor Guo Shuzhong conducted a series of face transplant experiments in Xijing hospital, leading in April 2006 to the world's first face transplant that included bone. The donor had been declared brain-dead before the operation.In May 2007 the Regulation on Human Organ Transplantation came into force, banning organ trading and the removal of a person's organs without their prior written consent, and this has been favourably received by the World Health Organization and The Transplantation Society. To curb illegal transplants, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions; only a few hospitals will be certified to perform organ transplants. As a result of a systematic overhaul, the number of institutions approved for transplants has been reduced from more than 600 in 2007 to 87 as at October 2008; another 77 have received provisional approval from the Ministry of Health.To further combat transplant tourism, the Health Ministry issued a notice in July 2007 in line with the Istanbul Declaration, giving Chinese citizens priority as organ recipients. In October 2007, after several years of discussions with the WHO, the Chinese Medical Association agreed to cease commercial organ collection from condemned prisoners, who would only be able to donate to their immediate relatives. Other safeguards implemented under the legislation include documentation of consent for organ removal from the donor, and review of all death sentences by the Supreme People's Court. Transplant professionals are not involved until death is declared. A symposium among legal and medical professionals was held in April 2008 to discuss the diagnostic criteria for brain death for donors of transplant organs.A liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, in 2008, which allows the monitoring of the after-care of liver recipients; at the same time a nationwide proposal was announced that would allow people to note on their driving licence that they wish to donate their organs. Despite these initiatives the China Daily newspaper reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners, which has been described as \"not a proper source for organ transplants\" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu. China's first posthumous organ donation system was jointly launched in March 2010 by the Red Cross and the Ministry of Health. Huang Jiefu announced that the scheme, which will allow people to express their wishes on their driver's licences, would be trialled in 10 pilot regions including the cities of Tianjin, Wuhan and Shenzhen. Funds will be made available for the families of people who voluntarily donate their organs. Chinese authorities say they hope the pilot program's success will reduce the need to take organs from death row prisoners and stem the tide of black market organs. In 2012 China officials stated they plan to phase out organ harvesting of death-row inmates.In September 2012, the report Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party presented to the members of a US Congress Subcommittee by Damon Noto, the spokesperson for the organization Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, opined: \"Medical doctors outside China have confirmed that their patients have gone to China and received organs from Falun Gong practitioners\".The Hangzhou resolution was promulgated in front of the 2013 China National Transplantation Congress on 31 October 2013 and was presented on 2 November 2013. The resolution vows for the cessation of the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners. While not all transplantation facilities have adopted the resolution, a campaign to eradicate inmate organ harvesting is underway.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 49,
"text": "Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cccc62efa3a465a33d8845b12bc2be2274c0efb8",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "2006 年 3 月，衛生部頒佈了什麼新規定？\\n"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Organ transplantation in China has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest organ transplant programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004. China is also involved in innovative transplant surgery such as face transplantation including bone.Involuntary organ harvesting is illegal under Chinese law; though, under a 1984 regulation, it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives. Growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations, by the 1990s, to start condemning the practice. These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor testified that he had taken part in organ extraction operations.In 2006, allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry. An initial investigation stated \"the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained\" and concluded that \"there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners\".In December 2005, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplants was widespread. In 2007, China issued regulations banning the commercial trading of organs, and the Chinese Medical Association agreed that the organs of prisoners should not be used for transplantation, except for members of the immediate family of the deceased. In 2008, a liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, along with a nationwide proposal to incorporate information on individual driving permits for those wishing to donate their organs.Despite these initiatives, China Daily reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners. The condemned prisoners have been described as \"not a proper source for organ transplants\" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu, and in March 2010 he announced the trial of China's first organ donation program starting after death, jointly run by the Red Cross Society and the Ministry of Health, in 10 pilot regions. In 2013, Huang Jiefu altered his position on utilizing prisoners' organs, stating that death row prisoners should be allowed to donate organs and should be integrated into the new computer-based organ allocation system.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 57,
"text": "1960s"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3065b5359d7e0eb408650e11185a3bf2d30f2807",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "器官移植始於何時？\\n"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Organ transplantation in China",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Lynchings declined briefly after the takeover in the 1870s. By the end of the 19th century, with struggles over labor and disenfranchisement, and continuing agricultural depression, lynchings rose again. The number of lynchings peaked at the end of the 19th century, but these kinds of murders continued into the 20th century. Tuskegee Institute records of lynchings between the years 1880 and 1951 show 3,437 African-American victims, as well as 1,293 white victims. Lynchings were concentrated in the Cotton Belt (Mississippi, Georgia, Alabama, Texas and Louisiana).Due to the high rate of lynching, racism, and lack of political and economic opportunities in the South, many black southerners decided to live outside the South to escape these conditions. From 1910 to 1940, 1.5 million southern blacks migrated to urban and industrial Northern cities such as New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Cincinnati, Boston, and Pittsburgh during the Great Migration. The rapid influx of southern blacks into the North disturbed the racial balance within Northern cities, exacerbating hostility between both black and white Northerners. Many whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward blacks, while many other whites migrated to more racially homogeneous regions, a process known as white flight. Overall, blacks in Northern cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Throughout this period, racial tensions exploded, most violently in Chicago, and lynchings—mob-directed hangings—increased dramatically in the 1920s.African Americans resisted through protests, marches, lobbying Congress, writing of articles, rebuttals of so-called justifications of lynching, organizing women's groups against lynching, and getting integrated groups against lynching. African-American playwrights produced 14 anti-lynching plays between 1916 and 1935, ten of them by women.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 447,
"text": "1,293"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7617c658ffbfa423f101fa6c94e6d79b790fab52",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "根據阿拉巴馬州塔斯提吉學院，有多少白人受到私刑的處決？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Lynchings took place in the United States both before and after the American Civil War, most commonly in Southern states and Western frontier settlements and most frequently in the late 19th century. It was performed without due process of law by self-appointed commissions, mobs, or vigilantes as a form of punishment for presumed criminal offences . At the first recorded lynching, in St. Louis in 1835, a black man named McIntosh who killed a deputy sheriff while being taken to jail was captured, chained to a tree, and burned to death on a corner lot downtown in front of a crowd of over 1,000 people.In the South in the antebellum era, members of the abolitionist movement or other people who opposed slavery were sometimes victims of mob violence. The largest lynching during the war and perhaps the largest lynching in all of U.S. history, was the lynching of 41 men in the Great Hanging at Gainesville, Texas in October 1862. Most of the victims were hanged after an extrajudicial \"trial\" but at least fourteen of them did not receive that formality. The men had been accused of insurrection or treason. Five more men were hanged in Decatur, Texas as part of the same sweep.After the war, southern whites struggled to maintain their social dominance. Secret vigilante and insurgent groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) instigated extrajudicial assaults and killings in order to keep whites in power and discourage freedmen from voting, working and getting educated. They also sometimes attacked Northerners, teachers, and agents of the Freedmen's Bureau. A study of the period from 1868 to 1871 estimates that the KKK was involved in more than 400 lynchings. The aftermath of the war was a period of upheaval and social turmoil, in which most white men had been war veterans. Mobs usually alleged crimes for which they lynched blacks. In the late 19th century, however, journalist Ida B. Wells showed that many presumed crimes were either exaggerated or had not even occurred.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Lynchings"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "fdae1fbbc03d5ea98cc9080a2b95c5db32cc87d9",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "美國西部和南部的維吉蘭人採取了什麼樣的警戒懲罰來自己解決問題？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Lynching",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The Sultanate of Ternate is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia, established by Baab Mashur Malamo in 1257. It reached its Golden Age during the reign of Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583) and encompassed most of the eastern part of Indonesia and a part of southern Philippines. Ternate was a major producer of cloves and a regional power from the 15th to 17th centuries.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 103,
"text": "Malamo"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "eef0c5b1c2e41b7a6758c7da029548dfea46328b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "特爾納特蘇丹國的立國者的姓氏是什麼？\\n\\n"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 284,
"text": "Ternate"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1300ae5c5c2b6d4b7c574d4e92caa19891338a16",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰製作過丁香？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The peak of Ternate's power came near the end of the 16th century, under Sultan Baabullah (1570–1583), when it had influence over most of the eastern part of Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and as well as parts of Papua. It frequently engaged in fierce competition for control of its periphery with the nearby Sultanate of Tidore. According to historian Leonard Andaya, Ternate's \"dualistic\" rivalry with Tidore is a dominant theme in the early history of the Maluku Islands.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 158,
"text": "Sulawesi, the Ambon and Seram area, Timor island, parts of southern Mindanao and as well as parts of Papua"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d83b37e4cba0b8fb025808e260613e932f894a4e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "巴布拉蘇丹統治的頂峰時期他的影響力遍及的地區有哪些？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Sultanate of Ternate",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Mercury () is the ruling planet of Gemini and is exalted in Virgo and Aquarius. In classical Roman mythology, Mercury is the messenger of the gods, noted for his speed and swiftness. Echoing this, the scorching, airless world Mercury circles the Sun on the fastest orbit of any planet. Mercury takes only 88 days to orbit the Sun, spending about 7.33 days in each sign of the zodiac. Mercury is so close to the Sun that only a brief period exists after the Sun has set where it can be seen with the naked eye, before following the Sun beyond the horizon.Astrologically speaking, Mercury represents the principles of communication, mentality, thinking patterns, rationality and reasoning, and adaptability and variability. Mercury governs schooling and education, the immediate environment of neighbors, siblings and cousins, transport over short distances, messages and forms of communication such as post, email and telephone, newspapers, journalism and writing, information gathering skills and physical dexterity. The 1st-century poet Marcus Manilius described Mercury as an inconstant, vivacious and curious planet.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 305,
"text": "88"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d9afe587eae466c7150aa12ece06e74ce00c3a0a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "水星繞著太陽軌道執行一週要多少天？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 964,
"text": "information gathering skills and physical dexterity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9967d5138401adce00d498d8698888c0372695c7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "水星有哪些和人相似的特點？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Modern astrologers differ on the source of the planets' influence. Hone writes that the planets exert it directly through gravitation or another, unknown influence. Others hold that the planets have no direct influence in themselves, but are mirrors of basic organizing principles in the universe. In other words, the basic patterns of the universe repeat themselves everywhere, in fractal-like fashion, and \"as above, so below\". Therefore, the patterns that the planets make in the sky reflect the ebb and flow of basic human impulses. The planets are also associated, especially in the Chinese tradition, with the basic forces of nature.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 542,
"text": "planets"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "80bcb10b8cb26025441db59a89f1761fef827bf7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在中國文化中，什麼基本力量與行星有關聯？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Planets in astrology",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Each of FAO's Goodwill Ambassadors – celebrities from the arts, entertainment, sport and academia such as Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi Montalcini, actress Gong Li, the late singer Miriam Makeba, International Singers Ronan Keating, and Anggun. and soccer players Roberto Baggio and Raúl, to name a few – have made a personal and professional commitment to FAO's vision: a food-secure world for present and future generations. Using their talents and influence, the Goodwill Ambassadors draw the old and the young, the rich and the poor into the campaign against world hunger. They aim to make Food for All a reality in the 21st century and beyond.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 554,
"text": "against world hunger"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "576d7546c500c44c51c89325271d6d35bce6dac4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "親善大使吸引人們參加什麼活動？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In December 2007, FAO launched its Initiative on Soaring Food Prices to help small producers raise their output and earn more. Under the initiative, FAO contributed to the work of the UN High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis, which produced the Comprehensive Framework for Action. FAO has carried out projects in over 25 countries and inter-agency missions in nearly 60, scaled up its monitoring through the Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture, provided policy advice to governments while supporting their efforts to increase food production, and advocated for more investment in agriculture. s also worked hand-in-hand with the European Union. One example of its work is a US$10.2 million, €7.5 billion scheme to distribute and multiply quality seeds in Haiti, which has significantly increased food production, thereby providing cheaper food and boosting",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 671,
"text": "European Union"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "84963273129122b0d40caa05c83295fda00e6157",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪個聯盟與聯合國糧食及農業組織密切合作，共同應對全球糧食危機？\\n"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "December 2007"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cfffe36d647b33faef889a7eb6c0cc25255cad87",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "糧農組織何時發起這項倡議？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Special Programme for Food Security is FAO's flagship initiative for reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry in the world by 2015 (currently estimated at close to 1 billion people), as part of its commitment to the Millennium Development Goals. Through projects in over 100 countries worldwide, the programme promotes effective, tangible solutions to the elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty. Currently 102 countries are engaged in the programme and of these approximately 30 have begun shifting from pilot to national programmes. To maximize the impact of its work, FAO strongly promotes national ownership and local empowerment in the countries in which it operates.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 369,
"text": "elimination of hunger, undernourishment and poverty"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c887807bbfbe38ff88ae09923662c40ddd65c642",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "糧食安全特別計劃的主要目標是對抗什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Food and Agriculture Organization",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "A new fundamental force might be difficult to test. Gravity, for example, is such a weak force that the gravitational interaction between two objects is only significant when one of them has a great mass. Therefore, it takes very sensitive equipment to measure gravitational interactions between objects that are small compared to the Earth. A new (or \"fifth\") fundamental force might similarly be weak and therefore difficult to detect. Nonetheless, in the late 1980s a fifth force, operating on municipal scales (i.e. with a range of about 100 meters), was reported by researchers (Fischbach et al.) who were reanalyzing results of Loránd Eötvös from earlier in the century. The force was believed to be linked with hypercharge. Over a number of years, other experiments have failed to duplicate this result.There are at least three kinds of searches that can be undertaken, which depend on the kind of force being considered, and its range.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 225,
"text": "very sensitive equipment"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "4e725346efefc36598751dc61dd592128c1e2866",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "測量地球引力相互作用需要什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Some speculative theories have proposed a fifth force to explain various anomalous observations that do not fit existing theories. The characteristics of this fifth force depend on the theory being advanced. Many postulate a force roughly the strength of gravity (i.e. it is much weaker than electromagnetism or the nuclear forces) with a range of anywhere from less than a millimeter to cosmological scales. Another proposal is a new weak force, mediated by W′ and Z′ bosons.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 256,
"text": "gravity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b13edbb194b86f676d410a01715d80d7e612ddd8",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪自然現象比喻為第五種力？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Fifth force",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Although much of Thoughts is devoted to platitudes and advice common to all conduct books for women, a few passages anticipate Wollstonecraft's feminist arguments in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), such as her poignant description of the suffering single woman. However, several critics suggested that such passages only seem to have radical undertones in light of Wollstonecraft's later works.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 204,
"text": "1792"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2a27b850d204ea87c3144546b37d34839c4fb8e7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "《女權辯護》是什麼時候寫成的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "An early version of the modern self-help book, the 18th-century British conduct book drew on many literary traditions, such as advice manuals and religious narratives. There was an explosion in the number of conduct books published during the second half of the 18th century, and Wollstonecraft took advantage of this burgeoning market when she published Thoughts. However, the book was only moderately successful: it was favourably reviewed, but only by one journal and it was reprinted only once. Although it was excerpted in popular contemporary magazines, it was not republished until the rise of feminist literary criticism in the 1970s.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 636,
"text": "1970s"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1bd2fb2e0cdf511a20df8fd2343440b99cb45a8b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "Thoughts 在哪個年代重印？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The Australian Constitution dates from 1901, when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states, and does not use the term \"head of state\". As Australia is a constitutional monarchy, government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state. In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia, who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they independently exercise many important powers in their own right. The governor-general represents Australia internationally, making and receiving state visits.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "1901"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3ec485ea192187daaa5b6f6aaedeb4a36b23649f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "《澳大利亞聯邦憲法》自哪一年頒佈？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote (known in Australia as \"quota-preferential voting\": see Australian electoral system), with half elected every three years. In addition to the state Senators, two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory (which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory (which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, but their term of office is not fixed; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 48,
"text": "six-year terms"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "76c57de229fe93ce7943dd405a9865f327138bd5",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "每名參議員的較長任期為多長時間？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Government of Australia",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "A monstrous, mutated Fifield returns to the Prometheus and kills several crew members before he is killed. The Prometheus' captain, Janek, speculates that the structure was an Engineer military base that lost control of a virulent biological weapon, the dark liquid. He also determines that the structure houses a spacecraft. Weyland and a team return to the structure, accompanied by Shaw. David wakes the Engineer from stasis and speaks to him in an attempt to explain what Weyland wants. The Engineer responds by decapitating David and killing Weyland and his team, before reactivating the spacecraft. Shaw flees and warns Janek that the Engineer is planning to release the liquid on Earth, convincing him to stop the spacecraft. Janek and the remaining crew sacrifice themselves by ramming the Prometheus into the alien craft, ejecting the lifeboat in the process, while Vickers flees in an escape pod. The Engineer's disabled spacecraft crashes onto the ground, killing Vickers. Shaw goes to the lifeboat and finds her alien offspring is alive and has grown to gigantic size. David's still-active head warns Shaw that the Engineer is pursuing her. The Engineer forces open the lifeboat's airlock and attacks Shaw, who releases her alien offspring onto the Engineer; it thrusts an ovipositor down the Engineer's throat, subduing him. Shaw recovers David's remains, and with his help, launches another Engineer spacecraft. She intends to reach the Engineers' homeworld in an attempt to understand why they wanted to destroy humanity.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 875,
"text": "Vickers"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "577dddc2d8cde0caf772983a674767ee2c430067",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在工程師開始屠殺船員後，誰得以逃脫？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 385,
"text": "Shaw"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2b94ddc3abae3830b97bd476dc599a5e2f1f04f1",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "探險隊重返哪建築時，誰與韋蘭在一起？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 421,
"text": "stasis"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5cd104b7ca52cae404b1103dc5377d6adc1c0e99",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "大衛把工程師從什麼中喚醒？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Principal photography began on March 21, 2011, lasted 82 days, and had an estimated $120–130 million budget. Filming began at Shepperton Studios and Pinewood Studios in England. Scott used eight sound stages for filming, including the 007 Stage. Studio space was limited and the crew had to make five stages work for approximately 16 sets, and increased the size of the 007 stage by over 30%.Exterior shots of the alien world were shot in Iceland, where filming occurred for two weeks. It commenced on July 11, 2011, at the base of Hekla, an active volcano in southern Iceland. Speaking about working at the volcano, Scott said, \"If one is afraid of nature in this profession then it would be best to find a different job\". Filming also took place at Dettifoss, one of the most powerful waterfalls in Europe. The Iceland shoot involved 160 Icelandic crew members and over 200 imported crew. Scott said that the filming in Iceland comprised approximately fifteen minutes of footage for the film, and that the area represented the beginning of time. Morocco had been chosen as a location for these scenes, but the 2010 Arab Spring protests forced the change of venue. Alternatives including the Mojave Desert had been considered, but Scott explained that Iceland was ultimately chosen because \"here it is so rough and 'Jurassic-like' and that proved decisive\".In September 2011, filming moved to the Ciudad de la Luz audiovisual complex in Alicante, Spain. Shooting areas included the complex's large water tank, and a nearby beach. The complex was booked from August 22, 2011, through to December 10, 2011, and set construction occurred from August until late September. Approximately 250 people worked on the three-month-long Spain shoot, generating over €1 million in the local economy. Filming also took place in the Wadi Rum valley in Jordan.Scott avoided using green screens unless necessary. Instead, he used various items so the actors would know where they should be looking in any particular scene on the practical sets where CGI elements would be inserted in post-production. Rapace said that green screens were used fewer than six times during filming. The production used five 3ality Technical Atom 3D rigs, four of which were configured with Red Epic 3D cameras set on camera dollies and tripods, which were continuously in use during filming. The fifth rig used an Epic camera as a steadicam, which was used only occasionally.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1559,
"text": "August 22, 2011, through to December 10, 2011"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "544f3863a35735cd19c101c42113dce8869fd976",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪段期間預訂了製片廠？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Prometheus ( prə-MEE-thee-əs) is a 2012 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Jon Spaihts and Damon Lindelof and starring Noomi Rapace, Michael Fassbender, Guy Pearce, Idris Elba, Logan Marshall-Green, and Charlize Theron. It is set in the late 21st century and centers on the crew of the spaceship Prometheus as it follows a star map discovered among the artifacts of several ancient Earth cultures. Seeking the origins of humanity, the crew arrives on a distant world and discovers a threat that could cause the extinction of the human species.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 429,
"text": "the origins of humanity"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "728968dc0992834b2c33dd4680e48b59eddec616",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "船員們想找到什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Prometheus (2012 film)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Ideas for a film based on the Avengers began in 2003, with Avi Arad, the CEO of Marvel Studios, first announcing plans to develop the film in April 2005, after Marvel Enterprises declared independence by allying with Merrill Lynch to produce a slate of films that would be distributed by Paramount Pictures. Marvel discussed their plans in a brief presentation to Wall Street analysts; the studio's intention was to release individual films for the main characters—to establish their identities and familiarize audiences with them—before merging the characters together in a crossover film. Screenwriter Zak Penn, who wrote The Incredible Hulk (2008), became attached to the film in 2006, and was hired by Marvel Studios to write the film in June 2007. In the wake of the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, Marvel negotiated with the Writers Guild of America to ensure that it could create films based on its comic book counterparts, including Captain America, Ant-Man and The Avengers. After the successful release of Iron Man (2008) in May, the company set a July 2011 release date for The Avengers. In September 2008, Marvel Studios reached an agreement with Paramount—an extension of a previous partnership—which gave the company distribution rights for five future Marvel films.Casting began in October 2008 with Downey's signing. Though Don Cheadle was also reported to be reprising his Iron Man 2 role of War Machine for The Avengers, he later stated that he did not think the character would appear in the film. At the same time, two major prospects occurred for Marvel: Jon Favreau was brought in as an executive producer for the film, and the company signed a long-term lease with Raleigh Studios to produce three other big-budget films—Iron Man 2, Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011)—at their Manhattan Beach, California complex. Lou Ferrigno, who voiced Hulk in The Incredible Hulk, stated that he would be involved in the film. In February 2009, Samuel L. Jackson signed a nine-picture deal with Marvel Entertainment to play Nick Fury in Iron Man 2 and other films. In September 2009, Edward Norton, who played Bruce Banner in The Incredible Hulk stated that he was open to returning in the film. The next month, executive producer Jon Favreau stated that he would not direct the film, but would \"definitely have input and a say\". Favreau also expressed concerns, stating, \"It's going to be hard, because I was so involved in creating the world of Iron Man, and Iron Man is very much a tech-based hero, and then with Avengers you're going to be introducing some supernatural aspects because of Thor... [Mixing] the two of those works very well in the comic books, but it's going to take a lot of thoughtfulness to make that all work and not blow the reality that we've created\". In March 2009, actress Scarlett Johansson replaced Emily Blunt in portraying Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2, a deal that subsequently attached her to The Avengers. The following day, Marvel announced that the film's release date had been pushed back to May 4, 2012, almost a full year later. Chris Hemsworth and Tom Hiddleston joined the film's cast in June, returning as Thor and Loki, respectively.In July 2009, Penn talked about the crossover process, stating, \"My job is to kind of shuttle between the different movies and make sure that finally we're mimicking that comic book structure where all of these movies are connected. . . There's just a board that tracks 'Here's where everything that happens in this movie overlaps with that movie'. . . I'm pushing them to do as many animatics as possible to animate the movie, to draw boards so that we're all working off the same visual ideas. But the exigencies of production take first priority\". At first, Penn tried to reduce Thor's role in the script because he had doubts about the character's ability to succeed on film. He changed his mind once Hemsworth was cast as Thor. The film had always intended to use Loki as its villain, but Penn noted that early discussion had considered using Red Skull.In January 2010, Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige was asked if it would be difficult to meld the fantasy of Thor with the high-tech science fiction in Iron Man and The Avengers. \"No,\" he said, \"because we're doing the Jack Kirby/Stan Lee/Walt Simonson/J. Michael Straczynski Thor. We're not doing the blow-the-dust-off-of-the-old-Norse-book-in-your-library Thor. And in the Thor of the Marvel Universe, there's a race called the Asgardians. And we're linked through this Tree of Life that we're unaware of. It's real science, but we don't know about it yet. The 'Thor' movie is about teaching people that\". In March, it was reported that Penn had completed the first draft of the script, and that Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada and Avengers comic-book writer Brian Michael Bendis had received copies. Also in March, Chris Evans accepted an offer to play Captain America in three films including The Avengers.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1037,
"text": "2008"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1d537a0144c187339c1fbec5e0e4a493ec8fa4fa",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "鋼鐵俠是哪一年上映的？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1113,
"text": "September 2008"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "84f9b3bb128cbc29290aded9ba8f6d697072b077",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "何時開始製片？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "The Avengers (2012 film)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Doom 3 is a story-driven action game played from a first-person perspective. As with previous Doom games, the main objective is to successfully pass through its levels, defeating a variety of enemy characters intent on killing the player's character. Doom 3's more story-centered approach, however, means that the player often encounters friendly non-player characters, who provide key plot information, objectives and inventory items. The game incorporates ten weapons for the player's use to survive, including conventional firearms such as a submachine gun, shotgun and grenades, experimental plasma weaponry, and the powerful BFG 9000 and chainsaw weapons of the Doom franchise. Enemies come in multiple forms and with different abilities and tactics, but fall into two broad categories of either zombies or demons. Zombies are humans possessed by demonic forces, who attack the player's character using their hands and melee weapons or a variety of firearms, while demons are creatures from Hell, most of which attack using claws and spines, or by summoning plasma-based fireballs. The corpses of demons are reduced to ashes after death, leaving no trace of their body behind.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 630,
"text": "BFG 9000 and chainsaw weapons"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "faf513d17057c6bb95175c670ec98061b5cb2fce",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪一些毀滅戰士特許經營的獨家武器在遊戲中最強大？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Doom 3"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "36e2d9a94f3e08427a85e202229e50350abc80e1",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪個故事導向的動作遊戲包含多種武器並需要多級通關來取勝。"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Doom 3 was released with a four-player multiplayer element, featuring four game modes. However, the game's community created a modification to boost this to eight or sixteen players. The Resurrection of Evil expansion would later officially increase the player limit to eight. The four game modes are all deathmatches. The standard deathmatch game mode involves each player moving around a level, collecting weaponry and killing the other players, with the player with the highest kills when the time runs out winning. A team variation of this involves the same principle. The third game mode is \"last man standing\", in which each player has a limited amount of respawns, with players losing a life when they are killed. Eventually, all but one player will be eliminated from the game, leaving the survivor as the winner. The final game mode is \"tournament\", in which two players fight each other while the other players watch as spectators. The victor of the battle remains in the arena, facing each other player one at a time until the winner of previous rounds is defeated. The loser then moves to the spectators and the new winner remains to fight the next player. The Xbox version of Doom 3 also incorporates an additional two-player co-operative mode for the main single-player game.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1189,
"text": "Doom 3"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b3fa3ec7514fab23baa7b630814e670a1418ee40",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪單人遊戲有雙人遊戲模式？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Doom 3",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "At 02:35 IST (21:05 UTC on 29 July), circuit breakers on the 400 kV Bina-Gwalior line tripped. As this line fed into the Agra-Bareilly transmission section, breakers at the station also tripped, and power failures cascaded through the grid. All major power stations were shut down in the affected states, causing an estimated shortage of 32 GW. Officials described the failure as \"the worst in a decade\".On the day of the collapse, Power Minister Sushilkumar Shinde stated that the exact cause of the failure was unknown, but that at the time of the failure, electricity use was \"above normal\". He speculated that some states had attempted to draw more power than permitted due to the higher consumption. Spokesperson for PowerGrid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL) and the Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC) stated that Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana were the states responsible for the overdraw. PGCIL's chairman also stated that electrical service was restored \"at a record time\".A senior director for an Indian power company described the outage as \"a fairly large breakdown that exposed major technical faults in India's grid system. Something went terribly wrong which caused the backup safety systems to fail.\"More than 300 million people, about 25% of India's population, were without power. Railways and some airports were shut down until 08:00. The busiest airport in South Asia, Delhi Airport, continued functioning because it switched to back-up power in 15 seconds. The outage caused \"chaos\" for Monday morning rush hour, as passenger trains were shut down and traffic signals were non-operational. Trains stalled for three to five hours. Several hospitals reported interruptions in health services, while others relied on back-up generators. Water treatment plants were shut down for several hours, and millions were unable to draw water from wells powered by electric pumps.The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) stated that the blackout had \"severely impacted\" businesses, leaving many unable to operate. Oil refineries in Panipat, Mathura and Bathinda continued operating because they have their own captive power stations within the refineries and do not depend on the grid.It took 15 hours to restore 80% of service.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 685,
"text": "higher consumption"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "22eda0eb4cb5a5fae8943f1f44873ec94c192ae6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "使用超出允許額度的電力區域的結果是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "India is the world's third largest producer and consumer of electricity after the United States and China; however, the electrical infrastructure is generally considered unreliable. The northern electrical grid had previously collapsed in 2001. In 2012, an estimated 27% of energy generated was lost in transmission or stolen, while peak supply fell short of demand by an average of 9%. During that period, the nation suffered from frequent power outages that lasted as long as 10 hours and about 25% of the population, about 300 million people, had no electricity at all. Efforts are underway to reduce transmission and distribution losses and increase production.In the summer of 2012, leading up to the failure, extreme heat had caused power use to reach record levels in New Delhi. Due to the late arrival of monsoons, agricultural areas in Punjab and Haryana drew increased power from the grid for running pumps irrigating paddy fields. The late monsoon also meant that hydropower plants were generating less than their usual production.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 917,
"text": "irrigating paddy fields"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "68a4e408276f5cec099218a9b883881d703079cc",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "農民用泵做什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On the day of the collapse, Power Minister Sushilkumar Shinde ordered a three-member panel to determine the reason for the failure and report on it in fifteen days. In response to criticism, he observed that India was not alone in suffering major power outages, as blackouts had also occurred in the United States and Brazil within the previous few years.The Washington Post described the failure as adding urgency to Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh's plan for a US$400 billion overhaul of India's power grid. His plan calls for a further 76 gigawatts of generation by 2017, produced in part by nuclear power.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 604,
"text": "nuclear power"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "41d00d2334a4de013c544892d33d57d8292cc47b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "總理曼莫漢・辛格博士改革印度電網計劃的主要內容是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "2012 India blackouts",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "An example of an observational study is one that explores the association between smoking and lung cancer. This type of study typically uses a survey to collect observations about the area of interest and then performs statistical analysis. In this case, the researchers would collect observations of both smokers and non-smokers, perhaps through a cohort study, and then look for the number of cases of lung cancer in each group. A case-control study is another type of observational study in which people with and without the outcome of interest (e.g. lung cancer) are invited to participate and their exposure histories are collected.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 58,
"text": "the association between smoking and lung cancer"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0e6532385efde88720e10f839ee52741c372795c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "觀察研究具體例子的研究物件是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "An experimental study involves taking measurements of the system under study, manipulating the system, and then taking additional measurements using the same procedure to determine if the manipulation has modified the values of the measurements. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation. Instead, data are gathered and correlations between predictors and response are investigated.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 357,
"text": "correlations between predictors and response"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "547e0938092beb3a7fee76d6171bf548ef443f8e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "研究了什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Documenting and presenting the results of the study.Experiments on human behavior have special concerns. The famous Hawthorne study examined changes to the working environment at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company. The researchers were interested in determining whether increased illumination would increase the productivity of the assembly line workers. The researchers first measured the productivity in the plant, then modified the illumination in an area of the plant and checked if the changes in illumination affected productivity. It turned out that productivity indeed improved (under the experimental conditions). However, the study is heavily criticized today for errors in experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a control group and blindness. The Hawthorne effect refers to finding that an outcome (in this case, worker productivity) changed due to observation itself. Those in the Hawthorne study became more productive not because the lighting was changed but because they were being observed.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 701,
"text": "experimental procedures, specifically for the lack of a control group and blindness"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ab6e897b1c03718761723c709b98dd8ae21059a2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼樣的錯誤在研究中被批評？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The concept of correlation is particularly noteworthy for the potential confusion it can cause. Statistical analysis of a data set often reveals that two variables (properties) of the population under consideration tend to vary together, as if they were connected. For example, a study of annual income that also looks at age of death might find that poor people tend to have shorter lives than affluent people. The two variables are said to be correlated; however, they may or may not be the cause of one another. The correlation phenomena could be caused by a third, previously unconsidered phenomenon, called a lurking variable or confounding variable. For this reason, there is no way to immediately infer the existence of a causal relationship between the two variables. (See Correlation does not imply causation.)",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 96,
"text": "Statistical analysis"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "05e4fdf7a22720bb3125a7f9a92afe418bb85c39",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "採用哪種數學方法來確定樣本之間的比較相似性？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Statistics",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Attalus was a protector of the Greek cities of Anatolia and viewed himself as the champion of Greeks against barbarians. During his reign he established Pergamon as a considerable power in the Greek East. He died in 197 BC, shortly before the end of the second war, at the age of 72, having suffered an apparent stroke while addressing a Boeotian war council some months before. He and his wife were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son Eumenes II.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 216,
"text": "197 BC"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "70fd9514773ce076bbe537cdb7f321a5af60dcde",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "他何時逝世？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Attalus won an important victory over the Galatians, newly arrived Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been, for more than a generation, plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor without any serious check. This victory, celebrated by the triumphal monument at Pergamon (famous for its Dying Gaul) and the liberation from the Gallic \"terror\" which it represented, earned for Attalus the name of \"Soter\", and the title of \"king\". A courageous and capable general and loyal ally of Rome, he played a significant role in the first and second Macedonian Wars, waged against Philip V of Macedon. He conducted numerous naval operations, harassing Macedonian interests throughout the Aegean, winning honors, collecting spoils, and gaining for Pergamon possession of the Greek islands of Aegina during the first war, and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 588,
"text": "Philip V"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "822569aa3e108a729f0bdb8686aa7abfb62a15ba",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "當時誰是馬其頓的統治者？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Attalus I",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "B. seeleyi (Haughton and Boonstra, 1929) is from the Tapinocephalus zone, Lower Beaufort Beds, Karoo basin, South Africa. This is a less common form. Boonstra, 1969, considered this a valid species of Bradysaurus and Lee, 1997, considers this animal a sister group to more advanced pareiasaurs. B. seelyi seems to be closely related to Nochelesaurus and Embrithosaurus. In contrast to the more numerous but similarly sized B. baini, the cheekbones were heavy and greatly enlarged. There were 19 or 20 pairs of strongly overlapping teeth on each jaw.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 433,
"text": "the cheekbones were heavy and greatly enlarged"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "68cc3a13aa96fe18ffe8b825c86d50c32753721a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "對 baini 來說不同的是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Bradysaurus is the only member of the subfamily Bradysaurinae. It is the most primitive known pareiasaur and can be considered a good ancestral type from which the others developed. Its large dimensions show that, even very early in their evolutionary history, these strange animals had already attained an optimal size. Even later, more advanced forms, like Scutosaurus, were no larger. The advantage of large size was to provide defense against predators and to maintain a stable body temperature (gigantothermy).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 224,
"text": "early in their evolutionary history"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a53ed3d4d026191b632be45cd1aa965f85557804",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼時期動物達到理想的大小？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Bradysaurus",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "At the end of May 1921, Khiagt came under pressure from Baron Ungern's forces, who moved towards Soviet Russia. This offensive was repulsed by mid-June, with the help of troops of the Far Eastern Republic. At the end of June, the People's Partisans and the Red Army decided to attack Khüree. They reached the town on July 6, having destroyed smaller groups of Ungern's forces on the way.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 257,
"text": "Red Army"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "13b7d03a1d1a8828d2eaeaa6848c7989b52869ce",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪個軍隊襲擊了庫倫？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Immediately after the congress, the provisional government and the MPP central committee decided to seize the Mongolian part of Khiagt from the Chinese troops, and on February 15 an ultimatum was sent to the Chinese military authorities in the town. The Chinese commanders refused to surrender, and on March 18, Sükhbaatar's troops succeeded in taking the town, despite being heavily outnumbered. This day is now the official holiday of Mongolia's army, and is usually celebrated as the equivalent of Defender of the Fatherland Day in Russia. The provisional government moved to the Mongolian part of Khiagt and began to establish Ministries of the Army, Finances and Foreign Affairs, but when a fire in the aftermath of the battle burnt down the greater part of the town, the government moved on to Altanbulag.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 106,
"text": "the Mongolian part of Khiagt"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "376ea02c90d9906611ebb79fc591cdb3e64402ae",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在哪個城鎮發生的鬥爭，最終致使 3 月 18 日成為蒙古軍的官方節日？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In 1912, Russian advisers to the Bogd Khan set up a military school at Khujirbulan, and Sükhbaatar was one of the soldiers transferred there. His talent for military tactics and his skills at riding and shooting earned him the respect of his comrades, and after the training he became a platoon leader of the machine gun company at Khujirbulan. In 1913, he set up his own household with his wife Yanjmaa. They had had their first son in 1911, but Yanjmaa's parents objected to the relationship on the grounds that Sükhbaatar was too poor.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 437,
"text": "1911"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "28ad6604aff1b23701637cc7b4e27456f47c609d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "排長什麼時候有的第一個兒子？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Sükhbaatar's widow Yanjmaa went on to serve in a number of senior positions in the Mongolian government, including acting president.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "Sükhbaatar's widow"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a1ffcba1a6dc1ab5026ae9717668ec013ef6097b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "彥吉瑪是誰？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The new government was not in a secure position, and rumours of anti-communist plots increased. In 1922, Bodoo, Chagdarjav, Da Lama Puntsagdorj and others were executed on allegations that they had collaborated with internal and external enemies of the new state. In early 1923, amid official suspicions that a coup was planned for Tsagaan Sar, the state of alert became too exhausting for Sükhbaatar. He broke down on the night of February 14/15, and died on February 20. In the 1940s under Choibalsan's reign, it was alleged that Sükhbaatar had been poisoned, but later socialist publications did not explicitly discuss the cause of death. Nonetheless, this version is still somewhat popular in Mongolia. Some historians say that he died of pneumonia, because of cold rain. Neither version could be proved officially.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 332,
"text": "Tsagaan Sar"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "fdb8bd4701c99a7902189842ea5971456bb4ee57",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "蘇赫巴托爾懷疑誰在 1923 年計劃政變？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Damdin Sükhbaatar",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Following the completion of the dialogue sessions, producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide \"a fresh pair of ears\". Thomas's background was in music, rather than engineering. He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin, and was acquainted with Pink Floyd's manager Steve O'Rourke. All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix, with Waters and Mason preferring a \"dry\" and \"clean\" mix which made more use of the non-musical elements, and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more \"echoey\" mix. Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements, stating \"There was no difference in opinion between them, I don't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo. In fact, there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out. It was a very creative atmosphere. A lot of fun.\" Although the truth remains unclear, Thomas's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour, leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product. Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album, including the perfect timing of the echo used on \"Us and Them\". He was also present for the recording of \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" (although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry). Interviewed in 2006, when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio, Waters said:",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 275,
"text": "Steve O'Rourke"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "08399c7040e7de52bc03350e72a25dde4301762d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "克里斯・托馬斯和什麼經理是朋友？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Much of the album's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd's US record company, Capitol Records. Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band's 1971 studio album Meddle. Meanwhile, disenchanted with Capitol, the band and manager O'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis, on Columbia Records. The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract. Menon's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign, which included radio-friendly truncated versions of \"Us and Them\" and \"Time\". In some countries – notably the UK – Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968's \"Point Me at the Sky\", and unusually \"Money\" was released as a single on 7 May, with \"Any Colour You Like\" on the B-side. It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1973. A two-sided white label promotional version of the single, with mono and stereo mixes, was sent to radio stations. The mono side had the word \"bullshit\" removed from the song – leaving \"bull\" in its place – however, the stereo side retained the uncensored version. This was subsequently withdrawn; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy. On 4 February 1974, a double A-side single was released with \"Time\" on one side, and \"Us and Them\" on the opposite side. Menon's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain however; at the beginning of 1974, the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $1M (in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 107,
"text": "Capitol Records"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9499620e5d66aefb6b7e20411e6c0d28a0138bd3",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰是平克・弗洛伊德在美國的唱片公司？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Returning from the US in January 1973, they recorded \"Brain Damage\", \"Eclipse\", \"Any Colour You Like\" and \"On the Run\", while fine-tuning the work they had already laid down in the previous sessions. A foursome of female vocalists was assembled to sing on \"Brain Damage\", \"Eclipse\" and \"Time\", and saxophonist Dick Parry was booked to play on \"Us and Them\" and \"Money\". With director Adrian Maben, the band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii. Once the recording sessions were complete, the band began a tour of Europe.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 33,
"text": "1973"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "70c95874ff20b8fd06e69b4e6020859d145af5df",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "他們哪一年回到美國？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The artwork was created by their associate, George Hardie. Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs, but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best. The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into colour. The design represents three elements: the band's stage lighting, the album lyrics, and Wright's request for a \"simple and bold\" design. The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold – an idea that Waters came up with. Added shortly afterwards, the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album, and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light, facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops. The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours, missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid-themed stickers. One poster bore pictures of the band in concert, overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD, and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza, created by Powell and Thorgerson.The band were so confident of the quality of Waters' lyrics that, for the first time, they printed them on the album's sleeve.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "George Hardie"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5a79c812c32001aad3476afd9a84f21215929d43",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "是誰為這張專輯做藝術設計？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "The Dark Side of the Moon",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Lockheed proposed a carrier-based Model 822 version of the Lightning for the United States Navy. The Model 822 would have featured folding wings, an arresting hook, and stronger undercarriage for carrier operations. The navy was not interested, as they regarded the Lightning as too big for carrier operations and did not like liquid-cooled engines anyway, and the Model 822 never went beyond the paper stage. However, the navy did operate four land-based F-5Bs in North Africa, inherited from the USAAF and redesignated FO-1.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 440,
"text": "four"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ce05ea0454dd39f23e0b6a3d064452f3f3b24114",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "美國海軍在北非使用了多少架陸基 F-5B 飛機？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On 20 September 1939, before the YP-38s had been built and flight tested, the USAAF ordered 66 initial production P-38 Lightnings, 30 of which were delivered to the USAAF in mid-1941, but not all these aircraft were armed. The unarmed aircraft were subsequently fitted with four .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns (instead of the two .50 in/12.7 mm and two .30 in/7.62 mm of their predecessors) and a 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon. They also had armored glass, cockpit armor and fluorescent cockpit controls. One was completed with a pressurized cabin on an experimental basis and designated XP-38A. Due to reports the USAAF was receiving from Europe, the remaining 36 in the batch were upgraded with small improvements such as self-sealing fuel tanks and enhanced armor protection to make them combat-capable. The USAAF specified that these 36 aircraft were to be designated P-38D. As a result, there never were any P-38Bs or P-38Cs. The P-38D's main role was to work out bugs and give the USAAF experience with handling the type.In March 1940, the French and the British, through the Anglo-French Purchasing Committee, ordered a total of 667 P-38s for US$100M, designated Model 322F for the French and Model 322B for the British. The aircraft would be a variant of the P-38E. The overseas Allies wished for complete commonality of Allison engines with the large numbers of Curtiss P-40 Tomahawks both nations had on order, and thus ordered the Model 322 twin right-handed engines instead of counter-rotating ones and without turbo-superchargers. Performance was supposed to be 400 mph (640 km/h) at 16,900 ft (5,200 m). After the fall of France in June 1940, the British took over the entire order and gave the aircraft the service name \"Lightning.\" By June 1941, the War Ministry had cause to reconsider their earlier aircraft specifications based on experience gathered in the Battle of Britain and The Blitz. British displeasure with the Lockheed order came to the fore in July, and on 5 August 1941 they modified the contract such that 143 aircraft would be delivered as previously ordered, to be known as \"Lightning (Mark) I,\" and 524 would be upgraded to US-standard P-38E specifications with a top speed of 415 mph (668 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) guaranteed, to be called \"Lightning II\" for British service. Later that summer an RAF test pilot reported back from Burbank with a poor assessment of the \"tail flutter\" situation, and the British cancelled all but three of the 143 Lightning Is. As a loss of approximately US$15M was involved, Lockheed reviewed their contracts and decided to hold the British to the original order. Negotiations grew bitter and stalled. Everything changed after the 7 December, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor after which the United States government seized some 40 of the Model 322s for West Coast defense; subsequently all British Lightnings were delivered to the USAAF starting in January 1942. The USAAF lent the RAF three of the aircraft, which were delivered by sea in March 1942 and were test flown no earlier than May at Cunliffe-Owen Aircraft Swaythling, the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. The A&AEE example was unarmed, lacked turbochargers and restricted to 300 mph (480 km/h); though the undercarriage was praised and flight on one engine described as comfortable. These three were subsequently returned to the USAAF; one in December 1942 and the others in July 1943. Of the remaining 140 Lightning Is, 19 were not modified and were designated by the USAAF as RP-322-I ('R' for 'Restricted', because non-counter-rotating propellers were considered more dangerous on takeoff), while 121 were converted to non-turbo-supercharged counter-rotating V-1710F-2 engines and designated P-322-II. All 121 were used as advanced trainers; a few were still serving that role in 1945. A few RP-322s were later used as test modification platforms such as for smoke-laying canisters. The RP-322 was a fairly fast aircraft below 16,000 ft (4,900 m) and well-behaved as a trainer.One result of the failed British/French order was to give the aircraft its name. Lockheed had originally dubbed the aircraft Atalanta from Greek mythology in the company tradition of naming planes after mythological and celestial figures, but the RAF name won out.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 580,
"text": "XP-38A"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3eed7368a5f3f85e2b3b32fe1f4779deda91775d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "它叫什麼名字？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The P-38F was followed in early 1943 by the P-38G, using more powerful Allisons of 1,400 hp (1,000 kW) each and equipped with a better radio. A dozen of the planned P-38G production were set aside to serve as prototypes for what would become the P-38J with further uprated Allison V-1710F-17 engines (1,425 hp (1,063 kW) each) in redesigned booms which featured chin-mounted intercoolers in place of the original system in the leading edge of the wings and more efficient radiators. Lockheed subcontractors, however, were initially unable to supply both of Burbank's twin production lines with a sufficient quantity of new core intercoolers and radiators. War Production Board planners were unwilling to sacrifice production, and one of the two remaining prototypes received the new engines but retained the old leading edge intercoolers and radiators.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 44,
"text": "P-38G"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "75a2b44a5726b1b6e7125872391a662c5f73d549",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "P-38F 的繼任者是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Lockheed P-38 Lightning",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Following the deaths of Joe McDonnell and Martin Hurson, the families of some of the hunger strikers attended a meeting on 28 July with Catholic priest Father Denis Faul. The families expressed concern at the lack of a settlement to the priest, and a decision was made to meet with Gerry Adams later that day. At the meeting Father Faul put pressure on Adams to find a way of ending the strike, and Adams agreed to ask the IRA leadership to order the men to end the hunger strike. The following day Adams held a meeting with six of the hunger strikers to outline a proposed settlement on offer from the British government should the strike be brought to an end. The six men rejected the settlement, believing that accepting anything less than the \"Five Demands\" would be a betrayal of the sacrifice made by Bobby Sands and the other hunger strikers who had died.On 31 July, the hunger strike began to break, when the mother of Paddy Quinn insisted on medical intervention to save his life. The following day Kevin Lynch died, followed by Kieran Doherty on 2 August, Thomas McElwee on 8 August and Michael Devine on 20 August. On the day Devine died, Sands' election agent Owen Carron won the Fermanagh and South Tyrone by-election with an increased number of votes.On 6 September, the family of Laurence McKeown became the fourth family to intervene and asked for medical treatment to save his life, and Cahal Daly issued a statement calling on republican prisoners to end the hunger strike. A week later, James Prior replaced Humphrey Atkins as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, and met with prisoners in an attempt to end the strike. Liam McCloskey ended his strike on 26 September after his family said they would ask for medical intervention if he became unconscious, and it became clear that the families of the remaining hunger strikers would also intervene to save their lives.The strike was called off at 3:15 pm on 3 October. Three days later, Prior announced partial concessions to the prisoners including the right to wear their own clothes at all times. The only one of the \"Five Demands\" still outstanding was the right not to do prison work. Following sabotage by the prisoners and the Maze Prison escape in 1983, the prison workshops were closed, effectively granting all of the \"Five Demands\" but without any formal recognition of political status from the government.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 24,
"text": "Joe McDonnell and Martin Hurson"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2409a8c354456eec58c7c4519862f400edc34dfb",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "與福勒神父的會面是在哪兩位先生的死亡之後？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On 14 September 1976, newly convicted prisoner Kieran Nugent began the blanket protest, in which IRA and Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) prisoners refused to wear prison uniform and either went naked or fashioned garments from prison blankets. In 1978, this escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash or empty their chamber pots (a chore known as \"slopping out\"). To mitigate the build-up of flies, they smeared their excrement on the walls of their cells. These protests aimed to re-establish their political status by securing what were known as the \"Five Demands\":",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 233,
"text": "prison blankets"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3c9075a2d688817669d272184587ed9c8b5b0793",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "囚犯的衣服是用什麼做的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On 5 May, Sands died in the prison hospital on the sixty-sixth day of his hunger strike, prompting rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland. Humphrey Atkins issued a statement saying that Sands had committed suicide \"under the instructions of those who felt it useful to their cause that he should die\". More than 100,000 people lined the route of his funeral, which was conducted with full IRA military honours. Margaret Thatcher showed no sympathy for his death, telling the House of Commons that \"Mr. Sands was a convicted criminal. He chose to take his own life. It was a choice that his organisation did not allow to many of its victims\".In the two weeks following Sands' death, three more hunger strikers died. Francis Hughes died on 12 May, resulting in further rioting in nationalist areas of Northern Ireland, in particular Derry and Belfast. Following the deaths of Raymond McCreesh and Patsy O'Hara on 21 May, Tomás Ó Fiaich, by then Primate of All Ireland, criticised the British government's handling of the hunger strike. Despite this, Thatcher continued to refuse to negotiate a settlement, stating \"Faced with the failure of their discredited cause, the men of violence have chosen in recent months to play what may well be their last card\", during a visit to Belfast in late May.Nine protesting prisoners contested the general election in the Republic of Ireland in June. Kieran Doherty and Paddy Agnew (who was not on hunger strike) were elected in Cavan–Monaghan and Louth respectively, and Joe McDonnell narrowly missed election in Sligo–Leitrim. There were also local elections in Northern Ireland around that time and, although Sinn Féin did not contest them, some smaller groups and independents who supported the hunger strikers gained seats, such as the Irish Independence Party with 21 seats, while the Irish Republican Socialist Party (the INLA's political wing) and People's Democracy (a Trotskyist group) gained two seats each, and a number of pro-hunger strike independent candidates also won seats. The British government passed the Representation of the People Act 1981 to prevent another prisoner contesting the second by-election in Fermanagh and South Tyrone, which was due to take place following the death of Sands.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 556,
"text": "take his own life"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3356b07afff249dedd2d6b9c45982b1e7fa57db7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "桑茲怎麼死？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The 1981 Irish hunger strike was the culmination of a five-year protest during The Troubles by Irish republican prisoners in Northern Ireland. The protest began as the blanket protest in 1976, when the British government withdrew Special Category Status for convicted paramilitary prisoners. In 1978, the dispute escalated into the dirty protest, where prisoners refused to leave their cells to wash and covered the walls of their cells with excrement. In 1980, seven prisoners participated in the first hunger strike, which ended after 53 days.The second hunger strike took place in 1981 and was a showdown between the prisoners and the British Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. One hunger striker, Bobby Sands, was elected as a member of parliament during the strike, prompting media interest from around the world. The strike was called off after ten prisoners had starved themselves to death—including Sands, whose funeral was attended by 100,000 people. The strike radicalised Irish nationalist politics, and was the driving force that enabled Sinn Féin to become a mainstream political party.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 54,
"text": "five-year"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "69a81be147e9f76e9f17ce566c8cf654736df8b4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "1981 年愛爾蘭人捱餓持續了多久？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 960,
"text": "The strike"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "867ae34836e8ad27ac3eaec8cbeb27b6cba1c289",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "是什麼促使新芬黨成為一個受歡迎的政黨的？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "1981 Irish hunger strike",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Heavy ions that are spherical when at rest should assume the form of \"pancakes\" or flat disks when traveling nearly at the speed of light. And in fact, the results obtained from particle collisions can only be explained when the increased nucleon density due to length contraction is considered.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 239,
"text": "nucleon density due to length contraction"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "878533eaf7e1ff208933ef4a810a8eac4cefe137",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "解釋粒子碰撞的結果時必須考慮什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "It was the negative result of a famous experiment, that required the introduction of length contraction: the Michelson–Morley experiment (and later also the Kennedy–Thorndike experiment). In special relativity its explanation is as follows: In its rest frame the interferometer can be regarded as at rest in accordance with the relativity principle, so the propagation time of light is the same in all directions. Although in a frame in which the interferometer is in motion, the transverse beam must traverse a longer, diagonal path with respect to the non-moving frame thus making its travel time longer, the factor by which the longitudinal beam would be delayed by taking times L/(c-v) & L/(c+v) for the forward and reverse trips respectively is even longer. Therefore, in the longitudinal direction the interferometer is supposed to be contracted, in order to restore the equality of both travel times in accordance with the negative experimental result(s). Thus the two-way speed of light remains constant and the round trip propagation time along perpendicular arms of the interferometer is independent of its motion & orientation.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 241,
"text": "In its rest frame the interferometer can be regarded as at rest in accordance with the relativity principle, so the propagation time of light is the same in all directions"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "937cd14655dccd4a0ce9fd16e9c01baf30693cc7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "依據狹義相對論，該如何進行定義？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Length contraction",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Acetylsalicylic acid is a weak acid, and very little of it is ionized in the stomach after oral administration. Acetylsalicylic acid is quickly absorbed through the cell membrane in the acidic conditions of the stomach. The increased pH and larger surface area of the small intestine causes aspirin to be absorbed more slowly there, as more of it is ionized. Owing to the formation of concretions, aspirin is absorbed much more slowly during overdose, and plasma concentrations can continue to rise for up to 24 hours after ingestion.About 50–80% of salicylate in the blood is bound to albumin protein, while the rest remains in the active, ionized state; protein binding is concentration-dependent. Saturation of binding sites leads to more free salicylate and increased toxicity. The volume of distribution is 0.1–0.2 L/kg. Acidosis increases the volume of distribution because of enhancement of tissue penetration of salicylates.As much as 80% of therapeutic doses of salicylic acid is metabolized in the liver. Conjugation with glycine forms salicyluric acid, and with glucuronic acid to form two different glucuronide esters. The conjugate with the acetyl group intact is referred to as the acyl glucuronide; the deacetylated conjugate is the phenolic glucuronide. These metabolic pathways have only a limited capacity. Small amounts of salicylic acid are also hydroxylated to gentisic acid. With large salicylate doses, the kinetics switch from first-order to zero-order, as metabolic pathways become saturated and renal excretion becomes increasingly important.Salicylates are excreted mainly by the kidneys as salicyluric acid (75%), free salicylic acid (10%), salicylic phenol (10%), and acyl glucuronides (5%), gentisic acid (< 1%), and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. When small doses (less than 250 mg in an adult) are ingested, all pathways proceed by first-order kinetics, with an elimination half-life of about 2.0 h to 4.5 h. When higher doses of salicylate are ingested (more than 4 g), the half-life becomes much longer (15 h to 30 h), because the biotransformation pathways concerned with the formation of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide become saturated. Renal excretion of salicylic acid becomes increasingly important as the metabolic pathways become saturated, because it is extremely sensitive to changes in urinary pH. A 10- to 20-fold increase in renal clearance occurs when urine pH is increased from 5 to 8. The use of urinary alkalinization exploits this particular aspect of salicylate elimination. It was found that short-term aspirin use in therapeutic doses might precipitate reversible acute renal failure when the patient was ill with glomerulonephritis or cirrhosis. Aspirin for some patients with chronic renal insufficiency and some children with congestive heart failure was contraindicated.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 812,
"text": "0.1–0.2 L/kg"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "54563d93abda8c0ac80bf2d7d04788e3ea96016e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "阿司匹林的分佈體積是多少？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Aspirin has been shown to have at least three additional modes of action. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in cartilaginous (and hepatic) mitochondria, by diffusing from the inner membrane space as a proton carrier back into the mitochondrial matrix, where it ionizes once again to release protons. Aspirin buffers and transports the protons. When high doses are given, it may actually cause fever, owing to the heat released from the electron transport chain, as opposed to the antipyretic action of aspirin seen with lower doses. In addition, aspirin induces the formation of NO-radicals in the body, which have been shown in mice to have an independent mechanism of reducing inflammation. This reduced leukocyte adhesion is an important step in the immune response to infection; however, evidence is insufficient to show aspirin helps to fight infection. More recent data also suggest salicylic acid and its derivatives modulate signaling through NF-κB. NF-κB, a transcription factor complex, plays a central role in many biological processes, including inflammation.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 970,
"text": "a transcription factor complex"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b895480b6d51c7f9e2661ef2ae72acca5f8d46fd",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "NF-kB 是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Aspirin should not be taken by people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen, or who have salicylate intolerance or a more generalized drug intolerance to NSAIDs, and caution should be exercised in those with asthma or NSAID-precipitated bronchospasm. Owing to its effect on the stomach lining, manufacturers recommend people with peptic ulcers, mild diabetes, or gastritis seek medical advice before using aspirin. Even if none of these conditions is present, the risk of stomach bleeding is still increased when aspirin is taken with alcohol or warfarin. People with hemophilia or other bleeding tendencies should not take aspirin or other salicylates. Aspirin is known to cause hemolytic anemia in people who have the genetic disease glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, particularly in large doses and depending on the severity of the disease. Use of aspirin during dengue fever is not recommended owing to increased bleeding tendency. People with kidney disease, hyperuricemia, or gout should not take aspirin because it inhibits the kidneys' ability to excrete uric acid, thus may exacerbate these conditions. Aspirin should not be given to children or adolescents to control cold or influenza symptoms, as this has been linked with Reye's syndrome.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 298,
"text": "manufacturers recommend people with peptic ulcers, mild diabetes, or gastritis seek medical advice before using aspirin"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6e2331d2b6c053b2ee40befb021a6f143acbc4e9",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "阿司匹林是否危險到服用前需諮詢醫生建議？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 31,
"text": "people who are allergic to ibuprofen or naproxen"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "7388d21add9ad134b672d3caf5fd8a4ec0a32d44",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪些人不能服用阿司匹林？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Aspirin, an acetyl derivative of salicylic acid, is a white, crystalline, weakly acidic substance, with a melting point of 136 °C (277 °F), and a boiling point of 140 °C (284 °F). Its acid dissociation constant (pKa) is 3.5 at 25 °C (77 °F).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 227,
"text": "25 °C"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "8bc7a18a440d5e8e67235457e06a2caf0f207fce",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "酸度係數是在多少攝氏度下的？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The synthesis of aspirin is classified as an esterification reaction. Salicylic acid is treated with acetic anhydride, an acid derivative, causing a chemical reaction that turns salicylic acid's hydroxyl group into an ester group (R-OH → R-OCOCH3). This process yields aspirin and acetic acid, which is considered a byproduct of this reaction. Small amounts of sulfuric acid (and occasionally phosphoric acid) are almost always used as a catalyst. This method is commonly employed in undergraduate teaching labs.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 436,
"text": "a catalyst"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9c1cf7a5ae88441a10fc0a70f749b11969f77aa7",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "硫酸可以用來做什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Aspirin",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "After two unsuccessful political campaigns in 1973 and 1975 to become a city supervisor and a third in 1976 for the California State Assembly, Milk finally wins a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1977 for District 5. His victory makes him the first openly gay man to be voted into major public office in California and the third openly homosexual politician in the entire US. Milk subsequently meets fellow Supervisor Dan White, a Vietnam veteran and former police officer and firefighter. White, who is politically and socially conservative, has a difficult relationship with Milk, and develops a growing resentment for Milk when he opposes projects that White proposes.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 222,
"text": "District 5"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c5a1f18656d6f0800b7bb456b249d38c7c5145ed",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "米爾克在哪區當選？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Dissatisfied with his life and in need of a change, Milk and Smith decide to move to San Francisco in the hope of finding larger acceptance of their relationship. They open Castro Camera in the heart of Eureka Valley, a working-class neighborhood in the process of evolving into a predominantly gay neighborhood known as The Castro. Frustrated by the opposition they encounter in the once Irish-Catholic neighborhood, Milk utilizes his background as a businessman to become a gay activist, eventually becoming a mentor for Cleve Jones. Early on, Smith serves as Milk's campaign manager, but he grows frustrated with Milk's devotion to politics, and he leaves him. Milk later meets Jack Lira, a sweet-natured but unbalanced young man. As with Smith, Lira cannot tolerate Milk's devotion to political activism, and eventually hangs himself. Milk clashes with the local gay \"establishment\" which he feels to be too cautious and risk-averse.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 85,
"text": "San Francisco"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "891ae9748fd3c6f29a9c88db8dd21cf8654db8bd",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "為了能得到更多的認同，這對夫婦搬到哪裡去了？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 770,
"text": "Milk"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cdc9ebe21932bdaba7703141c139a5c9a94a6e03",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰致力於政治活動？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In April 2007, the director sought to direct the biopic based on a script by Dustin Lance Black, while at the same time, director Bryan Singer was developing The Mayor of Castro Street, which had been in development hell. By the following September, Sean Penn was attached to play Harvey Milk and Matt Damon was attached to play Milk's assassin, Dan White. Damon pulled out later in September due to scheduling conflicts. By November, Focus Features moved forward with Van Sant's production, Milk, while Singer's project ran into trouble with the writers' strike. In December 2007, actors Josh Brolin, Emile Hirsch, Alison Pill, and James Franco joined Milk, with Brolin replacing Damon as Dan White. Milk began filming on location in San Francisco in January 2008.The production design and costume design crew for the film researched the history of the city's gay community in the archives of the GLBT Historical Society in San Francisco, where they spent several weeks reviewing photographs, film and video, newspapers, historic textiles and ephemera, as well as the personal belongings of Harvey Milk, which were donated to the institution by the estate of Scott Smith. The crew also talked to people who knew Milk to shape their approach to the era.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "Bryan Singer"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "faf1119bc2174b3f7cf3e81bc273ebea28690fc4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "電影《哈維・米爾克》的導演是誰？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In early 1991, Oliver Stone was planning to produce, but not direct, a film on Milk's life; he wrote a script for the film, called The Mayor of Castro Street. In July 1992, director Gus Van Sant was signed with Warner Bros. to direct the biopic with actor Robin Williams in the lead role. By April 1993, Van Sant parted ways with the studio, citing creative differences. Other actors considered for Harvey Milk at the time included Richard Gere, Daniel Day-Lewis, Al Pacino, and James Woods.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 69,
"text": "a film on Milk's life"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9338734ab1b2ba81d77c1f52c13c0c56bb4b54fb",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "1991 年初，奧利弗・斯通 (oliver stone) 在考慮製作什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Milk and White forge a complex working relationship. Milk is invited to, and attends, the christening of White's first child, and White asks for Milk's assistance in preventing a psychiatric hospital from opening in White's district, possibly in exchange for White's support of Milk's citywide gay rights ordinance. When Milk fails to support White because of the negative effect it will have on troubled youth, White feels betrayed, and ultimately becomes the sole vote against the gay rights ordinance. Milk also launches an effort to defeat Proposition 6, an initiative on the California state ballot in November 1978. Sponsored by John Briggs, a conservative state legislator from Orange County, Proposition 6 seeks to ban gays and lesbians (in addition to anyone who supports them) from working in California's public schools. It is also part of a nationwide conservative movement that starts with the successful campaign headed by Anita Bryant and her organization Save Our Children in Dade County, Florida to repeal a local gay rights ordinance.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 130,
"text": "White"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "8e9adffcaa475cb19cc30f0ab68af559456aab93",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰反對了米爾克的同性戀權利法？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On November 7, 1978, after working tirelessly against Proposition 6, Milk and his supporters rejoice in the wake of its defeat. A desperate White favors a supervisor pay raise, but does not get much support, and shortly after supporting the proposition, resigns from the Board. He later changes his mind and asks to be reinstated. Mayor Moscone denies his request, after being lobbied by Milk.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 153,
"text": "a supervisor pay raise"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6cb9cd47112b10497e22c3e3e8199bac5e3cc7df",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "不顧一切的懷特支援什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "On the morning of November 27, 1978, White enters City Hall through a basement window to conceal a gun from metal detectors. He requests another meeting with Moscone, who rebuffs his request for appointment to his former seat. Enraged, White shoots Moscone in his office and then goes to meet Milk, where he guns him down, with the fatal bullet delivered execution-style. The film suggests that Milk believed that White might be a closeted gay man.The last scene is a candlelight vigil held by thousands for Milk and Moscone throughout the streets of the city. Pictures of the actual people depicted in the film, and brief summaries of their lives follow.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 60,
"text": "through a basement window"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "bd67030f1b38bb26323a27bd988bc95b4789a8e2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "那白人怎樣進入市政廳？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Milk (film)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Christianity (Korean: 그리스도교; MR: Kurisudogyo) became very popular in northern Korea from the late 18th century to the 19th century. The first Catholic missionaries arrived in 1794, a decade after the return of Yi Sung-hun, a diplomat who was the first baptised Korean in Beijing. He established a grassroots lay Catholic movement in the peninsula. However, the writings of the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci, who was resident at the imperial court in Beijing, had been already brought to Korea from China in the 17th century. Scholars of the Silhak (\"Practical Learning\"), were attracted to Catholic doctrines, and this was a key factor for the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s. The penetration of Western ideas and Christianity in Korea became known as Seohak (\"Western Learning\"). A study of 1801 found that more than half of the families that had converted to Catholicism were linked to the Silhak school. Largely because converts refused to perform Confucian ancestral rituals, the Joseon government prohibited the proselytisation of Christianity. Some Catholics were executed during the early 19th century, but the restrictive law was not strictly enforced.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 93,
"text": "late 18th century to the 19th century"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d7466586292b8430b6fcbd970cc7dc66fd1c3ef3",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "何時基督教在朝鮮受到青睞？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In ancient times, most Koreans believed in their indigenous religion socially guided by mu (shamans). Buddhism was introduced from the Chinese Former Qin state in 372 to the northern Korean state of Goguryeo, and developed into distinctive Korean forms. At that time, the Korean peninsula was divided into three kingdoms: the aforementioned Goguryeo in the north, Baekje in the southwest, and Silla in the southeast. Buddhism reached Silla only in the 5th century, but it was made the state religion only in that kingdom in the year 552. In Goguryeo the Korean indigenous religion remained dominant, while Buddhism became more widespread in Silla and Baekje (both areas comprehended in modern South Korea).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "Goguryeo"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ee17a6689e7cfe9566c80e05658e2689cec38306",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "中國古代秦朝把佛教傳播到哪個國家？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The Joseon kingdom (1392–1910), strictly Neo-Confucian, harshly suppressed Korean Buddhism and Korean shamanism. Buddhist monasteries were destroyed and their number dropped from several hundreds to a mere thirty-six; Buddhism was eradicated from the life of towns as monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains. These restrictions lasted until the 19th century.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 268,
"text": "monks and nuns were prohibited from entering them and were marginalised to the mountains."
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "41b549a5a66a0a632e5ef62137aa048e4b06db1a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "佛教被消滅的主要原因是什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 75,
"text": "Korean Buddhism"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e0c2b6592ced2cf9cde4b4b9d1ed7238de3fb366",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "除了朝鮮的薩滿教，還有別的宗教被禁？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. Officially, North Korea is an atheist state. Based on estimates from the late 1990s and the 2000s, North Korea is mostly irreligious, with the main religions being Korean shamanism and Chondoism. There are small communities of Buddhists and Christians. Chondoism is represented in politics by the Party of the Young Friends of the Heavenly Way, and is regarded by the government as Korea's \"national religion\" because of its identity as a minjung (popular) and \"revolutionary anti-imperialist\" movement.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 274,
"text": "small communities of Buddhists and Christians"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "16e436b0460afdc207f140afdf2dc8e56c913ffe",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "北韓有哪些宗教團體？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Religion in North Korea",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In 1972, Mercedes-Benz introduced the W116 line, the first to be officially called the S-Class. Produced from 1972 through 1980, the W116 series featured a four-wheel independent suspension and disc brakes. The 280, 350, and 450 (4.5L version) models featured SE and SEL versions. Production of the W116 totaled 473,035 units. This was a groundbreaking sedan for Mercedes-Benz, and for the first time in the company history, the car had an obvious, blatant and outward emphasis on safety placed above a pure styling viewpoint. The overall design incorporated numerous safety features developed from the \"safety research vehicles\" in the mid-to-late 1960s to the very early 1970s.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 313,
"text": "473,035"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "fc0bcc9372b6488ec5b4dd27d8919d8835fafd9f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "生產了多少臺 W116？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3,
"text": "1972"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "989426596c76fcb3cbb8ebda9082205646c36e6b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "梅賽德斯 - 賓士何時推出 W116？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In July 1998, the W220 was presented. The W220 S-Class was restyled due to an update on previous models or new cars released compared to its W140 predecessor. Unlike its predecessor, the W220 was not the first model to feature the company's new design theme for the next generation of Mercedes-Benz. This honour was given to the W168 A-Class when it launched in 1997. The new S-Class incorporated the new styling cues first introduced on the Mk I A-Class the year before (for example, the dashboard carried over the new styling details first seen in the A-Class), with a renewed focus on elegance and style in a more rounded shape compared to the preceding W140. Despite being smaller, the W220 S-Class offered more interior space than the W140. Production of the W220 S-Class totaled 485,000 units, slightly more than the production totals from the W140. The W220 was produced in a sedan version only.As with each new S-Class, the W220 brought in innovations such as Airmatic air suspension and Active Ventilated Seats (which used miniature fans in the seats to move air through perforations). A navigation system with center console-mounted screen display was introduced, along with the COMAND input control system. Other options included keyless entry and ignition, a radar-controlled Distronic cruise control system and a cylinder shut-off system called Active Cylinder Control. The 4MATIC all-wheel drive system was introduced to the North America market S-Class for 2003, complementing the traditional rear-wheel drive configurations. In 2003, Mercedes launched the S63 AMG, the first ever performance model of the S-Class. It featured a 6.5 litre V8 engine through a 7-speed brand new gearbox, it made 450 hp, and was brilliant to drive.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 785,
"text": "485,000 units"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3025d664faca7b8037ca3b02c58b82aaeaec6292",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "生產了多少 W220 s 級車輛？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The set of jQuery core features—DOM element selections, traversal and manipulation—enabled by its selector engine (named \"Sizzle\" from v1.3), created a new \"programming style\", fusing algorithms and DOM data structures. This style influenced the architecture of other JavaScript frameworks like YUI v3 and Dojo, later stimulating the creation of the standard Selectors API.Microsoft and Nokia bundle jQuery on their platforms. Microsoft includes it with Visual Studio for use within Microsoft's ASP.NET AJAX and ASP.NET MVC frameworks while Nokia has integrated it into the Web Run-Time widget development platform.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 427,
"text": "Microsoft"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e6cdaa12ad273b0327c44dcfd33b1132d640c1ca",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼公司將 MVC 和 AJAX 框架整合到一個小部件開發平臺？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "jQuery is a JavaScript library designed to simplify HTML DOM tree traversal and manipulation, as well as event handling, CSS animation, and Ajax. It is free, open-source software using the permissive MIT License. As of May 2019, jQuery is used by 73% of the 10 million most popular websites. Web analysis indicates that it is the most widely deployed JavaScript library by a large margin, having 3 to 4 times more usage than any other JavaScript library.jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to navigate a document, select DOM elements, create animations, handle events, and develop Ajax applications. jQuery also provides capabilities for developers to create plug-ins on top of the JavaScript library. This enables developers to create abstractions for low-level interaction and animation, advanced effects and high-level, themeable widgets. The modular approach to the jQuery library allows the creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 906,
"text": "creation of powerful dynamic web pages and Web applications"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "be9cc99d90072948f8e3bf9e8cc143c3fd498da3",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "指令碼庫以什麼聞名？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "jQuery was originally created in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC by John Resig, influenced by Dean Edwards' earlier cssQuery library. It is currently maintained by a team of developers led by Timmy Willison (with the jQuery selector engine, Sizzle, being led by Richard Gibson).jQuery was originally licensed under the CC BY-SA 2.5, and relicensed to the MIT license in 2006. At the end of 2006, it was dual-licensed under GPL and MIT licenses. As this led to some confusion, in 2012 the GPL was dropped and is now only licensed under the MIT license.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 41,
"text": "2006"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6f0caef74de9e513b5ea33545f64b135e8159dda",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "最終在哪一年成型？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "JQuery",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Scholars generally agree that a turning point for the World Wide Web began with the introduction of the Mosaic web browser in 1993, a graphical browser developed by a team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (NCSA-UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen. Funding for Mosaic came from the US High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and the High Performance Computing Act of 1991, one of several computing developments initiated by US Senator Al Gore. Prior to the release of Mosaic, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages and the web's popularity was less than that of older protocols in use over the Internet, such as Gopher and Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS). Mosaic's graphical user interface allowed the Web to become, by far, the most popular Internet protocol. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in October 1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1011,
"text": "1994"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "5bfd33773a60aca0ec82bcd02628fd68de6af419",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "蒂姆伯納斯在哪一年離開歐洲核子研究中心？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The proposal was modelled after the SGML reader Dynatext by Electronic Book Technology, a spin-off from the Institute for Research in Information and Scholarship at Brown University. The Dynatext system, licensed by CERN, was a key player in the extension of SGML ISO 8879:1986 to Hypermedia within HyTime, but it was considered too expensive and had an inappropriate licensing policy for use in the general high energy physics community, namely a fee for each document and each document alteration. A NeXT Computer was used by Berners-Lee as the world's first web server and also to write the first web browser, WorldWideWeb, in 1990. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the first web browser (which was a web editor as well) and the first web server. The first web site, which described the project itself, was published on 20 December 1990.The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina announced in May 2013 that Berners-Lee gave him what he says is the oldest known web page during a 1991 visit to UNC. Jones stored it on a magneto-optical drive and on his NeXT computer. On 6 August 1991, Berners-Lee published a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the newsgroup alt.hypertext. This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier. As another example of such confusion, several news media reported that the first photo on the Web was published by Berners-Lee in 1992, an image of the CERN house band Les Horribles Cernettes taken by Silvano de Gennaro; Gennaro has disclaimed this story, writing that media were \"totally distorting our words for the sake of cheap sensationalism\".The first server outside Europe was installed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in Palo Alto, California, to host the SPIRES-HEP database. Accounts differ substantially as to the date of this event. The World Wide Web Consortium's timeline says December 1992, whereas SLAC itself claims December 1991, as does a W3C document titled A Little History of the World Wide Web. The underlying concept of hypertext originated in previous projects from the 1960s, such as the Hypertext Editing System (HES) at Brown University, Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu, and Douglas Engelbart's oN-Line System (NLS). Both Nelson and Engelbart were in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's microfilm-based memex, which was described in the 1945 essay \"As We May Think\".Berners-Lee's breakthrough was to marry hypertext to the Internet. In his book Weaving The Web, he explains that he had repeatedly suggested that a marriage between the two technologies was possible to members of both technical communities, but when no one took up his invitation, he finally assumed the project himself. In the process, he developed three essential technologies:",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2214,
"text": "1960s"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "89d39291f0bb52e14e9dae67c970ef9927bd388a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "隱含的超文字概念多久之前就存在了？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 2585,
"text": "Weaving The Web"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "8a180f4ebe6ee6a6f4e423270db1f5959d031353",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "伯納斯 - 李寫的是什麼書？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).The World Wide Web had several differences from other hypertext systems available at the time. The Web required only unidirectional links rather than bidirectional ones, making it possible for someone to link to another resource without action by the owner of that resource. It also significantly reduced the difficulty of implementing web servers and browsers (in comparison to earlier systems), but in turn presented the chronic problem of link rot. Unlike predecessors such as HyperCard, the World Wide Web was non-proprietary, making it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions. On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due. Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this produced a rapid shift away from Gopher and towards the Web. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW for Unix and the X Window System.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 691,
"text": "30 April 1993"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "b1f082d1a1f5c08b20a41307cf8933cb28bf538e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "歐洲核子研究中心何時宣佈了免費全球資訊網？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "World Wide Web",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The scanning tunneling microscope is a device for viewing surfaces at the atomic level. It uses the quantum tunneling phenomenon, which allows particles to pass through a barrier that would normally be insurmountable. Electrons tunnel through the vacuum between two planar metal electrodes, on each of which is an adsorbed atom, providing a tunneling-current density that can be measured. Scanning one atom (taken as the tip) as it moves past the other (the sample) permits plotting of tip displacement versus lateral separation for a constant current. The calculation shows the extent to which scanning-tunneling-microscope images of an individual atom are visible. It confirms that for low bias, the microscope images the space-averaged dimensions of the electron orbitals across closely packed energy levels—the Fermi level local density of states.An atom can be ionized by removing one of its electrons. The electric charge causes the trajectory of an atom to bend when it passes through a magnetic field. The radius by which the trajectory of a moving ion is turned by the magnetic field is determined by the mass of the atom. The mass spectrometer uses this principle to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. If a sample contains multiple isotopes, the mass spectrometer can determine the proportion of each isotope in the sample by measuring the intensity of the different beams of ions. Techniques to vaporize atoms include inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, both of which use a plasma to vaporize samples for analysis.A more area-selective method is electron energy loss spectroscopy, which measures the energy loss of an electron beam within a transmission electron microscope when it interacts with a portion of a sample. The atom-probe tomograph has sub-nanometer resolution in 3-D and can chemically identify individual atoms using time-of-flight mass spectrometry.Spectra of excited states can be used to analyze the atomic composition of distant stars. Specific light wavelengths contained in the observed light from stars can be separated out and related to the quantized transitions in free gas atoms. These colors can be replicated using a gas-discharge lamp containing the same element. Helium was discovered in this way in the spectrum of the Sun 23 years before it was found on Earth.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 100,
"text": "quantum tunneling phenomenon"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e8a39385c2c204738ace7fccf71747f5dceb7e28",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "使得粒子透過的現象名為什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 74,
"text": "atomic"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ed172bfd33995b7a9729ae81984cebe04ce16f68",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "掃描隧道顯微鏡用於什麼水平？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Though the word atom originally denoted a particle that cannot be cut into smaller particles, in modern scientific usage the atom is composed of various subatomic particles. The constituent particles of an atom are the electron, the proton and the neutron; all three are fermions. However, the hydrogen-1 atom has no neutrons and the hydron ion has no electrons.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 16,
"text": "atom"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "419b7f01519b290e2117a5b753f64661d62bd196",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "最初知道的最小顆粒是什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Atom",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "At the same time, however, two separate ship reports indicated that John had sustained winds of at least 55 knots (100 km/h, 65 mph), far stronger than the advisory strength of 35 knots (65 km/h, 40 mph). John would go on to restrengthen into a strong Category 1 hurricane after reentering the Central North Pacific, defying all JTWC predictions. After later reanalysis, the JTWC raised the estimated wind speeds of John for every advisory from 1200 UTC September 1 to its final advisory exactly a week later by at least 5 knots (9 km/h, 6 mph) and as much as 25 knots (46 km/h, 29 mph).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 125,
"text": "65 mph"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "dbb9d650f173bebcf58a43f463263da092edb87a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "55 節相當於每小時多少公里？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Clearing Johnston Atoll, John turned to the northwest and began strengthening again as shear decreased. On August 27 local time, John reached a secondary peak strength of 135 miles per hour (210 km/h), and shortly thereafter it crossed the International Date Line at approximately 22° N and came under the surveillance of the Guam branch of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). By crossing into the western Pacific, John also became a typhoon and was referred to as Typhoon John during its time in the western Pacific. Immediately after crossing the Date Line, John again weakened and its forward motion stalled. By September 1, John had weakened to a tropical storm and was nearly motionless just west of the Date Line. There, John lingered for six days while performing a multi-day counterclockwise loop. On September 7, a trough moved into the area and quickly moved John to the northeast. John crossed the Date Line again on September 8 and reentered the central Pacific.After reentering the central Pacific, John briefly reached a tertiary peak strength of 90 miles per hour (145 km/h), a strong Category 1 hurricane, well to the north of Midway Island. However, the trough was rapidly pulling apart John's structure, and the cold waters of the northern central Pacific were not conducive to a tropical cyclone. On September 10, the 120th advisory was released on the system, finally declaring John to have become extratropical approximately 1,000 miles (1600 km) south of Unalaska Island.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 403,
"text": "western Pacific"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "234590c0bdb4716408dd53e5252159adc9a1ccfd",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "約翰在哪裡成為颱風？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "During John's time in the Western North Pacific, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) had particular difficulty in forecasting and even estimating the strength of John. John weakened considerably after entering the Western North Pacific, and, before estimates were later revised, four consecutive advisories were issued that declared John a tropical depression. Each of these advisories called for imminent dissipation. As John persisted and did not dissipate as the JTWC had predicted, it was upgraded to a minimal tropical storm in the next advisory.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 26,
"text": "Western North Pacific"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "dd3353e3e94ef90f19726624a8af5729ece422d8",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "JWTC 評估的時候 John 在哪裡？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "John affected both the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Atoll, but only lightly. While John passed over 345 miles (550 km) to the south of Hawaiʻi, the islands did experience strengthened trade winds and rough surf along the southeast- and south-facing shores, and, while moving westward, on west-facing shores as well. The waves, ranging from 6 to 10 ft (1.8 to 3.0 m) in height, flooded beach parks in Kailua-Kona. Additionally, heavy rains on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi caused minor, localized flooding and some short-term road closures. No deaths, injuries or significant damages were reported in Hawaiʻi.Although John passed within 25 km (16 mi) of Johnston Atoll, it had weakened greatly to a Category 1 system by closest approach. Prior to the storm's arrival, waves between 20 and 30 ft (6.1 and 9.1 m) were reported on the island. Additionally, in the Northern Hemisphere, the strongest winds and heaviest rain lie to the north of a tropical cyclone, so the atoll, which lay to the south of the storm's path, was spared the brunt of the storm. Nonetheless, the 1,100-man personnel for the United States military base on Johnston Atoll had been evacuated to Honolulu as a precaution while John approached. Damage to structures was considerable, but the size of the island and relative functionality of the base led to low damage; monetary losses were estimated at close to $15 million (1994 US$).The remnants of John moved through the Aleutian Islands, producing a wind gust of 46 mph (74 km/h) in Unalaska. The storm brought a plume of warm air, and two stations recorded a high temperature of 66 °F (19 °C).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "345 miles"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "204de300f3288fcb938533064d61d15c4fa32b53",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "颶風約翰經過時距離夏威夷群島以南有多遠？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 447,
"text": "Big Island of Hawaiʻi"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e3d18da316e3fbbd97fb12c8d8be169000437d3f",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "暴雨在哪裡？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The origins of Hurricane John were thought by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC) to be from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa on July 25, 1994. The wave subsequently moved across the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean without distinction, before it crossed Central America and moved into the Eastern Pacific Ocean on or around August 8. Upon entering the Eastern Pacific the wave gradually developed, before the NHC initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression Ten-E during August 11. The system was at this time moving westwards and located around 345 miles (555 km) to the south-southeast of Acapulco, Mexico. Quickly developing banding features and well-defined outflow, it was upgraded to a tropical storm and named John later that day.A strong ridge of high pressure over the northeastern Pacific Ocean forced John westward, where upper level wind shear kept John a tropical storm. Intensity fluctuated considerably, however, as shear levels varied. More than once, shear cleared away most of the clouds above John and nearly caused it to weaken to a tropical depression. However, after eight days of slow westward movement across the Pacific Ocean, shear lessened greatly on August 19, and John intensified significantly and was designated as a hurricane at 17:00 PDT. During an eighteen-hour period between August 19 and August 20, John further strengthened from a weak Category 1 hurricane to a Category 3 major hurricane. Around 1100 PDT on August 20, John crossed into the central Pacific, the first of three basin crosses John would make.After entering the central Pacific, John left the area monitored by the NHC and was instead monitored by the Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC). As the storm moved slowly westward, Hurricane John continued to strengthen considerably in an increasingly favorable environment well south of the Hawaiian Islands; on August 22, John was designated a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale (the highest classification for hurricanes) and later that day (by Hawaii Standard Time) reached its peak intensity, with 1-minute sustained winds of 175 miles per hour (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 929 millibars (27.4 inHg). Also, on August 22 (by Hawaii Standard Time), John made its closest approach to the Hawaiian Islands, 345 miles (500 km) to the south. John had threatened to turn north and affect the islands days before, but the ridge of high pressure that typically shields the islands from hurricanes kept John on its southerly path. Nonetheless, heavy rains and wind from the outer bands of John affected the islands.With the Hawaiian Islands behind it, John began a slow turn to the north, taking near-direct aim at Johnston Atoll, a small group of islands populated only by a United States military base. The storm slowly weakened from its peak as a Category 5 hurricane in the face of increasing shear, dropping down to a Category 1 hurricane with 90 miles per hour (145 km/h) maximum winds. On August 25 local time, John made its closest approach to the Johnston Atoll only 15 miles (24 km) to the north. On Johnston Atoll, sustained winds were reported up to 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), the equivalent of a strong tropical storm, and gusts up to 75 miles per hour (120 km/h) were recorded.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1321,
"text": "17:00 PDT"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d7d853f907650b1fd11eaa4da733afd8ad670d09",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "約翰號何時升級成颶風？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 3122,
"text": "15 miles"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "72bac74764cb133604da2de17f70a4b4e5f5f360",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "約翰距離約翰斯頓環礁有多近？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Hurricane John (1994)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "The eccentricity of Pan's orbit causes its distance from Saturn to vary by ~4 km. Its inclination, which would cause it to move up and down, is not distinguishable from zero with present data. The Encke Gap, within which Pan orbits, is about 325 km wide.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 199,
"text": "Encke Gap"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a3875c17506b6ae69eddf084b9ff1ed161fd3f28",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "潘繞行有什麼特徵導致距離變化？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The existence of a moon in the Encke Gap was first predicted by Jeffrey N. Cuzzi and Jeffrey D. Scargle in 1985, based on wavy edges of the gap which indicated a gravitational disturbance. In 1986 Showalter et al. inferred its orbit and mass by modeling its gravitational wake. They arrived at a very precise prediction of 133,603 ± 10 km for the semi-major axis and a mass of 5–10×10−12 Saturn masses, and inferred that there was only a single moon within the Encke gap. The actual semi-major axis differs by 19 km and the actual mass is 8.6×10−12 of Saturn's.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 510,
"text": "19 km"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0d74914421f037409434d2eccffea1410756cc06",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "半軸有多大差異？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The moon was later found within 1° of the predicted position. The search was undertaken by considering all Voyager 2 images and using a computer calculation to predict whether the moon would be visible under sufficiently favorable conditions in each one. Every qualifying Voyager 2 image with resolution better than ~50 km/pixel shows Pan clearly. In all, it appears in eleven Voyager 2 images.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "1°"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f3104e91d6d940a9be361d78cabe8590d5db98c6",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "月球離它被認為所處的位置有多近？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Pan (moon)",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "From 2003 through 2005 Novell released many products across its portfolio, with the intention of arresting falling market share and to move away from dependencies on other Novell products, but the launches were not as successful as Novell had hoped. In late 2004, Chris Stone again left the company, after an apparent control issue with then CEO Jack Messman. In an effort to cut costs, Novell announced a round of layoffs in late 2005. While revenue from its Linux business continued to grow, the growth was not fast enough to offset the decrease in revenue of NetWare. While the company's revenue was not falling rapidly, it wasn't growing, either. Lack of clear direction or effective management meant that Novell took longer than expected to complete its restructuring.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 426,
"text": "late 2005"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c5770cf25b914ca39721f9612f216ccc9159540e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "為了減少人力成本，諾維爾什麼時候開始解僱人員？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Novell based its network protocol on Xerox Network Systems (XNS), and created its own standards from IDP and SPP, which it named Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX). File and print services ran on the NetWare Core Protocol (NCP) over IPX, as did Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Service Advertising Protocol (SAP).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 320,
"text": "Service Advertising Protocol"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ce5827e3d0b818f44a811206a765674b0a44aeaf",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "SAP 字母表示什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 129,
"text": "Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX) and Sequenced Packet Exchange (SPX)"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "761d37b4302660b0a404cc97a42f47d7ac69f1db",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "從 IDP 及 SPP 中建立自己的標準，那標準名為什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Novell",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Ora was born in Pristina, SFR Yugoslavia (present-day Kosovo), to Albanian parents. Her mother, Vera (née Bajraktari), is a psychiatrist, and her father, Besnik Sahatçiu, is a pub owner, having previously studied economics. Ora has an older sister, Elena, and a younger brother, Don. She was born as Rita Sahatçiu (pronounced [sahatˈtʃiu]; surname derived from the Turkish word, saatçi, which means \"watchmaker\"), but her parents later added Ora (which means \"time\" in Albanian) to the family surname so it could be easily pronounced.Her family left Kosovo for political reasons, because of the persecution of Albanians initiated with the disintegration of Yugoslavia. They relocated to London, England in 1991, when she was a year old. She grew up in Notting Hill, in West London, and attended St Cuthbert with St Matthias Primary School in Earls Court, following which she graduated from a performing arts school, Sylvia Young Theatre School. She began singing at an early age.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 706,
"text": "1991"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "512ccdb41af96f51b481a603957ad3fbc007fc6c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "奧拉哪一年一週歲？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Rita Sahatçiu Ora (born Rita Sahatçiu; 26 November 1990) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She rose to prominence in February 2012 when she featured on DJ Fresh's single \"Hot Right Now\", which reached number one in the UK. Her debut studio album, Ora, released in August 2012, debuted at number one in the United Kingdom. The album contained the UK number-one singles \"R.I.P.\" and \"How We Do (Party)\". Ora was the artist with the most number-one singles on the UK Singles Chart in 2012, with three consecutive singles reaching the top position.Ora’s second studio album, Phoenix, was released in November 2018. The lead single, \"Your Song\", reached the UK top ten, and the subsequent singles, \"Anywhere\" and \"Let You Love Me\", reached the top five in the UK; the latter single made Ora the first British female solo artist to have thirteen top ten songs in the United Kingdom.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 39,
"text": "26 November 1990"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1a24c9b91fdbd121cf28dcef8beb2fb7b394f19d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "芮塔・薩赫丘・奧拉什麼時候出生的？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Rita Ora",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "A hobby of Edward's is collecting cars. He owns a Volvo S60 R and an Aston Martin V12 Vanquish as a \"special occasion\" car. He also gave his sister Alice a Porsche 911 Turbo as a gift in Eclipse. He bought a motorcycle to ride alongside Bella, but gave it to Jasper after he realized that riding motorcycles was a hobby she enjoyed sharing with Jacob.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 148,
"text": "Alice"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "d0c2c79b9ddd4e94633f797747e99f23add6842b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華的姐姐叫什麼名字？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 101,
"text": "special occasion"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "cc23b8b4ae601489f1f08111bdbc0c561588c550",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華收藏汽車的愛好讓他出於什麼目的擁有一輛富豪和雅士頓・馬田？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Breaking Dawn sees Edward and Bella marry. Bella becomes pregnant on their honeymoon, and the rapid growth of the half-human, half-vampire fetus swiftly impacts on Bella’s health. Edward tries to coerce her into having an abortion in order to save her own life. However, Bella feels a bond with her unborn child and insists on giving birth. Edward comes to feel love for the baby as well, after he hears its thoughts and learns that the baby loves Bella in return. Bella nearly dies giving birth in an emergency c-section, but Edward successfully delivers his daughter and then injects Bella's heart with his venom, healing her wounds by turning her into an immortal vampire. During Bella's painful transformation, Jacob imprints on their baby daughter, Renesmee.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 375,
"text": "baby"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "192d3212a7fd6a29dc8def086ceb68158fb74e52",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華愛上了誰？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 512,
"text": "c-section"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "4cebc2fadd10d52ab2ce7ee59042dbfbc4f21b56",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼醫療程式幾乎導致貝拉死亡？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Edward is described in the book as being charming, polite, determined, and very stubborn. He is very protective over Bella and puts her safety, humanity and welfare before anything else. He often over-analyzes situations and has a tendency to overreact, especially in situations where Bella's safety is at risk. He retains some outdated speech from his human life in the early 20th century. Edward sees himself as a monster, and after falling in love with Bella, he desperately wishes that he were human instead of a vampire.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 117,
"text": "Bella"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1b071581966239865aa9bc31973e0eeef46c1b48",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華很保護誰？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Edward is musical, able to play the piano like a virtuoso. He enjoys a wide range of music, including classical, jazz, progressive metal, alternative rock, and punk rock, but dislikes country. He prefers indie rock to mainstream, and appreciates rock and classical music equally. He mentions in Twilight that he likes music from the fifties better than the sixties, dislikes the seventies, and says the eighties were \"bearable\".",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 417,
"text": "\"bearable\""
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "710acf3422edffe9895a4e58282fd03d7cd1a1b3",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "“”“暮光之城”“如何描述 80 年代的音樂？”"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 184,
"text": "country"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ef0706aa21dfe4289f0d47dc2838177008ea2e23",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華討厭哪種音樂？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 32,
"text": "the piano"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "193e303358cd2b8049cbaa936f96c036ecaa2279",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華擅長彈奏什麼樂器？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Edward, like all vampires in the Twilight series, possesses superhuman stamina, senses, mentality, and agility, as well as a healing factor and night vision. His superhuman strength allows him to subdue his prey, uproot trees, throw cars, and crush metal. His bodily tissue is stronger than granite, making him much more durable and tougher than humans as well as contributing slightly to his body weight. He is described as being inhumanly beautiful with refined and perfected features. His scent and voice are enormously seductive to Bella, so much so that he occasionally sends her into a pliant daze entirely by accident. In Twilight, Edward explains that like other vampires, he does not need to breathe, though he chooses to do so out of habit and because it is helpful to smell his environment. He cannot digest regular food, and compares its attractiveness for him to the prospect of eating dirt for a regular person. Like other vampires, Edward is not able to sleep.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 819,
"text": "regular food"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "26f04d7f272004dbd5e245a85d4acdddf684ca42",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華不能消化什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "However, Edward constantly warns Bella against being with him, perceiving her life to be at risk if she continues to associate with him. Bella's love and confidence in Edward's restraint cause her to ignore his warnings, even after she becomes the vampire James' target. Unlike the Cullen family, who are \"vegetarian\" vampires (committed to only feeding on animals), James regularly feeds on humans and will not stop until he drinks Bella's blood. With his family's help, Edward is able to save Bella from James' predations, but how to assure Bella's continued safety remains an open question.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 453,
"text": "his family"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "2cf6f07a1e72ce3e8b7c32ff7b5838c6870132d4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "誰幫助愛德華拯救貝拉？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In Eclipse, Bella agrees to marry Edward on the condition he will make love to her while she is still human. Edward eventually relents and agrees, on the stipulation it will only occur after they are married. The plot is driven by the machinations of the vampire Victoria, who, seeking revenge for the death of her mate James, is hunting Bella and creating new vampires to build an army. A grudging truce is made between the Cullens and the Native-American werewolf pack led by Sam Uley and Jacob Black, a friend of Bella's who was there for her when Edward broke her heart. However, the truce is endangered when Bella realizes Jacob means more to her than she thought. Ultimately, Edward accepts that Bella cares for Jacob and successfully destroys Victoria, and Bella acknowledges that Edward is the most important person in her life. Edward tells Bella that they may attempt making love before they get married, as he realizes that she spends too much of her life trying to please other people. However, she refuses his offer and agrees to doing things the way Edward initially wanted: marriage, making love, and then becoming a vampire.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 320,
"text": "James"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f3dd628c6dcc34221e7543768b89bee40083753d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "維多利亞的愛人是誰？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "In addition to the traits he shares with his fellow vampires, Edward has certain abilities that are his alone. He possesses superior superhuman speed compared to that of other vampires and is the fastest of the Cullens, able to outrun any of them. Edward is also telepathic, able to read the mind of anyone within a few miles of himself; Bella is the sole exception to this rule, which Meyer has stated is due to Bella having a very private mind. Edward also retains some of the traditional mindset and dated patterns of speech from his early-20th century human life.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 480,
"text": "traditional mindset and dated patterns of speech"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "74094800bc2b2ad8cd716ac67a5543fbded45b7d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華保留了來自 20 世紀生活的什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Like all the vampires in the Twilight series, Edward is described as being impossibly beautiful. At various points in the series, Bella compares him to the mythical Greek god Adonis. His skin is \"like marble\"—very pale, ice cold, and sparkles in the sunlight. She describes his facial features as being perfect and angular—high cheekbones, strong jawline, a straight nose, and full lips. His hair, which is always messy, retains the unusual bronze shade that he inherited in his human life from his biological mother. His eyes, once green, are now described as topaz. His appearance changes if he goes too long without feeding: his eyes darken, becoming almost black, and purple bruises appear beneath his eyes. Edward is 6'2\", and has a slender but muscular body.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 196,
"text": "like marble"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "e06b6655996a099fb05708d7dfd9b64a85c5e606",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "愛德華的皮膚被比作什麼？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 175,
"text": "Adonis"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "15225d7f8e2ea27689bce0435f7a1e1785817997",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "貝拉拿誰和愛德華比較？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Edward Cullen",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Encrypting File System (EFS) provides strong and user-transparent encryption of any file or folder on an NTFS volume. EFS works in conjunction with the EFS service, Microsoft's CryptoAPI and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk symmetric key (also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an asymmetric key cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a public key that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the private key of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the file header. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1052,
"text": "additional decryption keys"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "1d937121240bf07603aa8ff91793eff54930a028",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "如檔案丟失，可使用什麼進行訪問？"
}
},
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 177,
"text": "CryptoAPI"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "32c33dc2be64c07545ed1472f81a85380961e8ce",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "EFS與 Microsoft 合作的程式是什麼？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems – other than NTFS – that are supported by current versions of Windows. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and non-NTFS partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when daylight saving time (DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when standard time is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 843,
"text": "4"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "022dbbe4a4df7a6e3b9e72723308a757a9afc07b",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "時間戳錯誤可能是幾個小時？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "NTFS v3.0 includes several new features over its predecessors: sparse file support, disk use quotas, reparse points, distributed link tracking, and file-level encryption called the Encrypting File System (EFS).",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 0,
"text": "NTFS v3.0"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "605868ba99428ddfddbf9def8501d9f9f552455d",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "什麼系統比它的前輩有許多新特性？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is 232 − 1 clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64 KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256 TB minus 64 KB. Using the default cluster size of 4 KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16 TB minus 4 KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128 GB limit in Windows XP SP1. Because partition tables on master boot record (MBR) disks support only partition sizes up to 2 TB, multiple GUID Partition Table (GPT or \"dynamic\") volumes must be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires a system with Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) and 64-bit support.The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16 EiB (16 × 10246 or 264 bytes) minus 1 KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With Windows 10 version 1709 and Windows Server 2019, the maximum implemented file size is 8 PB minus 2 MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 71,
"text": "232 − 1 clusters"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "57fa4d13871953d49556b0b5bbff40f383dacd66",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "新技術檔案系統的最大容量為多少？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 111,
"text": "after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "f654163ca76e8921eab5ac023ca1820f6dda491e",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "如何啟用加密檔案系統？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services. These transactions are coordinated network-wide with all participants using a specific service, the DTC, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network-wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 221,
"text": "SQL"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "3b4be33572e0c41d69cf27205e82e8c937bc2bc2",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "哪種資料庫被事務 NTFS 所限制？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "NTFS",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Edward Murdstone – The main antagonist of the first half of the novel, he is Young David's cruel stepfather who beats him for falling behind in his studies. David reacts by biting Mr Murdstone, who then sends him to Salem House, the private school owned by his friend Mr Creakle. After David's mother dies, Mr Murdstone sends him to work in his factory in London, where he has to clean wine bottles. He appears at Betsey Trotwood's house after David runs away. Mr Murdstone appears to show signs of repentance when confronted by Copperfield's aunt about his treatment of Clara and David, but when David works at Doctor's Commons, he meets Murdstone taking out a marriage license for his next young and trusting wife.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 380,
"text": "clean wine bottles"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "0e353da159e03778f885363bc08d7779c5bfa489",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "Murdstone 先生在倫敦的工廠從事什麼樣的工作？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "It has been called his masterpiece, \"the triumph of the art of Dickens\", which marks a turning point in his work, the point of separation between the novels of youth and those of maturity. Though written in the first person, David Copperfield is considered to be more than an autobiography, going beyond this framework in the richness of its themes and the originality of its writing, which makes it a true autobiographical novel. In the words of the author, this novel was \"a very complicated weaving of truth and invention\". Some elements of the novel follow events in Dickens's own life. It was Dickens' favourite among his own novels. In the preface to the 1867 edition, Dickens wrote, \"like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is David Copperfield.\"Dickens wrote this novel without an outline, unlike the way he wrote Dombey and Son, the previous novel. He wrote chapter summaries after the chapters were completed. Some aspects of the story were fixed in his mind from the start, but others, like the obsession of Mr Dick with Charles I, the profession of David Copperfield as a writer, and the sad fate of Dora, were not decided by Dickens until the serial publications were underway; August 1849, December 1849 and May 1850, respectively, were the dates when those decisions were made.At first glance, the work is modeled in the loose and somewhat disjointed way of \"personal histories\" that was very popular in the United Kingdom of the 18th century; but in reality, David Copperfield is a carefully structured and unified novel. It begins, like other novels by Dickens, with a rather bleak painting of the conditions of childhood in Victorian England, notoriously when the troublesome children are parked in infamous boarding schools, then he strives to trace the slow social and intimate ascent of a young man who, painfully providing for the needs of his good aunt while continuing his studies, ends up becoming a writer; the story, writes Paul Davis, of \"a Victorian everyman seeking self-understanding\".The novel has a primary theme of growth and the changes that occur on the way to maturity. In addition, Dickens included many aspects of Victorian Era life that he wanted to highlight or wished to change, which were primarily integrated into the story, using satire as one device. The plight of prostitutes and the attitude of middle class society to them, the status of women in marriage, the rigid class structure, are aspects that he highlighted, while the system for handling criminals, the quality of schools, and the employment of children in the fast-spreading factories of the 19th century were aspects he wished to influence, to change for the better. He, among other authors, achieved success in bringing about changes regarding child labor and schooling for more children up to age 12.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 691,
"text": "like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "6a982661b194bdecc6711e9ede5cf6b893ab1474",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "狄更斯在 1876 年序言中寫了些什麼？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "David Copperfield",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "Casagrande claimed that he volunteered for the Bosnian Croat Defence Forces HVO in 1993 after his service in the Finnish Army. He wrote under the pen name Luca Moconesi a controversial book Mostarin tien liftarit / Hitchhikers on the Road to Mostar (WSOY 1997) about his alleged experiences in the Bosnian Civil War, and based on descriptions of war crimes committed by the main character in the autobiographical book, he came under suspicion as a possible war criminal. After becoming under suspicion he claimed that the book was in fact a work of fiction. The truth about Casagrande's involvement in the war remains uncertain.Later Casagrande has expressed views condemning war crimes: \"Those troops know that they are doing wrong. This is the very opposite of constructive collectivity and group spirit. Anybody can understand that it is by no measures militarily efficient to go kicking the doors of old people's home.\" Casagrande has been lecturing in the National Defence University of Finland since 2006 on courses of strategy and leadership.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 83,
"text": "1993"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9835becbfb3914e25253151e3c43fe0bfa2fecc4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭在哪年當志願者？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Casagrande was born in Turku, Finland, to a well-off Finnish-Italian Catholic family. He spent his childhood in Ylitornio in Finnish Lapland, but went to school in Karis, a southern Finland small town, before moving to Helsinki to study architecture.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 219,
"text": "Helsinki"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "a7888e1802b7ed59e0d6e4b6ff4348595f5d1f74",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭到哪裡研習建築學？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "From the early stages of his career Casagrande started to mix architecture with other disciplines of art and science landing with a series of ecologically conscious architectural installations around the world. After being a finalist in the UK journal Architectural Review's Emerging Architecture competition (1999) Marco Casagrande and his then partner Sami Rintala were invited to the Venice Biennial 2000. The New York Times reporter chose their project \"60 Minute Man\" as his personal favorite in the Biennale. In the project Casagrande & Rintala had planted on oak forest in an abandoned barge on top of 60 minutes worth of composted human waste produced by the city of Venice. Casagrande's cross-over architectural work encompasses the realms of architecture, urban and environmental planning, environmental art, circuses and other artistic disciplines.In search for subconscious architecture, real reality and connection between the modern man and nature. He believes that one shall not be blindfolded by stress, the surroundings of economics, the online access to entertainment or information. What is real is valuable.Casagrande's works and teaching are moving freely in-between architecture, urban and environmental design and science, environmental art and circus adding up into cross-over architectural thinking of commedia dell'architettura, a broad vision of built human environment tied into social drama and environmental awareness. There is no other reality than nature.Casagrande was nominated as the professor of ecological urban planning in the Taiwan based Tamkang University after the Treasure Hill project, in which Casagrande changed an illegal settlement of urban farmers into an experimental laboratory of environmental urbanism. The overhaul had mixed reactions from the community. In 2017, he was invited-professor at the ENSAV : École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Versailles.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 1013,
"text": "stress, the surroundings of economics, the online access to entertainment or information"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "040b6b9d4ceb3cc4f0981e59aabc47227232e371",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "卡薩格蘭德認為現代人被什麼所矇蔽？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Marco Casagrande",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "At the time, formic acid was formed by the distillation of dead ants, and Döbereiner's ant bodies probably contained some plant matter. In 1840, the Scottish chemist John Stenhouse found that the same chemical could be produced by distilling a wide variety of crop materials, including corn, oats, bran, and sawdust, with aqueous sulfuric acid; he also determined an empirical formula of (C5H4O2). George Fownes named this oil furfurol in 1845 (from furfur - bran, and oleum). This name persisted prominently in the literature until 1901 when the German chemist Carl Harries deduced furfural's structure.Furfural remained relatively obscure until 1922, when the Quaker Oats Company began mass-producing it from oat hulls. Today, furfural is still produced from agricultural byproducts like sugarcane bagasse and corn cobs. The main countries producing furfural today are the Dominican Republic, South Africa and China.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 812,
"text": "corn cobs"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "c19ba4f5138d602ed6a4a0b667e4abb2d32b2f1a",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "玉米哪部分現今用於糠醛的生產？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "Furfural was first isolated in 1821 (published in 1832) by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, who produced a small sample as a byproduct of formic acid synthesis.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 152,
"text": "formic"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "9e9a108fdf106838bceeb3b4d9693e39931df705",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "Döbereiner 生產哪種酸？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "Furfural",
"zh_tw": null
} |
[
{
"context": {
"en": "In the two-man bobsleigh competition, a tie meant that two gold medals were awarded, so no silver medal was awarded for that event. A tie for second in the men's Super G skiing competition meant that a pair of silver medals were given out, so no bronze medal was awarded for that event. In the four-man bobsleigh, a tie for third resulted in the awarding of two bronze medals. Due to these ties, the number of gold medals awarded was one more than the number of silver or bronze medals. In snowboarding, Canadian Ross Rebagliati won the gold medal in the men's Giant Slalom, but it was briefly stripped by the IOC after he tested positive for marijuana. After the Canadian Olympic Association filed an appeal, however, the IOC's decision was overturned.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 410,
"text": "gold"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "99a1f901a73d718a3c45d96654544022c9cb99a4",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "在長橇比賽中，頒發的金牌比較多還是銅牌比較多？"
}
}
]
},
{
"context": {
"en": "The medal table is based on information provided by the IOC and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won; a nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee. The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically.",
"zh_tw": null
},
"qas": [
{
"answers": {
"en": [
{
"answer_start": 464,
"text": "alphabetically"
}
],
"zh_tw": null
},
"id": "ea494dfe41f7dc3e07e3d78efd41b88b25d3d03c",
"question": {
"en": null,
"zh_tw": "各國以什麼順序列出？"
}
}
]
}
] | {
"en": "1998 Winter Olympics medal table",
"zh_tw": null
} |