README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- nicholasKluge/instruct-aira-dataset
language:
- en
metrics:
- accuracy
library_name: transformers
tags:
- alignment
- instruction tuned
- text generation
- conversation
- assistant
pipeline_tag: text-generation
widget:
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>Can you explain what is Machine Learning?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Machine Learning
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>Do you know anything about virtue ethics?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Ethics
- text: "<|startofinstruction|>How can I make my girlfriend happy?<|endofinstruction|>"
  example_title: Advise
inference:
  parameters:
    repetition_penalty: 1.2
    temperature: 0.2
    top_k: 30
    top_p: 0.3
    max_new_tokens: 200
    length_penalty: 0.3
    early_stopping: true
co2_eq_emissions:
  emissions: 0.77
  source: CodeCarbon
  training_type: fine-tuning
  geographical_location: United States of America
  hardware_used: NVIDIA A100-SXM4-40GB
---
# Aira-2-774M

`Aira-2` is the second version of the Aira instruction-tuned series. `Aira-2-774M` is an instruction-tuned model based on [GPT-2](https://huggingface.co/gpt2-large). The model was trained with a dataset composed of prompts and completions generated synthetically by prompting already-tuned models (ChatGPT, Llama, Open-Assistant, etc).

Check our gradio-demo in [Spaces](https://huggingface.co/spaces/nicholasKluge/Aira-Demo).

## Details

- **Size:** 774,032,640 parameters
- **Dataset:** [Instruct-Aira Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/nicholasKluge/instruct-aira-dataset)
- **Language:** English
- **Number of Epochs:** 3
- **Batch size:** 8
- **Optimizer:** `torch.optim.AdamW` (warmup_steps = 1e2, learning_rate = 5e-4, epsilon = 1e-8)
- **GPU:** 1 NVIDIA A100-SXM4-40GB
- **Emissions:** 0.77 KgCO2 (Singapore)
- **Total Energy Consumption:** 1.58 kWh

This repository has the [source code](https://github.com/Nkluge-correa/Aira) used to train this model.

## Usage

Three special tokens are used to mark the user side of the interaction and the model's response:

`<|startofinstruction|>`What is a language model?`<|endofinstruction|>`A language model is a probability distribution over a vocabulary.`<|endofcompletion|>`

```python
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
import torch

device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained('nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M')
aira = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained('nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M')

aira.eval()
aira.to(device)

question =  input("Enter your question: ")

inputs = tokenizer(tokenizer.bos_token + question + tokenizer.sep_token,
  add_special_tokens=False,
  return_tensors="pt").to(device)

responses = aira.generate(**inputs,	num_return_sequences=2)

print(f"Question: 👤 {question}\n")

for i, response in  enumerate(responses):
	print(f'Response {i+1}: 🤖 {tokenizer.decode(response, skip_special_tokens=True).replace(question, "")}')
```

The model will output something like:

```markdown
>>>Question: 👤 What is the capital of Brazil?

>>>Response 1: 🤖 The capital of Brazil is Brasília.
>>>Response 2: 🤖 The capital of Brazil is Brasília.
```

## Limitations

🤥 Generative models can perpetuate the generation of pseudo-informative content, that is, false information that may appear truthful.

🤬 In certain types of tasks, generative models can produce harmful and discriminatory content inspired by historical stereotypes.

## Evaluation

|Model (GPT-2)                                                           |Average   |[ARC](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.05457) |[TruthfulQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.07958) |[ToxiGen](https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.09509) |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------- | -------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | 
|[Aira-2-124M-DPO](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-124M-DPO) |**40.68** |**24.66**                               |**42.61**                                      |**54.79**                                   |
|[Aira-2-124M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-124M)         |38.07     |24.57                                   |41.02                                          |48.62                                       |
|GPT-2                                                                   |35.37     |21.84                                   |40.67                                          |43.62                                       |
|[Aira-2-355M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-355M)         |**39.68** |**27.56**                               |38.53                                          |**53.19**                                   |
|GPT-2-medium                                                            |36.43     |27.05                                   |**40.76**                                      |41.49                                       |
|[Aira-2-774M](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M)         |**42.26** |**28.75**                               |**41.33**                                      |**56.70**                                   |
|GPT-2-large                                                             |35.16     |25.94                                   |38.71                                          |40.85                                       |
|[Aira-2-1B5](https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-1B5)           |**42.22** |28.92                                   |**41.16**                                      |**56.60**                                   |
|GPT-2-xl                                                                |36.84     |**30.29**                               |38.54                                          |41.70                                       |

* Evaluations were performed using the [Language Model Evaluation Harness](https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness) (by [EleutherAI](https://www.eleuther.ai/)).

## Cite as 🤗

```latex

@misc{nicholas22aira,
  doi = {10.5281/zenodo.6989727},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/nicholasKluge/Aira-2-774M},
  author = {Nicholas Kluge Corrêa},
  title = {Aira},
  year = {2023},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  journal = {HuggingFace repository},
}

```

## License

The `Aira-2-774M` is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. See the [LICENSE](LICENSE) file for more details.

# [Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results](https://huggingface.co/spaces/HuggingFaceH4/open_llm_leaderboard)
Detailed results can be found [here](https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/details_nicholasKluge__Aira-2-774M)

| Metric                | Value                     |
|-----------------------|---------------------------|
| Avg.                  | 27.47                     |
| ARC (25-shot)         | 28.75                     |
| HellaSwag (10-shot)   | 40.8                      |
| MMLU (5-shot)         | 25.1                      |
| TruthfulQA (0-shot)   | 41.33                     |
| Winogrande (5-shot)   | 52.01                     |
| GSM8K (5-shot)        | 0.0                       |
| DROP (3-shot)         | 4.26                      |